SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (Geniş zaman)

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I - write I do not write do I write

you - write you do not write do you write

we - write we do not write do we write

they - write they do not write do they write

he - writes he does not write does he write

she - writes she does not write does she write

it - writes it does not write does it write

İşin mantığı: Dünya yuvarlaktır (genel) , Ateş yakar (genel) , İnsanlar acıkır ..... Gibi genel olayları ve durumları vurgulamak için Simple Present tense kullanılır.

1.Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen 2.Most animals kill only for food 3.The world is round

Simple Present tense genelde olan olay ve durumla rı vurgulamak için kullanılır ,bunlar; geçmişte vardı , şu an var , gelecekte de olacak . örn : Dünyanın dönmesi .

1.I study for two hours every night 2.My classes begin at nine 3.He always eats a sandwich for lunch

Simple present tense günlük aktiviteleri ve alışkanlıkları vurgulamak için de kullanılır.

1.I don't recognize that man 2.He needs a pen right now

Belirli fiilerin continuous tense ( şimdiki zaman ) halleri olmadığından bu tens'te kullanılmaları zorunludur.

Aşaıdaki fiiler normalde continuous tenslerle kullanılmazlarAppreciate

Believe

Belong

Care

Consist

Cost

Contain

Depend

Dislike

Doubt

Envy

Exist

Fear

Feel

Hate

Hear

İmagine

Know

Like

Love

Mean

Need

Owe

Own

Possess

Prefer

Realise

Remember

See

Seem

Seem

Smell

Sound

Suppose

Taste

Understand

Want

İnclude

Sonu s , sh , ch , x ile biten sözcüklerin çoğulu ve fiilerin geniş zaman halleri -es takısı alırlar.

Finish FinishesWatch WatchesBus BusesBox Boxes

Sonu y ile biten sözcükler - ies takısı alırlar , fakat y nin önünde sesli harf varsa sonuna sadece - s gelir

Study studiesTry triesBaby babiesBoy boys

Sonu f veya fe ile biten sözcükler - ves takısıyla çoğul olurlar

knife knivesshellf shellves

Geniş zamnada Have fiili he , she , it için has olarak değişir.

• I have a shover everyday • John has a shover everyday

Sıklık belirten fiiller Sımple present tens'te özneden hemen sonra gelirler

always / Never / often / Sometimes / Usually + Present simple (Geniş zaman)

• Sue always arrives at work early • I usually go to work by car but sometimes I walk

• Julia never eats breakfast

PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) { ŞİMDİKİ ZAMAN }

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I am writing I am not writing am I writing

you are writing you are not writing are you writing

we are writing we are not writing are we writing

they are writing they are not writing are they writing

he is writing he is not writing is he writing

she is writing she is not writing is she writing

it is writing it is not writing is it writing

Bu tens konuşma anında devam eden (süren) aktiviteleri vurgulamak için kullanılır ( ŞU AN )• John is sleeping right now • I need an umbrella because it is raining • John and marry are talking on phone

Bu tens ayrıca genelde süreklilik halinde olan aktiviteleri vurgulamak için de kullanılır.• I am taking five course this semester • John is trying to improve his work habits • She is writing another book this year

Sonu - e ile biten fiillerde -e düşer - ing gelir

make making

write writing

come coming

dance dancing Sonu - ie ile biten fiiller - ying takısı alırlarlie lyingdie dyingtie tying Eğer tek heceli bir fiilin sonu ( sesli + sessiz ) harf ile bitiyorsa son sessiz ikilenerek - ing takısı alır.stop stopping

run running

get getting

Bu kuralın istisnası şudur : eğer bir fiilin sonu ( -y ) veya ( - w ) sesizlerinden biri ile bitiyorsa, fiil tek heceli bile olsa son sessiz ikilenmez.

swim swimming

big bigger

hot hotter

thin thinner

draw drawing

play playing

İki veya daha fazla heceli fiilerde son sessizin ikilenmesine gerek yoktur happen happeningvisit visitingremember remembering Sonu iki sessizle biten tek heceli fiiler direkt olarak - ing takısı alırlar help helpingwork working

SIMPLE PAST ( GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN )

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I - wrote I did not write did I write

you - wrote you did not write did you write

we - wrote we did not write did we write

they - wrote they did not write did they write

he - wrote he did not write did he write

she - wrote she did not write did she write

it - wrote it did not write did it write

Simple past , geçmişte belirli bir zamanda başlamış ve bitmiş bir durum veya aktiviteyi işaret eder.

