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Tap ch KH OA HOC H SP TP .HCM Pham Xu an H au

23

HIN TRNG V MT S GII PHP NNG CAOHIU QU CC KHU CNG NGHIP VIT NAM

THI K CNG NGHIP HO V HIN I HO

PHM XUN HU*

1. t vn

Trong nhng nm cui th kXXu th kXXI, h thng kinh t x hi

nc ta c nhng bin i su sc, nn kinh t thot khi tnh trng mt n

nh. C cu nn kinh t c nhng thay i theo hng tch cc, ttrng cng

nghip, xy dng, dch v tng bc tng ln, t trng nng nghip gim dn

(nm 1991 2004 cng nghip v xy dng t 22.7% ln 36.6% ; dch v t

38.6% ln 39.1% ; nng nghip gim t 38.7% xung 24.3% trong tng GDP c

nc). C ch qun l chuyn sang hng c ch th trng theo nh hng x

hi ch ngha, kinh t quc doanh vn gi vai tr ch o i vi lnh vc cng

nghip trong cc ngnh then cht. Cc hnh thc t chc cng nghip v ang

c hon thin, a hiu qu ln cao. Trong cc hnh thc t chc cng nghip

nc ta nh im cng nghip, khu cng nghip, trung tm cng nghip, di

cng nghip, th hnh thc t chc khu cng nghip hin nay vn ph bin

(n thng 3/2004 c nc c 106 khu cng nghip, trong c 5 khu ch xut,1 khu kinh t m, 2 khu cng ngh cao). Tuy nhin, hiu qu ca cc khu cng

nghip ny cha thomn nhu cu ca qu trnh cng nghip ho hin i ho

t nc. Chng ta cn phi c nhng gii php ph hp nng cao hiu qu

ca cc khu cng nghip ny.

2. Nhn t kinh nghim ca mt s nc chu

Phn ln cc nc chu i trc chng ta trn con ng cng nghip

ho, trong khi cc nc ny cng c mt s nt tng ng vi chng ta v vy

chng ta phi nghin cu nhng kinh nghim ca h t t chc, qun l hot

ng ca cc khu cng nghip.

*PGS.TS, Vin Nghin cu Gio dc, Trng HSP Tp.HCM

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Tap ch KH OA HOC H SP TP .HCM So9 nam 2006

24

2.1. Pht trin khu cng nghip i Loan

Ch sau 30 nm thc hin cng nghip ho, i Loan tr thnh Con

rng Chu (hoc ng ), k t 1996 k hoch xy dng khu cng nghip,

khu ch xut c trin khai n nay i Loan c khong 100 khu i vo hotng vi nhng kinh nghim ng ch .

phi hp c hiu qugia t chc cc khu cng nghip trng im quc

gia vi khu cng nghip a phng. Bn cnh nhng khu cng nghip trng

im ca nh nc qun l l h thng cc khu cng nghip do a phng

qunl.

Tp trung pht trin cc ngnh kthut cao, c kh nng cnh tranh trn th

trng th gii. Mt khc, pht trin n nh cc ngnh cng nghip ch bin

cc a phng a nhanh tc cng nghip ho nng thn.

c bit ch n xy dng c s h tng (giao thng, in, nc, thng

tin lin lc) y , cht lng v n nh.

Chnh sch gim thu mt s nm, cho vay vn vi li sut u i.

2.2. Pht trin cc khu cng nghip Thi Lan

Bt u t 1972 n nay, Thi Lan c khong 64 khu cng nghip trong

vng 30 nm Thi Lan cng tr thnh nc Con rng th 2 ng Nam

(sau Singapore).

Chnh ph Thi Lan c ch trng pht trin cn i lnh th bng cch

thc hin chnh sch u i c bit khc nhau gia cc khu vc (thu nhp khu

thit b my mc c ni c min 50%, c ni c min hon ton).

T cc pht trin (Bng Cc) thit lp cc khu cng nghip vi 3 vnh ai

bao quanh cc vi nhng li th khc nhau, mc nh hng ca cc

khc nhau.

Qun l thng nht theo c ch th trng mt ca nn gii quyt cc th tc

nhanh chng.

Ch qun lmi trng ht sc cht ch, bng php lut vi bng kinh t.

Doanh nghip phi chi tr chi ph cho qu trnh x l cht thi.

