vaxzs”kh f'k{k.kjk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg

dkvk/kj i=k

1.4

izFke laLdj.kfnlacj 2008 ikS"k 1930

PD 3T NSY

© jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.kifj"kn~] 2008

# 00.00

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 70 th-,l-,e- isij ij eqfnzrA

izdk'ku foHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSjizf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016

}kjk izdkf'kr rFkk caxky vkWiQlSV oDlZ] 335] [ktwjjksM] djksyckx] u;h fnYyh 110 005 }kjk eqfnzrA

lokZf/dkj lqjf{krizdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkkbySDVªkW fudh] e'khuh] iQksVksizfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu%iz;ksx i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok izlkj.k oftZr gSA

bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefrosQ fcuk ;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; izdkjls O;kikj }kjk m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA

bl izdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok fpidkbZxbZ iphZ (fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyrgS rFkk ekU; ugha gksxkA

,u lh bZ vkj Vh osQ izdk'ku foHkkx osQ dk;kZy;,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQilJh vjfoan ekxZu;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011-26562708

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izdk'ku lg;ksx

vè;{k] izdk'ku foHkkx % isÕ;sfV jktkoqQekj

eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh % f'ko oqQekj

eq[; laiknd % 'osrk mIiy

eq[; O;kikj izca/d % xkSre xkaxqyh

laiknd % ujs'k ;kno

mRiknu % v#.k fprdkjk

lTtk ,oa vkoj.k'osrk jko

ISBN 978-81-7450-918-5

lkj&la{ksi

vaxsz”kh] Hkkjr tSls cgqHkk"kh ns'k esa ,d oSf'od Hkk"kk gS ([kaM&,d)A ;gk¡ vaxsz”kh&f'k{k.k dh fLFkfr dh

fofo/rk vkSj O;kidrk nks ckrksa ij fuHkZj gS & f'k{kdksa dh vaxsz”kh esa izoh.krk vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk LowQy

osQ ckgj vaxsz”kh ls gksus okyk lkeukA vaxsz”kh dh i<+kbZ fdl Lrj ls 'kq: dh tk,] ;g elyk vc

O;kogkfjd ;k vdknfed elys ls ”;knk yksxksa dh vkdka{kkvksa osQ jktuhfrd izR;qÙkj dk gks x;k gSA tgk¡

ge vaxsz”kh dh 'kq#vkr nsj ls exj nq#Lr rjhosQ ls djus okys izpfyr vdknfed rdZ dk leFkZu djsaxs

(tSlk fd [kaM IV-1 esa ^^uktqd vof/** ;k ^^laosnu'khy le;** dh ifjdYiuk osQ vkdyu osQ lkFk

bl ckr ij cy fn;k x;k gS)] ogha ge orZeku lPpkb;ksa ls :&c&: gksrs gq, ;g crk,¡xs fd ekStwnk

ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa D;k gkfly gks ldrk gS vkSj vko';drk iM+us ij fdl izdkj ldkjkRed dk;Zokgh dh

tk ldrh gSa ([kaM&III.2)A

Hkk"kk ikB~;p;kZ ([kaM II esa) osQ mís'; nksgjs gSa & LokHkkfod :i ls Hkk"kk lh[kus tSlh cqfu;knh

fuiq.krk gkfly djuk] rFkk vewrZ fopkj o Kku izkfIr osQ lk/u osQ :i esa Hkk"kk dk fodkl djuk]

mnkgj.kkFkZ lk{kjrk osQ }kjkA ;g ^lHkh fo"k;ksa esa Hkk"kk* okys mikxe osQ fy, roZQ nsrk gS ftlls vaxsz”kh

o vU; fo"k;ksa rFkk vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ chp dh ck/k,¡ feV tk,¡A 'kq#vkrh Lrj ij vaxsz”kh vf/xe

dk;Zdykiksa osQ fy, mu mi;qDr Hkk"kkvksa esa ,d gks ldrh gS ftuls cPps esa txr osQ izfr ltxrk iSnk

gksrh gSA blosQ ckn osQ Lrjksa ij lc izdkj dk lh[kuk Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls gh gksrk gSA mPp&Lrjh; Hkkf"kd

oqQ'kyrk,¡ lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa lkekU; gksrh gSa & tSls i<+uk ,d gLrkarj.kh; oqQ'kyrk gSA ,d Hkk"kk esa ;fn

;g oqQ'kyrk fodflr gksrh gS rks nwljh Hkk"kkvksa esa lq/kj gksxk tcfd ekr`Hkk"kk esa iBu dkS'ky de”kksj

gS rks bldk izfrowQy izHkko f}rh; Hkk"kk osQ iBu dkS'ky ij Hkh iMs+xkA vaxzs”kh vU; Hkk"kkvksa ls vyx ugha

gSA vaxsz”kh f'k{k.k dk mís'; ,sls cgqHkkf"k;ksa dks rS;kj djuk gS tks gekjh lHkh Hkk"kkvksa dks le`¼ dj losQaμ

;g ,d ekU; jk"Vªh; n`f"Vdks.k jgk gS ([kaM III.4)AHkk"kk lh[kus osQ fy, lkexzh ls le¼ laizs"k.kkRed ifjos'k dk gksuk egÙoiw.kZ vko';drk gS ([kaM

III)A bl lkexzh esa ikB~;iqLrosQa] f'k{kkFkhZ }kjk pqus x, ikB vkSj d{kk iqLrdky; 'kkfey gSa] buesa fofHkUu

izdkj dh lkexzh% eqfnzr (tSls NksVs cPpksa osQ fy, cM+h fdrkcsa vkfn)_ ,d ls vf/d Hkk"kkvksa esa leku

fdLe dh iqLrosQa o lkexzh_ ehfM;k lgk;rk (f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, if=kdk,¡@v[kckj osQ LraHk] jsfM;ks@JO;

oSQlsV~l) rFkk vU; ^^izkekf.kd** lkefxz;k¡ vkrs gSaA lqfoèkkoafpr f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa osQ Hkkf"kd ifjos'k dks

le`¼ djus osQ fy, LowQyksa dks lkeqnkf;d vfèkxe osQanzksa osQ :i esa fodflr djus dh ”k:jr gSA ,sls dbZ

uokpkj gSa ftUgsa [kkstchu o izksRlkgu }kjk O;kid cuk;k tk ldrk gSA fof'k"V n`f"Vdks.k cukus ;k rjhosQ

fudkyus ls ”;knk ls ”k:jh gS mUgas ,d O;kid laKkukRed n'kZu (ok;xksRldh] pkWEldh vkSj I;kts osQ

fl¼akrksa osQ vuq:i) osQ rgr ,d nwljs dk lgk;d cukukA ,d ckj cqfu;knh n{krk,¡ lqfuf'pr dj yh

tk,¡] mlosQ ckn Å¡ps Lrj dh Hkk"kkbZ oqQ'kyrk,¡ (lkfgfR;d ewY;kadu vkSj fyaxcks/&fufeZfr esa Hkk"kk dh

Hkwfedk dks 'kkfey djrs gq,) fodflr dh tk ldrh gaSA

f'k{kd&f'k{kk esa fujarjrk (vkSipkfjd o vukSipkfjd leFkZu ra=kksa osQ }kjk) dh ”k:jr rks gS gh]

lkFk gh mls rS;kjh djk ikus osQ ;ksX; Hkh gksuk pkfg,A fuiq.krk vkSj O;kolkf;d cks/ dks leku :i ls

izksRlkfgr djus dh ”k:jr gS vkSj ;g tkx:drk] tgk¡ vko';d gks] f'k{kdksa dh viuh Hkk"kkvksa osQ ekè;e

ls vkuh pkfg, ([akM III.6)AHkk"kk osQ ewY;kadu ([kaM III.7) dks fdlh fof'k"V ikB~;Øe esa ^^miyfC/** ek=k rd lhfer

u j[kdj mls Hkk"kk&n{krk osQ ekiu dh fn'kk esa eksM+uk pkfg,A ge Hkk"kk n{krk osQ ewY;kadu osQ fy, py

jgs oqQN rjhdksa ij ppkZ djsaxsA 10oha d{kk esa iQsy gksus osQ izeq[k dkj.kksa esa vaxsz”kh (xf.kr osQ lkFk) gksus

dh ekStw+nk leL;k dk gy fudkyus osQ fy, ,sls oSdfYid vaxsz”kh Hkk"kk ijh{k.kksa osQ lsV dh :ijs[kk rS;kj

djuk vko';d gS ftlesa ikB~;p;kZ laca/h Lora=krk osQ lkFk ewY;kadu osQ ekudhdj.k dk Hkh larqyu gks

rkfd izek.khdj.k Hkh gks losQA ijarq ,sls lsV rS;kj djus osQ igys Hkkf"kd fuiq.krk osQ jk"Vªh; ekunaMksa dks

fodflr djuk vko';d gSA ;fn vaxsz”kh osQ izek.ku (lkFk gh f'k{k.k) osQ fy, fu;fer LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ

ls vyx dksbZ oSdfYid jkLrk fudkyk tk losQ rks fo|kFkhZ dks ^^vaxsz”kh osQ fcuk mÙkh.kZ** gksus dh vuqefr

nh tk ldrh gSA

iv

jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg^vaxzsth f'k{k.k* osQ lnL;ksa osQ uke

izks- vkj- ve`rkoYyh (vè;{k)lsaVªy baLVhV~;wV vkWi+Q bafXy'k ,aMiQkWjsu ySaxosT+kgSnjkckn&500 007vka/z izns'k

lqJh xhrk oqQekjenlZ baVjus'kuy LowQyJh vjfoan ekxZu;h fnYyh&110016

MkW- tkWu oqQfj;ufuns'kdlsaVj iQkWj yfuZax fjlkslsZ”k8] MDdu dkWyst jksM;jonk&411 006egkjk"Vª

izks- fcØe osQ- nkl,&310] jktsanz fogkjiQkWjsLV ikdZHkqous'oj&751 009mM+hlk

MkW- lksukyh ukx v#yef.klg&funs'kd}kjk& n izkWfel iQkmaMs'ku346@2] iQLVZ&, esudksjkeaxyk] vkBok¡ CykWdcsaxyq#&560 095dukZVd

MkW- 'kkfyuh vkMok.khizkpk;kZfczfV'k Ldwypk.kD;iqjh]u;h fnYyh&110 021

Jh LoIu Mksosjkvdknfed vf/dkjhekè;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] vlexqokgkVh&781 021vle

Jherh ,l-osQ- ';keykih-th-Vh- vaxsz”khcgqmís';h; fun'kZu fo|ky; (Mh-,e-,l-){ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku(,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-)eSlwj&570 006dukZVd

MkW- ulh#íhu [kkuHkk"kk foHkkx,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-Jh vjfoan ekxZu;h fnYyh&110 016

MkW- (Jherh) lUè;k lkgwHkk"kk foHkkx,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-Jh vjfoan ekxZu;h fnYyh&110 016

;g vk/kj i=k bl jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg osQ fofHkUu lnL;ksa }kjk O;fDrxr rkSj ls cuk, x, ,oa izLrqr

^fLFkfr i=k* vkSj mu ij gqbZ ppkZvksa ij vk/kfjr gSA ge mu reke fe=kksa vkSj lgdfeZ;ksa osQ vkHkkjh

gSa ftUgksaus gekjs fopkjksa dks ,d fuf'pr Lo:i nsus esa enn dhA ge [kkl rkSj ij ek[ku yky fVDdw]

paik fVDdw] th- jktxksiky] Jqfr fljdkj] jek dkar vfXugks=kh] eSfDlu caVZlu] vkj- ih- tMstk] ek;k

iafMr] usYykSj osQ nks f'k{kdksa vkbZ- ,- ,l- bZ- osQ vkSj bZ-,y-Vh-vkbZ- Mk;jsDVlZ dkWUizQsal] tksfd lsaVªy

baLVhV~;wV vkWi+Q baxfy'k ,aM iQkWjsu ysXaos”ks”k (lqJh ,e- v#.kk vkSj Jh ,p-,l-oh-osQ jaxk jko)

(lh- vkb- bZ- ,iQ- ,y-) gSnjkckn esa ekpZ 2005 esa vk;ksftr gqbZ Fkh] osQ lnL;ksa osQ izfr oQrKrk Kkfir

djrs gSaA ge fot;k dks muosQ lg;ksx osQ fy, /U;okn nsrs gSaA

MkW- vkj- ih- lDlsuk{ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku (,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-)';keyk fgYlHkksiky&462 013eè; izns'k

izks- oh-osQ- lquokuh] (lnL; lfpo)vè;{k]lkekftd foKku ,oa ekufodh f'k{kk foHkkx(Mh-bZ-,l-,l-,p-)] {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku](,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-)] Hkqous'oj&751022mM+hlk

vi

vuqokn lg;ksx

Jh ,y- ch- vks>k] ,iQ 1@DokVZj 10] FkMZ Ýyksj] dVokfj;k ljk; u;h fnYyh&110 016

Jh foHkkl panz oekZ] Mh&402] fofn'kk vikVZesaV] IykV ua-&79] vkbZ-ih- ,DlVsa'ku]

u;h fnYyh&110 092

izks- oh- osQ- lquokuh] {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku] (,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh) Hkqous'oj] mM+hlk

MkW- dhfrZ oQiwj] izoDrk] Hkk"kk foHkkx] ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh-] u;h fnYyh

MkW- jatuk vjksM+k] izokpd] ikB~;p;kZ lewg] ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh-] u;h fnYYkh

fo"k; & lwph

lkj la{ksi v

jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg vaxzsth f'k{k.k ds lnL;ksa dk uke vii

1- cgqHkk"kh ns'k esa oSf'od Hkk"kk 1

1-1 vaxzs”kh D;ksa\ 1

1-2 gekjs Ldwyksa esa vaxsz”kh 1

2- Hkk"kk ikB~;p;kZ osQ y{; 4

2-1 d{kk osQ ckgj vkSj Hkhrj Hkk"kk vtZu 4

2-2 ,d vke laKkukRed vdknfed Hkk"kkbZ n{krk 5

3- ikB~;p;kZ dk Lo:i % lalk/u o izfØ;k,¡ 5

3-1 lkexzh & le`¼ ifjos'k 5

3-2 'kq#vkrh Lrj ij vaxsz”kh 6

3-3 ckn osQ Lrjksa ij vaxsz”kh % mPp Lrjh; oqQ'kyrk,¡ 11

3-4 vaxsz”kh dh d{kk ;k LowQy esa cgqHkkf"kdrk 13

3-5- ikB~;iqLrosaQ 15

3-6- f'k{kd rS;kj djuk % f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k vkSj fodkl 16

3-7- ewY;kadu 17

4- nks iwjd fVIif.k;k¡ 20

4-1 Hkk"kk lh[kus dh n`f"V ls] ^fo'ks"k vof/*] vkSj ^laosnu'khy

le;*] (lsaflfVo foaMks) dh izko~QdYiuk 20

4-2 oSQlh vaxzsz”kh\ 21

5- 'kks/ ifj;kstuk,¡ 22

6- fliQkfj'ksa 23

lanHkZ] p;fur xzaFk lwph] vuq'kaflr iBulkexzh 24

1

1- cgqHkk"kh ns'k esa oSf'od Hkk"kk

1-1 vaxzs”kh D;ksa\

Hkkjr esa vaxzs”kh vktdy vke yksxksa osQ fy, f'k{kk esaxq.koÙkk osQ izfr mudh vkdka{kk rFkk jk"Vªh; ,oavarjkZ"Vªh; thou esa iw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh dk izrhd gSA bldkvkSifuosf'kd Ïksr vc Hkqyk;k tk pqdk gS ;k vizklafxdgks x;k gSA vk”kkn Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk osQ fy, bldhvkjafHkd Hkwfedk (iqLrdky;h Hkk"kk] fo'o dh :ijs[kk)tks mi;qDr ekuh xbZ Fkh] vc lkekftd o Hkk"kk;h :ils vi;kZIr ekuh tk jgh gSA vaxzs”kh dh ekStwnk fLFkfrfo'o eap ij bldh vR;f/d mifLFkfr vkSj jk"Vªh;Lrj ij blosQ vlj ls fu/kZfjr gqbZ gSA ,d vuqekuossQ vuqlkj 2010 rd nqfu;k dh ,d frgkbZ vkcknhvaxzs”kh lh[kus okyksa esa 'kkfey gks tk,xh (xszMkSy1997)A1 1990 esa gekjh eqDr vFkZO;oLFkk dh 'kq#vkrls LowQyksa esa vaxzs”kh dh ek¡x dk foLiQksV gqvk D;ksafd;g le>k tkus yxk gS fd vaxzs”kh ls vPNs voljfey lossQaxs (nkl 2005)A

1-2 gekjs Ldwyksa esa vaxzs”kh

1-2-1 vaxzs”kh dh 'kq#vkr dk Lrj

vaxzs”kh dh bl mifLFkfr dk Li"V izHkko ;g gS fdvkt gj dksbZ LowQy ossQ 'kq#vkrh Lrj ij bldh ek¡xdj jgk gSA vaxzs”kh i<+kus okys is'ksoj yksxksa us yxkrkj;g fli+Qkfj'k dh gS fd vaxzs”kh dh i<+kbZ vis{kr;k nsjls (pkSFkh] ik¡poha ;k NBh d{kk ls) gh 'kq: gksuh

pkfg, vkSj ;gh lksp uhfr&i=kksa ls Hkh ”kkfgj gksrh gSAfdarq cM+s iSekus ij [kqy jgs vaxzs”kh ekè;e ossQ futhLowQyksa vkSj ljdkjh LowQyh ra=k esa vaxzs”kh dh 'kq#vkrigys fd, tkus ls bu uhfrxr fli+Qkfj'kksa ossQ izfrvlarks"k dk Li"V izek.k feyrk gSA2 bl O;oLFkk dhvliQyrk ossQ ckn Hkh yksdfiz; ek¡x ossQ dkj.k blO;oLFkk dks vkSj uhps ys tk;k x;kA vaxs”kh dh'kq#vkr ossQ Lrj ij elyk vc yksxksa dh vkdak{kkvksaossQ jktuSfrd izR;qÙkj dk gks x;k gS vkSj bls 'kq#vkrhLrj ls ykxw djus ossQ ykHk ij gksus okys vdknfedfookn dks vizklafxd djkj ns fn;k x;k gSA O;oLFkkxrvuqowQyrk vkSj rS;kjh dh dbZ leL;k,¡ cuh gqbZ gSa tSlsfd ;ksX; f'k{kdksa dk visf{kr la[;k esa miyC/ u gksukvkfnA ijarq ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd O;oLFkk dks yksdfiz;ek¡xksa ossQ vuq:i pyuk pkfg, mlossQ f[kykI+kQ ughaA

blhfy, ge bl loky ij dbZ rjhdksa ls fopkjdjsaxsA ,d rks gesa vk'kk gS fd cgqHkkf"kdrk dbZnq"izHkkoksa dks nwj dj ldrh gS tSls viuh Hkk"kk ossQÉkl ;k ,dne le> u ikus dh eqf'dyA nwljs] ge;g crk,¡xs fd tgk¡ t:jr gS ogka¡ ldkjkRed rjhossQviukdj ge nh xbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Bksl :i ls D;koqQN gkfly dj ldrs gSaA budk y{; cPps ossQ fy,d{kk esa ;k mlossQ ckgj cks/xE; lkexzh dh miyC/rk dh O;oLFkk dh igpku djuk gSA 'kq#vkr ls vaxzs”khykxw djus dh vke jk; cukus ossQ fy, geus ^^fo'ks"kvof/** ;k ^^laosnu'khy le;** dh izkd~dYiukvksadks 'kkfey fd;k gS tks vaxzs”kh dh cgqr igys 'kq#vkrdk leFkZu ugha djrhA

1- bl vuqeku esa 'kkfey gS izkFkfed LowQy ossQ 15 djksM+ Hkkjrh; cPps vkSj blh Lrj ossQ 12 djksM+ phuh cPpsA ;g ,f'k;k ossQ LowQyh

O;oLFkk esa vaxzs”kh ossQ n[ky dk laossQr gSA vaxzs”kh ossQ fy, ;g ek¡x lu 2050 esa ijkdk"Bk ij gksxh vkSj cgqr lkjs yksx bls lh[k

Hkh pqosQ gksasxsA vjch] phuh] teZu] fganh o Lisfu'k Hkh Hkfo"; dh Hkk"kk ossQ :i esa mHkj pqdh gksaxhA

2- 2003 esa fd, x, ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ossQ 'kks/ ossQ vuqlkj vaxzs”kh d{kk 1 ;k d{kk 3 ls 35 esa ls 26 jkT;ksa vkSj ossQanz 'kkflr izns'kksa

esa ykxw dj nh tkrh gSA ossQoy lkr jkT;ksa vkSj osaQnz'kkflr izns'kksa esa ;g d{kk 4 ;k 5 ls 'kq: dh tkrh gSA

