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JournalofEngineering,Computers&AppliedSciences(JEC&AS)ISSNNo:23195606Volume2,No.4,April2013_________________________________________________________________________________

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Comparative Study of 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G Sapna Shukla, Student, Electronics and Communication, RKGITW, Ghaziabad Varsha Khare, Student, Electronics and Communication, RKGITW, Ghaziabad Shubhanshi Garg, Student, Electronics and Communication, RKGITW, Ghaziabad Paramanand Sharma, Assistant Professor, Electronics and Communication, RKGITW, Ghaziabad ABSTRACT Mobile communication is continuously one of the hottest areas that are developing at a booming speed, with advanced techniques emerging in all the fields of mobile and wireless communications. This paper deals with the comparative study of wireless cellular technologies namely First Generation, Second Generation, Third Generation, and Fourth Generation. A cellular network or mobile network is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station. In a cellular network, each cell uses a different set of frequencies from neighbouring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed bandwidth within each cell. The First Generation were referred to as cellular, which was later shortened to "cell", Cell phone signals were based on analog system transmissions, and First Generation devices were comparatively less heavy and expensive. Second Generation phones deploy GSM technology. Global System for Mobile communications or GSM uses digital modulation to improve voice quality but the network offers limited data service. The Third Generation revolution allowed mobile telephone customers to use audio, graphics and video applications. Fourth Generation is short for fourth-generation cell phones or/and hand held devices. Keywords Cellular network, First Generation, Second Generation, Third Generation, and Fourth Generation 1. INTRODUCTION The past few years have witnessed a phenomenal growth in the wireless industry, both in terms of mobile technology and subscribers. The first-generation mobile systems were the analogue (or semi-analogue) systems, which came in the early 1980s - they were also called NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone). They offered mainly speech and related services and were highly incompatible with each other. 1G refers to analog cellular technologies; it became available in the 1980s. 2G denotes initial digital systems, introducing services such as short messaging and lower speed data. CDMA2000 1xRTT and GSM are the primary 2G technologies, although CDMA2000 1xRTT is sometimes called a 3G technology because it meets the 144 kbps mobile throughput requirement. EDGE, however, also meets this requirement. 2G technologies became available in the 1990s. 3G requirements were specified by the ITU as part of the International Mobile Telephone 2000 (IMT-2000) project, for which digital networks had to provide 144 kbps of throughput at mobile speeds, 384 kbps at pedestrian speeds, and 2 Mbps in indoor environments [5]. UMTS-HSPA and CDMA2000 EV-DO are the primary 3G technologies, although recently WiMAX was also designated as an official 3G technology [5]. The present time is just right to start the research of 4G mobile communications because of:

Possibility, according to the historical indication of a generation revolution once a decade, and now we are near the end of 3G standardization phase and the beginning of 3G deployment.

Necessity: according to 3G goals, 3G is necessary but not sufficient to the mobile communication strategy, in which many problems are only partly solved and there are still many problems left to be solved in the next generation, i.e. 4G [1-3]. This paper is organized as follows. Section II provides a brief review of the development history and status of mobile communications. From first generation of cellular networks how mobile industry has grown till fourth generation. Description of First, Second, Third and Fourth generation. Section III portrays a comparison between all the four generation. Section IV gives the conclusion of the paper and also about the future prospects of the paper. 2. EVOLUTION OF MOBILE CELLULAR NETWORKS A cellular network or mobile network is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station. In a cellular network, each cell uses a different set of frequencies from neighbouring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed bandwidth within each cell. When joined together these cells

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cell in the network are components of the BTS. Cells are the logical divisions in the Radio transmission coverage. BTS controls each cell in a network, and in turn, one BSC controls a group of BTSs. It takes care of Air interface signalling, Air interface ciphering and speech processing. Base Station Controller (BSC): The management of several Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) is done by the BSC. It also provides all the control functions and physical links among the different BTS and between the switching center (SC) and the BTSs. Being a high-capacity switch, it provides functions such as cell configuration data, and control of radio frequency power levels in BTS. One SC serves a number of BSCs Base Station Subsystem (BSS): BSS is the point where all radio transmission related functions are performed. The BSS is composed of the BSC and the BTS. Home Location Register (HLR): All the administrative information related to each subscriber registered in the respective communication network, including the current location of the subscriber, is contained in the HLR Visitor Location Register (VLR): The VLR is a database containing all the temporary information about the subscribers. This information is needed by the MSC to service the visiting subscribers. Equipment Identity Register (EIR): The EIR is a database containing a list of all the valid mobile subscriber stations on the network.

