A[ym -bw 1

BJym-\w

1 . 1 . BJym -\\nÀ -hN\w

H-cmÄ ]-d-bp-Ibpw a-säm-cmÄ tIÄ-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-

sa-¶ _r-l¯pw hn-I-kn-X-hpam-b {]-{In-b-bm-Wv B-Jym-\w. B-i-b-kw-th-Z-\-

am-Wv C-Xn-eq-sS km-[y-am-Ip-¶-Xv. Im-e-\n-_-²-am-bn tImÀ-¯n-W¡n-b b-

YmÀ°tam IÂ-¸n-X-tam -B-b kw-`-h-§-fpsSsbm km-l-N-cy-§-fpsStbm B-hn-

jv-Im-c-am-Wv B-Jym-\-sa-¶v P-dmÀ-Uv {]n³-kv \nÀ-h-Nn-¡p-¶p1. b-YmÀ-°hpw

I¸nX -hpam-b kw`-h-§Ä F¶-Xv c-pX-cw B-Jym-\§-sf kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶p. ]-

{X-hmÀ- -̄Ifpw t\m-h-ep-Ifpw Ahbv¡v D-Zm-l-cn¡mw-. \-S-¶ kw-`-h§-sf

AXp-t]m-seX-s¶ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv ]-{X-hmÀ-¯-I-Ä. `mh-\-sIm-v IÂ-

¸n-¨p-m-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv ASp-¯Xv.

B-Jym-\w Im-e-\n-_-²-am-bn tImÀ-¯n-W-¡-s -̧«-Xm-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶v {]n³-

kv hy-à-am-¡p-¶pv2. hÀ- -̄am-\-¯nÂ-\n-¶v `q-X-̄ n-te-¡pw `m-hn-bn-te-¡pw

A\p-{I-a-am-bn k-©-cn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv BJym-\§Ä. C-{µnb-tKm-N-chpw {I-a-¯n-

ep-Å-Xpw ]-c-kv-]-c_-Ôn-X-hp-am-b- kw- -̀h-t{i-Wn-sb-¶m-Wv tdm-fm-Mv _mÀ-¯v

B-Jym\s-¯ hn-i-Z-am-¡p-¶Xv3. G-sXm-s¡ km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fnemtWm I-Y-bp-

sS-bpw B-Jym-Xm-hn-sâbpw km-¶n-[y-apÅ-Xv, A-h-sbms¡ B-Jym-\-

§fmsW¶v tjmÄkpw sItÃmKpw hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-¶p4. I-Ym-]m-{X-§fpw kw-`-

h-§fpw A-Xn-s\ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡m-³ IYm-Im-c-\p-ap-s-¦n-te A-sXm-cp B-Jym-\-

amIq F¶À°w.

CubÀ-°-̄ nÂ, B-Jym-\-¯n-sâ ta-J-e _r-l-¯m-Wv. K-Zy-¯nepw ]-

Zy-¯nepw Nn-{X-¯nepw N-e-¨n-{X-¯nepw B-Jym-\-apv. A-Xn-\m sNdn-b Im³-

hm-kn H-Xp-¡m-hp¶Xà BJym\¯nsâ hym-]vXn. a-\:im-kv-{Xw, k-aq-l-im-

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kv-{Xw, `m-jm-im-kv-{Xw F¶n-h-bÃmw B-Jym-\-̄ n-\p-Å hn-j-b-§-fmWv. ]p-cm-

W-I-Y-bnepw C-Xn-lm-k-¯nepw Zq-c-́ -\m-S-I-̄ n-epw Nn-{Xw, tIm-an-Iv-kv F-¶n-h-

bnepw B-Jym-\w I-s-¯mw. {]mNo-\`m-c-X-¯n-se ]-©-X{´w I-YIÄ, I-Ym-k-

cn-Xvkm-Kcw, hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy-I-Y-IÄ Xp-S-§n-b-hbpw BJym-\-¯n-\v D-Zm-l-cn-

¡mw.

I-Y-]-d-¨n-en-\v a-\pjy-t\m-fw ]-g-¡-apv. Ip-Spw-_mw-K-§-sfbpw k-lr-¯p-

¡-sfbpw I-p-ap-«p-t¼mÄ \mw \-s½-¡p-dn-¨pw I--h-sc-¡p-dn¨pw ]-d-bp-¶p. Xn-tb-

ädntem ]p-kv-X-I¯ntem B-sW-¦n Cu hn-ti-j-§Ä a-c-W-̄ n-sâbpw Po-

hn-X-¯n-sâbpw kv-t\-l-¯n-sâbpw sh-dp-¸n-sâbpw bp-²-̄ n-sâbpw k-am-[m-\-

¯n-sâbpw Ip-ä-¯n-sâ-bpw in-£-bp-sSbpw BJym-\-§-fm-Ip-¶p.

{]m-No-\am-b c-v BJy-m-\ k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä C-hn-sS D-Zm-l-cn-¡mw.

1,“th-Xm-fw ho-p-w thsdm-cp I-Y-]-dªp. 'AÃtbm a-lm-cm-Pm-th ! ]-v Nn-{X-Iq-Sw

F-s¶m-cp -cm-Py-¯v cq-]-Z-¯³ F-s¶m-cp cm-Pm-hp-m-bn-cp¶p. H-cp Znh-kw A-t±-

lw A-izm-cq-V-\m-bn X-\n-sb \m-bm-«n-\v ]p-d-s¸«p. arK-bmhn-t\m-Z-¯n-ep-Å

B-th-iw aq-ew Im-\-\m-´À-`m-K-t -̄¡v Ip-td-Zq-cw Ip-Xn-c-tbm-Sn¨p-t]mbn. A-t±-

lw \m-ep-Npäpw t\m¡n. Xn-I¨pw hn-P-\hpw A-]-cn-Nn-X-hpam-b {]-tZiw. h-gn-

sXän-t¸m-b-XpX-s¶ F-¶v \n-Ý-bn- v̈ A-t±-lw Ip-Xnc-sb H-cp hr-£-Im-Þ-

¯n X-f- -̈ti-jw hn-{i-a-¯n-\m-bn hr-£-¨ph-«n C-cp¶p. Ip-td I-gn-ª-

t¸mÄ ]-c-a-kp-µ-cnbm-b H-cp bph-Xn h-\-]p-jv-]-§Ä ti-J-cn-¡m-\m-bn A-hn-sS

F¯n. {]-Y-a-ZÀ-i-\-̄ n¯-s¶ A-h-fp-sS Zn-hy-ku-µ-cy-¯n B-Ir-ã-\m-b

cm-Pm-hv Ah-sf k-ao-]n- v̈ Ip-i-e-{]-iv-\-§Ä \-S-¯n..”5.

2, A-¦w H¶v. cw-Kw c-v

H-sY-tÃmbpw Cubm-tKmbpw ]-cn-Nm-c-Icpw {]-th-in-¡p¶p.

Cubm-tKm: bp-²-cwK- v̄ Rm³ ]-e-scbpw sIm-¶n-«p- v. ]-t£, I-cp-Xn-¡q-«n N-Xn-

hn B-scbpw sIm-¶n-«nÃ. A-Xn-\p-Å lr-Z-biq\y-X Kp-W-̄ n-\m-bmepw tZm-

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j-¯n-\m-bmepw F-\n-¡n-sÃ-¶pX-s¶ ]-d-bmw. F-¦nepw H-cp ]-̄ p-]Xn-s\m-¶p-

{]m-iyw Rm\m-tem-Nn- -̈Xm-Wv Ah-sâ hm-c-nsbÃn-\p-Xm-sg, (ITm-c Im-Wn-¨n-«v)

C-X-§n-d¡nbm-tem-sb¶v.

H-sY-tÃm: A§-s\ sN-¿m-Xn-cp¶-Xv \-¶mbn.

Cubm-tKm: A-§-\sÃ-t¶, A-bmÄ C-{X\o-Nam-b A-k-`y-§-fm-W-§-sb -̧än ]-

d-ª-Xv. Rm\-{X k-\ymkn-sbm-¶paÃm-¯Xp-sIm-v hf-sc hn-j-an-¨m-W-bm-sf

sh-dp-sX -hn-«-Xv..6

{]m-No-\am-b I-Ym-I-Y-\-¯n-sâbpw \m-S-I-¯n-sâ-bpw cw-K-§-fm-Wv ap-I-

fn sIm-Sp-¯Xv. C-h-bv-¡v c-n-\-pw B-Jym-\kz-`m-h-§-fp-v.

1 .2 . BJym -\ -¯nsâ kz`m -hw

hm-b\-sb kzm-[o-\n-¡p-¶-sX§-s\sb¶-Xn-em-Wv B-Jym-\-¯n-sâ kz-

`m-hw {]-I-S-am-Ip-¶Xv. hmb\-sb kzm-[o-\n-¡-W-sa-¦n hm-b-\-¡m-c-\v B-

Jym-\w kzo-I-m-cy-am-bn tXm-¶Ww. hm-b-\-¡mc-\v kzo-Im-cy-am-b co-Xn-bn Nn-«-

s -̧Sp-¯p-t¼m-gm-Wv B-Jym-\-̄ n-sâ km-[y-X-IÄ sh-fn-hm-Ip-¶-Xv. I¸nXI-

Y-I-fm-Wv B-Jym-\-kz-`mh-s¯ ]qÀ-®a-mbpw sh-fn-s -̧Sp-¯p-¶Xv. `m-h-\-bp-sS

A-kv-X-an-¡m-¯ km-[y-X-I-fm-Wv A-Xn-\v ]n-¶nÂ. AXp-sIm-m-Wv I¸nXI-Y-

bp-sS I-Y-\-co-Xn km-ln-tXy-X-c B-Jym-\-§-fn F§-s\ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m-sa-

¶v \n-co-£n-¨Xv. Xp-S¡w, a-[yw, H-Sp-¡w F-¶n§-s\ {]-tXy-I {I-a-Wn-I-bnÂ

tImÀ-¯n-W-¡p-t¼m-gm-Wv B-Jym-\-̄ n-sâ kz-`m-hw {]-I-S-am-Ip-¶Xv. {I-a-Wn-I-

bm-Wv B-Jym-\-¯n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-sa¶p Im-Wmw. B-Jym-\-̄ n-sâ kz-`m-hhpw

A-Xn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. I¸nXhpw b-YmÀ-°-hpam-b B-Jym-\-§-fn hy-Xy-

kvX B-Jym-\-kz-`m-h-am-Wv DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶Xv.

1 .3 . I¸nXhpw b-YmÀ -°-hpam -b B-Jym -\ -§Ä

km-ln-Xy]-c-tam km-ln-tXyX-ctam B-b B-Jym-\-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]

T-\-amWv B-Jym-\-im-kv-{Xw. `m-h-\-bp-sS tem-I-̄ p-Å kw- -̀h-§-fp-sS A-h-X-c-

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W-am-Wv km-ln-Xy -B-Jym-\-§-fn-ep-ÅXv. C-h-bv-¡v bYmÀ-°hp-am-bn _-Ôw D- -

m-tb-¡mw. Po-hn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-h-sctbm Po-hn-¨n-cn-¡m- -̄hsc-tbm-Ip-dn-¨p-Å-Xp-am-

Imw. A-tX-ka-bw, kw-`-hn-¨tXm kw-`-hn-¡m-\n-cn-¡p-¶-tXm- B-bn-cn-¡mw.

Pohn-Xbm-YmÀ-°y-§-fp-sS A-h-X-c-W-am-Wv b-YmÀ-° B-Jym-\-§-fn-ep-

ÅXv. Po-hn-¨n-cn-¡p¶-htcm a-cn -̈htcm B-b hy-àn-I-fp-sS Po-hn-X-¯n-se kw-

-̀h-§-fp-am-bn Cu B-Jy-m-\w _-Ô-s -̧«n-cn-¡p¶p. kw-`-hn- -̈Xm-b-Xn-\m b-

YmÀ-° B-Jym-\-§Ä-¡v hy-àam-b sX-fn-hp-m-Ipw. c-Nbn-Xm-hn-sâ hn-izmky-X

C-Xn-eq-sS tNm-Zyw-sN-¿m³ I-gn-bpw. F-gp-X-s -̧«-Xn-sâ k-Xy-k-Ô-X-¡v a-dp]-

Sn \Â-Im³ F-gp-¯p-Im-c³ _m-²y-Ø-\p-amWv. C-¡q-«-¯n G-ähpw {]-[m-\w

]-{X-hmÀ- -̄I-fmWv. an-¡-hmdpw ]-{X-hmÀ- -̄IÄ-¡p-]n-¶n c-l-ky-hnh-cw

\ÂIn-b hy-àn-I-fp-m-Ipw. C§-s\ ‘tkm-gv-kv’ sh-fn-s -̧Sp-¯n-b-bm-sf B-h-iy-

sa-¦n c-l-ky-am-¡n-sh-¡p-I-sb¶-Xv ]-{X[À-a-amWv. Cu ]-Ým-¯-e-¯n-em-Wv

hm-«À-tK-äv kw- -̀h-s -̄ Xp-SÀ-¶p-m-b hn-hm-Z-§Ä {i-t²-b-ambXv7.

t_m-_v hp-Uv hmÀUv, tImÄ-t_¬-kv-ä-bn³ F-¶n-h-cp-sS A-t\z-j-W-dn-

t¸mÀ-«m-Wv hm-«À-tK-äv kw-`-h-¯n-sâ t]-cn {]-ikvX-am-bXv. Cu kw- -̀h-s¯-

Xp-SÀ¶v A-ta-cn-¡³ {]-kn-Uâm-bn-cp-¶ dn-¨mÀ-Uv \n-Iv-k³ cm-Pn-sh-¡p-I-bp- -

mbn. hm-«ÀtK-äv sI-«n-S-¯n {]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-cp-¶ {]-Xn-]-£ sU-tam-{Im-än-Iv ]mÀ-«n-

bp-sS Hm-^o-kn A-ta-cn-¡³ -̀c-W-Iq-Sw c-lkyw tNmÀ-¯m³ D-]-Ic-Ww

Øm-]n- -̈Xm-Wv kw-`hw. Cu c-l-kyw \Â-In-b-bmÄ ‘Uo-]v t{Xm«v' F-¶-t]-

cn ]n-¶o-Sv A-dn-b-s¸«p. C-Xm-cm-sW-¶v sh-fn-s -̧Sp-¯m³ Bcpw X-¿m-dm-bnÃ.

CtX-¯p-SÀ¶v Pq-Un- v̄ anÃ-sd-¶ ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I P-bn-en-em-bn. hf-sc hÀ-j-

§Ä-¡p-ti-j-am-Wv F-^v._n.sF. D-]-ta-[m-hn-bm-bn-cp-¶ amÀ-¡v s^Â-äv

Xm-\mWv ‘Uo- v̧ t{Xm-«v' F-¶v sh-fn-s -̧Sp-¯n-b-Xv8. b-YmÀ-°hpw F-¶m H-fn-

¨p-sh-¡-s -̧«-Xpam-b Nn-e kw-`-h-§-fm-Wv ]n-¶o-Sv C-Xn-eq-sS sh-fn- -̈¯p-h-¶Xv.

F-gp-X-s -̧«-h-bp-sS k-XykÔ-X Cu kw-`-h-¯n-eq-sS Du-«n-bp-d-¸n-¡-s -̧«p.