2

1-2-2 Hkkjr esa vaxzs”kh f'k{k.k dh fofo/rk o

O;kidrkvkt Hkkjr esa vaxzs”kh lh[kuk&fl[kkuk] ,d rjI+kQ rksLowQyksa dh fofo/rk vkSj vaxzs”kh lh[kus ossQ fy,vuqowQy Hkk"kk;h ekgkSy rFkk nwljh rjI+kQ eg”k ijh{kk esamÙkh.kZ gksus ossQ fy, fdlh ikB~;iqLrd dks i<+kus dhO;kid d{kk&iz.kkfy;ksa dh O;oLFkk osQ vFkZ esa fy;ktkrk gSA ;g f'k{kdksa dh mu /kj.kkvksa ls r; gksrk gStks vaxzs”kh&Hkk"kk f'k{k.k osQ is'ks esa fy, x, rjg rjgosQ vuqHkoak ls izHkkfor gksrh gSaA3

vaxzs”kh f'k{k.k dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh eksVs rkSj ijigpku% (d) f'k{kd dh vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk esa fuiq.krk (Vh-ih-)* rFkk ([k) fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk Ldwy ls ckgj vaxzs”khls lkeuk vFkkZr~ Hkk"kk&xzg.k ossQ ifjos'k esa vaxzs”kh dhmifLFkfr (bZ- bZ-)** ls dh tk ldrh gS (fo|ky;ksa osQoxhZdj.k ossQ bu vkèkkjksa dk lanHkZ&ukx&v#yef.k2000)A vr% oqQfj;u (2005) uhps fn, x, pkjrjg ossQ LowQyksa ossQ mnkgj.k nsrs gSaA

1- ↑↑Vh-ih-, ↑↑bZ-bZ- (tSls vaxzs”kh ekè;e osQfuth@ljdkjh lgk;rk izkIr laHkzkr LowQy)%fuiq.k f'k{kd] ifjos'k esa fofHkUu Lrjksa dhvaxzs”kh ftlesa ?kj esa ;k igyh Hkk"kk ossQ rkSjij vaxzs”kh Hkh 'kkfey gSA

2- ↑Vh-ih-, ↑bZ-bZ-, (tSls u, vaxzs”kh ekè;eossQ futh LowQy ftuesa vf/dka'k vaxzs”kh ovU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,¡ nksuksa dk bLrseky djrsgSa)% f'k{kd ftudh lhfer fuiq.krk gS] cPpksadh vaxzs”kh dh i`"BHkwfe de”kksj ;k ux.;gS vkSj vke vfHkHkkodksa esa vaxzs”kh ossQ lgkjsmUufr djus dh vkdka{kk gSA

3- ↓Vh-ih-, ↓bZ-bZ- (tSls ljdkjh lgk;rk izkIr{ks=kh; Hkk"kk ekè;e ossQ Ldwy)% tgk¡ vU;{ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa ossQ lkFk vaxzs”kh f'k{k.k dhizFkk gSA ;s fofHkUu 'kSf{kd lfefr;ksa }kjkLFkkfir] fd, tkrs gSa rFkk ;gk¡ fofHkUuizdkj dh i`"BHkwfe ls vkus okys cPps gksrsgSaA

4- ↓↓Vh-ih-, ↓↓bZ-bZ- (tSls ljdkjh {ks=kh;Hkk"kk ekè;e ossQ Ldwy tks ftyk ;k Ukxjikfydkf'k{kk foHkkxksa }kjk lapkfyr gksrs gSa)% xzkeh.kHkkjr ossQ cPpksa dh cM+h la[;k bUgha esaukekafdr gksrh gSA 'kgjh xjhcksa (ftuossQvius ifjos'k esa laHkor% vaxzs”kh ikus ossQFkksM+s jkLrs gksa) dk Hkh ,dek=k fodYi ;ghLdwy gSaA pkjksa izdkj ossQ Ldwyksa esa vaxzs”kh esabuossQ f'k{kd gh lcls de fuiq.k gksrs gSaA

tgk¡ ;s mnkgj.k] Ldwy izca/u ossQ izdkj vkSjf'k{kd dh fuiq.krk o vaxzs”kh ossQ ifjos'k ossQ chp ,dviq"V varl±ca/ lq>krs gSa] ogha bu LowQyksa esa Hkh dbZfofHkUurk,¡ feyrh gSaA futh vaxzs”kh ekè;e ossQ LowQyksaesa lh[kus ossQ voljksa esa fofHkUurk,¡ gks ldrh gSa vkSj;g mudh vleku Hkk"kk izkfIr ls tkfgj gksrk gSA (ukx& v#yef.k 2005)A ftu LowQyksa esa d{kk iqLrdky;gSa] muossQ cPps csgrj <ax ls i<+rs gSa ctk; mu cPpksaossQ tks ek=k mckÅ ikBksa vkSj orZuh&t¡kp rd lhferjgrs gaSA eSF;w (1997%41) us ,d ikB~;p;kZ&dk;kZUo;uossQ vè;;u esa ik;k fd ossaQnzh; ekè;fed f'k{kk cksMZ(lh-ch-,l-bZ-) ls lac¼rk izkIr 2700 LowQy ^^izcaèkudk rjhdk] foÙkh; lzksr] HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] osru lajpuk]f'k{kdksa dh izsj.kk o fuiq.krk] muesa vkus okys fo|kFkhZ

3- vaxzs”kh esa fdlh vkSj fo"k; ossQ cfuLcr f'k{k.k dh enn ossQ fy, dkI+kQh csgrj laLFkkxr O;oLFkk gks ldrh gSA (ij nsf[k, uksV 19]

tks vaxzs”kh f'k{kk m|ksx vkSj nwljh Hkk"kk ossQ vf/xzg.k ossQ chp varj djrk gS)A* Vhpj izksfiQf'k,alh& Vh- ih-** bafXy'k bu n ,uokbjuesaV iQkWj ySaXost ,Dohft'kuA

3

vkSj muossQ vfHkHkkodksa dh dksfV;ksa** ossQ vk/kj ij^^laLo`Qfr** esa ,d nwljs ls fHkUu FksA izHkq (1987%3)us ;g lq>ko fn;k fd ^f'k{k.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ ukedj.kdks blhfy, 'kS{kf.kd izLrkoksa osQ vkSfpR; dh lhek dhtk¡p esa lgk;d ossQ :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,** u fdlaiw.kZ oxhZdj.k ossQ fy,A

1-2-3 Hkkjr esa vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k (bafXy'k ySaXostVhfpax)

ijaijkxr :i ls vaxzs”kh dh i<+kbZ O;kdj.k&vuqokni¼fr ls gksrh FkhA ik¡posa n'kd ossQ mÙkjk¼Z esa vaxzs”khf'k{k.k dh ljdkjh O;oLFkk esa lajpukRed :i lsLrjho`Qr ikB~;ozQe dks ykxw fd;k x;k tks ,d eq[;uokpkjh dne Fkk (izHkq 1987%10)A ;g lkspk x;k fdHkk"kk dk f'k{k.k mldh lkexzh ossQ fu;kstu dks O;ofLFkrdjossQ fd;k tk ldrk gS tSlk fd vadxf.kr ;kHkkSfrdh dh i<+kbZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA (dHkh&dHkh ;glajpukRed n`f"Vdks.k lh/s ykxw dj fn;k tkrk FkktSls fd ek=k vaxzs”kh Hkk"kh d{kkvksa ij ”kksj nsdj)ArFkkfi lkrosa n'kd ossQ mÙkjk¼Z esa lajpukRed fof/ osQO;ogkjoknh& euksoSKkfud rFkk nk'kZfud vk/kjksa usHkk"kk dks ^ekufld vax* le>us okys pkWELdh ossQlaKkukRed nkos dks c<+kok fn;kA4

vaxzs”kh f'k{k.k is'ks ossQ yksxksa esa Hkh lajpukRedfof/ ossQ izfr vlarks"k Fkk D;ksafd ;g fof/ d{kkvksa esa'kq¼ okD; cukus dh ;ksX;rk ossQ ckotwn f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh

Hkk"kk dks okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa O;ogk;Z ;k c<+ldus dh ;ksX;rk ugha ns ikrh FkhA ;g ckn esa le>esa vk;k fd d{kkvksa esa iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyklajpukRed n`f"Vdks.k Hkk"kk dh lajpuk vkSj oqQ'kyrktSls nks [kaMksa esa rksM+dj lksp esa ,d fc[kjko vkSjgYdkiu ykrk FkkA Hkk"kk dh lajpuk ossaQfnzr f'k{kk usf'k{kkFkhZ dh Hkk"kk;h mez* vkSj ekufld mez* osQ varjdks bruk c<+k fn;k fd ekul dks Hkk"kk ls ck¡/s j[kikuk laHko ugha gks ikrk FkkA5

vr% vFkZiw.kZ lanHkks± esa Hkk"kk&iz;ksx fl[kkus ijcy fn;k tkus yxkA fczfV'k Hkk"kkfonksa dk dguk gS fdHkk"kk iz;ksx esa O;kdjf.kd n{krk ossQ vykok oqQN vkSjHkh 'kkfey gksrk gSA bl vfrfjDr vk;ke dks crkus osQfy, laizs"k.k n{krk* in dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA6 laizs"k.kn{krk gkfly djus dh dksf'k'k O;kdjf.kd n{krk ossQvk/kj ij gh gks ldrh gSA oLrqr% laizs"k.k fof/ igyhdksfV ossQ Ldwyksa esa lcls vf/d liQy jgh tgk¡f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa esa vius Hkk"kk&Kku ij Hkjkslkgksrk gS tks mUgsa fofo/ fLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqHkoksa ls feyrkgSA gkyfd vf/dka'k f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ossQ fy, laizs"k.k n{krk*mruh egÙoiw.kZ ugha gS ftruk Hkk"kk esa ,d cqfu;knh ;kewyHkwr n{krk gkfly djuk (izHkq 1987%13)A lkexzhls le`} lS¼akfrd izfof/;ksa (tSls fd laiw.kZ Hkk"kk]dk;Z&vk/kfjr vkSj cks/XkE; lkexzh rFkk larqfyrn`f"Vdks.k) dk Yk{; vFkZ&ossaQfnzr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkk"kkdk vuqHko fnykuk gS rkfd Hkk"kk&O;oLFkk dh cukoVefLr"d }kjk gh lapkfyr gksA

4- pkWELdh us Kku vkSj mls lh[kus ossQ chp nks rjg ossQ vk/kjHkwr Hksn crk, gSaA igyk lpsr gksdj lh[kk tkus okyk Kku] tks dkI+kQhesgur vkSj lg;ksx'khy iz;kl ls /hjs&/hjs lkaLd`frd :i ls jpk tkrk gS (tSls fd oSKkfud Kku)A nwljk] og Kku tks euq"; ossQefLr"d esa vkus okys vuqHkoksa ossQ lkFk LokHkkfod :i ls mHkjrk izrhr gksrk gSA ;gk¡ lh[ks x, Kku dh tfVyrk ifjos'k ossQ tfj,mifLFkr fd, x, Kku dh rqyuk esa dgha vf/d gSA bl csesyiu dks dHkh&dHkh ^IysVks leL;k* dgk tkrk gSA

5- blossQ vfrfjDr ckn esa ik;k x;k fd Hkk"kk & lkefxz;ksa dk ;kstukc¼ vkSj O;ofLFkr izLrqrhdj.k lh[kus okys ossQ vkarfjd f'k{k.kØeksa ls esy ugha [kkrk FkkA izLrqr vkSj vkRelkr fd, x, ra=kksa ossQ chp dk laca/ jSf[kd ugha gSA blesa lh[kus okys ossQ fnekxh O;kdj.kdk ijks{k n[ky dke djrk gSA

6- ;|fi KkrO; gS fd pkWELdh tc n{krk* in dk mi;ksx djrs gSa rks mlesa O;oLFkkc¼rk (O;kdjf.kdrk) vkSj Lohdk;Zrk 'kkfeygSA ;g Hkk"kk dk fofo/ lanHkks± esa lgtrk vkSj mi;qDrrk ls iz;ksx djus dh {kerk dks bafxr djrk gSA

4

2- Hkk"kk ikB~;p;kZ ossQ y{;

jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dk y{; gS &• ,d lqxfBr ikB~;p;kZ uhfr] tks Hkk"kk f'k{k.k

vkSj vtZu ossQ funsZ'kd fl¼akrksa ij vk/kfjrgks] tks LFkkuh; ”k:jrksa vkSj lalk/uksa ossQvuqowQy fofo/ rjhdksa dks viuk lossQ rFkktks mi;ksx ossQ fy, O;k[;kRed ekWMy miyC/djk,A

ikB~;p;kZ uohdj.k ossQ fiNys iz;klksa ij fopkjgekjs foospu esa nqgjk, tkus dh leL;k [kM+h djrk gSAfiQj Hkh ge vk'kk djrs gSa fd Hkk"kkfonksa] euksoSKkfudksavkSj vU; lacaf/r fo"k;ksa dh ekStw+nk varnZf"V gesaikB~;p;kZ laca/h rkSj&rjhossQ dks cnyus o le`¼ djusossQ fy, dkjxj lq>koksa dk lS¼akfrd vk/kj ns lossQxhAvaxzs”kh ossQoy vius cwrs ij dk;e ugha jg ldrhAbls viuk LFkku ikuk gS

• vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ossQ lkFk1- {ks=kh; Hkk"kk ekè;e ossQ Ldwyksa esa% cPpksa

dh vU; Hkk"kk,¡ vaxzs”kh f'k{kk dks dSlsetcwr dj ldrh gS\

2- vaxzs”kh ekè;e ossQ Ldwyksa esa% vaxzs”kh ossQorZeku opZLo dks ?kVkdj vU; Hkkjrh;Hkk"kkvksa dk egÙo oSQls c<+k;k tk ldrk gS\

• nwljs fo"k;ksa ossQ lkFk laca/ esa% izkFkfedf'k{kk esa iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk dk ifjisz{;fo'ks"k egÙo j[krk gSA fofHkUu vFkZiw.kZ lanHkks±osQ tfj;s gh Hkk"kk lcls vPNs rjhosQ lslh[kh tk ldrh gS] blhfy, gj izdkj dkf'k{k.k ,d vFkZ esa Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k gh gSA ;gifjisz{; ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ vewrZ fopkjksa ossQ

lanHkZ esa Hkk"kk dh osaQnzh;rk dks js[kkafdrdjrk gSA tgk¡ 'kq#vkrh Lrj ij lanHkZxrvFkZ Hkk"kk&iz;ksx dks c<+kok nsrs gSa ogha cknossQ Lrjksa ij fli+QZ Hkk"kk osQ tfj;s gh vFkZ dksik;k tk ldrk gSA

vaxzs”kh f'k{k.k dk mís'; ,sls cgqHkkf"k;ksa dks rS;kjdjuk gS tks gekjh lHkh Hkk"kkvksa dks le`¼ dj lossQa%;gh Loho`Qr jk"Vªh; u”kfj;k jgk gSA ;g cgqHkk"khifjizs{; Hkk"kk vkSj laLo`Qfr ossQ ljksdkjksa dks vkSj vKkrls Kkr dh vksj tkus ossQ f'k{k.k fl¼kar dks Hkh lacksfèkrdjrk gSA

2-1 d{kk ossQ ckgj vkSj Hkhrj Hkk"kk vtZu

nwljh Hkk"kk dk f'k{k.k ikB~;p;kZ ossQ fdlh vU; fo"k;ossQ eqdkcys lkoZHkkSfed liQyrk dh lcls cM+h dlkSVhij [kjk mrjuk pkfg,_ ;kuh de ls de nSuafnumís';ksa ossQ fy, Hkk"kk dk lgt vkSj mi;qDr iz;ksxAbl miyfC/ dks viuh Hkk"kkvksa esa gj cPpk Ldwytkus ls igys ik ysrk gS (pkWELdh 1975)A ;gh og^^fuiq.krk dk U;wure Lrj** gS (ftls vR;ar tfVyekufld O;kdj.k dh vko';drk gS] ftlossQ dkj.k^okLrfod le;* esa Hkk"kk dk cks/ vkSj iz;ksx gks ikrkgS) ftldh lgk;rk ls dksbZ vke vkneh egt ijh{kkikl djus ;k O;kdj.k tkuus ossQ ctk; ^vaxzs”kh cksyldus* dh vis{kk j[krk gSA7

• vius ifjos'k dh Hkk"kk esa cksypky dh tkscqfu;knh fuiq.krk d{kk ossQ ckgj Hkh cPpklgt :i ls gkfly dj ysrk gS] bl O;kidmiyfC/ dks D;k vaxzs”kh dh d{kk,¡ Hkh viukldrh gSa\ vxj gk¡] rks oSQls\

• lhfer {ks=kksa (tSls&;k=kk ,oa i;ZVu m|ksx) ossQ

7- flI+kZQ 'kCnksa dh la[;k ossQ ekeys eas] ,fplu (1998) vuqeku yxkrs gSa fd ,d ?kaVs dh ckrphr esa 5000 'kCnksa dh ”k:jr gksrh

gS] vkSj jsfM;ks okrkZ ossQ fy, 9000 'kCnksa dh ”k:jr gksrh gSA

5

fy, vko';d Hkk"kk&oqQ'kyrk,¡ blh cqfu;knhfuiq.krk ij fVdh gksrh gSaA

2-2 ,d vke laKkukRed vdknfed Hkk"kk;h n{krk

vkn'kZ :i ls ;k lkekU;r;k f'k{kk esa Hkk"kk ,slhLokHkkfod :i ls izkIr dh xbZ Hkk"kk&;ksX;rk ls curhgS tks lk{kjrk esa fodkl ossQ tfj;s bls vewrZ fopkjksa ossQmidj.k ;k vdknfed Kku ossQ xzg.k ossQ fy, le`¼djrh gSA vc ge ,d ^laKkukRed vdknfed Hkk"kk;hn{krk* dh ckr dj lossQaxs (ns[ksa dfeal 1979) ftlesaHkk"kk vkSj lkspus dk dkS'ky cPps ossQ LokHkkfodHkk"kk&Kku ossQ vk/kj ij fufeZr gksrk gSA ;gh Hkk"kk&f'k{kkvkSj Hkk"kk ossQ tfj;s f'k{kk dk y{; jgk gSA (vDlj;g ppkZ ekr`Hkk"kk esa Hkk"kk&f'k{kk ossQ lanHkZ eas gksrh gSA)

• blossQ vykok Hkk"kkvksa dh ,slh laKkukRedvkSj vdknfed dq'kyrk,¡ lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esalapkfjr gks ldrh gSa] nwljh Hkk"kk esa HkhA

;g lapj.kh;rk gh mu vk/kjksa esa ,d jgh gSftlossQ dkj.k fd vaxzs”kh dks vis{kkd`r nsj ls ykxwdjus dh fli+Qkfj'k dh tkrh gSA f'k{kk esa Hkkf"kdfuiq.krk tks cPps dh viuh Hkk"kk esa fodflr gksrh gS]ckn esa ,d u;h Hkk"kk esa LokHkkfod :i ls pyhtk,xhA bl fli+Qkfj'k osQ izfr vlarks"k nks dkjdksa ossQdkj.k gS%

(i) igyk] Hkk"kkvksa esa vdknfed Hkkf"kd n{krkdk vlarks"ktud miyfC/ Lrj] tSls i<+us;k fy[kus esa] ossQ dkj.k nwljh Hkk"kk esavdknfed cqfu;kn ugha cu ikrh gSA vk¡dM+scrkrs gSa (ukx&v#yef.k 2005) fd NksVsuxj ossQ 40» cPps] tutkrh; bykdksa ossQ80» cPps vkSj 'kgjh LowQyksa ossQ 18» cPpsizkFkfed Lrj ij viuh Hkk"kk esa ugha i<+ikrs gSaA ;s dfe;k¡ ckn ossQ Lrjksa ij c<+rhtkrh gSa vkSj lkekU; vdknfed vliQyrk

esa cny tkrh gSaA(ii) mPp Lrjh; dkS'ky (tSls vkuqekfud le>

ossQ lkFk i<+uk rFkk vo/kj.kkRed Li"VrkossQ lkFk fy[kuk) dh cqfu;kn ossQ :i esavaxzs”kh dk lgt dkedkth Kku ugha ns ikukA

izR;sd cPps osQ fy, r; dh xbZ vkB o"kks± dhf'k{kk xkjaVh esa yxHkx pkj o"kks± esa gh vaxzs”kh Hkk"kklaca/h cqfu;knh fuiq.krk cuk lduk laHko gksuk pkfg,Abl fuiq.krk esa i<+us vkSj fy[kus dk cqfu;knh lk{kjrkdkS'ky Hkh 'kkfey gksA ysfdu blossQ fy, gekjs Ldwyksadks lHkh Hkk"kkvksa ossQ f'k{k.k esa vkSj liQyrk gkflydjuh gksxh D;ksafd lk{kjrk osQ dkS'ky lapj.kh; gksrsgSaaA blossQ fodYi ossQ :i esa ;fn vaxzs”kh oQks dki+Qh'kq#vkrh Lrj ls gh ekè;e cukuk gS rks blossQ f'k{k.kls nwljh Hkk"kkvksa dh Hkh lk{kjrk esa liQyrk dkslqfuf'pr djuk gksxk tSlk fd osLV (1941) us ntZfd;k FkkA

