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16. OPO REVOLUTIO A Y PA HUTSfor th de elopmeot of the better-sifted indi idual ise ery on may himself , the chief obsl It to this d ~ v e i o p -m nt . ot only be ause, ith a 10 producti ity, ruch 'k e ~ t a 10 el by capita i m and the tate, the immenmaJonty of If ted men ha neither the lei ure nor thechane to de elop their hi h r gifts; but al because thho ha e ~ h a t lei un are re ognized and re atded by the! > r e s e n ~ ~ I ~ t r on the condition of ne er in "too far"a.n theIr nt l I m of that society, and e pecially ne er ino to act that may lead to its de tr u tion, or e en to anou ref em Th 0 1 11 d . ." . n y are 0 e to attam a cecum. d pment of their indl idualiti It ho are not dan eroIn thl re pect-th ho are merely "inter tin : ' bu t n tdan erou to the Phili tine.

Th anarchi t , we ha e id, build their pre i ions of thef u t ~ upon th da a hich are supplied by the rvationof hfe at the pre nt time.T h ~ , . hen e amine into the tend nei that ha e

pre a ~ l e d I n the hfe of ci -ilized countr i mce the end ofthe eIghteenth century, e certainl do not fall to ee ho~ t r o n t h ~ centralizin and auth ritarian tendency a dur-

that tIme, both am n the middle ela and th or -mgmen h ha e n educated in the d of the middlela and no tnve to enter the ran of their pruler and e pi iters.But at the arne time it i a f ct that the nti-centrali tand a.nti-militari t id a ell a the id of a free und r-standm ,gro tron er and tron er no -ada ' both am nor in men and th better educ ted and more or 1mtelle tuaU free potti n of the middle cia ~ p e c i a l l ine tern Europe.I ha 'e ho 'n, indeed, el h re (in T M C 0 1 l q ~ s t of Brtdand in f l u i.AiJ) h tl' n at the pre t time i the tend-

tnC to con tttute fre ly, oulsiJt the IllIt 61Ul lhe cburcthou ands upon thous nd of free organiuti n f r all rtof ?eed : e onomic ( greements bet cen the ni l ay compana the labor s ndicates, trust of emplo ers, gricul tural

ODER SCIE CE A D A RCHl { 1' 9perati n, cooperation for e port, etc.), political, inte!tual, artiStiC, cdu ati nal, and $0 on. -ha t formerlyon ed ithout a hado of d ubt to the function of thte, or the church, enters no into the domain of free

ganization.This tendency de elop ith a strikin rapidity und r oure e . It a sufficient that a breath of emancip tionuld ha e slight! limited th po ers of church and Statein their never- ati fied tend nc to atds further e ten i n-nd oluntary r anization ha e alread rminated by theth nd. nd e rna be ure that e ry ne limitation

th t may be impo cd upon tate and church-the t 0 in te te enemi of freed m - il l till further iden th phereof action of the free or anizati n .uture pro re lie in thi direction, and anarchi m orp ise1y that way.

co 0 {Ie VI OP ANAIlCHI ting no to th econ mic vie of anarchi ts, threeerent conception mu t be di tingui hed.long a iali m as underst in it id , enenc,and true n e--a an effort to llOOlish the e ploitati n of

la r by capital-the anar hi t ere marchin hand-in-handith the iali t of that time. But the re compelled torate from them h n the ociali ts be an to ay that therei no ibilit of llOOli hing capiuli t e pI iuti n ithinth lifetime of our enecati n: that Juring IN t phil t of teo-

k tvol t iM u hich ", It II " 11 Jwin tbrcnl h e ha enly to 11IiIi , l It the e pi ' tati n, and to upon thec pitali t certain legal limitation.ntranl to this tenden of th pre iali t ,e maintain that alread n o , 'thout aitin f r the com-in of ne pha and forms of th capitali t e ploitation ofla , e mw t rk for its tWolition. e mu t, alreadDO , tend to tran fer all that i needed f r producti n-theeoi1, th mine, the {ac ton , the means of communication,

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'S RE OLUTIO AIty PAMPHLETSand th means of wsten e.indi idual capitalist into thdu en and consumers.

