2- 3 cover · dh xq.koÙkk muu;u gsrq iz;kl eksgeen bj'kkn gqlsu 90 ikjh{kk esa udy osq...

^Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk* jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ dh ,d =kSekfld if=kdkgSA bl if=kdk dk eq[; mís'; gS f'k{kdksa] f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa] 'kSf{kd iz'kkldksa rFkk 'kks/drkZvksa dks,d eap iznku djuk] f'k{kk ds fofHkUu vk;keksa tSlsμf'k{kkn'kZu] f'k{kk euksfoKku] f'k{kk dhledkyhu leL;k,a] ikB~;Øe ,oa izfof/ lacaèkh uohu fodkl] varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij f'k{kk dkLo:i] fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa f'k{kk dh fLFkfr vkfn ij ekSfyd rFkk vkykspukRed fparu dks izksRlkfgrdjuk vkSj f'k{kk ds lq/kj vkSj fodkl dks c<+kok nsukA ys[kdksa }kjk O;Dr fd, x, fopkj muosQvius gSaA vr% ;s fdlh Hkh izdkj ls ifj"kn~ dh uhfr;ksa dks izLrqr ugha djrs blfy, bl laca/ esaifj"kn~ dk dksbZ mÙkjnkf;Ro ugha gSA

vdknfed laiknd

jktjkuh

vdknfed laikndh; lfefr

jatuk vjksM+k ;ksxs'k oqQekj

fdju okfy;k vuqie vkgwtk

,e-oh- Jhfuoklu lquhrk oqQekjh ukxj (ts-ih-,iQ-)

izdk'ku foHkkx osQ lnL;

foHkkxkè;{k uhjtk 'kqDyk

eq[; laiknd 'osrk mIiy

laiknu vkse izdk'k

mRiknu lquhy oqQekj

vkoj.kvfer JhokLro

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ izdk'ku foHkkx osQ dk;kZy;

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQilJh vjfoan ekxZu;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011&26562708

108, 100 iQhV jksMgsyh ,DlVsasa'ku] gksLMsosQjscuk'kadjh III bLVstcaxyq: 560 085 iQksu % 080&26725740

uothou VªLV HkouMkd?kj uothouvgenkckn 380 014 iQksu % 079&27541446

lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil/udy cl LVkWi osQ lkeusifugVhdksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033&25530454

lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDlekyhxk¡oxqokgkVh 781021 iQksu % 0361&2674869

ewY;,d izfr % 50-00 #i, okf"kZd % 200-00 #i,

ifj"kn~ dh ^Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk* ,oa ^izkbejh f'k{kd*=kSekfld if=kdkvksa ds xzkgdksa] ikBdksa rFkk ys[kdksa ls fuossnu

jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ dh mYysf[kr nks =kSekfld if=kdk,a f'k{kktxr esa jk"Vªh; Lrj rFkk jkT; Lrj ij gks jgs vusd iz;ksxksa] vuqla/kuksa] dk;ZØeksa oxfrfof/;ksa dks ikBdksa rd igq¡pkus osQ lqxe ekè;e gSaA bu if=kdkvksa dk izdk'kufo'ks"k :i ls fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa dk;Zjr f'k{kkfonksa] f'k{kdksa] f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksarFkk ikB~;Øe fuekZrkvksa dks lefiZr gSA buosQ izR;sd laLdj.k esa ,sls uohure ys[kksaosQ izdk'ku dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gS tks 'kSf{kd uhfr;ksa ls lacafèkr gksa] xq.kkRedlqèkkj dh fn'kk esa mYys[kuh; iz;ksx gkas] vf/xe dks lq#fpiw.kZ rFkk xzkÞ; cukus dhfn'kk esa futh vuqHko vFkok 'kks/ dk;Z gksa] fofHkUu 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa osQ fooj.k gksa]f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k laca/h izHkkoh lkexzh gksA 'kSf{kd mi;ksfxrk ls ;s if=kdk,¡ vR;UregRoiw.kZ gSa rFkk ifj"kn~ bUgsa ewy ykxr ls Hkh cgqr de dher ij ikBdksa dks miyC/djkrh gSA

bu if=kdkvksa ds fy, mRÑ"V Lrj osQ f'k{kkizn izHkkoh ys[k lg"kZ Lohdkj fd,tkrs gSa rFkk muosQ izdk'ku osQ mijkar leqfpr ekuns; nsus dh Hkh O;oLFkk gSA ys[k dhfo"k;oLrq 2500 ls 3000 'kCnksa esa ;k vf/d Vafdr :i esa gksuk okaNuh; gSA ;fnys[kd vius ys[kksa osQ lkFk lhMh ;k Ýyksih vkSj Lo;a dk bZ- esy dk irk Hkst losaQrks lqfo/k gksxhA Ñi;k vius ys[k fuEu irs ij Hkstsa μ

foHkkxkè;{k (if=kdk izdks"B)] izdk'ku foHkkxjk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~Jh vjfoUn ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016

vè;{k] izdk'ku foHkkx }kjk jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoUn ekxZ] u;h fnYyh110 016 ds fy, izdkf'kr rFkk --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- }kjk eqfnzrA

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kko"kZ 30 vad 4 vizSy 2010

ISSN 0972-56

bl vad esalaikndh; 3

f'k{kk dk foLrkj & johanzukFk VSxksj 5

21oha lnh esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk & Lkquhrk oqQekjh ukxj ,oaoqQN leL;k,¡ oqQN lek/ku vfUofr flag 14

lh[kus dk feFkd & tkWu gkWYV 23

Hkkjr esa f'k{kk 'kks/ dh voLFkk & 'kadj 'kj.k 30

'kkafr f'k{kk ,oa fo|ky;kssa eas 'kkafr laLo`Qfr & vkyksd xkfMZ;k ,oadh vo/kj.kkμoqQN fopkj.kh; fcUnq Ikq"is'k ikBd 45

v¡xsz”kh f'k{k.k & ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 52

flusek dk 'kSf{kd lanHkZ & fouksn vuqie 84

fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa gks jgs 'kks/ dk;ks± μ eksgEen ;wuql gqlSu ,oadh xq.koÙkk mUu;u gsrq iz;kl eksgEen bj'kkn gqlSu 90

Ikjh{kk esa udy osQ dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa funku & vf'ouh oqQekj xkSM+ 96

mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij dk;Zjr vè;kidksa dh & jhuk flag ,oad{kk f'k{k.k n{krk dk vè;;u fnus'k oqQekj xqIrk 102

ikB~;Øe vudgh & vuhrk xqIrk ,oa^tks dgh lks dgh ij oqQN vudgh Hkh jgh* euh"kk feukspk 111

laikndh;

^Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk* dk ;g vadfo|ky;h iwoZ f'k{kk ls ysdj mPp f'k{kkrd] 'kSf{kd izfØ;k osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa lstqMs+ ys[kksa dks lesVs gq, gSA vad dh 'kq#vkrjohanzukFk VSxksj osQ fuca/ksa osQ ladyu ls pqusx, ,d ys[k f'k{kk dk foLrkj* ls dh xbZgSA vkt ls yxHkx vkB n'kd igys xq#nso}kjk ,d laHkk"k.k osQ :Ik esa dgs x;s ;s'kCn orZeku f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa xq.kkRedlq/kj ykus vkSj mls tu&tu rd igq¡pkus esavkt Hkh egRoiw.kZ izrhr gksrs gaSA orZekulnh esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh oqQN leL;kvksavkSj muosQ lek/kuksa dk ftØ fd;k gSlquhrk oqQekjh ukxj ,oa vfUofr flag usvius ys[k ^21oha lnh esaa Hkkjrh; f'k{kkO;oLFkkμoqQN leL;k oqQN lek/ku* esaA^lh[kus dk feFkd* ys[k osQ tfj;s tkWugkWYV us ljy 'kCnksa esa lh[kus* laca/h HkzkfUr;ksadks nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA ys[kd usLi"V fd;k gS fd lh[kuk* osQoy fdrkchKku vFkok fo|ky; rd gh lhfer ughagS] lh[kus osQ dksbZ fo'ks"k vuqHko ugha gksrs]

cfYd gj vuqHko ls ge oqQN u oqQNlh[krs gSaA

vHkh gky gh esa ,d jk"Vªh; lekpkji=k esa ;g [kcj Nih Fkh fd gekjs ns'k esav¡xzsth Hkk"kk cksyus@tkuus okyksa dk izfr'krfgUnh osQ ckn nwljs LFkku ij gSA v¡xszthgekjh fo|ky;h ikB~;p;kZ dk fgLlk Hkh gSvkSj cgqr ls fo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kk dk ekè;eHkhA ^jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ fd :ijs[kk 2005*osQ vUrZxr xfBr ,d jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg}kjk fyf[kr vk/kj i=k ^v¡xzsth f'k{k.k*dks bl vad esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS tks ;gekudj pyrk gS fd v¡xzsth Hkkjr tSlscgqHkk"kh ns'k esa ,d oSf'od Hkk"kk gS vkSjmldh 'kq#vkr fo|ky;ksa esa nsj ls exjnq#Lr rjhosQ ls dh tkuh pkfg;sA blvk/kj&i=k esa fo|ky;h Lrj ij v¡xzsthHkk"kk f'k{k.k ls lacaf/r fofHkUu fcUnqvksadh fo'ys"k.kkRed ppkZ dh xbZ gSA 'kSf{kdizfØ;k dks le>us o mlesa cnyko ykus esa^'kks/* vFkok vuqla/ku* egRoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkkrs gSaA ns'k esa 'kSf{kd izfØ;k ls tqM+s

4 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ tqykbZ 2009

'kks/ dk;ksaZ dh fLFkfr ij fo'ys"k.kkRedfVIi.kh dh xbZ gS 'kadj 'kj.k osQ ys[k^Hkkjr esa f'k{kk 'kks/ dh voLFkk* esaA eksgEen;wuql gqlSu ,oa eksgEEkn bj'kkn gqlSu usvius ys[k esa fo'ofo|ky;h Lrj ij gks jgs'kks/ dk;ksZa dks csgrj cukus osQ iz;klksa dhppkZ dh gSA ^mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij dk;Zjrvè;kidksa dh d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk dkvè;;u* uked 'kks/ijd ys[k }kjk jhukflag ,oa fnus'k oqQekj xqIrk us d{kk esaf'k{kdksa }kjk viuk, tkus okys fofHkUuO;ogkjksa dks n'kkZ;k gSA ,d vU; 'kks/ijdys[k ikB~;Øe vudghμtks dgha lks dghij oqQN vudgh Hkh jgh* esa vuhrk xqIrk,oa euh"kk feukspk us fnYyh jkT; esa pyjgs ulZjh f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk la{ksiesa fo'ys"k.k izLrqr fd;k gSA

bl vad esa 'kSf{kd izfØ;k osQ oqQN

vU; egRoiw.kZ eqíksa ls tqM+s ys[k Hkh 'kkfey

gSa tSls fouksn vuqie dk ys[k ^flusek dk

'kSf{kd lanHkZ*] tks ;g crkrk gS fd 'kSf{kd

izfØ;k esa flusek dk mi;ksx djosQ oSQls

mls vkSj Hkh izHkko'kkyh o jkspd cuk;k tk

ldrk gSA vkyksd xkfMZ;k vkSj iq"is'k ikBd

dk ys[k fo|ky;ksa esa 'kkafr f'k{kk ,oa 'kkafr

laLoQfr dh LFkkiuk ls tqM+s igyqvksa dh

ppkZ djrk gSA vf'ouh oqQekj xkSM+ us vius

ys[k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ o xEHkhj leL;k

^ijh{kk esa udy* osQ dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k

fd;k gS vkSj mls jksdus osQ fy, oqQN lq>ko

Hkh fn, gSaA bl vad esa 'kkfey ys[kksa ij ge

vkiosQ fopkjksa dk Lokxr djsxsa A

vdknfed laikndh; lfefr

Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010 5

f'k{kk dk foLrkj*

johanzukFk VSxksj

lHkh dks f'k{kk feys bl ckr ij ge yxkrkj ”kksj nsrs vk jgs gSaA blosQ fy, vusddne Hkh mBk, x, gSa vkSj vc f'k{kk izkIr djuk cPpksa dk ekSfyd vf/dkj cux;k gSA ijUrq f'k{kk ls gekjk D;k rkRi;Z gS\ oSQls bls tu&tu rd igq¡pk;k tk,]fo|k f'k{kk ls oSQls fHkUu gS\ f'k{kk esa vk/qfudhdj.k dk okLrfod vFkZ D;k gS\f'k{kk osQ foLrkj osQ D;k&D;k lk/u gks ldrs gS\ f'k{kk D;k osQoy mikf/ iznkudjus osQ fy, nh tk, vFkok mls thou ls tksM+k tk, vkfn fcanqvksa ij ppkZ djrkjohUnzukFk VSxksj }kjk iQjojh 1933 dks dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; esa fn, x, Hkk"k.k dkfyf[kr :Ik esa izdkf'kr ;g ys[k vkt Hkh mruk gh egÙoiw.kZ vkSj lkFkZd izrhr gksrkgS vr% ikBdksa osQ fy, bls ;gk¡W iqu% Ikzdkf'kr fd;k tk jgk gSA

* johanzukFk osQ fucU/* (Hkkx&1)] ¹lkfgR; vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh] 2004º ls LkkHkkj izdkf'krA

fp=k dh vfHkO;fDr i`"BHkwfe ij gh gksrh gS_mlh rjg lkjs ns'k dh i`"BHkwfe ij gh f'k{kkifjLiqQV gks ldrh gSA viuh O;kid i`"BHkwfels vyx gksdj f'k{kk vLi"V vkSj vlEiw.kZ cutkrh gS_ osQoy vH;klo'k mlosQ nSU; dhosnuk gekjs eu dks izHkkfor ugha djrhA^,T;qosQ'ku* osQ laca/ esa tc ge vU; ns'kksa osQlkFk Lons'k dh rqyuk djrs gSa rks leku ckrksaij gh gekjk è;ku tkrk gSA ge ns[krs gSa fdfons'kksa esaa fo'ofo|ky; gSa] gekjs ns'k esa HkhblosQ izfr:Ik oqQN fo'ofo|ky; gSaA ysfdu

HkksX; oLrqvksa dk Hk.Mkj tek gks mBs] vkSjjlksbZ?kj esa pwYgs ij crZu p<+k gks] rks Hkh mlsHkkst ugha dgk tk ldkA vk¡xu esa fdruh iÙkyyxh gS] fdrus yksxksa dks U;ksrk fn;k x;k gS]blh esa gS Hkkst dh e;kZnkA ge ^,T;qosQ'ku*'kCn dks nksgjkdj eu gh eu [kq'k gksrs gSa_ysfdu blesa Hkh Hk.Mkj?kj dk gh :Ik gSμckgj vk¡xu lwuk iM+k gSA LowWQy dkWystksa esaf'k{kk osQ vkyksd osQ fy, cM+h& lh ykyVsutykbZ xbZ gSA ysfdu og vkyksd ;fn nhokjksals vo#¼ gks tk, rks ;g gekjk nqHkkZX; gksxkA

6 Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk μ viSzy 2010

ge ;g Hkwy tkrs gSa fd ,slk dksbZ ns'k ugha gStgk¡ fo|ky; osQ ckgj lektO;kih vukSipkfjdf'k{kk dh foLr`r ifjf/ u gksA

fdlh le; gekjs ns'k esa Hkh ,slh ifjf/FkhA eè;;qxhu ;wjksi dh rjg gekjs ns'k esa Hkh'kkL=k&f'k{kk gh iz/ku FkhA ;g f'k{kk fo'ks"k :Ikls ikB'kkykvksa esa nh tkrh Fkh] ysfdu bl fo|kdh i`"BHkwfe lkjs ns'k esa O;kIr FkhA fof'k"V KkuvkSj lk/kj.k Kku esa fuR; vknku&iznku FkkAiafMr eaMyh vkSj vif.Mr turk esa ^vksfll*vkSj e#Hkwfe tSlk oSijhR; ugha FkkA ns'k dkdksbZ vuknj izkIr Hkkx ugha Fkk tgk¡ jkek;.k]egkHkkjr rFkk ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa dh /eZO;k[;ku dh tkrh gksA ;gh ugha] tulk/kj.k dhfpÙkHkwfe ,sls rRoKku ls flafpr Fkh ftlosQfy, dfBu vè;olk; vko';d gksrk gSA isM+dks tks [kkn fn;k tkrk gS ;g ;fn ikuh lsvPNh rjg rjy gks tk, rHkh isM+ mls viuh'kk[kk&iz'kk[kkvksa esa xzg.k dj ikrk gSA fdlhfnu gekjs ns'k esa dfBu fo|k Hkh jl lsfoxfyr Fkh vkSj loZlk/kj.k dk eu mllslapkfjr FkkA lkoZtfud fuek.kZ dk;Z /eZ dk ghvax FkkA xk¡o&xk¡o esa tyk'k; cuk, tkrs Fks_yksx vkil esa feydj Lo;a viuh r`".kk dkmik; djrs Fks] mlosQ fy, ljdkjh desVh dht#jr ugha FkhA mlh rjg ns'k dh fo|k dk Hkhlekt esa vius&vki forj.k gksrk Fkk ;fn ,slku gksrk rks vkt lkjk ns'k ccZjrk osQ va/dkj esafueXu gksrkA ml le; fo|k fo}kuksa dh futhlaifÙk ugha Fkh--- og lkjs lekt dh laink FkhA

,d fnu eq>s ,sls lkekU; xk¡o osQ fdlkuksaus fueaf=kr fd;k tgk¡ v[kckjksa osQ iUus myVus

dh vkokt rd lqukbZ ugha iM+rh FkhA vfèkdrjyksx eqlyeku FksA esjs LokxrkFkZ xkus&ctkus dkvk;kstu fd;k x;k FkkA 'kkfe;kus esa feV~Vh osQrsy dh ykyVsu ty jgh Fkh] cM+s&cw<+s lHkhpqipki cSBs FksA ;k=kkxku dk eq[; fo"k; Fkkxq#&f'k"; osQ chp rRokykspu&nsgrRo] lf"VrRo]eqfDÙkRoA chp&chp esa ukp&xkus dh >adkjlqukbZ iM+rh FkhA ml xku dk ,d fo'ks"k va'kvkt Hkh eq>s ;kn gSA ;k=kh oankou esa izos'kdjuk pkgrk gS igjsnkj mls jksdrk gS] dgrkgSμ^rqe pksj gks] rqEgkjs fy, izos'k ugha gS*A okgth! dkSu&lk eky pqjk;k gS eSaus\ }kjiky mÙkjnsrk gSμ^og tks rqEgkjs oL=k osQ uhps fNikgqvk ^viukiu* gS og rks gekjs jktk dk ekygS] rqeus mls pqjkdj j[k fy;k gSA* vpkud<ksy tksj ls ct mBrk gS] ukp 'kq# gks tkrk gS]ukpus okys osQ o`Qf=ke yEcs cky gok esa pDdjdkVrs gSaμekuks fdlh ikB osQ eq[; v¡'k dhvksj [khapdj vè;kid egk'k; us iSafly lsMcy ydhj [khapdj è;ku fnyk;k gksA jkrgksus dks gS] nksigj ls xkuk&ctkuk pyrk jgk gS]Jksrkx.k pqipki lqu jgs gSaA lc ckrsa le>sa ;ku le>sa] ,d vthc Lokn mUgsa feyrk gS tksnSuafnu thou dh uhjl rqPNrk dks Hksndj ,d,slk jkLrk [kksy nsrk gS tks mUgsa ^fpjaru* dhvksj ys tkrk gSA

ns'k esa cgqr izkphu dky ls gh ;gh gksrkvk;k gSA yksxksa us ,d fofp=k jlksiyfC/ osQlkFk dFkk,¡ lquh gSaμ/qzo&izÈkn dh dFkk] lhrkdk ouokl] d.kZ dk dop nku] gfj'pUnz dkloZLo R;kxA fdrus gh nq%[k Fks] vfopkj Fkk]


thou ;k=kk esa ix&ix ij vfuf'pÙkk FkhAysfdu bu lcosQ osQ lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk dk ,d,slk izokg Hkh Fkk tks HkkX; dh foeq[krk osQchp euq"; dks viuh vkarfjd laifÙk dh vksjys tkrk Fkk] tks euq"; dh ml Js"Brk dkmTToy ifjp; nsrk Fkk ftls voLFkk dh ghurkNksVk ugha cuk ldrhA vejhdh ^Vk¡dh* }kjkvkSj dksbZ dke Hkys gh gks] ;g dke ugha gksldrkA

vU; ns'kksa esa b/j oqQN fnuksa ls vfuok;Zf'k{kk dk izoÙkZu fd;k x;k gSA gekjs ns'k dhtuf'k{kk dks vfuok;Z ugha cfYd LoSfPNddgk tk ldrk gSA ,slh f'k{kk nh?kZdky ls pyhvkbZ gSA mlosQ ihNs dHkh dksbZ dkuwu ugha jgk]dksbZ tcjnLrh ugha jghA mldk Lor% lapkj?kj&?kj esa gksrk jgk] tSlsμlkjs 'kjhj esa jDrizokfgr gksrk gSA

le; cny x;kA f'kf{kr lekt jkt&}kjdh vksj rkdrs gq, ea=kh&lHkk esa izos'k djus dkvf/dkj ek¡xus yxkμdHkh d#.k d.B ls]dHkh o`Qf=ke vkØks'k osQ lkFkA xk¡o&xk¡o esa ihusdk ikuh iafdy gks x;kμm/j 'kgjksa esa }kj&}kjij uy dk ikuh cgus yxkA ge fofLer gksdjdg mBs] ;gh gS mUufrA ns'k dk o`gr~ :Ikgekjh n`f"V ls vks>y gks x;k_ ns'k dk tks izk.kvkyksd dh rjg lkjs ns'k esa izlkfjr FkkA ogNksVs&NksVs oasQnzkas esa izfrlagr gks x;kA

vktdy ge ftls ,T;qosQ'ku dgrs gSamldk vkjaHk 'kgj esa gksrk gSA O;olk; vkSjukSdjh mlosQ ihNs&ihNs vkuq"kafxd :Ik ls pyrsgSaSA ;g fons'kh f'k{kkfof/ jsyxkM+h osQ fMCcs esa

tyus okys nhi dh rjg gSμdejk mTTkoygS] ysfdu ftl izns'k ls jsy xqtj jgh gS oglSdM+ksa ehyksa rd va/dkj esa yqIr gSA dkj[kkusesa cuh xkM+h gh ekuks lR; gS] vkSj izk.k&osnukls ifjiw.kZ leLr ns'k vokLrfod gSA

uxjfuokfl;ksa osQ ,d ny dks bl lq;ksx lsf'k{kk feyh] lEeku vkSj laifÙk feyhA os dgyk,]^vkyksfdr*] ^,aykbVs.M*A ysfdu ml vkyksdosQ gsrq lkjs ns'k esa lEiw.kZ xzg.k yx x;kA LowQyosQ cSap ij cSBdj ftUgksaus v¡xzs”kh osQ lcdnksgjk;s mudh vk¡[ks f'k{kknhfIr ls pdkpkSa/ gksxbZaA mudh n`f"V esa f'kf{kr lekt gh iwjk ns'kgSμmuosQ fy, eksji¡[k gh eksj gS] gkFkhnk¡r ghgkFkh gSA mudk ukV~;eap dkUlok| ls eq[kfjrgS] ysfdu usiF; esa gSa ns'k osQ xk¡o] tgk¡ jksxvkSj vKku tek gks x, gSa] tgk¡ u ihus dks ikuhgS u pyus dks jkLrsA uxjh lqtyk&lqiQyk gksxbZ gS] vkSj ogha vkjksX; fuosQru iui jgs gaS]f'k{kk osQ fy, izklkn [kM+s gks jgs gSaA ;g ckrè;ku esa j[kuh pkfg, fd ns'k osQ izkar&izkar osQchp foPNsn dh ,slh ?kkrd Nqjh vc rddHkh ugha pykbZ xbZ FkhA bldks vk/qfudrkdk y{k.k dgdj bldh fuank djus ls dkeugha pysxk] D;ksafd fdlh lH; ns'k esa ,slhgkykr ugha gSA nwljs ns'k esa vk/qfudrk lIrehosQ p¡nzek dh rjg vkyksd vkSj va/dkj osQ nks[k.Mksa esa foHkkftr ugha gqbZ gSA tkiku esa ik'pkR;fo|k dk izHkko Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa cgqr vYidkyrd jgk gS] ysfdu ;gk¡ og fo|k tksM+ yxkbZgqbZ iqjkuh xqnM+h ugha cuhA ogk¡¡¡ ifjO;kIr fo|kosQ vlj ls ns'k osQ eu esa fparu&'kfDr dk


lapkj gqvk gSA ;g fparu ,d gh lk¡ps esa <yhgqbZ pht ughaA vk/qfudrk ;qxy{k.k osQ ghvuqlkj bl fparu esa oSfp=; Hkh gS] ,sD; HkhAmldk ,sD; ;qfDr ij vk/kfjr gSA

oqQN yksxksa us vk¡dM+ksa dh lgk;rk ls izekf.krfd;k gS fd igys Hkkjr dh xzkeh.k ikB'kkykvksaesa tks izkFkfed f'k{kk miyC/ Fkh og fczfV'k'kklu dky esa Øe'k& de gksrh xbZ gSA ysfdublls Hkh cM+h {kfr ;g gqbZ gS fd tuf'k{kk osQlHkh lgt ekxZ yqIr gks x, gSaA lquk tkrk gS]fdlh fnu c¡xky esa ugjsa dkVus dk dke cM+hfuiq.krk ls fd;k x;k FkkA orZeku dky dhvlko/kuh vkSj ew[kZrk osQ dkj.k ;s iqjkuh ugjsacsdkj gks xbZ gSaA blh rjg ns'k esa f'k{kk dhugjsa Hkh can gks xbZ gaS] vkSj lHkh fn'kkvksa esaghurk rFkk nSU;rk dk fodkl gqvk gSA gekjsns'k esa f'k{kk dh ,d cM+h leL;k dk lek/kufd;k x;k Fkk_ vuq'kklu dh f'k{kk vkuUn dhf'k{kk cudj ns'k osQ ân; esa izfo"V gks xbZ FkhvkSj leLr lekt dh izk.kfØ;k osQ lkFk mldkfeyu gqvk FkkA ns'kO;kih izk.k osQ bl [kk| dkvkt vdky iM+k gSA iwoZlafpr FkksM+k cgqr [kk|ckfd gS] rHkh ge bl vdky dh fouk'kewfrZdks ugha ns[krsA

eè; ,f'k;k osQ jsfxLrku esa ftu Ik;ZVdksa usizkphu ;qx osQ vo'ks"k <w¡<s+ gSa] mUgksaus ns[kk gSfd fdrus gh le`¼ tuin ckyw osQ uhpsncdj foyhu gks x,A fdlh le; ogk¡¡¡ foiqyty lap; Fkk] ufn;ksa osQ js[kkfpÉ vc rdfn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA ysfdu ckn esa jl/kjk lw[kpyh] jsr us /hjs&/hjs iSj c<+k;s] viuh 'kq"d

ftàk ls izk.k dk 'kks"k.k fd;kA vkf[kj yksdky;osQ vfUre fpÉ ,d vlhe ihysiu ls yqIr gksx,A gekjs xzkeh.k ns'k dh euksHkwfe esa Hkh vktjl/kjk dk volku gks jgk gSA nh?kZdky rdtks ns'k osQ fuEu Lrj ij fo|eku FkkA mldkHkh 'kq"d ok;q osQ m".k fu%'oklkas ls /hjs&/hjsvUr gksxkA izk.kuk'kd e#Hkwfe I;kls vtxj dhrjg vkxs c<s+xh vkSj ns'k dks fuxyuss yxsxhAe#Hkwfe osQ bl vkØe.k dks ge ugha ns[krs]D;ksafd gekjh n`f"V osQoy f'kf{kr lekt Ikj ghoasQfnzr gSA

eSa ,d yEcs vjls rd c¡xky osQ xk¡oksa osQlaioZQ esa jgk gw¡A xehZ osQ fnuksa esa eSaus nq%[knn`'; ns[ks gSaA unh dk ty mrj pqdk gS] fdukjsdh feV~Vh esa njkjsa iM+h gSa] rIr ckyw //d jghgS] rkykcksa esa dhpM+ osQ flok oqQN ughaA fL=k;k¡nwj&nwj ls ?kM+ksa esa Ikkuh yk jgh gSaμml ty esac¡xns'k osQ vJq feys gaSA xk¡o esa vkx yxus ijmls cq>kus dk dksbZ mik; ugha] gStk iSQyus ijmlosQ fuokj.k dk dksbZ lk/u ughaA

vkSj Hkh ,d nq%[k dh osnuk ls esjk euckj&ckj dk¡i mBk gSA laè;k gks pyh] fnu&Hkjdk dke [kRe djosQ fdlku ?kj ykSV jgs gSaA,d vksj foLr`r [ksr ij va/sjk Nk jgk gS]nwljh vksj ck¡l osQ taxyksa esa NksVs&NksVs xk¡o gSaμv¡/sjs }hiksa dh rjgA ogk¡¡¡ ls <ksy dh vkoktvk jgh gSA ,d rkjs dh laxr ij dhrZu pyjgk gS μ ,d gh in dks gtkjksa ckj rkjLoj lsxk;k tk jgk gSA lqudj eq>s yxk] ;gk¡ HkhfpÙktyk'; lw[k pyk gSA xehZ c<+ jgh gS] mls'kkUr djus dk dksbZ mik; ughaA ,d osQ ckn