FORMÜLÜ : Özne + Verb 2 ( Fiilin 2. hali )---- yani Simple past hali

• I walked to school yesterday • He lived in paris for ten years , but now he is living in rome • I bought a new car three days ago

Eğer Simple past tense ile kurulmuş bir cümle (When) kalıbını içeriyorsa : when ile başlayan cümle diğerinden önce olmuştur aşağıdaki ilk örnekte önce yağmur başladı sonra ağacın altında durdum ifadesi anlaşılmalıdır.

• I stood under a tree when it began to rain • when she heard a atrange noise she got up to investigate • when I dropped my cup , the coffee spilled on my lap

Eğer geçmiş zaman (past tense) da kullanılmak istenen bir cümlenin fiili "be" ise geçmiş zamanı belirtmek için : yine bu fiilin gecmis zaman hallerinin was , were kullanılması zorunludur. (Düzeltme icin Serkan a Tesekürler)

•

Positive Negative QuestionI was I was not was IYou were You were not were Youwe were we were not were wethey were they were not were theyhe was he was not was heshe was she was not was sheit was it was not was it

Last year Rachel was 22 , so she is 23 now• When I was a child , I was afraid of dogs• we were hungry after the journey but we weren't tired• the hotel was comfortable but it wasn't expensive• was the weather good when you were on holiday• those shoes are nice . were they expensive

• why were you late this morning

PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) ( GEÇMİŞTE SÜREKLİLİK )

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I was writing I was not writing was I writing

he was writing he was not writing was he writing

she was writing she was not writing was she writing

it was writing it was not writing was it writing

we were writing we were not writing were we writing

you were writing you were not writing were you writing

they were writing they were not writing were they writing

İşin Mantığı : geçmişte süregelen bir eylem kesintiye uğruyor.Örn: dün tam okula yürürken yağmur başladı ( yürüme eylemi sürerken , bu ylemin belirli bir yerinde yağmur eyleminin devreye girmesi)

1. I was walking down the street when it began to rain2. While I was walking down the street,it began to rain3. I was standing under a tree when it began to rain

1. de Önce caddeden aşağıya yürüyordum,sonra yağmur başladı.Örneklerde iki eylemde aynı zamanda meydana geliyor fakat biri, diğeri başladığında ,daha önce başlayıp süreklilik halin dedir.

4. At eight o'clock last night , I was studying5. Last year at this time I was attending school

4. örnekte : Benim çalışmam 8'den önce başladı ve 8'de ben çalışıyordum, muhtemelen çalışmam sonrasın dada devam etti

6. While I was studying in one room of our apartment my roommate was having a party in the other room

Eğer iki eylem benzer şekilde süreklilik halindeyse Past continuous cümlenin iki bölümündede kullanı labilir (baazen)

7. It rained this morning8. It was raining

Baazı durumlarda simple past ve past continuous aynı anlamı verebilir (7 ve 8 deki gibi)

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE ( Türkçede karşılığı yok )

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I have written I have not written have I written

you have written you have not written have you written

we have written we have not written have we written

they have written they have not written have they written

he has written he has not written has he written

she has written she has not written has she written

it has written it has not written has it written

1. They have moved into a new aparttment.2. Have you ever visited Mexico.3. I have already seen that movie.4. I have never seen snow

Present Perfect şu fikri vurgular: Şu andan önce meyda na gelmiş veya gelmemiş birşeyi anlatırken kesin zaman ın önemli olmadığı durumlar. (Eğer belirli bir zaman var sa Simple past kullanılır.)

5. We have had four tests so far this semester6. I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks.7. I have met many people since I came here in june 8. I have flown on an airplane many times

Present perfect birde şu andan önceki bir aktivitenin tekrarını vurgular,her tekrarın kesin zamanı önemli değildir

9. I have been here since seven o'clock10.We have been here for two weeks11.I have had this same pair of shoes for three years12.I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was a child

Present perfect tense ayrıca for ve since ile kullanı labilir. O zaman şunu vurgular: Bir durum geçmişte başlmış şu anda da devam ediyor

Since + belirli bir zaman ( since : denberi )For + zamanın sürekliliği ( For : dır )

Present Perfect Simple nin kullanımları1.kullanımı: Geçmişte başlamış ve bugüne kadar devam eden bir zaman periyodundan bahsediyorsak bu tensi kullanmak zorundayız. Bu zaman periyodu bütün hayatımızdaki deneyimleri kapsayabilir. Hayatımız da herhangi bir deneyimi yaşayıp yaşamadığımız bu tens ile sorulur.