3- ikB~;p;kZ dk Lo:i % lalk/u o izfØ;k,¡

3-1 lkexzh&le`¼ ifjos'k

Hkk"kk lh[kus ossQ fy, lkexzh ossQ lkFk le`¼laizs"k.kkRed ifjos'k dh vko';drk gksrh gS Hkk"kk,¡vO;Dr :i ls lh[kh tkrh gSaA lqudj ;k i<+dj ik,x, vFkZ ls] lwpukvksa dks le>us vkSj laizsf"kr djus ossQtfj;sA ge ,d cks/xE; lkexzh & le`¼ ikB~;p;kZ dklq>ko nsrs gSa ftlls Hkk"kk ossQ lgt fodkl dh cqfu;kncu lossQ rkfd cksyh vkSj fy[kh xbZ Hkk"kk dks le>ukHkk"kk mRiknu (O;k[;ku o ys[ku) dh iwoZxkeh Hkwfedkesa gksA ge ;g Hkh lq>k,¡xs fd lk{kjrk dSls bl rjgdh ikB~;p;kZ esa vFkZiw.kZ <ax ls ?kqyfey ldrh gSA geigys crk pqossQ gSa fd vaxzs”kh vkSj vU; LowQyh Hkk"kkvksadh lk{kjrk esa D;k varl±ca/ gS blhfy, bl [kaM esacgqHkkf"kdrk vkSj iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk ossQ nksgjsifjizs{;ksa dk izdj.k ckj&ckj vk,xkA

6

dbZ 'kks/drkZvksa (izHkq 1987] Ø'ksu 1985] ,YyhvkSj eaxqHkkbZ 1983) us ”kksj nsdj dgk gS fd Hkk"kk rclh[kh tkrh gS tc è;ku mlossQ :i ij ugha cfYdlans'kksa osQ vFkZ ij fn;k tkrk gSA bl lk>s fopkj ijcaxyksj izkstsDV ;k dE;qfuossQ'kuy Vhfpax izkstsDV (izHkq1987)] n dE;qfuossQfVo vizksp (foMkslu 1978)] nuspqjy vizksp (Ø'ksu rFkk Vsjsy 1983) vkSj iw.kZ Hkk"kkvkanksyu tSlh ubZ [kkstsa gqbZ gSaA fo'ks"k :i ls ;fnlk{kjrk xzg.k ossQ {ks=k dks ysa rks dbZ 'kks/drkZvksa usdkS'ky funsZ'kksa vkSj Hkk"kk lh[kus laca/h lcy vFkZiw.kZifjos'k ossQ larqyu ij tksj fn;k gS (,MEl 1990] Luks]cuZl ,aM fxzfiQu 1998_ LVsuksfod 2000)A lk{kjrkfodkl osQ fy, dkS'ky vkSj vFkZ nksuksa ij ”kksj fn,tkus dh vko';drk gSA

vFkZiw.kZ Hkk"kk ossQ vuqHkoksa dh Hkwfedk ;k efLr"dossQ dk;Z djus ossQ fy, ^^lkexzh** dh Hkwfedk dkslh[kus rFkk Hkk"kk lh[kus osQ reke laKkukRed fl¼akrksaus Lohdkj fd;k gS (lh[kus dks vknr cukuk & crkusokys O;ogkjoknh fl¼karksa osQ leku gh)A ^^Hkk"kkvksa dkcks>** iwjh f'k{kk ossQ cks> ossQ leku gh ,d rjg lsugha le> ldus dk cks> gSA ;g rc gksrk gS tc Hkk"kkdks eg”k vius fy, ,d [kkl :i ;k fu;eksa osQ rgri<+k;k tkrk gS] lqlaxr ikBksa ossQ vFkZ ossQ okgd ossQ :iesa ugha] ;g egt ikl djus ossQ fy, vfrfjDr fo"k;ek=k jg tkrk gSA8

Hkkjr esa vaxsz”kh&f'k{kk dh fofo/rk vkSj O;kidrkdks ns[krs gq, iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd fdl izdkj lh[kus

okyk viuh mez osQ eqrkfcd vkSj Hkk"kk ossQ Kku ;kHkk"kk dkS'ky dh rS;kfj;ksa ossQ eqrkfcd vFkZiw.kZ Hkk"kkvtZu djsA ,slh lkexzh de ls de d{kkvksa esa rksfeyuh gh pkfg, ijarq lh[kus okyksa ossQ vius iz;RUkksa ossQ}kjk vU; :iksa eas Hkh miyC/ gksuh pkfg,A lh[kukd{kk ;k f'k{kd rd gh lhfer ugha gksuk pkfg,Alqfo/koafpr f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ossQ Hkk"kk&ifjos'k dks fo'ks"krjhdksa ls le`¼ djus dh ”k:jr gSA bl fygkt lsdbZ u;h liQy [kkstsa vkSj uokpkj bl ns'k esa fo|ekugSa ftUgsa mudh rkRdkfyd LFkkuh; ”k:jrksa ossQ ijs ystkdj O;kid cukus ossQ fy, Nku&chu vkSj izksRlkgudh ”k:jr gS] tSls var%fØ;kRed jsfM;ks funsZ'k] y{;vk/kfjr laizs"k.k joS;k] iw.kZ Hkk"kk vk[;ku dk;ZØevkfnA ge bu liQyrkvksa dk o.kZu djus dk iz;kldjsaxsA

3-2 'kq#vkrh Lrj ij vaxzs”kh

3-2-1 Hkk"kk ls ifjp; % ,d iwoZ&lk{kjrk ikB~;p;kZ

vaxzs”kh pkgs ftl d{kk ls 'kq: gks (I - III, ;k IV ;kV - VI) 'kq#vkrh y{; (vaxzs”kh lh[kus ossQ igys ;knks lkyksa esa) ;g gS fd&

• lkFkZd fLFkfr;ksa esa vaxzs”kh ossQ lkFk igpkucukbZ tk, (eq[;r% cksypky ;k fyf[krvkSj cksyh gqbZ lkexzh }kjk) rkfd cPps dksHkk"kk dk dkepykÅ Kku gks lossQA

^^vc rd Hkk"kk lh[kus ossQ reke liQy vuqHkoksadh ,dleku fo'ks"krk ;g jgh gS fd f'k{kkFkhZ dks ,d

8- tc Hkk"kk dks Hkk"kk ossQ :Ik esa ugha i<+k;k tkrk rks og ek=k vuqeku ossQ tfj;s lh[kh tkrh gSA bldk irk vaxzs”kh ekè;e Ldwyksa

dh vis{kkd`r vf/d liQyrk ls pyrk gSA tgk¡ vfrfjDr vaxzs”kh dh lkexzh (vaxzs”kh ossQ lkekftd vuqHkoksa ossQ vykok) vU; fo"k;ksadh i<+kbZ ls feyrh gSA vDlj bldk ifj.kke bafM;fu”e* ossQ vtZu ossQ :i esa gksrk gS ftls oLrqr% vaxzs”kh d{kkvksa esa grksRlkfgrfd;k tkrk gSA ns[ksa ^'ksYVMZ ySaXost Vhfpax¸ dk;ZozQe (fo"k;ksa okyh d{kk,¡ nwljh Hkk"kk ossQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa ossQ fy, cks/xE; cukbZ tkrhgS & ns[ksa Ø'ksu 1987%71)A cks/xE; lkexzh vkSj ikB~;p;kZ ossQ fy, leku Hkk"kk ossQ utfj, ls Hkk"kk&lh[kus okyksa vkSj Hkk"kk ughale> ikus okyksa dh [kkbZ dks ikVk tk ldrk gSA

7

;k vU; rjhossQ ls lh[kh tkus okyh Hkk"kk ls ifjfprdjk;k tkrk gS**(jnjiQksMZ 1987%18)

• ;gk¡ ^i;kZIr v¡kdM+ksa* ls vk'k; gS fd lkyHkj ,d ikB~;iqLrd ls fpiossQ jguk i;kZIrugha gSA blh lhfer lkexzh ij oqQ'ky vf/dkj gkfly djus dh ctk; fofo/ vkSjlkFkZd Hkk"kk&lkefxz;ksa ls fujarj ifjp; djkrsjgus ij ”kksj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

• bldk laca/ ewY;kadu&fof/ ls Hkh gS] ftldhppkZ vkxs dh tk,xhA

vktdy 'kh?kz&lk{kj cukus vkSj yxk, x, ikBksaossQ mÙkj daBLFk djkus ij ”kksj fn;k tkrk gSA gekjkcy lk{kjrk&iwoZ ikB~;p;kZ dh ”k:jr ij gSA

ge ^O;kid lkexzh* eqgS;k djkus ossQ lq>koksa ls'kq: djsaxsA bl lkexzh esa ikB~;iqLrossQa] vU; eqfnzrlkexzh tSls cM+h fdrkcsa] d{kk iqLrdky;] ,d lsvf/d Hkk"kkvksa esa lekarj lkexzh vkSj ehfM;k lkexzh(lh[kus okyksa ossQ fy, if=kdk,¡] v[kckjksa ossQ LraHk]jsfM;ks@vkWfM;ks dSlsV~l bR;kfn) rFkk ^izkekf.kd* vkSjmiyC/ lkexzh dk bLrseky 'kkfey gSA 'kks/ ossQvuqlkj nwljh Hkk"kk lh[kus dh LokHkkfod fLFkfr;ksa esafdlh lh[kus okys }kjk Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx 'kq: djus ossQiz;kl ossQ igys rhu eghuksa dh fLFkfr ^ekSu vof/*gksrh gSA bl vof/ esa lh[kus okyksa dks tks Hkh lkexzhmiyC/ gksrh gS] og mlossQ 'kq#vkrh mi;ksx (pkgs ogoqQN 'kCnksa] okD;ksa ossQ VqdM+ksa vkSj iQkewZyko`Qr Hkk"kk rdgh lhfer gks) ossQ iz;klksa dk vk/kj gksrh gSA blhfy,d{kk esa Hkk"kk dh le> vkSj mlossQ vuqHkoksa dhdher ij Hkk"kk ossQ 'kh?kz mRiknu ij cy ughafn;k tkuk pkfg,A Hkk"kk dh tk¡p ekr`Hkk"kk]

gko&Hkko ;k ,d 'kCn ossQ mÙkjksa ls dh tk ldrh gSA• d{kk esa 'kq#vkrh mi;ksx dk fdafpr~ ifjofrZr

rjhdk cks/xE; lkexzh ossQ ^Nn~e mi;ksx* dkgks ldrk gS] dforkvksa ;k rqdksa dks lh[kdj]Hkk"kk dk lkekU; rkSj ij iz;ksx vkSj d{kkO;oLFkk ossQ iQkewZys dks lh[kdj vfHkoknu ;kvuqjks/ksa dks lh[kus osQ tfj;sA Nn~e mi;ksxdh ”k:jr laHkor% ekStwnk jVaRk fof/ dksizsfjr djrh gSA bls igpkudj vkSj ikB~;p;kZesa bls mfpr LFkku nsdj ckn esa okLrfodmi;ksxh LFkku dh vksj c<+k tk ldrk gSA9

• Mªkek vkSj ukVd dk izn'kZu izkekf.kd vkSjcks/xE; lanHkks± esa Nn~e&mi;ksx dk ijEijkxrrjhdk jgk gSA gkoHkko iw.kZ rqdcanh] NksVsukVd vkSj >ydh] okLrfod d{kk xfrfof/ossQ :i esa fFk;sVj ls 'kq#vkr djuk] Hkk"kk lscPps ossQ Lkaca/ vkSj izLrqrhdj.k dks c<+kok nsldrk gSA ckn ossQ Lrjksa ij ;g (O;kdj.k ossQlkFk&lkFk) vyadkj&'kkL=k ossQ vè;;u esafodflr gks ldrk gS (uhps ns[ksa)A

3-2-2 f'k{kd&lkexzh dks laiwjd o vuqiwjd cukuk

f'k{kd dh Lo;a dh Hkk"kk;h fuiq.krk dh lhfer {kerkcksèkxE; lkexzh osQ :i esa lrr d{kk izopu dkslhfer djrh gSA (d{kk 1 osQ vaxzs”kh f'k{kdksa dhrS;kjh dh fujk'kkiw.kZ rlohj ossQ fy, ns[ksa d`".ku vkSjiafMr] 2003) fiQj Hkh]

• f'k{kd dh ;ksX;rkvksa dks lkexzh ossQ tfj;sfodflr djus vkSj iwjd cukus ossQ fy,dbZ jkLrs gSaA

9- Nn~e & mi;ksx ls gekjk rkRi;Z ml Hkk"kk O;ogkj ls gS tks vly esa gksus okyh izfØ;k dh udy djrh gSA ysfdu og lh[kus

okys dks tks Ik<+k;k x;k gS mldh lhekvksa ls ikj tkus dh vuqefr ugha nsrh gSA

8

(i) var%fØ;kRed jsfM;ks funsZ'k (lh- ,y- vkj-]iq.ks)10 tSlh ifj;kstuk,¡ lq>krh gSa fd LFkkuh;jsfM;ks cksèkxE; vkSj fnypLi lanHkks± esa ljycksypky dh Hkk"kk eqgS;k djk ldrk gS tksfd cPps dh Hkk"kk xzg.k djus dh {kerkvkSj f'k{kd dh Hkk"kk;h fuiq.krk c<+krk gSpkgs og xzkeh.k lanHkksZa esa tgk¡ vaxzs”kh fons'khHkk"kk ossQ rkSj ij* d{kk ik¡p rd dh] nsjh lsgh D;ksa u 'kq: dh xbZ gksA Hkk"kk dk fujarjvkSj lrr vuqHko rFkk cks/xE;rk dh fu;ferizfriqf"V dh vko';drk lqfuf'pr dh tkuhpkfg,A

(ii) laiw.kZ Hkk"kk n`f"Vdks.k (tkafxM+] 2005)11 ossQrgr dgkuh&i<+us dks d{kk&iz.kkyh dh rjgfodflr fd;k tkuk pkfg, (ctk; dgkuhdks ikB dh rjg i<+kus ossQ)A dgkfu;ksa dks”kksj ls i<+uk] nksgjkdj i<+uk] lkewfgd :ils i<+uk] dgkuh fiQj ls crkus vkSj fiQj lsfy[kus dh xfrfof/;k¡ f'k{kdksa dh ekStwnkHkk"kk&fuiq.krk vkSj dkS'kyksa dks le`¼ ofodflr dj ldrh gSaA fu;fer :i lsdgkfu;k¡ i<+us ls cPps esa] Hkk"kk&vtZu dhizfØ;k dks c<+kok feysxk vkSj cPps ossQlkFk&lkFk f'k{kdksa esa Hkh i<+us dh vknrfodflr gksxhA [kksts tkus okys egÙoiw.kZ

rjhossQ gSa &1- cM+h fdrkcksa dk lfEefyr ikB% cM+s vkdkj

dh fnypLi iqLrdas ftuesa ikB ossQ lkFklaqnj fp=k Hkh gksa] (LikdZ bafM;k rFkk izksfeliQkmaMs'ku] csaxyq: dh fdrkcksa dh rjg)lewg&ikB ossQ mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSa tcf'k{kd i<+rk gS rks cPps igys i<+h xbZ Hkk"kkvkSj fp=kksa ossQ }kjk dgkuh ls ifjfpr gksrs gSavkSj /hjs&/hjs eqfnzr dksM ls cPps dk ifjp;gksrk tkrk gSA (eè;oxhZ; o mPpoxhZ; ifjokjksaesa cPpksa dks dgkfu;k¡ lqukus dk pyu tksfd ,d ,slh lk{kjrk xfrfof/ gS tks lk{kjrkossQ fodkl dks c<+kok nsrh gS] lqfo/koafprifjfLFkfr;ksa esa nksgjkbZ tk ldrh gSA)

2- jhfMax dkMks± dk mi;ksx (tSlkfd lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y- }kjk cuk, x, vaxzs”kh 400 rFkkvaxzs”kh 100 dkM~Zl ) vkSj d{kk&iqLrdky;ksadk izko/kuA jhfMax dkMZ ossQ y?kq Lrjhd`rvuqPNsn (tks pkj okD;ksa dh dgkuh ls 'kq:gksrs gSa)A izR;sd lh[kus okys dks f'k{kd }kjk'kq: djk, tkus ossQ ckn Lo;a vius dfBukbZdk Lrj r; djus vkSj ekSu ikB (tks fdi<+us dh vknr ossQ fodkl dk lwpd gS)dh viuh&xfr dks r; djus dh NwV nsrs gSaA

3- ^cksyrh fdrkcsa* (dSlsV~l $ fdrkcsa) f'k{kd

10- lsaVj iQkWj fjlkslsZat (lh-,y-vkj-)] iq.ks us rhu o"khZ; laoknkRed jsfM;ks dk;ZØe ge vaxzs”kh lh[ksa* fodflr fd;k gSA bls xzkeh.k

o 'kgj ossQ Hkk"kk;h {ks=k ossQ izkFkfed Ldwyksa esa cksypky dh vaxzs”kh fl[kkus gsrq fodflr fd;k x;k gSA 15 feuV dk ;g dk;ZØe250 Hkkxksa esa c¡Vk gqvk gS tks rhu vdknfed o"kks± esa laiUu gksrk gSA bl nkSjku lh[kusokyksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os HkkxhnkjhdjsaA lh[kus okyksa ossQ lquus vkSj cksyus ossQ gquj ij bldk tks izHkko gS og pakSdkus okyk gSA bl dk;ZØe dk ejkBh & vaxzs”kh laLdj.keqacbZ vkSj iq.ks f”kys esa rFkk fgUnh&vaxzs”kh laLdj.k fnYyh] >kj[kaM vkSj mÙkjk[kaM esa vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks }kjk izlkfjr fd;k tk pqdkgSA bl dk;ZØe ls vaxzs”kh esa #fp j[kus okys ;qok o cqtqxZ Jksrk rFkk yk[kksa dh la[;k esa fo|kFkhZ ykHkkfUor gq, gSaA

11- tkafxM+ (2005) us yxkrkj ,d lky rd dFkk okpu dk;ZØe ossQ nkSjku i<+us] cksyus vkSj fy[kus esa gkfly miyfC/ dk C;ksjk

fn;k gSA blesa i<+us dh izfof/ rFkk blls tqM+h f'k{kd }kjk dh tkus okyh xfrfof/ ij foLr`r ckrphr gSA lkFk gh blesa gjsd ossQfy, f'k{k.k ossQ ;Fks"V rdZ fn, x, gSaA bl vè;;u esa d{kk 1 ossQ fy, Hkk"kk ossQ tkjh ;k jpukRed ewY;kadu dk Hkh vfHkys[kufd;k x;k gSA

9

vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ nksuksa ossQ mPpkj.k vkSj i<+kbZ dkvkn'kZ r; djrh gSa (lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y- ossQikl bl laca/ esa oqQN vuqHko gSa)A ;g ,d,slk {ks=k gS tgk¡ vHkh ck”kkj u;k gksus osQdkj.k futh ;k O;kolkf;d iz;kl ugha gks ikjgs gSaA vr% ;gk¡ ljdkjh lgk;rk dh ”k:jr gSA

(iii) izHkq (1987) us ,d ^dk;Z&vk/kfjr* izfof/dk o.kZu fd;k gS tks d{kk esa ^vFkZ le>kusossQ fy, ckrphr* vkSj ^vFkZ ossaQfnzr xfrfof/*dh vksj ys tkrh gSA12 bl Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQfy, ^ikB* f'k{kd dk O;k[;ku gksrk gS%f'k{kd d{kk osQ fy, yxHkx mlh rjgcksyrk gS ^^tSls dksbZ o;Ld fdlh cPps lsckr dj jgk gks (iwoZor~ i`- 57)A blossQfy, tgk¡ f'k{kd esa cqfu;knh Hkk"kk;h fuiq.krkvko';d gS] ogha ;g è;ku jgs fd ;gk¡O;kdj.k ;k lkfgR; dh fo'ks"kKrk dh t:jrughaA (f'k{kd oSQlh vaxzs”kh cksy ldrs gaSblossQ fy, ns[ksa [kaM 4-2 rFkk izHkq (iwoZor~i`- 98)

,sls u”kfj;ksa vkSj rjhdksa dks vyx&Fkyx ughajguk pkfg, cfYd ,d O;kid laKkukREkd n'kZu(ftlesa ok;xksfRLkdh] pkWELdh rFkk fi;kts osQ fl¼akrksadk lekos'k gks) ossQ rgr ,d nwljs ossQ lg;ksxh Hkko

esa gksuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k osQ fy,] Hkk"kk osQ fodkl osQfy, cks/xE; mRiknu ossQ lkFk&lkFk cks/xE; lkexzhdh vko';drk gks ldrh gSA lh[kus okys dk O;kdj.kKku tks ewyr% vO;Dr crk;k tkrk gS] volj vkus ij;k ”k:jr iM+us ij O;Dr Hkh gks ldrk gSA i<+us ossQfunsZ'kksa esa èofud ;k la'kksf/r èofud utfj;s ossQlkFk&lkFk iw.kZ&'kCn n`f"Vdks.k Hkh gks ldrk gSA (tSlkge vkxs crk,¡xs)A fdlh [kkl xfrfof/ (tSls i<+kbZ)ossQ fy, cPps dh rS;kj gks ikus dh vo/kj.kk ls ghd{kk esa ikB~;Øe ossQ y{;ksa dks ykxw djuk r; gksukpkfg,A d{kk dksbZ iz;ksx'kkyk ugha gS] vr% mls lcdksfeykdj pyus okyk LFkku gksuk pkfg, tgk¡ izR;sdO;fDr dh lh[kus dh 'kSyh dk è;ku j[kk tkrk gksA