,d o"kZ xqtjrs tkrs gSa] blh nSR;koLFkk esaA oSQlsmudh j{kk gksxh ;fn chp&chp esa oks vuqHkou djsa fd fdl etnwjh osQ vykok euq"; osQikl eu* uke dh dksbZ pht gS tgk¡ nqHkkZX; osQnklRo ls Åij mBdj lk¡l yh tk ldrh gSAfdlh fnu yksxkas dks bl rjg dh r`fIr fnykusosQ fy, lkjs lekt us ;Ru fd;k Fkk] D;ksafdlekt us bu lk/kj.k yksxksa dks viuk le>djLohdkj fd;k FkkA lekt tkurk Fkk fd buosQIkru esa lkjs ns'k dk iru gSA ysfdu vktmuosQ eu dh Hkw[k feVkus osQ fy, dksbZ ennugha djrkA muosQ dksbZ vkReh; ugha gSa μ chrsgq, ;qx dh ryNV ls gh os cspkjs fdlh rjgvius&vkidks lkaRouk nsrs gSaA oqQN fnuksa esa ;gryNV Hkh pwd tk,xhA fnuHkj osQ Je vkSjnq%[k osQ ckn muosQ fujkuUn edkuksa esa nhitysxkA xku dk Loj ugha lqukbZ IkM+sxkA c¡kl osQtaxy esa fcYyh cksysxh] dHkh vkl&ikl dh>kfM+;ksa esa fl;kj cksysaxs μ vkSj mlh le;uxj osQ f'k{kkfHkekuh yksx fctyh dh jks'kuh esaflusek ns[kus osQ fy, HkhM+ yxk,¡xsA

gekjs ns'k esa ,d vksj] lukru f'k{kk dkIkzokg #d x;k gS] tulk/kj.k osQ fy, Kku dkvdky iM+k gS_ nwljh vksj] vk/qfud ;qx dhfo|k dk vkfoHkkZo gqvk gSA bl fo|k dh /kjkns'k dh turk dh vksj ugha cgrhA bldk ikuhvyx&vyx txgksa ij tek gks x;k gS_ iRFkjosQ oqQ.M cu x, gaS_ nwj&nwj ls ;gk¡ vkdji.Mksa dks nf{k.kk nsuh iM+rh gS] fdrus gh fu;efuHkkus iM+rs gSaA eankfduh f'kokth dh tVkvksals uhps mrjrh gaS] lk/kj.k yksxksa osQ fy,

?kkV&?kkV ij izLrqr gksrh gS] dksbZ Hkh vius ?kVesa mldk izlkn Hkj ldrk gSA ysfdu gekjs ns'kdh vk/qfud fo|k oSlh ugha] mldk osQoyfof'k"V :i gS] lk/kj.k :i ughaA blfy,v¡xzs”kh lh[kdj ftUgksaus oSf'k"V~; izkIr fd;k gSmuosQ eu dk loZlk/kj.k osQ lkFk lke×tL;ugha gSA ns'k esa lcls rhoz tkfr&Hksn blh {ks=kesa gS] ;gk¡ Js.kh&Js.kh esa vLi`';rk gSA

v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk esa voxqf.Br fo|k gekjs eudh lgofrZuh gksdj ugha py IkkrhA blhfy,geesa ls vusd yksx ftl ek=kk esa f'k{kk ikrs gaSml ek=kk esa fo|k ugha ikrsA pkjksa vksj osQokrkoj.k ls ;g fo|k fofPNu gSA gekjs ?kjvkSj LowQy osQ chp Vªke pyrh gSa] eu ughapyrkA LowQy osQ ckgj gekjk ns'k gS_ nksuksa esadksbZ lg;ksx ugha] cfYd fojks/ gh gSA blfoPNsn osQ dkj.k gekjh Hkk"kk vkSj fparu LowQyosQ cPpksa dh rjg gks x, gSaA uksVcqd osQ 'kkluls os eqDr ugha gSaA gekjh fopkjcqf¼ esa lkgldk vHkko gS_ iqLrdksa esa fn, gq, n`"VkUrksa osQlgkjs og Mjrs&Mjrs ix c<+krh gSA f'k{kk osQlkFk ns'k osQ fpÙk dk lgt feyu ugha gS vkSjbl fn'kk esa dksbZ iz;Ru Hkh ugha fd;k x;kA cgwcki osQ ?kj esa gS] llqjky unh osQ nwljs rV IkjgS] vkSj chp esa jsr tek gks xbZ gSA ml ikj ystkus okyh ukSdk gS dgk¡\

ikj tkus osQ fy, ,d NksVk Mksaxk gS t#jμmldk uke gS lkfgR;A ;g ekuuk iM+sxk fdvk/qfud c¡xyk lkfgR; dk ikyu&iks"k.k orZeku;qx osQ vUu&oL=k ls gh gqvk gSA bl lkfgR;ls gekjs eu dks vk/qfud ;qx dk Li'kZ feyk


gS] ysfdu ;g uko Hkh unh osQ nwljs rhj ls;Fks"V ek=kk esa [kk| lkexzh ugha yk ikrhA ftlfo|k us orZeku ;qx dh fpÙk'kfDr dks fofp=k:iksa esa O;Dr fd;k gS] fo'o&jgL; osQ u;s&u;sizos'k }kj [kksy fn, gSa] ml fo|k dk gekjsc¡xyk lkfgR; osQ eksgYys esa cgqr de vkuktkuk gSA tks eu fopkj djrk gS] fparu djrkgS] cqf¼ vkSj O;ogkj esa ;ksx LFkkfir djrk gS]og rks chrs gq, ;qx esa gh iM+k gS tks eujlksiHkksx djrk gS mlus vo'; vk/qfudHkkstu'kkyk osQ vk¡xu esa ;k=kk djuk IkzkjEHk fd;kgSA LoHkkor% bl jlksiHkksxh eu dk >qdko mlfn'kk esa gS tgk¡ efnjk dk forj.k gksrk gS] tgk¡dh ok;q u'khyh xa/ ls vksr&izksr gSA

c¡xyk lkfgR; esa vf/drj dgkuh&dforkukVd dks gh LFkku feyk gSA ;g miHkksx osQvk;kstu gSa] 'kfDr osQ ughaA ik'pkR; ns'kksa esafofo/ 'kfDr;ksa osQ lg;ksx ls gh fpÙkksRd"kZlEHko gqvk gSA ogk¡¡¡ ns[kk tkrk gS fd euq";Ro'kjhj&eu&izk.k lHkh fn'kkvksa esa O;kIr gSA blfy,ogk¡¡¡ ;fn =kqfV;k¡ gSa rks gksa] ,d rjg ls IkfjiwfrZHkh gSA oVo`{k dh dksbZ Mky pkgs vk¡/h esa VwVxbZ gks] fdlh txg dhM+k yx x;k gks] fdlhlky ckfj'k de gksus ls isM+ oqQN lw[k&lk x;kgks ysfdu bu lcosQ ckotwn cjxn tek gqvkgS] mlus vius LokLF; dks] viuh cfy"Brkdks l¡Hkkyk gSA ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa eu dks mldhfo|k] f'k{kk lkfgR; lcus feydj fØ;k'khyj[kk gSA bu lcosQ mRd"kZ ls gh mldh deZ'kfDrvDykar jgh gS] fodflr gqbZ gSA

gekjs lkfgR; esa jl dk gh izk/kU; gSA tcdksbZ vla;e ;k fpÙk&fodkj vuqdj.k osQ jkLrsls bl lkfgR; esa izos'k djrk gS rks ogh,dkfUrd gks mBrk gS] dYiuk&'kfDr dks #X.kfoykflrk dh vksj ys tkrk gSA izcy izk.k&'kfDr;fn tkx`r u gks rks 'kjhj dk {kqnz fodkj Hkhfo"kSys dhM+s dk :Ik /kj.k djrk gSA gekjs ns'kesa blh ckr dh vk'kadk gSA blosQ fy, tc gesanks"k fn;k tkrk gS rks ge ik'pkR; lH;rk dkn"Vkar nsrs gSa vkSj dgrs gSaμ^vk/qfudre lH;rkdh ;gh ifj.kfr gS*A ysfdu vk/qfud lH;rkdh tks fparu'khy] izcy] lexzrk gS mls geHkwy tkrs gSaA

eSa tc xk¡o esa jgrk Fkk] lk/q&lk/dksa dkos"k /kj.k fd;s gq, yksx dHkh&dHkh esjs iklvkrs FksA lk/uk osQ uke ij os mPNa[kybfUnz;&ppkZ djrsA blesa mUgsa /eZ dk izJ;izkIr FkkA mUgha ls eSaus lquk gS fd f'k";ksa dhÜka[kyk ls ;g izJ; 'kgjksa esa Hkh miyC/ gSA/eZ osQ uke ij ;g ikS#"k?kkrd ykylk blhfy,O;kIr gks ikrh gS fd gekjs lkfgR; vkSj lektesa mu miknkuksa dk vHkko gS ftuls egku~ fparudks rFkk cqf¼ dh lk/uk dks vkJ; fey losQ]eu dks dfBu xos"k.kk osQ fy, mRlqd j[kk tklosQA

vUÙkksxRok blosQ fy, c¡xky osQ lkfgR;dksadks nks"k ugha fn;k tk ldrkA ;g dguk rksvklku gS fd gekjk lkfgR; lkjxfHkZr ugha gS]ysfdu fdl rjg mls lkj;qDr cuk;k tk ldrkgS ;g fu.kZ; djuk mruk lgt ughaA #fp osQlaca/ esa yksx lroZQ ugha gaS] D;ksafd #fp osQ {ks=k


esa fdlh dk 'kklu ugha pyrkA jl&lkexzh ls rksvf'kf{kr #fp Hkh fdlh&u& fdlh rjg LoknizkIr dj ysrh gSA ;fn og le>s fd mlh dkcks/ jlkuqHkwfr dk pje vkn'kZ gS rks bl ckr ijcgl NsM+uk csdkj gSμ,slh cgl dk dksbZ vUrughaA dfork&dgkuh &ukVd osQ ck”kkj esa ftUgsale>nkjksa dk jktiFk ugha feyrk gS os vkf[kjnsgkr esa [ksr dh ixMf.M;ksa ij pyrs gSa os tgk¡fdlh rjg dk eglwy ugha yxrkA ysfdueuu&;ksX; fo|k [ksr dks ugha] ml flag}kj dksikj djosQ gh feyrh gS ftl ij dM+k igjk yxkgksrk gSA ftu ns'kksa ls y{eh vkSj ljLorh izlUugSa] ogk¡¡¡ osQ yksx bl fo|k rd igq¡pus osQ fy,u;s&u;s iFk rS;kj djrs jgrs gSaA nwj vkSj fudV]?kj esa vkSj ?kj ls ckgj] ewY;oku oLrqvksa dkvknku&iznku pyrk jgrk gSA gekjs ns'k dks Hkh;gh djuk gksxk_ ij foyEc djus ls dke ughapysxkA

c¡xky osQ vkdk'k ij nqHkkZX; osQ cknypkjksa vksj ls tek gks x, gSaA fdlh le;jktnjckj esa c¡xkfy;ksa dh ;Fks"V izfr"Bk FkhAHkkjr osQ vU; izns'kksa esaa c¡xkfy;ksa us deZ{ks=k esa[;kfr izkIr dh gSA os f'k{kk izlkj.k osQ vxz.khjgs gSaA dHkh mUgsa yksxksa dh J¼k vkSj voqaQfBro`QrKrk izkIr FkhA vkt jktiq#"k muls #"V gSa]vU; izns'kksa esa muosQ izfr tks vkfrF; Hkkouk Fkhog laoqQfpr gks xbZ gSA }kj vo#¼ gSA c¡xkydh vkfFkZd nqxZfr Hkh cgqr c<+ xbZ gSA

voLFkk osQ nSU; ls vkSj vf'k{kk dhvkReXykfu ls c¡xkyh dgha uhps u >qd tk,¡]mudk eu nqHkkZX; ls Åij mB losQ] ;gh ps"Vk

ge lcdks vius vkiesa txkuh gSA tc euq";dk eu NksVk gks tkrk gS] {kqnzrk osQ vk?kkr lslHkh m|ksx f'kfFky iM+ tkrs gSaA c¡xns'k esabZ";kZ] fuUnk] nycUnh vkSj ijLij f/Ddkj rksgS gh_ ml ij ;fn fpÙk dk izdk'k Hkh efyugks pys rks vkReJ¼k osQ vHkko ls nwljksa dksuhps fxjkus dk iz;kl vkSj Hkh ?kkrd cutk,sxkA vkt fgUnw eqlyekuksa esa tks yTtkLinla?k"kZ py jgk gS&tks ns'k dks vkRe fouk'k dhvksj ys tk jgk gSμmldk ewy Hkh ns'kO;kihvcqf¼ esa gh gSA cqf¼ghurk dh lgk;rk ls ghvdY;k.k gekjs HkkX; dh nhokjsa fxjk jgk gSAblh vdY;k.k us gekjs vkReh;tuksa dks 'k=kqcuk fn;k gS vkSj fo/krk dks Hkh gekjs i{k esaugha gksus fn;kA vkf[kj viuk gh loZuk'k djusdh ftn ;gk¡ rd igq¡p xbZ gS fd c¡xkyh gksrsgq, c¡xyk Hkk"kk dks Hkh fonh.kZ djus dh ps"Vkgekjs fy, lEHko gqbZ gS! f'k{kk vkSj lkfgR; osQmnkj {ks=kksa esa Hkh&tgk¡ lkjs erHksnksa osQ ckotwn ns'kosQ yksxksa dk feyu&LFkku gSμvius gkFkksa ls dk¡VsfcNkrs gq, gesa yTtk dk cks/ ugha gqvkA gesanq%[k lguk iM+rk gS rks blesa f/Ddkj.kh; dksbZckr ugha gSA ysfdu ns'kHkj osQ vf'k{kkxzLrksa osQO;ogkj ls gekjk ekFkk >qd x;k gS] gekjs lkjsegku~ m|e O;FkZ gks x, gSaA jk"Vªksa osQ ck”kkj esavf/dkjksa osQ fy, ge pkgs ftrus mPp Loj esaeksy&Hkko djsa] ogk¡¡¡ xksyes”k osQ ccaMj esa gekjhO;FkZrk dk bykt ugha feysxkA uko osQ iSans esar[rs vyx gks jgs gSa] lcls igys mudh vksjè;ku nsuk gksxk] r[rksa dks ck¡/uk gksxkA


lcls igys gesa f'kf{kr eu dh vko';drkgSA LowQy&dkWyst osQ ckgj f'k{kk osQ foLrkj dklk/u gS lkfgR;A ysfdu lkfgR; dks lokZaxh.k:Ik ls f'k{kk dk vk/kj cukuk gSA mldks xzg.kdjus dk iFk lcosQ fy, lqxe cukuk gSA blosQfy, ge fdl fe=k dh enn ys ldrs gSa\ fe=krks vktdy nqyZHk gks x, gSaA blhfy, eSa c¡xns'k osQ fo'ofo|ky; osQ }kj ij lgk;rk&;kpukdj jgk gw¡aA

'kjhj osQ v¡x&izR;¡x esa efLr"d vkSj Luk;qtydk vfofPNu ;ksx ns[kk tk ldrk gSAfo'ofo|ky; dks efLr"d dk LFkku nsdj ns'kosQ leLr 'kjhj osQ Luk;qra=k dks izsj.kk nsuhgksxhA iz'u ;gh gS fd fdl rjg ;g ckrlEHko gks losQxhA esjk lq>ko gS fd ,d ghijh{kk osQ tky esa ns'k dks lesV fy;k tk,A ;gO;oLFkk ,slh lgt vkSj O;kid gksuh pkfg,fd LowQy&dkWyst osQ ckgj Hkh ikB~;iqLrdksa osQizfr mRlkg mRiUu gksA fo'ofo|ky; izR;sdftys esa ijh{kk oasQnz LFkkfir dj ldrk gS tgk¡?kj dh fL=k;k¡ vkSj os lc iq#"k] tks fofHkUudkj.kksa ls LowQy esa HkrhZ ugha gks ldrs]vodk'kdky esa viuh ps"Vk ls vf'k{kk dhyTtk dks nwj dj loasQA cgqr ls fo"k;ksa dkslw=kc¼ djosQ fo'ofo|ky; esa fMxzh iznku dhtkrh gSA ysfdu eSaus ftl {ks=k dh LFkkiuk dklq>ko fn;k gS ogk¡¡¡ mikf/ nsus osQ fy, bl rjgdh cgqyrk t#jh ugha gSA vf/drj ns[kk tkrkgS fd O;fDr osQ eu esa fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k; osQfy, izoh.krk gksrh gSA mlh fo"k; ij ;fn ogvf/dkj izkIr dj ysa rks mls lekt esa mfpr

LFkku feyuk pkfg,A bl vf/dkj ls mlsoafpr j[kus dk eSa dksbZ dkj.k ugha ns[krkA

fo'ofo|ky; ;fn vius ihB LFkku osQckgj Hkh O;kid :Ik ls viuh lÙkk izlkfjrdjs] rks c¡xyk Hkk"kk esa ;Fkksfpr l¡[;k esa f'k{kkosQ fy, ikB~;iqLrdksa dh jpuk lEHko gksxhAvU;Fkk c¡xyk lkfgR; dk fo"k;&nSU; nwj ughagks ldrkA ftu f'k{k.kh; fo"k;ksa osQ Kku dhvkRelEeku ek¡x djrk gS muosQ vè;;u osQfy, ;fn ckè; gksdj v¡xzs”kh dh 'kj.k ysuhiM+s] rks bl vfdapurk ls ekrHkk"kk lnk viekfurjgsxhA tks c¡xkyh osQoy c¡xyk gh tkurs gSa mUgsaD;k f'kf{kr lekt esa loZnk fuEu Js.kh ij ghjguk gksxk\ ,d ,slk le; Hkh FkkμeSa c¡xykugha tkurk*] vkSj] ns'k osQ yksx Hkh mldk xkSjodjrs FksA og fnu chr pqdk gSA ysfdu vktHkh c¡xky osQ Nk=kksa dks ;g dgrs 'keZ ls flj>qdkuk iM+rk gS fd ^eSa osQoy c¡xyk Hkk"kk ghtkurk gw¡A* ,d vksj jktuhfrd {ks=k esa geLojkt izkIr djus osQ fy, dBksj nq%[k lgldrs gSa] ysfdu f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa Lojkt izkIrdjus dk mRlkg geesa ugha gSA vkt Hkh ns'k esa,sls yksx gSa tks lksprs gSa fd f'k{kk dks c¡xykHkk"kk osQ vklu ij fcBkus ls mldk ewY; degks tk,xkA tc igys&igy yksx foyk;r dh;k=kk djus yxs rks v¡xzsft+;r dk u'kk bl rjgp<+k fd fL=k;ksa osQ lkM+h iguus ls ^izsLVh”k* dkspksV igq¡pus yxh ! cgqr ls c¡xoklh vkt Hkhle>rs gSa fd f'k{kk&ljLorh dks lkM+h igukusls ekugkfu gksxhA ysfdu ;g Li"V gS fd gekjs?kj dh nsoh lkM+h igudj gh vkjke osQ lkFk


py&fiQj ldrh gSA Å¡ph ,M+h osQ twrs iguusls mls ix&ix ij vlqfoèkk gksxhA

fdlh fnu] tc esjh vk;q vYi Fkh ij'kfDr vf/d] eSa v¡xzs”kh lkfgR; osQ uewuksa dksi<+dj mlh le; mudk c¡xyk vuqokn djosQyksxksa dks lqukrk FkkA esjs Jksrk v¡xzs”kh tkurs FksAfiQj Hkh mUgksaus Lohdkj fd;k gS fd v¡xzs”khlkfgR; dk lans'k c¡xyk Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e lsmuosQ eu rd lgt gh igq¡p ldkA okLro esavk/qfud f'k{kk v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk okfguh* gS] blhfy,gekjs eu osQ izos'k&iFk ij mls #dkoV dklkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA v¡xzs”kh ^fMuj Vscy* dhtfVy i¼fr ls tks vH;Lr ugha gksrs] ,slsc¡xkyh Nk=k tc ih-,.M-vks- tgkt ls foyk;rdh ;k=kk djrs gSa rks mUgsa LVhej osQ Hkksktux`gesa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA tc os [kkus cSBrs gSa rksHkksT;oLrq vkSj jluk osQ chp dk¡Vk&Nqjh ck/kMkyrh gS vkSj Hkjiwj [kk|&lkexzh gksus ij HkhmUgsa [kkyh isV mBuk iM+rk gSA gekjh f'k{kk osQ

Hkst dh Hkh ;gh n'kk gSA gS rks lc&oqQN]ysfdu ,d cM+k fgLlk O;FkZ gks tkrk gSA ;g eSadkWyst ;K osQ laca/ esa dg jgk gw¡ tgk¡ f'k{kkosQ ikuh dk uy yxk gqvk gS] cfYd ogk¡¡¡ dh]tgk¡ rd ikbi ugha ig¡qpsA

ekr`Hkk"kk esa ;fn f'k{kk dh /kjk iz'kLr u gksrks bl fo|kghu ns'k esa e#oklh eu dk D;kgksxk\

c¡xyk&Hkkf"k.kh r`f"kr ekr`Hkwfe dh vksj lsc¡xns'k osQ fo'ofo|ky; osQ ikl eSa pkrd dhrjg mRoqQafBr osnuk ysdj vk;k gw¡ vkSj vuqjks/djrk gw¡&rqEgkjs vHkzHksnh f'k[kjksa dks ?ksjdj izk.kokgh';key es?k tek gksa] mudk izlkn rqEgkjh /jrhij cjls] mls iwQy&iwQy ls Hkj ns! rqEgkjkm|ku iYyfor] oqQlqfer gks] ekrHkk"kk dk viekunwj gks] ;qxf'k{kk dh rjaxe;h /kjk c¡xkyh fpÙkosQ 'kq"d unh&iFk dks Iykfor djsA nksuksa fdukjsiw.kZ psruk ls tkxfjr gksa] vkSj ?kkV&?kkV ijvkuUnèofu xw¡t mBsA

(c¡xyk osQ izksi+sQlj osQ :Ik esa dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; esa iQjojh 1933 dks fn;k x;k Hkk"k.k) f'k{kk* (fo'oHkkjrh laLdj.k) iqLrd esalekfo"VA