2.3 Third Generation The third generation mobile technology based on wide band wireless network fulfilling the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. As per the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 Kbit/s. 3G functions in the range of 2100 Hz and bandwidth 15-20 MHz The communication provides enhanced clarity and perfection like the real conversation. Recent 3G releases provide mobile broadband access of several M bit/s to smart phones and mobile modems in laptop computers. The first release of (Third Generation Partnership Project) 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard completely fulfil the (International Telecommunications Union) ITU 4G requirements called the IMT-Advanced. 4G or 3.9G technology is the first release LTE. Its evolution LTE Advanced is a 4G technology.

3G offers a vertically- integrated, top-down, service-provider approach to delivering wireless Internet access. 3G is a technology for mobile service providers. Mobile services are provided by service providers that own and operate their own

wireless networks and sell mobile services to end-users, usually on a monthly subscription basis. Mobile service providers use licensed spectrum to provide wireless telephone coverage over some relatively large contiguous geographic serving area. Historically, this might have included a metropolitan area. Today it may include the entire country. From a users perspective, the key feature of mobile service is that it offers (near) ubiquitous and continuous coverage that is, a consumer can carry on a telephone conversation while driving along a highway at 100Km/hour. To support this service, mobile operators maintain a network of interconnected and overlapping mobile base stations that hand-off customers as those customers move among adjacent cells. Each mobile base station may support users up to several kilometres away. The cell towers are connected to each other by a backhaul network that also provides interconnection to the wire line Public Switched Telecommunications Network (PSTN) and other services. The mobile system operator owns the end-to-end network from the base stations to the backhaul network to the point of interconnection to the PSTN (and, perhaps, parts thereof). These can support data rates of from 384Kbps up to 2Mbps, although most commercial deployments are expected to offer data rates closer to 100Kbps in practice. While this is substantially below the rates supported by the current generation of wire line broadband access services such as DSL or cable modems, it is expected that future upgrades to the3G or the transition to 4G mobile services will offer substantially higher bandwidths. Although wire line systems are likely to always exceed the capacity of wireless ones, it remains unclear precisely how much bandwidth will be demanded by the typical consumer and whether 3G services will offer enough to meet the needs of most consumers. Auctions for 3G spectrum licenses occurred in a number of countries in 2000 and the first commercial offerings of 3G services began in Japan in October 2001. More recently, Verizon Wireless has announced "3G" service in portions of its serving territory (though this is not true-3G service). 3G offers much narrower bandwidth but over a wider calling area and with more support for rapid movement between base stations. The IMT-2000 framework sets the following goals for the so called 3G wireless systems: Global standards to allow for low cost and

worldwide roaming. High Quality of Service (QoS) especially for

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the main issue that there is little room for new frequency bands or larger channel bandwidths. References [1] F. Williams, Ericsson, Fourth generation mobile, in ACTS Mobile Summit99, Sorrento, Italy, June 1999. [2] H. Huomo, Nokia, Fourth generation mobile, in ACTS Mobile Summit99, Sorrento, Italy, June 1999. [3] Jun-Zhao Sun, Jaakko Sauvola, and Douglas Howie, Features in Future: 4G Visions From a Technical Perspective,in IEEE, 2001. [4] Mishra, Ajay K. Fundamentals of Cellular Network Planning and Optimization, 2G/2.5G/3GEvolution of 4G, John Wiley and Sons, 2004. [5] Pereira, Vasco & Sousa, Tiago. Evolution of Mobile Communications: from 1G to 4G,

Department of Informatics Engineering of the University of Coimbra, Portugal 2004. [6] Kamarularifin Abd Jalil, Mohd Hanafi Abd. Latif, Mohamad Noorman Masrek, Looking Into The 4G Features, MASAUM Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences Vol.1, No. 2 September 2009. [7] Amit Kumar, Dr. Yunfei Liu ,Dr. Jyotsna Sengupta, Divya, Evolution of Mobile Wireless Communication Networks 1G to 4G, International Journal of Electronics & Communication Technology, IJECT Vol. 1, Issue 1, Dece- mber 2010. [8] Mobile Technology: Evolution from 1G to 4G, Electronics for You, June 2003. [9] Third Generation (3G) Wireless White Paper, Trillium Digital Systems, Inc. March 2000. [10] Nabeel ur Rehman, Asad Asif,Junaid Iqbal, 3G Mobile Communication Networks,in Explore Summer 2006.

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