3-2-3 miyC/ laKkukRed o Hkk"kk;h lalk/uksadk mi;ksx

dk;Z&vk/kfjr izfof/ ls ,d egÙoiw.kZ varnZf"V ;gmHkjrh gS fd ge d{kk esa ¶u fli+QZ y{; Hkk"kk ossQlalk/uksa dks gh cfYd lh[kus okyksa ossQ ikl miyC/reke vU; lalk/ukas (bu ij gesa cy nsuk pkfg,)tSls vVdyckth] gko&Hkko] izFkkvksa dk Kku] la[;kvksadk Kku vkSj ekr`Hkk"kk vkfn dks 'kkfey djus ossQ fy,laokn dh vko';drk iSnk dj ldrs gSa vkSj djuhpkfg,¸ (izHkq 1987%29)A d{kk 1 ;k d{kk 4 ossQ

12- ^caxyksj enzkl izkstsDV* ;k dE;qfuossQ'kuy Vhfpax izkstsDV dki+Qh egÙoiw.kZ igy FkhA blesa lS¼akfrd ifj'kq¼rk vkSj vo/kj.kkRed

Li"Vrk rks Fkh gh lkFk gh LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ossQ fy, iQk;nsean d{kk iz.kkyh fodflr djus dk leiZ.k Hkh FkkA ;g iz;ksx dukZVdvkSj rfeyukMq ossQ lkr {ks=kh; (Hkk"kk) ekè;e Ldwyksa dh vkB d{kkvksa esa (muesa rhu fuxe ;k ljdkjh LowQy 'kkfey Fks) ik¡po"kks± rd pykA bldk mís'; lh[kus okyksa dks ,d mi;ksxh Hkk"kk nsuk Fkk tks O;kdj.k dh n`f"V ls Hkh lgh gksA d{kk esa vH;kl lstks iz.kkyh fodflr gqbZ] mlls f'k{k.k fo'ks"kKksa ossQ gkFk ls fudy dj d{kk f'k{kdksa ossQ gkFk esa pyk x;kA Vhe dk iz;kl Fkk fdd{kk esa ,slh fLFkfr iSnk dh tk, ftlesa lh[kus okys esa laokn ossQ fy, iz;Ru djus dk Hkko mHkjs] ;kuh le>uk] fdlh txg ijigq¡puk] vkSj vFkZ laizsf"kr djukA* dk;Z ossQ Lo:Ik us tks fd rfdZd&varjky xfrfof/ ij vk/kfjr Fkk f'k{kd vkSj lh[kus okysossQ lR;kHkkl ossQ cks/ dks larq"V fd;kA ;g ,d xaHkhj vf/xe xfrfof/ ossQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k (Hkk"kk [ksyksa vkSj Hkwfedk&fuokZgossQ foijhr)_ vkSj vFkZ&ossQfUnzr d{kk xfrfof/ rFkk vFkZ ossQ Li"V ysu&nsu dks ,d Li"V fn'kkfunsZ'k esa Loho`Qfr nh xbZA bu dk;ks±dh iwjh lwph izHkq (1987) esa nh xbZ gSA

10

f'k{kkFkhZ Hkk"kk esa dPps gksa ij laKkukRed :i ls osf'k{kkFkhZ gSa] f'k'kq ughaA mudh (vkSj muossQ f'k{kdksa dh)ekStwnk laKkukRed o Hkk"kk;h ;ksX;rkvksa dk mi;ksx udj ikus ls ge ,d lalk/u rks [kks gh cSBrs gSa lkFkgh ml cPps dks Hkh foeq[k dj nsrs gSa tks u;h Hkk"kkvkSj vius ekufld lalkj esa dksbZ laca/ ugha [kkstikrkA Hkk"kkvksa ossQ chp vkSj vU; fo"k;ksa vkSj Hkk"kkvksaossQ chp ossQ O;o/ku gVkus dh gekjh fli+Qkfj'k ossQ ihNs;gh u”kfj;k gSA13

3-2-4 lk{kjrk dh 'kq#vkr

fMdksfMax% uhps ls Åij vkSj Åij ls uhpseqnz.k ossQ lkFk&lkFk cksypky lk{kjrk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZjkLrk gSA ,d iw.kZrkoknh ;k Åij ls uhps rd dkn`f"Vdks.k (dgkuh i<+us ossQ ekè;e ls) tks iw.kZ 'kCnksa;k Hkk"kk ossQ VqdM+ksa dh n`'; igpku fodflr djrk gS]ossQ lkFk&lkFk eqnz.k igpkuuk vkSj fodksMhdj.k rFkko.kZ&èofu ekufp=k.k (;s oqQ'kyrk,¡ vktdy i<+us ossQlkFk tqM+h gSa) ossQ uhps ls Åij rd ossQ joS;s dks tksM+ukgksxkA rqd okys o.kZ&lewgksa (xksLokeh 1999) ossQ tfj;s,d ifjofrZr èofud joS;k viukus ls vaxzs”kh Lisfyaxdh eè;LFkrk dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA (tSls fddSV] jSV] eSV] dkj] iQkj] LVkj] ckWy] gkWy] dkWy esa^,* o.kZ dh èofu dh fujarjrk vFkok it/ ite, at/ ate,ot/ ote vkfn o.kks± esa Loj & èofu;ksa ossQ mPpkj.k dkvuqeku)A 'kkW dk izfl¼ mnkgj.k (Ghoti = fish)o.kZ&lewgksa ossQ 'kCn esa vk{kfjd LFkku ossQ lanHkZghu

iz;ksx ossQ dkj.k cuk gS (vaxzs”kh esa 'kq#vkr esa sh dkmPpkj.k dHkh@iQ@ugha gksrk vkSj ti dh orZuh dkmPpkj.k@'k@ges'kk tion ossQ Øe esa gksrk gS)A ,MEl(1990) us bu ekeyksa dk vPNk ifjp; fn;k gSAiwoZ&lk{kjrk ekSf[kd xfrfof/;k¡ cPps esa cksys vkSjfy[ks x, Hkk"kk dksMksa tSls rqd] uke ;k 'kCnksa esa igyhèofu dh lekurk vkfn ls laca/ cukus dh {kerk dksfodflr dj ldrh gSA14

,d eqnz.k&le`¼ ifjos'keqnz.k&le`¼ ifjos'k esa dbZ lk{kjrk iwoZ xfrfof/;k¡ dhtk ldrh gSa] d{kk esa laossQr fpg~u] pkVZ] dk;Z O;oLFkkdh lwpuk,¡ yxh gksuh pkfg, tSlk fd ,d eè;oxhZ;ifjokj Hkh djrk gS (ftlls ogk¡ ossQ cPpksa dks igyhih<+h esa lh[kus vk, cPpksa ls rjthg fey tkrh gS)A

izfrekRed :i ls igpkuus ossQ fy, oSKkfudfpg~uksa ossQ :i esa tgk¡ miyC/ gks] ogk¡ f'k{kd^ifjos'kh; eqnz.kksa* (uksfVl] lkbucksMZ] yscy vkfn)dh vksj è;ku fnyk ldrk gS% gj d{kk ;k gj fo|kFkhZvius fy, mnkgj.k [kqn pqu ldrk gSA izHkq (1987)d{kk 3 ls 5 esa vkjafHkd lk{kjrk&o/Zd laizs"k.kkReddk;ks± esa o.kZekyk ossQ o.kk±s ls [kkyh fp=kksa ossQ Åijyscy yxkus dk dke lq>krs gSaA tkafxM+ (2005) n'kkZrsgSa fd cPps (d{kk 1 ;k 3) dgkfu;ksa ossQ tfj;s eqnz.kls ifjfpr gksrs gaS blls cPpksa esa iUus ossQ LFkku Øefo'ks"kr% ossQanz esa 'kh"kZd] vuqPNsn] fu;fer {kSfrtjs[kk,¡ vkfn dk cks/ fodflr gksrk gSA

igys ossQ vO;ofLFkr ys[ku ossQ eqdkcys Jqrys[k

13- izHkq gesa crkrs gSa (lanHkZ igys okyk gS)% ^---- lh[kus okyksa ossQ fy, dk;Z vk/kfjr f'k{k.k esa dksbZ cM+h leL;k mHkj dj ugha vkbZ

gS---A ,d NksVk lk ykHk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj LowQyh Hkk"kk esa vaxzs”kh ossQ dqN 'kCnksa dh ekStwnxh ls gqvk gSA muesa ls dqN rks lh[kusokyksa ossQ igys ikBksa esa Hkh 'kkfey gSA** (bl ifj;kstuk ossQ le; rfeyukMq esa vaxzs”kh dh 'kq#vkr d{kk rhu vkSj dukZVd esa d{kkik¡p ls gksrh Fkh)A

14- lh[kus okys }kjk iz;qDr vaxzs”kh 'kCn cPpksa ossQ ?kj] iM+ksl vkSj ehfM;k ls vkrs gSa] iwjh d{kk ossQ fy, lalk/u cu tkrs gaSA ukx

v#yef.k vkfn (2003) crkrs gSa fd vaxzs”kh ls tw>rs d{kk rhu ossQ cPpksa ossQ fy, fofHkUu èofu [ksyksa ls ifjp; cPpksa dh i<+kbZi<+us] orZuh vkSj 'kCn laxzg ossQ fodkl dks c<+kok ns ldrk gSA

11

Hkh vkt laiw.kZ&Hkk"kk&xfrfof/ ossQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSftlesa cPps dks ikB ossQ mnkgj.kksa dks fMdksM djviuh Le`fr esa j[kus dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftUgsa ogfy[kus ossQ fy, iquxZfBu djrk gSA (Msfol vkSjfjuoksyqØh 1988)

3-2-5 O;kid lkexzh ossQ iks"k.k vkSj lqiqnZxh ossQfy, O;oLFkk

ge dqN xfrfof/;ksa o lkexzh dk foLrkj ls o.kZu djpqossQ gSa tks 'kq#vkrh fnuksa esa Hkk"kk fodkl dks c<+koknsrh gSa D;ksafd muosQ vHkko esa vaxzs”kh dks vkjaHk lsykxw djus dk mís'; vliQy gks tk,xkA ;g [kaMcgqHkkf"kdrk] f'k{kd dh rS;kjh o ewY;kadu ossQ lkFk&lkFkmu Ldwyksa esa ,d cqfu;knh ldkjkRed gLr{ksiksa dhckr djrk gS tgk¡ u rks f'k{kd fuiq.k gS vkSj u ghvaxzs”kh&xzg.k djus osQ fy, i;kZIr lefFkZr ifjos'kAO;kid lkexzh dh cPpksa rd lqiqnZxh osQ ra=kksa dksigpkuus dk y{; gksuk pkfg, pkgs os d{kk esa gksa ;kckgj_ mnkgj.kkFkZ] cPpksa ossQ fy, Ldwy NwVus ossQ cknlkeqnkf;d lalk/u osQanz osQ :i esa Ldwy dk;Z djldrk gSA ^^mipkjkRed f'k{k.k** ij fn, tkus okysekStwnk cy dks ,sls lgk;d gLr{ksi rd ys tkukpkfg, tks ,d cqfu;knh liQyrk gkfly dj lossQaA tcvf/dka'k cPpksa dks ^^mipkjkRed f'k{k.k** dh ”k:jrgks rks Li"V gS fd Lo;a ra=k dks bldh ”k:jr gSAvktdy f'k{kdksa vkSj Ldwyksa dh vke f'kdk;r gS fdcPpksa dh ?kjsyw i`"BHkwfe i;kZIr lgk;d ugha gS rkslqfo/koafpr f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks vko';d leFkZu eqgS;kdjkus dk nkf;Ro O;oLFkk dk gSA

3-3 ckn ossQ Lrjksa ij vaxzs”kh % mPp Lrjh; dq'kyrk,¡

3-3-1- 'kCn&laxzg] iBu vkSj lkfgR;

'kCn&laxzg] iBu vkSj lkfgR; laizs"k.k laca/h ;ksX;rkvkSj nwljh Hkk"kk ossQ xzg.k vkSj fodkl ossQ fy, vc'kCndks'kh; Kku dks ossaQnzh; ekuk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fdigyh Hkk"kk esa Hkh ^tgk¡ Hkk"kk dk O;kdj.k 10 o"kZ dhmez rd cPpk lh[k tkrk gS] ogk¡ 'kCn&laxzg djus dkdke thouHkj pyrk jgrk gSA** (fLeV] 2000%4)

vkxs ossQ Lrjksa ij 'kCn&laxzg vkSj ys[ku dkvkèkkj le> vkSj #fp ossQ lkFk dh xbZ O;kid i<+kbZgSA 'kCn&HkaMkj15 ds vtZu dks ysdj ;g fookn yxkrkjpyrk gS fd ;g LokHkkfod :i ls gksrk gS ;k fl[kk;ktkrk gSA ;g cgl bafxr djrh gS fd ,d ekè;fedLrj ossQ fo|kFkhZ ossQ vdknfed mís';ksa ossQ fy, ftlfoLr`r 'kCn&laxzg15 dh vko';drk gS mls ^lc dqN;k dqN ugha* dh f'k{k.k fof/ ls ugha cfYd èkhjs&èkhjsØec¼ :i ls fufeZr djuk gksrk gS (ns[ksa Øs'ku1989] fLEkV 2000)A tc 'kq#vkrh o"kks± esa Hkk"kk mfpr:i ls i<+kbZ xbZ gks rks ckn ossQ o"kks± esa f'k{kkFkhZ d{kkesa FkksM+h enn ls gh ;s mPp&Lrjh; dq'kyrk,¡ Lora=k:i ls LoHkkor% vftZr dj ysrk gSA 'kks/ ;g Hkhcrkrs gSa fd tc Hkk"kk f'k{k.k esa ikjaifjd rjhdksa lsgVdj] tgk¡ 'kCnksa ossQ vFkZ fl[kk, tkrs gSa ('kCndks'kdk rjhdk)] ,d le`¼ rjhdk viuk;k x;k tgk¡ 'kCndk nwljs 'kCnksa vkSj lanHkks± ls laca/ crk;k x;k(fo'odks'k dk rjhdk)] rks vf/d dkjxj urh”kslkeus vk, (iQkWlsV vkSj fudylu] 1991] Luks vkfn]1991)A

15- ,d 20 o"khZ; fo'ofo|ky;h fo|kFkhZ dks vaxzs”kh ekè;e ls f'k{kk izkIr djus ossQ fy, de ls de 20]000 'kCn ifjokjksa* (,d 'kCn

ossQ vU; :Ik vkSj mlls fudys :iksa ossQ lkFk) dks tkuuk ”k:jh gSA ;g ekudj pyk tkrk gS fd fdlh 17 o"khZ; yM+ossQ dksfo'ofo|ky;h f'k{kk ossQ fy, rS;kj gksus ossQ fy, 15000 ls 17000 'kCn ifjokjksa ls ifjfpr gksuk pkfg, ;fn og izfr o"kZ 1000 u,'kCn lh[kus dh lkeF;Z j[krk gksA

12

d{kk&iqLrdky;ksa esa mi;ksx esa ykbZ xbZ ;k miyC/lkexzh eqfnzr ;k eYVhehfM;k :iksa esas gks ldrh gSAcPpksa dk ifjp; bu lHkh :iksa ls gksuk pkfg,A oSls rkslHkh Lrjksa ij] lkexzh dks lekurk (fyax vkSj lkekftd)vkSj lkSgknZzrk (euq";ksa ossQ chp] euq"; vkSj izd`fr ossQchp) ossQ izfr laosnu'khy gksuk pkfg, ij [kklrkSj lsbl Lrj ij tgk¡ cM+h ek=kk esa Lora=k vè;;u visf{krgksrk gS (o"kZ Hkj esa de ls de 6 ikB)] mu lewgksaesa tgk¡ f'k{kdksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ;ksX;rk miyC/ gks]Hkk"kk ossQ izfr fyaxcks/ijd ltxrk iSnk dh tk ldrhgSA ;g ikB~;p;kZ&i;Zos{k.k utfj;k Hkk"kk&iz;ksx lacaèkh[kkst dk vkn'kZ {ks=k gSA

ijaijkxr :i ls 'kq#vkrh Lrj ossQ ckn Hkk"kklh[kus dh lkexzh dk lzksr lkfgfR;d x|_ dFkk&lkfgR;vkSj dfork gksrs gSaA tgk¡ O;kid {ks=k ossQ vf/d]lelkekf;d vkSj izkekf.kd ikBksa dks 'kkfey djus dkpyu c<+k gS (Hkk"kk&ikB~;p;kZ dks O;kogkfjd fn'kknsus ossQ fy, rFkk lkfgR; dh O;kid ifjHkk"kk cuk ikusossQ fy, Hkh)] vHkh Hkh igq¡p ossQ vanj rFkk lkaLo`Qfrd:i ls mi;qDr lkfgR; viuh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ”kkjhj[ks gq, gS_ ”;knkrj cPps vaxzs”kh d{kk dks dgkfu;k¡i<+us dh txg ekurs gSaA dYiuk'khyrk ossQ fodkl ossQfy, Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx ckn ossQ Hkk"kk vè;;u dk izeq[ky{; jgk gSA ikB~;p;kZ esa vaxzs”kh ossQ lkfgR; ossQoSdfYid vè;;u dk vyx ls izko/ku fd;k tkldrk gS% fczfV'k] vejhdh vkSj Hkkjrh;] dkWeuosYFkvkSj ;wjksih; vkfn lkfgR; ossQ vuqoknksa ossQ :i esaA lkFkgh blossQ tgk¡ vko';d gks ogk¡ fo'ks"k mís';ksa ossQ fy,vaxzs”kh dks Hkh viuk;k tk ldrk gSA (Hkk"kk dsiQkewZykc¼ iz;ksxksa] tSlk fd i;ZVdksa dh iqfLrdk esagksrk gS] ossQ fy, Hkk"kk ossQ O;ofLFkr vkSj lgt Kku dh

vko';drk ugha gSA vr,o ge vius dk;Z{ks=k esa mlij fopkj ugha dj jgs)A ;s utfj;s iwoZ Lukrd Lrjij vaxzs”kh ossQ vè;;u dh fo'ks"kKrk ossQ vk/kj cusaxsA

3-3-2 Hkk"kk vkSj vkykspukRed fparu % lanHkZdkS'ky] O;kdj.k vkSj lkfgR;'kkL=k

ckn ossQ Lrjksa ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks dqN fo'oluh; dk;ks±ossQ }kjk fy[kus ls ifjfpr djk;k tk ldrk gSA tSlsmuossQ bykossQ ossQ fdlh ,sls O;fDr ossQ fy, i=k fy[kukftls fyfid dh ”k:jr gks ;k nwljs cPpksa ls i=k&O;ogkj(ge bl xfrfof/ dks c<+kus ossQ fy, varj&Ldwyh;dk;ZØe ossQ ckjs esa lksp ldrs gSa) ;k mu yksxksa dkslkFk feyk ldrs gSa tks Lo;a fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls i=k&O;ogkjdjuk pkgsaA blesa vè;;u ossQ ftu dkS'kyksa ij cygksuk pkfg, os gaS% uksV ysuk] uksV cukuk] m¼j.kdkS'ky] cksyus ;k fy[kus laca/h laizs"k.k dkS'kyA lHkkesa Hkk"k.k nsuk] lk{kkRdkj o okn&fookn ds ctk;fuca/ ;k f?kls&ihVs fo"k;ksa ij ys[ku ossQA e'kgwj Hkk"k.kksals ifjp; djkrs gq, muossQ rdks± dh lajpuk (HkkoukRed;k rkfdZd) dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

cqfu;knh Hkk"kk;h fuiq.krk gkfly djus osQ cknO;kdj.k ls ifjp; djk;k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr~ O;kdj.kvdknfed Hkk"kk ij fopkj djus ;k Lo;a vius esackSf¼d :i ls fnypLi xfrfof/ ossQ :i esa vk,A'kCndks'kh; izfof"V;ksa ossQ vFkZiw.kZ mi;ksx dh ;ksX;rkossQ fy, O;kdj.k dk FkksM+k Kku rks fdlh Hkh gkykr esavR;ar vko';d gksrk gS D;kasfd lh[kus okyksa ossQ fy,'kCndks'k esa vc ^^O;kdj.k** dki+Qh ek=kk esa mi;ksxhfVIif.k;kas vkSj mudh dksfMax ossQ :Ik esa jgrk gSAO;kdj.k Hkk"kk dk izkFkfed ;k O;kogkfjd Kku ikus dkjkLrk ugha gSA16 cfYd Hkk"kk {kerk dks c<+kus vkSj ikB