21oha lnh esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk oqQN leL;k,¡ oqQN lek/ku

lquhrk oqQekjh ukxj*

vfUofr flag**

;g loZfofnr rF; gS fd f'k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa fodkl dk ,d egÙoiw.kZlk/u gSA ;g fdlh O;fDr lekt ,oa ns'k osQ fy, fu.kkZ;d eksM+ gksrh gSA f'k{kk osQizpkj&izlkj }kjk ns'k osQ fodkl dks okafNr xfr ,oa fn'kk nh tk ldrh gSA ;gf'k{kk ,slh gks tks vius lekt dh fofo/ vko';drkvksa dks iwjk dj losQAoS'ohdj.k ,oa mnkjhdj.k osQ bl nkSj esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk ,d fu.kkZ;d nkSjls xqtj jgh gSA viuh f'k{kk O;oLFkk }kjk ns'k dh fofHkUu vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftdvko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus dh bl izfØ;k esa mls fdu {ks=kksa esa vf/d è;ku nsusdh vko';drk gS\ izLrqr ys[k esa blh ckr ij ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

fdlh Hkh ns'k dh f'k{kk dk Lo:Ik mlosQdky] ifjfLFkfr ,oa ifjos'k lkis{k gksrk gSA ;slc ifjorZu'khy gSa blfy, budk Lo:Ik Hkhcnyrk jgrk gSA ;g bDdhloha lnh gSAoS'ohdj.k] lwpuk izks|kSfxdh ,oa oSKkfud lkspbl lnh dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA lekt bUgha ewyHkwrizfØ;kvksa }kjk ifjpkfyr gks jgk gSA Li"V gSfd vkt dh f'k{kk dk Lo:i bUgha izfØ;kvksa

ij vk/kfjr gks ijUrq Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk dkvkdyu djus ij Nfo oqQN vkSj gh fn[krh gSA

vktknh osQ Ng n'kd chr tkus osQ i'pkrtc ge Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk vkdyudjrs gaS rks ikrs gSa fd ;w¡ rks f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esavHkwriwoZ ifjorZu gq, gSaA fo|ky;ksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksadh l¡[;k esa csrgk'kk c<+ksrjh gqbZ gSA fo|ky;]egkfo|ky; ,oa nwjLFk f'k{kk oasQnzkas&dh l¡[;k esa

*'kks/ Nk=kk] lk¡[;&;ksx foHkkx] n'kZu ladk;] Jh yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh jk"Vªªh; laLo`Qr fo|kihB] ubZ fnYyh**'kks/ Nk=kk] f'k{kk foHkkx] jk"Vªªh; f'k{kk laLFkku] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh


Hkh c<+ksrjh gqbZ gS] ijUrq fiQj Hkh f'k{kk osQ {ks=kesa Hkkjr vHkh cgqr ihNs gSA fo'o esa lokZf/dfuj{kj Hkkjr esa gh gSa rFkk cPpksa ,oa ;qokvksa dk,d cgqr cM+k oxZ vHkh Hkh fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQnk;js ls ckgj gSA1 gekjs ns'k esa f'k{kk dh gkyrfdruh [kjkc gS] bl fo"k; esa cgqr ls yksxlksp Hkh ugha ldrsA fo|ky;ksa ls f'k{kd xk;cgS vkSj o;Ld fuj{kjrk dh nj vHkh Hkh 34»gSA ;gh otg gS fd fodkl osQ nkSj esa Hkkjr182 ns'kksa osQ eè; 134osa LFkku ij gS deksos'ktgk¡ Ikgys Fkk oghaA

;gh gky jgk rkss ge dc lcosQ fy,f'k{kk osQ mös'; dks izkIr dj loasQxs bldhdksbZ le; lhek ugha crk losQxkA ;wusLdks dhXykscy ekWfuVfjax fjiksVZ (2003) osQ vuqlkjHkkjr loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku dk y{; lu~ 2015rd Hkh iwjk ugha dj ik,xkA lkjh nqfu;k¡ osQ130 ns'kksa dh vyx&vyx Jsf.k;ksa esa (fo|ky;hf'k{kk esa izxfr osQ vk/kj ij) Hkkjr lcls uhpsgSA bl Js.kh esa Hkkjr osQ vykok usiky] ikfdLrkurFkk lgkjk vizQhdk osQ 10&12 ns'k gSaA2

vkt vko';drk gS f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa O;kidifjoZruksa dhA f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu Lrj ;Fkk izkFkfed]ekè;fed rFkk mPp Lrj ij O;kid ifjorZufd, tkus ij gh ge f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu mn~ns';ksadks izkIr dj ik,¡xs rFkk ,d fodflr jk"Vª osQ:i esa mHkj ik,¡xsA

Hkkjr dks ;fn fodkl'khy jk"Vª ls fodflrjk"Vª dh ;k=kk liQyrkiwoZd r; djuh gS rksbls lcls igys viuh f'k{kk i¼fr ij è;kunsuk gksxkA dgha u dgha dksbZ u dksbZ [kkeh t:jgS rHkh vktknh osQ 62 o"kZ chr tkus ij Hkhxzkeh.k&'kgjh] L=kh&iq#"k] vehj&xjhc] ,oa fofHkUutkfr;ksa osQ eè; varj de gksus dh txg c<+rkgh x;k gSA3 f'k{kk lekftd ifjorZu dk l'kDrekè;e gS vr% tkfgj gS fd bl ekè;e dkgeus lkekftd ifjorZu osQ fy, ;Fks"V :i lsbLrseky ugha fd;kA

ns'k dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa vkewy&pwy ifjorZudh ek¡x vktknh osQ le; ls gh dh tk jgh gSvkSj ;g vko';d Hkh gSA 1972 esa ;wusLdks}kjk fo'o osQ lHkh ns'kksa dh izpfyr f'k{kkO;oLFkk dk foLr`r losZ{k.k fd;k x;k Fkk]ftlesa ;g crk;k x;k Fkk fd lektoknh jk"Vªdks NksM+dj 'ks"k lHkh jk"Vªksa esa f'k{kk dk iz;ksxizpfyr f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy,fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj f'k{kk osQ }kjk oxZ Hksn dhHkkouk fnuksa&fnu etcwr dh tk jgh gSA orZekuesa ;fn ge fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh fofHkUu ikB~;iqLrdkasdk fo'ys"k.k djsa rks gesa ,sls vusd mnkgj.kfeysaxs ftuls ;g fl¼ gks tk,xk fd gekjhf'k{kk O;oLFkk mu fl¼kUrksa dks oS/rk iznkudjus dk dk;Z dj jgh gS tks lekt ,oadgha&dgha lafo/ku fojks/h Hkh gksrs gaSA4 ,d

1oekZ- lqcks/ 2010] ,tqosQ'ku & ,u vufiQfu'M fjokWY;w'ku- n VkbEl vkiWQ bf.M;k - 25 tuojh 2010-2Lknxksiky- vfuy 2006] f'k{kk lekurk vkSj Hkkjr dh laizHkqrk] f'k{kk foe'kZ (5) i`- 6&15A3dkd- ,l- osQ- 2010] , tuhZ oh eLV esd- n VkbEl vkWiQ bf.M;k- 28 tuojh 2010-4xqIrk- jktho 2007] lkekftd foHksn dks LFkkfir djrh iqLrosaQ] f'k{kk foe'kZ (1) i`- 32&35


vksj ge ukjh l'kfDrdj.k ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksarFkk tutkfr;ksa osQ fodkl ,oa mRFkku dh ckrdj jgs gSa vkSj nwljh vksj gekjs fo|ky;ksa esa,slh ikB~;iqLroasQ i<+kbZ tk jgh gaS tks mudhudkjkRed Nfo izLrqr djrh gSA Li"V gS fdorZeku f'k{kk O;oLFkk f'kf{krksa vkSj tulk/kj.kosQ eè; u osQoy xgjh [kkbZ mRiUu dj jgh gScfYd f'kf{krksa osQ eu esa tulk/kj.k osQ izfrmis{kk ,oa fojks/ osQ Hkko Hkh mRiUu dj jgh gSA

orZeku f'k{kk O;oLFkk osQ laca/ esa tks ckrLokeh foosdkuan] johUnzukFk BkoqQj vkSj egkRekxk¡/h tSls euhf"k;ksa us dgh Fkh og vkt dhifjfLFkfr esa vkSj Hkh vf/d izklafxd gks mBhgSA gekjh f'k{kk O;oLFkk ij IkzkjaHk ls gh ik'pkR;izHkko gkoh jgs gSa] blosQ }kjk u rks jk"Vªh;vkn'kksZa dk iks"k.k gqvk gS vkSj u jk"Vªh; vkn'kksZadh iwfrZA

ik'pkR; vkn'kksZa dh vkykspuk dk vFkZ ;gdrbZ ugha gS fd gesa if'pe ls oqQN xzg.k ughadjuk gSA orZeku oSKkfud rFkk ;kaf=kd Kku eq[;r&Ikf'pe dk gh gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh fodklksUeq[k rFkkvk/qfud cuus dh bPNk j[kus okyk jk"Vª ml Kkudh mis{kk ugha dj ldrkA ijUrq viuh vko';drkvksadk lgh&lgh vkdyu fd, fcuk ;fn ge Ikf'peosQ Kku dks vk;kfrr djrs gSa rks mlls gekjhleL;kvksa dk lek/ku ugha gksrk cfYd os vkSj HkhtfVy gks mBrh gSaA blfy, gekjh f'k{kk O;oLFkkdk Lo:i] fo"k; rFkk mn~ns'; lHkh oqQN cnyusdh vko';drk gSA gesa tulk/kj.k osQ fodkl dksviuk y{; cukuk gksxk vkSj fo|ky;ksa dks lkekftdØkafr dk oas QnzA

gekjh orZeku f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa izkFkfedLrj ls ysdj fo'ofo|ky; Lrj rd dkikB~;Øe nks"kiw.kZ gSA ;g u osQoy gekjs jk"Vªh;vkn'kksZa ls vyx gS vfirq blosQ }kjk gekjhjk"Vªh;rk osQ fodkl esa cgqr ck/k igq¡p jgh gSAvr% izkFkfed d{kkvksa ls ysdj fo'ofo|ky;hd{kkvksa rd osQ ikB~;Øe esa ekSfyd ifjorZudh vko';drk gSA f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk izkFkfedLrj ls gh lq/kjh tk ldrh gSA mlosQ cknlqèkkjuk dfBu gSA izks- ;'kiky us ^f'k{kk fcukcks> osQ* (1993) uked fjiksVZ esa dgk Fkk fdHkkjr dh fo|ky;h f'k{kk esa cM+h l¡[;k esavkjafHkd d{kkvksa esa gh cPpksa osQ vkØkar gkstkus dh ,d otg mldk nqcksZ/ gksuk gSAiqLrd ys[kd lwpukvksa ls vkrafdr jgrs gaSvkSj lwpuk,¡ Bw¡ldj IkqLrdksa dks cksf>y cuknsrs gSa iQyr% og Nk=k ,oa f'k{kd nksuksa osQ fy,nqcksZ/ gks mBrh gSA bruk gh ugha ikB~;Øe esalq/kj osQ uke ij mldk Lrj c<+k fn;k tkrkgS vkSj ,slh phtsa Hkj nh tkrh gSa ftUgsa ml LrjosQ cPps le> gh ugh ikrsA ,slh fLFkfr esaf'k{kk Kkuo¼Zu dk lk/u u cudj rksrk jVaRkgks mBrh gSA mPp Lrj dh d{kkvksa dhikB~;iqLrdksa ;Fkk lekt'kkL=k vkSj euksfoKkuvkfn fo"k;ksa esa izk;% tks mnkgj.k fn;s tkrs gaSos if'pe osQ le`¼ lekt osQ gksrs gaS vkSjmudk gekjs thou ls dksbZ laca/ ugha gksrkAizks- ;'kiky dh ^f'k{kk fcuk cks> osQ* fjiksZV osQvk/kj ij ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- us ikB~;p;kZ]ikB~;Øeksa vkSj ikB~;IkqLrdkas esa lq/kj ykus osQiz;Ru fd;s gSa IkjUrq ;g Ikz;kl fdrus f'k{kdksa


vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ykHkkfUor dj jgs gaS] ;gns[ks tkus dh t#jr gSA

vHkh gky gh esa Hkkjrh; fo|ky;h f'k{kkO;oLFkk dh xq.koÙkk ij ,-,l-bZ-vkj- osQ ,dvè;;u osQ vuqlkj pkj o"kZ dh fo|ky;hf'k{kk iwjh djus okys 38» cPps NksVs&NksVsokD;ksa okyk og iSjkxzkiQ ugha i<+ ldrs tksnwljh d{kk osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, gksrk gS ,sls55» cPps rhu vadkas dh l¡[;k dks ,d v¡ddh l¡[;k ls Hkkx ugha ns ldrsA5 blls irkpyrk gS fd vU; fo"k;ksa dh i<+kbZ dh D;kfLFkfr gks ldrh gSA

ekè;fed f'k{kk ceqf'dy 25» ls 30»cPpksa dks miyC/ gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oatutkfr vFkkZr nfyr ,oa vkfnoklh cPpksa esa;g vk¡dM+k eqf'dy ls 20» gS yM+fd;ksa dhgkyr vkSj Hkh cqjh gSSA vkfnoklh yM+fd;ksa dkvk¡dM+k crkrk gS fd cMh eqf'dy ls 17»yM+fd;k¡ 10oha rd igq¡p ikrh gSa] mÙkh.kZ vkèksls Hkh de gksrh gaS D;ksafd ekè;fed f'k{kk esavliQyrk dh nj 50» ls vf/d gSA6

,d utj vuqlwfpr tutkfr rFkk vkfnokfl;ksadh f'k{kk ij Mkyas rks Kkr gksrk gS fd fiNys62 o"kksZa esa vkfnokfl;ksa osQ fy, vusd 'kSf{kd;kstuk,¡ vkjaHk dh xbZA ijUrq lPpkbZ ;g gS fdmuosQ fy, vkt rd lqfo/klEiUu izkFkfed]ekè;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kk oasQnzksa dk fuekZ.k ugha

gks ldkA >kj[k.M tks ,d vkfnoklh cgqyjkT; gS] esa cgqr ls fo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky;[kqy x, gaS tks v¡xzs”kh ekè;e ls f'k{kk nsrs gaSAijUrq vkfnokfl;ksa dks mudh viuh Hkk"kk esai<+kuk vc Hkh 'kq# ugha gqvk gSA7 vkt Hkkjr esavkfnokfl;ksa dh Hkk"kk,¡ [kRe gks jgh gS ;k ;w¡dgas fd [kRe dh tk jgh gaSA mudh 600Hkk"kk@cksfy;k¡ gS ftuesa ls 90 esa lkfgR; fy[kktk jgk gSA8 fiQj Hkh ge mUgsa mudh Hkk"kk esaugha i<+krsA bDdk&nqDdk vkfnoklh yM+osQ f'k{kkesa vkxs vk ikrs gS vkSj mUgsa Hkh ,slh f'k{kk nhtkrh gS fd os viuh gh laLo`Qfr dks gs;le>rs gSaA vke vkfnoklh osQ cPps rks izkFkfedfo|ky; rd Hkh ugha igq¡p ikrsA tks igq¡prs gSaos blfy, fo|ky; NksM+dj pys tkrs gSa fd osml f'k{kd osQ lkFk lkeatL; gh ugha fcBk ikrstks muosQ lekt osQ ugha gksrs vkSj tks mudhHkk"kk ,oa laLo`Qfr dks gs; le>rs gaSA

ljdkj us vkfnokfl;ksa osQ fy, Nk=kkoklrks cgqr cuk, gSa ij mudh lPpkbZ ;g gS fdogk¡¡¡ ;k rks [kkuk gh ugha feyrk ;k bruk defd cPpksa dk IksV gh ugha HkjrkA

bu leLr dfe;ksa osQ vykok Hkkjrh; f'k{kkO;oLFkk dh lcls cM+h deh gS fofo/ izdkjosQ fo|ky;A vko';drk gS dksBkjh vk;ksx}kjk lq>kbZ xbZ leku fo|ky; Ikz.kkyh ykxwdjus dh Ikjarq gky gh esa ykxw gq, ^cPpksa osQ

5fi=kksnk] lSe 2010] Kkuoku lekt osQ fuekZ.k dh t#jr] ;kstuk 53-9 i`- 566Lknxksiky- vfuy 2006] f'k{kk lekurk vkSj Hkkjr dh laizHkwrk] f'k{kk foe'kZ (5) i`- 6&157xqIrk- jef.kdk 2010] vkfnoklh% vkdk¡{kkvksa osQ /wfey f{kfrt- vktdy (9) i`- 66&698ogh-


fy, eqÝr ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk vf/dkj vfèkfu;e*osQ izkjaHk esa pkj izdkj osQ fo|ky;ksa osQ vfLrRodks ekU;rk ns nh xbZ gS tks bl izdkj gS&

1- ljdkjh fo|ky;_2- vuqnku izkIr fuft fo|ky;_3- fo'ks"k Js.kh osQ fo|ky;_ ,oa4- vuqnku u ikus okys fuft fo|ky;A;gh ugha ljdkj Lo;a vukSipkfjd f'k{kk

(ukWu iQkeZy) osQ uke Ikj vf/dk¡'k cPpksa dksoSdfYid fo|ky;ksa] f'k{kk xkjaVh oasQnzksa bR;kfnesa nks;e ntsZ dh f'k{kk miyC/ djk jgh gS tksf'kf{kr djus osQ uke ij osQoy lk{kj djrh gSAbl izdkj f'k{kk osQ HksnHkko osQ nwj djus dhctk, mls ,d izdkj ls ekU; ,oa iq"V ghfd;k tk jgk gSA ;g Hkkjr esa f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esac<+rs gq, HksnHkko] xSj&cjkcjh vkSj f'k{kk osQcktkjhdj.k dh izfØ;k dks izksRlkfgr djus osQfy, dkiQh gS tcfd vko';drk ml ijrRdky jksd yxkus dh gSA

;g rks lp gS fd mPp f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esacgqr foLrkj gqvk gS ijarq ftl rsth ls tul¡[;kc<+h gS vkSj mnkjhdj.k osQ ckn cktkj esadkS'ky;qDr O;fDr;ksa dh vko';drk c<+h gSml rsth ls bldk fodkl ugha gqvkA vktknhosQ 6 n'kd vkSj mnkjhdj.k osQ 2 n'kd chrusosQ ckn Hkh mPp f'k{kk esa ldy ukekaduvuqikr (Gross Enrolment Ratio) 11»gS] tcfd fodflr ns'kksa esa ;g 25» gSA mPpf'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa 'kgjh ;qokvksa dk opZLo gSAxzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa mPp f'k{kk osQ oasQnzksa dh deh

bldk izeq[k dkj.k gSA ;gh otg gS fd mPpf'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa vuqlwfpr tkfr] tutkfr ,oaefgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh Hkh vis{kko`Qr de gSA

;gh ugha f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa yphysiu dhdeh rFkk f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh xq.koÙkk esa fofHkUurkdh otg ls {ks=kksa dks vf/d fodYi ugha feyikrs vkSj mPp f'k{kk osQ vusd {ks=kksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksadh deh eglwl dh tkrh gSA foKku] ekufodhvkSj okf.kT; osQ vk/kjHkwr fo"k;ksa dk vè;;uvè;kiu ijaijkxr rjhosQ ls gh gksrk gSA gekjh,slh mPp f'k{kk O;oLFkk ,sls Lukrdksa dh iQkSt[kM+h dj jgh gS tks Je cktkj osQ fy,mi;qDr gksrs gh ughaA iQyr% f'kf{kr csjkstxkjhdh leL;k mRiUu gksrh gSA

Hkkjrh; Je fjiksVZ] 20079 osQ vuqlkjjkstxkj osQ volj rks gSa ij mlosQ fy, mi;qDrizf'kf{kr O;fDr;ksa dh deh gSA vFkkZr csjkstxkjhls dgha vf/d xaHkhj leL;k fofHkUu dkS'kyksaesa izf'kf{kr O;fDr;ksa dh deh dh gSA fjiksVZ osQvk¡dM+s tks fp=k izLrqr djrs gSa] og fparuh; gSAblosQ vuqlkj 53» jkstxkj;qDr O;fDr;ksa esaoqQN u oqQN dkS'kyksa dh deh gS vkSj osQoy8» ;qok gh jkstxkj osQ mi;qDr gSaA fjiksVZ osQvuqlkj 57» ;qokvksa esa okafNr dkS'ky dhdeh gSA fo|ky;ksa] egkfo|ky;ksa ls fudyusokys 90» ;qok fdrkch Kku j[krs gaSA tks Jecktkj osQ fdlh dke dk ughaA Li"V gS fdgekjs ns'k dh mPp f'k{kk O;OkLFkk mnkjhdj.kosQ nks n'kd ckn Hkh oS'ohdj.k osQ dkj.kmRiUu gqbZ vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus esa

9Ikkyhoky- Mh- osQ- 2010] dks fjys'ku chVohu ,tqosQ'ku ,.M Xykscykbts'ku- ;wfuoflZVh U;wt- 48(1) i`-1&3


l{ke ugha gks ikbZ gSA vxys pkj o"kksZa esa fo'odh 25» Je'kfDr Hkkjr esa gksxhA10 Li"V gSfd bl Je'kfDr dk ykHk ysus osQ fy, rFkkHkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks etcwr djus osQ fy,mPp f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ykus dhvko';drk gSA

mPp f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk osQ fy, Hkkjrljdkj us lu~ 1957 esa ;w-th-lh- dh LFkkiukdh] ijarq xq.koÙkk dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, tksvf/dkj bl vk;ksx dks fn, tkus pkfg, Fks osugha fn, x,A blosQ vykok ,d ntZu lsvfèkd O;kolkf;d ifj"knksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ]ftlesa gjsd dks vius {ks=k ls lacaf/r vf/dkjfn, x, tSls esfMdy dkmafly vkWiQ bafM;k],-vkbZ-lh-Vh-bZ- bR;kfnA ijUrq buesa fdlh izdkjdk leUo; u gksuk Hkh ,d leL;k gSAfo'ofo|ky; vkSj ifj"kn Hkh vf/dkjksa dksysdj vkil esa yM+rs jgrs gaS vkSj f'k{kk dhxq.koÙkk dks cuk, j[kus dh ftEesnkjh ,d nwljsij Mkyrs jgrs gSaA

f'k{kk osQ futhdj.k us ,d vksj ljdkjdks mPp f'k{kk osQ nkf;Ro ls oqQN gn rdeqDr rks dj fn;k ysfdu blosQ lkFk gh futhlaLFkkuksa dks f'k{kk dks O;olk; cukus dh NwVHkh fey xbZA f'k{kk dk futhdj.k cqjk ughac'krsZ bls O;olk; u cuk;k tk, vkSj bldhxq.koÙkk osQ lkFk dksbZ le>kSrk u fd;k tk,Aijarq orZeku esa vPNh futh laLFkkvksa vkSj

Lrjghu laLFkkvksa osQ eè; varj djuk dfBu gSiQyLo:Ik f'k{kk osQ oasQnz fMfxz;k¡ ck¡Vus okyhlaLFkk,¡ cudj jg xbZ gSaA

lu~ 1983 esa vejhdk ljdkj }kjk fu;qDr^deh'ku iQkWj ,Dlhysal bu ,tqosQ'ku* us viuh^n us'ku ,V fjLd* fjiksVZ esa vejhdk turkdks psrkouh nsrs gq, dgk Fkkμ

^gekjs lekt esa f'k{kk dh cqfu;kn lkekU;Lrj dh ;ksX;rkvksa osQ dkj.k detksj gksrhtk jgh gS rFkk Hkfo"; esa jk"Vª rFkk turkosQ fy, [krjk cu ldrh gSA*11

;g dFku orZeku esa gekjs ns'k osQ fy, Hkhmruk gh izklafxd gS ftruk rc vesfjdk osQfy, FkkA

Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk dh iz.kkyh dksbZ NksVh ughafiQj Hkh ldy jk"Vªh; vk; osQ vuqikr osQ :Ik esamPp f'k{kk ij gksus okyk O;; 1980&81 esa 0-98» Fkk tks 1994&95 esa ?kVdj 0-35» vkSj2006&07 esa ek=k 0-22» gh jg x;k gSA izfrO;fDr f'k{kk ij gksus okyk ljdkjh O;; 1990&91esa fujarj ?kVrk gh pyk x;kA bl ij xaHkhjrkiwoZdfopkj fd, tkus dh vko';drk gSA12

buosQ vykok Hkh Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkkreke rjg dh ijs'kkfu;ksa ls tw> jgh gS tSlsHkkSfrd ,oa ekuo lalk/uksa dh deh] vkfFkZdraxh rFkk f'k{kk dk ekè;e bR;kfnA bu lHkhleL;kvksa ls eqfDr Ikkuk ;fn vklku ugha gS rksdfBu Hkh ugha gSA vko';drk gS rks osQoy

10pUlkSfj;k] eqosQ'k 2009] Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk & leL;k,a ,oa lek/ku- ;kstuk 53-9 i`- 27&3011iky[khokyk- uuh 2003] ge fgUnqLrkuh- jktiky ,aM lal- i`- 140&14412pUlkSfj;k] eqosQ'k 2009] Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk & leL;k,a ,oa lek/ku- ;kstuk 53-9 i`- 27&30


f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa IkfjorZu ykus osQ fy, jktuSfrdlaxBuksa esa bPNk 'kfDr dh ;fn os pkgsa rks oqQNHkh laHko gSA

;gk¡ Ikz'u ;g gS fd f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa D;kifjorZu djus pkfg,\ bl Ikz'u dk mÙkj <w¡<+usosQ fy, gesa mu leLr vk;ksxksa vkSj lfefr;ksaftUgsa le;≤ ij f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa cnykoykus osQ fy, ,oa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk dhleh{kk djus osQ fy, xfBr fd;k x;k Fkk tSlsekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx] dksBkjh vk;ksx] vkpk;ZjkeewfrZ lfefr] ;'kiky lfefr bR;kfn osQ lq>koksadks tYn ls TkYn vey esa ykuk gksxkA D;ksafdbuosQ lq>ko vkt Hkh mrus gh izklafxd gSa ftrusml le; Fks tc bUgsa xfBr fd;k x;k FkkA