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25

2.3. Malaysia

Malaysia bt u xy dng cc khu cng nghip t nm 1970 n nm 1997

c 166 khu cng nghip hot ng. Nt ring ca Malaysia l :

Pht trin rng mng li cc khu thng mi T do, c chnh sch u i c

bit vi u t nc ngoi (thi gian thu t c th t 50 nm n 100 nm,

cho t do chuyn tin li nhun ra nc ngoi )

Pht trin nhiu doanh nghip ch xut nm ngoi khu ch xut tng ngun

hng nhp khu, tn dng ht tim nng.

Nh nc h tr vn ln cho cc khu cng nghip.

Xy dng cc khu cng nghip c xc nh nhng ni c v tr thun li,

mt bng rng, gi t khng cao, giao thng thun li (nm ngoi vi thnhph, gn cng, u mi giao thng, ).

Ch thch ng n vn nh , trng hc, khu thng nghip, khu vui

chi gii tr cho gia nh, c nhn ngi lm trong khu cng nghip.

2.4. Hn Quc

Hn Quc chn con ng pht trin khu ch xut to khu t ph v nt

ni bt nht ca khu ch xut Hn Quc l lm cu ni gia kinh t trong v ngoi

nc.

Xc lp mi lin h cht ch gia khu ch xut vi b phn kinh t trong nc

qua hai khu : cung cp nguyn liu cho khu ch xut v t chc hp ng gia cng

gia khu ch xut v cc x nghip khc trong nc to ra ci gi l Ch xut

ngoi khu ch xut.

Chnh ph a ra lut, chnh sch khuyn khch phi hp s dng hng trong

nc. Cc x nghip ngoi khu ch xut c y thc c th hot ng ht cng

sc p ng yu cu ca cc x nghip trong khu ch xut.

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26

3. Qu trnh hot ng v kt qu t c qua vic xy dng khu cng

nghip Vit Nam

3.1. S pht trin cc khu cng nghip theo cc vng v a phng

Thc hin ng li cng nghip ho hin i ho, nc ta thc hin

qui hoch pht trin cc khu cng nghip. Quyt nh 519/TTg ngy 6/8/1995

ca Chnh ph ph duyt phng n qui hoch tng th pht trin cng nghip v

kt cu h tng thi k 1996 2001, trong xut thnh lp 33 khu cng

nghip. Trong thc t tc gia tng cc khu cng nghip nhanh hn d

on, dn n vic phi duyt k hoch b sung nng tng s khu cng nghip

tng n 149 vo nm 2010.

n nm 2004, trn ton quc xy dng 106 khu cng nghip, trong c 5 khu ch xut, 2 khu cng ngh cao, 1 khu kinh t m vi tng din tch

35.081ha trong tng s 46.961ha din tch qui hoch (k c khu cng nghip

Dung Qut v 2 khu cng ngh cao v khu kinh t mChu Lai).

Thi ku, tc hnh thnh cc khu cng nghip tng nhanh, trung bnh

hn 20%/nm. Cc khu cng nghip c xy dng nhiu nht vo nhng nm

1996 1998, y l giai on nn kinh t Vit Nam c mc tng trng cao

(tng trung bnh GDP hng nm l 7.4% nm 2004 l 7.7%), gi tr sn phm

cng nghip chim t trng ln, mc u t nc ngoi tng nhanh. Tuy nhin,

nm 1997 cuc khng hong ti chnh khu vc lm gim nhanh mc u t

nc ngoi vo Vit Nam, tng trng kinh t b nh hng chm li, cc khu

cng nghip cng khng tng c bao nhiu. n nm 2002 2003, tc xy

dng cc khu cng nghip c hi phc, vn u t trong nc v nc

ngoi c chiu hng tng sau khng hong.

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27

Bng 1: Tc hnh thnh, pht trin cc khu cng nghip cc vng kinh

t mt s nm (n v: khu cng nghip)

Nm Cnc ngBc TyBc

B

SngHng

Bc

TrungB

D.Hi

NamTrung

TyNguyn

ng

NamB

BSCL

1991 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

1997 22 2 0 3 0 3 0 11 3

2000 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

2003 14 2 0 7 1 3 0 10 2

2004 1 0 0 1

(Ngun : Tng kt hnh thnh hot ng cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut nm

2003 B K hoch u t 10/2003 3/2004 Nin gim thng k 2003 NXB.

Thng k

, 2004)

Vng ng Nam B pht trin cc khu cng nghip vi s lng ln nht

vi tng s 50 khu, (chim 47.61% c nc), c bit thi k khng hong ti

chnh din ra cc vng khng pht trin c nhng ng Nam B vn xy dng

c vi khu.