16- O;kdj.k tSls in dks dbZ rjhdksa ls le>us dh ”k:jr gSA ;gk¡ ge in O;k[;k ossQ dkS'ky ;k j.kuhfr (,sls Hkko lewgksa dh igpku

rkfd mudks okD; eas Bhd txg ij j[kk tk lossQ] ;k okD; ossQ foLrkj ossQ fy, mudk bLrseky djuk) dks [kkfj”k ugha dj jgsgSa] 'kq#vkrh Lrj ij fuos'kksa dks vf/d cks/xE; cukus ossQ lk/u ossQ :Ik esa] fo'ks"k :Ik esa vaxzs”kh okys ifjos'k esaA dqN O;kdj.k(tSls izhiksth'ku dk mi;qDr iz;ksx) dh igpku 'kCn&laxzg (bl in ossQ rgr 'kkfey gS eqgkojsnkj vkSj fuf'pr vfHkO;fDr;k¡]tSls bu Vkbe] vkWu Vkbe) tSls LkVhd in dks lh[kus ossQ :Ik esa dh tk ldrh gSA

13

dh ^lkfgfR;d* vkSj rdkZRed lajpuk dh le> ossQfy, O;kdj.k vko';d gSSA

oqQN f'k{kdksa dk ;g nqjkxzg jgk gS fd O;kdj.kHkk"kk dh ^'kq¼rk* (izokg ossQ foijhr) ossQ fy,vR;ko';d gSA os ;g lksprs gSa fd fo/kFkhZ Hkk"kk dkbruk vuqHko izkIr dj pqossQ gaS fd os mls lkekU;xyfr;ksa dks igpkurs gq, Ik;kZIr O;oLFkk ossQ lkFk djldrs gSaA

3-4 vaxzs”kh dh d{kk ;k Ldwy esa cgqHkkf"kdrk

3-4-1 {ks=kh; Hkk"kk ossQ ifjizs{; esa

orZeku esa vaxzs”kh d{kk esa ekr`Hkk"kk dk izos'k xqIr?kqliSfB, ossQ :i esa gksrk gS] mÙkj fy[kkrs le; f'k{kdikB ossQ ^^lkFk&lkFk vuqokn vkSj O;k[;k** djrkpyrk gS vkSj mls cgl djossQ vkSj le> cukus ossQØe esa mi;ksx esa ykdj ;k vaxzs”kh ls lacaf/r djossQlgh txg nh tk ldrh gSA izHkq (1987) bldk ,dmnkgj.k nsrs gSa & caxyksj izkstsDV esa ekr`Hkk"kk ossQ iz;ksxdh lhek dk;Z dh ”k:jrksa ls lgt gh r; gks xbZ Fkhtgk¡ lkexzh vaxzs”kh esa Fkh vkSj tokc Hkh vaxzs”kh esa ghvkrs FksA ekr`Hkk"kk us gh vko';drk iM+us ij vaxzs”khHkk"kk dks cks/xE; cuk;kA ;fn vaxzs”kh esa fofo/ izdkjdh lkexzh miyC/ gks vkSj mls le>us dk lPpkiz;kl gks rks ekr`Hkk"kk n[kyank”kh ugha djrh cfYdlgk;d gksrh gSA ozsQ'ku (1985%94) crkrs gSa fd^^lkFk&lkFk fd;k tkus okyk vuqokn izHkkoh ugha gksrk**]d{kk esa nks Hkk"kkvksa dk mi;ksx ^bl izdkj fd;k tkldrk gS fd igyh Hkk"kk dk i`"BHkwfe esa mi;ksx djrsgq, y{;&Hkk"kk dh lkexzh dks cks/xE; cuk;k tk,A**

vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ossQ lk/u rS;kj djus esaekr`Hkk"kk ossQ mi;qZDr iz;ksxksa dh le> cukus esa f'k{kdksadh Hkkxhnkjh fufeZr djus dh ”k:jr gSA Hkk"kk&feJ.kossQ mi;qZDr Lrj D;k gks ldrs gSa] bl fo"k; ijf'k{kdksa dh ekufldrk dks lacksf/r djus dh ”k:jrgSA oqQN laHkkouk,¡ gSa&

(v) izkFkfed LowQyksa esa Hkk"kkvksa ossQ chprFkk ^^Hkk"kkvksa** vkSj ^fo"k;ksa* ossQchp ossQ O;o/ku gVkukA fuEu izkFkfedLrj ij ;k de ls de d{kk 1 ls 3rd tks xfrfofèk;k¡ cPps dks viusvklikl osQ txr ossQ izfr tkx:d djusosQ fy, gksrh gSa] os vaxzs”kh ekr`Hkk"kkvksaossQ lkFk&lkFk vk ldrh gSa (nkl 2005)Abl izdkj dh cgqHkk"kh xfrfof/;ksa ossQfodkl ossQ fy, lkexzh rS;kj djus vkSjf'k{kdksa ossQ lg;ksx ls ,d Li"V izfof/ossQ funsZ'k rS;kj djus dh ”k:jr gSftlesa ,d ls vf/d Hkk"kkvks a dkLokHkkfod iz;ksx gks lossQA Hkk"kk;h 'kq¼rkoknpkgs vaxsz”kh dk gks ;k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksadk] mlesa dksM&ifjorZu ;k dksM&feJ.kdh mnkjrk gksuh pkfg,A

(c) ,d ls vf/d Hkk"kkvksa esa lekarj ikBykxw djuk] ;g ,d gh dgkuh Hkh gksldrh gS tSlh ,u-ch-Vh- us vaxzs”kh ossQlkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh dgkfu;k¡Nkih gSa (ns[ksa ve`rkoYyh vkSj jkes'ojjko] 2001)A izkWfel iQkmaMs'ku us pkjHkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj vaxzs”kh esa cM+hiqLroassQ rS;kj djkbZ gSa] lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y- dh laiw.kZ Hkk"kk n`f"Vdks.k osQ rgrf}Hkk"kh fdrkcsa gSaA ,sls lekarj ikB ,dnwljs ossQ ;Fkkor vuqokn gksa ,slk ”k:jhugha gS ij os leku vFkZ okys gksa vkSjmuesa ,d tSlh Hkkf"kd xfrfof/ tSls&rqd] èofu&[ksy vkfn 'kkfey gksa rkfdcPps Hkk"kk&èofu lajpuk ossQ izfr lpsr gksaAi<+uk ,d lapj.kh; dq'kyrk gS% ,dHkk"kk esa i<+us dh dq'kyrk ls i<+us dh

14

oqQ'kyrk lkekU; :i ls c<+rh gS (osLV1914)A ;g fli+QZ leku fyfi okyhHkk"kkvksa esa ugha cfYd vyx fyfi;ksaokyh Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh dkjxj gksrk gSA(osLV us caxkyh vkSj vaxzs”kh ij dkefd;k gS% nks fyfi;ksa dh fLFkfr;ksa vkSji<+us dh lapj.kh;rk ossQ ckjs esa vcFkksM+h cgqr tkudkjh gS)A

(l) fo/kfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk =kqfViw.kZ vaxzs”kh dhvfHkO;fDr ossQ vFkZ dh iqujZpuk ossQfy, tkuh&igpkuh Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx(iQksdl lewg dh ,d ppkZ esa MkW- paikfVDowQ dh izLrqfr)A

(n) tcfd Åij fn, x, lq>ko lekarj ;klkFk&lkFk dke djus okyh Hkk"kkvksa ossQckjs eas gSa] ogha f}Hkk"kh i<+us&i<+kus okysosQ fy, ;k fefJr dksM ossQ f}Hkk"kh ikBksaij Hkh iz;ksxkRed dk;Z miYkC/ gSa (ns[ksaMksosjk 2005] iQsfyDl 1998)A budh'kS{kf.kd laHkkoukvksa dks [kkstk tk ldrkgSA

(;) jkT; dks fofHkUu Lrj ossQ fy, lh[kusokyksa ossQ f}Hkk"kh 'kCndks'kksa ossQ izdk'kudh igy djuh pkfg, D;ksafd bldkck”kkj ugha gksus os sQ dkj.k Lrjh;O;kolkf;d igy bl {ks=k esa ugha gqbZAvaxzs”kh @ izQkalhlh @ Lisuh @ brkyoh @ tkikuhlanHkks± osQ ,sls 'kCndks'k miyC/ gSa tksf}Hkkf"kdrk vkSj f}lk{kjrk dks c<+koknsaxs vkSj lkexzh dks le>us rFkk Lora=krkls i<+Uks dks c<+kok nsaxsA

(j) ,d vU; f}Hkk"kh ekWMy gS ftlesavifjfpr Hkk"kk dh lkexzh ysdj ifjfprHkk"kk esa mldk iz;ksx gksrk gS tSlk fddHkh&dHkh (vaxzs”kh ekè;e) fo'ofo|ky;

ossQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk viuh Hkk"kk esa mÙkjnsus ossQ vkxzg esa >ydrk gSA (dqNfo'ofo|ky; bls eku ysrs gSa)A ;g Hkhè;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd fczfV'k Ldwyksa esaizQkalhlh ikB ossQ vè;kiu esa mÙkj vaxzs”khesa fn, gksrs gSaA

;|fi ;s lHkh lq>ko rqjar mi;ksx esa ugha yk, tkldrs gSa] fiQj Hkh buls irk pyrk gS fd fofo/lanHkks± ossQ fy, dbZ fodYi miyC/ gSaA ;s vaxzs”khikB~;p;kZ dks ^gydk cukus* ossQ iz;kl ugha gaS cfYdoLrq&fLFkfr vkSj ”k:jrksa dks vaxzs”kh dh lqiqnZxh dhO;oLFkkvksa ossQ pquko ossQ lkFk tksM+us dk iz;kl gSA(ikB~;iqLrdksa dk [kaM Hkh ns[ksa)

3-4-2 vaxzs”kh ekè;e dk lanHkZ

fdlh laHkzkar 'kgjh cPps dks vaxzs”kh osQ vykok dksbZnwljh Hkk"kk esa dkedkt djuk fl[kkuk ,d xaHkhjpqukSrh gSA ,d ekStwnk ekWMy gS oqQN fo"k;ksa (tSlslekt foKku) dks xSj vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk esa i<+kus dk (ppkZossQ fy, ns[ksa] ve`roYyh] 2001)A vaxzs”kh dh d{kk esavc vaxzs”kh esa Hkkjrh; ys[ku ossQ ikBksa (dFkk lkfgR;;k xSj dFkk lkfgR;) ossQ lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa lsvuqokfnr ikB fey tkrs gSaA

ijarq vaxzs”kh o vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ossQ chplaokn dks blls vkxs ys tkus dh ”k:jr gSA mnkgj.kossQ fy, oSls rjhossQ [kkstus dh ”k:jr gS ftlls ewyHkk"kk vkSj vaxzs”kh vuqokn ossQ lekarj ikB i<+s tk,¡Aewyr% vaxzs”kh vkSj vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ossQ f'k{kdksa esabl ij lgefr gksuh pkfg, fd vdknfed Hkk"kk;hxfrfof/ D;k gS vkSj bls nSfud thou esa fdl rjg'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls i=k&if=kdk,¡ miYkC/gSa tks lekarj Hkk"kk;h laLdj.k fudkyrs gSa (oLrqr%pankekek vkSj vej fp=kdFkk dk vaxzs”kh ossQ lkFkHkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa izdk'ku dk bfrgkl jgk gS)A

15

Vsyhfotu ij Hkh lekarj Hkk"kk pSuy gSaA ,sls is'ksojyksxksa dh i;kZIr la[;k miyC/ gS tks ,d ls vf/dHkk"kkvksa esa dke djrs gSaA bu lalk/uksa dks d{kkvksa esaizkFkfed Lrj vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls ekè;fed Lrj ijizos'k feyuk pkfg,A

3-5 ikB~;iqLrossQa

bu lcdk fufgrkFkZ gS fd d{kk esa mi;ksx fd, tkusokys ikBksa] ftlesa ikB~;iqLrd Hkh 'kkfey gS] ijf'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dk vf/d ls vf/d vf/dkjgks tk,A fli+QZ ,d fu/kZfjr ikB ls ikB~;p;kZ laca/hLora=krk ugha vk ldrhA igys dh rjg miyC/ ikBksaossQ lewg esa ls ,d pqu ysus ossQ rjhossQ dks fiQjviuk;k tk ldrk gS% mM+hlk tSls oqQN jkT;ksa esa jhfMaxdkMZ ossQ fopkj ossQ leku gh u;h rjg dh ikB~;iqLrossQa'kq: dh xbaZ gaS ftuesa ,d gh ihfj;M esa [kRe fd, tkldus okyh NksVh bdkb;k¡ gksrh gSa (lquokuh 2005)AHkk"kk dks ,d xfr'khy ikB ossQ :Ik esa ns[kk tkukpkfg,] ;kuh ckj&ckj ,d gh ikB dks nksgjkrs jgus ossQctk; jks”k&jks”k u;h ?kVukvksa dh rqyuh; Hkk"kk dkifjp; djk;k tkuk pkfg,A (ve`rkoYyh] (1999)bldh rqyuk Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; laxhr esa jkx ossQ lh[kusdh fof/ ls djrh gSaA) ;g cPps dks ^vifBr* cks/xE; mnkgj.kksa dh ijh{kk ossQ fy, rS;kj djsxkA f'k{kdvkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vius Lrj ossQ vuq:Ik iw.kZ fu/kZfjrvkSj vfu/kZfjr ikBksa ossQ larqyu dks fodflr djukgksxkA

3-5-1 f'k{kkFkhZ }kjk p;fur ikB

f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa }kjk pqus x, ikBksa ossQ mi;ksx ijvkajfHkd 'kks/ gq, gSa (dqekj nkl 1993)A buikBksa esa vkys[k] iqLrossQa vkSj vuqPNsn] pqVdqys;k dkVwZu tSlh NksVh phtsa vkrh gSa ftUgsa f'k{kkFkhZ

viuh d{kk esa vkSjksa dks lqukus ossQ fy, ykrs gSaAmi;qZDr lkexzh dh [kkst ossQ fy, f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dksizksRlkfgr djus ls muesa O;kid :Ik ls i<+kbZdh izsj.kk c<+rh tkrh gSA ;g d{kk dks^^izkekf.kd** lkexzh dh rji+Q Hkh ys tkrk gS tksvc rd O;oLFkk ossQ }kjk misf{kr lalk/u jgkgSA bZ-,y-Vh- osQ lkfgR; esa ,slh lkexzh ossQmi;ksx ij O;kid ppkZ,¡ feyrh gSaA ,d f'k{kdus fy[kk gS fd Mkd[kkus ;k jsyos&LVs'ku rdfo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ys tkus ls mUgsa vaxzs”kh ossQ ^ikBksa*ossQ uewus pquus dk volj feykA ofj"B f'k{kkfFkZ;ksaossQ fy, jsfM;ks] izdkf'kr lkexzh ;k Vhoh lekpkj;k lekpkj iQhpjksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrkgS (tSlk fd lh- vkbZ- bZ- ,iQ- ,y- }kjk fd,x, 'kks/ dk lq>ko gS)A

fu/kZfjr ikBksa ossQ lkFk vkus okyh ^dqaft;k¡ ;kxkbMsa* ,d leL;k cu xbZa gSaA bl fjok”k dh HkRlZukdjus ossQ ctk; gesa ;g lkspuk pkfg, fd vkf[kjdqaft;k¡ gksrh D;ksa gSa\ os LFkkuh; (f'k{kd@f'k{kkFkhZ);ksX;rkvksa vkSj ossQUnzhd`r O;oLFkk dh vis{kkvksa(ijh{kk,¡@fu/kZfjr ikB) ossQ chp dh [kkbZ dks Hkjrh gSaA^ljy* ikB vkSj ^ljyho`Qr* ikB ossQ chp i+QoZQ djukmi;ksxh gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] frrfy;ksa ijfdlh foKku dh fdrkc esa ys[k dh rqyuk fdlhv[kckjh LraHk esa izdkf'kr frrfy;ksa ij ys[k ossQ lkFk;k cM+s yksxksa ossQ fy, fdlh fo'odks'k esa bl fo"k;dh izfof"V osQ LkkFk vkSj fiQj cPpksa dh fdrkc esafrrfy;ksa ij fdlh ys[k osQ lkFk dh tk, rks irkyxrk gS fd ;s lc Hkk"kk ossQ fygkt ls gh fHkUu ughacfYd viuh lwpuk & lajpuk esa Hkh fHkUu gSaA ftuiqLrdksa dh lwpuk&lajpuk dks dqaft;ksa dh ”k:jriM+rh gS] mudh tk¡p djuh pkfg,A

vf/dkf/d jpukRed ikB~;iqLrossaQ miyC/ djokusdk ekgkSy cukuk pkfg,A vf/d mez ossQ lh[kus okyksa

16

ossQ fy, dYiuk'khy rjhossQ ls ljy vaxzs”kh esa fy[khxbZ iqLrdksa dk vdky gSA Hkkjr esa futh {ks=k olkoZtfud {ks=k nksuksa txg cPpksa ossQ fy, fy[kk x;kjpukRed lkfgR; O;kid :Ik esa miyC/ gS ijfofHkUu dkj.kksa ls bl lkfgR; dk vf/dka'k Hkkxd{kkvksa esa LFkku ughaa ikrk gSA

3-6- f'k{kd rS;kj djuk % f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k vkSjfodkl

f'k{kdksa dh f'k{kk dks fujarj tkjh j[kus vkSj vius{ks=k ls (vkSipkfjd o vukSipkfjd lg;ksxh O;oLFkkvksa}kjk) tqM+s jgus dh vko';drk gSA lkFk gh mldhrS;kjh Hkh gksuh pkfg,A pw¡fd vDlj f'k{kd gh jksyekWMy mnkgj.kkFkZ&iBu ossQ fy, gksrs gSa vr,o Hkk"kkossQ lkFk muossQ ifjp; ;k fuiq.krk ij ”kksj fn;k tkukpkfg,A Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ossQ izfr f'k{kd esa tkx:drk ;klaonsu'khyrk fodflr djus dk ,d rjhdk ;g Hkh gSAfuiq.krk vkSj is'ksoj tkx:drk dks Hkh c<+kus dh bruhgh ”k:jr gS vkSj fo'ks"k :Ik ls is'ksoj tkx:drk ossQckjs esa] tgk¡ vko';d gS] f'k{kd dks viuh Hkk"kk esacrk;k tkuk pkfg,A

ikB~;p;kZ vius fØ;kUo;u ls gh egÙo ikrh gSA1960 dh lajpukRed ikB~;p;kZ dk mís'; Fkk¶Vhpj&izwi+Q¸ lkexzh rS;kj djukA ;g ekWMy Hkk"kk;h]'kS{kf.kd vkSj euksoSKkfud lHkh ek;uksa esa vliQyjgkA mlossQ ckn dh ;g ekU;rk fd f'k{kd ¶f'k{kk dkslqxe cukus okyk gS** dh fo'oluh;rk ij Hkh loky[kM+s gks x,A tgk¡ f'k{kd dks Hkk"kk&lkexzh dk ,dek=kvkiwfrZdrkZ cuus dh ”k:jr ugha gS (tks fd ikB~;iqLrdij mldh fuHkZjrk ls tkuk tkrk gS) ogha fdlh Hkhd{kk&xfrfof/ ;k uokpkj dh liQyrk Hkk"kk esa f'k{kdossQ Hkk"kk laCk/h lalk/uksa ls r; gksrh gSA

(i) vaxzs”kh esa f'k{kdksa dh fuiq.krk f'k{kd ossQlarks"k ossQ cks/ ;kuh vaxzs”kh i<+kus dhmldh bPNk ls lacaf/r gS (o`Q".ku vkSjiafMr 2003)A vc rd f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k

dk;ZØeksa esa bl dkjd ij è;ku ughafn;k x;k gSA vis{kkd`r nsj ls vaxzs”khdh 'kq#vkr djkus dh fli+Qkfj'k bl ckrdh vis{kk j[krh gS fd ckn ossQ Lrj ijcsgrj (Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk) f'k{kd miyC/gksaxs (laHko gS ;g lp u gks)A vcvaxzs”kh dk foLrkj dqN ,slh fLFkfr;ksa rdgks x;k gS tgk¡ f'k{kd vkSj mldh d{kk gh,dek=k lzksr gks rks f'k{kd dh fuiq.krk ijè;ku nsuk vR;Ur vko';d gks tkrk gSA

