1991-2000

©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

1991-2000

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

CHAPTER 29 Post-Cold War

America


“Perhaps the most dramatic undercount in Florida’s election was the non-existent ballots of countless unknown eligible voters, who were turned away, or wrongfully purged from the voter registration rolls. . . .”

U.S. Civil Rights Commission


TIMELINE

1991 Rodney King beating captured on video

The Promise Keepers formed

Nomination of Clarence Thomas

1992 Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey

Trial of police officers in King case

Clinton defeats Bush for Presidency

1993 Ruth Bader Ginsberg appointed to Supreme Court

Whitewater Investigation begins

NAFTA approved by Congress

Somali warlord kills 18 American soldiers

World Trade Center bombed


TIMELINE

1994 Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman murdered

Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act

Stephen Breyer appointed to Supreme Court

“Contract with America”

U.S. invades Haiti and restores Aristide to power

1995 Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building bombed in Oklahoma City

Dayton Accords

1996 U.S. v. Virginia

Romer v. Evans

O.J. Simpson trial

Welfare Reform Act

19 U.S. airmen killed by truck bomb in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia


TIMELINE1998 Bombings at U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania

1999 Columbine High School tragedy

Elian Gonzales found off coast of Florida after leaving Cuba

2000 USS Cole bombed

U.S. Supreme Court declares George W. Bush winner of presidential election


POST-COLD WAR AMERICA Overview

The Economy: Global and DomesticTolerance and Its LimitsViolence and DangerThe Clinton PresidencyThe Nation and the WorldThe Contested Election of 2000


THE ECONOMY: GLOBAL AND DOMESTIC

The Post-Cold War EconomyThe Widening Gap Between Rich and PoorLabor Unions


The Post-Cold War Economy

The fall of the Soviet Union Less money needed for military Negative effect on military industry

Technology boomMergers

Time-Warner/AOL, Nestlé/Ralston-Purina, Daimler-Benz/Chrysler

Regulations: Microsoft, tobacco industryNative Americans

Casinos: Pequots’ Foxwoods and Oneidas’ Turning Stone Tribes benefit: factories, banks, retail, individual payments, health care, daycare


The Widening Gap Between Rich and Poor

1990s: Top 1% own more wealth than bottom 90%

CEOs salary reached 419 times more than employees

African-Americans: 50% of all black children live below poverty line

Asian, African, Latino immigrants: work the low-wage jobs


Labor Unions

Service WorkersApril, 2000: Service Employees International Union

marched in L.A. for wage increase San Francisco hotel union workers negotiated 5-year

contract with pay raise.April, 1997: clothing manufacturers, human rights

activists, labor organizations agreed to improve the garment workers plight (voluntary)


TOLERANCE AND ITS LIMITS

“We Can All Get Along”Values in ConflictCourtroom DramasThe Changing Face of Diversity


“We Can All Get Along”

March 3, 1991: Rodney King, an African-America beaten by 4 L.A. police officers. The videotaped beating caused outrage; but the officers’ acquittal incited riots in South Central Los Angeles.

58 people died, 4,000 business destroyed


Values in Conflict

The American White Male Perceived threat

The Traditional Male Role Promise Keepers Father to Father

The Black Male Men Against Destruction—Defending Against Drugs and Social Disorder The Million Man March

Gays and Lesbians Push to legalize same- sex marriages and adoption into gay households

Native American culture clashes with sports enthusiasts as well as animal rights activists


Courtroom Dramas—Thomas

The nomination of Clarence Thomas to the U.S. Supreme CourtAnita Hill accused Thomas of sexual harassment.American Bar Association gave very low rating to Thomas.Thomas was approved; an increase of women in politics.


Courtroom Dramas—Simpson

Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman murdered on June 12, 1994

Circumstantial evidence indicted former football star, and media personality, O.J. Simpson

Trial includes race elements; detective Fuhrman’s racist comments and evidence tampering; public opinion split along race lines

October, 1996: Simpson was acquittedLater convicted in a civil suit


The Changing Face of Diversity

Although high profile media cases spotlight racial tensions, America became more diverse and tolerant.

10% of population immigrantsAsians and Pacific Islanders increased by 45.9%Latinos increased by 39.7%

Diversity reflected in arts and sports worldTiger Woods, Lone Star, Twilight, Los Angeles, Prince


VIOLENCE AND DANGER

Domestic TerrorismKids Who KillA Healthy Nation?