Vng ng bng sng Hng c s lng th 2 (20 khu), duyn hi Nam

Trung B din bin khng n nh, hin c 14 khu cng nghip, ni ln l cc

khu cng nghip ny a dng, qui m rng (Dung Qut, Chu Lai, ). y,

Chu Lai l hnh thc u tin va c khu cng nghip xut khu va c nhng

dch v cng v cng thng mi t do, hng nhiu ch c bit.

Tng hp cc khu cng nghip theo cc vng kinh t trng im ta thy s

tp trung kh cao :

Vng kinh t trng im pha Nam chim 43.8% s lng v 64.23% din

tch.

Vng kinh t trng im pha Bc chim 12.3% s lng, 7.68% din tch.

Vng kinh t trng im min Trung chim 9.52% s lng, 7.18%

dintch.

Mc phn b theo cc a phng tng tp trung vo mt s tnh hi tc cc iu kin thun li. Hin ti c 38/64 tnh xy dng cc khu cng

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nghip, c5 tnh c s lng ln l Tp.HCM : 15 khu, ng Nai: 15, BnhDng: 9, B Ra Vng Tu : 7, H Ni : 6. Ngoi ra, 14 tnh c t 2 4khu nh Long An : 4, Tp. Nng : 4, Tp.Hi Phng : 3, Hi Dng : 3,

Qung Ngi : 3, Ty Ninh : 2, BcNinh : 2, Qung Nam, H Ty : 2, CnTh : 2, Bnh nh : 2, Ngh An : 2, Hng Yn : 2, Ph Th : 2. C 19 tnhmi thnh lp mt s khu cng nghip: Nam nh, Nam H, Ninh Bnh,Thi Bnh, Thi Nguyn, Vnh Phc, Qung Ninh, Thanh Ho, H Tnh,Tha Thin Hu, Ph Yn, Khnh Ho, c Lc, Bnh Thun, Bnh Phc,ng Thp, Tin Giang, Lm ng, Bc Giang

3.2. nh gi chung

a. Kt qu t c

Nhn chung, tc hnh thnh cc khu cng nghip tng i cao vt qu

d bo ca qui hoch ban u. Li th so snh cami vng trong nc vca c nc vi cc nc trong khu vc v th gii th hin kh r nt.

S phn b khng gian cc khu cng nghip ngy cng th hin r tnh phhp cao ca n vi iu kin tp trung v i i vi pht trin cng nghip.Cc khu cng nghip thng tp trung vo cc thnh ph, th x c li thv v tr, ti nguyn, a l, nhn lc, (T ht nhn trng im m rng rathnh v tinh hnh thnh nhng vnh ai).

Theo qui ch hot ng ca cc khu cng nghip vic phn cp qun l cBan qun l pht trin khu cng nghip ca Trung ng v cc a phng

(cp tnh) vi chc nng t vn cho Chnh ph, gn y Chnh ph giaoban qun lcc a phng cho cc tnh qun l.

C chnh sch u i v vn, lao ng v c ch min gim thu thch ngcho cc khu cng nghip mi xy dng.

Hin nay, c khong 37 khu cng nghip (35%) hot ng c hiu qu,trong khong 16 17 khu c kh nng thu ht vn u t ln v to viclm n nh cho ngi lao ng. Nhng khu cng nghip c mc tptrung cao v trung bnh 52 khu (50%) thc s ang c sc thu ht mnh mngoi lc vi nhng cng ngh mi. in h nh l nhng nc u t ln

nh Nht Bn, Hoa K, Hn Quc, Singapore, Hng Kng, i Loan,

Thc hin tt vic di di cc khu cng nghip phn tn cc khu dn c

m bo c mi trng th.

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Cc khu cng nghip thc s l ni thu ht sc cung cp kthut trang thit

b, h tng c s ph hp vi trnh sn xut hin nay, y nhanh mc

chuyn mn ho to ra sn phm cnh tranh, to c sc pht huy c th

ca tng a phng, gii quyt vic lm v nng cao cht lng cuc sngcho ngi lao ng.

b. Nhng hn ch

Qui ch hot ng ca cc khu cng nghip cn nhiubt cp:

+ Cc th tc hnh chnh rm r ;

+ Cn c nhng mu thun v qun l gia cc cp (Trung ng, a

phng, khu cng nghip);

+ Cc hot ng xc tin u t cn n iu, ngho nn, km linh hotdn n hiu qu u t v s dng vn u t khng hiu qu, t v li

ch chung (cc khu lin doanh).