• Have you ever been to China ( Hiç çinde bulundunmu? )• Have you ever eaten caviar ( Hiç havyar yedinmi ? )• I haven't been to India ( Hindistanda hiç bulunmadım )• We have never had a car ( Hiçbir zaman arabamız olmadı )• It's the most boring film I've ever seen . (Hayatımda gördüğüm en sıkıcı film.)

• I haven't eaten anything since breakfast ( Kahvaltıdan beri hiçbirşey yemedim )2.kullanım: Present perfect kullanıldığında genellikle bugün ile bir bağlantı vardır. Eğer geçmişte olmuş bir eylemin sonucu bugünü etkiliyorsa yine bu tens kullanılır.

• Where's your key ? I don't know. I 've lost it ( Şu an anahtarım yok )• He told me his name but I 've forgotten it ( Adını söylemişti fakat unuttum )

• I can't find my bag. Have you seen it ? ( Çantamı bulamıyorum, onu gördünmü?)3.kullanım: Geçmişle bugünü bağlayan bir köprü olarak kullanılır. I started learninig english in septemberI am still lerning englishI have lerned English since september (Eylülden beri ingilizce öğreniyorum)-üstteki iki cümleyi birleştirdi.

Ayşe is my best friend I met Ayşe seven years ago I have known her for 7 years ( onu yedi yıldır tanıyorum )

I am a teacher I started teaching 20 years ago I have been a teacher for 20 years. ( 20 yıldır öğretmenim )

Gone (to) ve been (to) arasındaki farklılık

• Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain (Jim ispanyaya gitti ve hala orada)

• Jane has been to Italy . (Jane italyaya gitti ve geri geldi )

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ( PROGRESSIVE )

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I have been writing I have not been writing have I been writing

you have been writing you have not been writing have you been writing

we have been writing we have not been writing have we been writing

they have been writing they have not been writing have they been writing

he has been writing he has not been writing has he been writing

she has been writing she has not been writing has she been writing

it has been writing it has not been writing has it been writing

Present Perfect continuous , yakın zamanda veya henüz sona ermiş bir aktivitenin ifadesinde kullanılabilirbu aktivitenin şu an ile bağlantısı vardır.Örn : Eve gittiniz çocuğunuzun gözleri kıpkırmızı ve ne olduğunu öğreneceksiniz . What have you been doing demeniz lazım ( What are you doing olmaz.)Örn : A şahsı avrupa turuna çıkmış ve B şahsıyla ispanyada karşılaşıyor A' nın gideceği yerler sıralı : 1. France 2. England 3.Spain 4. Germany 5. ItalyA: What have you been doing ? ( Ne yapıyorsun )B: I have been traveling around Europe(eğer A şahsı : What are you doing deseydi , B şahsı o anda ne yapıyorsa onu söylerdi , alışveriş yapıyo rum vs. derdi.)A: Which countries have you visitedB: I have visited France and England and now I'm in Spain , I haven't been Germany and Italy yet.

Right now I am sitting at my desk.1. I have been sitting here since seven o'clock.2. I have been sitting here for two hours3. You have been studying for five straight hourse

Bu tens bir aktivitenin sürekliliğini vurgulamak için kullanılır.Sözü edilen aktivite geçmişte başladı ve şu an devam etmektedir. Tense bu anlamı zamanı simgeleyen kelimelerle veririz. Bunlar :For , Since , all morning , all day , all week.

5. I have been thinking about changing my major.6. All of the students have been studying hard .Final exams start next week.7. My back hurts , so I have been sleeping on the floor lately. the bed is too soft.

Presen perfect continuous tens zamanın herhangi bir spesifik anlamı dışında kullanıldığında, genel bir aktivitenin son zamanlardaki sürekliliğini vurgular.

8. I have lived here since 1985 I have been living here since 19859. he has worked at the same store for ten years He has been working at the same store for ten years

Live , work , teach gibi continuous tensleri olan fiillerle since veya for kullanıldığında , present perfect continuous ile present perfect simple arasın da pek bir fark olmaz. Yandaki örneklerde pek bir anlam farkı yoktu

Present Perfect Continuous

Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4

Bu tens ile ilgili soruları download ede bilirsiniz. (Not: Sisiteminizde Excel kurulu olmalıdır.)

PAST PERFECT TENSE ( MİŞLİ GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN )

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I had written I had not written had I written

you had written you had not written had you written

we had written we had not written had we written

they had written they had not written had they written

he had written he had not written had he written

she had written she had not written had she written

it had written it had not written had it written

1. My parents had already eaten by the time I got home2. Until yesterday, I had never heard about it .3. The thief simply walked in. Someone had forgotten to lock thedoor.

