: 2.

: .. ,

.. , ..

-

2009

Copyright & A K-C

- 22 2009 ., 1 . / /, - .-. , . .. . 1 / 2 /. : 010701 , 010803 - , 010801

Copyright & A K-C

3

-2/1

.

, , ,

. :

dxdVSF h= , (1)

S ;

dxdV

, -

; , :

( - ). - .

- . , , - . - , -. , , , , . , - , -

f = 6rV , (2) r ; V .

f, mg Q. . - f, . :

0634

34 33 =-- rVgrgr phrprp , (3)

.

Copyright & A K-C

4

)(92 2

Vgr

rrh -= . (4)

: V = l/t, l , , t .

(4),

)(92 2

ltgr rrh -= . (5)

, (5) . R

)4,21(

)(92 2

Rrl

tgr

+

-=

rrh .

: , -

, -2, . , -

(. 1). , . , l, , . -2, . 2.

. 1. R = (3,125 0,025)

1 -

2 3

Copyright & A K-C

5

4, 5 6 - 7 . - . - - 0,005 . 1 . 8, - . 9 , .

. 2. -2

1. , - .

2. , - 5.

3. 2 3, - (. 3). n1 3.

4. (. 3). n2 3.

5. d1 = n1 n2. 6. 2 3, (. 3).

m1 2.

. 3. -2

9 8 1 2

7 6 5 4 3

Copyright & A K-C

6

7. - , . m2.

8. d2 = m1 m2. 9. = (d1 + d2)/2. 10. (. 1).

l . 11. 10 , .

12.

10 , ( ) t . 13. , .

( -), , 110 .

1. .. / .. , .. .

. : , 1976. 480 . 2. .. / .. . ., 1975. . 138143. 3. .. /

.. . ., 1986. . 203204. 4. . /

. .. . ., 1967. . 226230.

1. . . 2. , , -

, . 3. , ,

. 4. , . 5. ,

?

n1, n2, d1, m1, m2, d2, , t, c , ,

Copyright & A K-C

7

-2/2

NaCl, .

dxdVSF h= , (1)

S ;

dxdV

, -

; ( ), -

. ( ) V, t

R l .

4

8V R Pt

lp

hD

= , (2)

P .

, , -

. U- (. 1), 1, - n, - 2. 1 3. 4 - . - ( ) . 5.

Copyright & A K-C

8

. 1.

-, 0 . - , (2)

ltPR

lPtR

hp

hp

8800

44 D=

D ,

t t0 - ;

P 0 .

, P/0 /0, 0 .

000 t

trrhh = , (3)

0 0 .

: , , , , , , , -, .

Copyright & A K-C

9

1.

1. , . - , . 20 .

2. (2050 3) . , 5, m - 2. t0 1, m n .

3. 5 , . 4. t -

. 1. 1

5. ,

. 20 - 2.

6. - NaCl 20 .

2

2. 10%-

NaCl 1. 10%- -

. . 2. 10 , -

. .

3. 5 , , .

, % t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, , , 0 5

10 15 20 25

, % 5 10 15 20 25 , /3 1034 1071 1109 1148 1190

Copyright & A K-C

10

4. , .

10%- NaCl - 3.

3

5. 10 ( 80), -

. 4. 4

6. -

. . 7. ,

.

1. .. / .. , .. . . : , 1976. 480 .

2. .. / .. . . : , 2003. . 2: . 576 .

3. .. / .. . . : . ., 1981. 400 .

1. .

. 2. , -

. 3. . 4. , -

.

, 30 40 50 60 70 80 , /3 1070 1066 1062 1060 1058 1056

, t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, , ,

Copyright & A K-C

11

-2/3

-4 -

.

-4 .. - 1 105 . . 1.

. 1.

1 2. -

. 2 - , , - 3 4, . 2 5, - 6. 1,5 , - , .

-, , . ( ).

Copyright & A K-C

12

, - .

2 - . . , 2 . . - mgR, m , R 4. m0gR, m0 , - .

2 , , . - . , -

drdw , ,

drdV .