;fn okLro esa ns'k osQ lkjs cPpksa dksvPNh] xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk nsuh gS rks ljdkj dks,sls dkuwu vkSj uhfr;k¡ cukuh pkfg, ftueasfuEu ckrsa lqfuf'pr gksaμ

loZizFke rks ;g vko';d gS fd ns'k esaleku fo|ky; iz.kkyh ykxw gks] ftlls fdfo|ky;ksa dh fofo/rk lekIr gks tk, vkSjlcdks f'k{kk osQ leku volj feysA tc rdns'k esa leku f'k{kk iz.kkyh ykxw ugha gksxh rcrd f'k{kk dk vf/dkj dkuwu csekuh gSA orZekuf'k{kk O;oLFkk ljdkj dh nksgjh ,oa vLi"Vuhfr;ksa dk ifj.kke gS tgk¡ f'k{kk dk LFkkulk{kjrk us] fo|ky; dk LFkku vukSipkfjdf'k{kk osaQnzksa us vkSj f'k{kd dk LFkku v¼Zf'k{kdksa us ys fy;k gSA

ns[kk x;k gS fd fofHkUu izos'k ijh{kkvksa esaxzkeh.k {ks=kksa ls vkus okys cPpksa dh vis{kk'kgjh {ks=kksa osQ cPpksa dks vf/d liQyrk feyrhgSA dkj.k Li"V gS fd 'kgjh {ks=kksa osQ CkPpksa dkslqfo/k,¡ vf/d feyrh gSa vkSj leLr ugha rksvf/dk¡'k cPps v¡xzs”kh LowQyksa esa i<+s gksrs gSaAvr% Li"V gS fd f'k{kk osQ leku volj gerHkh miyC/ djk ldrs gSa tc leku fo|ky;Ikz.kkyh ykxw gksxhA bl lanHkZ esa gky gh esa oasQnzzljdkj }kjk fy;k x;k ns'kHkj osQ mPp ekè;fedfo|ky;ksa esa foKku vkSj xf.kr dk leku ikB~;Øeykxw djus dk fu.kZ; Lokxr ;ksX; gSA13 ;g'kSf{kd voljksa dh lekurk osQ fl¼kUr ijvey djrk gSA blls fofHkUu jkT;ksa osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksadks ,d tSlh f'k{kk feyus dh laHkkouk gksxhvkSj izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa esa lcdks ,d tSlhpqukSrh feysxhA

f'k{kk dk ekè;e fo'ks"kdj izkFkfed Lrj Ikjekr`Hkk"kk dk gksuk vko';d gSA vuqla/ku14 ;gcrkrs gaS fd cPpksa dks loZizFke viuh ekr`Hkk"kkesa n{krk izkIr djus osQ Ik'pkr nwljh Hkk"kk dkslh[kuk Hkh vklku gks tkrk gSA vkfnokfl;ksa dksHkh izkFkfed f'k{kk mUgha dh Hkk"kk esa nh tkuhpkfg, rHkh os vkxs c<+ ik,¡xs vkSj eqq[; /kjk esa'kkfey gks Ikk,¡xsA izfl¼ f'k{kkfon~ Ikzks- nkSyr flagdksBkjh15 osQ vuqlkj IkzzkFkfed vkSj mPprjizkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks foKku rFkklac¼ fo"k;ksa dks v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk dh rqyuk esa viuhekr`Hkk"kk esa dgh vf/d vPNh rjg ls le>k;k

13,d d{kk ,d i<+kbZ fgUnqLrku] 17 iQjojh 201014lDlsuk- ,l- lh- 2009] f'k{kk dk ekè;e vkSj Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,¡] ;kstuk] 53-9 i`- 39&4015 vcknth- gsyu- 2006] ,fiQfl,UV yfuZx iQkWj n iqvj & bulkbV~l izQke n izQfUV;j vkWiQ dkWfXufVo U;wjks lkbUl] oYMZ caSd-


tk ldrk gSA dkj.k gS fd fo"k; dks le>us lsigys v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk dks le>us esa ekufld fodklesa ck/k iM+rh gS vkSj fo"k; dks jVus osQ vfrfjDrdksbZ fodYi ugha jg tkrkA

gekjs ns'k esa v¡xzs”khnk¡ yksxkas osQ le{k jkstxkjosQ volj vf/d lqyHk gaS blfy, yksx v¡xzs”khi<+us&i<+kus esa yxs gaS vkSj viuh Hkk"kk NksM+ jgsgaSA ljdkj pkgs rks ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vo'; culdrh gS fd fofHkUu Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh jkstxkj&Ikjd cu tk,¡A

fofHkUu vk;ksxksa ,oa lfefr;ksa us le;≤ij IkzkFkfed f'k{kk dk ekè;e ekr`Hkk"kk djus dklq>ko fn;k gS ijUrq vkt rd muosQ lq>koksa ijiw.kZ:is.k vey ugha fd;k x;kA mYVs fofHkUujkT; ljdkjsa (;Fkk xqtjkr) v¡xzs”kh dks izFke d{kkls gh Ik<+kus dh bPNqd gaSA16

f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed ifjorZu dk vk/kj murRoksa dks cuk;k tkuk pkfg, tks vkt osQ bloS'ohdj.k osQ nkSj esa ekuo thou dks vf/dizHkkfor dj jgs gaS tSls lwpuk ,oa lapkj Øakfr rFkk'kkafr osQ fy, f'k{kkA ijUrq bl ckr dk Hkh è;kuvo'; j[kk tkuk pkfg, fd f'k{kk osQ }kjk LFkkuh;vko';drkvkas dh Hkh iwfrZ gksA vr% LFkkuh;rk dksoasQnz esa j[krs gqq, oSf'od 'kSf{kd ifjizs{; esa f'k{kkesa ifjorZu yk;k tkuk pkfg,A

f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks bruh Lora=krk vkSj voljmiyC/ djk, tkus pkfg, fd os mRo`Q"V LrjosQ dkS'kyksa vkSj n{krkvksa ls ifjfpr gks ik,¡ vkSjvius vftZr dkS'kyksa vkSj n{krkvksa dk mi;ksx21oha lnh dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ

fy, dj Ikk,¡A blosQ fy, vko';d gS fdekè;fed f'k{kk osQ IkkB~;Øe esa fofo/rk ,oayphykiu yk;k tk,A

vkfnokfl;ksa dh f'k{kk Ikj vkSj vf/dè;ku fn, tkus dh vko';drk gSA fofHkUu'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa osQ pyk, tkus osQ ckotwnmudh fLFkfr esa visf{kr lq/kj ugha gqvk gSAvkfnokfl;ksa dh f'k{kk osQ fuEufyf[kr mís';gksus pkfg,μ• vkfnoklh euq";ksa esa mnklhurk de djosQ

mUgsa dk;Z izo`r djukA• vkfnokfl;ksa esa thou osQ izfr vfHkyk"kk

,oa vkdk¡{kk mRiUu djukA• muesa ;g vkRefo'okl txkuk fd ifjJe

ls os vius iSjksa ij [kM+s gks ldrs gSaA• izpqj ek=kk esa miyC/ mi;ksx esa u yk;s

x;s lk/u] laifÙk rFkk Je'kfDr osQ mi;ksxls iw¡th fufeZr djukA

• tgk¡ rd laHko gks vkfnoklh cPpksa dksizkFkfed f'k{kk mudh ekr`Hkk"kk esa nsukA

• mUgsa ,sls f'k{kd miyC/ djkuk tks mudhHkk"kk tkus ftlls fd vkfnoklh cPps muosQlkFk lgt vuqHko dj Ikk,¡ vkSj tks mudhthou 'kSyh dks tkus] mudh bT”kr djs ufd mls gs; n`f"V ls ns[ksA

• vkfnokfl;ksa dh f'k{kk dk Lo:i muosQlekt dh Ik`"BHkwfe dks oasQfnzr djrk gqvkgksA ikB~;Øe ,slk gks fd vkfnoklh vkèkqqfudf'k{kk osQ lkFk&lkFk vius ijaijkxr ewY;ksadks Hkh xzg.k dj ik,¡A

16 LokfeukFku- ,- ,- ,l- 2010] n iQLVZ yfuZx bt+ csLV bu enj Vax- n Lk.Ms VkbEl vkWiQ bafM;k] 31 tuojh 2010


tgk¡ rd mPp f'k{kk dk iz'u gS blosQ fy,vko';d gS fd fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks Lora=krk nhtk, μ lksp esa] fopkj esa Lora=krkA u, ikB~;Øeksadk fuekZ.k fo'ofo|ky; esa gksuk pkfg,Afo'ofo|ky; esa Hkh ;g Lora=krk vkSj Lok;Ùkrkf'k{kdksa rd tkuh pkfg,A fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa HkhfoHkktu ,slk gks fd os ,d nwljs ls feydjiQys&iwQys u fd fcYoqQy vyx gksdj jg tk,A17

mPp f'k{kk vkSj Je cktkj osQ laca/etcwr fd, tkus pkfg,A csjkstxkjh vkSj dkS'kydh deh dh leL;k dk gy fudkyus osQ fy,,sls mik;ksa dh vko';drk gS tks mPp f'k{kkvkSj ukSdfj;ksa dks vkil esa tksM+ ik,A O;olkf;dIkzf'k{k.k vkSj mPp f'k{kk osQ chp laca/ksa dksetcwrh iznku dh tk,A blls Nk=k viuh f'k{kkvkSj cktkj esa vkus okys jkstxkj voljksa osQchp laca/ cuk ik;saxs rFkk mldk iwjk ykHkmBk loasQxsA ;'kiky lfefr fjiksVZ (2009)esafo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx ,-vkbZ-lh-Vh-bZ-],e-lh-vkbZ-,- tSlh 13 fu;ked laLFkkvksa dkslekIr dj pquko vk;ksx dh rjg ,d

loZlekfgr jk"Vªh; mPp f'k{kk ,oa vuqla/kuvk;ksx osQ xBu dk lq>ko fn;k x;k gS tksLokxr ;ksX; gS vkSj bls tYnh ls tYnh xfBrdj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

fodkl vkSj uokpkj dh u;h 'krkCnh dhvksj c<+us osQ fy, gesa f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa u;hlajpukvksa vkSj fopkjksa dh vko';drk gSA yksxkasdks vPNh xq.koÙkk okyh f'k{kk iznku djus osQekeys esa ,slk cgqr oqQN gS ftls ljdkj osQfy, djuk t#jh gS Ikjarq lekt dks Hkh oSlk ghnkf;Ro fuHkkuk gksxkA ns'k esa vkt tks fo'kkyvlekurk fn[kkbZ ns jgh gS og Kku izkfIr osQi{kikriw.kZ jo;S osQ dkj.k gS blosQ fujkdj.kosQ fy, gesa f'k{kk osQ voljksa esa i;kZIr o`f¼djuh gksxh] ,d ,slh f'k{kk iz.kkyh ykuh gksxhfd dksbZ Hkh bldh ifjf/ ls ckgj jg losQAvr% ns'k osQ fodkl dks xfr nsus osQ fy, ,d,slh f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ xBu dh vko';drk gStks uokpkj vkSj m|ferk dks c<+kok ns losQvkSj c<+rh vFkZO;oLFkk dh dkS'ky vko';drkvksadks iwjk dj losQA

17;'kiky- 2009- fo'ofo|ky; ,oa lekt osQ chp laokn vko';d] ;kstuk 53-9 i`- 7&9


dbZ yksxksa dks 'kk;n yxsxk fd irk ugha D;ksa eSa^lh[kus* dh ctk, ^djus* ;k ^phtksa dks csgrj<ax ls djus* dh ckr djrk gw¡A bldk ,ddkj.k rks ;g gS fd ^lh[kuk* 'kCn ls yxrk gS(tSlk fd dbZ yksx ekurs Hkh gaS) xks;k lh[kuk'ks"k thou ls vyx dksbZ pht gS] fd gelh[kus dk dke rHkh djrs gaS] ;k rHkh vPNhrjg ls djrs gSa tc oqQN vkSj u dj jgs gksa]vkSj mlh LFkku ij djrs gSa tgk¡ vkSj oqQN ughafd;k tkrkA LowQy esa i<+k gj O;fDr ekuusyxrk gS fd ;fn (1) eq>s dksbZ Hkh egÙoiw.kZckr lh[kuh gS rks eq>s LowQy uke dh txg ijtkuk iM+sxk vkSj f'k{kd uked dksbZ O;fDr<w¡<+uk iM+sxk tks eq>s og ckr fl[kk,xk] (2);gIkzfØ;k mckÅ vkSj d"Vnk;d gksxh] rFkk (3) eSa

^Lkh[kus* dk feFkd*

tkWu gkWYV

fo|ky;ksa esa lh[kus dks fdrkch Kku] ewY;k¡du ikB~;Øe iwjk djus rd gh lhferekuk tkrk gSA vesfjdh f'k{kkfon~ tkWu gkWYV osQ bl vkys[k esa lh[kus dks foLr`rifjizs{; esa ns[kk x;k gS rFkk bls xgjkbZ ls fo'ysf"kr fd;k gS ftldh t#jr d{kkesa dke djrs gq, dgha u dgha eglwl gksrh gSA ;g iqLrd va'k ,dyO;] Hkksiky }kjkizdkf'kr o fgUnh esa vuqfnr iqLrd ^f'k{kk dh ctk,* ls fy;k x;k gS o ^izkjEHk*if=kdk ls lkHkkj izdkf'kr fd;k tk jgk gSA

'kk;n lh[k ugha ikÅ¡xkA;g fopkj dkiQh u;k gS fd gj egÙoiw.kZ

pht LowQy esa lh[kuk t#jh gSA vHkh gky rdvf/drj yksx ;g ckr HkyhHkk¡fr le>rs Fksfd oqQN phtsa LowQy esa gh vPNs ls lh[kh tkldrha gaS fdUrq vU; phtsa gSa ftUgsa yxHkxmrus vPNs ls ;k mlls Hkh csgrj LowQy lsckgj lh[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj dbZ phtsa rksLowQy esa lh[kh gh ugha tk ldrhA os yksx'kk;n bl ckr ij g¡lrsa gSa fd lkjk Kku vkSjfoosd d{kkvksa vkSj fdrkcksa esa j[kk ;k ik;k tkldrk gSA vkt Hkh tks yksx ekurs gSa fd lcoqQN LowQy esa gh lh[kk tkuk pkfg,] mUgksaus Hkh[kqn lc oqQN LowQy esa ughas lh[kk gSA

* izkjEHk* 'kSf{kd laokn f'k{kk dh =kSekfld if=kdk] o"kZ&5] vad&3 tqykbZ&flrEcj 2007 ls lkHkkj izdkf'kr


eSa tks oqQN tkurk gw¡] mlesa ls vf/dk¡'keSaus LowQy esaa ugha lh[kk gSA bruk gh ugha] ;glc eSaus mu fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh ugha lh[kk gS ftUgsayksx ^lh[kus dh fLFkfr;k¡* dgrs gSa] vFkkZr osvuqHko ftuls eSa dksbZ [kkl pht lh[kus osQedln ls xqt#¡A eSa tks oqQN Hkh djrk gw¡ og^oqQN lh[kus osQ edln* ls ugha djrkA eSauslaxhr o laxhr jpuk osQ ckjs esa tks oqQN lh[kkgS og fjglZy vkSj dk;ZØeksa esa tk&tkdjlh[kk gSA eSa ogk¡¡¡¡ laxhr osQ ^ckjs esa lh[kus* ughatkrkA eSa rks ogk¡¡W blfy, tkrk gw¡ D;ksafd ogk¡¡Wtks oqQN ns[krk lqurk gw¡ og eq>s vPNk yxrkgSA vU; ns'kksa vkSj vius gh ns'k osQ vU;bykdksa dh ;k=kkvksa osQ nkSjku eSaus mu txgksa osQckjs esa dkiQh oqQN lh[kk gSA exj eSa ogk¡¡W^lh[kus* ugha] yksxksa ls feyus&tqyus vkSj oqQNdke djus x;k FkkA fiNys ,d&nks o"kksaZ ls eSausvius 'kgj ckWLVu esa vU; ukxfjdksa osQ lkFkfeydj ,d [kjkc o oqQfVy rFkkdfFkr uxjfodkl ;kstuk dks #dokus ;k de&ls&deoqQN nsj rd Vyokus osQ fy, dke fd;k gSAblesa eSaus dkuwu] jktuhfr vkSj uxj dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ ckjs esa dkiQh oqQN lh[kkA fdUrq eSabl dke esa ;g lc lh[kus osQ fy, ughacfYd vius uxj dks ywV vkSj rckgh ls cpkusosQ fy, tqM+k FkkA eSa dbZ fdrkcsa vkSj if=kdk,¡i<+rk gw¡] fdUrq muesa tks oqQN gS mls ^lh[kus*osQ fy, ughaA eSa bUgsa i<+rk gw¡A D;kasfd eq>syxrk gS fd ;s 'kk;n fnypLi] ennxkj vkSjjksekapd gksaxhA dHkh&dHkkj eSa oqQN irk djusosQ fy, Hkh i<+rk gw¡] exj eSa lh[kw¡xk ;k ugha]

;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd og esjs dke esa;k thou esa ;k thou dk yqRiQ mBkus esaennxkj gS ;k ughaA

,d ckr eSa igys dg pqdk gw¡] vkSj mls;gk¡ nksgjkuk pkgrk gw¡ lh[kus okyk loksZÙkeleqnk; tks eSaus ns[kk gS vkSj ftldk eSa lnL;jgk gw¡] og u rks lh[kus okyk leqnk; dgykrkFkk] u gh ;g mldk edln FkkA og f}rh;fo'o ;q¼ dh ,d iuMqCch Fkh&(;w-,-,l-,l-ckcsZjks)A ge blesa ^lh[kus* osQ fy, ugha cfYdLowQy esa enn nsus osQ fy, FksA ml le; osQyk[kksa yksxksa dh rjg ge Hkh ^lh[kus* osQ ckjs esaugha lksprs&cfr;krs FksA bl dfBu dke dkslkFk&lkFk djrs gq, geus dkiQh oqQN lh[kk vkSjvius vuqHko o gquj vf/d ls vf/d yksxksa osQlkFk lk>k fd,A ,d lpeqp thoUr lekt esalkjs yksx ,slk gh eglwl djsaxsA dksbZ ugha pkgrkfd ckdh yksx vKkuh] gqujghu ;k csoowQiQ cusjgsa rkfd og mUgsa vklkuh ls Ny loasQ ;k muij fu;U=k.k dj loasQ ;k mudh dher ij [kqn/uoku cu tk,¡A ,YMkml gDlys }kjk fyf[kr^cszo U;w oYMZ* esa ,d ik=k oYMZ daVªksyj eqLriQkeks.M dgrk gS fd ,d iz;ksx osQ crkSj ,slk ,dlekt xfBr fd;k x;k Fkk ftlesa lc vYiQk ghvYiQk (vDyeUn) Fks] exj ;g pyk ugha vkSjdHkh py ugha ldrk FkkA gDlys xyr FksAgekjh iuMqCch ,slk gh ,d lekt Fkk (vkSj HkhdbZ gSa)] vkSj og fdlh vU; rjhosQ ls py ghugha ldrk FkkA =kklnh ;g gS fd dbZ yksxksa dksfliQZ ;q¼ osQ le; gh ,sls lekt esa jgus dkekSdk feyrk gSA


^lh[kus osQ vuqHko* dh ckr osQ lkFkfnDdr ;g gS fd bLkls yxrk gS fd vuqHkonks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa μ ,d os ftuls ge oqQNlh[krs gSa] vkSj nwljs os ftuls ge oqQN ughalh[krsA fdUrq ,slk rks dksbZ vuqHko ugha gksrkftlls ge oqQN uk lh[ksaA ge tks Hkh djsa] ;ktks Hkh gekjs lkFk gks ;k gekjs lkFk fd;k tk,]mlls ge oqQN u oqQN rks lh[krs gh gSaA ;g gksldrk gS fd tks oqQN ge lh[ksa og gesa vfèkdtkudkj ;k vKkuh cuk ns] vf/d le>nkj ;kvf/d ukle> cuk ns] T;knk l'kDr ;k detksjcuk ns] exj ge oqQN u oqQN lh[krs t#j gSaAD;k lh[kk] ;g ml vuqHko rFkk mlls HkhT;knk bl ckr ij fuHkZj gksrk gS fd mlvuqHko osQ ckjs esa ge oSQlk eglwl djrs gSa\bl fdrkc dk ,d izeq[k fcUnq ;g gS fd ,slsvuqHkoksa ls lh[kus dh laHkkouk cgqr de gksrhgS tks gesa gekjs 'ks"k thou dh egÙoiw.kZ ofnypLi phtksa ls xgjs esa tqM+s gq, u yxsaAftKklk dHkh fuBYyh ugha gksrh] ;g okLrfodljksdkjksa vkSj okLrfod t#jrksa esa ls iSnk gksrhgSA blls Hkh t#jh ckr ;g gS fd ge tcjuvuqHkoksa ls ;k ,slh phtksa lss oqQN vPNk ughalh[k ldrs ftUgsa fdlh nwljs us izyksHku nsdj]/edkdj] nknkfxjh djosQ yYyks&pIiks djosQ;k NyiwoZd gels djok;k gksA ,sls vuqHkoksa lsvdlj ge xqLlk] vkØks'k vkSj mlls HkhT;knk [kqn osQ izfr uiQjr lh[krs gSa ;g lkspdjfd geus vius vkidks nwljs osQ }kjk /fd;k,tkus vkSj bLrseky fd, tkus dh b”kktr nh]fd ge prqj o l'kDr cudj izfrjks/ vkSj

badkj u dj loasQA oqQN yksx nyhy nsaxs fdvf/dk¡'k yksx jkstejkZ dh ftUnxh esa dbZ lkjsuhjl] ckjEckj nksgjk, tkus okys fujFkZd dkedjrs gSa] tSls HkhM+&HkkM+ esa ?kaVksssa dkj pykuk]Vsfyfotu ns[kuk vkfn] ftuls os oqQN ughalh[krsA fdUrq lPpkbZ ;g gS fd os oqQN uoqQN lh[krs t#j gSaA ew[kZrkiw.kZ dke djus okysyksx ml dke ls vkSj dke dks djus dhviuh etcwjh ls uiQjr djuk lh[krs gSa vkSj/hjs&/hjs mu lkjs yksxksa ls uiQjr djuk lh[krsgSa ftUgsa ;g dke ugha djuk iM+rkA HkhM+&HkkM+esa dkj pykus okys yksx vU; dkj pkydksa]iSny yksxksa dks ,d ck/k] ,d mRikr] vkSj ;gk¡rd fd 'k=kq osQ :Ik esa ns[kuk lh[krs gSa tks mUgsaviuh eafty rd ugha igq¡pus ns jgs gSaA blhizdkj ls Vsfyfotu ns[kus okys ckj&ckj ;glh[krs gSa fd insZ ij fn[kus okyss ^okLrfod*;k ^dkYifud* yksx gj ek;us esa muls csgrjgSa&vf/d ;qok] vf/d [kwclwjr] vf/d prqj]vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh] vf/d rst] vf/d cgknqj]vf/d lEiUu] vf/d izlUu] vf/d lEekfurAvarr% tc dkYiukyksd ls ;FkkFkZ esa ykSVus]FkosQ&FkosQ mBdj Vh-oh- can djus dk oDrvkrk gS rks muosQ fnekx esa ;gh fopkj vkrk gSfd ^dk'k] eSa muosQ tSlk gksrkA*

dksbZ vuqHko gesa fdl rjg cnysxk] ;kuhge mlls D;k lh[ksaxs] ;g bl ckr ij fuHkZjgS fd ml vuqHko dh xq.koÙkk D;k gS] mllsgesa fdruk larks"k] vkuUn vkSj jksek¡p feyk ;kughaA blfy, tSlk fd eSaus ^cPps vliQy oSQlsgksrs gSa* esa fy[kk Fkk] ;fn dksbZ cPpk ,slh


fLFkfr esa gS tks mls viekutud Mjkouh vkSjd"Vnk;d yxrh gS rks og ml pht dks ughalh[k ldrk vkSj ugha lh[ksxk tks f'k{kd mlsfl[kkus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gS] vkSj ;fn lh[kx;k rks ,dk/ fnu esa Hkwy tk,xkA blfy, fteguZMu dh xw¡xh d{kk (ns[ksa gkm Vw lokZbo ;ksjusfVo yS.M) osQ cPps d{kk esa os phtas Hkh ughalh[k ikrs Fks tks os LowQy ls ckgj bruh vPNhrjg ls dj ysrs FksA blhfy, yksx rHkh lh[kldrsa gSa tc os n<+rk] vkRefo'okl vkSj vkrqjrkls vkxs c<+saA

djuk gh lh[kuk gS^lh[kuk* 'kCn esa ,d vkSj vke xyriQgeh;g fNih gS fd lh[kuk vkSj djuk nksvyx&vyx fØ;k,¡ gaSA tSls eq>s ^psyks* ctkrscgqr lky ugha gq, gSaA eq>s ;g ok| cgqr vPNkyxrk gS] eSa bls ?kUVksa ctkrk jgrk gw¡] dM+hesgur djrk gw¡ vkSj eq>s mEehn gS fd ,d fnubls vPNs ls ctk lowQ¡xkA T;knrj yksx dgsaxs fdeSa tks oqQN dj jgk gw¡ mls ^psyks ctkuk lh[kuk*dgrs gSaA gekjh Hkk"kk esa blosQ fy, dksbZ vkSjyÝt gh ugha gS fdUrq ;s 'kCn gekjs fnekx esabl fofp=k fopkj dks tUe nsrs gSa fd fuEufyf[krnks izfØ;k,¡ loZFkk vyx&vyx gSa μ (1) psyksctkuk lh[kuk] vkSj (2) psyks ctkukA bldkvk'k; ;g gS fd igys eSa izFke izfØ;k d#¡xkvkSj mls iwjk dj yw¡xk fiQj eSa izFke izfØ;k dksjksd dj nwljh izfØ;k 'kq# d#¡axkA nwljs 'kCnksa esaeSa ctkuk lh[k tkus rd* ctkuk lh[krk jgw¡xkA*blosQ ckn eSa ^ctkuk* 'kq# dj nw¡xkA