Past perfect tense : gemişte bir aktivitenin başka bir aktiviteden önce tamamlandığını vurgular. yani:Geç mişte oluşmuş iki eylem var fakat 1. eylem , 2.cisin den önce olmuş işte 1.eylem past perfec tir.

4. Sam had already left when we got there 5. Sam had left before we got there6. Sam left before we got there7. after the guests had left. I went to bed

4. de : önce sam ayrıldı sonra biz oraya vardık. (yani: biz vardığımızda sam ayrılmıştı). Eğer bir cümlede before veya after kullanılıyorsa genellikle past per fect tense gerekli değildir. Simple past 6. ve 8. ci örneklerde belki kullanılabilir. Not: 5-6 ve 7-8 aynı an lamdadır.

• When Sarah arrived at the party , Paul had already gone home• When we got home last night , we found that somebody had broken into the flat• Karen didn't want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film.• I didn't know who she was . I had never seen her before

• The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it for weeks

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ( PROGRESSIVE )

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I had been writing I had not been writing had I been writing

you had been writing you had not been writing had you been writing

we had been writing we had not been writing had we been writing

they had been writing they had not been writing had they been writing

he had been writing he had not been writing had he been writing

she had been writing she had not been writing had she been writing

it had been writing it had not been writing had it been writing

Geçmişte olmuş iki eylem var ve bunlardan önce olanın sürekliliği past perfect continuous tense ile vurgu lanır.1. Our game of tennis was interrupted. we'd been playing for about half an hour when it started to rain very havily.2. Ken give up smoking two years ago. He'd been smoking for 30 years.

1. The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him2. The patient had been waiting in the emergency room for almost an hour before a doctor finally treated her 3. He finally came at six o'clock I had been waiting for him since four - thirty.

Past perfect continuous: geçmişte bir eylemden önce başka bir eylemin süreklilik içerisinde oldu ğunu vurgular.

4. When judy got home, her hair was still wet because she had been swimming5.Her eyes were red because she had been crying

Bu tens ayrıca geçmişteki bir eyleme yakın zamanlı fakat ondan daha önce olan bağlantısız bir eylemin sürekliliğini vurgulamak için de kulanılır.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE (Gelecek zaman)

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I will write I will not write will I write

you will write you will not write will you write

we will write we will not write will we write

they will write they will not write will they write

he will write he will not write will he write

she will write she will not write will she write

it will write it will not write will it write

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I am going to write I am not going to write am I going to write

you are going to write you are not going to write are you going to write

we are going to write we are not going to write are we going to write

they are going to write they are not going to write are they going to write

he is going to write he is not going to write is he going to write

she is going to write she is not going to write is she going to write

it is going to write it is not going to write is it going to write

Konuşma anında geleceğe dönük bir eylemi ifade etmek için will kullanılır. Going to ise önceden yapılan planlar ve niyetler için kullanılır.Örn: biri paltosunu giydi dışarıya çıkıyor. onu gören kişi will ile soru sorar, çıkan kişinin diyelim ki o saatte biriyle buluşması gerekiyor ( önceden planlamış ) going to ile cevap verir.

1. He will finished his work tomorrow.2. He is going to finish his work tomorrow

Will veya be going to , gelecek zamanı vurgulamak için kullanılır.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS (Gelecek te süreklilik)

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I will be writing I will not be writing will I be writing

you will be writing you will not be writing will you be writing

we will be writing we will not be writing will we be writing

they will be writing they will not be writing will they be writing

he will be writing he will not be writing will he be writing

she will be writing she will not be writing will she be writing

it will be writing it will not be writing will it be writing

I will be doing something = birşeyler yapıyor olacağım ( bir eylemin ortasında olacağım )Örn : The football match begins at 7:30 and ends at 9:15 so during this time ,for example 8:30 , Kevin will be watching the match.- This time tomorrow I'll be travelling through france- In the 21 st century, people will be living to the age of 130

1. I will begin to study at seven. You will come at eight . I will be studying when you come. 2. Right now I am sitting in class . At the same

The future continuous tense gelecek zamanda bir aktivitenin süreklilik halinde olacağını vurgular.

time tomorrow I will be sitting in class.

3. Don't call me at nine , because I won't be home .I am ging to be studying at the library.

be going to nun continuous formu: be going to + be + - ing

4. Don't get impatient . She will be coming soon5. Don't get impatient . She will come soon

Baazen future continuous ile simple future arasında çok çok az bir farklılık vardır veya hiçbir farklılık yoktur. Özellikle gelecekteki olay belirsiz bir zaman da meydana gelmişse.