, r, - dr h, ,

,2drdrrh

drdVSF wphh -=-= (1)

, S = 2rh .

drdhrFrM wp 32-== . (2)

(2)

whp dhrdrM 23 -= . (3)

r1 r2 1 2 . (3), .

r = r1 = 0, r = r2 = . ,

-=2

1 023

r

rhd

rdrM

wph .

, ,

21

22

22

212

21

22

22

21 84

rrrrhN

rrrrh

--=

--= hpph , (4)

N 1 . :

Copyright & A K-C

13

08 21

22

22

212

0 =---

rrrrhNgRmmgR hp . (5)

(5)

NmmK

Nmm

rhrrrgR 00

22

21

2

21

22

8)( -

=-

-

=p

h . (6)

(6) K h 1 . (6) , N m , - = tg = /.

actg == ah . (7)

: -4, , .

, -

2 1, h - .

(12 ), (510) 2. 35 , . N.

45 . - N = N (m), = tg (. 2). , , -, m0.

. 2. (6),

(7).

Copyright & A K-C

14

: 1. m, , -

. 2. . 3.

-4 11 % ( ).

1. .. / .. , .. .

. : , 1976. 480 . 2. .. / .. . . :

. ., 1973. 360 .

1. , , , .

2. , .

3. .

-2/4

-

.

: - ( ), - ( -) .

-.

Copyright & A K-C

15

. , , Q, d S, , , :

tcd SddxdTQ -= , (1)

; dT/dx .

vcV lrc = 31

, (2)

; ; V :

pmRTV 8= ;

v . , -

. , , -, , - . , , . r, dr L. - (1) q = Q/d, . . , 1 ,

2 .d T d Tq S rLd r d r

c c p= - = - (3)

, 2 .d r L d T

r qp c

= -

-=2

1

2

1

2 T

T

R

R

dTq

Lr

dr pc

2

1 21

2ln ( )R L T TR q

p c= - , (4)

T1, R1 T2, R2 .

Copyright & A K-C

16

(4) - :

2

1

1 2

ln

2 ( )

RqR

L T Tc

p=

-. (5)

(5) , . , - , , - .

(), , . - , .

HH UIq = , IH ;

UH . -

RP, P

HP

UIR

= ,

P

HP

RUUq = , (6)

UP . (6) (5),

TLRdDlnUU

P

HP

Dpc

2= , (7)

D d ; =

(). -

. ,

- :

. (1 )H O O OR R ta= + , (1 )H OR R ta= + ,

Copyright & A K-C

17

R0 t = 0 oC; - .

R0, .

.

(1 )H H OO OH O

R RT t t tR

aa

D-

= - = + .

, H

HH I

UR = , P

PH R

UI = O.H

O.HO.H I

UR = , P

O.PO.H R

UI = ,

.

.

.

.

( )(1 )H OH OP P O

H O

P O

UU tU UT U

U

a

aD

- += , (8)

UH, UH.O t0; UP, UP.O - t0.

1-3, . 1.

. 1. 1-3 :

1 -3; 2 -3; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 -

; 7

Copyright & A K-C

18

, , - 4. 2, -, . 5. UP UH -. , 1. - D, - d, L, - .

1. . -.

2. UP ( ) - 0,06 , - ( ).

3. UH ( ) .

4. . 23 35 UP.O. 1.

5. UP UP 0,31,5 .

6. 2 , - , UH - UH.

7. . 56 35 - UP.

8. 1. 1

UP,

UH.O,

t0,

UP,

UH,

,

, /()

9. ,

, .

Copyright & A K-C

19

1. (8) - , (7) 1.

2. - .

3. .

1. .. / .. . . : , 2003. . 2: . 576 .

2. .. / .. . . : , 2003. . 2.

1. . 2. ? -

? 3. ?

? 4. ,

? 5. ? -

? 6. -

. 7. . 8. -

? 9. -

. 10. -

. 11.

? 12.

, ?

Copyright & A K-C

: 2.

: ,

,

..

. 6084/16. . . 1,2. 150 . 397.

-

. 394000, . , . . , 10. . 208-298, 598-026 ()

http://www.ppc.vsu.ru; e-mail: pp_center@ppc.vsu.ru

- .

394000, . , . , 3. . 204-133

Copyright & A K-C