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]-{X-hmÀ-¯, t]m-eo-kv tc-J, N-cn-{Xw, U-b-dn-¡p-dn¸v, B-ßI-Y, Po-h-N-cn-

{Xw F-¶n-h-sbÃmw b-YmÀ-° B-Jym-\-§-fmWv. b-YmÀ° temI-s¯ kw- -̀h-

§-fmWv C-Xn-s\Ãmw B-[mcw. ]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³\m-b-cp-sS B-ß-I-Ybm-b ‘I-hn-

bp-sS ImÂ-¸m-Sp-IÄ', {io-[-c-tat\m-sâ ‘tI-c-f-N-cn-{Xw', Nu-cnNu-c kw- -̀h-s¯-

¡p-dn- v̈ j-lo-Zv A-ao³ F-gpXn-b ‘C-hâv, sa-ä^À, sa-½dn: Nu-cnNuc', t_m-

kv-\n-b³ bp²-s -̄¡p-dn- v̈ amÀ-«n³ s_ _n._n.kn. thÄ-Un \-S-¯n-

b(1996) hmÀ-¯m-h-Xc-Ww F-¶n-h-sbÃmw b-YmÀ-° B-Jym-\-§Ä-¡v DZm-l-c-

W-§-fmWv.

bYmÀ-°tam I¸nXtam- B-b B-Jym-\-§Ä ]-c-kv-]-c-_-Ôn-X-am-b-

Xn-\m N-cn-{X-]mT-§fpw Po-h-N-cn-{X-§fpw I¸nXI-Y-bp-sS `m-Kw X-s¶-bm-

Wv. I-a-e-mZm-kn-sâ ‘F-sâ I-Y' Po-h-N-cn-{Xmw-i-ap-Å `m-h-\m-kr-ãn-bm-W.-v CXv

BZyw B-ß-I-Y-sb-¶m-Wv hm-b-\-¡mÀ I-cp-Xn-bXv. B-ß-I-Y-bp-sS c-N-\m-k-

t¦-X-am-Wv ‘F-sâ I-Y' -bp-sS B-Jym-\-\nÀ-h-l-W-¯n-\p am-[-hn-¡p-«n kzo-I-cn-

¨Xv. ‘P-·-Zn\w' t]m-ep-Å _-jo-dnsâ c-N-\-Ifpw D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. kz-´w Po-hn-

X-¯n-se Zm-cn-{Zy-am-Wv ‘P-·Zn-\'¯n-eqsS _-joÀ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨Xv. km-ln-Xy-

s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨ km-am-\IÂ-]-\-IÄ¡vv A-Xo-Xhpw b-YmÀ-° B-Jym-\-

t¯mSv A-Sp-¯p-\nÂ-¡p-¶-h-bp-amWv Ch. N-cn-{Xm-Jym-bn-I-bp-sS k-¦oÀ-®-X-

IÄ DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ Ir-Xn-I-fmWv kn.hn. cm-a³-]n-Å-bp-sS t\m-h-ep-IÄ. N-cn-

{X-kw- -̀h-§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧Sp-¯n sNdn-b sNdn-b B-Jym-\-§Ä tNÀ-¯p-sh-

v̈ bm-YmÀ-°y-¯n-sâ A-´À-aÞ-e-¯n-te-bv-¡v hm-b-\-¡m-sc F-¯n-¡p-I-bm-

Wv kn.hn. sN-bv-XXv.

1 .4 . BJym\L-S -I§Ä

BJym-Xmhv, t{im-Xm-hv, hy-h-lm-cw, ^m-_p-e, kq-sj, C-Xn-hr-¯w, I-Y

F-¶n-h-bm-Wv B-Jym-\L-S-I§Ä. `mj-bpsS AÀ-°X-ew C-Xn-hr- -̄ambpw

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hm-IyX-ew hy-h-lm-c-am-bpw ‘I-Y' {I-a-Wn-I-bn-epÅ kw-`-§-fp-sS B-sI-¯pI-

bmbpw _-Ô-s -̧«n-cn-¡p¶p. ‘A-Sp¯-Xv F- v́?' F¶ tNmZyw B-hÀ-¯n- v̈ tNm-

Zn-¡p-t¼mÄ e-`n-¡p-¶ a-dp-]-Sn-I-fm-Wv tÌm-dn-¡v B-[mcw. B-Jym-\-¯n-sâ aq-

e-L-S-I-§fm-b ^m-_qe, kq-sj F-¶n-h-bp-am-bmWv Cu L-S-I§Ä _-Ô-

s -̧«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.

1 .4 .1 . B-Jym -Xmhpw t{im -Xmhpw

H-cmÄ ]-d-bp-Ibpw a-säm-cmÄ tIÄ-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶-Xm-Wv B-Jym-\-sa-

¦n c-p -L-S-I-§Ä {]-[m-\-ambpw D-m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. B-Jym-\w sN-¿p-¶-bmfpw

tIÄ-¡p-¶-bmfpw, AsÃ-¦n B-Jym-Xmhpw t{im-Xm-hp-w. BJym-Xmhpw t{im-

Xmhpw D-s-¦n-te B-Jym-\w km-[y-amIq. B-Jym-Xm-hm-Wv I-Y-]-d-bp-¶Xv. B-

Jym-Xm-hv A-\p-jvTn-¡p-¶ Cu {]-hr¯n-bm-Wv BJym\w. I-Y-]-d-bp-¶ Btfm

i-Ðtam B-Wv B-Jym-Xm-hn-s\ {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶-sX-¶v P-dmÄ-Uv sP\-äv ]-d-

bp-¶p9. B-cv ]-d-bp-¶p, B-cv Im-Wp-¶p, F-¶-Xn-\m-Wv C-hn-sS {]-k-àn. B-

Jym-Xm-hv Im-Wp-¶-Xm-Wv BJym-\-¯n {]-Xn-^-en-¡p-¶-sX-¶m-Wv C-hn-sS hn-

h-£n-¡p-¶-Xv.

t{im-Xm-hp-am-bn B-i-b-hn-\na-bw Øm-]n-¡p¶-Xv B-Jym-Xm-hmWv. F- v́

]-d-b-W-sa¶pw F§-s\ ]-d-b-W-sa¶pw F- v́ H-gn-hm-¡-W-sa¶pw G-Xv Im-gv-

¨¸m-Sn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-W-sa¶pw Xo-cp-am-\n-¡p¶-Xv B-Jym-Xm-hmWv. A-

Xn-\mÂ, I-Y-bp-sS B-hn-jv-Im-c-km-[y-X-I-fp-am-bm-Wv B-Jym-Xm-hv G-äp-ap-«p¶Xv.

I-Y-bp-sS e-£yhpw k-tµ-ihpw sh-fn-s -̧Sp-¯p-¶Xpw A-t±-lw Xs¶. I-Y-

bn k-¶n-lnX-\m-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw B-Jym-Xm-hn-sâ A-Zr-iy-km-¶n-

[yw I-Y-bn A-\n-hm-cy-amWv. Nn-e-t¸mÄ {]-Xy-£-ambpw a-äp-Nn-e-t¸mÄ ]-tcm-

£-am-bp-am-Wv B-Jy-m-Xm-hv C-S-s]-Sp-I.

B-Jym-Xm-hp-X-s¶ t\-cn-«v I-Y-]-d-bp-I, ]-tcm-£-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I,

I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fm-bn -am-dn B-Jym-\w \nÀ-h-ln-¡p-I, I-Y-bn-se kw- -̀h§-sf aq-

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¶m-a-sXm-cp hy-àn ap-tJ-\ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-I F-¶n§-s\ hy-Xy-kv-X- X-c-¯nÂ

B-Jym-Xm-hn-\v B-Jym-\w \nÀ-h-ln-¡m-\m-Ipw. ‘Rm³' F-¶ kÀ-h-\m-a-am-Wv

t\-cn-«v I-Y-]-d-bm³ B-Jym-Xm-hv D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv. I-Y -kz-´w A-\p-`h-

§tfm Zr-Iv-km-£nhn-h-cW-§tfm B-bn-cn-¡pw. C-hn-sS a-äv I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä ]-d-

bp-¶tXm Nn-´n-¡p-¶tXm B-b Im-cy-§Ä, kz-´w- `m-hn-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å Nn-´-

IÄ F¶n-h B-Jym-\n-¡m³-I-gn-bn-sÃ-¶v em-k³ ]-d-bp-¶p10. kÀ-h-hym-]nbpw

FÃmw A-dn-bp-¶-h\pw FÃm-än\pw A-[n-Im-c-s -̧«-h-\pam-b B-Jym-Xm-hm-Wv a-

säm¶v. t{im-Xm-¡-sf t\-cn-«v B-[n-Im-cn-Iam-bn A-`nkw-t_m-[-\-sN-¿p-I-bm-Wn-

hnsS. ss_-_n-fn-se Kn-cn-{]-`m-j-W-§Ä C-hn-S D-Zm-l-cn-¡mw.

‘P\¡q«-s¯ I--t¸mÄ tb-ip a-e-bn-te-¡v I-bdn. A-h³ C-cp-¶-t¸mÄ

in-jy-·mÀ A-Sp-s¯¯n. A-h³ Ah-sc ]Tn-¸n-¡m³ Xp-§n. B-ßm-hn Z-cn-

{ZÀ `m-Ky-hm-·mÀ; kzÀ-¤-cmPyw A-h-cp-tS-XmWv. hn-e-]n-¡p-¶-hÀ `m-Ky-hm-·mÀ;

A-hÀ B-iz-kn-¸n-¡-s -̧Spw. im- -́io-eÀ `m-Ky-hm-·mÀ; A-hÀ `q-an A-h-Im-i-am-

¡pw. \o-Xn-¡p-th-n hn-i-¡p-Ibpw Zm-ln-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶-hÀ `m-Ky-hm-·mÀ; A-

hÀ-¡v kw-Xr-]v-Xn e-`n-¡pw. I-cp-W-bp-Å-hÀ `m-Ky-hm-·mÀ; A-hÀ-¡v Icp-W e-

`n-¡pw. lr-Z-b-ip-²n-bp-Å-hÀ `m-Ky-hm-·mÀ; A-hÀ ssZh-s¯ Im-Wpw. k-am-

[m-\w Øm-]n-¡p-¶-hÀ `m-Ky-hm-·mÀ; A-hÀ ssZ-h-]p-{X-sc-¶v hn-fn-¡-s -̧Spw...’11.

aq-¶m-a-sXm-cp hy-àn-bp-sS I-®n-eq-sS {]-Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶ kw- -̀h-hn-h-c-

W-§-fm-Wv a-säm¶v. C-hn-sS Ah³, AhÄ F-¶n-§-s\-bm-Wv B-Jym-\-

¯n ]-cm-aÀ-in-t¡--Xv12. B-[p\n-II-Y-Ifpw t\m-h-ep-Ifpw C-Xn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-

§-fm-Wv. Fw.Sn. hm-kp-tZ-h³\m-b-cp-sS ‘aªv’, Un-¡³-kn-sâ ‘Zn an-kvä-dn Hm-

v̂ F-Uvhn³ {UqUv' Xp-S-§nb-h Cu co-Xn-bn-ep-Å B-Jym-\-§-fmWv. a-säm-cp-

hy-àn-bp-sS a-t\m-hym-]m-c-§Ä, Nn-´-IÄ Xp-S-§n-b-h-bm-Wv C-hn-sS B-Jym-\-

hn-t[-b-am-Ip-¶Xv.

1 .4 .2 . hy -h -lm -cw

9

I-Y-bpsSbm kw-`-h-§-fpsStbm A-h-X-c-W-s -̄bm-Wv hy-h-lm-cw F-

¶Xp-sIm-v D-t±-in-¡p¶-Xv. B-Jym-\w hy-h-lm-c-am-Ip¶-Xv I-Y-]-d-¨n \-S-¡p-

t¼m-gm-Wvv. B-Jym-\-¯n-sâ k-µÀ- -̀§-fn A-\p-hm-NI-sâ a-\-Ên kw-`-h-Nn-

{X-§Ä H-s¶m-¶m-bn h-¶p-tN-cp¶p. C-h k-a-b-_-Ôn-X-am-bn ap-t¶m-«p-\o-§p-

t¼m-gm-Wv I-Y {]-h-ln-¡p-¶-Xm-bn A-bmÄ-¡v tXm-¶p-¶Xv. B-Jym-Xm-hn-sâ

km-¶n-[y-¯n I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä kw-km-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv Nne -k-µÀ- -̀§-fn hy-h-

lm-c-¯n kw- -̀hn-¡p-¶Xv. kn.hn-.bp-sS B-Jym-bn-IIÄ A-Xn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-am-

Wv.

“X¼n X-sâ ap-¶n-se-¯n-b-t¸mÄ ]m-dp-¡p-«n B-Zy-s¯ \n-e D-t]-£n-¨n-«v A-

t±-l-¯n-sâ ap-J¯p- t\m-¡n \n-e-bm-bn. \-{a-ap-Jn-bm-bn- \n-¶v \n-e-¯v ]mZw-

sIm-v h-c v̈, eÖ-sb A-`n-\-bn-t¡--Xm-bn-cp-¶p F-¶v Nn-eÀ A-`n-{]m-b-s -̧«n-cn-

¡pw.....X-sâtNm-Zy-¯n-\v D¯-cw ]-d-bm³ ]m-dp-¡p-«n-¡v Icp-W D-m-b-Xn-s\ hn-

Nm-cn- v̈ '\nXyw Hmtcm hÃ`³, R-§Ä ]m-Xn-{h-Xy-an-§s\' F-¶p-Å cw-̀ -bp-sS

hm-¡p-IÄ-tI-« Z-i-I-WvT-s\-t¸m-se X-¼n ]-c-am-Ëm-Z-Nn-¯-\mbn,

X-¼n: \-t½ tI-«n-«p-antÃ.

]m-dp-¡p«n: tI-«n-«pv.

X-¼n: \-t½-¡p-dn- v̈ A-t\zj-Ww Dv, A§-s\ h-cs«. F-s´Ãm-am-Wv tI-«n-«p-

ÅXv.

X-¼n-¡v kw-`m-jW-s¯ ZoÀ-L-am-¡-W-sa-¶m-bn-cp-¶p-tamlw. ]m-dp-¡p-«n¡vv

hn-]co-tXm-t±-iy-hp-am-bn-cp¶p.

]m-dp-¡p«n: sN¼-Iw A-¡³ ]-d-tªm-tcm-¶v tI-«n-«p- v.

Cu hm-¡p-IÄ X-¼n-¡v te-ihpw c-kn-¨nÃ....

X¼n: Hm sN¼-I-tam! B-k-s -̄¯m-¯ Ø-ew H-cn-S-anÃ. tl..”13.

1 .4 .3 . ^m -_p -e, kq -sj

d-jy³ t^mÀ-a-en-k-¯nÂ-\n-¶m-Wv ^m-_p-e, kq-sj F-¶o ]-Z-§Ä

cq-]wsIm--Xv. B-ZyIm-e d-jy³ cq-]-hm-Zn-Ifm-b t{]m¸pw tXm-a-tjm-h-kv-In-bp-

10

amWv Cu ]-Z§-sf Im-hy-ao-amw-k-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n- -̈Xv. kw- -̀h-§-fp-sS k-ap- -̈

b-am-Wv ^m-_p-e. H-cp kw- -̀h-¯n-sâ XpS-¡w ap-XÂ H-Sp-¡w h-sc Im-e-{I-a-Wn-

I-bnÂIn-S-¡p-¶ A-SnØm-\ hn-h-c-§-fm-Wv ^m-_pe14. Cu kw-`-h-§Ä b-YmÀ-

°-temI- v̄ \-S-¡p-¶p -F-¶m-Wv A-\p-am\w. I-Y-bp-sS A-kw-kv-Ir-X- h-kv-Xp-

¡-fm-Wv ^m-_p-e-sb-¶v ]-d-bmw. H-cp I-Y-X-s¶ ]-e-hn-[-¯n A-h-X-cn-¸n-

¡m³ I-gn-bpw. H-cp- I-Y-sb-bp-Åq-sh-¦nepw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-se hy-Xy-kv-X-

X-bm-Wv A-Xn-s\ ]p-Xn-b-Xm-¡n-am-äp-¶Xv. Fw.Sn hm-kp-tZ-h³-\m-b-cp-sS ‘c-m-

aqgw' ]n.sI _m-e-Ir-jvW-sâ ‘C-\n Rm-\p-d-§-s«' F-¶oIr-Xn-I-fp-sS C-Xn-hr-

¯w a-lm`m-c-X-¯n-Â-\n-s¶-Sp-¯n-«p-Å-Xm-sW-¦nepw B-Jym-\-coXn-sIm- v I-Y-bp-

sS C-Xn-hr-¯-¯nÂX-s¶ ]p-Xp-a kr-ãn-¡m³ I-gn-ª-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. ]-e-hn-[-

¯n A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼p-Å I-Y-bp-sS A-h-Ø-bm-Wv ^m_p-e F-¶-

hm¡p-sIm-v AÀ-°-am-¡p-¶Xv. ^m-_p-e-bv-¡v Øn-cam-b A-kvXn-Xz-am-Wp-Å-Xv.