Not : teklif sorularında mutlaka shall kullan . will kullanma

• shall we phone to see what time the film start • shall I carry that heavy case for you

FUTURE PERFECT ( Gelecekte geçmiş )POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I will have writen I will not have writen will I have writen

you will have writen you will not have writen will you have writen

we will have writen we will not have writen will we have writen

they will have writen they will not have writen will they have writen

he will have writen he will not have writen will he have writen

she will have writen she will not have writen will she have writen

it will have writen it will not have writen will it have writen

Future Perfect tense : Gelecekte , kesin bir zamandan önce birşeyin tamamlanmış olacağını vurgular Örn: 1.He will have finished his exams by december.2.Kevin's football match ends at 9:15 so after this time ,for example at 9:30 the matcah will have finished.3.Sally always leaves for work at 8:30 in the morning , so she will not be at home at 9 o'clock.She will have gone to work. ( sally sabahları daima 8:30 da işe gider bundan dolayı saat 9 da evde olmayacak,işe gitmiş olacak)4.We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema ( Geç kaldık, biz sinema ya varana kadar film başlamış olacak.)5.When their first child was born ,they had been married for three years. - past perfect Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years - present perfect Next year they will have been married for 25 years - future perfect

• I will graduate in june . I will see you in july. By the next time I see you , I will have graduat ed

• I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight.

The future perfect tense : Gelecekte başka bir zaman veya olaydan önce tamamlanmış bir aktiviteyi vurgular.

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS ( Gelecekte süreklilik )POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I will have been writing I will not have been writing will I have been writing

you will have been writing you will not have been writing will you have been writing

we will have been writing we will not have been writing will we have been writing

they will have been writing they will not have been writing will they have been writing

he will have been writing he will not have been writing will he have been writing

she will have been writing she will not have been writing will she have been writing

it will have been writing it will not have been writing will it have been writing

Future Perfect continuous : gelecekteki bir zaman diliminde bir eylemin sürekliliğini vurgular .örn: She will have been teaching here for thirty years by the time she retires next year.örn: Margeret was born in 1950. by the year 2000, she will have been living on this earth for 50 years

1. I will go to bed at ten p.m. he will get home at midnight, at midnight I will be sleeping . I will have been sleeping for two hours by the time he gets home.

The future perfect continuous ,gelecekte başka bir zaman veya olaydan önce bir eylemin süreklilik içinde ola cağını vurgular.

2. When Professor jones retires next month, he will have taught for 45 years.3. When professor jones retires next month , he will have been teaching for 45 years

Bazen Future perfect ve Future perfect continuous aynı anlamı verir . örn: 2 ve 3 teki gibi. Ayrıca sözko nusu aktivitenin geçmiş zamanda başlamış olabile ceği de dikkate alınmalıdır.

1. Ann and Andy got married on june 1.st. Today is june 14 th. Ann and Andy have been married for two weeks.By june 28 th , they will have been married for four weeks.2. This morning I came to class at 9:00. Right now it is 10:00, and I am still in class , I have been sitting here for a half an hour . By 11:00I will have been sitting here for two hours.3. I am getting tired of sitting in the car . Do you realize that by the time we arrive in phoenix, we will have been driving for twenty straight hours.4. I don't understand how those marathon runners do it . The race began over an hour ago . By the time they reach the finish line , they will have been running steadily for more than two hours. I don't think I can run more than two minutes.5.We have been married for a long time . By our next anniversary , we will have been married for 43 years.

THE PASSIVE

Simple Present : Active : Mary helps johnPassive : john is helped by Mary Present Continuous:Active : Mary is helping johnPassive : john is being helped by Mary Present Perfect:Active : Mary has helped johnPassive : john has been helped by Mary Simple Past:Active : Mary helped johnPassive : john was helped by Mary Past continuous:Active : Mary was helping johnPassive : john was being helped by Mary Past Perfect:Active : Mary had helped johnPassive : john had been helped by Mary Simple Future:Active : Mary will help johnPassive : john will be helped by Mary Be going to:Active : Mary is going to help johnPassive : john is going to be helped by Mary Future Perfect:Active : Mary will have helped johnPassive : john will have been helped Mary Note: The continuous forms of the present perfect , past perfect , future and future perfect are very rarely used in the passive.

Active :Etken (İşin özne tarafından yapıldığı belliyse) Passive:Edilgen (İşin özne tarafından yapıldığı belli değilse)Verbs that can be used in the passive :1.Most transitive verbs can be used in the passive. A transitive verb is a verb which has an object.