(ii) fuiq.krk dks ;Fkk;ksX; LFkku nsus ossQ cknf'k{kd dh rS;kjh os sQ oSpkfjd ;kfodklkRed vo;oksa dks f'k{kd dhviuh Hkk"kk esa nsus dh Lora=krk gksrh gSrkfd cks/xE;rk vkSj cgl lqfuf'pr gkslosQA vaxzs”kh osQ tfj;s f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k esavDlj blossQ vdknfed varoZLrq dhHkk"kk dks le>us esa dfBukb;k¡ vkbZ gSaftlls f'k{k.k&izfof/ esa fDy"Vrk vktkrh gSA vle dk vuqHko (Mksosjk 2005)crkrk gS fd vdknfed varoZLrq dksf'k{kd dh viuh Hkk"kk esa Hkh izLrqrfd;k tk ldrk gSALowQy f'k{kdksa dks vfuok;Zr% lsok&iwoZizf'k{k.k vkSj lsok&dky esa fu;fer varjkyksaij izf'k{k.k feyuk pkfg,_ bl ckr dhO;oLFkk gksuh pkfg, fd f'k{kd dks yxkrkjpy jgh fu;fer xfrfof/;ksa ls dqN nsjossQ fy, vyx fd;k tk lossQA lsok&iwoZf'k{kk ikB~;p;kZ vkSj izf'k{kdksa dks le`¼cukus ls ykHkkfUor gks ldrh gS rkfdvf/xe esa gq, laKkukRed vkanksyu dh>yd vk lossQ_ ^^ikB dh ;kstuk** dksvDlj rkRdkfyd O;kogkfjd mís';ksa dksè;ku esa j[kdj cuk;k tkrk gS tcfdfo"k; oLrq] fu;eksa] ifjHkk"kkvksa ossQ ctk;

17

Hkk"kk vkSj 'kCn&laxzg ^fodkl* ossQ i{kesa Ik;kZIr izek.k feyrs gSaA

(iii) ;fn dkjxj fopkjksa dks igpkuuk vkSjmi;ksx esa ykuk gS rks dk;Z ossQ LFkku ijgh fd, tkus okys gLr{ksi vifjgk;Z gkstkrs gSaA fl¼kar* (;k vdknfed Hkafxek)vk Sj ^O;ogkj* (;k jk s”kejk Z dhmÙkjthfork) rFkk fl¼kardkjksa vkSj O;ogkjdjus okyksa ossQ chp dh xgjh [kkbZ muossQdk;ZLFkyksa ossQ chp dh [kkbZ dk vkbZukgSA ;fn ^izf'k{kd** Ik;kZIr la[;k esa miyC/ugha gaS rks f'k{kd Lo;alsoh lewg cuk ldrsgSaA mUgsa i<+kbZ vkSj ehfM;k dh lkexzh dkleFkZu fn;k tk ldrk gSA blls tehuhLrj ossQ uokpkjkas dks c<+kok feysxkA

,sls fopkjoku f'k{kdksa dh vko';drk gS ftuesaHkk"kk&lh[kus vkSj vaxzs”kh&cgqHkk"kh d{kk dh xgjh le>gksA ekStwnk lsok&iwoZ vkSj lsokdkyhu ikB~;p;kZ dksblh y{; dh izkfIr ossQ fy, cnyuk gksxkA nks ,slsegÙoiw.kZ {ks=k gaS ftUgsa f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esavo'; lfEefyr djuk pkfg, & lh[kus ossQ euksfoKkudh le> rFkk Hkk"kk vkSj lk{kjrk xzg.k dh izfØ;k,¡]blossQ lkFk gh os eqís Hkh 'kkfey fd, tk,¡ ftudkftØ bl nLrkos”k esa gqvk gSA

3-7 ewY;kadu

lHkh txg ijh{kk dks ikB~;p;kZ&lq/kj dh ,dek=k ;kizeq[k ck/k ekuk tk jgk gSA ewY;kadu&fof/ dks fdlizdkj ,d vM+pu ossQ ctk; f'k{kk ossQ fy, ,dlgk;d dkjd cuk;k tk ldrk gS\

Hkk"kk&ewY;kadu dks fdlh [kkl ikB~;Øe esa^miyfC/* rd lhfer ugha jguk pkfg, cfYd blsHkk"kk&fuiq.krk dh eki dh fn'kk esa eksM+k tkuk pkfg,Age Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk ossQ fujarj tkjh ewY;kadu ossQ dqNrjhdksa ij ppkZ djsaXksA

3-7-1 fujarj tkjh lrr ewY;kadu

fujarj tkjh] lrr vFkok jpukRed ewY;kadu ossQ fy,dh xbZ fli+Qkfj'kksa vkSj f'k{kdksa }kjk crkbZ xbZ tehuhokLrfodrkvksa vkSj leL;kvksa esa fojks/kHkkl ;g n'kkZrkgS fd tkjh ewY;kadu rHkh lkFkZd gks ldrk gS tcf'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ viuh izxfr dk nkf;Ro Lo;a ysa]u fd fdUgha ckgjh (okLrfod ;k dkYifud] rkRdkfyd;k vafre pj.k rd) ekunaMksa ossQ vuqlkj izn'kZu djrsjgsaA f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks ^lh[kus dh mifLFkfr*tks fd ,d ekufld fodkl gS vkSj vxkspj gS'kkjhfjd fodkl tSlk fn[k ldus okyk ugha] dksigpku ldus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg,A

fdlh ,sls iks"k.k dk;ZØe (Øs'k Mk;V ;k peRdkjhfodkl dj nsus okys iks"kkgkjksa ossQ vykok) ossQ csrqsosQiudh dYiuk djsa ftlesa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh m¡QpkbZ vkSj otudh jks”kkuk] lkIrkfgd vkSj ekfld varjky ij ekidjuh iM+sA fiQj Hkh tkjh ewY;kadu dk dke Bhd blhvarnZf"Vghu :Ik ls pyrk jgk gSA ;g O;kf/ lh[kusdh izfØ;k dh xgjh le> ossQ cxSj nwj ugha gks ldrhD;ksafd ;g izfØ;k O;fDrxr vkSj vkRefu;af=kr gksrhgSA ;g xgjh le> f'k{kdksa ossQ fy, vfuok;Z gS rkfdos cPpksa dh Hkk"kk lh[kus dh izfØ;k vkSj fuiq.krk ossQlw{e ifjorZuksa dks ns[k lossQa (vkSj ljkguk dj losaQ)A'kk;n lHkh ewY;kaduksa dks varr% vkRe&ewY;kadu dkgh y{; j[kuk gksxk (;g 'kCnkoyh nwjorhZ f'k{kk esaizpfyr rks gS ij ogk¡ bldh vuqifLFkfr [ksn dkfo"k; gS) vxj f'k{kkFkhZ lh[kus ossQ ckjs esa fodYiksa dksLosPNk ls pquus ossQ ;ksX; gS vkSj og ^^thoui;arlh[kus okyk** cuk jgrk gSA ,d f'k{kd tc viusfo|kfFkZ;ksa dks tku ysrk gS eq[;r% muosQ vkRe&ewY;kadudk lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ ennxkj gksrk gS (fiQj og ,dvutkuk ewY;kadudrkZ ugha jgrk tks miyfC/;ksa dksekudho`Qr ekinaMksa ls ekirk gS)A

dksbZ oSQlk ewY;kadu djrk gS mlh ls r; gksrk gSfd cPpk viuk ewY;kadu djkuk pkgrk gS fd ughaA

18

tgk¡ LkokZf/d f'k'kq&osQafnzr ewY;kadu izfof/ Hkh oqQNO;fDr;ksa ossQ fy, ijs'kkuh dk dkj.k gks tkrh gS ogk¡ewY;kadu dh ,d O;oLFkk gksuh gh pkfg,] bl ckjs esaoQksbZ fookn ugha gSA loky ;g gS fd dSls vkSjfdrukA f'k{kkFkhZ rHkh ewY;kaduksa esa vkjke ls Hkkx ysrsgSa tc ges'kk vliQy gksus dk vuqHko u gks vkSjifj.kke dks vkxs lh[kus ossQ fy, ,d oS/ vkSj mi;qDrdne ossQ :Ik esa ns[kk tk,A nqHkkZX;o'k vf/dka'k cPpksaossQ fy, f'k{kk&izfØ;k esa ekSTkwnk ewY;kadu fof/;ksa dhrkRdkfyd Hkwfedk Li"V ugha gSA f'k{kkFkhZ dh orZekufodkl vFkok laizkfIr dh fLFkfr dk fu/kZj.k djossQlrr ewY;kadu f'k{k.k dks mRlkfgr vkSj funsZf'krdjuk pkfg, rkfd mlossQ ^^fudVLFk fodkl ossQ {ks=k**dh igpku gks lossQA (Øs'ku ossQ vuqlkj tc f'k{kkFkhZdh Hkk"kk i Lrj ij gks rks lkexzh i+l ossQ Lrj ij gksuhpkfg,)A lh[kus dh miyfC/;k¡ Hkk"kk;h voljksa dkifj.kke gSaA uhps ge dqN ,slh miyfC/;ksa dh lwph nsjgs gSa&cksyukcksyus dh 'kq#vkr

I. ekr`Hkk"kk(,¡) lh[kus esa cksyus dh izfØ;k& igys ,d 'kCn tks ”;knkrj laKk&ingksrs gSa] ls nks&'kCn dk Lrj gksrs gq, dbZ'kCnksa okys okD; ftlesa fØ;k,¡] lgk;dfØ;k,¡] fu/kZjd] fo'ks"k.k vkSj iwoZlxZ gksrsgSa] rd izxfr djrh gSA lh vkbZ- bZ- ,iQ-,y- (tkafxM+ 2005_ fot;k ^dk;kZ/hu*)ossQ dqN 'kks/ crkrs gSa fd nwljh Hkk"kklh[kus okyksa dh cksyh dh izxfr Hkh blhizdkj ossQ leku Lrjksa ls gksdj pyrh gSAlkekU;r% lh[kus okyksa dk mudh Hkk"kk ijfu;a=k.k vkSlr yacs okD;ksa esa >ydrk gSAnh?kZ Hkk"kk;h lkexzh dk mi;ksx Hkk"kk mRiknuossQ ,sls gh ifj.kkeksa esa fn[krk gS (mÙkj nsusesa & tSls fd tc cPps dks rlohjsa fn[kkbZtk,¡)A blossQ foijhr tc cPpksa dks l[rh

ls d{kkvksa esa i<+k;k tkrk gS rks os rlohjsafn[kkus ij Li"V ugha cksy ikrs ;k ”;knkrjbu rlohjksa dks ns[krs gq, laKkvksa okys ,d'kCn cksy ikrs gSaA bl izdkj f'k{kd 3 ;k4 eghuksa ossQ varjky ij bl rjg dk ;RudjossQ cPps ossQ Hkk"kk fodkl dk vkarfjdcks/ ik ldrs gSaA

II- ,sls ewY;kaduksa ossQ ifj.kke fuEufyf[kr gksldrs gSa &(d) izR;sd cPps ossQ fy, cus iksVZiQksfy;ks

esa n”kZ izfof"V (fVIi.kh) ossQ :Ik esa(iksVZiQksfy;ks vkdyu)_ ;k

([k) f'k{kd ;k cPps dh Mk;jh esa n”kZdjossQA f'k{kd&fodkl dk;ZØeksa ossQlzksr ossQ :Ik esa f'k{kd Mk;fj;ksa dhdkI+kQh ppkZ gks jgh gSA f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dksHkh viuh Hkk"kk (;k nwljh Hkk"kk)ftls os HkfyHkk¡fr tkurs gaS] dh izxfrdks lapkfyr djus ossQ fy, lh[kusossQ vius vuqHkoksa dks futh Mk;fj;ksaesa mUeqDr :Ik ls ntZ djus dksizksRlkfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

cksyuk % mi&dq'kyrk,¡& ckn ossQ Lrjksa ij t¡kp ossQfy, cksyus dh dq'kyrk dks mi&dq'kyrkvksa ossQ tfj;sfo'ysf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSAi<+ukcks/ vkSj dfBukbZ ossQ Lrj ij Lo;a dh izxfr iju”kj j[kuk % vaxzs”kh 400 tSls i<+us ossQ dk;ZØeksa esadfBukb;ksa ossQ fofo/ Lrjksa ossQ vuq:Ik cus dkMks± ossQ}kjk izxfr ossQ vkdyu dh fof/ lkFk&lkFk rS;kjfeyrh gSA buossQ ewY;kadu dk ekudhdj.k djus dhvko';drk gSAi<+uk % oqQN mi&oqQ'kyrk,¡

(d) tksj&tksj ls i<+uk@ fMdksfMaxtSls&tSls cPps fMdksfMax esa ”;knkfuiq.k gksrs tkrs gSa os vf/d rs”kh ls

19

('kCn izfr feuV) vkSj de xyfr;ksaossQ lkFk i<+us yxrs gSaA ,sls Hkh cPpsgks ldrs gSa tks fdlh 'kCn dksv{kjksa esa ck¡V djossQ i<+us ls 'kq:djsa rkfd 'kCn ossQ fgTTks djrs gq,mldk mPpkj.k dj lossaQ] fgTTks djusdk ;g dkS'ky ckn esa u, 'kCnlh[kus rd igq¡p tkrk gSA

([k) fdlh lwpuk ossQ fy, ikB dh iwjhrjg Nkuchu (tSls fdlh lwph]Vsfyi+Qksu Mk;jsDVjh] foKkiu vkfndks)A

(x) nh gqbZ lwpuk ossQ fy, iBu (rF;kRedcksèkxE;rk)A

(?k) fu"d"kZ ossQ fy, i<+ukA(Ä) foLrkfjr iBuA

Yks[ku vkSj lquus dh tk¡p dks Hkh blh rjgmi&oqQ'kyrkvksa ossQ ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj dhtk¡p dks ,dho`Qr Hkk"kk tk¡p (mnkgj.kkFkZ] Dyks”k VsLVls 'kq: djossQ) ls vuqiwfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSAewY;kadu ossQ fy, mi&oqQ'kyrkvksa ossQ bl utfj;s lsf'k{kd dks izR;sd f'k{kkFkhZ dh [kkl fo'ks"krkvksa dhvarnZf"V fey ldrh gSA elyu dksbZ eq[kj ;k Li"Voknhf'k{kkFkhZ i<+us tSlh vareqZ[kh vkSj futh xfrfof/ esavPNk u gks ;k cgqr #fp ugha ys ldrk gksA ,df'k{kd fo|kFkhZ ossQ etcwr vkSj de”kksj {ks=kksa dksigpku ldrk gS tgk¡ enn dh ”k:jr gSA

3-7-2 lesfdr ewY;kadu

^^miyfC/** dh ctk; ^^fuiq.krk** dh fn'kk esa ghgksuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ i<+s gq, va'kksa ij vf/dkj dkijh{k.k djus ossQ ctk; Hkk"kk dk u, (Hkys gh ckj&ckjvkus okys) lanHkks± esa mi;ksx dh ;ksX;rk gks] blesaμ

• mez ossQ vuowQy lkexzh dks i<+ukA• mez ossQ vuowQy lkezxh dks lquuk vkSj

le>ukA

• mez osQ vuqowQy lkezxh@fo"k;ksa ij ckrphrdjukA

• mez ossQ vuqdwy fo"k;ksa ij ys[kuA• xzg.k'khy 'kCnkoyh ij vf/dkj• vfHkO;fDr&;ksX; 'kCn&laxzg ij vf/dkjA

Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk ossQ jk"Vªh; ekunaMksa ossQ fodklossQ fy, igys bu lHkh eqíksa ij vf[ky Hkkjrh;izfrfuf/ uewuksa ossQ fo'oluh; vkSj fooj.kkRed vk¡dM+sbdV~Bs djus dh ”k:jr gSA jk"Vªh; Lrj ossQ ,sls ekunaM;k vkSlr] tgk¡ ”k:jr gks ogk¡ lkekftd foKku vkSjf'k{kk ossQ {ks=k esa leFkZu dh igy ossQ fy, iwoZxkeh gksrsgSaA buls] lh[kus ossQ iz;kl esa nh tkus okyh ftlikB~;p;kZRed Lora=krk dk geus lq>ko fn;k gS] vkSjewY;kadu ossQ ekudhdj.k] tks izek.khdj.k ossQ fy,vko';d gSa] dk larqyu Hkh cuk jgsxkA

bu ekunaMksa ossQ }kjk jk"Vªh; vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk ijh{kkvksaossQ ,d lSV] vFkkZr~ ijh{kkvksa ossQ ,d cSad dks fufeZrdjuk gksxk ftls f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ Lo&ewY;kadu ossQfy, iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA bu ijh{kkvksa dks ,d foLr`rxzsM ;k vadksa dh ctk; fuiq.krk ossQ vf/d lw{eekid r; djus pkfg, (orZeku esa] vuns[ks mnkgj.kksadh cks/xE;rk ij feys vk¡dM+ksa dks i<+s gq, mnkgj.kksadks ;kn djus ossQ ijh{k.k esa feys vadksa ls fefJr djfn;k x;k gS] ftlls ^fuiq.krk* vkSj ^miyfC/* dks ,dtSlk gh eku fy;k x;k gS)] f'k{kdksa dk ;g n`<+varKkZu gS fd bu pkjksa oqQ'kyrkvksa esa lHkh f'k{kkFkhZ,dleku fuiq.k ugha gksrs_ blhfy, oqQ'ky oDrk ”k:jhugha fd oqQ'ky ys[kd gksa D;ksafd ^'kq¼rk* vkSj ^izokg*ossQ chp] laHko gS fd lh[kus dh izfØ;k ossQ nkSjku dksbZle>kSrk gks x;k gksA lHkh is'kksa ossQ fy, lHkh oqQ'kyrk,¡”k:jh Hkh ugha gksrhaA fofHkUu f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh vfHk#fpvkSj {kerk ossQ varj dks n'kkZus okys vad tgk¡jks”kxkj&laHkkouk,¡ c<+k,¡xs ogha bldk ikB~;p;kZ ij^ok'kcSd* izHkko iM+sxkA

jk"Vªh; vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk ijh{kk,¡ nloha d{kk esa izeq[k

20

:Ik ls vaxzs”kh (xf.kr ossQ lkFk) ossQ dkj.k iQsy gksusdh orZeku leL;k dk funku gksus ossQ dkj.k HkhegÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSaA ;fn vaxzs”kh ossQ izek.ki=k ossQ fy,(vkSj f'k{k.k ossQ fy,) fu;fer LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ lsvyx dksbZ oSdfYid jkLrk fn;k tk lossQ rks f'k{kkFkhZdks ^vaxzs”kh ossQ fcuk* d{kk 10 mÙkh.kZ djus dhvuqefr nh tk ldrh gSA

oqQy feykdj] Hkk"kk dh dq'kyrk ossQ fy, cusekudhd`r jk"Vªh; ekunaM tks fofHkUu Lrjksa dhjk"Vªh; vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk ijh{kk ossQ :Ik esa <yrs gSa] buls

1- O;fDrxr :Ik ls fo|kFkhZ ;k Ldwy dksviuh fLFkfr dk tk;tk ysus esa enngksxh & fd mudh 'kfDr vkSj detksfj;k¡D;k gSa vkSj os vkxs rjDdh dSls djldrs gSaaA

2- vkdyu ossQ ekudhdj.k ossQ lkFk lh[kusdh Lora=krk (ikB~;p;kZ] le; vof/)dk larqyu gks ldrk gSA

3- nloha d{kk esa vaxzs”kh dh vliQyrk dksnloha d{kk esa iQsy gks tkus ls vyxdjossQ fu;fer LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ ls vyxvaxzs”kh izek.k&i=k dk ,d oSdfYid jkLrkmiyC/ djok;k tk ldrk gSA