F-¶m B-Jym-\-co-Xn A-h-ew-_n-s -̈gp-X-s -̧Sp-¶-Xm-Wv kqsj. kq-sj-sb-

¶m I-Y-bn-se kw-`-h-§-fp-sS B-hn-jv-Im-c-am-Wv15. Fw.Sn hm-kp-tZ-h³-\m-b-

cpsS ‘c-m-aq-g-'hpw ]n.sI _m-e-Ir-jvW-sâ ‘C-\n Rm-\p-d-§-s«-'bpw kq-sj-bv-¡v

an-I-̈ D-Zm-l-c-W-§-fmWv. XpS-¡hpw a-[y-hpw H-Sp-¡hpw F-§s\ Iq-«n-t¨À-

¡m-sa-¶vv hn-e-bn-cp-¯n kw-`-h-§Ä¡vv {]-tXy-I {I-aw B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv

kqsj. ^m-_pe-sb B-Jym-\-X-{´-§-fn-eq-sS I-S-¯n-hn-«m-Wv kq-sj cq-]-s -̧Sp-

¯p-¶Xv. A-Jym-\ L-S-I-§fm-b tÌmdn, t¹m«v, Unkv-tIm-gv-kv F¶n-h D-Nn-X-

am-bn B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-t¼m-gm-Wv kq-sj D-m-Ip-¶Xv. C-Xn-\p-th-n ^v-fm-jv _m-

bv¡v, v̂-fm-jv t^mÀ-thUv, Xp-S§n-b B-Jym-\-X-{ -́§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

CXn-\v H-cp D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv Cu kw-`hw.

11

‘I«n-¶-cn-InÂ-]n-Sn- v̈ kÀ-P³ ap-«p-a-S-¡n C-cp¶p. ap-Jw sN-cn- v̈ F-sâ ap-

dn-¸m-Sn ]-Xn-¨ ]-ªn-bp-sS A-Sp-¡n A-t±-lw Im-Xp-tNÀ-¯p-sh¨p.

F{X-tbm I-Y-IÄ, P-·m- -́c-§-fp-sS I-Y-IÄ F-\n-t¡mÀ-½-h-¶p. Ip-

ªn-sâ s]m-¡n-fn A-½ D-½-sh-bv-¡p¶p. C-¡n-fn-s -̧«v Ip-ªv Nn-cn-

¡p¶p. H-cp P-·-¯n-sâ B-Zy-s¯ thÀ-]m-Sn-sâ ap-dn-¸m-Sv s]m-¡nÄ-sIm-

Sn-bn BP-·-]-cy-´w D-W-§n-¡n-S-¶p. F-sâ s]m-¡n-fntem ap-dn-¸m-Sn-

tem kÀ-P³ Npw-_n-¨nÃ. s]m-¡n-fnÂ, ap-dn-¸m-Sn ]-Xn-¨ ]-ªn-bnÂ

sXm-«pw sXm-Sm-sXbpw Im-Xp-tNÀ-¯n-cp-¶v ap-dn-¸m-Sn-\n-S-bn {X-kn-¡p-¶

Poh-sâ Xp-Sn-¸p-IÄ {K-ln- v̈ tiz-Xc-àm-Wp-¡Ä \nÀ-h-ln-¡p-¶ cq-£-

{]Xn-tcm-[k-Ôm-\-§-fp-sS K-Xn-hn-K-Xn-IÄ A-dn-ªv kÀ-P³ ap-Jw D-bÀ-

¯n...16.

Xp-S¡w, a-[yw, H-Sp-¡w F-¶nh-sb {]-tXy-I-co-Xn-bn k-¶n-th-in-¸n¡p-

t¼m-gmWv H-cp- I-Y-bp-sS kq-sj cq-]-s -̧Sp-¶Xv. ^m_p-e H-cp ]mT-¯n B-

Jym-\-am-bn cq-]m- -́c-s -̧Sp-I-bm-Wv sN-¿p-¶-Xv. ]mTw H-cp `m-jm-\nÀ-an-Xn-bmWv.

A-Xv b-YmÀ-°-kw- -̀h-¯ntâtbm kw- -̀h-§-fptStbm {]-Xn-Rv-Pm-\-hp-amWv.

1 .5 . BJym -\hpw kw-th -Z -\hpw

bm-YmÀ-°yhpw I-ev-]n-X-hpam-b B-Jym-\-§Ä s]m-Xp-X-¯z-§Ä DÄ-

s¡m-Åp-¶-h-bm-sW-¦nepw hm-b-\-¡mc-sâ a-\-Ên kr-ãn-¡p¶-Xv hy-Xy-kv-X

-̀ m-h-§-fmWv. hÀ-¯-am-\-]-{X-¯n-se sIm-e-]m-X-I hmÀ-¯tbm {]ap-J hy-àn-

I-fp-sS B-ßI-Y-tbm hm-bn-¡m-s\-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ I-ev-]n-X-I-Y--t]m-se-bà A\p-

hm-NI³ Ah-sb kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv. C-h -cpw hy-Xykv-X A-\p-`-h-§-fm-Wv A-\p-

hm-N-I-a-\-Ên D-WÀ-¯p-¶Xv. hm-bn-¡m-s\-Sp-¡p-¶ H-cp ]p-kv-X-I-¯n-sâ ]p-

dw N-«-bnÂ-\n-¶pX-s¶ A-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ap³-[m-c-W hm-b-\-¡mc-sâ a-\-

Ên ]-Xn-bp-¶p.

hm-b-\-¡mc-sâ a-\-Ên Cu c-v B-Jym-\-§fpw D-m-¡p-¶ hy-Xy-kvX-a-

t\m-`mhw, hm-jnw-Kv-S¬ t]m-kv-än {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨ Ip-«n-I-fp-sS a-b-¡p-a-cp-¶v

12

D-]-tbm-K-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å dn-t¸mÀ-«v hy-à-am-¡p-¶p17. ]p-en-ÌÀ k-½m-\w e-`n- -̈

tXm-sS dn-t¸mÀ-«v tem-I-{i-² B-IÀ-jn¨p. F-¶mÂ, Ip-«n-sb Xn-cn- -̈d-nbm-Xn-cn-

¡m³ dn-t¸mÀ-«n Ip-«n-bp-sS b-YmÀ-°-t]-cà \Â-In-bn-cp-¶Xv. C-¡mcyw te-J-

I³ a-d-̈ p-sh¨p. H-cp t]-cn-sâ hm-kv-X-hn-I-X-bn hm-b-\-¡m-c³ C-Xn-s\ b-

YmÀ-°-kw-`-h-am-bn hn-e-bn-cp¯n. F-¶m t]-cv am-än \Â-In-b-Imcyw ]n-¶o-

Sv ]p-d-¯mbn. kw-`-h-¯n-\v Ip-«n-bp-am-bp-Å _-Ôw \-ã-s -̧«-tXm-sS te-J-I³

hn-aÀ-i-\ -̄\v hn-t[-b-\mbn. ]p-en-ÌÀ k-½m-\w ]n³-h-en¨p. dn-t¸mÀ-«n t]-

cv ]-cm-aÀ-in-¨n-cp-¶ Ip-«n-bp-sS A-\p- -̀h-§-fà A-sX¶v v P-\-§Ä Xn-cn- -̈dnªp.

C-Xv kw-`-h- -̄sâ hm-b-\-sbsb -̄s¶ am-än-a-dn¨p. kw- -̀h-¯n-sâ bm-YmÀ-°y-

¯n-te-bv-¡v hn-c Nq-p-¶ t]-cv h-cp-¯n-sh-¨ {]-iv-\-§Ä P-\-§-fp-sS a-\-ÊnÂ

‘b-YmÀ-°w', ‘^n-Ivj³' F-¶o Im-gv-N-¸m-Sp-IÄ D-m-¡p¶ ssh-cp-²y-am-Wv sh-fn-

hm-¡n-bXv.

kmln-Xy B-Jym-\-§-fp-sS L-S-\ Po-hn-Xm-\p- -̀h-§-fn D-m-Ip-sa-¶v sd-

bva-v Sm-en-kv \n-co-£n-¡p-¶p-v18. kw-`-h-§Ä(ka-bw), L-S-\(kw-`-h§-sf hy-\y-

kn-¡Â), i-Ðw (B-Jym-Xm-hv), Im-gv-N-¸mSv (B-Jym-Xm-hn-sâ hy-Xykv-X Im-gv-N-

¸mSv) F-¶o s]m-Xp-X-Xz-§-fm-Wv FÃm B-Jym-\-am-Xr-I-I-fn-ep-ap-ÅXv19.

hmÀ-¯bpw I-Ybpw A-Sp-¯-_-Ô-ap-Å B-Jym-\-§-fm-sW-¶-Xn-\v sX-fn-

hm-Wv A-ta-cn-¡³ t\m-h-en-kvämb tPm¬ kv-ä³-_-¡v F-gpXn-b ‘t{Im-[-¯n-

sâ ap-´n-cn -̧g-§Ä' (The grapes of wrath). A-ta-cn-¡³ ]Ýn-a k-a-X-e-{]-tZi-

s¯ h-cÄ- -̈bnÂ-\n-¶v c-£-s -̧Sm³ P-\-§Ä \-S¯n-b Ip-Sn-tb-ä-¯n-sâ I-Y-

bm-WnXv. ssSw hm-cn-I-bv-¡p-th-n, Imen-t^mÀ-Wn-b-bn-te-bv-¡p-Å Cu Ip-Sn-tb-ä-

s¯-¡p-dn- v̈ hmÀ-¯bpw Nn-{X-§fpw k-am-l-cn-¡m³ t]m-b-Xm-W-t±lw. ]-{X-{]-

hÀ-¯-\-¯n-sâ aq-eL-S-I-§-fm-b {i-²m-]qÀ-ham-b hn-h-c-Whpw hmÀ-¯m-

Jym-\-hpw ^n-Ivj-\n-te-¡v cq-]-s -̧Sp-¯p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p s̳-s_¡v. K-{_n-tbÂ

KmÀkn-b amÀ-t¡-knsâ ‘I-¸Â-t -̈Xw h-¶ \m-hnI-sâ IY' (Story of a ship

13

wrecked sailor) F-¶- t\m-hepw H-cn-¡Â A-t±-l-sa-gp-Xn-b ^o- -̈dn-sâ cq-]m-

-́c-amWv. B-cv, F-t¸mÄ, F-hnsS, F-´v, F§-s\ Xp--S§nb tNm-Zy-§-fp-sS

D -̄cw ]q-cn-¸n-¡-em-Wv hmÀ-¯-bp-sS L-S-I-§Ä I-s-̄ m-\p-Å F-fp- -̧h-gn-sb-

¶v ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\ X-¯z-§Ä sh-fn-hm-¡p¶p. Cu tNm-Zy-

§Ä-¡p-Å k-am-[m-\w X-s¶-bm-Wv B-Jym-\ -k-µÀ- -̀§-fn {]-k-à-am-Ip-

¶Xv. C-Xn ]-cn-l-cn-¡-s -̧Sm-sX In-S-¡p¶ tNm-Zy-§Ä B-Jym-\-L-S-\-sb¯-

s¶ _m-[n-¡p¶p.

`m-j-bp-sS A-h-X-c-W-̄ n-\v im-kv-{Xo-b A-Sn-¯-d-bp-m-¡p-I-bm-Wv BZyw

B-Jym-\-im-kv{Xw sN-bv-XXv. H-cp kn-²m- -́sa-¶ \n-e-bn B-Jym-\-im-kv{Xw

B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS kw-`m-h-\-bmWv. A-cn-kv-täm-«n ap-X P\-äv h-sc \o-p-In-S-

¡p-¶ N-cn-{X-am-Wv B-Jym-\-im-kv-{X-¯n-\p-ÅXv. B-Jym-\-¯n-sâ D-]-cn-X-e-

¯n \n-b-Xam-b L-S-\bpw hym-I-c-Whpw H-fn-ªp-In-S-¡p-¶p-s-¶v B-Jym-\-

imkv{X -Im-c-·mÀ I--̄ n. im-kv-{Xo-b A-Sn-¯-dbpw N-«-¡qSpw h-¶-t¸m-gm-Wv B-

Jym-\w Nn-´m-]-²-Xn-bm-bn hn-I-kn-¨Xv.

\n-ch-[n L-S-I-§Ä DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶-Xm-Wv B-Jym-\-sa-¶v ]n-¶o-Sv h-¶-

hÀ hn-e-bncp¯n. B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-am-Wv B-Jym-\-¯n-sâ D-t±-iy-sa¶pw h-

àmhpw t{im-Xmhpw D-s-¦n-te B-Jym-\w km-[y-am-Iq F-¶pw Is¯n. t¹m«v, kv-

tämdn, Unkv-tIm-gv-kv F-¶n-h-bm-Wv B-Jym-\-¯n-se A-Sn-Øm-\-L-S-I-§-

sf¶pw BJym-\w \nÀ-h-ln-¡-s -̧Sp-¶-Xn-\v hy-h-lm-cw A-\n-hm-cy-am-sW¶pw \n-

co-£n-¡-s¸«p. I-Y-]-d-̈ n-en-sâ km-[y-X-I-fm-Wv hy-h-lm-c-̄ n-sâ A-\n-hm-cy-X

sh-fn-¨¯p-sIm-p-h-¶Xv. AÀ-°-Xe-s¯ t¹m-«p-ambpw hm-Iy-Xe-s¯ hy-h-lm-c-

ambpw {I-a-Wn-I-bn-ep-Å kw-`-h-§-fp-sS BI¯pIsb kv-täm-dn-bm-bpw im-kv-

{X-Im-c-·mÀ X-cw-Xn-cn¨p.

`m-j-bn-eq-sS-bpÅ A-h-X-c-W-s¯bpw A-Xn-\p-a-p¼p-Å A-Sn-Øm-\-hn-h-

c-§sfbpw ^m-_p-e, kq-sj F-¶n§-s\ thÀ-Xn-cn¡p¶p. A-h-X-c-W-¯n-\p

-ap-¼p-Å kw-`-h-§-fpsS A-Sn-Øm-\-hn-h-c-§-fm-Wv ^m-_pe-bm-Ip-¶Xv. hm-b\-

14

sb t]m-jn-¸n-¡m-\m-h-iyam-b ta-Z-Êp-\Â-In A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\- kq-sj F-

¶v ]dbp¶p. tÌm-dn, t¹m«v, Unkv-tIm-gv-kv F¶n-h D-Nn-X-am-bn tN-cp-t¼m-gm-Wv

kq-sj bm-YmÀ-°y-am-Ip-¶-Xv. B-Jym-\-{Iaw, B-Jym-\-Im-e-b-fhv, B-Jym-\m-

hÀ -̄\w F¶n-h I-Y-bp-sS hy-h-lmc-s¯ im-kv-{Xo-b-am-bn Zr-U-s -̧Sp-¯p-¶p-

sh-¶v P-dmÀ-Uv P-\äv, an-¡n _m F-¶n-hÀ hn-e-bncp¯n.