The police caught the thief

S V O The thief was caught by police2. Intransitive verbs cannot be used in the passive . An intransitive verb is a verb which does not have an object.Rodney fell and hurt his leg.Passive constructions with the infinitive:Doğru olup olmadığını bilmediğimiz bir bilgi aktar mak istediğimizde veya bu bilginin kaynağını vermek istemediğimizde passive yapıyı şu fiillerle kullanırız : think ,believe , report , consider , know , say , expect , + infinitive.1. Bilgi şu anki bir durumla ilgiliyse : passive + infini tive. örn: The queen is believed to be one of the richest people in the world. örn: Mr Smit is thought to be staying with friends2. Bilgi geçmişteki bir durumla ilgiliyse: passive + the past infinitive ( to have + past particip le )örn: Cher is said to have had a face lift.NOT: The passive of doing = being done , seeing = being seen.Örnekler:Active: I don't like people telling me what to doPassive: I don't like being told what to doActive: Mr Miller hates people keeping him waitingPassive:Mr miller hates being kept waiting

ACTIVE MODAL PASSIVE MODALBob will mail it it will be mailed by bobBob can mail it it can be mailed by bobBob should mail it it should be mailed by bobBob ought to mail it it ought to be mailed by bobBob must mail it it must be mailed by bobBob has to mail it it has to be mailed by bobBob may mail it it may be mailed by bobBobo might mail it it might be mailed by bob

ONDITIONALS:

1. if + simple present + simple present ( Genel doğrularda )2. if + simple present + simple future ( Gelecek için olası durumlarda )3. if + simple past + would + infinitive ( Şu an ve gelecek için hayali durumlarda )4. if + past pperfect + would have + past participle ( Geçmiş için hayali durumlarda )

1. if + simple present + simple present ( Genel doğrularda ):a. if you don't water plants, they die ( bitkileri sulamazsan ölürler )b. if Mike reads on the Train , he feels sick. c. if you put paper on a fire , it burns quickly.d. if the phone rings , answer it . ( talimat verildiğinde özne yok.)

2. if + simple present + simple future ( Gelecek için olası durumlarda )a. if it doesn't rain soon , a lot of crops will die. ( Eğer yakında yağmur yağmazsa birçok mahsul ölecek )b. if we don't leave now , we'll miss the train.c. if you pass your exams , I will give you a job.d. if you don't turn that music down , you will go deaf.e. if we leave now , we may catch the train.f. if you come to london again , you must call and see us. ( some modal verbs can be used instead of will)

3. if + simple past + would + infinitive ( Şu an ve gelecek için hayali durumlarda )a. if I were a carpenter , I would build my own house ( Eğer bir marangoz olsaydım kendi evimi yapmak isterdim )b. you would feel healtier , if you did more exercises.c. if people didn't drive so fast , there wouldn't be so many fatal accidents.d. if you went to africa , you would have to have several injections.e. if I were you , I would't drive so fast.

4. if + past pperfect + would have + past participle ( Geçmiş için hayali durumlarda )a. if bob had asked me to keep the news a secret , I wouldn't have told anybody.( Eğer bob haberleri gizli tutmamı istemiş olsaydı kimseye söylemezdim.) USED TO: 1. Used to + infinitive ( Used to expresses a habit , activity , or situation that existed in the past but which no longer exists.) - used to ; geçmişte var olan fakat şu an olmayan alışkanlıklar,aktiviteler ve durumları vurgulamak için kullanılır.1. My father used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day . ( babam günde 40 sigara içerdi )2. Jack used to live in chichago.3. Before I had a car , I used to cycle to work.4. I didn't used to have foreign holidays . Now I go abroad every year.5. Where did you use to go for your holidays

2. be used to + - ing ( alışkın olmak ) 1. I must go to bed early. I'm used to having ten hours sleep a night. ( yatağa erken gitmeliyim ,gecede 10 saat uyumaya alışkınım.)2. Mary is used to cold weather.3. I am used to sitting at this desk, I sit here every day.

3. get used to + - ing ( alışmak ) 1. If you come to england you will have to get used to driving on the left hand side of the road ( ingiltereye gelirsen yolun solundan sürmeye alışmak zorunda kalacaksın.)2. Bob moved to alaska. After a while he got used to living in a cold climate.3. You get used to seeing the sun every day.4. I will never get used to getting up early.