Nhiu khu cng nghip hot ng hiu qu thp mc d c c s h tng k

thut kh hon chnh, v tr thun li (Ni Bi, nh V ) v cc khu cng

nghip ny t ch u t trong nc m ch hng u t nc ngoi.

Mc lp y cc khu cng nghip chm, hin c khong 18 khu cng

nghip hot ng km, thm ch cha hot ng (khu c Ha, Tn Thi

Hip, ).

Thc hin qui hoch pht trin cc khu cng nghip khng c d bo st

thc t, cha c chin lc di hn m thng chy theo thc t, gii quyt

tnh th nn c tnh trng nhiu khu cng nghip i vo hot ng

nhng khng m bo c nh v cc phng tin, c s h tng, cng

trnh phc li dn n hiu qu s dng lao ng, nng sut lao ng thp.

Sn xut cha nhm ng mc ch to sn phm cht lng cao phc v

th trng trong nc v quc t m mi nhm vo vic s dng lao ng r

tin nn hiu qu sn xut thp (tuyn dng lao ng trnh cao).

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Cc x nghip trong khu cng nghip v cc khu cng nghip cn thiu tnh

kt hp cht ch trong s dng c s h tng, cha hp tc qui trnh cng

ngh vi nhau gim bt nhng chi ph khng cn thit.

Cng tc bo v v x l mi trng cha trit i khi cn gy nhhng xu ln nhau.

4. Mt s gii php nng cao hiu qu cc khu cng nghip

4.1. Tp trung y nhanh tin lp y din tch cc khu cng nghip

Mun y nhanh tc lp y cc khu cng nghip, cn chn nhng yu

t nh hng nhiu nht, mnh m nht n vic la chn ca cc nh u t

nc ngoi.

V c ch v chnh sch cn thc hin c ch mt ca, trn c s kinton b my qun l KCN t Trung ng n a phng. Nu theo c ch

hin nay, ban qun l KCN tnh ph thuc V Qun l khu Cng nghip Vit

Nam trc thuc B K hoch u t, V ny ch l c quan tham mu cho

chnh ph m khng c quyn hn c th, ting ni khng c vai tr quyt

nh v b ph thuc. Chng ta cn mnh dn hn trong phn cp qun l,

tng cng quyn hn cho Ban qun l Khu cng nghip cp tnh c th

n gin ho th tc hnh chnh nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca khu.

Cn c chnh sch h tr vn vay vi nhiu hnh thc linh hot. u i li

sut thp hoc ko di thi gian vay, u i thu t gi r, c chnh sch h

tr thu qua vic min gim thu v cng bng trong chnh sch thu gia

cc thnh phn, nh nc, lin doanh v t nhn. Thc hin chnh sch ku

gi u t hp l c khu vc trong nc v ngoi nc.

4.2. Hon thin hin i ho cc khu cng nghip v ang thc hin

thnh cng lm nn tng m rng quy m, nng cao cht lng sn phm,

m rng lin kt kinh t trong v ngoi nc

Chng ta c th to ra sc cnh tranh mnh m khi nhng cam kt AFTA

c thc hin v chp thun cho Vit Nam gia nhp WTO. Lc ny khng cn

con ng no khc l phi y sn xut cc KCN t n cng ngh tin tin,

trang thit b hin ai nng cao cht lng sn phm. Cc khu cng nghip s l

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cng c chnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho kinh t t nc ng thi l a

ch ch yu thc hin cc lin kt kinh t, l cha kho m ra nhiu cnh ca

vi th gii.

4.3. T chc khng gian kinh t cc khu cng nghip hp l

Thc hin quy hoch cc KCN trn c s cc phng n phn vng kinh t

tng hp, cc ngnh cn ch n khng gian th, c s h tng trong v

ngoi KCN v nhng tc ng v mi trng.

Tp trung nghin cu, xc nh cho c cc vng chuyn mn ho v h

thng cc ngnh b tr s dng ti a tim nng, to ngun sn phm

tng hp a dng.

5. Pht trin cc khu cng nghip cn m bo cc ch tiu v mi trng

Tp trung cc KCN vi mt mc ch ln l to iu kin thun li qun

l tt mi trng, x l nhng tc ng ca mi trng thun li. iu ny

i hi khi lp k hoch thit lp cc khu cng nghip nht thit phi c

phng n bo v v x lmi trng (k c mi trng lm vic, sinh hot

ca ngi lao ng khu cng nghip).