Domestic Terrorism

April 19, 1995: Bombing of Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma CityAnti-government terrorists, Americans McVeigh and Nichols

Unabomber, Theodore KaczynskiAnti-government and anti-modern technology

Randall Weaver and the FBIThe FBI and WacoAnti-abortion extremists

Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances


Kids Who Kill

Several school shootings by childrenColumbine High School: 12 killed

Gun controlThe NRA and the Second AmendmentThe Brady Bill


A Healthy Nation?

Food: The wealthy experience increase in eating disorders such as

bulimia and anorexia nervosaThe poor plagued by obesity: targets of the fast food industry

DrugsA nation depressed: Prozac A baby boomer generation growing old: hormone

replacement therapies, Viagra Reproduction: cloning, egg, and sperm donation


THE CLINTON PRESIDENCY

Clinton: The New DemocratClinton’s Domestic Agenda and the

“Republican Revolution”The Impeachment Crisis


Clinton: The New Democrat

Working class background; Rhodes scholar; anti-Vietnam War; former Arkansas governor;

After 12 years of Republican control, national debt $4.4 trillion

Three-way race: Republican President George H.W. Bush, Democrat Bill Clinton, Reform Party Perot

The New Democrat wins presidencyCentrist economic views and liberal social agenda


Clinton’s Domestic Agenda and the “Republican Revolution”

Gays and Lesbians in the military Resulted in failed policy of “don’t ask, don’t tell”

Health care Hillary Rodham Clinton headed task force but faced strong opposition from

medical professions and pharmaceutical industries.

Raised taxes of the wealthiest, reduced deficit, expanded tax credits for low-income families

Appointed Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Bryer to Supreme Court

Republican’s Contract with America: welfare reform, balanced budget, more prisons, increased defense spending, end to abortion


The Impeachment Crisis

1998: Independent counsel, Kenneth Starr, accused Clinton of breaking a law to cover up affair with intern, Monica Lewinsky. Charges: perjury, witness tampering, obstruction of justice Republican controlled House impeached Clinton; Senate does not find

evidence of “high crimes and misdemeanors” Clinton maintains high approval ratings


THE NATION AND THE WORLD

Trade AgreementsEfforts at PeacemakingMilitary Interventions and International

Terrorism


Trade Agreements

North American Trade Agreement (NAFTA)Eliminating tariffs and trade barriers among U.S., Mexico,

Canada

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)Reduced tariffs, phased out import quotas

Some American jobs moved across borders; Mexican wages decrease

China: Most-favored-nation


Efforts at Peacemaking

Northern IrelandPeace agreement negotiated by George Mitchell

Middle East1993: Arafat and Rubin handshake

Rubin assassinated

Late 1990s: talks resumeSharon elected; violence resumes between Israelis and Palestinians


The Breakup of the

Former Yugoslavia


Military Interventions and International Terrorism

Haiti Clinton backed democratically elected, Aristide, in opposition to coup

leaders with CIA connections.

Somalia U.S. Marines as part of famine relief force and peacemakers Warlord Aidid killed 50 Pakistani UN peacekeepers and 18 American

soldiers.

Balkans U.S. air strikes and the 1995 Dayton Accords Kosovo, 1999: U.S. military intervened in Serbian invasion. Serbian leader Milosevic voted out and handed to War Crimes Tribunal


Military Intervention and International Terrorism

Bombings 1993: World Trade Center: 5 Americans killed 1996: U.S. air base in Saudi Arabia: 19 Americans killed 1998: 2 U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania: 224 people killed 2000: USS Cole: 17 Americans killed

Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden


THE CONTESTED ELECTION OF 2000

The Campaign, the Vote, and the CourtsThe AftermathLegacies of Election 2000


The Contested Election of 2000


The Campaign, the Vote, and the Courts

Al Gore vs. George W. Bush Up and down campaigns, close race after nationally televised debate

The Votes Extremely high number of African Americans at voting booths showed up for Al Gore Gore brought in the popular vote; Bush carried a larger number of states Due to confusing ballots in Palm Beach and Duval counties, incomplete and erroneous

voter registration lists, and old voting machines, Florida not claimed by either candidate

The Courts Florida Supreme Court ordered recount U.S. Supreme Court in split decision, 5 to 4, stopped recounts and declared George W.

Bush president


The Aftermath

Flaws in electoral system evident in Florida and other states exposedOutdated machines and long linesBlack voters more likely to lose their votes

Electoral College: debated, but not addressed by Congress

The media and its role in the 2000 Presidential election


Legacies of Election 2000

First first lady elected to public office: Hillary Clinton Third parties

The Green Party and Ralph Nader

An evenly split Senate until Vermont Senator, Jeffords, switched from Republican to Independent

George W. Bush reversed Clinton’s environmental policies, ushered through Congress large tax cut, retreated from international treaties and issues.

1991-2000

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