1 .6 . BJym\w km -ln -Xykm -ln -tXy -X -c am -[y -a -§-fnÂ

t\mhÂ, N-e-¨n-{Xw, ImÀ-«q¬, \r¯w, tKm-kn¸v, \n-b-a-tc-J, ]-{X-hmÀ-

¯, N-cn-{X-cN-\, U-b-dn-¡p-dn¸v, Bß-I-Y Xp-S-§n-b-h \S-¶tXm \-S-¡m-hp-

¶tXm Bb kw- -̀h§-sf A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-am{Xw D-Å-XmWv. hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b

co-Xn-I-fnepw ho£-W-tIm-Wp-I-fnepw ssi-en-I-fn-ep-am-Wv C-h A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-

Xv F-¶p-am{Xw. b-YmÀ-°hpw IÂ-¸n-X-hpam-b B-Jym-\-§Ä Hm-tcm¶pw hy-

Xykv-X a-t\m-`m-h-§-fp-Å hm-b-\-¡m-sc-bm-Wv e-£y-am-¡p-¶Xv. F-¦nepw B-

Jym-\-§-Ä s]m-Xphm-b Nn-e L-S-I-§-Ä DÄ-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶p. kw- -̀h-§-sfbpw

A-Xn-se I-Ym-]m-{X-§-sf-bpw `w-Kn-bm-bn Nn-«-tbm-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨m-Wv am-[y-

a-]mT§-sf hnhn-[ B-Jym-\-§-fm-bn cq-]-s -̧Sp-¯p-¶Xv. C- -̄c-̄ n N-e-

¨n{Xtam \mS-Itam tUm-Iyp-saâdntbm B-bn H-cp I-Y- ap-gp-h³ A-h-X-cn-¸n-

¡p¶p. C-Xv Nn-e-t¸mÄ hmÀ-¯m {]-t£-]Ww-t]mse-tbm, ko-cn-b-ep-IÄ

t]msetbm Xp-SÀ¶p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶ A-h-X-c-W-§-fm-Imw. t{]-£-I-\p -ap-¼nÂ

tem-I-¯n-sâ kp-Xm-cyam-b cq]w {]-Xn- -̂en-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv- N-e-¨n-{Xhpw sS-en-hn-

j³ ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpw. N-e-¨n-{Xw-t]m-ep-Å am-[y-a-§Ä t{]-£I-\v kzo-I-cy-am-Ip-

¶-sX-§-s\-sb-¶v I-s-¯p¶-Xv B-Jym-\-{]-{In-b-bp-sS D-Å-d-Ifn-te-bv-¡v sh-fn-

¨w ho-ipw.

1 .7 . Ne¨n - {Xm -Jym\w

hnhn-[ tjm-«p-Ifpw cw-K-§fpw sIm-m-Wv N-e-¨n-{Xm-Jym-\-apm-Ip¶-Xv tc-

JIfpw Nm-b-¡q-«p-I-fpw Nn-{X-c-N-\-bp-sS am-[y-a-am-Ip¶p. I-Y, I-Ym-]m-{Xw, ]

mTw Xp-S-§n-b-h DÄ-s -̧« `m-jm-]-cam-b A-h-X-c-W-am-Wv I-ev-]n-X I-ev-]n-tX-X-c

15

B-Jym-\-§fmb t\mhÂ, ]-{X-hmÀ-¯ F-¶n-h-bm-Ip-¶Xv. N-e-¨n-{X-¯nepw s]-

bnân-§nepw b-YmÀ-°yhpw k-¦Â-¸hpw Iq-Sn-¡-eÀ-t¶-¡mw. C-h b-YmÀ-°-

temI- v̄ \-S-¶XmImw. AÃ-¦n Po-hn-¨n-cn-¡p¶-htcm a-cn -̈htcm B-b I-

Ym-]m-{X-§-tfXpamImw. kw-`-h-§Ä A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ {I-a-Wn-I-bm-Wv N-

e-¨n-{Xm-h-X-c-W-̄ n \nÀ-®m-b-I-am-Ip-¶Xv. cw-K-§fpw tjm-«p-Ifpw k-¶n-th-

in-¸n¨p-sIm-v kr-ãn-¡p-¶ am-{´n-I-X-bm-Wv H-cp N-e-¨n-{X-¯n-sâ B-Jym-\-̄ nÂ

{]-k-à-am-Ip-¶-Xv. ‘Bcv, B-tcmSv, F-t¸mÄ, F´v, F§-s\' F-¶o tNm-Zy-§-

fp-sS D-¯-c-am-Wv ]-{X-hmÀ- -̄bm-bn ]-cn-W-an-¡p-¶-Xv. B-cv (I-Ym-]m{Xw), F´v

(kw`-hw), F-t¸mÄ (Im-ew), F-§s\ (kw- -̀hn -̈Xv F-§-s\) Cu L-S-I-§-sf-

bmWv PdmÀ-Uv P\-äv k-tämdn, ]mTw, B-Jym-\w F-¶n§-s\-sbÃmw hn-fn¨Xvv20.

I¸nXI-Y-I-fn-em-Wvv Cu X¯zw A-t±-lw BZyw {]-tbm-Kn -̈Xv F-¶m A-Sn-

Øm-\-]-c-ambn Cu L-S-I-§-fm-Wv B-Jym-\-X-e-¯n I-ev-]n-X-I-Y-tbbpw N-e-

¨n-{X-t¯bpw s]-bnân-§n-t\bpw _-Ôn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. B-hn-jvIm-c am-[y-a-§-fm-

Wv Ch-sb hy-Xy-kv-X-am-¡p-¶Xv.

1 .8 . IYI-fn -bpw Iq -Sn -bm -«hpw

IYI-fn-bnepw Iq-Sn-bm-«-¯nepw hÀ-¯-am-\-¯nÂ-\n-¶v `q-X-¯n-te-bv-¡v

A-\p-{I-a-ambn I-Y ]-dªp-t]m-Ip-¶ co-Xn- Ahew-_n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-Im-Wmw.

tIm«-bw X-¼p-cm-sâ \n-hm-X-I-h-N-Im-e-tI-b-h-[-¯n tZ-th-{µ³ B-h-iy-

s -̧«X\p-k-cn v̈ AÀ-Öp-\³ kzÀ-¤-¯n-te-bv-s¡-¯p¶p. I-Y-I-fn-bn-se B-

Jym-\ cq-]-§fn-sem-¶n-\v Cu IY D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. AÀ-Öp-\³ kzÀ-¤w \S-

¶p Im-Wp¶p. kzÀ-¤-¯n-ep-Å Hmtcm h-kv-Xphpw I-p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bn -̀

S³-am-cpsS I-c-N-c-W-§Ä ap-dn-ªp ho-gp-¶Xp Iv F-´m-Wn-Xn-sâ Im-cW-sa-¶v

A-t\zjn- -̈t¸mÄ tZ-h-kv-{XoI-sf cm-£k·mÀ ]n-Sn¨psImp-t]m-Ip¶-Xp Im-

Wp-¶p. cm-£-k-·mc--p-ambn bp-²w-sN-bv-Xv tZh-kv-{XoI-sf AÀ-Öp-\³ c-£n-

¡p¶p. Xp-SÀ-¶mWv DÀ-h-in-¡v AÀ-Öp-\-t\mSv {]W-bw tXm-¶p-¶p¶Xv21.

kzÀ-¤-̄ n-se-¯p-¶ AÀ-Öp\-s\ C-¯-c-¯n DÀ-h-in-bp-am-bn _-Ôn-¸n-

16

¡p¶Xn\m-Wv kzÀ-¤-hÀ-®-\bpw Xp-SÀ-¶p-Å B-«hpw DÄ-s¡m-Ån-¨n-cn-¡p-

¶Xv.

I-tÃ-¡pf-§-c cm-L-h-]n-jm-c-Sn-bp-sS ‘cm-h-tWm-Û-h-'¯n-se cm-h-W-³

Xsâ `q-X-Im-ew HmÀ-¯p-sIm-v Xm³ kÀ-h-hn-[am-b k-¼Â-k-ar²n-tbm-Spw- Iq-Sn-

b-h-\m-bn XoÀ-¶-sX-§-s\-sb-¶v B-Sp-¶ cw-Kw a-säm-cp D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. C-hn-

sS A-½-tbmSp-Iq-Sn Im-«n k-©-cn-¨n-cp-¶ Ime- v̄ ]p-jv-]-I hn-am-\-̄ n k-

©-cn-¡p-¶ tPyjvT\mb ssh-{i-hW-s\ Im-Wp-¶Xpw A-t±-l-¯nsâ sF-iz-

cyhpw {]-Xm-]hpw I-v X-sâ A-hØ-sb¡p-dn-t¨mÀ-¯v Zp:Jn- v̈ {_-Òm-hn-s\

X]-Êv sN-¿m-\m-bn t]m-Ip-¶Xpw h-c-§Ät\Sn sF-iz-cyhpw k-¼¯pw Xn-I-

ª-h-\m-Ip-¶Xpw F-§-s\-sb-¶v B-Sp-¶-p22. B-Zy-t -̄Xv hÀ- -̄am-\-Ime-¯v

AÀ-Öp-\³ Im-Wp-¶ cw-K-§-fp-sS B-Jym-\-am-sW-¦n c-m-a-t -̄Xv

cmhWsâ ]qÀ-h-I-Y-bp-sS hn-h-c-W-amWv.

IqSn-bm-«-¯n-se \nÀ-hl-Ww F-¶ k-t¦-Xw I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n-sâ ]qÀ-h-I-

Ymhn-h-c-W-amWv. AXp-t]m-se -̄s¶ I-Ym-hn-hc-Ww hn-i-Z-am-bn \nÀ-Æ -ln-¡p-

¶ Nm-IymÀ-Iq-¯pw Iq-Sn-bm-«-¯n-se hn-Zq-j-I\pw {]mNo-\ B-Jym-\ k-{¼ -Zm-b-

¯n-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-§-fm-bn Im-Wn-¡mw.

a¯hn-em-kw Iq-¯nÂ, kXy-tkm-a-s\-¶ {_m-Ò-W³ tZ-h-tkma-sb

hn-hm-lw sN-bv-Xv kp-J-am-bn Po-hn-¡p-¶ Ime- v̄ H-cp Znh-kw in-h-ZÀ-i-\-

¯n-\v t]m-Ip-¶ k-ab-̄ v h-gn-h¡-¯v Nn-e {_-Ò-Nm-cn-IÄ a-c-̄ n-t·Â Ib-dn

tlm-a-¯n-\m-h-iyam-b N-a-X-bv-¡p-th-n sIm-¼p-IÄ ap-dn-¡p¶-Xv Ip. A-t¸mÄ

{_-Ò-Nm-cn-IÄ a-cw I-b-dp¶-Xv i-cn-b-sÃ-¶p ]d-ªv Xm-sg-bnd-¡n kXy-tkm-

a³ B-bp-[w hm-§n a-c-¯n-t·Â Ib-dn N-a-X sh-«n-bn-Sp-hm³ Xp-S-§n. {_-Ò-

Nm-cn-IÄ A-Xv s]-dp-¡n-Iq-«m\pw Xp-S§n. A-Xn-\n-S-bv-¡v kXy-tkma-sâ I-

¿nÂ-\n-¶v B-bp-[w Xm-sg-ho-Wv H-cp {_-Ò-Nm-cn a-cn-¨p. A-XpI- v kw-{`m-´-\m-bn

kXy-tkm-a³ Xm-sg-bnd-§n {_-Ò-Nm-cn-bp-sS i-hhpw Xm-§n-sb-Sp-¯v {_m-Ò-W

k- -̀bn sN-¶v- kw -̀hw A-dn-bn¨p. A-t¸mÄ {_m-Ò-WÀ {_-Ò-l-Xym-]m-]-¯n-

17

sâ t]-cn { -̀ãv IÂ-¸n- v̈ kXy-tkm-as\ ssI-sIm-«n ]p-d-̄ m-¡n. ]m-]w Xo-cp-

¶-Xn-\v ]-c-ta-izc-s\ tk-hn-¡m³ A-hÀ D-]-tZ-in-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.

kXy-tkm-a³ Kr-l-¯n sN-¶v tZ-h-tkm-a-sbbpw Iq-«n ]-c-ta-izc-s\

X-]-kp-sN-bvXp. A-Xp-sIm-p {]-k-¶\m-b `-K-hm³ {]-Xy-£-s -̧«p kXy-tkm-a-

t\m-Sv ]-d-ªp: "A-tà {_m-Ò-W³ A-§p Zp:Jn-t¡-. A-§-bp-sS ]m-]w Xo-cpw.

F-sâ cq-]w [-cn- v̈ a-Zy-]m-\w sN-bv-Xp \r-¯w sh-¨p k-©-cn-¨m-epw” C-{]-Im-

cw A-\p-{K-ln- v̈ ]-c-ta-iz-c³ ]-d-ªp. I-®p-an-gn-¨p t\m-¡n-b-t¸mÄ Xm³ I]m-

en-bmbn am-dn-bn-cn-¡p¶p. iqew, sh¬-agp, U-acp, s]m-¡-Ww, ]m-\-]m-{Xam-b

I-]m-ew C-sXÃmw X-\n-¡v ssI-h-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. k-t´m-jn- v̈ A-h-sbÃm-sa-Sp-¯p

a-Zy-]m-\wsN-bv-Xv tZ-h-tkm-a-bv¡pw sIm-Sp- v̄ B-\-µ-e-l-cn-]q- v Ign-bp¶p. C-Xn-

sâ \nÀ-h-l-W-̄ nepw BZyw A-\p-{I-a-hpw kw-t£-]-hp-apv. kXy-tkm-a³ tZ-

h-tkm-a-tbm-Sv X]-Ên-sâ am-lmßyw hÀ-Wn-¨p ]-d-bp-¶ k-µÀ-`w sXm-«v hn-]co-

X {I-a-¯n ]n-¶n-te-bv-¡v I-Y-bm-Sn kXy-tkma-sâ P-\-\-t¯m-Sv Iq-Sn A-\p-

{I-aw A-h-km-\n-¸n-¡p-I. hn-jv-Wp-hn-sâ \m-`n-I-a-e-¯nÂ-\n-¶v {_-Òm-hv D-Û-hn-

-̈Xp-ap-XÂ kXy-tkma-sâ P-\-\w h-sc kw-t£-]-am-Sp-I. kXy-tkma-sâ tZ-h-

tkm-ahn-hm-lw ap-X ]-c-taiz-c {]-km-Z-¯m kXy-tkm-a³ I-]m-en-bm-bn `-

hn- -̈Xp-h-sc-bp-Å I-Y hn-kv-X-cn- v̈ \nÀ-h-l-W-am-bn A-`n-\n-b-¡p-I23. CXm-Wv a-

-̄hn-em-kw Iq-¯n-sâ B-Jym-\-coXn. hm-Nn-Iamtbm Bw-Kn-Iam-tbm C- -̄c-

¯n B-Jym-\w \nÀ-h-ln-¡p-¶-co-Xn Iq-Sn-bm-«-¯n Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. I-Y-I-

fn-bnepw C- -̄c-̄ n Bw-Kn-Im-`n-\-b-§Ä km-[m-c-W-amWv.

1 .9 . N -e -¨n - {Xhpw \m -S -Ihpw

Im-gv-N-bn-eq-sS B-i-b-§-fp-sS aq-À¯am-b t_m-[w kr-ãn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv

N-e¨n-{X-hpw \m-S-I-hpw. \m-S-I-t -̄¡mÄ hnhn-[Xcw am-[y-a-§Ä N-e-¨n-{X-¯n-

sâ kr-ãn-sb kzm-[o-\n-¡p¶p. i-Ð-§-fp-tSbpw Nn-{X-§-fp-tSbpw k-a-\z-b-am-

WXv. t{]-£-IÀ-¡p-th-n-bm-Wv {]-I-S-\m-ß-I-kz-`m-h-ap-Å N-e-¨n-{X-hpw \m-S-

18

Ihpw kr-ãn-¡p-¶Xv. XÕ-a-b A-`n-\-b-am-Wv \m-SIw. F-¶m-Â kn\n-a A-§-

s\bÃ. \m-S-I-s -̄t¸m-se¯-s¶ kn-\n-a-bnepw I-Ybpw I-Ym-]m-{X-§fpw Im-

ehpw Ø-e-hp-saÃmw ]-cmaÀ-i hn-j-b-am-b-Xn-\m B-Jym-\-̄ n-sâ kz-`m-hw

kn-\n-a-bnepw A-´À-`-hn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶pv. H-cn--¡Â cq-]-s -̧«-t]m-se-¯-s¶-bm-Wv

kn\n-a B-hÀ-¯n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶Xv. F-¶m \m-S-I-¯n-sâ Hmtcm A-c§pw t\cn-b

hy-Xn-bm-\§ÄsIm-v t{]-£I-\v th-sd th-sd A-\p- -̀h-am-bn XoÀ-t¶-¡mw.