too-from the hands of theof the communiti of pro-

A for the poiili _I or aniution-l. t., the forms of thcomm n ealth in th midst of hi h an economic re olution could be a complished- e entirely differ from all theeetions of state ialists in that e do not in the stemof sldt c_pit_Usm, hi h i no preached under the n me ofcolleeti i m. a lutl n of the ial questi n. e in the

aniuti n of th posts nd tele raphs, in the tate rail aand the l ike- hi h re rep nted as illustrations of a s0 -ciety ithout capit listto----nothin but an, perhpro edt bu t stil l undC$irabl form of th a e y tern.e en thin th t u h a luti n of the social problemso much run ainst the pre nt libertarian tend n .ci iliz d man indo that it imply uld be unre liz ble.e maintain that the t te or aniz tion, ha ing been thef e to hich th minoriti rted for tablishin ndrg niring their po er over the ma ,canno be th forcohich il l r e to stro th pri He es. Th Ie ofhi tory tell u that a ne f rm of onomic life 1 a s allforth a ne form of politi I or niution; and a iali tiet (hether c mmuni t or c Ueeti i t ) cannot be anexcepti n to thi rule. J t a the churche cannot be utiliz dfor frecin man from hi old supentition , and just a thfeclin of human solidarit il l ha to find oth r ch nnefor it e pre ion besid th church. al th on miand political libe tion of man il l ha to create ne formfor its e p 'on in life, in t d of th e tabli hed b thta t .

n uentl. the hief im of anar hi m i to a a enth con tr u ti e po en of the laborin ma of th peoplehich at all reat moment of hi t t) ' came f ard to cc mpli h the nece ry chan e ,and hich, aided b the naccumulated n led e, il l a ompli h the chan e that icalled forth b all the t men of our own time.Thi . al h the anarchists rtfus to accept th func

IE CE A 0 A ItCHIti n nt of the tate. e knO'17 th tth ial re olution ill not be acc mpli hed by m n ofI s. La s can nl loll the c mpli hed fa t ; and e enif th h ne tly d f 110 them- hich u ually i no l tht " 2 ~ _ 2 la remains a de d letter 1 n there are n t onth pot the livin forc required for ma ing of the lnul.r an e pr d in the la an a compli hed /11 I.

"

n th other hand, in e the tim of th Internationalen's A iati n, th narch i t ha e al a ad

tate.OF

pinIOn of the anarchi t concernin the form hich.nrr_li()n 01 l.bor ma take in a societ freed frome of capital and tate still remain divided.To be in ith, all are agreed in repudiatin th ne formf th a e s t em hich ould be tabli hed if th tatem the 0 ner of all the land, th min , t h factori ,rail a and so n, and th reat or anizer and mana era riculture and all the industrie. I f the po en re

to th hich the State alread (ta d n of the territ ry. su idized reli ion, etc.), houldt a ne tyranny e en m re terrible than th old 0 e.Th greater number of narchi t accept th communi tluti n. The that the onl form of communi m thatuld be acceptable in , ci ili'led iet i on hi h ould. t without th continual interferenc of government, i.t.,

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171 R P {PHLETthe anarchl t {onn. And they re lize al 0 that an narchi tiet of alar e ize ould be impos ible, unle it ouldbegin by uaranteeing to all it member "certain minimumof ll-being produced in omm n. ommuni m and anarchi m thu compl te e h other.Ho ev r, by the id f thi main c u r ~ n t there are tho in anar hi m a rehabilitati n of indi'idu Ii m.Thi la t curr nt i , in our opinion, a ur 'i -al fr m thtim hen th po er of produ tlon of food tuff and of 11indu trial mmoditie had nt- t rea htd th perfecti nth hn e attam d no . In th time ommuni m atrul c n ider d a equi -alent to general pov rty and mi ry,and 'II -bein look d at a m thing hi h i a iblto a ery mall number onl. But thi quite real and e -tremel impor tant obsta Ie to c mmuni m e i t no more.in to the immen produ ti -it of human labor hi hen ruched no ada in all dire tion a ri ultural andindu trial-it i quite certain. n th ontrar, that a -eryhigh d r of ell-being can ea il be obtained in a few rsby communi t 'or .

Be thi a it rna , the indi iduali t anarchi t ubdi ideinto t 0 bran h . . There are, fir t, th pure indiin the n of a timer, h ha latel gainedport in th beautiful poetical fonn of thietz he. But -e ha e alread aid on e ho

iduali t e supof

and r mote from real life i thi " If-a rti n f th indi idual;" ho it run again t the f lin of ualit. of m t ofu ; and ho it brin the ould-be "indi iduali t " dan erou Iy near to th e ho imagine them I e to represent a"uperior breed"-th e to h m 'e 0 e the tate, thchur h, modern Ie i lation, the police, militari m, imperiali m, and all other fonn of oppression.