4- nks iwjd fVIif.k;k¡

4-1 ^Hkk"kk lh[kus dh n`f"V ls ^fo'ks"k vof/*vkSj ^laonsu'khy le;* (lsaflfVo foaMks)dh izkd~dYiuk

bl ckr ij [kwc ppkZ gS fd D;k efLr"d dk ^Hkk"kkxzkgh midj.k* izkS<+ O;fDr esa nwljh Hkk"kk ossQ xzg.k ossQfy, Hkh dke djrk gSA bl fo"k; dks ,d ekudif=kdk ^lsoQaM ySaXost fjlpZ* tks 1985 ls 'kq: gqbZ] easfn;k x;k gSA tkulu vkSj U;wiksVZ (1989) dk ,dDykfldh vè;;u O;kdj.k ossQ ,d fl¼kar lctsoassQlh*(v/ZyfXur) vkSj nwljh Hkk"kk&xzg.k dh mez ossQ chp

ijLij laca/ lq>krk gSAcPpksa esa Hkk"kk&xzg.k ossQ fy, fyucxZ (1967) us

fo'ks"k vof/ dk ,d tSfod rdZ fn;k Fkk fd ;gvof/ 2 ls 12 dh mez ;k r#.kkoLFkk rd gksrh gSAfyucxZ dh izkd~dYiuk tho&oSKkfud :i ls 'kkjhfjdvkSj ekufld lajpuk dks ,d fu;r le;kof/ ossQvanj lfØ; djus ossQ ckjs esa Fkh (bls ^laosnu'khyle;* Hkh dgk tkrk gS)A izkS<+ksa ossQ }kjk nwljh Hkk"kklh[kus esa blossQ nkos lhfer Fks vkSj os viuh ppkZ dksokfpdrk (fjysVjykbts'ku) ;k rkaf=kdh; lq?kV~;rk(U;wjy IykfLVflVh) ossQ }kjk gq, Hkk"kk&{kj.k (ekrHkk"kk)dh HkjikbZ ij ossQafnzr djrs gSaA

ozsQ'ku (1985) us fyucxZ ls vlgefr trkbZA oslizek.k dgrs gSa fd fo'ks"k vof/ ¹oko~Qyksi (vI+ksQfl;k)dh HkjikbZ dh le;&vof/º 5 o"kZ dh vkajfHkd mezesa gh [kRe gks tkrh gS] ysfdu (tSlk fd vf/dka'k'kks/drkZvksa dk ekuuk gS) nwljh Hkk"kk osQ xzg.k] tks fdewy fuokfl;ksa ossQ mPpkj.k tSlk gks] dks f'k{kkFkhZ 8 o"kZdh mez rd dj ldrs gSa (bl mez ossQ ckn mPpkj.kij vlj iM+rk gS)A nwljh rjiQ orZeku 'kks/ ossQvuqlkj ^^ekr`Hkk"kk&cks/ dk fiQYVj** cPpksa esa cgqrigys vk tkrk gSA ftlls cPps gj Hkk"kk esa Nakfndigpku (cyk?kkr vkSj y; ossQ vuqlkj) tUe ls ghdj ldrs gSa] ij nks eghus dh mez ls gh os nwljsHkk"kk&izdkjksa ls ossQoy vius Hkk"kk&izdkj dks vyx djldrs gSaA (tSls fd izQkalhlh@Lisuh ls vaxzs”kh@Mp dks)(esgyj vkSj fØLVksiQ] 2000)A (blls f'k'kqvksa dksviuh Hkk"kk dk 'kCnØe fu/kZfjr djus (,l- oh- vks-@,l- vks- oh-) esa lgk;rk feyrh gS)A f}Hkk"kh cPpsvarj dj ldus okyh voLFkk ikus esa FkksM+k ”;knk oDr(pkj eghus dk) yxkrs gSaA

LokHkkfod o vLokHkkfod Hkk"kk&xzg.k dh fo'ks"kHkk"kk&n{krk ls fofo/ mezksa ossQ laca/ ossQ blh izek.k ossQdkj.k laosnu'khy le; (tks lh[kus dh mi;qDrvof/ lq>krk gS) osQ LFkku ij Hkk"kk lh[kus dh n`f"Vls fo'ks"k vof/ (tksfd lhek,¡ fu/kZfjr djrk gS) dk

21

mi;ksx gksus yxkA'kks/drkZ] tks czsu&besftax dh rduhd dk iz;ksx

djossQ Ok;Ldksa esa efLr"d dh xfrfof/;ksa dk voyksdudjrs gSa] mUgksaus fuiq.krk ossQ Lrj vkSj izfrfuf/Ro ossQ{ks=k ossQ chp tqM+ko rks Ikk;k gS ij Hkk"kk&xzg.k dh mezdk dksbZ izHkko ugha ik;k gS (isjkuh vkfn 1998)A ;gih-bZ-Vh- vè;;u mu brkyoh yksxksa ij fd;k x;k^^ftUgksaus nl o"kZ dh mez ossQ ckn vaxzs”kh lh[kh vkSjvPNk izn'kZu fd;k** (esgyj vkSj fØLVksiQ 2000%903)A fde o vU; }kjk bl ^^ewdokpu** dk ,iQ-,e- vkj- vkbZ- ossQ mi;ksx ls fd, x, ,d vè;;uesa nks Hkk"kkvksa esa vf/xzg.k dh mez esa ofuZd ossQ {ks=k(cksèkXkE;rk) esa vf/O;kfIr ns[kh xbZ ij czksdk ossQ nksHkk"kkvksa ossQ {ks=k (mRiknu) esa varj ik;k x;kA ij ;gvè;;u fuiq.krk ij dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha dj ik;kA

Li"V gS fd bu vè;;uksa ossQ ifj.kke ”;knk ls”;knk vusdkFkhZ dgs tk ldrs gSaaA bu {ks=kksa esa Hkkjrh;'kks/ cgqr de gSA tks Hkh gks] ik¡poha d{kk (10 ls”;knk mez) ls Hkh vaxsz”kh dh 'kq#vkr djuk fyucxZossQ ^>jks[ks* ossQ varxZr gh vkrk gSA njvly ;gelyk mruk cM+k ugha gS fd vaxzs”kh dh 'kq#vkr fdlmez ls gks cfYd elyk ;g gS fd bl Hkk"kk dks lh[kusossQ fy, D;k vuqHko vkSj lqfo/k,¡ miyC/ gSa] yacsvliQy voljksa (d{kk ,d ls nloha d{kk rd) ossQctk; nks ;k rhu o"kks± ossQ csgrj volj vf/d vPNsgSaA17

Hkkjr esa o;Ldksa dks liQyrkiwoZd fons'kh Hkk"kk,¡(izQkalhlh] teZu ----) fl[kkus ossQ vuqHko ls Hkh dqNlh[kk tk ldrk gSA blossQ vykok fuEufyf[kr Hkkjrh;vuqHko &

1- llqjky dh Hkk"kk lh[k jgh cgq,¡A2- {ks=kh; Hkk"kk&ekè;e ossQ LowQyksa ls fudys os yksx

ftUgksaus vaxzs”kh ossQ vdknfed o ckSf¼d {ks=k esaewy fuokfl;ksa tSlh fuiq.krk gkfly dh gksA

3- vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok ossQ yksxksa vkSj muossQifjokj dh cgqHkkf"kdrk ij idM+A

bu vuqHkoksa dks fyfic¼ djus] lko/kuh lsewY;kadu djus vkSj budh vkykspukRed tk¡p djusdh vko';drk gSA

bl chp] liQyrk ossQ oSdfYid rjhdksa dkizn'kZu djosQ gh lekt dh izpfyr oSdfYid izo`fÙk;ksadks jksdk tk ldrk gSA gesa cgqHkk"kh; Ldwy [kksyus dky{; viukuk pkfg, tgk¡ fdlh Hkh vossQyh Hkk"kk dks^^f'k{k.k dk ekè;e** dk fo'ks"k ntkZ gkfly u gkscfYd ogk¡ miyC/ Hkk"kkvksa dk mi;ksx lalk/uksa ossQlzksr ossQ :Ik eas gksA

4-2 dSlh vaxzs”kh\

vius izkjafHkd cksypky ossQ Lo:Ik ls gh Hkk"kk lkekftd;k HkkSxksfyd cksfy;ksa dk lrr :Ik gS tks fd lfUudVLFkkuksa ij le> fy;k tkrk gS ij tc LFkku lkekftd]HkkSxksfyd ;k le; ossQ fygkt ls nwj gksa rks le>us esadfBukbZ gksrh gSA vf/dka'k oDrk ,d ls vf/dcksfy;ksa ;k Hkk"kk&izdkjksa (vkSipkfjd ;k vukSipkfjdfofo/rkvksa) ij vfèkdkj j[krs gSaaA Hkk"kk ossQ ys[ku dhfofo/rkvksa us eqnz.k ossQ vkfo"dkj ossQ ckn ,d ekudhdrfdLe dk :Ik ysuk 'kq: fd;k gS tks fo'ks"k :Ik lsf'k{kk vkSj vdknfed thou esa ,d ekud dh rjgdk;Z djrk gS] bl rjg ossQ laizs"k.k ossQ lkisf{kdLFkkf;Ro ossQ fy, ;g vko';d Hkh gSA

Hkkjr ossQ fy, vaxzs”kh dk dkSu lk izdkj mi;qDrgS] bl ij cgl vf/dre mPpkj.k (cksypky dhvaxzs”kh) ossQ vkl&ikl gh fleVh jgh gS] nwljk LFkku'kCn&dks'k ;k 'kCn&HkaMkj dk jgk gSA Lohdk;Z mPpkj.kdh dlkSVh cks/xE;rk gksuh pkfg,A MsfoM fØLVYk ossQvè;;u dk rhu&cksfy;ksa dk ekWMy tgk¡ oDrk ,dLFkkuh; cksyh (tSls iatkch vaxzs”kh ;k rfey vaxzs”kh)ls lgtrk ls ,d jk"Vªh; cksyh (Hkkjrh; vaxzs”kh) ;k

17- if'peh caxky esa izkFkfed f'k{kk ij xfBr ,d lnL;h; desVh dh fjiksVZ Hkh ns[ksa] 1998] i`- 22&28-

22

varjkZ"Vªh; cksyh rd igq¡p ikrk gS] ,d mi;qDrekWMy yxrk gSA dkWy lsaVjksa esa ;qok Hkkjrh;ksa dhliQyrk crkrh gS fd ^^mPpkj.k Vªsfuax** esa {ks=kh;rkvksadks Hkwydj rVLFk okpu 'kSyh viukuh gksrh gSA ;gcksyus dks /hek djossQ vkSj Li"Vrk ls y;c¼ mPpkj.k}kjk dki+Qh gn rd gkfly fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s ghdkjd gSa tks fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk esa mPpkj.k dh èofu dkslq/kjrs gSaA

èofu dh vxj ckr djsa] rks cksypky dh Hkkjrh;vaxzs”kh* dh dqN vf[ky Hkkjrh; fo'ks"krk,¡ crkbZ xbZgSaA tSls la;qDr Loj dh txg yacs Loj vkSj ewèkZU;O;atuksa dh txg oRL;Z O;atuA Hkkjrh; vaxzs”kh dh dbZfo'ks"krk,¡ oDrkvksa dh ekr`Hkk"kkvksa dh >yd nsrh gSaA;g rF; gS fd ^Hkkjr* ,d jk"Vª gS ij ^Hkkjrh;*uked dksbZ ,d Hkk"kk ugha gSA ekr`Hkkf"k;ksa dh ;sfo'ks"krk,¡ ftruh de nqjkxzgh@ckè;dkjh gksaxh] nwljhHkk"kkvksa ossQ mPpkj.k dh Lohdk;Zrk mruh gh c<+sxhAlkekU; vuqHko crkrk gS fd fdlh ,d O;fDr osQcksyus dh 'kSyh ,d ls vf/d gks ldrh gS] oqQN mlhrjg tSls fd og viuh ekr`Hkk"kk osQ vykok dbZ vkSjmPpkj.kksa dks le>rk gSA

'kCn&laxzg ij vk,¡] Hkk"kk&foKku dh n`f"V lsfdlh Hkk"kk dk 'kCn&laxzg ,d ,slh [kqyh d{kk gS tksftruk m/kj ysrh gS] mruk gh le`¼ gksrh gSA loZfofnrgS fd vaxzs”kh 'kCn&laxzg dh 'kfDr mlosQ lzksrksa dh

Lke`f¼ gSA ekud 'kCndks'kksa ossQ lkFk Hkkjr esa izpfyrvaxzs”kh 'kCnksa osQ ifjf'k"V Hkh fn, x, gSaaA fuf'pr :Ikls bUgsa d{kk ls ckgj j[kus dk dksbZ dkj.k ugha gSA ge'kCndks'kksa esa iwoZlxks± ossQ eqgkojsnkj iz;ksxksa dks 'kkfeydj ldrs gaSA On a Bus dh ctk; in a bus dk iz;ksx]vkSj xf.kr esa Into dk iz;ksxA fczfV'k vaxzs”kh esa Intodk vFkZ ,d la[;k ls nwljh la[;k dks foHkkftr djukgksrk gS tcfd Hkkjr esa la[;kvksa dks xq.kk djukA ,slsiz;ksxksa dks vekudhd`r O;kdj.k ugha le>uk pkfg,A

'ks"k ossQ fy, ge ,d cks/xE; lkexzh&le`¼ikB~;p;kZ dh vis{kk djrs gSa tks fd efLr"d esa ,slsHkk"kk ra=k dh jpuk djs tks yxHkx ekud fdLe dk gks¹vf/d ppkZ ossQ fy, ns[ksa izHkq (1987)ºA18 Li"Vr%ge Hkkjrh; vaxzs”kh dks derj ugha ekurs] vkSj ,dckj Hkk"kk esa fuiq.krk ,d cqfu;knh O;kdjf.kd n{krkvk tkus ossQ ckn Hkkjrh; f'k{kdksa dh vaxzs”kh Hkh derjugha gksrh gSA ysfdu ,d jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh ifjdYiukesa lHkh rjg ossQ lh[kus okyksa ossQ fy, leku rqyukRedlkexzh gksuh pkfg,A bl fopkj fd vaxzs”kh igys dqNlqfo/klaiUu yksxksa dks miyC/ gks vkSj ckfd;ksa dks ckn esa]igys ls gh leh{kk dh tk jgh gSA ge ugha pkgrs fd oqQNyksx ^vaxzs”kh* lh[ksa vkSj oqQN ^Hkkjrh; vaxzs”kh*A ge ekursgSa fd ,d ekud vkSj vkRelkrhÑr vaxzs”kh dh n{krk ikuku fli+ZQ O;kogkfjd gS cfYd visf{kr Hkh gSA

18- ,sls ra=k esa oqQN Hkkjrh; fo'ks"krk,¡ fn[k tkrh gaS tks fd le>us ossQ fygk”k ls rks dksbZ fnDdr ugha iSnk djrha ij mudh lkekftdekU;rk vojks/ iSnk djrh gSA mnkgj.kLo:Ik Too Good dk iz;ksx Very Good ossQ fy, djuk vfHkizsr vFkZ esa gLr{ksi djrk gSAblesas lq/kj dh ”k:jr gSA iz'uksa esa Auxiliary dks mYVk ugha djus esa vliQy jgk lfUufgr vkSj vuko';d :Ik ls Auxiliarydks mYVk djuk] (Why you said so? I wonder why did he say so) ckSf¼d :i ls le>us esa drbZ ck/d ugha gS tcfd 'kSf{kdo lkekftd n`f"V ls bu ij iz'u mBk, tk ldrs gSaA

19- ,d #fpdj iz'u Hkk"kk f'k{k.k vkSj vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k ossQ laca/ dks ysdj gSA tgk¡ vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dks fczfV'k m|ksx ossQ:Ik esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA geus viuh ppkZ dks nwljh Hkk"kk ossQ vf/xzg.k ossQ O;kid {ks=k ls tksM+k gSA bl ijps esa geus viuhftEesnkjh 'kS{kf.kd lanHkks± esa ns[krs gq,] bl jk"Vª esa ikB~;p;kZ uohuhdj.k ossQ dk;Z dks lacksf/r fd;k gSA blesa geus lh[kus ossQeuksfoKku vkSj Hkk"kk ossQ euksfoKku dh orZeku varn`Zf"V dk ;Fkksfpr mi;ksx fd;k gSA blfy, gekjs dbZ voyksdu vkSj fli+Qkfj'ksa(tSls laKkukRed vdknfed Hkk"kk;h n{krk dh ppkZ) lkekU; :Ik ls Hkk"kk f'k{k.k (;k f'k{kk esa Hkk"kk) ls lacaf/r gSA bZ- ,y- Vh-is'ks dh dki+Qh lkjh orZeku ppkZ vaxzs”kh dh jktuhfr vkSj fopkj/kjk ij vk/kfjr gS% rhljh nqfu;k ij vaxzs”kh (vkSj O;kid :Ikls if'peh) ossQ opZLo ossQ lanHkZ esa (ns[ksa duxjktk 2005)A cgqHkk"kkokn ossQ ljksdkj vkSj LFkkuh; Hkk"kk ossQ egÙo vkSj fodYi gekjsfli+Qkfj'kksa esa dki+Qh gn rd 'kkfey gSA blhfy, gesa if'pe vkSj gekjs chp dh ckSf¼d cglksa esa tkus dh ”k:jr ugha yxrh gSAD;ksafd [kklrkSj ls ge ekurs gSa fd ekud vkSj vkRelkrhd`r vaxzs”kh n{krk O;kogkfjd rFkk visf{kr gSA

23

vaxzs”kh dk dkSu lk ekWMy i<+k;k tk,] ;gf'k{kdksa ossQ fnekx ij bruk gkoh ugha gksuk pkfg, fdog fdlh rjg dh Hkh vaxzs”kh ossQ xzg.k eas ck/d cutk,A ,slk Hkh ugha gS fd vaxzs”kh esa n{krk dh deh dhli+QkbZ ^^Hkkjrh; vaxzs”kh** osQ uke ij nh tk,A O;kidifjizs{; esa oSf'od cktkj esa Hkkjr ossQ f'k{kdksa (vkSjf'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa) dh Hkh dki+Qh ek¡x gSA blls gekjhvaxzs”kh dh vf/d {kerkvksa ij fo'okl dks vkSj cyfeyuk pkfg,A19

5- 'kks/ ifj;kstuk,¡

Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k esa vk/kjHkwr vk¡dM+ksa dh izkfIr] ikB~;p;kZossQ uokpkj vkSj mudk fØ;kUo;u rFkk nwljh Hkk"kkvf/xzg.k dh le> oQh lS¼kaafrd izxfr ossQ fy,'kks/ ifj;kstukvksa dks ekStwnk lksp ij vk/kfjr gksukgksxkA O;kid {ks=k ftuesa ,slh ifj;kstukvksa dh voèkkj.kkgks ldrh gS] os gSa%

1- iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk% lkekftd foKkuvkSj foKku dh ikB~;iqLrdksa dh Hkk"kk(ekSf[kd xf.kr dh Hkh)A iz'uksa dh i¼frvkSj Hkk"kk ls fo"k; oLrq dk laca/A

2- (v) Hkk"kk;h lkexzh vkSj Hkk"kk;h o`f¼%,d lexz ifjizs{;

(c) cksypky dh Hkk"kk (eqfnzr lkexzhossQ LkkFk vkSj mlossQ cxSj)

(l) fyf[kr Hkk"kk (”kksj ls cksydj i<+usossQ lkFk vkSj mlossQ cxSj)

(n) izkFkfed Lrj ij vaxzs”kh dh fLFkfr(;) ikB~; lkexzh vkSj xfrfof/;ksa dk

cSad (Lrj 1)3- cgqHkk"kkokn dks c<+kok nsus okyh ;qfDr;k¡

vkSj lkexzhA4- fo'ks"k lewgksa ossQ fy, (lkekftd gkf'k;s

ij] lh[kus esa de”kksj {kerk okys) ikB~;p;kZossQ fodYiA

5- f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa ossQ ifj.kkeA

6- fli+Qkfj'ksaf'k{kd• vaxzsth i<+kus okys lHkh f'k{kdksa dh vaxzsth

esa cqfu;knh fuiq.krk gksuh pkfg,A• lHkh f'k{kdksa esa viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj

Lrjksa ossQ vuqlkj mi;qDr <ax ls vaxzs”khi<+kus dh dq'kyrk gks tks bl Kku ijvk/kfjr gks fd Hkk"kk,¡ dSls lh[kh tkrh gSaA

bu nksuksa fli+Qkfj'kksa dk laca/ lsokiwoZ o lsokdkyhuf'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dh fo"k;oLrq ls gSA

ikB~;p;kZ

• vFkZ ij cy nsus okyh lkFkZd vkSj le`¼ikB~;p;kZ miyC/ djokus ossQ fy, fofo/izdkj dh lkexzh miyC/ djokbZ tkuhpkfg,A

• vaxzs”kh ekè;e rFkk {ks=kh; Hkk"kk ekè;eokys nksuksa izdkj ossQ Ldwyksa dk y{;cgqHkkf"kdrk gksuk pkfg,A blh rjg iwjh^ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk* dk n`f"Vdks.k viuk;ktkuk pkfg,A

bu fli+Qkfj'kksa dk laca/ ikB~;iqLrdksa dh :ijs[kk vkSjmi;qDr rjhdksa (tSls d{kk&iqLrdky; o ehfM;k lkexzh)ossQ p;u ls gSA

ewY;kadu• ewY;kadu bl rjg gks fd og lh[kus dh

izo`fÙk dks izksRlkfgr djs u fd mlesa ck/d cusA lrr ewY;kadu esa ^iksVZiQksfy;ksfof/* }kjk f'k{kkFkhZ dh vf/xe esa izxfrdks ntZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A Hkk"kk ewY;kadudks dqN [kkl ikB~;Øeksa esa ^miyfC/*rd lhfer u j[kdj Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk ossQekiu dh fn'kk esa eksM+uk pkfg,A

• vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk ijh{k.kksa ossQ lsV rS;kj djusls igys Hkk"kk fuiq.krk ossQ jk"Vªh; ekunaMfodflr fd, tkus pkfg,A

24

lanHkZ] p;fur xzaFk lwph vkSj vuq'kaflr iBu lkexzh• ,MEl] eSfjyhu tSxj] 1990- fcxfuax Vw jhM% fFkafdax ,aM yfu±x ,ckmV fizaV] dSafczt-] ,e- ,- % ,e-

vkbZ- Vh- izslA• ,fplu] thu 1988- oMZ~l bu n ekbaM % ,u baVªksMD'ku Vw n esaVy ysfDldu] vkWDliQksMZ] ;w ossQ%

vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA• ve`rkoYyh] vkj- 1999] ySaXos”k ,”k , Mkbukfed VsDLV % ,sls”k vkWu ySaXos”k] dkWXuh'ku ,aM

dE;qfuosQ'ku- lh- vkbZ- bZ- ,iQ- ,y] v{kjk lhjh”k] gSnjkckn % ,ykbM ifCy'klZA• ve`rkoYyh] vkj- 2001] ,Iyk;M fjlpZ bu ySaXos”k ,tqossQ'ku-] lh-ts- nslokuh (laiknd)] ySaXos”k