AXp-sImv kn-\na-sb A-t]-£n- v̈ \mS-Iw Iq-Sp-XÂ ssP-hn-Ihpw -\q-X-\-hp-am-

sW-¶v ]-d-bmw. F-¶m t\mh-tem I-Ytbm a-äv am-[ya-§tfm Cu kz-`m-hw

ssI-s¡m-Åp-¶nÃ. F-¦nepw Im-em-Ime-§-tfm-fw C-hbpw \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶pv.

Hmtcm hm-b-\bpw H-tcm A-\p- -̀h-am-b-Xp-sIm-m-WXv. B-Jym-\-̄ n-sâ k-hn-ti-j-

X-bm-Wv Ch-sb A-\-iz-c-am-¡p-¶Xv.

B-Jym-\-̄ n-sâ kp£v-a X-{´-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn- v̈ kr-ãn-¨ N-e-¨n-{X-

§fpw CXp-t]m-se Ime-s¯ A-Xn-Po-hn--¡p¶p. B-Jym-\-¯n-sâ k-hn-tij-X-

sIm-v Xn-f-§p-¶ N-e-¨n-{X-am-Wv A-SqÀ tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvWsâ ‘A-\´-cw'. {]-k-h-

ti-jw B-kv-]-{Xn-bn D-t]-£n-¡-s -̧« Ip-ªn-s\ tUm-ÎÀ F-Sp-¯p-h-fÀ¯n-

b ]-{X-hmÀ- -̄bm-Wv ‘A-\- -́c'¯n-\v {]-ta-b-am-bXv. H-cp kw-`-h-¯nÂ-\n-¶v I-

Y- hn-I-kn-¸n-s -̈Sp- v̄ I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä DÄ-s -̧sS-bp-Å B-Jym-\-X-{´-§Ä- {]-

tbm-Kn¨p-sIm-m-Wv ‘A-\-́ -c’-̄ n-\v cq-]w sIm-Sp-¯n-«p-ÅXv. {]-tbm-Kn- v̈ ]-g-In-b-

cq-]-̄ n B-Jym-\w \nÀ-h-ln-¡m-\à A-SqÀ ap-XnÀ-¶Xv. ]-c-¼-cm-K-X co-Xn-bnÂ

I-Ym-cw`w, h-fÀ-¨, a-[y-L«w, A-h-km-\w F-¶o k-¦Â-]-§Ä C-hn-sS-bnÃ. I-

Y-]-d-̈ n-en-s\ -̧än H-cp- I-Y-]-d-bm³ A-t±-lw {i-an¨p. H-tcm-`m-Khpw Iq---«n-bnW-

¡n I-Y-]-d-̈ n-en-\v ss\-cy´-cyw kr-ãn-¡p-¶p. ‘A-\´-cw' F-¶-hm-¡pX-s¶ Nn-

{X-¯n-sâ X-e-s¡-«m-bn kzo-I-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ I-Ym-Jym-\-̄ n-sâ I-Y-bm-Wn-sX-¶v

kp-N-\ e-`n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn _n. {io-cm-Pv \n-co-£n-¡p-¶p- v24. kz-´w Po-hnX-s¯ c-v

Im-gv-N-¸m-Sn-eq-sS-bm-Wv A-\- -́c-̄ n A-P-b-\-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. ]-e-I-Ym-]m-{X-

19

§-fp-sS Im-gv-N-¸m-Sn I-Ym-Jym-\w \S-¯n kw-`-h-§Ä {I-a-¯n sh-fn-s -̧Sp-

¯p-¶ km-[m-c-W B-Jym-\-kz-`m-h-s¯-bm-Wv Nn{Xw X-IÀ-¡p-¶-Xv.

kz-´w Po-hnX-s¯ a-äp-Å-hÀ F§-s\ Im-Wp-¶p F-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv I-

Y-]-d-̈ n-en A-Pb-sâ Im-gv-N-¸m-sS-¦n A-Pb-\v X-s¶¯-s¶ a-\-Ên-em-

¡m-\p-Å A-t\z-j-W-am-Ip-I-bm-Wv c-ma-s¯ Im-gv-N-¸mSv25. A-\m-Y\m-b A-Pb-

sâ \n-e-hnfn-tbm-sS-bm-Wv A-\-́ -c-¯n-sâ Xp-S¡w. ap-XnÀ-¶ A-Pb-sâ i-Ðw

B I-c-̈ n-en-\n-S-bn {]-Xn-[z-\n-¡p¶p. a-t\m-hn-{`m-´n-¡-Sn-s -̧« A-P-b³ F§-

s\ -Cu A-h-Ø-bn-se-¯n-sb-¶v ]-d-bp-I-bm-Wv Nn-{Xw. c-p-L-«-§-fm-bp-Å c-p-I-

Y-Ifpw ]-d-bp¶-Xv A-P-b-\mWv. a-säm-cmÄ t\m-¡n-¡m-Wp-¶Xp-t]m-se X-sâ

P-\-\hpw Ip-«n-¡m-e-hp-apÄ-s -̧sS FÃmw A-dn-bp-¶-h-s\-t¸m-se-bm-Wv A-P-b³

X-s¶ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. ]-c-¼-cm-K-X co-Xn-bn I-Y-bv-¡v ]qÀ-®-hn-cm-a-an-Sm-sX

]-d-ª-Xn-te-sd ]-d-bm-\p-s-¶v tXm-¶n-¸n¨p-sIm-mWvv I-Y C-hn-sS A-h-km-\n-¡p-

¶Xv.

IY C-S-bv-¡v \nÀ-¯n-bn-«v ]-d-ª-Xn-t\-¡m-tf-sd a-sä-s´m-¡-tbm-Iq-Sn

C-\n-bp-ap-s-¶v t{]-£-I-cn tXm-¶-ep-m-¡p-¶ Cu co-Xn A-Sq-cn-sâ k-hn-ti-jam-

b B-Jym-\-ssi-en-tbbpw Iem-t_m-[-s¯bpw {]-I-S-am-¡p-¶p. F-Sp-¯p h-

fÀ¯nb tUm-Î-dp-sS a-I\m-b _m-ep-hn-sâ `mcy-tbm-Sp-Å A-Sp-¸hpw A-Xn-s\-

Xp-SÀ-¶p-m-Ip-¶ a-t\m-hn-{`m-´n-bp-am-Wv I-Y-bp-sS c-mw-`mKw. H-¶mw-`m-K-¯nÂ-\n-

¶v hf-sc hy-Xy-kv-X-\m-bm-Wv A-P-b³ cmw `m-K-¯n-se-¯p¶-Xv. A-Pb³ Cu

Nn-{X-¯n-se tI-{µ-I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv. H-cp L-«-¯n I-Y-]-d-bp-¶-bmį-s¶ I-

Ym-]m-{X-am-bn am-dp-I-bm-Wv C-hn-sS sN-¿p-¶-Xv. B-ß-`m-j-W-cq-]-̄ n-em-Wv A-\-

-́c-¯n-sâ B-Jym-\w \nÀ-h-ln-¨n-«p-ÅXv. Nn-{X-¯n-se _nw-_-§fpw G-sd-¡p-

sd B-ß-`m-j-W-̄ n-sâ kz-`m-h-ap-Å-h-bm-Wv F-¶v Im-Wmw.

s]m-Xp-{]-ZÀ-i-\-̄ n-\v cq-]-I-ev-]-\ sN-¿p-¶ Zr-iy-am-[y-aam-b kn\n-a F-

gp¯p-am-bn hf-sc _-Ô-s -̧«n-cn-¡p-¶pv. H-cm-ib-s¯ F§-s\ kn-\n-a-bm-¡n-am-

äm-w F-¶-Xn-\p-Å hn-h-c-W-§fpw kq-N-\-I-fp-a-S-§p-¶ Xnc-¡-Y kn-\n-a-bv-¡v H-

20

gn-¨p-Iq-Sm-\m-Im- -̄XmWv.

1 . 10 . Xn -c -¡Y

kn-\n-a-bvv¡v B-[m-cw Xn-c-¡-Y-bmWv. kw-hn-[m-b-I\pw Iym-a-dm-am\pw A-

Sn-Øm-\-]-c-am-bn B-{i-bn-¡p¶-Xv Xn-c-¡-Y-sb-bmWv. cw-K§Ä, I-Y, I-Ym-]m-

{X§Ä, kw-`m-j-Ww, B-Jym-\w F-¶n-h-bp-sS cq-]-tc-J-bm-Wv Xn-c-¡-Y-bn-ep-

ÅXv. Ø-e-Im-e§Ä, I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS \o-¡§Ä, kw- -̀h-§Ä F-¶n-hbpw

Iym-a-dm-N-e-\-§-fp-sS hn-i-Zo-I-c-Whpw D-m-Ipw. H-cp kn-\n-a-bp-sS F-gp-¯n-ep-

Å ]qÀ-®-cq-]-am-Wv Xn-c-¡-Y-sb-¶v A-e-Iv-kvv F-¸n-Ì-bn³ hy-à-am¡p¶p26.

F-¶m Xnc-¡-Y ]qÀ-®-ambpw Bcpw kv-{Io-\n-te-bv-¡v ]-IÀ-¯m-dnÃ. ssP-hn-

I- {]-{Inb-b-m-b-Xn-\m jq-«nw-Kn-\n-S-bv-¡vv am-ä-§Ä kw-`-hn-t -̈¡mw. A-SqÀ

tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W³ C-Xv hy-à-am-¡p-¶p-v.

‘a-c-§-fpw ta-L-§fp-sam-s¡ I-S-em-kn t\c-s¯ hn-`mh-\w sN-bv-

Xmepw sem-t¡-j-\n hy-Xym-k-s -̧Sp-¯mw. \-So-\-S-·m-cpsS B-Im-c-`m-h-§-fpw

H-c-f-hph-sc kz-`m-hw X-s¶bpw F-gp-Xn-X-¿m-dm-¡n-b-XnÂ-\n-¶v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-

Imw. A-t¸mÄ AX-\p-k-cn- v̈ t\-c-s¯-\-S¯n-b cq-]-I-ev-]-\-bn I-Spw-]n-Sp-¯w

B-im-ky-aÃ27'.

1 . 1 1 . Ne¨n - {Xw: H -cp Zr -iy -Nn -Ów

kn-\n-a-bn-se G-ähpw sNdn-b Zr-iy-Nn-Ó-am-Wv N-«-¡q-Sv A-sÃ-¦n s{ -̂

bnw. H-cp \n-an-j-¯n 24 { -̂bv-ap-IÄ s{]m-P-Î-dn-eq-sS H-gp-Ip-t¼m-gm-Wv Zriyw

N-en-¡p-¶-Xm-bn \-ap-¡v A-\p-`-h-s -̧Sp-¶Xv. H-¶n-e-[n-Iw { -̂bv-ap-IÄ tNÀ-¶-Xm-

Wv H-cp tjm«v. \n-ch-[n tjm-«p-IÄ Iq-Sn-t¨À-¶v cw-K-§fpw A-h Iq-Sn-t¨À-¶v H-

cp N-e-¨n-{Xhpw D-m-Ip¶p. Xp-SÀ- -̈bm-bn H-tc-Ø-e¯pw H-tc-k-a-b¯pw \-S-¡p-

¶ \n-ch-[n {]-hr-¯n-I-fp-sS Iq-Sn-t -̈c-em-Wv H-cp -cwKw. H-cp Ø-e-¯p-\n-¶v a-

säm-cp-Ø-e-t¯¡pw H-cp k-a-b-̄ nÂ-\n-¶v a-säm-cp k-a-b-¯n-te-¡p-ap-Å Nm-«-

am-Wv ]pXn-b ]pXn-b cw-K-§-fp-m-¡p-¶-sX-¶v F-¸n-Ì-bn³ hy-à-am-¡p¶p28.

21

Im-gv-N-bp-sS ho£-W-tIm-Wp-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv N-e-¨n-{Xm-Jym-\w \nÀ-h-ln-

¡s¸Sp-¶Xv. B-Jym-Xm-hv I-Y-]-d-bp-¶p t{im-Xm-hv A-Xv ]n-Sn-s -̈Sp-¡p¶p. hmÀ-

¯m A-h-Xm-c-I\pw ^pSv-t_mÄ I-aâ-dn-¡m-c\pw B-Jym-Xm-hm-Wv. N-e-¨n-{X-

¯n Iyma-dm se³-km-Wv B-Jym-\w \nÀ-h-ln-¡p-¶Xv. {]-tXy-I {I-a-Wn-I-

bn tjm-«p-IÄ sa-\-sª-Sp-¯v _nw-_-§Ä kw-tbm-Pn-¸n- v̈ Im-gv-N-¡mc-sâ ap-

¶n A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv. t{]-£-I³ C-Xv a-\-kn-te-bv-¡m-hm-ln- v̈ _p-²-n-a-

Þ-e-¯n-en-«v hn-i-Ie-\w sN-bv-Xv Zr-iy-Nn-Ó-§Ä kw-th-Z-\-¯n-\v D-]-bp-à-am-

¡p¶p. B-Imw-£, D-Xv-I-WvT, k-l-Xm-]w Xp-S§n-b hn-Im-c-§Ä t{]-£-I-cn-se-

¯n-¡m-\pw A-Xn-eq-sS A-h-cp-sS {i-²-]n-Sn-s -̈Sp-¡m\pw N-e-¨n-{Xm-Jym-Xm-hv {i-

an-¡p-¶p. C-Xn-\p-th-n v̂-fm-jv _m-¡vv, v̂-fm-jv t^mÀ-thUv, I-Y-bv-¡p-Ån I-

Y, I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä-¡v A-an-X-{]m-[m\yw Xp-S§n-b X-{ -́§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

A-Sq-cn-sâ ‘A-\-́ cw' N-e-¨n-{Xm-Jym-\-¯n-\v an-I-̈ D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.

H-¶n-e-[n-Iw s{^-bn-ap-IÄ DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶-Xm-Wv N-e-¨n-{X-sa-¦n H-ä

s{^-bnan-sem-Xp-§p-¶-Xm-Wv Nn-{Xw. kq£vaam-b Ø-e-¯n-tâ-bpw Im-e-¯n-

t³bpw km-¶n[yw sIm-m-Wv Nn-{X-§Ä B-kzm-Z-I-cn H-cp hen-b Im-e-L-«-¯n-

tâbpw hen-b Ø-e-¯n-tâbpw HmÀ-a-I-fp-WÀ-¯p-¶Xv. Nn--{X-¯n-sâ k-hnti-

j kz-`m-h-§-fn-te-bv-¡m-Wn-Xv hn-cÂ-Nq-p-¶Xv.

1 . 12 . Nn{Xw

hm-¡p-IÄ-¡-Xo-Xam-b {]-Xo-I-§-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv Nn-{X-§Ä B-i-b-hn-\n-a-

bw \-S-¯p-¶Xv. C-hnsS hÀ-®-§fpw tc-J-Ifpw `m-j-bm-bn-am-dp¶p. AÀ-°-

²z -\n-IÄ kr-ãn¨p-sImv B-i-b-hn-\na-bw sN-¿-s -̧Sp-¶p. F-¶m hm-¡p-

IÄ¡p-t]m-ep-w [z-\n-¸n-¡m-\m-Im-¯ hn-I-m-c§-sf {]-Xo-I-§Äh-gn sh-fn-hm-¡p-

Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.