Tkkfgj gS fd ;g cdokl gSA ;s nks vyx&vyx izfØ;k,¡ ugha] ,d gh izfØ;k gSA gefdlh pht dks djosQ gh mls djuk lh[krs gSaAvkSj dksbZ rjhdk gh ugha gSA tc ge igyh ckjdksbZ dke djsaxs rks 'kk;n vPNh rjg ugha djsaxsAexj ;fn ge bls djrs jgsa] gekjs lkeus vuqdj.kgsrq vPNs ekWMy gksa] vkSj tc gesa t#jr eglwlgks rc ennxkj lykg fey tk, vkSj gj ckj geml dke dks Hkjld vPNs ls vPNk djsa] rks gebls csgrj djus yxssaxsA le; osQ lkFk ge blscgqr vPNs ls djus yxsaxsA ;g izfØ;k dHkhlekIr ugha gksrhA cf<+;k ls cf<+;k laxhrKksa]urZdksa] ,FkyhVksa] 'kY; fpfdRldksa] foeku pkydksaoxSjg lcdks yxkrkj viuh dyk ;k gquj dkfj;kt djrs jguk iM+rk gSA laxhrK dks jkstkuklqj lk/us iM+rs gSa] urZd dks vH;kl djukiM+rk gSA eSa ,d 'kY; fpfdRld dks tkurk gw¡tks dksbZ dke u gksus ij cxSj ns[ks ,d gkFk lslftZdy xk¡B ck¡/rs jgrs gSa rkfd vH;kl cukjgsA bl ek;us esa yksx mu phtksa dks ^lh[kuk*can ugha djrs ftUgsa os djuk tkurs gSa] pkgs osmUgsa fdruh gh vPNh rjg dj ysrs gksaA mUgsajkst bls vPNs ls vPNk djuk ^lh[kuk* iM+rkgS] vU;Fkk os bls FkksM+h de vPNh rjg djik,¡xsA owQlsfoRLdh osQ usr`Ro esa ckLWVj flEiQuhosQ eq[; ck¡lqjh oknd dgk djrs Fks ;fn eSa ,dfnu fj;kt pwd tkÅ¡ rks [kqn bl varj dks lquldrk gw¡A ;fn nks fnu dk fj;kt pwd tkÅ¡ rksd.MDVj dks vUrj lqukbZ iM+rk gS] ;fn rhufnu dh fj;kt pwd tkÅ¡ rks Jksrk Hkh bl varjdks lqu ysrs gSaA*


f'k'kq ^rS;kjh* ugha dj jgk gSf'k{kkfon~ gj le; ^gquj* dh ckrsa djrs gSa]i<+us dk gquj] fy[kus dk gquj] laizs"k.k dkgquj] ;gk¡ rd fd lquus dk gqujA 'kCnksa osQ Lrjij ;g dguk 'kk;n lgh gks ldrk gS fdfdlh eqf'dy dke dks vPNh rjg djrsle; O;fDr dbZ lkjs gqujksa dk bLrseky djrkgSA fdUrq bldk eryc ;g ugha gS fd dksbZeqf'dy dke fl[kkus dk loksZÙke rjhdk ;ggksxk fd ml dke dks vf/d ls vf/dvyx&vyx gqujksa esa ck¡V fn;k tk, vkSj fiQj,d&,d djosQ ;s gquj fl[kk, tk,¡A tSlk fdcjlksa igys OgkbVgsM us dgk Fkk] ge fdlhdke esa 'kkfey gquj dks ml dke ls vyxugha dj ldrsA dksbZ cPpk igys ok.kh osQ gqujlh[kdj fiQj mudk mi;ksx djosQ cksyuk ughalh[krk] dksbZ cPpk pyuk lh[kus ls igyspyus osQ gquj ugha lh[krkA og rks cksydjcksyuk vkSj pydj pyuk lh[krk gSA tc ogigys&igys yM+[kM+krs dne mBkrk gS] rks ;gvH;kl ugha gksrkA og rS;kjh ugha dj jgk gSAog pyuk lh[k ugha jgk gS fd ckn esa pydjdgha tk,xkA og rks py jgk gS D;kasfd ogpyuk pkgrk gS] blh oDrA mlus blosQ ckjs esalksp fy;k gS] vius fnekx esa iwjk [kkdk tekfy;k gS mlus izrhfr dj yh gS fd mls irk gSfd bls oSsQls fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj og bls djldrk gS vkSj vc og ;gh djus tk jgk gSA

ge gquj vkSj dk;Z dks vyx&vyx ughadj ldrs] vkSj tc ge ,slh dksf'k'k djrs gSarks vuFkZ djrs gSaA cksyuk dksbZ gquj ;k gquj&lewg

ugha] cfYd ,d dk;Z gSA bl dk;Z osQ ihNs,d edln gSA ge pkgs nks o"kZ osQ gksa ;k ckbZlosQ] ge cksyrs gSa D;kasfd ge oqQN dguk pkgrsgSa] vkSj fdlh ls dguk pkgrs gSa] vkSj D;ksafdgesa yxrk gS ;k ge mEehn djrs gSa fd gekjs'kCnksa dk oqQN vlj gksxkA cksyuk 'kq# dj jgscPps }kjk iSnk dh xbZ vkoktksa dks ge 'kCn osQ:Ik esa ugha lqu ikrs vkSj 'kk;n og 'kCnksa dksle>rk Hkh ughaa gSA exj og vius iSus voyksduls ;g lh[k pqdk gS fd cM+s yksx eq¡g ls tksvkoktsa fudkyrs gSa mudk vlj mudh 'ks"kfØ;kvksa ij gksrk gSA mudh vkoktksa ls phtsa?kfVr gksrh gSaA mls 'kk;n Bhd&Bhd irk ughadh D;k ?kfVr gksrk gS vkSj oSQlsA exj og cM+syksxksa osQ cksyrs lewg dk lnL; gksuk pkgrk gS]viuh vkokt ls fØ;k,¡ djokuk pkgrk gSA

blh izdkj ls] pyuk Hkh ,d gquj ughsadke gS] ftldk ,d mn~ns'; gSA cPpk mlhrjg pyuk pkgrk gS tSls og cM+s yksxksa dkspyrs ns[krk gS vkSj mUgha dh rjg rst&rstrFkk oqQ'kyrk ls pyuk pkgrk gS] i<+uk Hkh dksbZgquj ugha] dke gSA cPpk vius pkjksa vksjfyf[kr 'kCn ns[krk gS] og ns[krk gS fd cM+syksx bu 'kCnksa dks ns[krs gaS] mudk mi;ksx djrsgS vkSj muls vFkZ gkfly djrs gSaA ;s 'kCn dkedjokus dh lkeF;Z j[krs gSaA ,d fnu (;fn gemls ekSdk nsa rks) og iSQlyk djrk gS fd ogtkuuk pkgrk gS fd ;s 'kCn D;k djrs gSa\budk vFkZ D;k gS og irk dj ldrk gS vkSjdjosQ jgsxkA bl iSQlys osQ lkFk og i<+uk 'kq#dj nsrk gSA tkfgj gS 'kq#vkr esa ;g vPNh


rjg ugha gks ikrkA gks ldrk gS fd og ,dyÝ”k Hkh u i<+ ik,A exj ;fn mls NwV feys(tks cgqr de cPpksa dks feyrh gS) fd og;gh djuk tkjh j[k losQ] fd og vius rjhosQls vkSj vius dkj.kksa ls fyf[kr 'kCnksa dk vFkZ[kkst losQ] vkSj bleas mls mlosQ }kjk pkgh xbZenn feys] ;fn ;g dke tks mlus [kqn osQfy, fu/kZfjr fd;k mlls Nhudj mldh txgmls fdlh vU; }kjk bZtkn fd, x, vkSj muosQgqDe ls tkus okys reke fo[kf.Mr o vFkZghudke u ns fn, tk,¡ ;fn og (vf/dk¡'k vU;cPpksa dh rjg) o;Ldksa dh bl ckr ls vk'oru gks tk, fd og bl dke dks ugha djldrk] fyf[kr 'kCnksa ls vFkZ dk vankt ughayxk ldrk] vkSj mlosQ fy, t#jh gS fd ogfdlh f'k{kd ls ^i<+uk* izkIr djs tSls dksbZejht MkWDVj ls batsD'ku izkIr djrk gS ;fn[kq'kfdLer gqvk vkSj bu lkjh ckrksa ls cpfudyk rks og tYnh gh] 'kk;n oqQNsd eghuksaesa gh vPNh rjg i<+us yxsxkA

gky es a eS aus f'k{kk dh vyx&vyxfopkjèkjkvksa esa i<+us o i<kus laca/h f'k{k.k ij'kks/ djus okykas ij ,d i=k fy[kk FkkA eSausmuls ;g iwNk Fkk fd D;k os fdlh 'kks/ osQckjs esa tkurs gSa tks ;g tkuus osQ fy, gqvk gksfd fdrus cPpksa us Lo;a i<uk lh[kk vkSj oSQlsek=k ,d O;fDr us tokc nsdj crk;k fd mlus,sls fdlh 'kks/ osQ ckjs esa dHkh ugha lqukAblosQ ckn eSaus lSdM+ksa f'k{kkfonksa ls ;g ckriwNh gS vkSj fdlh us Hkh ,sls 'kks/ osQ ckjs esaugha lquk FkkA igyh utj esa rks ;g ckr vthc

lh yxrh gS fd i<+us osQ fo'ks"kKksa us lokyiwNk gh ugha gS] tcfd esjs fopkj esa rks ;gloky lcls igys iwNk tkuk pkfg,A fdUrqns[kk tk, rks ;g ckr bruh vthc ugha gS blloky dk tokc [krjukd gks ldrk gSA blls'kk;n ,d ckj fiQj mtkxj gks fd Rofjr]dk;Z{ke] nwjxkeh] mi;ksxh vkSj LFkk;h lh[kuk,slh phtsa djosQ gksrk gS tks [kqn geus r; dhgksa vkSj ,slh phtas djrs oDr gesa enn dhnjdkj fcYoqQy ugha ;k cgqr gh de gksrh gSA

Kku fØ;k gSblosQ vkxs] ;g Hkh le> ysuk csgrj gksxkfd ftu phtksa dks ge xyrh ls ^Kku dkHk.M+kj* ^lh[kus osQ {ks=k*] ^vdknfed fo"k;*;k ^LowQyh fo"k;* osQ :Ik esa ns[krs gSa oslaKk,¡ ugha cfYd fØ;k,¡ gSaA ;s ,slh phtsa ughagSa tks dgha Lora=k :Ik esa vfLrRo esa gSa cfYd;s os phtsa gSa ftUgsa yksx djrs gSaA dksbZ ughadg ldrk fd ^ns[kk ;g tho foKku gS] ;gxf.kr gS ;k ;g n'kZu 'kkL=k gSA* dksbZ HkhHkkSfrd 'kkL=k dh rjiQ b'kkjk ugha dj ldrk;k gesa jlk;u 'kkL=k fn[kk ugha ldrkA ;FkkFkZesa bfrgkl dks Hkwxksy ls] ;k HkkSfrdh dks jlk;uls] ;k n'kuZ 'kkL=k dks Hkk"kk foKku ls vyxdjus okyh dksbZ ydhj ugha gSA ;s rks ;FkkFkZvkSj ekuo vuqHkoksa dh laiw.kZrk osQ vyx&vyxfdLe osQ loky iwNus osQ rjhosQ Hkj gSaA bfrgklvrhr osQ oqQN i{kksa osQ ckjs esa loky iwNusdk dke gSA blh izdkj ls HkwfoKku vkSj iqjkthofoKku gS] exj ogk¡¡¡ loky vyx gSaA HkkSfrdh


vkSj jlk;u osQ vius vklikl dh futhZonqfu;k osQ ckjs esa loky iwNus osQ vyx&vyx<ax gSaA fdUrq ;s lc LokHkkfod :Ik ls lkewfgddk;Z gSaA bUgsa ge vU; yksxksa osQ lkFk feydjdjrs gSa vkSj dbZ yksx mUgsa cjlksa ls djrsvk, gSaA vFkkZr xf.kr ;k HkkSfrdh ;k n'kZu'kkL=kdk de&ls& de oqQN fgLlk rks bl ckr lslacaf/r gksrk gh gS fd vU; xf.krKksa] HkkSfrd'kkfL=k;ksa us D;k&D;k fd;k gSA fdUrq gekjkKku bl ckr dk fjdkMZ gS fd bu yksxksa usD;k fd;k] fd mUgksus D;k loky iwNs] tokc

ikus osQ fy, os fdl rjg vkxs c<+s] mUgsa D;ktokc feys vkSj bu tokcksa ls mUgksaus D;kfu"d"kZ fudkysA bu {ks=kksa esa ge tks Hkh djrsgSa] og gels igys vU; yksxksa }kjk fd, x,dke ls tqM+ tkrk gS] mldk fgLlk cu tkrkgSA tSlk fd boku bfyp dgrs gSa] fd ^blnqfu;k¡ esa dksbZ Kku ugha gS] nqfu;k¡ rks tSlh gSoSlh gSA* Kku ftUnk yksxksa osQ fnekxksa esa ,dizfØ;k gSA ge dkSu gSa vkSj dgk¡ gSa vkSj gekjsvklikl D;k py jgk gS\ bls tkuus dhdksf'k'k esa ge tks oqQN djrs gSa ogh Kku gSA


Hkkjr esa f'k{kk 'kks/ dh voLFkk

'kadj 'kj.k*

;g ys[k ns'k esa LowQyh f'k{kk ls lacaf/r 'kks/ dk;ksaZ dh leh{kk gSA ;g leh{kk nks o"kZls vf/d le; rd fofHkUu 'kks/&i=kksa] 'kks/&la{ksiksa] 'kks/&fjiksZVksa vkSj 'kks/&izLrkoksaosQ voyksdu ij vk/kfjr gSA lkFk gh] 'kks/ ls lacaf/r dbZ lsfeukj] dk;Z'kkykvkfn osQ vuqHko Hkh blesa 'kkfey gSaA tku iM+rk gS fd f'k{kk 'kks/ ,d Hkkjh Bgjkodh fLFkfr esa IkQ¡lk gqvk gSA yxHkx lHkh 'kks/ dk;Z ,d gh f?kls&fiVs fons'kh ekWMyvkSj fof'k"V 'kCnkoyh (tkxZu) dk va/kuqdj.k gSaA muls dksbZ ubZ tkudkjh ;kfo'ys"k.k 'kk;n gh feyrk gSA fIkQj] oSls lrgh 'kks/ dk;Z djus okys Hkh vf/d ughafeyrsA f'k{kk&'kks/ dks izksRlkgu vkSj vkfFkZd lg;ksx nsus okyh lfefr;ksa esa Lohdkjfd, tkus yk;d 'kks/&izLrko cgqr de vkrs gSaA f'k{kk 'kks/ esa eqDr fparu osQ ekxZesa Hkk"kk dk vojks/ Hkh cgqr cM+k gSA v¡xzs”kh ls ,d vksj Li"V vfHkO;fDr vkSjoSpkfjd vknku&iznku esa ck/k vkrh gSA nwljh vksj] blls py jgs f'k{kk dk;ksZa dhdbZ dfe;k¡ fNih Hkh jg tkrh gSaA bl iwjh leL;k esa mfpr ekxZ&n'kZu dk vHkko Hkh,d cM+k dkjd gSA f'k{kk 'kks/ dh orZeku voLFkk ls lacaf/r ;g lHkh fu"d"kZ dels de pkj lkS ls vf/d 'kks/&la{ksiksa] fjiksZVksa] izLrkoksa] Ik=kksa vkfn osQ vè;;u osQmijkar fy, x, gSaA

Ekgku :lh ys[kd lksY>sfufRlu osQ miU;kloSaQlj okMZ esa ,d lkfgR; izseh ik=k gSμ|ksedkA vius fcLrj ij iM+s og iqLroasQ i<+rkjgrk gSA ,d ckj mlosQ okMZ esa lkfgR; vkSjys[ku ij ckrphr gks jgh FkhA mlesa |ksedk

ljy vk'p;Z ls cksyrk gS] ^igys fdrus deys[kd Fks] ysfdu mudh ckrsa] dgkfu;k¡ lc;kn jgrh FkhaA vkt vl¡[; ys[kd gks x, gSa]ij mudh fdrkcsa i<+ksa rks yxrk gS tSls oqQNi<+k gh ughaA i<+us ls Ikgys vkSj ckn dksbZ varj

*izoDrk] Mh-bZ-,l-,l-,p-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYyh&16


ugha iM+rkA* ftl ljyrk ls |ksedk og dgrkgS] og Nw ysus okyh gSA ij lksfo;r dky osQys[ku ij mlosQ vuqHko dk varfuZfgr lans'kxaHkhj gSA

;fn vkt Hkkjr esa f'k{kk 'kks/ laca/h iwjslkfgR; dks |ksedk i<+rk rks mldh fVIi.khogh gksrhA 'kks/&i=k] MkWDVjsV feys 'kks/&xazFk]'kks/ osQ u, izLrko] 'kks/&Ikf=kdk,¡] vkfn esa nhxbZ lkexzh oSlh gh yxrh gSA mUgsa i<+ ysus osQckn ikBd dks izk;% dksbZ u;k Kku ;k u;kfopkj ugha feyrkA lkekU; tkudkfj;ksa dks ghHkkjh&Hkjde ;k o`Qf=ke :i esa j[kdj] vkSjmlh dk fujUrj nqgjko gekjs ns'k esa f'k{kk&'kks/dh fo'ks"krk&lh cu xbZ yxrh gSA

o`Qi;k fopkjsa&ml [kk|&Ikzn'kZuh dks D;kdgk tk, ftlesa izR;sd LVkWy ij osQoy f[kpM+hdk izn'kZu gksA fLFkfr dh n;uh;rk rc vkSjfofp=k yxsxh tc gjsd LVkWy dk lapkydekurk gks fd mlus n'kZd dks dksbZ ubZ oLrqfn[kkbZ gS rFkk vU; LVkWyksa ij dksbZ vU; IknkFkZgSA f'k{kk&'kks/ laca/h xazFkksa] 'kks/&Ik=kksa] u, izLrkoksa]fdlh 'kks/ dh fjiksVZ vkfn i<+dj vuqHkwfrgksrh gS fd ;gh pht vl¡[; ckj vk pqdhgSA fdarq tSls 'kks/drkZ blls furkar vutku gSaAog ckj&ckj ,d gh rjg dh lkexzh izLrqrdjrs gSaA 'kh"kZdksa esa ekewyh gsj&isQj osQ lkFk,d gh rjg osQ vè;;uksa ls f'k{kk&'kks/ dkHkaMkj vVk iM+k gSA bldk dkj.k ,d rks ;ggS fd gekjs ns'k esa f'k{kk&'kks/ dks ,d fo'ks"kIkzdkj dh] vcw> 'kCnkoyh esa ck¡/ fn;k x;kgSA ;g 'kCnkoyh vkSj f'k{kk&'kks/ dk laiw.kZ

ekMWy vesfjdh euksfoKku la?k (vesfjdulkbdksykWftdy ,lksfl;'ku) osQ ekudksa dkvuqikyu djrk gSA mlosQ fopkjksa] fl¼kUrksavkSj 'kks/&;kstukvksa dks gh ;gk¡ vuqdj.kh;vkn'kZ eku fy;k x;k gSA ogh fujarj lqurs vkSjIkz;ksx djrs&djrs u;k 'kks/&Nk=k ml 'kCnkoyhdks 'kks/ dh vfuok;Z vko';drk eku ysrkgSA mlesa Lora=k fparu dh {kerk vkSj dksbZ u;k]lkgliw.kZ ys[ku djus dh Hkkouk iSnk ughagksrhA vr% tc Hkh og dksbZ 'kks/&i=k fy[krk;k izLrko nsrk gS] rks ml nq#g 'kCnkoyh osQmi;ksx osQ fcuk pyuk fujkin ugha le>rkAiQyr% ,d izdkj ls ek=k vuqdj.k vkSj udyHkj djus yxrk gSA ,d fu;r ekWMy vkSj'kCnkoyh osQ udy vkSj nqgjko dh foo'krkèkhjs&/hjs iwjs dk;Z dk nqgjko cu tkrh gSA

fdarq ,slk ugha yxrk fd ;gk¡ bl ij dHkhxaHkhj fopkj&foe'kZ gqvk fd vkf[kj gekjs ns'kesa f'k{kk&'kks/ osQ ekeys esa ^euksfoKku* vkSj^f'k{kk* dks ,d D;ksa le> fy;kA ;g rks ,dlaiw.kZ fo"k; dh nwljs fo"k; ij iw.kZ vkSjvuko';d fuHkZjrk gqbZA bldh dgha dksbZ O;k[;kugha nh tkrh fd ,slk D;ksa dj fy;k x;k gSAnwljs] tks 'kCnkoyh ,d gky osQ vesfjdhlekt dh fo'ks"krk] vko';drk vkSj vkdk¡{kkvksals IkSnk gqbZ] ogh gtkjksa ehy nwj fLFkr ,d,sfrgkfld] lkaLo`Qfrd vkSj xq.kkRed :i lsfHkUu ,d lekt osQ fy, oSQls ;Fkkor~ mi;qDrgks ldrh gS μ bldk Hkh dgha fopkj fd;kx;k ugha feyrkA tks Hkh gks] bruk Li"V gS fdml nq#g] fofp=k 'kCnkoyh dk fujarj iz;ksx


f'k{kk&'kks/ dh eq[; Ikgpku cu xbZ gS] ftlsizk;% Bhd ls le>k Hkh ugha tkrkA1 fdUrq ml'kCnkorh osQ izfr vknj bruk gS fd fcuk le>sHkh mls iwjs fo'okl ls nqgjk;k tkrk gS] rkfdizLrqr i=k dks 'kks/&Ik=k le>k tk,A

furkar fotkrh; ekWMyksa vkSj ekudksa ijfuHkZjrk osQ dkj.k gekjs f'k{kk&'kks/ osQ iszjdO;fDrRo Hkh iw.kZr% fons'kh fo}ku gh jg x, gSaAoqQN o"kksZ a igys cMksnjk osQ ,d izfrf"Brfo'ofo|ky; esa f'k{kk&'kks/ laca/h ys[ku dkizf'k{k.k nsus osQ fy, ,d ik¡p fnolh; dk;Z'kkykgqbZA mlesa 70 ls vf/d ;qok ysDpjj] 'kks/&Nk=k mifLFkr Fks] rFkk mUgsa 'kks/ osQ fofHkUui{kksa dh tkudkjh rFkk izf'k{k.k nsus osQ fy,ik¡p fnuksa esa dksbZ 25 fo'ks"kK IkzksisQlj vk, FksAyxHkx lHkh izf'k{kq vkSj izf'k{k.k cqf¼eku odrZO;fu"B yksx Fks] tSlk izk;% ugha ns[kk tkrkAfdUrq mu ik¡p fnuksa] nl l=kksa esa brus yksxksa osQfopkj&foe'kZ esa dHkh ,d ckj Hkh fdlh Hkkjrh;f'k{kk&fpard dk uke ugha fy;k x;kA

og dksbZ viokn ?kVuk ugha FkhA 'kks/&xazFkksa]Ik=kkas] vkfn osQ var esa nh xbZ iqLrd ,oa lUnHkZlwph esa Hkh n;kuan ljLorh] johUnzukFk VSxksj]Jh vjfoUn] foosdkuan] egkRek xk¡/h] fxtwHkkbZc/sdk] MkW- jk/ko`Q".ku~] egknsoh oekZ vkfn uke'kk;n gh dHkh feyrs gSaA tcfd vk/qfudHkkjr esa Bhd f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa bu euhf"k;ksa dkcM+k vonku jgk gSA fdarq vkt f'k{kk esa budh

dksbZ izsj.kk ugha >ydrh] ;|fi bldk dghadksbZ dkj.k ugha crk;k tkrkA u gh dHkh fopkjdjosQ ;g ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS fd budh dksbZmi;ksfxrk vc f'k{kk fparu ;k foe'kZ dks ughajghA rc buosQ uke xqe gksus dk blosQ vfrfjDrdksbZ dkj.k ugha tku iM+rk fd bu lcdk LFkkudfri; fons'kh Ikzsjdksa us Lor% ys fy;k gSA ;gdksbZ ns'kh fons'kh okyk ladh.kZ roZQ ugha gS]cfYd ml ,dkafxrk vkSj ijeq[kkisf{krk dklaosQr gS ftlls orZeku f'k{kk xzLr tku iM+rhgSA

,d dfBu ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh vkSj fons'khekud dks viuk vkn'kZ eku ysus ls ekufldtM+rk ls cpk ugha tk ldrkA D;ksafd ogvius ifjos'k ls dVk&N¡Vk ;kaf=kd fopkj cutkrk gSA gekjs lekt dh leL;kvksa] Hkkoukvksa]vko';drkvksa vkSj fof'k"Vrk ls og de ghtqM+ ikrk gSA bl izdkj] ,d iwjk fo"k; oSpkfjdtM+Ro dk f'kdkj gks x;k gSA ,d lhfer izdkjdh xfrfof/ f'k{kk 'kks/ dk i;kZ; cu xbZ gSALowQyksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa] f'k{kdksa vFkok ekrk firkvksals ckj&ckj iz'u iwNuk] mÙkjksa dks ,d=k djukvkSj mudh rkfydk cukdj oqQN o.kZu dj nsukgh vf/dk¡'k gksrk gSA ml IkzfØ;k esa ftufofp=k] IkkfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkofy;ksa dk iz;ksx gksrkgS] mudh dksbZ vko';drk ;k vFkZ Hkh Li"Vugha gksrkA fiQj Hkh] fujarj ,slh gh xfrfof/ ghns'k Hkj esa nqgjkbZ tk jgh gSA fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ

1bl izlax esa fo'oizfl¼ fo}ku xqUukj feMZy dh fVIi.kh è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS] lekt foKku esa fopkjksa dks Li"V vkSj lh/s :i esa j[kus dhegku ijaijk jgh gSA fdarq gky osQ n'kdksa esa lekt foKkfu;ksa esa vius dks ,d vuko';d] foLr`r vkSj fofp=k 'kCnkoyh esa can dj ysusdh izo`fr vk xbZ gSA blls izk;% os ,d&nwljs dh ckrsa le> ugha ikrs] dHkh&dHkh rks viuh ckr Hkh ughaA* vkWCtsfDVfoVh bu lks'ky fjlpZ(yanu % tsjkYM MdoFkZ] 1969)] i`- 42- ;g ckr gekjs f'k{kk&'kks/ ij lVhd cSBrh gSA