Cn xy dng mng li cn b chuyn trch quan lmi trng, nhng

ngi ny s m bo kim sot nh k hoc t xut khi c s c, a ra

bin php khc phc thch hp kp thi.

Cng khai thng xuyn nhng thng tin v mc nhim mi trng

ca cc doanh nghip trong KCN. Lm tt vic ny s kch thch cc x

nghip phi phi thc hin k hochbo v, x lmi trng khng lm

nh hng n a bn tiu th sn phm (c bit vi nhng x nghip sn

xut hng xut khu l chnh).

Kt lun

Vic pht trin cc KCN, cc di cng nghip l xu th tt yu trong qu

trnh pht trin cng nghip ni ring v nn kinh t ni chung. Th gii v khuvc hin ang m ra cho nuc ta c th tip thu hc tp kinh nghim quy bu

trong vic t chc, qun l pht trin cc loi hnh ny. Vn t ra l chng ta

c nhn thc v vn dng hp l vi iu kin nay ca t nc hay khng.

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Trong my chc nm qua, t chc pht trin cng nghip nc ta c

nhng bc tin ng k. c bit trong khong 10 nm tr li y vic pht

trin cc khu ch xut, khu cng nghip, di cng nghip c bc i kh

nhanh ng ghi nhn. Nhng thc t vn cn bc l nhng yu km, bt cp vt chc qun l, v quy trnh cng ngh, chin lc sn phm, Trong phn

trnh by ny, tc gi ch nu ra mt gii php c tnh t ph nhm nng cao

hiu qu cc khu cng nghip ca nc ta trong thi k cng nghip ho, hin

i ho.

Ti liu tham kho

[1].

Nguyn Mnh Hng (2004), Quy hoch chin lc pht trin ngnh, Nh xut

bn Thng k H Ni.

[2]. L Thng (ch bin, 2002),a l Kinh t Vit Nam, Nh xut bn Gio dc.

[3].

Tng cc Thng k (2004),Nin gim Thng k, Nh xut bn Thng k, H

Ni.

[4]. B K hoch v u t (2004), Tng kt tnh hnh hot ng cc Khu Cng

nghip, Khu Ch xut nm 2003, B K hoch v u t.

[5]. Hi ngh t vn cc nh ti tr Vit Nam (2004),Bo co pht trin Vit Nam

2004, H Ni.

[6].

Trung tm Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn Quc gia (2001),Bo co pht trin

con ngi Vit Nam, Tng kt d n, H Ni.

Tm tt

Hin trng v mt s gii php nng cao hiu qu

cc khu cng nghip Vit Nam thi k cng nghip ho v hin i ho

Pht trin cc khu cng nghip (KCN) l xu th tt yu ca cc nc

pht trin v ang pht trin. Kinh nghim ca nhiu quc gia m in hnh

l cc nc ang pht trin khu vc ng Nam v ng c iu kin

tng t nc ta nh : Thi Lan, Singapore, Malaysia, i Loan , trong

lnh vc ny l bi hc kinh nghim qu bu cho Vit Nam trn ng cng

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nghip ho v hin i ho. Trong vi thp nin qua, cng nghip Vit Nam

ni chung v cc khu cng nghip ni ring c nhng bc pht trin

nhanh, thc s t ph mt s mt nh : c ch qun l, chin lc u t,

to th cnh tranh, Nhng hiu qu hot ng cc khu cng nghip chap ng, cha ngang tm vi s nghip cng nghip ho, hin i ho t

nc. V vy, cn phi c nhnggii php t ph trong mt s khu y

nhanh tc pht trin cc khu cng nghip, to th cnh tranh mnh m

vi khu vc v th gii.

Abstract

Status and solutions to improve effectiveness in the Vietnamindustrial zones in the time of industrialization and modernization

Developing industrial zones is a necessity for both developed and

developing countries. The experiences of many countries in the area such as

Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and Taiwan, etc. can be a valuable lesson for

Viet Nam in its progress towards industrialization and modernization. In the

last decades, Vietnam industry; especially, industrial zones have grown

quickly in the fields of management structures, investment strategies, and

competitive environments, etc However, the effectiveness of these

industrial zones has not met requirements of Viet Nams industrialization

and modernization. Therefore, we need to find appropriate solutions to

break through the situation and speed up the development of the industrial

zones so that we can improve our competitiveness with the countries in theregion and the ones in the world.

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