B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯n-\v `m-j D-]-bp-à-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\v ap-¼v Nn-Ó-§fpw {]-

Xo-I-§-fp-am-Wv B -IrXyw G-sä-Sp-¯Xv. Zn-\w-{]-Xn-bp-Å kw-hm-Z-§fpw k-¼À-

22

¡-§fpw {]-Xo-I-§-fn-eq-sS ]u-cm-Wn-IÀ km-[y-am¡n. h-c-̈ p-sh-¨ Nn-Ó-§-fn-

eq-sS-bm-Wv ]nÂ-¡me- v̄ en-]n-bpw cq-]-s -̧«-sX-¶v I-s¯mw29.

ap-¯-Èn¡-Y-Ifpw \m-tSm-Sn hm-Mv-a-b-§fpw ]-g-s©mÃp-Ifpw kzmw-io-I-

cn-¨m-Wvv I-em-Im-c³ Nn-{X-§Ä-¡v A-kw-kv-Ir-X-h-kv-Xp-¡Ä kr-ãn-¨Xv.

{]mNn-\ I-em-cq-]-§-fp-sS N-a-b-§fpw I-fw-]m«v, tIm-ew Xp-S-§n-b-h-bn-se h-À-

®-hy-\ym-k-§fpw I-fw-]-Ip-¡p-¶ kw{¼Zm-b-§fpw tc-J-I-fp-sS hn-Xm-\-co-Xn-

Ifpw sX-¿w, Xn-d, sI-«p-IpXn-c Xp-S-§n-b-h-bp-am-Wv tI-c-fo-b I-em-Imc-sâ a-\-

Ên {]-Xn-I-§-fm-bn D-cp-¯n-cnªXv.

a-cW-s¯ B-i-b-hn-\n-abtbm-Ky-am-¡m³ Nn-{X-Im-c³ Xn-c-sª-Sp-¯

{]-Xo-Iw X-s¶-bm-Wv an-I-¨ D-Zm-l-cWw. a-c-W-s¯ cq-]-am-¡-W-sa-¦n A-Xn-\v

H-cp {]-Xo-Iw Iq-Sn-tb-Xo-cq. `m-cXo-b hn-izm-k-am-Wv C-hn-sS Nn-{X-Imc-sâ c-£-

s¡-¯p-¶Xv. a-c-W-¯n-sâ tZ-h\m-b b-a\pw hm-l-\amb t]m¯pw {]-Xo-I-am-

Ip¶p. I-em-Imc-sâ hÀ-¤-]-c-tam tZ-io-btam B-b Po-hn-Xm-h-t_m-[-¯n \n-

¶p-ap-bnÀ-s¡m-Åp-¶ ZmÀ-i\n-I kn-²m- -́§-fp-sS {]-XoI-§-fm-Wv I-em-kr-ãn-I-

sf-¶v C-Xv sX-fn-bn-¡p¶p30.

Nn{Xw I-Xp-sIm-p-am{Xw A-Xv B-kz-Zn-¡m-\m-Ip-¶nÃ. Im-Wp-¶-Xn-s\

{Kln-¡p-t¼m-gm-Wv H-äs-{^-bv-an-se A-Km-[-X sh-fn-hm-Ip-¶Xv. A-t¸m-gm-Wv A-

sXm-c-\p-{K-l-am-Ip-¶Xv. Im-Wp-¶-Xn-s\m-¸w {K-l-W-ti-jnbpw {]-k-à-am-Ip-I-

bm-Wn-hnsS. {K-ln-¡p-t¼m-gp-m-Ip-¶ A-\p-`-h-§Ä am-{X-am-Wv B-kzm-Z-\-̄ n-\v

tbm-Ky-am-Ip-¶Xv. A-Xn-\m-em-Wv A-\p-`-h-§-Ä Nn-{X-§Ä-¡v \n-Zm-\-sa¶vv \n-co-

£n-¨Xv31.

C§-s\ hn-im-eam-b AÀ-°w H-cp Nn-{X-¯n-\v h¶p-tN-cp-t¼m-gm-Wv H-

äs{ -̂bv-an-\p-Ån H-Xp-¡m-hp-¶-Xà Nn-{X-sa-¶v hy-à-am-Ip-¶Xv. s{^-bv-an-\p-Ån-

epÅ-Xv H-cp Nn-{X-¯n-sâ {]-Xo-Iw am-{X-am-Ip¶p. -A-Xn-\-̧ pd-¯v Ø-e-Im-e-

§Ä h-ln-¡p-¶ kw-`-h§-sf kw-thZ-\w sN-¿p-t¼m-gm-Wv {]-Xo-I-§Ä kmÀ-

°-I-am-Ip¶-X.v A-sÃ-¦n Nn{Xw A-Xn-sâ ZuXyw ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡p-¶Xv. {]-Xo-I-

23

§-fnÂ-\n-¶v { -̂bv-ap-I-fp-sS A-Xn-cp-IÄ ew-Ln- v̈ A-\p-`-h-§-fp-sS tem-I-t¯-bv-

s¡-¯p-t¼m-gm-Wv H-cp Nn-{X-¯n-sâ ZÀi-\w \-ap-¡v e-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.

Nn{Xw H-cp tem-I-am-sW-¶v C-hn-sS B-kzm-ZI-\v t_m-[y-am-Ip-¶p. {^-bv-

ap-IÄ s]m-«n-X-IÀ¶vv {]-Xo-I-§Ä-¡-Xo-X-am-bn B-i-b-¯n-sâ X-e-¯n-se-¯p-

t¼mÄ am-{X-am-Wn-Xv kw- -̀hn-¡p-¶Xv.

1 . 13 . Nn - {Xm -Jym -\w

Im-e-tZ-i-§Ä-¡p-ÅnÂ-\n-¶pX-s¶ kw- -̀h-§-fp-sS irw-J-e H-äs{^-bv-an-

eq-sS sh-fn-s -̧Sp-¯m-\p-Å am-{´n-I-X-bm-Wv Nn-{X-Im-c-\p-ÅXv. Iym³-hm-kn-

sâ ]-cn-[n-¡-¸p-d-t -̄bv-¡v B-kzm-ZI-s\ sImp-t]m-Im³ Nn-{X-Imc-\v I-gn-bWw.

hm-¡p-IÄ-¡v \Â-Im³ I-gn-bm-¯ ku-Ip-am-cyw C-hn-sS tc-J-IÄ¡pw hÀ-®-

§Ä¡pw \Â-Im-\m--Ipw. Nn-{X-¯n cq-]-s -̧Sp-¶ \n-d-cq-]-k-a-\z-b-§-Ä A-t\-

Iw A-\p-`-h-§-fp-sS sh-fn-s -̧Sp-¯-ep-I-fm-bn a-\-Ên ]-S-cpw.

hn-b-äv-\mw Zp-c-´-̄ n-sâ `o-I-cX-I-sfm-s¡ sX-fn-ª H-ä-s{ -̂bv-an-ep-Å

Nn{Xw Ct¸mgpw HmÀ-½n-¸n-¡p¶-Xv B-Zp-c-́ -¯n-sâ _m-¡n-]-{X-s -̄bmWv. D-

SpXpWnt]mepw \-ã-s -̧«v t_mw-_v kv-t^m-S-\-§-fnÂ-\n-¶v Hm-Sn c-£-s -̧Sp-¶

s]¬-Ip-«n-bp-sS Nn-{X-am-Wv tem-I {i-²- ]n-Sn- -̈S-¡nbXv32.

A{]Xo-£n-X-am-bm-Wv hn-b-äv-\m-ao-kv F-bÀ-{Im- v̂-äv {Smw-Kv-_m-\n {Km-a-

¯n t_mw-_n-«Xv. D-Sp-Xp-Wn-t]mepw Nm-c-am-bn \-á-bm-bn Hm-Sn-c-£-s -̧Sp-¶

Inw-Kv-^p-Iv F-¶ H-¼-Xp-h-b-Êp-Im-cn-bp-sS Nn-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p AXv. A-h-tfm-sSm-¸w

\n-c-h-[n-t]À Hm-Sn-c-£-s -̧Sp-¶Xpw ]-Ý- -̄e-¯n kv-t^mS-\w \-S-¡p-¶-Xp-am-

Wv Nn-{Xw.

Nn{Xw A-\p-`-h-am-¡p¶-Xv A-Xp-WÀ-¯p-¶ `m-hp-I-Xzw -aq-e-am-sW¶v Cu

Nn{Xw sX-fn-bn-¨p. 1972 Pq¬ F-«n-\v A-tkm-kn-tb-äv {]-kn-sâ t^m-t«m-{Km-^dm-

b \n-¡v F-Sp- -̄Xm-Wv Nn-{Xw. ]n-¶o-S-Xn-\v ]p-en-ÌÀ k-½m-\hpw e-`n¨p. Ø-e-

¯n-tâbpw Im-e-¯n-tâbpw hy-àam-b \n-ZÀi-\w Nn{Xw \Â-Ip-¶pv. Nn-{X-sa-Sp-

24

¯ Iym-a-dm-am-sâ ho£-W-tImWpw {i-t²-b-am-Ip¶p.

Im³-hm-kn-tâ-bpw Zr-iy-h-kv-Xp-¡-fn Hm-tcm-¶n-sâbpw h-en- -̧sN-dp- -̧

§fpw Zr-iy-¯n-\v ]-Ým-¯-eam-b iq-\y-Ø-ehpw hÀ-®-]-cam-b Xm-fhpw Im-e-

hn-\ym-khp-sam-s¡-bm-Wv Nn-{X-Ie-sb {i-t²-b-am-¡p-¶Xv. G-Xv ho£-W-tIm-

Wn-eq-sS G-tX-Xv h-kv-Xp¡-sf G-tX-Xv hÀ-®-§-fn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡-W-sa-¶ [m-c-

W-bm-Wv kz-bw-Nn-«-s -̧Sp-¯p-¶ Xm-f hy-h-Ø-bp-sS aq-em-[m-c-sa-¶v hn-e-bn-cp-

¯n-bn-«p-v33.

hm-¡p-IÄ-¡-Xo-X-am-b B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-̄ n-sâ bm-YmÀ°yw Im-em-Xo-X-

am-bn{]-I-Sn-¸n-¨ a-säm-cp Nn-{X-am-Wv jÀ_-Xv Kp-e-bp-tS-Xv. 1985þÂ ]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-

se H-cp A-`-bmÀ-°n Iym-¼nÂ-\n-¶v \m-jWÂ tPym-{K-^n-Iv t^m-t«m-{Km-^À

Ìo-hv aIvvI-dn I-s-Sp- -̄Xm-Wv jÀ_-Xv Kp-esb. A-h-fp-sS Pz-en-¡p-¶ I-®p-IÄ

A-{Xbpw {]-i-kv-X-am-bn-cp¶p. H-¶-c hym-g-h-«-¯n-\v ti-jw jÀ_-Xv Kp-e-sb-tX-

Sn tPym-{K-^n-Iv kw-Lw hopw A-^v-Km-\n-se¯n. I-®p-I-fn-se A-K-m-[ Xo-jv-W-

X a-d-̈ p-sh-bv-¡m³ Im-e-¯n-\m-bnÃ. 17 hÀj-s¯ N-cn-{X-ap-d-§p¶ B ap-Jw

tem-I-¯v G-ähpw A-[n-Iw {i-²n-¡-s -̧« ap-J-Nn-{X-am-bn. Cu Nn-{X-§Ä X-½n-ep-

Å Im-e-¯n-sâ ]-gp-Xv \n-ch-[n N-cn-{X-kw- -̀h-§Ä-¡v km-£n-bmbn.

1 . 14 . h -c -bp -sS tem -Iw

hm-¡p-IÄ-¡v h-g-§m-\m-Im-¯ B-i-b-§Ä-¡v Xq-en-I-bp-sS N-e-\-¯n-eq-

sS aqÀ-¯-cq-]w \Â-Ip-¶ C-{µ-Pm-e-am-Wv Nn-{X-§-fn-eq-sSbpw ImÀ-«q-Wp-I-fn-eq-

sSbpw {]-Xy-£-s -̧Sp-¶Xv. Im-e-L-«-̄ n-sâ s\-dn-tI-SpIÄ, A-k-Xy§Ä, aq-ey-

Nyp-Xn-IÄ Xp-S-§n-b-h-sbÃmw ImÀ-«q-Wp-I-fp-sS hn-j-b-am-Ip¶p. H-cp Im-e-L-«-

¯n-sâ DÄ-¯p-Sn-¸p-IÄ k-a-{K-am-bn H-¸n-sb-Sp-¡p-I-bm-Wv Nn-{X-§fpw ImÀ-«q-

Wp-I-fpw. A-Xn B-Jym--\hpw B-i-b-{]-Im-i-\-hp-ap- v.

ImÀ-«q-Wp-I-fn-eq-sS A-Xn-i-à-am-bn B-Jym-\w \-S¯n-b hy-àn-bm-Wv

Pn. Ac-hnµ³. cm-ap-hn-s\ tI-{µ I-Ym-]m-{X-am-¡n B-Zn-a-²ym´s¸m -cp- -̄ap-Å

25

H-cp I-Y hn-I-kn-¸n-s -̈Sp-¡p-I-bm-Wv ‘sNdn-b a-\p-jycpw henb tem-I-hpw' F-

¶ kv-{Sn- v̧ ImÀ-«q¬ ]-c-¼-c-bn-eq-sS A-c-hn-µ-³ sN-bvX-Xv. H-cp Im-e-L«-s¯

ap-gp-h³ A-Xn-hn-i-Zam-b ImÀ-«q-Wn-Iv Zr-ãn-bn-eq-sS t\m-¡n-¡m-Wm³ A-c-

hnµ-\v I-gn-ªp34.

h-c-I-fn-eq-sS cq]w-sIm- Im-hy-sat¶m I-Y-sbt¶m hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡m-hp-¶

kr-ãn-bm-WnXv35. Kp-cp-Pnbpw kzm-an-bpw, A-_phpw \m-K³- ]n-Åbp-sam-s¡ cm-

ap-hn-sâ temI-s¯ A-hn-kv-a-c-Wo-bcm-b sNdn-b a-\p-jy-cm-Ip¶p. t\m-h-en-sâ

B-Jym-\ k-t¦-X-¯n-eq-sS bm-YmÀ-°y-§-fp-sS H-cp ]-cn-tÑ-Zw ImÀ-«q-Wn-eq-sS

A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv A-c-hnµ³.

e-fn-Xam-b h-c-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn- v̈ ZmÀ-i\n-I hn-fw_-cw km-[y-am¡n-b hy-

àn-bm-Wv H.hn. hn-P-b³. -̂en-Xw \n-d-ª ImÀ-«q¬ kv-{Sn-¸p-I-fn-eq-sS cm-{ão-

bhpw km-aq-ly-hpam-b hn-aÀ-i-\w H-cp N-Xp-c-¡-Ån-¡p-Ån A-t±-lw \nÀ-h-

ln¨p. C-¯n-cn h-fs¨m-Sn-¡epw X-am-i-bp-ap-Å B-Jym-\-am-bn ImÀ-«q-Wn-s\ hn-

P-b³ I-p36. CXp-t]m-se¯-s¶ \-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS ‘\m-Wn-b-½bpw tem-Ihpw’

sIm¨p-sIm-¨p-h-c-I-fn-eq-sS h-en-b-hen-b Im-cy-§Ä {]-k-cn-¸n-¨ ImÀ-«q¬ ko-cn-

b-ep-I-fm-bn-cp¶p. D-®n-Ir-jv-W-sâbpw tKm-]o-Ir-jv-W-sâbpw Nn-{X-§Ä B-

t£-]-lm-ky-s¯ \n-e-\nÀ-¯p-¶p-v. tSmw-kn-sâ t_m-_\pw tam-fnbpw i-à-am-

b B-Jym-\ kz-`m-h-ap-ÅXpw G-ä-hp-a-[n-Iw P-\-Io-b-hpam-b ImÀ-«qWpfmWv.