MkWDVjsV 'kks/&xzaFkksa rFkk f'k{kk&'kks/ dh vdknfedIkf=kdkvksa dks ljljh utj ls ns[kus ij gh ;gckr Li"V gks tkrh gSA

fiNys o"kksZ esa izLrqr ,sls 'kks/] mudhfjiksVksZa] lkj&la{ksi] 'kks/&ys[kksa] u, 'kks/ osQvusd izLrkoksa] vkfn lkexzh osQ vè;;u osQi'pkr~ dksbZ voyksdudrkZ fuEufyf[kr fu"d"kksZaij igq¡prk gSA fuLlansg] ;g fu"d"kZ fcYoqQylVhd vkSj 'kr&izfr'kr gh gksa] ,slh ckr ughaAfdlh fu"d"kZ esa vfrjatuk vFkok Hkwy Hkh gksldrh gSA fdarq bu ls Hkkjr esa f'k{kk&'kks/ dhorZeku voLFkk dks le>us esa lgk;rk feyldrh gSA

fLFkfr dks rqyukRed :i ls le>us osQfy, fpfdRlk&'kks/ dh ,d dYiuk djsaA D;k,slk lkspk tk ldrk gS fd fpfdRlk&'kks/ osQuke ij 'kks/drkZvksa dks osQoy FkekZehVj dkmi;ksx djuk fl[kk;k tk,] gj rjg osQ FkekZehVj]jksfx;ksa ij] LoLFk yksxksa ij] fHkUu ekSle esa]fHkUu LFkkuksa ij] fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esaμfdarqosQoy FkekZehVj dk mi;ksx] vkSj blls feyusokys ifj.kke] lkFk gh jksfx;ksa&MkWDVjksa&ulksZa lsvLirky dh O;oLFkk osQ ckjs esa rjg&rjg osQiz'u] muosQ mÙkjksa dks ladfyr djosQ fo'ys"k.kdj nsuk&ek=k bUgha lhfer dk;ksZa dks ;fnfpfdRlk&'kks/ dk eq[; vax cuk fn;k tk,]rks oSQlk izrhr gksxk] dksbZ Hkh bls gkL;kin vkSjew[kZrkiw.kZ le>sxkA D;ksafd fpfdRlk&'kks/ gjrjg osQ jksx] gkfudkjd thok.kqvksa] fofHkUu jksxosQ y{k.kksa] nokvksa] fpfdRlk midj.kksa] jksxksa dhjksdFkke osQ mik;] vkfn vl¡[; izdkj osQ

vè;;uksa ls tqM+rk gSA ij f'k{kk&'kks/ dh fLFkfrle>us osQ fy, gesa mlh dYiuk ls rqyukdjuh gksxh] tks Åij dh xbZ gSA

f'k{kk {ks=k esa 'kks/ dk;Z dk yxHkx 90»izk;% LowQyksa esa Nk=kksa] f'k{kdksa osQ chp iz'ukoyh]lk{kkRdkj ekè;e ls i<+us&fy[kus ls tqM+hdfBukbZ;ksa osQ iz'u iwNuk] mudk mÙkj ,d=kdjuk] rFkk LowQyh f'k{kk ls lacaf/r HkkSfrdlqfo/kvksa dh miyC/rk ;k vHkko osQ vk¡dM+sbdV~Bk djus ls lacaf/r gSA fofHkUu LowQyksa esa]fofHkUu 'kks/drkZvksa }kjk] fofo/ :i esa ;ghdke o"kksZ ls fd;k tk jgk gSA muesa dksbZ ,drkjrE; ;k xaHkhjrk Hkh ugha fn[krh D;ksafd lHkhvius rjhosQ ls ,d tSls dk;Z dj jgs gSaA muesamckus dh gn rd nqgjko rks gS gh] fdlhxq.koÙkk dh fpUrk Hkh ugha gSA ;gk¡ rd fd'kks/ osQ 'kh"kZdksa rd esa cgqr de fHkUurkfn[krh gSA Dykl VªkatSD'ku*] lsYiQ&ijlsI'ku*]^vosQMfed ,phoesaV*] tkWc lfVLiQSD'ku* tSlstqeys ,d gh 'kks/ 'kh"kZd esa vusd ckj feyldrs gSaA ekuks ;g /kj.kk,¡ bruh NksVh vkSjlgt izkI; gSa] fd ,d gh vè;;u esa lHkh dkslesV fy;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls csesy] Hkkjh&Hkjdemn~ns';ksa okys lSdM+ksa 'kh"kZd fey ldrs gSaftuosQ varxZr 'kks/&izca/ izLrqr fd, tk pqosQgSaA fiQj Hkh] vkxs Hkh oSls gh 'kks/ dk flyflykvfojke py jgk gSA

cPpksa vkSj muosQ f'k{kdksa osQ lanHkZ esa ml^lsYiQ&ijlsI'ku*] vosQMfed ,phoesaV*] tkWclsfVLiSQD'ku* osQ vk¡dMs+ tek djus tSls lhferf'k{kk 'kks/ osQ vfrfjDr vufxur ,sls fo"k; gSa


ftu ij 'kks/drkZ dHkh è;ku ugha nsrsA laHkor%ekufld tM+rk osQ vlj esa vU; fo"k;ksa esa oqQNLej.k djuk mi;ksxh gksxk%f'k{kk dk n'kZu] f'k{kkdk bfrgkl] fofHkUu Ikzdkj dh O;oLFkk,¡] f'k{kk esaifjorZu] egku f'k{kk fpardkas osQ thou] dk;Z vkSjvuqHko] IkkB~;p;kZvksa dk lkekftd] nk'kZfudewY;k¡du] enjlk f'k{kk fofHkUu n`f"V;ks a lsikB~;iqLrdksa dh tk¡p ij[k] LowQyksa esa cPpksa dksnh tkus okyh ltk,¡] LowQyksa esa LdkmfVax vkSjjk"Vªh; osQMSV dksj (,u-lh-lh-) dh Hkwfedk vkSjmikns;rk] f'k{kd la?kksa dh Hkwfedk vkSj dk;Z] gjtxg iSSQy jgs V~;w'ku vkSj dksfpax lsaVj] f'k{kdksavkSj f'k{kk&laca/h dfeZ;ksa osQ p;u vkSj fu;qfDRkdh izfØ;k,¡ vkSj budk ewY;k¡du] Hkkjr osQ vl¡[;LowQyksa esa vuqifLFkr f'k{kdksa*2 dk ekeyk] lektosQ fofHkUu oxkasZ dh vius cPpksa dh f'k{kk osQ ckjsesa vkdk¡{kk,¡ vkSj vis{kk,¡] iwjc vkSj if'pe dhf'k{kk i¼fr;ksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡] etgch vkSj muosQlaiznk;ksa }kjk pkfyr f'k{kk oasQnz rFkk mudh Hkwfedk]fofHkUu ns'kksa esa f'k{kk&ra=kksa dk rqyukRed vè;;u]Nk=kksa dk jktuhfr ls laca/ vFkok Nk=k jktuhfrvkfn&vkfnA bu xaHkhj] pqukSfriw.kZ fo"k;ksa ij Hkkjresa dksbZ 'kks/ vè;;u [kkstuk ,d fujk'kktudIkz;kl gksxkA tcfd ;gk¡ gj o"kZ lSdM+ksa dh l¡[;kesa 'kks/&izca/] Ik=k fy[ks tkrs gSaSA vusd vdknfedif=kdk,¡ Ikzdkf'kr gksrh gSaA dgha Hkh mDRk fo"k;ksaIkj dksbZ lkFkZd ys[ku Ik<+uk dfBu gSA ;fn ge

xaHkhjrk ls fopkj djsa rks izrhr gksxk fd gekjs ns'kesa f'k{kk esa 'kks/ dh iwjh tehu catj IkM+h gSA ,slkD;ksa gS\

yxHkx 400 ls vf/d ih,p- Mh- 'kks/izca/ksa (Theses)] 'kks/&Ikfj;kstukvksa] fofHkUUkf'k{kk if=kdkvksa esa Ikzdkf'kr 'kks/&Ik=kksa rFkk u,'kks/ izLrkoksa osQ vè;;u osQ ckn ik;k x;k fdmi;qZDr fo"k; yxHkx lHkh 'kks/&dk;Z ekuksafdlh yhd Ikj py jgs #fVu dk;Z osQ lekuyxas] ftUgsa vufxfur ckj Ikzk;% ;Fkkor~ nqgjk;ktk pqdk gSA bl dkj.k oxhZdj.k osQ fy, bUgsafofHkUu [kkuksa esa j[kuk Hkh vklku ugha gksrkAtkudkj fo}ku vkSj izksisQlj ;g ekurs Hkh gaSA3

'kks/ osQ uke ij ,sls #Vhu dk;Z ,dfuf'pr vuq"Bku dk :i ys pqosQ gaSA vusdkusd'kks/ esa lcls igys rjg&rjg osQ vuesy]laHko ;k laHko y{;ksa dks 'kks/ osQ ^mn~ns';*(vkWCtsfDVOl) osQ varxZr fy[kk tkrk gSA bumn~ns';ksa esa dHkh&dHkh rks vf/dkfjd f'k{kkfoHkkxksa vkSj uhfr&fuekZrkvksa osQ fy, dksbZ fo'ks"kuhfr rd cukus dk y{; tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSAdgha&dgha ;gha ij vè;;u dk vkSfpR;(Rationale) Hkh izk;% ;g dgdj fn;k tkrkfd bl fo"k; Ikj 'kks/ miyC/ ugha FksA] vkfnAbl osQ ckn 'kks/drkZ 'kks/&fof/* (esFkksMksykWth)dk o.kZu djrk gSA yxHkx 90» 'kks/ dk;ksZa esablosQ vUrxZr LowQyh Nk=kksa vFkok f'k{kdksa osQ

2,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ iwoZ funs'kd izks- o`Q".k oqQekj osQ vuqlkj bl fo"k; ij ,d fons'kh 'kks/ dks gj dgha m¼`r fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafdgekjs fo'ofo|ky;ksa] f'k{kk laLFkkvksa vkSj foHkkxksa osQ ikl bl fo"k; ij dksbZ viuk vè;;u gh ugha gSA muosQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa izkbosV V~;w'kulaca/h Hkh dksbZ lqlaxr vè;;u vkSj vk¡dM+sa ugha feyrs] tcfd tkiku osQ laca/ ,slh tkudkjh O;ofLFkr :i ls miyC/ gSA

3mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tkfe;k fefYy;k bLykfe;k esa f'k{kk ladk; osQ vè;{k vkSj Mhu izks- eqgEen fe;kWa us gky esa ,d ehfVax esa dgk fd vusdIkzksisQljksa us 'kks/ osQ uke ij ,d gh pht dks ckj&ckj] vkSj fHkUu&fHkUu laLFkkvksa osQ vkfFkZd lg;ksx ls djus dh vknr cuk yh gSA


losZ{k.k] muosQ fy, Ikz'ukoyh] muosQ fopkj ;klk{kkRdkj ysus dh ;kstuk feyrh gSA blosQfy, cukbZ xbZ iz'ulwph ;k lk{kkRdkj dh:Ik&js[kk dks 'kksèkdrkZ viuk ^midj.k* (Vwy)dgrs gSaA Ikzk;% 'kks/fof/ vkSj midj.k dksvyx&vyx ns[k] le> ikuk Hkh dfBu gksrkgSA ekuks midj.k vkSj fof/ ,d gh pht gksAmu iz'u dks Nk=kksaa] f'k{kdksa] ekrk&firkvksa vkfnls iwNdj tks mÙkj izkIr gksrk gS] ogh eq[;'kks/ ekuk tkrk gSA iqu% mlh osQ izLrqfrdj.k]tks dbZ ckj iw.kZr% nqgjko gksrk gS] dks 'kks/ lsfeyk ifj.kke vFkok ^IkzkfIr* (iQkbafMaXl) dhlaKk nh tkrh gSA ;g fdlh 'kks/&i=k ;k xzaFkdk vafre fgLlk gksrk gSA bl izLrqfr esa Hkh ,dgh ckr vusd ckj fHkUu&fHkUu vè;k;ksa ;kmi&'kh"kZd osQ varxZr fy[kh feyrh gSA ^izzkfIr*okys fgLls esa izk;% mnkjrkIkwoZd lkekftd fLFkfr;ksadh vkykspuk] mins'k vkSj lykgsa Hkh Hkjiwjek=kk esa jgrh gSaA ftudk 'kks/ izfØ;k osQ nkSjkufeyh lkexzh ls dksbZ laca/ gksuk Hkh vko';dugha ekuk tkrkA

bl izdkj mn~ns';] fof/ vkSj izkfIr osQrhu Hkkxksa esa gjsd 'kks/ fooj.k fy[kk tkrk gSA;g osQoy fdlh 'kks/ dh tkudkjh nsus dk:Ik Hkj gks] ,slh ckr ughaA dbZ ckj bu rhuHkkxksa esa fdlh izdkj oqQN ckrsa] vk¡dM+s Hkj nsuk]mUgsa nqgjkrs jguk Hkj 'kks/drkZ viuk dk;Zekurk gSA ,slk Hkh yxrk gS ekuks mn~ns';] fof/vkSj izkfIr;ksa dks Lora=k :i ls fy[kk x;k gksA

mudk vkil esa lqlaxr laca/ ugha gksrkA mnkgj.kosQ fy,] mn~ns'; esa ftruh ckrsa fy[kh feyrhgSa muesa ls dbZ dk IkzkfIr okys Hkkx esa irk Hkhugha feyrkA ekuks ifj.kke fy[krs gq, 'kksèkdrkZHkwy x;k fd mlus mlh 'kks/ osQ vkjEHk esadksbZ vU; mn~ns'; Hkh j[ks FksA Li"Vr%] ,sls'kks/ esa mlosQ mn~ns'; dk mldh miyfC/ lslaca/ cuk, j[kus dh fpUrk ugha feyrhA Ikwjhlkexzh Ik<+dj vuqHko gksrk gS fd 'kks/drkZ osQfy, fdlh rjg iUus Hkjdj dke iwjk djuk gheq[; y{; jgkA

blhfy,] dbZ 'kks/&dk;Z #Vhu vuq"Bkuizrhr gksrs gSa] D;ksafd mlesa fdlh ubZ tkudkjhikus vFkok dksbZ u;k fo'ys"k.k nsus dh Hkkoukfn[kkbZ ugha nsrhA muesa fy[ks vl¡a[; okD;vFkok iSjkxzkiQ fdlh Li"V vFkZ dk cks/ ughadjkrsA vusd LFkyksa Ikj ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa rFkkvU; fofp=k 'kCnkofy;ksa dks lkFkZd :i esaizLrqr djus dh fpUrk Hkh ugha dh tkrhA tSls]^baiSDV vkWIkQ lks;k csLM baVjosa'ku izksxzke vkWuukWyst vkWIkQ :jy oweSu* vFkok ^yksdl vkWIkQdaVªksy vkWIkQ esuLVªhe ,aM Lis'ky LowQy iQhesyVhplZ*4A bu nks 'kks/&i=kksa esa fn, x, IkfjHkkf"kd'kCn rFkk rduhdh vFkZ j[kus okyh inkoyhdh dgha Li"V O;k[;k ugha nh xbZ gSA ekufy;k tkrk gS fd ;s Lor% viuk vFkZ laizsf"krdj ysaxsA pw¡fd ,sls 'kks/&i=kksa ij iz'u ughamBk, tkrs rFkk mUgsa Lohdkj dj fy;k tkrk gS]vr% ,slk yxrk gS fd nq#g gksus ls laHkor%

4;g nksuksa izdkf'kr 'kks/ i=k gSa budk lanHkZ vFkok buosQ 'kks/drkZvksa dk uke blfy, ugha fn;k tk jgk gS] rkfd mUgsa pksV u igq¡psA D;ksafd,sls mnkgj.k udkjkRed :i esa fn, tk jgs gSaA bl fuca/ esa gekjk dF; 'kks/ dh orZeku voLFkk dk ,d laosQr Hkj djuk gSA


'kks/&ys[ku gksus dk ,d izek.kA pkgs mllsikBd dks dksbZ ubZ tkudkjh ;k O;k[;k u Hkhfeyrh gksA

fdarq xaHkhj ewY;k¡du esa ,sls 'kks/&dk;Z dkslkFkZd ugha dgk tk ldrkA dbZ ckj 'kks/drkZdk Hkze ;k vKku Lo;a mlosQ gh 'kCnksa esa Li"V>ydrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tc og vius'kks/ osQ mn~ns'; fxukrs gq, vl¡[; cM+s&cM+s]csesy vkSj fofp=k y{; ,d lkFk 'kkfey djysrk gSA okLro esa 'kks/ fdlh ,d fcanq ij ghoasQfnzr gks ldrk gSA ml fcanq osQ fdlh u,igyw dh [kkst vFkok fdlh Kkr igyw dh ubZO;k[;k nsuk gh 'kks/ dgykrk gSA rHkh ogigys ls gh miyC/ Kku&HkaMkj esa dksbZ ;ksxnkudjrk gSA fdarq f'k{kk&'kks/ laca/h fjiksVksaZ vkSjys[kksa ls dbZ ckj yxrk gS ekuks 'kks/ dk ;gvFkZ gh u gksA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ,d 'kks/&i=kesa mlosQ igys y{; osQ :i esa ;g fy[kkfeyrk gS & ^Vw LVMh n buiqV~l izksokbMsM ck;Vhpj Vªsfuax baLVhP;w'ku fciQksj ,aM M~;wfjaxLowQy ,Dlihfj;sal izksxzke Vw gsYi izksLisfDVoVhplZ bu Msosyfiax ikWftfVo ,VhP;wM VqokM~ZlVhfpax*A ;g osQoy izFke y{; gSA blosQ vkxsvusd vkSj y{; j[ks x, gSa tks rsjg i`"Bksa osQml 'kks/&i=k dks gkfly djuk FkkA ml igysy{; esa gh nks brus cM+s dk;Z gS] ftuosQ lkFkZdvè;;u esa fdlh xaHkhj vè;srk dks yacs le;rd ilhuk cgkuk iM+sA fdarq mDr 'kks/drkZ ,sls

y{;ksa osQ otu ls voxr ugha yxrkA blhdkj.k dbZ ckj 'kks/drkZ vius 'kks/ dh izkfIr;k¡fy[krs gq, vius gh }kjk fu/kZfjr oqQN y{;ksadks Hkwy tkrk gSA ,sls 'kks/ iwjs t:j gks tkrs gSaAmUgsa fxu Hkh fy;k tkrk gS] fdlh laLFkku dhfjiksVZ esa mldk mYys[k Hkh gks tkrk gS] fdarqmuls fdlh dk ykHk ugha gksrkA okLro esa mUgsadksbZ i<+rk Hkh ugha]5 os cjlksa fdlh dksus esa/wy [kkdj varr% dckM+ dh HksaV p<+ tkrs gSaA

gekjs f'k{kk&'kks/ esa oqQN fopkjksa] oqQN 'kCnksadh varghu rksrkjVar lcls vf/d fn[kus okykjksx izrhr gksrk gSA 'kks/&fof/ ij dk;Z'kkyk esadbZ izksisQlj 'kks/ djus dh fofHkUu fof/;ksa osQckjs esa fdrkch ckrsa iwjs fo'okl ls i<+krs gSaAfof'k"V 'kCnkoyh vkSj rduhdh inksa dk Hkjiwjnqgjko gksrk gSA fdarq mudk okLrfod thouls] yksxksa ls] ml fo"k; (f'k{kk] jktuhfr] vkfn)dh vko';drkvksa ;k leL;kvksa ls oSQls laca/tqM+rk gS] bl ij cgqr de dgk tkrk gSA f'k{kkosQ bfrgkl dk dksbZ de Kkr i{k] ;k vHkhdksfpax lsaVjksa dk iQSyko tSls fdlh fo"k; ijmu 'kks/&izfof/;ksa dk D;k mi;ksx gS] bldhO;kogkfjd ppkZ 'kwU; jgrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa]mu fof'k"V eqgkojksa] rduhdh inksa] x.ku vkSjfo'ys"k.k osQ daI;wVj lkWi~QVos;jksa osQ mi;ksxvkSj if'peh lekt foKku esa izpfyr 'kks/'kCnkoyh dk fujarj nqgjko gh 'kks/&fof/ izf'k{k.kdk izeq[k vax jgrk gSA blls Bhd ogh eqgkojs

5laHkor% 'kks/drkZ Hkh vopsru ekurs gSa fd muosQ i=k ;k 'kks/&fjiksVZ i<+s tkus osQ fy, ugha gSaA lacaf/r laLFkku dks viuh fjiksVZ ;k i=k tekdjus osQ ckn 'kk;n dh dHkh dksbZ iwNrk gS fd esjk 'kks/ oSQlk yxk\* vFkok D;k vkius esjk 'kks/ i<+k\* 'kks/drkZ esa ,slh mRlqdrk ugksuk fn[kkrk gS fd os Lo;a vius dk;Z dks iBuh; ugha ekursA laHkor% os mls fdlh vkWfiQl dk;Z dh rjg ysrs gSa] ftldh vyx ls ppkZdk dksbZ vFkZ ughaA fdlh xaHkhj ys[ku osQ ckn ys[kd esa ,slk vuqRlqd Hkko ugha gksrkA


nqgjkus okys oqQN u, yksx t:j rS;kj gks tkrsgSaA fdarq okLro esa dksbZ lkFkZd 'kks/ djus dhmudh {kerk esa o`f¼ ugha gksrhA os fofHkUurduhdksa (VwYl) ls oqQN lhfer fdLe osQvk¡dM+s bdV~Bk dj ysus dh fof/ vo'; tkuysrs gSaA

fdarq ^vk¡dM+s bdV~Bk djuk 'kks/ ugha gSAmu tqVk, x, vkWadM+ksa ;k rF;ksa ij fparu djuk'kks/ dgykrk gSA*6 bldh f'k{kk vkerkSj ij'kks/&fof/ dk;Z'kkykvksa esa ugha feyrhA 'kks/dj ldus osQ fy, D;k {kerk gksuh pkfg,]dksbZ 'kks/ fo"k; oSQls r; fd, tk,¡] muosQfy, D;k i<+k tk,] fdl rjg dh vU; rS;kjhdh tk,A ,sls iz'uksa dks fopkj osQ yk;d ughale>k tkrkA D;ksafd 'kks/&fof/ i<+kus okysizksi+sQlj jV~Vw rksrksa dh rjg fdrkch ckrsa cksy]i<+k nsrs gSaA os 'kks/ dh fof'k"V Hkk"kk 'kCnkoyhcksyrs gSaA os fdlh dks 'kks/ djus ;ksX; ughacuk ldrsA*7 D;ksafd mUgksaus Lo;a 'kk;n ghdksbZ xaHkhj 'kks/ fd;k gksrk gSA ,sls yksxksa lstSls&rSls vk¡dM+s laxzfgr djus osQ rjhosQ] rFkk'kks/&fof/ dh jVh&jVkbZ fof'k"V 'kCnkoyh ghlh[kh tk ldrh gS] dksbZ 'kks/ djus dh fn'kk;k {kerk ughaA

f'k{kk esa loZizpfyr 'kks/ IkzfØ;k vkSjrnuq:Ik 'kksf/r lkexzh osQ vackj crkrs gSa fd;g Ikwjk {ks=k ,d ekufld Bgjko dk f'kdkjgks x;k gSA blesa f'k{kk 'kks/ dh /kj.kk vR;ar

laoqQfpr gksdj jg xbZ gSA vkWCtsfDVOTk&eSFkM&lSaiy&Vwy&IkQkbafMx osQ <k¡ps esa gh 'kks/ dkscan dj fn;k x;k gSA bl <kaps esa dksbZ blfo"k; dk vè;;u oSQls dj ldrk gS fd JhvjfoUn dh ;qxkarjdkjh ^jk"Vªh; f'k{kk (1910)dk vkt D;k egÙo gS] gS Hkh ;k ughaA vFkokyso VkWYlVkW; osQ f'k{kk lacaèkh fopkjksa] tksmuosQ Ikwjs thou Hkj osQ lfØ;] vfofPNUuf'k{kk&dk;Z rFkk Ikwjs ;wjksi esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk osQLo;a vè;;u Ikj vk/kfjr gSaμmu fopkjksa dkgekjs fy, D;k mi;ksx gSA ,sls fo"k;ksa Ikj 'kks/djus osQ fy, dkSu&lk ^lSaiy* fy;k tk,xk]vkSj oSQlk ^Dos'kpuk;j* dke vk,xk vFkok]lekt foKku fo"k;ksa osQ LowQyh flyscl esaD;k fo'ks"krk,a¡ vkSj D;k nqcZyrk,¡ gSa] fdlrjg og lekt dh Toyar leL;kvksa osQ Ikzfrfo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lokZax f'k{kk nsrk gS] ;k ugha nsrk;k fiQj johanzukFk VSxksj vkSj ekfj;k ekSaVsljh osQf'k{kk laca/h fopkjksa dh rqyukRed8 ewY;orkD;k gS ,sls vusdkusd fopkjksÙkstd Ikz'u Hkkjresa f'k{kk&'kks/ esa yxh Ikwjh fcjknjh osQ fy,egÙoghu gSaA buosQ ckjs esa dHkh fopkj&foe'kZrd Ukgha djrs] 'kks/ rks nwj jgkA D;ksafd mUgksausvk¡dM+s vkSj iz'uksÙkj tek djus dh vfr ladh.kZ]nqgjko Hkjh] yxHkx fujFkZd xfrfof/ dks ghf'k{kk&'kks/ dk vkfn&var eku fy;k gSA mlhesa lHkh layXu gSaA fdlh rÙo&fparu ls mudklaca/ ux.;&lk gh gSA blhfy, izdkf'kr 'kks/

6Ikzksi+sQlj o`Q".k oqQekj] iwoZ funs'kd] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 27 iQjojh 2009 dks 'kSf{kd 'kks/ ,oa uokpkj lfefr (,fjd) dh cSBd esa7Ikzksi+sQlj o`Q".k oqQekj] iwoZ funs'kd] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 27 iQjojh 2009 dks 'kSf{kd 'kks/ ,oa uokpkj lfefr (,fjd) dh cSBd esa8;fn dHkh Hkwys&HkVosQ dksbZ rqyukRed ys[k ;k 'kks/&i=k feyrk Hkh gS rks nks f'k{kk&'kkfL=k;ksa osQ fopkjksa dh vyx&vyx lwph fcanqokj ns nhtkrh gSA var esa fy[kk feyrk gS fd bl izdkj nksuksa osQ fopkjksa esa dkiQh lekurk gS*