,tqosQ'ku bu eYVhfyaxqvy bafM;k esa] ;wusLdks] u;h fnYyh] i`ñ 210&263• ve`rkoYyh] vkj- vkSj y{eh jkes'oj jko] 2001] dksfiax fon Fkzh ySaXos”ks”k bu Ldwy% iQksdl vkWu

eYVhfyaxqvy jhfMax] fganw] ,tqossQ'kuy lIyhesaV] 13 ekpZA• osQukxjk>k] ,- lqjs'k (laiknd) 2005] jhDysfeax n yksdy bu ySaXos”k ikWfylh ,aM izSfDVl] egokg]

,u- ts% ,y- vyZce ,lksfl,V~lA• pkWELdh] ukWe] 1975] fjÝysD'kal vkWu ySaXos”k ÝysU;w;kWoZQ] isaFkkWu cqDlA• fØLVy] MsfoM 2004] n ySaXos”k fjoksY;w'ku] dSafczt_ ekWyMu] ,e- ,- % ikWfyVh izslA• dfeal] ts- 1979] fyaxq,fLVd baVjfMisaMsal ,aM n ,tqossQ'kuy MsoyiesaV vkWi+Q ckbfyaxqvy fpYMsªu] fjO;w

vkWi+Q ,tqossQ'kuy fjlpZ 49% i`- 222&51• dfeal] ts- 1984] okbfyaxqvfy”e ,aM Lis'ky ,tqossQ'ku% b'kw”k bu ,lslesaV ,aM isMkxkWth] DysoMu%

eYVhfyaxqvy eSVlZA• nkl] fcØe ossQ] 2005] iQksdl vkWu bafXy'k- eSllZ] ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'kA• Msfol] ikWy vkSj ekfjvks fjuokWyqØh] 1988] fMDVs'ku% U;w eSFkM~l] U;w ikWflfcfyVht] dSafczt gSaMcqDl

iQkWj ySXaos”k VhplZ] lhfj”k ,fMVj iSuh mj] oSQafczt% oSQafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA• Mksosjk] LoIu] 2005] bDysfDVflTe bu esFksMkWykWth] eSllZ] ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'kA• ,syh] okWjfod ,aM Úkafll eaxqHkkbZ] 1983] n baisDV vkWi+Q jhfMax vkWu lsdaM ySXaos”k yfuZax- jhfMax fjlpZ

DokVZyh 19] i`- 53&67• iQkWlsV] ,-ts- vkSj vkj- vkbZ- fudksylu] 1991] okWD;qcyjh Vªsfuax iQkWj fpYMsªu fon Mk;ysfDl;k]

tuZy vkWi+Q yfuZaax fMlsfcfyfV”k 24%6- i`- 379&83• isQfyDl] ikWy] 1998] yfuaZx Vw jhM bafXy'k% n feDlM dksM os% fofo;u cSjh vkSj vkFkZ esduhy

(laiknd) }kjk ikWfylh ,aM iSzfDVl bu ySaXos”k ,tqossQ'ku] gkax dkax% fMikVZesaV vkWi+Q dWfjoqQye LVMh”k];wfuoflZVh vkWiQ gkaax dakx- i`- 175&193

• xksLokeh] m"kk] 1999] iQksuksykWftdy MsoyiesaV ,aM jhfMax ckbZ ,ukykWth% ,fifyaxq,LVhd ,aM esVkfYkaxq,LVhdb'kw”k- tsu vkWdfgy vkSj jkstj fc;MZ (laiknd) jhfMax MsoyiesaV ,aM Vhfpax vkWi+Q jhfMax% ,-lkbdksykWftdy ilZisfDVo] vkWDliQksMZ] ;w ossQ] ekWyMu] ekl% Cysdosy ifCy'klZ- i`- 174&200

• xszMksy] MsfoM] 1997] n i~Q;qpj vkWi+Q bafXy'k] yanu% fczfV'k dkmaflyA

25

• [kku] ulh#n~nhu] 2005] baVªksMD'ku vkWi+Q bafXy'k ,”k , lCtsDV ,V n izkbejh ysoy] eSllZ] ,u- ,iQ-th- & bafXy'kA

• ozQ'ksu] LVhisQu Mh- 1985] n buiqV gk;iksfFkfll% b'kw”k ,aM baIyhossQ'kal] yanu_ U;w;kWdZ% ykaxesuA• Ø'ksu] LVhisQu Mh- 1989] oh ,DokW;j okWD;qcyjh ,aM Lisfyax ckbZ jhfMax% ,Mh'kuy ,ohMsal iQkWj n

buiqV gk;iksfFklhl- ekWMuZ ySaXos”k tjuy] 73%4- i`- 440&64• Ø'ksu] LVhisQu Mh- vkSj Vªslh Mh- VjZsy] 1983] n uspqjy ,izksp% ySaXos”k ,Dohf”k'ku bu n Dykl:e-

gsokMZ] lh ,% ,yeuh izslA• oqQekj] xhrk] 2005] Vhfpax bafXy'k% , VhplZ ilisfDVo] eSllZ- ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'kA• oqQekjnkl] ';keyk] 1993] , ossQl iQkWj yuZj&pks”ksu VsDlV~l ,t buiqV bu ,MYV ySaXos”k yfuZax] ,e-

fiQy Fkhfll] lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y] gSnjkcknA• oqQfj;u] tkWu] 2005] uksV~l i+QkWj n ehfVax vkWi+Q n us'kuy i+Qksdl xzqi vkWu Vhfpax vkWi+Q bafXy'k] ,aM

uksV vkWu baVªksMD'ku vkWi+Q bafXy'k ,V n izkbejh LVst] eSllZ] ,u- ,iQ- th- & bafXy'kA• eSF;w] jkek] 1997] iQkbuy fjiksVZ (, lejh)% lh-ch-,l-bZ-&bZ-,y-Vh- dWfjoqQye baIyheasVs'ku LVMh] lh-

vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y-] gSnjkckn% fMikVZesaV vkWi+Q bosY;q,'kuA• ukx&v#yef.k] ,l] 2000] VkbIl ,aM esuhiQsLVs'kal vkWi+Q yfuaZx fMfiQdYVh”k bu bafM;u Dykl:e~l]

isij iztsaVsM ,V n iQLVZ vkWfj,aVs'ku izksxzke iQkWj Ldwy VhplZ] us'kuy baLVhV~;wV iQkWj ifCyd dkW&vkWijs'ku,aM pkbYM MsoyiesaV (,u-vkbZ-ih-lh-lh-Mh] csaxyq#] bafM;kA

• ukx&v#yef.k] ,l-] oh- jsM~Mh] vkSj ,l- cDys 2003] VkjxsfVax iQksuksykWftdy fjizstsaVs'kal ossQu gsYibu n vyhZ LVsTl vkWi+Q jhfMax bu , ukWu&MkWfeusaV ySaXos”k] tuZy vkWi+Q fjlpZ bu jhfMax 26%1] i`- 49&68]Lis'ky b';w vkWu n MsoyiesaV vkWi+Q fyVjslh vekax ckbfyaxqvy ,aM eYVhfyaxqvy fpYMsªu] ;w ossQ%Cysdosy ifCy'klZA

• ukx&v#yef.k] ,l- 2005] ySaXos”k vVSuesaV~l ,aM yfu±x vkWizpqfufV”k% Iok;aVlZ iQkWj , U;w oQWfjoqQyeizQseodZ] eSllZ] ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'kA

• vkWdfgy] tsu ,aM jkstj fc;MZ (laiknd)] 1999] jhfMax MsoyiesaV ,aM n Vhfpax vkWi+Q jhfMax% ,lkbdksykWftdy ilZisDVho] vkWDli+QksMZ] ;w- ossQ- ekyMu] ekl-% Cysdosy ifCy'klZA

• izHkq] ,u- ,l- 1987] lsdaM ySaXos”k isMkxkWth] vkWDli+QksMZ-_ U;w;kWdZ% vkWDli+QksMZ ;wuhoflZVh izslA• jnjiQksMZ] fofy;e bZ- 1987] lsdaM ySaXos”k+ xzkej% yfuZax ,aM Vhfpax] yanu_ U;w;kWdZ% ykaxesuA• fjiksVZ vkWI+kQ n ou&esu dfeVh vkWu bafXy'k bu izkbejh ,tqossQ'ku] 1998] ifc=kk ljdkj] xoZesaV vkWi+Q osLV

caxky }kjk fyf[kr] vè;k; i¡kp] ^^n vjfy;j] n csVj**% , Uok;th Lisl*] i`- 22&28• lkgw] laè;k 2005] bZ-,y-Vh- ls esVsfj;Yl ,aM esFkM~l nsV odZ] eSllZ] ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'kA• 'kkeyk] ,l-ossQ- 2005] us'kuy dWfjoqQYke izsQeodZ iQkWj Ldwy ,tqossQ'ku] eSllZ] ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'kA• lDlsuk] vkj- ih- 2005] ySaXos”k ,aM dYpj] eSllZ] ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'kA• fLeV] ukWjcVZ ,aM ekbosQy esdkFkhZ (laiknd) 1997] okWD;qcyjh% fMLØhI'ku] ,Dohf”k'ku ,aM

isMkxkW”kh] oSQafczt% oSQafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA

26

• fLeV] ukWjcVZ] 2000] okWD;qcyjh bu ySaXos”k Vhfpax- dSafczt% dSafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA• Luks] oSQFkjhu bZ-] ,p- ossQulhuk] ts- Mh Vsaiy] vkSj ,l- lgys- 1991] fxfoax iQkWeZy MsfiQfu'kal% ,

fyaxq,LVhd vkWj esVkfyaxq,LVhd Ldhy \ ,ysu ckfyLVkWd (laiknd) esa] ySaXos”k izkslsflax bu ckbZfyaxqvyfpYMªsu- oSQafczt% daSfczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl] i`- 90&112

• Luks] oSQFkjhu bZ-] ,e- lwlsu culZ] vkSj isx xzhfI+kQu (laikndx.k) 1998] fizosaVhax jhfMax fMfiQdYVhtbu ;ax fpYMsªu] dfeVh vkWu n fizosa'ku vkWI+kQ jhfMax fMfiQdYVht bu ;ax fpYMªsu] dfe'ku vkWu nfcgsoh;jy ,aM lks'ky lkbalsl ,aM ,tqossQ'ku] us'kuy fjlpZ dkmafly] okWf'kaxVu Mhlh% us'kuy ,ossQMehizslA

• LVsukWfop] dhFk bZ- 2000] izksxzsl bu vaMjLVSafMax jhfMax % lkbafVfiQd iQkmaMs'kal ,aM U;w izQafV;lZ]U;w;kWdZ% fxyiQksMZ izslA

• lquokuh] fot; oqQekj] 2005] n bafXy'k ySaXos”k ,aM bafM;u dYpj] eSllZ-] ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'kA• osLV] ekbdy] 1941] yfu±x Vw jhM , iQkWjsu ySaXos”k] ykWaxesal% ;w ossQ (yfu±x Vw jhM , iQkWjsu ySaXos”k] ,aM

vnj ,ls”k vkWu ySaXos”k Vhfpax- (u;k laLdj.k) yanu] U;w;kWdZ] ykWxesal] xzhu [1955])• foMkWlu] ,p- th- 1978] Vhfpax ySaXos”k ,”k dWE;qfuossQ'ku] vkWDlI+kQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA

p;fur xazFklwph vkSj vuq'kaflr iBu lkexzhlaiw.kZ Hkk"kk mikxe@iBu lkexzh1- ,yfMª”k] ts ykW;M] 1995] vè;k; 1% gksy ySaXos”k Vhfpax MhdksfMax bu gkWyhfLVd Dykl:El] baxyoqM

DyhÝl] ,u- ts- % esjhy i`- 1&162- ,syh] okjfod vkSj izQkalhl eaxwHkkbZ] 1981] baisDV vkWi+Q , cqd iQ~yM bu , fiQ”kh izkbejh LowQy]

LVMh”k bu lkmFk isflfiQd ,tqossQ'ku 1] i`- 1&30] U;w”khySaM dkmafly iQkWj ,tqosQ'kuy fjlpZ] osfyaxVuA3- ,syh] okjfod vkSj czk;u dfVax] 2001] ^^n lu'kkbu bu lkmFk vizQhdk** fyVsªlh izkstsDV] baVjus'kuy

tuZy vkWI+kQ ,tqossQ'kuy fjlpZ 35] i`- 193&2034- ,syh] okjfod 2000] n iksVasf'k;y vkWI+kQ cqd i~QyM~l iQkWj jsf”kax fyVjslh ysoYl- baVjus'kuy fjU;qV

vkWI+kQ ,tqosQ'ku 46%3@4- i`- 233&555- ,syh] okjfod 2001] dkWuDyq”ku% okWV gso oh yUMZ\ baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWI+kQ ,tqossQ'kuy fjlpZ] 35] i`-

237&466- ,syh] okjfod 2001] xsLV ,MhVlZ baVªksMD'ku] baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWI+kQ ,tqossQ'kuy fjlpZ] 35] i`-

127&357- tkWtZ] ih-Vh- 1977] fczftaxu n xsi fcVohu LowQy ,aM dkWyst% fjiksVZ vkWiQ , VªkbZ&vkmV vkWI+kQ n LVs;jos

jhfMax dkslZ- lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y- cqysfVu 13%1] i`- 37&498- gMylu] ljkg] 1994] fyVjslh MsoyiesaV vkWI+kQ lsdaM ySaXos”k fpYMsªu- bu izsQM tsuslh (laiknd)

,tqosQfVax lsdaM ySaXost fpYMªsu% n gksy pkbYM] n gksy dWfjoqQye] n gksy dE;qfuVh] i`- 129&158oSQafczt% oSQafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA

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9- tkaxhM+] xhrk] 2005] fyVjslh ,aM ySaXost MsoyiesaV% , gksy ySaXost ilZisfDVo] ih,p- Mh- Fkhfll] lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y-] gSnjkcknA

'kCndks"k@lanHkZ lkexzh1- ve`rkoYyh] vkj- 1999] fMD'kujh”k vkj vuizsfMDVsoy] bafXy'k ySaXos”k Vhfpax tuZy 53%4- i`-

262&692- ve`rkoYyh] vkj-] ,- tkuk] vkSj fot;k] 2003] LVwMsaV~l vaMjLVSfMax vkWi+Q fMD'kujh baVªh”k% ,- LVMh

fon fjLisDV Vq iQksj yuZl fMD'kujh”k bafM;u tuZy vkWiQ ,IykbM fyaxq,LVhDl 29%1] i`- 5&203- nkl] fcØe ossQ- 2004] oMZ ekLVj % yuZl fMD'kujh vkWi+Q ekWMuZ bafXy'k] gSnjkckn% vkWfj,aV ykaaxesuA4- fiQ'kj] mVs] 1994] yfu±x oM~lZ izQkWe daVsDLVj ,aM fMD'kujh”k % ,u ,DlisfjesaVy daijh”ku] ,IykbM

lkbdksfyaxqfLVDl 15%4] i`- 551&74Mk;LysfDl;k laca/h lkexzh1- osY;wfVuks] ÚSad] vkj- 1979] Mk;LysfDl;k% F;ksjh ,aM fjlpZ] daSfczt] ekl-% ,e-vkbZ-Vh- izslA2- ekbYl] Vh-vkj- 1995] Mk;LysfDl;k% n djaV LVsV~l vkWI+kQ n VeZ] II, pkbYM ySaXos”k Vhfpax ,aM Fksjsih

2%1] i`- 23&333- FkkWelu] ,e-bZ- vkSj bZ-ts- okWVfdal] 1993] Mk;LysjfDl;k% , Vhfpax gSaMcqd] yanu% gqjZ ifCy'klZAlkexzh&le`¼ iz.kkyh1- Ø'ksu] LVhisQu] 1989] oh ,Dok;j okWD;qcyjh ,aM Lisfyax ckbZ jhfMax% ,fM'kuy ,foMsal iQkWj n buiqV

gk;iksfFkfll] ekWMuZ ySaXos”k tuZy] 73%4] i`- 440&642- U;wekoZQ] fyvksukMZ] 1983] gkm ukWV Vw baVjisQ;j fon ySaXost yfu±x] tkWu MCY;w- vksyj] tw- vkSj isVªhfl;k

,- fjpMZ&vesVks (laiknd)] esFkM~l nSV odZ% , LekWjxsLckWMZ vkWI+kQ vkbfM;k”k iQkWj ySaXos”k VhplZ] i-49&55] jkWyh] ekl-% U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZ] (fjfizaVsM izQkWe baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWI+kQ vesfjdu fyaxq,LVhd]32% 1-2- 1966)

3- esdukejk] tkWu] 1983] ulZjh”k] LVªhV~l] ,aM Dykl:El% le daisfj”kal ,aM fMMD'kal] bu tkWu MCY;w-vkWyj] tw- vkSj isVªhfl;k ,- fjpMZ&vesVks (laikndx.k) esFkM~l nsV odZ% , LeWkjxsLckWMZ vkWi+Q vkbfM;k”kiQkWj ySaXos”k VhplZ] i`- 259&266] jkWyh] ekl% U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZA

4- VjsZy] Vªslh Mh] 1983] n uspqjy ,izkWp Vq ySaXos”k Vhfpax% ,u viMsV] tkWu MCY;w- vkWyj] tw- vkSjisVªhfl;k ,- fjpMZ&vesVks (laikndx.k)] esFkM~l nsV odZ% , LeWkjxsLckWMZ vkWI+kQ vkbfM;k”k iQkWj ySaXos”kVhplZ] i`- 267&283] jkWyh] ekl-% U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZA

5- ozQ'ksu] LVhi+Qu] 1983] n fMu bu n gsM % buiqV ,aM n ySaXos”k ,DOkhf”k'ku fMokbl] tkWu MCY;w- vkWyj]tw- vkSj isVªhfl;k ,- fjpMZ&vesVks (laikndx.k)] esFkM~l nSV odZ% , LeWkjxsLckWMZ vkWI+kQ vkbfM;k”k iQkWjySaXos”k VhplZ] i`- 295&301] jkWyh] ekl% U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZA

6- ve`rkoYyh] vkj- 1995] ehfM;k ,aM ySaXos”k ,Dohf”k'ku] vkj- ossQ- vfXugks=kh vkSj ,- ,y- [kUuk(laikndx.k)] bafXy'k ySaXos”k Vhfpax bu bafM;k % b'kw”k ,aM buksos'akl] i`- 181&86] u;h fnYyh % ls”kA

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7- izHkq] ,u- ,l- 1987] lsoaQM ySaXos”k isMkxkWth vkWDliQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA8- izHkq] ,u- ,l- 1998] Vhfpax b”k ,V eksLV gksfiax iQkWj n csLV] isij MsfyoMZ ,V n jh”kuy bafXy'k ySaXos”k

lsaVj lsfeukj] lkmFk bLV ,f'k;u fefuLVªh”k vkWI+kQ ,tqossQ'ku vkWxZukb”ks'ku] flaxkiqjAizkekf.kd lkexzh1- LVªhosal] ihVj] 1987] baVj,D'ku vkmVlkbM n Dykl:e % ;wf”kax n dE;qfuVh- foYxk ,e- fjolZ

(laiknd)] 1987] baVj,DVho ySaXos”k Vhfpax] i`- 170&176] U;w;kWdZ% dSafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA2- ekys] ,ysu] 1987] ikWbVªh ,aM lkax ,”k bisQfDVo ySaXost yfuZax ,DVhfofV”k] foYxk ,e- fjolZ (laiknd)

esa 1987] baVj,fDVo ySaXos”k Vhfpax] i`- 93&109] U;w;kWdZ% dSafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslAd{kk&d{k lkexzh1- 'khy] 2003] vaMj n csM] fcx cqDl% gSnjkckn% LikdZ bafM;kA2- jeu] m"kk] 2003] , ikWV vkWi+Q ykbV] fcx cqDl% gSnjkckn% LikdZ bafM;kA3- jko] y{eh jkes'oj] 2005] LikdZ ft;ksxzkiQh] gSnjkckn% LikdZ bafM;kA4- jko] y{eh jkes'oj- 2003] LikdZ twfu;j ft;ksxzkiQh] gSnjkckn% LikdZ bafM;kAlanHkZ iqLroassQ• gkso] ekbdy ts- ,- 1984] , VhplZ xkbM Vq n lkbdksykWth vkWi+Q yfu±x] vkWDli+QksMZ] baySaM_ U;w ;kdZ]

,u- okbZ- ch- CysdosyA• fVDowQ] ,e- ,y- 2004] bZ- ,y- Vh- bu bafM;k] Uk;h fnYyh% vkWfj,aV ykaxesuA