1 . 15 . I -Y -bn -se B-Jym -\w

{]m-No-\-I-e-I-fnepw a-äv km-ln-tXy-X-c A-h-X-c-W-§-fnepw B-Jym-\-̄ n-

sâ km-¶n[yw {]-I-S-am-sW-¶v a\Ên-em¡mw. hmÀ-¯m-Jym-\hpw I-Ym-

Jym-\hpw X-½n t\À-¯ H-cp thÀ-Xn-cn-hv am-{X-ta-bp-Åq F-¶v I-s-̄ mw. A-Xv

bm-YmÀ-°y-¯n-tâbpw `m-h-\-bp-tS-bp-w A-XnÀ-h-c-¼m-Wv. I-Y-bp-sS B-Jym-\-kz-

`m-hw X-s¶-bm-Wv hmÀ-¯m-Jym-\-̄ n-tâbpw A-Sn-Øm-\-am-Ip-¶-sX-¶ I-s-̄ -

en-te-bv-¡m-Wv B-Xy-´n-I-am-bn F-¯n-t -̈cp-¶Xv. A-Xn-\m¯-s¶ I-Y-bn-se

26

B-Jym-\ k-t¦-X-§-fp-sS hn-i-Zam-b hn-i-Ie-\w \nÀ-h-ln-t¡--Xv A-\n-hm-cy-hp-

amWv. `mh-\-sIm-v kr-ãn-s -̈Sp-¯ IY-sb hn-i-Ie-\w sN-bv-Xv bm-YmÀ-°yw-sIm-v

s\-bv-sX-Sp-¡p¶ hmÀ- -̄bp-sS B-Jym-\-]T-\-¯n-te-bv-¡v \o-§p¶-Xv C-h X-½n-

ep-Å thÀ-Xn-cn-hv kq-£v-a-am-bn ]-cn-tim-[n-¡m³ k-lm-b-I-am-Ipw.

H-cp I-YX-s¶ ]-e-X-c-¯n-eq-sS ]-d-bp-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv B-Jym-\-¯n-sâ

kz-`m-hw hy-à-am-Ip-¶Xv. A-Sn-Øm-\-]-c-am-bn I-Y H-t¶-bp-Åq. I-Ym-Jym-\-¯n-

sâ hy-Xy-kv-X-X-bv-¡p-th-n hnhn-[ co-Xn-I-fn-em-Wv I-Y-bn-se kw-`-§-fp-sS irw-J-

e kr-ãn¡p-¶Xv. B-Jym-\m--hn-jv-Im-c-¯n-\v ap³-Km-an-bm-bn \nÂ-¡p-¶ kw-`-h-

§-fm-Wv ]-e-hn-[-¯n A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. ]-e-X-c-¯n A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-

¶psh¦nepw H-cp I-Y-bn-se ap³-Km-anbm-b kw`-hw H-¶p-X-s¶-bm-sW-¶-Xv

{it²-b-amWv. ^m-_p-e-bp-sS X-e-¯nÂ-\n-¶v B-Jy-m-\-am-bn I-Y cq-]-s -̧Sp-I-bm-

Wv sN-¿p-¶Xv.

tI-{µ I-Ym-]m-{Xam-b Ko-hÀ-¤o-k -̈sâ a-\-Ên-eq-sS hn-I-kn-¡p-¶ _nw-

_-§-fm-Wv F³.F-kv am-[hsâ ‘ln-Kzn-ä' F-¶ I-Y-bv-¡v B-[mcw. hm-b-\m-cw-

-̀¯nÂX-s¶ A-\p-hm-N-I³ C-Xv H-cp I-Y-bm-sW¶vv Xn-cn- -̈dn-bp¶p. hm-bn-¡m-

s\-Sp-¡p-¶ ]pkv-X-I-̄ n-sâ ]p-dw-N-«-bnÂ-\n-¶v X-s¶ A-X-n-s\- -̧än-bp-Å ap³-

[m-c-W hm-b-\-¡m-csâ a-\-Ên ]-Xn-bpw.

‘s]-\mÂ-än In-¡v Im-¯p-\nÂ-¡p¶ tKm-fn-bp-sS G-Im -́X' F-¶ PÀ-

½³ t\m-h-en-s\-¡p-dn- v̈ C-ä-en-bnÂ-\n-s¶¯n-b km-ln-Xy kv-t\-lnbm-b ^m-ZÀ

I-{]n-bm-än Ko-hÀ-¤ok- -̈t\m-Sv H-cn-¡Â ]-d-ªn-cp-¶p'37. t\m-h-en-sâ t]-cpX-s¶

B-Zy I-Ym-_o-P-am-Ip-I-bm-Wv. tKm-fn-bp-sS G-Im-´-X-¡p-Np-äpw s]-\mÂ-än t]m-

kv-äp-v, ssa-Xm-\-apv, I-fn-¡m-cpv, Kym-e-dn-Ifpw Im-Wn-I-fp-apv. C-h-cp-sS C-S-bn tKm-

fn A-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶ G-Im´-X. Xp-SÀ-¶v \n-an-j-t\-cw sIm-v \n-ch-[n ^m-_p-e-IÄ

cq-]-s -̧Sp¶p. Cu ^m-_p-e-IÄ tKm-fn-bp-sS G-Im- -́X-bn-eq-sS tb-ip-{In-kv-Xp-hn-

te-bv-¡pw tKm-en-b-̄ n-te-bv¡pw kw-{I-an- v̈ Ko-hÀ-¤o-k- -̈\n-te-bv-s¡-¯p¶p.

27

‘BZyw Ip-d-̈ p-Zn-h-kw tKm-fn am-ä-anÃm-sX tb-ip-{In-kv-Xp-hm-bn-cp¶p. H-¶mw-\-

¼À tP-gv-kn-b-Wn-ªv IÀ-¯m-hv ]-e-]-´p-Ifpw X-«n-amän. Ip-d-¨p-\m-fp-IÄ-¡p-

ti-jw s]«-¶v tKm-fn tKm-en-b-̄ mbn'.

‘Ko-hÀ-¤o-k -̈sâ CS-h-I sX-¡³ ZnÃn-bn-em-bn-cp¶p. Ip-d- v̈ a-e-bm-

fnIÄ. _o-lm-dnÂ-\n-s¶¯n-b ho-«p-th-e-¡m-cn-Ifm-b G-Xm\pw B-Zn-hm-kn

s]¬-Ip-«n-IÄ. hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn C-{Xbpw t]-sc D-m-bn-cp-¶pÅq. B-gv-N-bn A-

¨³ _n-j-¸n-s\Im-Wm³ t]m-Ipw. hÃ-t¸mgpw km-lnXyw NÀ- -̈sN-¿m³ ^m-ZÀ

I-{]n-bm-än h-cpw...'38. Ko-hÀ-¤o-k-¨³ G-Im-Inbmb tKm-fn-bm-Ip¶-Xv A-§-s\-

bmWv. tKm-fn-b¯pw tb-ip-{In-kv-Xphpw ]qÀ®-X-ssI-h-cm-¯ kq-sj-I-fm-bn

A-h-ti-jn-¡p¶p. ]I-cw Ko-hÀ-¤o-k- -̈\n-eq-sS kq-sj hn-I-kn-¡p-¶p.

ho-«p-th-e-¡m-cnbm-b eq-kn-bp-sS Po-hn-X-am-Wv ln-Kzn-ä-bn-se I-Ym-h-

kvXp. eq-kn-bp-sS Po-hn-X-am-Wv c-ma-s¯ ^m-_p-e.

1 . 16 . lzn -Kz n -ä -bn -se kw-` -h -§Ä

kw-`-h-§-fp-sS H-cp k-ap- -̈b-am-Wv I-Y-bm-bn B-Jym-\-¯n ]-cn-W-an-

¡p-¶Xv. ]p-\À-\nÀ-½n-¨ kw- -̀h-§-fp-sS tem-I-sa-¶m-Wv IY-sb lr-tjm-h-kv-In

hn-e-bn-cp-¯nb-Xv39. B-Jym-\-¯n-sâ \n-an-j-§-fn kw- -̀h-Nn-{X-§Ä H-s¶m-¶m-

bn F-¯p-t¼m-gm-Wv I-Y {]-h-ln-¡p-¶-Xm-bn A-\p-hm-NI-\v tXm-¶p-¶Xv. k-a-b-

¯n-tâbpw Im-e-¯n-tâbpw km-¶n-[yw-Iq-Sn tN-cp-t¼m-Ä A-Xv ]qÀ-W-am-Ipw.

Ø-en-I-X-bn-eq-tSbpw Im-en-I-X-bn-eq-tS-bp-ap-Å kw-`-h-§-fp-sS {]-bm-W-am-Wv I-

Y-bp-sS {]-hm-l-sa-¶v Un. cm-[m-Ir-jv-W³ \m-bÀ \n-co-£n-¡p-¶p40. Hmtcm Nn-

{Xhpw B-Jym-\-¯n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-̄ n P-\n-¡p-t¼mÄ ap-¼v P-\n-¨ Nn-{X-

§Ä ]n-¶n-te-bv-¡v t]m-Ip-¶p. A§-s\ Ø-en-I-X-bv¡pw Im-en-I-X-bv¡pw ]-c-

kv-]-c-]q-c-Wm-\p`-hw e-`y-am-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv B-Jym-\w F-¶v A-t±-lw- hn-e-bn-cp-

¯n-41.

‘s]-\mÂ-än In-¡v Im-¯p-\nÂ-¡p¶ tKm-fn-bp-sS G-Im -́X' F-¶ PÀ-

28

a³ t\m-h-en-s\-¡p-dn- v̈ C-ä-en-bn \n-s¶¯n-b km-ln-Xy kv-t\-ln-bm-b ^m-ZÀ

I-{]n-bm-än Ko-hÀ-Kok- -̈t\m-Sv ]-dª-Xv ln-Kzn-än-bn-se B-Zy kw-`hw. ]n-¶o-Sv

tb-ip-{In-kv-Xphpw tKm-fn-b¯pw _nw-_-§-fm-bn hen-b kw- -̀h-§-fp-sS tc-J-s -̧

Sp-¯m- -̄Nn{Xw A-\p-hm-NI-sâ a-\-kn kr-ãn-¡p¶p. IpÀ_m-\ I-gn-ªv ]p-

d-¯n-d-§p-¶ Ko-hÀ-Ko-k- -̈s\-Im- v̄ B-Zn-hm-kn s]¬-Ip-«n eq-kn C-S-bv-¡n-sS

F-¯p¶p. Cu kw-`-h-Ø-e-¯p-sh-¨m-Wv P-ºm-dn-sâ i-ey-s -̧Sp-¯-ep-I-sf-¡p-

dn- v̈ eq-kn ]-d-bp-¶Xv. tPm-en hm-§n-s¡m-Sp-¡m-sa-¶v ]d-ªv B-Zn-hm-kn

s]¬-Ip-«nI-sf ]p-d¯p-sImp-t]m-Ip-¶ P-ºm-dm-Wv eq-knsbbpw sX-¡³ ZnÃn-

bn-te-bv-¡v sIm-p-h-¶Xv.

H-cp-Znh-kw P-ºmÀ eqkn-tbm-Sv ]-d-ªp: ‘]-Wn-\nÀ-¯n \o F-sâ Iq-sS

hm'. eq-kn \n-kwi-bw A-Xv sN-bv-sX-¦nepw ]n-¶o-Sm-Wv P-ºm-dn-sâ D-t±iyw

sh-fn-s -̧Sp-¶-Xv. I-Ym-{]-hm-l-¯n-\v C-hn-sS th-Kw Iq-Sp-Ibpw Xn-cn-hp-kw-`-hn-

¡p-I-bpw sN-¿p-¶pv. tlm-«Â ap-dn-bn-se tkTn-sâ A-Sp-t -̄bv-¡p hn-Sp-¶Xpw

eq-kn A-hn-sS-\n-¶v c-£-s -̧Sp-¶Xpw ]n-¶o-Sp-Å kw- -̀h-§-fm-Ip-¶p.

A-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ, tem-I¡-¸v ^pSv-t_mÄ Ko-hÀ-Ko-k -̈s\ HÃqÀ F- v̈.F-kn-

sâ tKmÄ t]m-kv-än-te-bv¡pw sImp-t]m-Ip-¶p-v. I-Y-bp-sS A-h-km-\w A-¨³ H-

cp tKm-fn-bm-bn cq-]m- -́c-s -̧Sp-Ibpw P_m-dn-s\ H-cp ]-´n-s\-sb-¶-t]m-se ssI-

Im-cyw sN-¿p-I-bpw sN-bvXp. kw-`-h-§-fp-sS H-cp k-ap- -̈b-am-Wv C-hn-sS \S¡p-

¶Xv. A-h-km\-s¯ kw- -̀h-¯n-\v kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn Hcp ]-cn-k-am-]v-Xn-bp-sS kq-

N-\bpw h-¶p-tN-cp¶p.

1 . 17 . ln -Kz n -ä -bn -se I-Ym -]m - {X§Ä

{]Xy-£hpw A-{]-Xy-£-hpam-b I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fm-Wv ln-Kzn-ä-bn-ep-ÅXv.

Ko-hÀKo-k- -̈\m-Wv tI-{µ-I-Ym-]m-{Xw. H-cpth-f ln-Kzn-ä-bmbpw tb-ip-{In-kv-Xp-

hmbpw ]ns¶- tKm-fn-b-̄ mbpw Ko-hÀ-Ko-k-¨³ cq-]m- -́cw -{]m-]n-¡p-¶pv. I-Y-bv-

¡v I-cp- v̄ ]-I-cp-¶Xpw IY-sb ap-t¶m-«v \-bn-¡p-¶Xpw Ko-hÀ-Ko-k -̈sâ Nn-

-́I-fmWv. P-\-¡q-«-¯n-\n-S-bn tKm-fn A-\p- -̀hn-¡p-¶ G-Im- -́X-bm-Wv Ko-hÀ-

29

Ko-k-¨³ G-sä-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv.

P-ºm-dn-sâ `o-j-Wn-¡v ap-¶n \n-Ê-lm-b-bm-Ip-¶ B-Zn-hm-kn s]¬-

Ip-«n eq-kn-bm-Wv a-säm-cp {][m-\ {]-Xy-£ I-Ym-]m-{Xw. eq-kn-bp-sS Im-cy-¯nÂ

F- v́ Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-¡-W-sa-¶ B-i-b-¡p-g- -̧am-Wv Ko-hÀ-Ko-k -̈s\ tKm-fn-bp-sS

G-Im-´-X-bn-te-bv-¡v X-Ån-hn-Sp-¶Xv. Cu Nn-´m-[m-c-IÄ-¡n-S-bn Ko-hÀ-Ko-k- -̈

sâ ]n-Xmhm-b ]n.Sn amjpw A-{]-Xy-£ I-Ym-]m-{X-am-bn I-Y-bn-se-¯p-¶p-v.

Ko-hÀ-Ko-k¨³, eqkn, P-ºmÀ F-¶n§-s\ aq-¶v I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fm-Wv ln-

Kzn-ä-bp-sS B-Jym\-s¯ kzm-[o-\n-¡p-¶Xv. Ko-hÀ-Ko-k -̈sâ a-t\m-hym-]m-c-§-fn-

eq-sS-bm-Wv B-Jym-\w \nÀ-h-ln-¡p-¶-sX-¦nepw eq-kn-bp-sS kw-`m-j-W-§fpw

B-Jym-\K-Xn-sb kzm-[o-\n-¡p-¶p-v.