&i=kksa] izca/ksa] ifj;kstukvksa esa dksbZ ekSfyd 'kh"kZdfeyuk Hkh dfBu gks x;k gSA

bl ekufld tM+rk dk gh ,d igyw ;ggS fd yxHkx lHkh 'kks/&fo"k;ksa dk n`f"Vdks.kHkkSfrdoknh gSA f'k{kk ls lacaf/r HkkSfrd&lqfo/k,¡&CySdcksMZ] LowQy Hkou] ikB~;iqLrdksadk vkdkj] otu ;k miyC/rk] ?kj ls LowQydh nwjh] f'k{kdksa dks feyus okyh lqfo/k,¡ ;kmudh deh] ijh{kkiQyksa dk izfr'kr] jkstxkj lsf'k{kk dk laca/] vkfnA ,slk ugha fd ;g f'k{kklaca/h vè;;uksa ls ckgj gSa] ;k fd budkegÙo de gSA ckr ;g gS fd f'k{kk laca/hlaiw.kZ fparu] vè;;u vkSj foe'kZ bu HkkSfrdrRoksa rd gh lhfer jgrk gSA vkxs Hkh] LowQyhf'k{kk lekIr dj ysus osQ ckn Nk=k oSQlh ukSdjhikrk gS] D;k dekrk gS] fdlh LowQy ls fdrusNk=k fons'k tkrs gSa] vkfn gh fopkj.kh; vkSjmYys[kuh; ppkZ gksrh gSA 'kks/ esa Hkh ;ghHkkSfrdokn gkoh gSA 'kks/ fo"k; r; djus esav&HkkSfrd inksa] fof'k"Vrkvksa dk lekos'k degh gksrk gSA beks'kuy baVsfytSal* vkSj ,osQMfed,phoesaV* tSls in vusd ckj 'kks/&fo"k; vkSji=kksa esa vkrs Hkh gSa rks mlessa lkj ugha gksrkAD;ksafd 'kks/drkZ bUgsa Hkh ewyr% HkkSfrdoknhn`f"V ls gh ukirs gSaA pfj=k fuekZ.k] lkaLo`QfrdvkSj ukxfjd ewY;ksa dk vtZu] lkeatL; O;fDrodk fodkl] vkReksiyfC/ tSls v&HkkSfrd rRoksadks xaHkhj vè;;u ;k 'kks/ dk fo"k; ugha

cuk;k tkrkA ekuks euq"; osQoy miHkksx djusokyk izk.kh ek=k gksA mldk dksbZ HkkoukRedvkè;kfRed] lkaLo`Qfrd txr u gksrk gksAf'k{kk&'kks/ esa HkkSfrdoknh n`f"V dk ,dkf/dkjblh ls Li"V gS fd tks 'kks/drkZ futh thou esa/kfeZd] lkaLo`Qfrd #fp osQ O;fDr Hkh gSa] osHkh 'kks/ esa ,sls fo"k; ugha ysrs tks f'k{kk osQfdlh vHkkSfrd Ik{k dks mBkrk gksA blfy, Hkhf'k{kk 'kks/ esa fo"k;ksa] vè;;uksa dk mckmQnqgjko feyrk gSA

vius ladh.kZ n`f"Vdks.k vkSj #Vhu fo"k;ksard lhfer jgus osQ dkj.k gh f'k{kk 'kks/ esayxs yksxksa dh nqfu;k Hkh lhfer gks xbZ gSA uckgj osQ yksx muosQ dk;ksaZ esa #fp ysrs gSa] u ghf'k{kk&f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks muosQ earO; tkuus dhdksbZ ijokg jgrh gSA ekuks f'k{kk vdknfedksadh viuh nqfu;k gS] ftldk vU; yksxksa ls dksbZlaca/ ughaA ^gj dksbZ vius ckjs esa lksprk gS]ns'k osQ ckjs esa ughaA ;g f'k{kk osQ gj vax esafxjkoV dk ,d cM+k dkj.k gSaA9 ;g fVIi.khoqQN gn rd bl dk Li"Vhdj.k gks ldrh gSfd D;ksa f'k{kk 'kks/ ls tqM+s yksx vkil esa gh,d nwljs dks lacksf/r djrs gSa] ml o`grlekt dks ugha ftlesa os jgrs&thrs gSaA blhfy,muosQ }kjk fd, 'kks/ lekt osQ fy, O;kogkfjd10

ewY; ugha j[krsA bldh fpark Hkh ugha dh tkrhA'kks/ djus okys Lo;a larq"V gSa fd mUgksausIk;kZIr vkSj vPNk dke fd;k gSA ;g vU; ckr

9 Ikzks- gqoqQe flag] vè;{k] xf.kr f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 27 iQjojh 2009-10f'k{kk 'kks/ vkSj uhfr lan'kZ foHkkx osQ iwoZ vè;{k izks- euthr lsuxqIrk osQ vuqlkj] f'k{kk 'kks/ dh gekjh O;oLFkk esa fl¼kar vkSj O;ogkjdk lkFk ugha pyk gSA eSa ugha tkurk D;ksa*


gS fd muosQ vf/dk¡'k #Vhu 'kks/ dk;Z HkhcM+h ek=kk esa fuEuLrjh; gh gksrs gSaA11

laiw.kZ f'k{kk 'kks/ osQ vR;ar lhfer fo"k;ksaesa ca/s jgus dk lcls IkzR;{k mnkgj.k gS] fd'kks/kfFkZ;ksa us gj 'kgj esa pyus okys O;Lrdksfpax lSaVjksa Ikj dksbZ 'kks/ ugha fd;k gSA ;gdksfpax lsaVj ns'k osQ gj Hkkx esa de&ls&derhu n'kd ls py jgs gSaA mudh mifLFkfr vkSjmi;ksfxrk ls f'k{kk ls tqM+k dksbZ O;fDr vutkuughaA rc mu Ikj dksbZ 'kks/ u feyuk D;kn'kkZrk gS\ ;gh fd tc dksbZ 'kks/drkZ viusfy, dksbZ 'kks/ IkzLrko cukuk pkgrk gS rks ogokLro esa ckgj lekt esa >k¡d dj ugha ns[krkfd ogk¡¡a D;k py jgk gS] D;k fn[k jgk gS] D;kc<+ jgk gS ;k ?kV jgk gSA cfYd og dksbZ ns'kh]fons'kh 'kks/&Ikf=kdk myVrk gSA fdlh ofj"BIkzksisQlj ls IkwNrk gSA D;k fo"k; ;k eqgkojkvHkh IkSQ'kuscy gS] oqQN ;gh ns[kdj og dksbZlqfo/ktud fo"k; fu/kZfjr djrk gSA dbZ ckj]'kks/ osQ fy, /u nsus okyh ,tsafl;ksa dh bPNkHkh mlosQ p;u dks IkzHkkfor djrh gSA12 blIkzdkj] bu lHkh IkfV~V;ksa osQ dkj.k ,d 'kksèkdrkZvius lekt esa lkeus fn[kus okys fo"k;ksa dks'kks/ dk fo"k; ugh cukrkA cfYd ,d ghfo"k; Ikj ntZuksa 'kks/&Ik=k feyrs gSa vkSj ntZuksafo"k;ksa Ikj ,d Hkh 'kks/ ugha feyrkA

dksfpax lSaVjksa dks vè;;u fo"k; cukus esa,d ck/k vkSj gSA pw¡fd laiw.kZ f'k{kk foe'kZHkkSfrdoknh n`f"V ls xzLr gS] blfy, og ,slsfo"k; dks mBkus esa vlqfo/k eglwl djrk gSftlesa mlosQ iwoZxzg vkSj jVs&jVk, fu"d"kZ dkeugha vk ldrsA orZeku f'k{kk foe'kZ esa gjleL;k dks varr% /u vkSj lalk/uksa dh dehrd igq¡pk fn;k tkrk gSA pkgs og LowQyksa dklosZ{k.k gks] ikB~;iqLrdksa dh fLFkfr gks] vf'k{kk]fuj{kjrk] vFkok f'k{kk esa xq.koÙkk dk vHkko];gk¡ rd fd vPNs f'k{kdksa dh deh μ fdlhHkh fcanq ij fopkj varr% /u dh deh rFkkmls eqgS;k djkus rd gh igq¡prk gSA ;g fopkjbruk loZO;kih gS fd fdlh vU; laHkkouk ijè;ku ugha tkrkA dksfpax vkSj izkbosV V~;w'kulSaVj gj leL;k esa ^/ukHkko* osQ iwoZxzg dkslh/s&lh/s >qBykrs gSaA D;ksafd ,sls lSaVj fdlhbykosQ esa gj rjg osQ le`¼] lqO;ofLFkr futh]ljdkjh LowQyksa osQ gksus osQ ckotwn iui jgs gSaAmuesa i<+us okys /uh LowQyksa osQ Nk=k Hkh gksrs gSa]tgk¡ lalk/uksa dk vHkko ughaA mu lSaVjksa esalkèkkj.k ifjokjksa osQ Nk=k Hkh cM+h l¡[;k esa tkrsgSaA vFkkZr~ mudk ifjokj ml vfrfjDr i<+kbZosQ fy, vfrfjDr vkSj izk;% mQ¡ph iQhl Lo;ansus osQ fy, rS;kj gSaA bl izdkj] fdlh Hkh rjgdksfpax vkSj izkbosV V~;w'ku oasQnzksa dk iSQyko

11Ikzks- nfg;k us ;w-th-lh- }kjk izdkf'kr ;wfuoflZVh U;wt if=kdk esa vius fdlh ys[k esa dgk gS fd 80» ih,p-Mh- Fkhfll udyh*] dwM+k*vkSj ^nwljkas dh udy* gksrs gSaA egkjktk lk;kthjko fo'ofo|ky; cM+kSnk osQ izks- vkj- th- dksBkjh }kjk ogk¡¡a flracj 2009 esa gqbZ ,ddk;Z'kkyk esa m¼`r-

12egkjktk lk;kthjko fo'ofo|ky; cM+kSnk esa f'k{kk vkSj euksfoKku foHkkx osQ vè;{k izks- ,l- oqQekj osQ vuqlkj ,d gh rjg osQ'kksèk&vè;;u osQ ihNs vkfFkZd lgk;rk nsus okyh laLFkkvksa dh izsj.kk vkSj >qdko Hkh dkjd gSaA 'kks/drkZ mudh bPNkvksa osQ vuq:i'kksèk&fo"k; rS;kj djrs gSa-


leqfpr f'k{kk esa /u osQ vHkko osQ fdlh roZQdk leFkZu ugha djrkA

bl ifj?kVuk osQ vè;;u esa ^fjlkslZ Øap*dk jksuk jksus okyh n`f"V my>u esa iM+ tk,xhA,slk vè;;u f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa /ukHkko osQvykok] dbZ vHkkSfrd rRoksa osQ vHkko dh vksjbafxr djsxk ftl dkj.k ,sls lSaVj iQy&iwQyjgs gSaA ;g rRo gS&laiUu LowQyksa esa Hkh Lrjh;f'k{kk dk vHkko] LowQyh f'k{k.k osQ dk;Z dksfeyrk de vknj] f'k{kdksa osQ p;u esa ykijokgh]LowQy osQ izca/u esa fu"Bk dk vHkko] vkfnA;g lc ,sls rRo gSa ftudk /u dh deh lslaca/ ugha gSA ;g lekt osQ ewY;ksa] ekufldrkvkSj lkaLo`Qfrd fLFkfr ls vf/d tqM+h leL;k,a¡gSaA budk funku osQoy ctV c<+kus ls gks ghugha ldrkA fdarq pwafd f'k{kk 'kks/ viuhHkkSfrdoknh n`f"V vkSj yhd ihVus ij py jghgS] ogh ,sls eqn~nksa dks mBkus dh lkeF;Z ughaj[krhA blhfy, og d{kk&Hkouksa dh fxurh]cLrksa osQ otu rFkk fuj{kjksa dh fxurh esa ghe'kxwy jgrh gSA ekuksa f'k{kk ls tqM+h vU;leL;k,¡ vkSj Ikgyw vfLrRoghu gSaA

;g ,d dfBu okLrfodrk gS fd f'k{kk'kks/ dk fxjk gqvk Lrj Hkh vkSj ftl dkj.k gks]blesa /u dh deh dksbZ dkj.k ugha gSA fLFkfr;g gS fd lSaiy&Vwy&IkQkbafMax osQ fiVs&fiVk,<k¡pss esa Hkh <¡x dk dke djus okys ugha feyrsAu, 'kks/ IkzLrkoksa dks foÙkh; enn nsus okyhvfèkdkfjd ehfVaxksa esa Ikk;k tkrk gS fd nl esa ls

dfBukbZ ls nks IkzLrko fdlh rjg Lohdkj gksrs gSa]tcfd lfefr lnL; vf/d IkzLrkoksa dks eatwjhnsus osQ bPNqd jgrs gSaA blosQ fy, os viuhdlkSfV;ksa dks <hyk Hkh djrs gSaA rc fLFkfr ;ggS 80» IkzLrko fdlh yk;d ugha gksrsA tcfdmUgsa Hkstus okys vf/dka'k fo'ofo|ky;ksa]dkWystksa esa dk;Zjr f'k{kk osQ jhMj] Ikzksis+QljtSls yksx gksrs gSaA bl fLFkfr Ikj ofj"B f'k{kkvf/dkjhx.k fujarj fpark Hkh O;Dr djrsgSaA13 ;|fi bldk dksbZ lh/k ;k Li"V dkj.kIkdM+ esa ugha vkrkA

f'k{kk esa tks 'kks/ gks jgs gSa] mudk leqfprewY;k¡du djus dh dksbZ vPNh O;oLFkk u gksukHkh ,d egÙoiw.kZ Ikgyw gSA Ikzk;% fo'ofo|ky;ksaesa f'k{kk foHkkxksa esa fu;qDr IkzksisQlj gh lkjs dk;ksaZls tqM+s gksrs gSaA u, 'kks/ IkzLrko cukus] cuokus]mu Ikj fopkj djus] mUgsa funsZf'kr djus rFkkmudk ewY;k¡du djus rd lHkh dk;ksaZ esa mudhoasQnzh; Hkwfedk jgrh gSA ;g vius vki esa dksbZfo'ks"k ckr ughaA lHkh vdknfed fo"k;ksa esavè;;u vkSj 'kks/ blh rjg gksrk gSA Ikj tcfdlh fo"k; esa 'kks/ dk Lrj fujarj fxj jgk gks]rc mlosQ ewY;k¡du vkSj mik; Ikj nwljksa }kjk HkhoqQN fopkj&foe'kZ mi;ksxh gks ldrk gSA ;gblfy, Hkh mi;qDr yxrk gS D;ksafd gky esaf'k{kk laca/h oqQN vPNs 'kks/ xSj&f'k{kk {ks=kksa osQ'kks/kfFkZ;ksa }kjk fd, x, gSa14 dbZ vPNs ys[k Hkhf'k{kk dh Ikf=kdkvksa ls gVdj nwljh Ikf=kdkvksa esafeyrs gSaA Ikzks- o`Q".k oqQekj osQ vuqlkj vkt dk

13tSls] Ikzks- th- johUnzk] mi&funs'kd] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl ij dbZ ckj fpark O;Dr dj pqosQ gSa-14Ikzks- o`Q".k oqQekj iwoZ funs'kd] lsoaFk losZ vkWiQ ,tqosQ'kuy fjlpZ dh lykgdkj lfefr dh cSBd esa] 10 fnlacj 2007] Ikqu% ,d ,fjdehfVax esa] 27 iQjojh 2009-


lkekftd okrkoj.k Hkh ,slk gS fd okLrfod'kks/ dks IkzksRlkgu ugha feyrkA yksx rqjar dksbZIkQy pkgrs gSa] tcfd vPNk 'kks/ Ikzk;% nh?kZdk;Z vkSj fparu dk Ikfj.kke gh gks ldrk gSA

gekjs ns'k esa f'k{kk esa 'kks/ vkSj vè;;u dhHkk"kk v¡xzs”kh dk gksuk Hkh vPNs 'kks/ osQ fodklesa ,d cM+h ck/k gSA lkFk gh] bl Hkk"kk;h ckèkkls fdlh 'kks/ dh xq.koÙkk dk okLrfod ewY;k¡duugha gks IkkrkA D;ksafd 'kksèk dh Hkk"kk f'k{kdksa dhHkk"kk ugha gSA ;g f'k{kk fo"k; dh ,d cM+hleL;k gS*A15 ;g osQoy f'k{kdksa dh ckr ughaAlekt osQ o`gr fgLls] pkgs mlesa fdrus ghcqf¼eku] fopkj'kkhy yksx D;ksa u gksa] f'k{kk 'kks/laca/h ys[ku vkSj dk;Z Ikj foe'kZ esa Hkkx ughaysrsA D;ksafd ;g lc v¡xzs”kh esa gksrk gS] tks lektdh Hkk"kk ugha gSA blh dkj.k] cqjs ;k fuo`Q"V 'kks/dk;ksaZ dk leqfpr ewY;k¡du Hkh ugha gks IkkrkAD;ksafd o`gr lekt dh n`f"V ls og cpk jgrkgSA

fLFkfr ;g gS fd Ikzfrf"Br osaQnzh; fo'ofo|ky;ksaosQ pqus gq, 'kks/kFkhZ Hkh v¡xzs”kh osQ lkekU;IkkfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa dk Li"V vFkZ Bhd ls ughatkursA vFkkZr~] ftu 'kCnksa dk os ckj&ckj Ikz;ksxdjrs gSa] muosQ ckjs esa Hkh mudh le> tSlh&rSlhgksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] MkVk*] lksf'k;ksykWftdy*]^,FkuksxzkfiQd*] ^Ikzkslsl* tSls 'kCnksa dk vFkZ Hkh'kks/&o`fÙk Ikk, dbZ Nk=k vf/dkjIkwoZd ugha crkIkkrsA ;kuh ,sls Nk=k] tks ns'k Hkj ls 'kks/&o`fÙkvkosnudrkZvksa esa Ikanzg esa ,d osQ vuqikr esa pqusx, gSaA muosQ tkjh 'kks/ dk;ksaZ dh leh{kk osQ

fy, gks jgh ,d cSBd esa ;g Ikk;k x;k fd dbZ'kks/&Nk=k mu v¡xzs”kh 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k djus esaHkh vleFkZ gSa] ftudk os Ikz;ksx dj jgs gSaA ;gfLFkfr rc gS tc os fdlh u fdlh vuqHkohIkzksis+Qlj osQ funsZ'ku esa dk;Z dj jgs gSaA

blls laosQr feyrk gS fd v¡xzs”kh dhck/k u osQoy mudh gS tks v¡xzs”kh esa ughafy[krs&cksyrs] cfYd mudh Hkh gS tks viukvdknfed dke blh Hkk"kk esa djrs gSaA 'kks/ys[ku Ikj gks jgh ,d dk;Z'kkyk esa fdlh us IkwNkfd ^,UuksVsVsM fcfCy;ksxzkiQh* (Annotated

bibliography) dk D;k vFkZ gS] rks ml l=k dklapkyu dj jgs Ikzksi+Qslj mÙkj ugha ns losQA blhrjg] ^fjlpZ vkfVZdy* vkSj ^fjlpZ uksV* esavarj IkwNus Ikj vusd ofj"B IkzksiQslj Hkh vlgtrkeglwl djrs gSa] tcfd ;g Iknkoyh o"kksaZ ls'kksèk&Ikf=kdkvksa esa Ikz;qDr gks jgh gSA dgus dkvFkZ ;g fd v¡xzs”kh osQ fotkrh; ekè;e osQdkj.k Hkh 'kks/ dh xq.koÙkk IkzHkkfor gksrh gS]D;ksafd ekè;e dh dfBukbZ gekjs fopkjksa dhvfHkO;fDr vkSj laiw.kZ vknku&Ikznku osQ chpnhokj cu tkrh gSA ge pkg dj Hkh viuk laiw.kZugha ns IkkrsA

,sls dkj.kks a ls f'k{kk 'kks/ osQ viusewY;k¡dudrkZ Hkh v¡xzs”kh esa fy[kh 'kks/&lkefxz;ksadks Ikzk;% ljljh utj ls gh ns[krs gSaA tSlk mQijlaosQr gS] os 'kks/&IkzLrkoksa vkSj dk;ksaZ dks fdafprmnkjrk ls ns[krs gSaA blfy, 'kks/&Ik=k ;k IkzLrkoesa ekStwn Hkk"kk;h vux<+rk] [kkyhiu] Hkwy ;kvViVsiu dks rjg (Ignore dj nsrs gSa) ns nsrs

15 Ikzks- o`Q".k oqQekj iwoZ funs'kd] 28 tuojh 2008 dks bafM;u ,tqosQ'kuy fjO;w dh lykgdkj lfefr dh cSBd esa-


gSaA mlesa fn, x, IkkfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa rFkk vU;fooj.kksa ls Lo;a dksbZ vFkZ fudky dj vkxs c<+tkrs gSaA blls Hkk"kk laca/h xgjh detksfj;k¡] tkstkjh 'kks/ dk;ksaZ dks IkzfrowQy IkzHkkfor djrh gSa]mu Ikj Ik;kZIr fopkj ugha gks IkkrkA

f'k{kk 'kks/ osQ fy, xaHkhj vè;srvksa dkvHkko Hkh ,d eq[; leL;k gSA Ikh,p-Mh- 'kks/Nk=kksa }kjk py jgs dk;ksaZ dh leh{kk osQ fy, gqbZ,d cSBd esa tokgjyky usg# fo'ofo|ky;osQ ,d 'kks/kFkhZ us viuh Ikzxfr dk C;kSjk nsukvkjaHk fd;kA ml us 'kq#vkr gh ;g dgus lsdh fd mlus vius 'kks/ osQ fo"k; esa oqQNIkfjorZu dj fn;k gSA ;g IkwNs tkus Ikj fd D;k;g mlus vkSipkfjd IkzfØ;k osQ }kjk fd;k gS]og laHkzfer gks x;kA ekuks bldh D;k vko';drkgks xbZA ogk¡¡¡ mifLFkr dbZ fo'ks"kKksa dks mls ;gle>kus esa nl feuV yxs fd og bl Ikzdkjviuk 'kks/&fo"k; chp&jkg euekus ugha cnyldrkA mlh cSBd es a] vyhx<+ eqfLyefo'ofo|ky; osQ ,d 'kks/&Nk=k us vius 'kks/dh Ikzxfr crkus esa Ikgys fo'ofo|ky; dkbfrgkl crkuk vkjaHk fd;kA ,d feuV rdlqurs jgus Ikj Hkh tc og vius fo"k; Ikj ughavk;k rks ,d fo'ks"kK us IkwNk fd og vius'kks/ dh Ikzxfr crk,A mÙkj feyk fd vkt rksog mruk gh rS;kj djosQ vk;k FkkA

;g mnkgj.k laosQr djrs gSa fd cM+slk/u&laiUu fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ pqus gq, Nk=k Hkh'kks/&dk;Z dh xaHkhjrk ls de gh Ikfjfpr gSaAftUgksaus dbZ 'kks/&dk;Z fd, gSa] ,sls yksx HkhmuosQ fdlh 'kks/ fo'ks"k osQ ckjs esa foLrr Ikz'u

IkwNs tkus IkjμtSls] mUgksaus ;g fo"k; D;ksa pquk]blosQ fy, mUgksaus D;k vè;;u fd;k] bl 'kks/dh fof'k"V miyfC/ D;k gS] ;g dkSu&lh ubZtkudkjh ;k O;k[;k nsrk gS] vFkok ;g fdlosQdke vk ldrk gS] vkfn&dksbZ larks"ktud mÙkjugha nss IkkrsA ekuks mUgksaus vius 'kks/ osQ ckjs esadHkh ,sls Ikz'uksa Ikj fopkj gh u fd;k gksA

OkLrqr% muesa vusd ,sls gSa ftuesa 'kks/ dh;ksX;rk ;k Ikzo`fÙk ugha gSA fdarq ek=k ,d fMxzhfo'ks"k osQ /kjd gksus osQ dkj.k gj fdlh dks'kks/ djus ;ksX; eku fy;k tkrk gSA ;g /kj.kkHkh xM+cM+h dk ,d lzksr gSA blhfy, fdlhlektfoKku fo"k; esa ,e-,- fd, IkzR;sd O;fDrdks 'kks/&Ikzfof/ dh rduhdh tkudkjh nsdjmls 'kks/ osQ fy, mi;qDr eku fy;k tkrk gSAfdarq xaHkhj vè;;u vkSj fparu osQ fy, vfuPNqdO;fDr dks fjlpZ eSFksMksykWth dk izf'k{k.k nsdjvPNs 'kks/ dh vk'kk djuk ,slk gh gS tSlsyM+us esa v;ksX;] vfuPNqd] Hkh: O;fDr dksgfFk;kj pykus dh tkudkjh nsdj thr dhvk'kk djukA ;fn miyC/ 'kks/ dh xaHkhjijh{kk djsa rks vf/dk¡'k 'kks/drkZ i<+us&fy[kusosQ izfr #fp j[kus okys ugha izrhr gksrsA mudhHkk"kk gh lkjh iksy [kksy nsrh gSA

blhfy, f'k{kk 'kks/drkZvksa dh fLFkfr mu;kf=k;ksa tSlh gS ftUgsa ;g irk ugha fd dgk¡tkuk gSA fdarq os iwjh xaHkhjrk ls ;k=kk dh lkjhrS;kfj;ksa esa yxs gksaA fdl lokjh ls tkuk] #dusdk izca/] jln] ifjpkjdksa dh O;oLFkk vkfnA;g lc Hkh ekuks os viuh Lora=k cqf¼ ls ughafopkjrs] cfYd fdlh t#jh ijaijk osQ ikyu


osQ :i esa mUgsa ;g lc djuk gh gksA f'k{kk'kks/ osQ u, fo"k; ysrs] ml ij dke djrs]fjiksVZ tek djrs 'kks/kfFkZ;ksa dk ys[ku oqQN ,slkgh vkHkkl nsrk gSA vius 'kks/ dk;ksaZ osQ ckjs esamUgsa bldk dksbZ Hkku ugha fd ;g lc fdlmi;ksx dk gSA