The other branch of indi iduali t anar hi t compri themil/fUJi Is, in the n of Proudhon. Ho e er, th re il lal a - be again t thi tern the objecti n that it couldh rdly be compatible ith a system of common owne hip of

OOER IE CE A D ARCHI.1land and the ncce ri for produ tion. Communi m in the_ i n of land, factorie , etc. and indi iduali m in produ -tl n are t contradictory to Co t i t in the arne iet ,to nothin of the difficult of e timatin the ~ r l u t

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17 . OP TItI 'S RE OLUTIO ARY PAMPHLETha e established an interest of e ery ono toward all other .hich ould render it i " , p o S $ ; b I ~ to act ithout thin ing ofthe effect hich our a tion may ha e n others.This i ""h Tuc er, like pencer, aft er hi admirable crit ici m of the tate and a vi orous defen of th right of theindi idual, orne to recognize the right of J ~ f m s e of itmember by the State. But it as pre i ly by a umin thfuncti n of "defen "o f it ea er members that th tatin it historical e olution de eloped all it 4 rt s;&.t fun -tion, hi h pencer and Tu er ha e so brilliant! criti ized.Thi ontradicti n i probabl the rea n hy anarchi cindividu.1h m, hile it find folIo en amon st the middle-lass intelle tual , d not pread among t the . r ers. Itmust be aid, however, tha t it render a re.11 r jenting the anar hi t communi ts from rna inconce into th old idea of tate otfi lali m.are 0 ditfi ult to et rid of.to anarchist communi m, it is enain that thi

in more and more ground no ad.1 am n th r in -men ho try to et a dear concepti n a to the forth ominre luti nary action. The yndicali t and tu d uni n movem n t , hi h permit th r In men to re.1lize th ir liduit and to f 1 the ommunity of their inter t mu h betterthan any el CIon, prepare the ay for th e e n pti nAnd it is hardly too mu h to h pe that hen om erioumo ement for the emancipation of labor begin in uropeand Ameri a, attempts ill be mad , at lea t in th Latincountries, in the anar hi t-communi t directi n - mu hdeeper than anything that as d ne by the rench n tion inI 7 9 3 - 9 ~

A ~ C H I {A D T L"en e are told that La (r i t ten with a capitallette r) "is the obje tification of Truth;" r that "thprinciple underlyin the de elopment of Law are th amas thos underl in th de elo{>ment of th human spirit;"

MODERN SCIE CE AND A ARCHI 11$or that "Law and Morality re identical and differ only formall ;" e feel as little respeet for the e a nions as dephistopheles in Gooth 's F4"st. e are a are that thoseho make such aeemi.ngly profound statements as tb ha eupended mu h t hou ht upon these qu tions. But theh e ta en a wr g path; and hence e in the hi b-So n sentences mere attempts at unconscious genenliuti nba upon in ckquate foundations and confused mottO erby ords ch n to h pnotize men by their obscurity. Inolden tim they tried to give "Law" a di ine ori in; laterthey be an to seek a metapb 'cal basis for it ; no , ho e er,e are able to study its nthropolo ieal ori in. And, ailinourset os of th re ults obtained by the anthropolo ical htake up th stud of ial customs, beginning ith thof th primiti e sa age , and trace the origin and the de elopment of th laws at different epochs.In thi aY'e come to the conclusion already e pnamel , that a111a s ha a t ofold ori in, and in this errrespe t differ from th institut ions tab!i bed b cu tom'hicb are generally reco nixed as the moul code of a i eniet at a i en time. La confirm and cry tallize thesecustoms, bu t hile doin it ta e ad antage of thi facttu tabli h (for the mo t p rt in a disgui ed form) tberms of sla ery and cla di tinction, the authority of pri tand atrior, serfdom and arious other in titu tion , in theinterem of the armed and ouId-be rulin min r i t . Inthi a a yo e has imperceptibly been placed upon man.of hi h he ould only rid himself by mean of ubsequ ntbloody revolut ion. And this is the course of e ent do nto the pre ent mome nt--e en in contemporary "la r Ie i -Iati nU hich. along ith "protection of labor," co enlyintroduces the idea of rotn;Ulsory tate arbitrati n in ca e o fstri e , a compulsory orkin day of man hours, militaryploitation of the railroads during strike, Ie at sancti nfor the di ion of the pea ants in Ireland. and 0 on.And thi ill continue to be so as long a OM portion of