WISHES:

Wish'i değiştirmek istediğimiz fakat kontrolümüz dışında olan veya geçmişte kalmış olması sebebiyle değiştiremediğimiz olayları ifade ederken kullanırız. Future: I wish + past simple:

1. She can't came tomorrow ( o yarın gelemiyor) 2. She will not tell me 3. He isn't going to be here

I wish she could come tomorrow ( onun yarın gelebilmesini isterdim.) I wish (that) she would tell me I wish he were going to be here

Present: I wish + Past simple:

1. I'm not a student ( Şu an öğrenci değilim )2. I don't know french3. It is raining right now4. I can't speak japanese

I wish I was a student( keşke öğrenci olsaydım )I wish I knew frenchI wish it weren't raining right nowI wish I could speak japanese

Past : I wish + Past perfect:

1. I didn't work harder.( çok çalışmadım )2. John didn't come.3. Mary could't come.

I wish I had worked harder( keşke geçmişte daha çok çalışsaydım )I wish he had comeI wish she could have come

Wish ...Would:Genellikle bir durumdan şikayet ederken kullanılır.1. Şu anki bir durumdan şikayet ederken kullanırız:

1. A dog is barking 2. The road is icy

I wish tahat dog would stop barking.I wish you wouldn't drive so fast.

2. Kontrolümüz dışındaki bir olay hakkında çok sabırsız olduğumuzda You're waiting for the bus I wish the bus would come.

Not1: if only genellikle wish in yerine kullanılabilirve bir anlam değişikliğine yol açmaz.örn: if only Sue was here . She'd know what to do. (keşke sue burada olsaydı o ne yapması gerektiğini bilirdi). Not2: I wish I would OLMAZ CAUSATIVE VERBS :

1. I made my brother carry my suitcase ( YAPTIRIM, başka seçeneği yok.)

2. I had my brother carry suitcase ( RİCA, rica ettim diye yaptı.)

3. I got my brother to carry my suitcase ( İKNA etmeyi başarma.)

Not 1: make ve have den sonra fiilerin simple formunun, get den sonra ise infinitive ( to ' lu ) hallerinin kullanılması gerekir.

Not 2: Have ve get den sonra past participle kullanılırsa, bu; cümleye passive anlam verir ve bu gibi haller de have ve get arasında pek bir anlam farkı yoktur, Normalde have ,get den biraz daha formaldir. 1. I made my brother carry my suitcase ( YAPTIRIM, başka seçeneği yok.)

1. Mrs. Lee made her son clean his room.

2. The doctor made the patient stay in bed.

3. I made my son wash the windows before he could go outside.

2. I had my brother carry suitcase ( RİCA, rica ettim diye yaptı.)

1. I had the plumber repair the leak.

2. Jane had the waiter bring her some tea.

3. I hade my watch repaired. (passive)

3. I got my brother to carry my suitcase ( İKNA etmeyi başarma.)

1. The students got the teacher to dismiss class early.

2. Sam was reluctant , but we finally got him to play his guitar for us.

3. I got my watch repaired (passive)

örn: I really must get my eyes tested . I'm sure I need glasses.

örn: Get your hair cut.örn: Sad movies make me cry.

REPORTED SPEECH:

TOM: I'm feeling illTom'un söylediğini 3. kişiye anlatmanın iki yolu var:1. Tom said ` I'm feeling ill ` (Direkt olarak cümleyi almak) - Yazarken; mutlaka iki tırnak arasına al2. Tom said that he was feeling ill ( Cümleyi bir derece past'lamak )

Cümleyi bir derece pastlamak:

DIRECT SPEECH: REPORTED SPEECH:

Present simple:I'm a nurse , she said

Past simple:She said she was a nurse

Present continuous:I'm not going , he said

Past continuous:He said he wasn't going

Past simple:Tony did it , she said

Past Perfect:She said Tony had done it

Present perfect:I haven't read it , she said

Past perfect:She said she hadn't read it

Past continuous:I was lying , he said

Past perfect continuous:He said he had been lying

Will:I will get it , she said

Would:She said she would get it

Can:I can speak french , he said

Could:He said he could speak french

May:I may be late , she said

Might:She said she might be late

Must:I must go , he said

had to:he said he had to go

NOT: Past perfect , Might , Ought to , Could , Should , Would - Bunlar Reported speech te değişmezler.

Direct Speech: Reported Speech:

I he,shetoday that daytomorrow the next day , the following day

yesterdaythe day before , the previous day

two days agotwo days before , two days earlier

now thenhere therecome gothis the or itthat the or itthese thethose the

NOT: Reporting advice , commands , requests and warnings these kind of speech using the verbs : advice, tell ,ask and warn + Personal object pronoun + infinitive.1.You really should stop (advice)She adviced me to stop2.Don't interrupt me (Command)He told me not to interrupt him3.Could you close the door please (Request)She asked me to close the door4.if you tell anyone , I will.... (warning)She warned me not to tell anyone

RELATIVE CLAUSES:

Bir relative clause bize cümle içinde açıklayıcı bir bilgi verir.