1 . 18 . ]mT - {I -aw(Im -ehpw Ø-e-hpw)

v̂-fm-jv _m--¡p-I-fn-eq-sS I-Y-]-d-bm-\m-Wv F-³.F-kv am-[-h³ ln-Kzn-ä-bn-

eqsS {i-an-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. {]-Xy-£-aÃm-¯ Im-e-¯n-sâ kv-]À-i-am-Wv ln-Kzn-ä-bn-

eq-sS hm-b-\-¡mÀ-¡v e-`n-¡p-¶Xv. HmÀ-½-I-fn Ip-Sp-§n-¡n-S-¡p-¶ kw-`-h-

§Ä hÀ-¯-am-\m-Jym-\-§Ä-¡n-S-bn k-¶n-th-in-¸n- v̈ s]-\mÂ-än-In¡pw tKm-

fnbpw tNÀ-¶ Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ H-cp I-fn¡-fw XoÀ-¡p-I-bm-Wv am-[-h³.

H-cp sNdn-b kw-`h-s¯ A-ev-]w hn-im-eam-b H-cp Im³-hm-kn-te-bv-¡v

sIm-p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv ln-Kzn-ä-bnÂ. sX-¡³ ZnÃn-bn ho-«p-th-e-bv-¡p-h-¶ eq-kn-

sb-¶ B-Zn-hm-kn bp-h-Xn-bp-sS I-Y-bn ^pSv-t_mÄ I-¼-¡m-c\m-b Ko-hÀ-Ko-

k -̈sâ km¶n-[yw-Iq-Sn h-cp-t¼m-gm-Wv I-Y k-Po-h-am-Ip-¶Xv.

Ø-ehpw Im-ehpw thÀ-Xn-cn-¡m-\m-Im-¯ hn-[w ln-Kzn-än-bn H-¶m-bn-cn-

¡p¶p. H-scm-ä I-Ym-L-S-\-bn-eq-sS Ime-s¯ thÀ-Xn-cn-s -̈Sp-¡m³ I-gn-bnÃ.

Htcm t»m-¡p-I-fn-em-bn Im-e-s¯ HmÀ-½-n-¸n-¡p-¶ kq-N-I-§Ä \Â-Ip-Ibpw

sN-¿p-¶p-v. I-Y-bp-sS C-S-bv-¡v ]n.Sn am-jn-sâ a-I\m-b Ko-hÀ-Ko-kv HÃqÀ kv-Iq-fn-

se Ip-«n-¡m-e-t¯-bv-¡v t]m-Ip-¶pv.

30

Ø-e-km-¶n-[y-¯n-eq-sS Im-e-¯n-sâ kv-]µ-\w sh-fn-hm-¡p-¶ I-Y-bnÂ

\n-ch-[n Ø-e-]-cm-aÀ-i-§Ä I-s-¯mw. ‘FÃm-h-cmepw Häp-sIm-Sp-¡-s¸«v, cp-

ssI-Ifpw hn-SÀ-¯n tKm-fn s]-\mÂ-än In-¡v Im-¯p-\nÂ-¡p¶p. Kym-e-dn-bnÂ

A-¼-Xn-\m-bn-cw Xp-¸Â-]änb sXm--IÄ A-t¸mÄ \n-i-Ð-cm-bn-cn-¡pw. H-cp Im-Wn

am{Xw A-t¸mÄ Iq-hpw'42. tKmÄ-apJ-s¯ tKm-fn-bp-sS D-Xv-I-WvvT \nd-ª A-\n-

Ýn-Xm-h-Ø-bmWv Cu Ø-e-Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-¯n-eq-sS am-[-h³ sh-fn-s -̧Sp-¯n-b-Xv.

Ko-hÀ-Ko-k -̈sâ C-S-h-Ibm-b sX-¡³ ZnÃn, IpÀ_m-\ I-gn-ªp-h-cp-¶

A -̈s\ Im-¯vv eq-kn \nÂ-¡m-dp-Å CSw, eq-kn-bp-sS Ø-eam-b dm©n,

tlm-«Â apdn, P-ºm-dn-sâ hoSv, Ko-hÀ-Ko-k -̈sâ apdn, HÃqÀ Fkv. F-¨n-sâ

tKmÄ t]m-kv-äv........ I-Y-bp-sS A-h-km-\w HmÀ-a-I-fn-se I-fn-¡-f-¯n-te-bv-¡v Ko-

hÀ-Ko-k-¨³ t]m-Ip-¶Xpw tKm-fn-bp-sS ho-cy-t¯m-sS P-ºm-dn-s\ ssI-Imcyw

sN-¿p-¶Xpw Ø-e-¯n-tâbpw Im-e-¯n-tâbpw A-Xo-{µn--b kv-]À-iw hm-b-\-¡m-

sc A-\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-¡p¶p.

1 . 19 . ^m -_p -e, kq -sj

\n-ch-[n ^m-_p-e-I-fp-sS k-ap- -̈b-am-Wv ln-Kzn-ä. B-Zn-hm-kn s]¬-

Ip-«nbm-b eq-kn-bp-sS I-Y-bm-Wv {][m-\ ^m-_p-e. A-Xn-\v A-h-X-c-W-cq-]w e-`n-

¡p-t¼m-gm-Wv Ko-hÀ-Ko-k- -̈\pw P-ºmdpw s]-\mÂ-än In-¡v Im-¯p-\nÂ-¡p¶

tKm-fnbpw Hm-t«m ss{U-h-dp-saÃmw F-¯n-t -̈cp-¶Xv. a-äv \n-ch-[n ^m-_p-e-IÄ

ln-Kzn-ä-bn-ep-s-¦nepw A-h-sbm¶pw kq-sj-bm-bn ]-cn-W-an-¡p-¶nÃ. Kym-e-dn-bn-

se A-¼-Xn-\m-bn-cw Im-Wn-Ifpw A-Xn-se H-cp Im-Wn-am{Xw C-S-bv-¡v c-p-aq-¶v X-

h-W Iq-hp-¶-Xpw ^m-_p-e-bnÂ-\n-¶p-Å ]-cn-Wm-a-amWv43. I-Ym-_o-Pam-b ^m-

_p-e-bnÂ-\n-¶v hy-Xy-kv-X I-Y-I-fn-eq-sS tKm-fn-bp-sS ]-c-¼-c-IÄ Ko-hÀ-Ko-k-

¨³ a-\-Ên kr-ãn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn am-[-h³ I-s-̄ p-¶p.

‘B-Zy-s¯ Ip-d-̈ p-Znh-kw tKm-fn am-ä-anÃm-sX tb-ip-{In-kv-Xp-hm-bn-

cp¶p'44. C-sXm-cp ^m-_p-e-bm-sW-¦nepw kq-sj-bm-bn cq-]-s -̧Sm-sX A-]qÀ-W-X-

31

bn A-h-km-\n-¡p-I-bmWv. tKm-fn tKm-fn-b-¯m-b-t¸mgpw ]qÀ-W-X-t\-Sp-¶nÃ.

Ko-hÀ-Ko-k -̈sâ kz-´w A-\p-`-h-¯nÂ-\n-¶p-m-Ip-¶ kw- -̀h-§Ä am-{X-am-Wv kq-

sj-bm-Ip-¶-Xv. I-Y-bp-sS A-h-km-\w ln-Kzn-ä-bp-sS {]-Xn-cq-]-am-bn Ko-hÀ-Ko-k-

¨³ A-h-X-cn-¡p¶p. A-t¸mÄ I-Y-bn-se \m-b-I-\m-Ip-Ibpw I-Ym-K-Xn-¡v A-{]-

Xo£n-X ]-cn-k-am-]v-Xn-h-cn-Ibpw sN-¿p-t¼m-gm-Wv A -̈sâ A-k-am-\y Im-bn-I

_-ew kq-sj-bm-bn ]-cn-W-an-¡p-¶Xv.

H¶n-e[-Iw ^m-_p-e-I-fm-Wv ln-Kz-ä-bn-se {]-tXy-I-X. F-¶m C-h-

sbm¶pw kq-sj-bm-Im-sX A-]qÀ-W-X-bn-e-h-km-\n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. Ko-hÀ-

Ko-k -̈sâ am-\kn-I hym-]m-c-§-fn-eq-sSbpw eq-kn-sb-¶ B-Zn-hm-kn bp-h-Xn-bp-

sS DÂ-¡-WvT-I-fn-eq-sSbpw A-h-km-\w kz-bw \m-b-I-\m-Ip-¶ Ko-hÀ-Ko-k -̈sâ

cw-K-¯n-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv I-Y-bp-sS A-h-Xc-Ww km-[y-am-Ip-¶-Xv.

I-Y-bv-¡-Xo-Xam-b H-cp A-Xn-I-Y-bp-sS t\À-tc-Jbpw ‘ln-Kzn-ä-'bn Im-

Wmw. H-cp ss{I-kv-X-h ]p-tcm-lnX-sâ I-®n-eq-sS I-Ym-Jym-\w km-[y-am-Ip-

t¼mÄ _n-»n-¡Â L-S-I-§-Ä Iq-Sn kzm-`m-hnI-X-tbm-sS I-Y-bn-se _nw-_-§-

fm-Ip¶p. Cu _nw-_-§-fp-sS A-Zr-iy-a-m-sbm-cp Iq-Sn-t -̈c-en-eq-sS a-säm-cp B-

Jym-\w Iq-Sn C-hn-sS \nÀ-h-ln-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. tb-ip-{In-kvXp, tKm-fn-b v̄,

a-dnbw, IpÀ_m-\ Xp-S§n-b L-S-I-§Ä ImÂ- -̧´p-I-fn-bp-sS _nw-_-§Ä-s¡m-

¸w I-Ym-K-Xn-sb kzm-[o-\n-¡p-¶pv.

{]I-S-\ I-e-I-fnepw Nn-{X-c-N-\-bnepw t^m-t«m-{Km-^p-I-fnepw am-{X-aÃ

B-Jym-\-̄ n-sâ kv-]À-i-ap-ÅXv. A-Xv kÀ-h-hym-]n-bmWv. Zn-\w-{]-Xn-bp-Å a-\p-

jy {]hr¯nI-fn B-Jym-\w A-en-ªp-tNÀ-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. A-Xv N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ

`m-K-hp-amWv. km-ln-Xykm-ln-tXy-X-c am-[y-a-§-fn B-Jym-\-¯n-sâ i-àam-b

km-¶n[yw I-s-¯m-³ I-gn-bp-sa-¶v C-Xn\-Iw hy-à-am-bn. \n-Xy-Po-hn-X-̄ nÂ

kw-`-h-§-fp-sS H-cp t{i-Wn-bm-bn A-Xp \n-e-\nÂ-¡p¶p.

N-e-¨n-{Xw, N-cn-{X-]p-kv-X-I§Ä, t\mhÂ, ImÀ-«q¬, \r¯w, \n-b-a-tc-J-

IÄ, U-b-dn-¡p-dn- v̧ F-¶n-h-sbÃmw A-Sn-Øm-\-]-c-am-bn B-Jym-\-§-fmWv. hy-

32

Xy-kv-X-co-Xn-I-fnepw, ho£-W-tIm-Wp-I-fnepw, ssi-en-I-fnepw C-Xv A-h-X-cn-¸n-

¡p-¶p F-¶p-am{Xw. N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ A-\n-hm-cy-X-sb-¶ \n-e-bn B-Jym-\w ]-{X-

hmÀ- -̄I-fnepw km-¶n-[y-ap-d-̧ n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. kw- -̀h-§-fp-sS H-cp t\À-]-IÀ-¸m-bn

N-cn-{X-¯m-fp-I-fn ]-Xn-bp-I-sb-¶p-Å {]m-Yan-I IÀ-¯-hy-am-Wv ]-{X-hmÀ-¯-

IÄ \n-d-th-äp-¶Xv. Cu N-cn-{X\n-tbm-K-̄ n-sâ G-Wn- -̧Sn-I-fn-eq-sS tem-I-¯n-

sâ {]-bm-Ww Htcm hm-b-\-¡m-c\pw ]-{Xm-Jym-\-¯n-eq-sS a-\-Ên-te-bv-¡m-hm-ln-

¡p-¶p. ]-{X-hmÀ- -̄bp-sS B-Jym-\hn-i-Ie-\w A-Xn-\m¯-s¶ Im-e-¯n-sâ

A-\n-hm-cy-X-bp-am-Ip¶p.

33

Ipdn -¸pIÄ:

1. Prince, Gerald. Narratology, Narrative and Meaning, Poetics Today,

P.543.

2. Prince, Gerald. Narratology, Narrative and Meaning, Poetics Today,

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3. Barthes, Roland. ‘Introduction to the Structural analysis of narratives’,

in Image-music-text, P.26

4. Scholes, Robert and Kellog, Robert. The Nature of Narrative, P.4.

5. am[-h³-]n-Å, kn. hn -{I -am -Z n -Xy -I -YIÄ, ]p-dw. 131.

6. tjIv-kv-]nbÀ, hneyw. H -YtÃm(hn-h.), ]-c-ta-iz-c-]n-Å, ]n.F³, ]p-dw.25.

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12. Stanzel, F.K. A Theory of Narrative, P. 6.

13. cm-a³-]n-Å, kn.hn. amÀ -¯m -Þ-hÀ -½, ]p-dw.154.

14. cm-[m-Ir-jv-W³ \mbÀ, Un. B-Jym -\ -hn -Úm-\w, ]p-dw.27.

15. AtX ]p-kvXIw, ]p-dw.27.

16. tIm-hn-e³. P -·m -´ -c§Ä. ]p-dw. 40þ41.

17. cm-[m-Ir-jv-W³ \mbÀ, Un. B-Jym -\ -hn -Úm-\w, ]p-dw.6.

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Fictionality’ in Narrative in Culture: The use of Story telling in the

Science, Philosophy and Literature, P. 131.

19. Genette, Gerard. Narrative Discourse Revisited, P.15-16.

34

20. Genette, Gerard. Narrative Discourse Revisited, P.15-16.

21. ]ß\m-`³ \mbÀ, I-em-a-Þ-ew. sNmÃn -bm -«w, ]p-dw. 721.

22. AtX ]p-kvXIw, ]pdw. 722.

23. \mcm-b-W ]njm-tcmSn, sI.]n.(s{]m^). Iq -¯-¼ -e -§ -fnÂ, ]p-dw. 147þ148.

24. {io-cmPv, _n. A-Sq -cn -sâ kÀ -¤ -bm{X, ]p-dw.70.

25. AtX ]p-kvXIw, ]p-dw.70.

26. Epistein, Alex. Craftly Screen writing. www.craftlyscreenwriting.com.

Accessed on 20/02/06.

27. {io-cmPv, _n. A-Sq -cn -sâ kÀ -¤ -bm{X. ]p-dw.24.

28. Epistein, Alex. Craftly Screen writing. www.craftlyscreenwriting.com.

Accessed on 20/02/06.

29. Kmb-{Xn. an¯pw Nn -{X -I -e -bpw. ]p-dw. 9.

30. AtX ]p-kvXIw, ]p-dw. 9.

31. AtX ]p-kvXIw, ]p-dw. 9.

32. www.vietnamwar.com/phunthinkimphu . Accessed on 22/02/06

33. Kmb-{Xn. an¯pw Nn -{X -I -e -bpw. ]p-dw. 9.

34. Achn-µ³, Pn. sNdn -b a -\p -jycpw henb tem -I -hpw, ]p-dw. 4.

35. AtX ]p-kvXIw, ]p-dw. 4.

36. hnP-b³, H.hn. C -¯n -cn t\ -c -t¼m -¡v C -¯n -cn ZÀ -i\w, ]p-dw. 4.

37. am[h³, F³.Fkv. ln -Kz n -ä , ]p-dw. 9.

38. AtX ]p-kvXIw, ]p-dw. 9.

39. cm-[m-Ir-jv-W³ \mbÀ, Un. B-Jym -\ -hn -Úm-\w, ]p-dw.148.

40. AtX ]p-kvXIw, ]p-dw.148.

41. AtX ]p-kvXIw, ]p-dw.148.

42. am[h³, F³.Fkv. ln -Kz n -ä , ]p-dw. 9.

43. cm-[m-Ir-jv-W³ \mbÀ, Un. B-Jym -\ -hn -Úm-\w, ]p-dw.148.

44. am[h³, F³.Fkv. ln -Kz n -ä , ]p-dw. 9.

35