İnsanlar içinWhoThat

Cansızlar ve Hayvanlar içinWhichThat

örn: A building was destroyed in the fire .It has now been rebuiltThe building that/which was destroyed in the fire has now been rebuilt. örn: Some people were arrested. They have now been releasedThe people who/that were arrested have now been released. Who , that , which' i baazen hiç kullanmasak ta olurWho,that,which ' ten sonra ÖZNESİ olan bir cümle başlıyorsa ; who,that,which ' i hiç yazmasak ta olur. Fakat who,that,which bir öznenin yerine kullanılıyorsa mutlaka yazmak zorundayız, bir nesnenin yerine kullanılıyorlarsa yazmasak ta olur.

1.The woman who I wanted to see was away.2.Have you found the keys that you lost3.The dress that Ann bought doesn't fit her very well

1.The woman I wanted to see was away.2.Have you found the keys you lost3.The dress Ann bought doesn't fit her very well

Örn: The woman lives next door. She is a doctorThe woman who lives next door is a doctor ( She düştü yani: özne düştü burada who veya that mutlaka yazılmalıdır.)Örn: Have you found the keys? you lost them.Have you found the keys which you lost ( them düştü yani : nesne düştü )Have you found the keys you lost.

We use WHOSE in relative clause instead of his / her / their

1. We saw some people whose car had broken downtheir

2. A widow is a woman whose husband is deadher

3. I met a man whose sister knows youher

You can use WHERE in relative clause to talk about a place1. The hotel - we stayed there - wasn't very clean The hotel where we stayed wasn't very cleanWHAT = the thing (s) that1. Did you hear what they said ( the things that they said )2. Tell me what you want and I ' ll try to get it for you.3. I don't agree with what you 've just said.4. I don't trust him. I don't believe anything that he says (what kullanılmaz)I don't believe anything he says.What kullanılmış olsaydı : anything the thing that he says. OLMAZ5. They give their children everything that they want. (what kullanılmaz)They give their children everything they want.what kullanılmış olsa : everything the thing that they want. OLMAZWHOM Whom sadece yazı ingilizcesinde kullanılır ve who , that , which ' in hiç yazılmasa da ( who bir nesnenin yerine kullanılmışsa ) olduğu durumlarda who nun yerine whom kullanılır.

örn: The woman who I wanted to see was away on holidayThe woman whom I wanted to see was away on holiday.The woman I wanted to see was away on holiday. Whom preposition larla da kullanılır ( to whom , from whom , with whom....)The woman with whom he fell in love , left him after a few weeks ( he fell in love with her. )İki tür relative clause vardır:type 1 : The woman who lives next door is a doctor. ( Burada who kadın hakkında bize bilgi veriyor.)type 2 : My brother jim , who lives in london, is a doctor. ( Buradaki who my brother'i açıklamıyor çünkü zaaten onun jim olduğu verilmiş ---- işte bu tip relative clauseler , extra information veren tiptekilerdir.ve bunlar: iki virgül arasına alınırlar , extra information ,Extra information veren relative clauselerin özellikleri:1. Bunlarda that kullanılmaz. yani:Kişiler için sadece who , Nesneler için sadece which kullanılır.2. who ve which' i mutlaka kulllanmak zorundasın , ihmal edemezsin.3. Where , whose ,whom kullanışları yine aynıdır.örn: john , who speaks french , works as a tourist guideörn: Colin told me about his new job , which he is enjoying very much ,örn: We stayed at the Grand hotel , which Ann recommended to us ,örn: This morning I met Diane , whom / who I hadn't seen for ages ,In extra information clauses . You can use a preposition before whom and which ( to whom / with whom / about which / for which.....)örn: Fortunately we had a map , without which we would have got lostörn: This is mr carter ; who I was telling you about.NOT: Konuşma ingilizcesinde ise prepositionlar genellikle relative clausenin verb (fiil) in den sonra gelir.

all of , most of , non of , neither of , any of , either of , some of , many of , much of (a) few of , both of , half of , each of , one of , two of

+ whom (people)+ which (things)

örn : Marry has three brothers , All of them are marriedMary has three brothers , All of whom are married.örn: Two men , neither of whom I had ever seen before , come into my office.örn: They ' ve got three cars , two of which they never use.