,sls 'kks/dehZ vius vki esa izFke nks"khugha] ;fn mUgsa vius dk;Z dh okLrfod mikns;rkdh dksbZ fpark ugha gSA bl fcanq ij mudhfLFkfr lekt foKku fo"k; osQ iqjkus lksfo;rLdkWyjksa tSlh gh gSA vius vki esa os cqf¼eku];ksX; vkSj drZO;fu"B yksx gksrs FksA varfj{kfoKku lesr izko`Qfrd foKku osQ gjsd {ks=k esamudh miyfC/;k¡ fdlh Hkh mUur ns'k osQled{k FkhaA fiQj Hkh D;k dkj.k gS fd yxHkxlkr n'kdksa rd (eksVs rkSj ij 1922&86 osQchp) muesa dksbZ n'kZu 'kkL=kh] jktuhfr 'kkL=kh]bfrgkldkj ;k lkfgR; leh{kd ugha gks ldkftldk uke Hkh fy;k tk losQ D;ksafd bufo"k;ksa esa ogh :lh yksx ml nkSjku lnSo ,slhphtsa fy[krs] izdkf'kr djrs] izlkfjr djrs jgstks izk;% o`Qf=ke] vFkZghu vkSj feF;k lkfgR;FkkA mUgsa bldk fo'ks"k Hkku u Fkk fd muosQ }kjkfy[kk x;k lkbfUVfiQd* 'kks/&lkfgR; gkL;kLin:i ls vlR; gSA bldk dkj.k Fkk fd mUgksausvkjaHk ls gh oqQN tM+&lw=kksa dks ,slk oSKkfudfn'kk&funsZ'kd eku j[kk Fkk ftlosQ vuq:i ghvè;;u] 'kks/ vkfn gks ldrs FksA pw¡fd mlhdks mudk iwjk lekt] mQij ls uhps rd]fn'kk&funsZ'kd ekurk Fkk blfy, lHkh dks fo'oklFkk fd tks os dj jgs gSa] og mi;qDr gSA mlosQ

vkSfpR;] mi;ksfxrk vkfn ij mUgsa lansg u FkkAD;ksafd mldh ij[k djus dh muosQ ikl dksbZLora=k] okLrfod dlkSVh ugha FkhA vkt Hkhif'pe ,f'k;k vkSj fdUgha tM+&fo'oklkas osQfunsZ'k esa pyus okys lektksa esa bfrgkl] jktuhfr]f'k{kk n'kZu vkSj lkfgR; fo"k;ksa esa ogh jksx vkSj[kkyhiu ns[kk tk ldrk gSA tgk¡ [kqys vkSjLora=k fparu dks fdUgha iwoZ&fu/kZfjr ^loksZPpfl¼kar* dk vuqikyu djus osQ fy, foo'kfd;k tkrk gSA

oqQN mlls feyrh&tqyrh fLFkfr gekjs f'k{kk'kks/ dh Hkh gSA vius lHkh igyqvksa esa f'k{kkdk laiw.kZ vFkZ muosQ fØ;kdykiksa esa unkjnfn[krk gSA gekjs egku f'k{kk fpardksa us f'k{kkdk tks vFkZ crk;k] le>k;k gS] og ekuksorZeku f'k{kk 'kks/kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, fujFkZd gks x;kgSA ,d lhfer] ladh.kZ xfrfof/ gh f'k{kk&'kks/gSA blhfy, okLro esa f'k{kk esa 'kks/ mu xfrfofèk;ksadk uke Hkj gS tks blosQ varxZr fofHkUu f'k{kklaLFkkuksa }kjk dh vkSj djokbZ tk jgh gSA ,d#Vhu O;kikj] ,d izk.kghu] vuq"Bku] ftlosQ?kksf"kr mn~ns'; vkSj okLrfod miyfC/;ksa esacgqr varj gSA dksbZ Hkh nl 'kks/&i=k ;k izca/,d cSBd esa ns[kk tk,] rks muesa dksbZ lkFkZdfopkj ;k uohu rF;ksa dk ladyu Hkh tYnugha feyrkA tku iM+sxk fd muls dksbZ lqlaxrtkudkjh vkSj fu"d"kZ fudyus dh vf/d fparkHkh ugha dh xbZA laHkor% 'kks/ dh ,d fof'k"V'kCnkoyh dk muesa iz;ksx gksus osQ dkj.k gh,slh izLrqfr;ksa dks 'kks/&i=k ;k izca/ eku djizfr"Bk nh tkrh gSA blesa lansg gS fd ,sls


xfrfof/;k¡ fdlh dBksj ckSf¼d ijh{k.k esavius uke ij [kjh mrj losaQxhA

laHkor% ;gh dkj.k gS fd fdlh laLFkku esa'kks/&i=kksa] iwjh dh xbZ 'kks/&ifj;kstukvksa dk,d&,d dj xaHkhj ewY;k¡du djus] mu ij gjigyw ls fopkj djus] rFkk muls dksbZ fu"d"kZfudkyus] rFkk 'kks/drkZ dks mldh tkudkjhnsus dh dksbZ ijaijk ugha gSA ,d fu;ec¼ dk;Zdh rjg 'kks/ pyrs vkSj Ikzdkf'kr gksrs gSaA mulsoqQN IkzkIr gksrk gS ;k ugha] ;g ckr gh vIkzklafxdcuh jgh gSA lkekU;r% mu Ik=kksa] Ikzca/ksa vkSjfjiksVksaZ dks 'kk;n gh dksbZ okLro esa Ik<+rk HkhgSA muls dksbZ ykHk mBkuk rks nwj jgkA vr% ;gvuqeku vfrjaftr ugha fd gekjs ns'k osQf'k{kk&'kks/ lkfgR; dks ;fn |ksedk Ik<+rk rksmldh IkzfrfØ;k ;gh gksrh] fd bUgsa Ik<+us osQckn yxrk gS ekuks oqQN Ik<+k gh ughaA

f'k{kk 'kks/ dh nqjkoLFkk dk ,d dkj.kmfpr ekxZn'kZu dk vHkko Hkh gSA u osQoylaiw.kZ 'kks/&uhfr osQ ekxZ&n'kZu oju~ IkzR;sd'kks/ dk leqfpr funsZ'kuA ;fn okLrfod 'kksèkdrkZvkSj okLrfod ekxZn'kZd gksa rks f'k{kk esa 'kks/dh fLFkfr vfoyac cny ldrh gSA gekjs ns'kesa vU; lHkh IkfjfLFkfr;k¡ ldkjkRed gSaA osQoyf'k{kk {ks=k esa 'kks/ lesr IkzR;sd dk;Z osQ fy,lnSo mi;qDr O;fDr;ksa osQ p;u dh lko/kuhcjrh tkuh pkfg,A vkSipkfjdrk vkSj dkxth[kkuk&IkwrhZ can gksuh pkfg,A pkgs de gks] Ikj'kks/ lnSo okLrfod gks] mls osQoy fxurhc<+kus dh Ikzo`fr ls vfoyac eqDr djuk pkfg,Abl vkRed Nyuk ls f'k{kk 'kks/ dks eqDrdjuk gh gksxkA fLFkfr esa lq/kj dk dk;Z blfcanq ls Hkh vkjaHk fd;k tk ldrk gSA


*ofj"B izoDrk] f'k{kk ladk;] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh] m- iz-**'kks/ Nk=k] f'k{kk ladk;] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh] m- iz-

'kkafr f'k{kk ,oa fo|ky;kssa eas 'kkafrlaLoQfr dh vo/kj.kkoqQN fopkj.kh; fcUnq

vkyksd xkfMZ;k*Ikq"is'k ikBd**

orZeku oSf'od ;qx esa tgk¡ Kku osQ foLr`r Lo:Ik ,oa fur uohu rduhdksa dkvH;qn; gqvk gSa] ogh vlfg".kqrk] dV~Vjokn] fookn] la?k"kZ ,oa vkradokn dhfujUrj vk'k¡dk,¡ Hkh blh vk/qfud lekt dh nsu gSA mijksDr leL;kvksa osQ funkugsrq ckyd o ckfydkvkssa esa 'kkafr vk/kfjr O;ogkj osQ fodkl gsrq 'kkafr f'k{kk dhifjdYiuk dh xbZ gSA bl LkanHkZ esa vko';d gS fd fo|ky;ksa esa 'kkafr laLo`Qfr dhLFkkiuk dh tk,A fo|ky;ksa esa fo'okl dk okrkoj.k] izo`Qfr ekuo osQ eè; lkeatL;]U;k; djus dh 'kfDr dk fodkl ,oa vius o nwljksa osQ ekuokf/dkjksa osQ izfr lEekuvkfn 'kkafr laLo`Qfr LFkkiuk osQ egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gaSA izLrqr ys[k esa 'kkafr laLo`Qfr dhLFkkiuk gsrq vko';d lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh; xqq.kksa dk ;FkklaHko foospu fd;k x;k gSrFkk 'kkafr f'k{kk vè;;u&vè;kiu gsrq vko';d oqQN egÙoiw.kZ lq>koksa dks Hkh'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA

fgalk pkgs oSf'od Lrj ij] ;k jk"Vªh; Lrj ij];k LFkkuh; ,oa oS;fDrd Lrj ij gks mlosQfur u,&u, Lo:Ik tSls vlfg".kqrk] dV~Vjokn]oxZ fookn] la?k"kZ] vkradokn osQ :Ik esa gekjs

lkeus vk jgs gaSA bu fur u, vulqy>s fooknksals ;q¼ vkSj fgaLkk izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k :Ik eastUe ys jgs gSa bu vulqy>s fooknksa ls ges'kk;q¼ o fgaLkk tUe ugha ysrs gaSA ijUrq ;g dguk


lehphu gksxk fd fgalk vkSj ;q¼ vulqy>sfooknkas dh dbZ laHkkfor izfrfØ;kvksa esa ls ,dgSA izR;{k rkSj ij fgalk dk rkRi;Z ekj&dkV ,oa,d nwljs dks 'kkjhfjd gkfu igq¡pkus rd ghfy;k tkrk gSA ijUrq xk¡/h th osQ vuqlkj fgalkosQoy ekj&dkV ;k 'kkjhfjd gkfu ig¡qpkus rdlhfer ugha gksrh gS oju~ nwljksa osQ lkFk cqjkO;ogkj djuk] nwljksa osQ izfr cqjk lkspuk] vPNkvkpj.k iznf'kZr u djuk ,oa ijLij lg;ksxdh Hkkouk u j[kuk Hkh fgalk gSaA orZeku vkèkqfudlekt eas fgalk dk ;gha Lo:i lkeus vk jgkgSA ftlosQ iQyLo:Ik v'kkafr tUe ys jgh gSAblfy, O;fDr;ksa] lewgkas vkSj jk"Vªksa osQ lanHkZ esami;qZDr vulqy>s fooknksa dks lqy>kus osQ fy,vfgalkRed mik; <w¡<+us osQ dkS'kyksa dks izksRlkfgrdjus dh vko';drk gSaA vc iz'u ;g mBrkgSa fd 'kkafr D;k gS\ ;k 'kkafr ls gekjk D;kvfHkizk; gS\ ;g ,d ,slk vk/kjHkwr iz'u gStks lgt gh nk'kZfud fparu dh vksj ys tkrkgSaaA 'kkafr dks Li"V djus ls igys oqQN iz'u mBtkrs gaSμD;k 'kkafr oS;fDrd vuqHkwfr dk fo"k;gS\ 'kkafr dh izoQfr oSQlh gS\ D;k 'kkafr ekufldrukoksa o volknksaa dh lekfIr dk izfriQy gS\]D;k 'kkafr ekufld larks"k dh fLFkfr gS\ ;fnge Hkkjrh; n'kZu ij xkSj djsa rks mlesa thoudk vfUre mn~ns'; eks{k izkfIr crk;k x;k gSAtgk¡ ij eks{k thou dk furkUr oS;fDrd i{kgS] rFkk bldh izkfIr gsrqq vkè;kfRed lk/uk dkekxZ cryk;k x;k gSA ;gh vkè;kfRed lk/uk'kkafr dk nwljk Ik;kZ; gSA 'kkafr dk nwljk vk;keeuksoSKkfud gSaA blhfy, vFkZ ,oa dke dks

iq#"kkFkZ dh Js.kh esa j[kk x;k gSA blosQ vHkkoesa oS;fDrd Lrj ij] ifjokj osQ Lrj ij vkSjlekt osQ Lrj ij 'kkafr vlaEHko gS izR;sdO;fDr viuh ewyHkwr ekSfyd vko';drk,¡ ;FkkvFkZ] dke] Hkkstu vkfn dks blfy, tqVkrk gSfd thus osQ fy, vfuok;Z o U;wure Lrj dksog izkIr dj losQA D;ksafd bl Lrj ls uhpspys tkus ij thou vHkkoksa ls xzLr gks tk,sxkrFkk 'kkafr Lor% lekIr gks tk,sxhA vr% fuèkZurk]Hkq[kejh] #X.krk v'kkafr osQ dkj.k gS] nwljh vksj;fn ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dksbZ vuqfprrjhosQ ls djrk gS] rks O;fDr Lo;a osQ thou dkslq[ke; cukus osQ fy, nwljksa dh lqfo/kvksa ijvuqfpr vf/dkj tekus yxrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:IkO;fDr&O;fDr esa dyg vkSj la?k"kZ 'kq# gks tkrkgSa vkSj lekt v'kkafr dh HksaV p<+ tkrk gSAv'kkafr osQ dkj.k O;fDr&O;fDr osQ chp tkfr]Lrj] /eZ dks ysdj HksnHkko Hkh gSA tc geviuh i`"BHkwfe dh vkM+ esa nwljksa dks NksVkfn[kkrs gSa rc Hkh v'kkafr iuirh gSA v'kkafrfo|ky;h O;oLFkk esa Hkh gS cPpksa ij fo"k;oLrqesa u le> vkus dk cks> ruko c<+krk gS vkSjv'kkafr dks tUe nsrk gSA 'kkafr LFkkfir djus osQiz;kl esa gesa bldh 'kq#vkr fo|ky;ksa ls djuhgksxhA fo|ky;ksa esa 'kkafr dk okrkoj.k LFkkfirdjuk gksxkA cPPkksa dks 'kkafr ls lacaf/r xfrfofèk;ksals tksM+uk gksxkA blh lanHkZ esa xk¡/h th us dgkFkk ^^;fn gesa fo'o esa okLrfod 'kkafr dk ikBi<+kuk gS rks bldh 'kq#vkr cPPkksa ls djuhgksxh**A orZeku le; esa 'kkafr osQ egRo dksns[krs gq, jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k


ifj"kn~ us 'kkafr osQ fy, f'k{kk fo"k; ij ,djk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj blosQ}kjk rS;kj fd, x, vk/kj&i=k esa fn, x,lacafèkr fopkjksa dks jk"Vªh; ikB~p;kZ dh :ijs[kk&2005 esa LFkku fn;kA cPpksa dks 'kkafr osQ fy,f'k{kk nsus ls muesa 'kkafr dh LkaLo`Qfr mRiUugksxh tks O;fDr ls ysdj fo'o esa 'kkafr osQlapkj osQ :Ik esa dke djsxkA

'kkafr osQ fy, f'k{kk'kkafr dks cy }kjk LFkkfir ugha fd;k tkldrk] bls osQoy lg;ksx ,oa lkeatL; }kjkgh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS (okMZ 2001)Adgus dk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd 'kkafr dksbZ oLrqugha gS] ftls cyiwoZd gkfly fd;k tk losQAvxj lPps vFkksZa esa bls izkIr djuk gS rks gesaO;fDr&O;fDr osQ chp le>nkjh dks vkSjvf/d fodflr djuk gksxkA blosQ vykok urks ;g oa'kkuqxr y{k.k gS] cfYd bldks O;ogkjesa fl[kk;k tkrk gSA vxj gesa okLrfod 'kkafrizkIr djuh gS rks cPpksa dks (tks Hkfo"; essa 'kkafrfuekZrk dh Hkwfedk Hkh fuHkk ldrs gSa) ;gfl[kkuk gksxk fd oSQls vius fopkjksa] Hkkoukvksao oLrqvksa dks nwljkas osQ lkFk ck¡VsA blosQ fy,f'k{kk dks izksRlkfgr djuk gksxkA ;wfulsiQ(UNICEF) us 'kkafr f'k{kk dks ,d ,slh izfØ;kosQ :Ik ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS tks Kku] dkS'ky]n`f"Vdks.k ewY;ksa o O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ykus osQfy, vko';d Ùkoksa dks izksRlkfgr djrh gS]ftlls cPps] fd'kksj] o ;qok bl ;ksX; gks loasQfd og fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ erHksnksa o fgalk dks

jksdus rFkk ,slh ifjfLFkr;ksa dks mRiUu djus esatks 'kkafr LFkkiuk dh vksj ys tk losQ] l{ke gkslosQA bl izdkj 'kkafr dh mi;ksfxrk dks cPpksaosQ lanHkZ esa duoas'ku vkWu fn jkbV vkWiQpkbYM (1998) esa ;g dgk x;k gSaμcPpksa dhf'k{kk dks bl izdkj funsZf'kr djuk gksxk fd osLora=k lekt esa ftEesnkjh;qDr thou thus osQfy, rS;kj gks loasQ] ftleas le>nkjh] 'kkafr]lgu'khyrk] ySafxd lekurk vksj lHkh osQ chpfe=krk fufgr gksA vr% f'k{kk ,d ,slk l'kDrekè;e gS] tks turkfU=kd jhfr ls O;fDr essanh?kZdkyhu ifjorZu yk ldrh gSA orZeku le;esa vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd f'k{kk O;oLFkkesa ,sls ifjorZu fd, tk,¡ fd Hkkoh ih<+h dks'kkafr LFkkiuk osQ dk;Z esa fu"Bk osQ lkFk yxk;ktk losQA bl fn'kk eas jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kuo izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ osQ }kjk mBk, x, dneksa dhiz'kalk djuh gksxh fd mlus vius jk"Vªh;ikB~;Øe :ijs[kk esa 'kkafr dks egÙoiw.kZ LFkkufn;k gSA Ikfj"kn osQ bl dk;Z }kjk f'k{kk o 'kkafrosQ u, vk;ke fu/kZfjr djus gksaxsA 'kkafr f'k{kkosQ laca/ esa fuEu fcUnq fopkj.kh; gSμ1- f'k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu dh vk/kjf'kyk

gSaA f'k{kk gh og ekè;e gS tks lekt osQLo:Ik dks ifjorZu djus dh {kerk j[krhgS lekt esa O;kIr cqjkb;ksa dks nwj djrh gSA;s cqjkb;k¡ gh lekt esa v'kkafr dh tuuhgSA vr% f'k{kk osQ }kjk gh mu dkj.kksa (tkslekt esa v'kkafr ykrs gaS ) dk fujkdj.kfd;k tk ldrk gSA


2- f'k{kk osQ }kjk fofHkUu laLo`Qfr;ksa] lektksa ojk"Vªksa osQ chp laokn mRiUu ,oa fodflrfd;k tk ldrk gS] tks ,d nwljs dh laLoQfr;ksadks le>us rFkk muosQ chp vknku&iznkudjus dk vk/kj izLrqr djrh gSA

3- lekt esa O;kIr fofo/rkvksa dk lEeku djrsgq, muosQ chp lkeatL; LFkkfir djus esaf'k{kk dh Hkwfedk lnk ls jgh gSA jaxHksn]lkEiznkf;drk] uLyokn] tkfrokn] dV~VjoknrFkk vkradokn tSlh leL;kvksa dk lekèkkudjus esa f'k{kk O;fDr;ksa dks l{ke cukrh gSA

4- vUr esa f'k{kk osQ }kjk ge oS;fDrd Lrj ijml lkeatL; dh Hkkouk dks tkxzr dj ldrsgSa] ftls dHkh ½Xosn dh ½f"kizKk us blizdkj lk{kkro`Qr fd;k Fkk (o`Q".kyky]1993)Ala xPNèoa la onèoa la oks ekufl tkurke~]n sok Hk kx ;Fk ki wo s Z ltkukuk miklr sAlekuks e=k% lfer% lekuh eu% lg fpurses"kke~]lekua eU=kefHk eU=k;s o lekusu os gfo"kk twgksfeAlekuh o vko`Qfr% lekuk% ân;kfu o%]lekueLrq oks euks ;Fkk o% lqlgklfrA

vFkkZr~ ge ijLij ,d gksdj jgaas] ijLijfeydj izse ls okrkZyki djas] leku eu ls KkuizkIr djsa ftl izdkj Js"B tu ,d gksdjmikluk djrs gSa] mlh izdkj ge Hkh viusfojks/ R;kxdj viuk deZ djasA ge lcdhizkFkZuk leku gksa] HksnHkko ls jfgr gksdj ijLijfeydj jgs] eu] fpÙk] fopkj leku gkas gekjsân; leku gkas] ftllsa gekjk dk;Z ijLij iw.kZ:Ik ls laxfBr gksA bl rjg f'k{kk osQ }kjk 'kkafrdh LFkkiuk djuk vlEHko ugha gSA

'kkafr dh laLo`QfrLka;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQ pkVZj (1998) osQ vuqlkj'kkafr dh laLoQfr dk vk/kj] iztkra=k] lgu'khyrk]rFkk ekuokf/dkjksas dk lEeku djuk] erHksnksarFkk fgalk dks jksdus osQ fy, ,d lexz nf"Vdks.kosQ :Ik esa fodkl] 'kkafr osQ fy, f'k{kk] lwpukvksadk lqxe vknku&iznku rFkk efgykvksa dh foLrrHkkxhnkjh dks izksRlkfgr djuk vkSj ,sls mik;djuk gS ftlls 'kkafr osQ fy, mi;qDRk ifjfLFkfrmRiUu gks losQA 'kkafr dh laLo`Qfr dk loZizFkevk/kj iztkra=k dk lEeku djuk ;Fkk yksxksa esaiztkra=k osQ izfr tkx:drk] Lora=k :Ik ls viusfopkjksa dk vknku&iznku djuk] Lora=k :Ik lsfu.kZ; ysus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djuk gSA blosQvykok 'kkafr dh laLo`Qfr uSfrd fodkl osQlkFk mu ewY;ksa] n`f"Vdks.kksa rFkk dkS'kyksas ij cynsrh gS tks izo`Qfr o ekuo osQ chp lkeatL;fcBkus osQ fy, vko';d gS] blesa thus dh[kq'kh] izse] mEehn vkSj lkgl osQ vkUrfjdlalk/uksa osQ lkFk O;fDÙko osQ fodkl ij cynsrh gSA blesa ekuo vf/dkjksa osQ izfr lEekudjuk] U;k; djus dh 'kfDRk dk fodkl djuk]vius /eZ osQ vykok nwljs /eksaZ dks lEeku nsuko muosQ lkaLo`Qfrd fØ;kdykikas esa HkkxhnkjhosQ fy, izksRlkfgr djuk] lkekftd nkf;Ro dhiwfrZ djus gsrq izsfjr djuk 'kkfey gSaA

Lkkekftd U;k; f'k{kk dh laLo`Qfr dkegÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA lkekftd U;k; rFkk lekurkftlesa xjhcksa] oafprksa] 'kksf"krksa osQ mRihM+u ufd;s tkus laca/h lexz n`f"Vdks.k ij cy nsrhgS] ftlessa vfgalkewyd lekt osQ fodkl ij


tksj gks] mls f'k{kk dh laLo`Qfr dk oasQnzh;vkèkkj gksuk pkfg,A vr% 'kkafr dh laLo`Qfrekuo lqj{kk dks le>us o mls izksRlkfgr djusij cy nsrh gSA

'kkafr dh laLo`Qfr dks ;wfulsiQ us bl izdkjifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSμ,d laLo`Qfr tks lkaLo`QfrdfofHkUUkrkvksa dks izksRlkfgr djrh gS ftlesa fo'okl]ewY;ksa] O;ogkj o lg;ksx dh Hkkouk vkfn'kkfey gSa] tks ijLij lqj{kk] lekurk] i`Foh osQlzksrksa ij blesa jgus okys izkf.k;ksa osQ chp lekuHkkxhnkjh vkSj lkFk&lkFk jgus dks izksRlkfgrdjrh gSA ihl ,tqosQ'ku bu ;wfulsiQ (iQkamVsu]1999) eas 'kkafr dh laLo`Qfr osQ fy, fuEukafdrRkF;ksa dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSμ1- lHkh yksxksa osQ chp fo'okl dk okrkoj.k

mRiUu djukA2- lHkh yksxksa dh ewyHkwr vko';drk,¡ ;Fkk]

Hkkstu] ikuh rFkk vFkZ dh iwfrZ djukA3- ikjLifjd le>nkjh dks fodflr djukA4- lwpukvksa osQ vknku iznku djus gsrq yksxksa

osQ chp ,d [kqyk okrkoj.k fodflr djukA5- yksxkas esa lgu'khyrk dh Hkkouk fodflr

djukA6- fofHkUu /ekasZa osQ izfr lEeku dh Hkkouk

fodflr djukA7- fofHkUUk /eksZa] tkfr;ksa] laLo`Qfr;ksa o thou

'kSyh esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djukAmi;qZDr rF;ksa osQ ekè;e ls fo|ky;ksa esa]

leqnk; esa] lekt esa] vkSj fo'o eas 'kkafr dhlaLo`Qfr osQ okrkoj.k dks LFkkfir djus esa enn

feyrh gSA 'kkafr dh laLo`Qfr dh vko';drkdks ns[krs gq, la;qDr jk"Vª dh lkekU; lHkk easn'kd 2001&2010 dks fo'o osQ cPpksa osQfy, 'kkafr dh laLo`Qfr o vfgalk osQ fy,vUrjkZ"Vªh; n'kd osQ :Ik esa ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kgSA blh lHkk esa 'kkafr dh laLo`Qfr dks lHkhewY;ksa] n`f"Vdks.kksa vkSj O;ogkj osQ rjhosQ tksekuo fofHkUUkrkvksa vkSj lHkh rjg osQ ekuovf/dkjksa osQ izfr lEeku djuk] fgalk pkgsfdlh Hkh :Ik esa gks] vLohdkj djuk vkSj ykssxksaosQ chp le>nkjh] Lora=krk] U;k;] lekurk]lgu'khyrk dh Hkkouk osQ fy, izsfjr djuk gSa]osQ :Ik eas ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA vr% 'kkafrdh laLo`Qfr dks fodflr djus osQ fy, 'kkafrdh f'k{kk vko';d gSA

'kkafr osQ fy, f'k{kk eas vè;;u&vè;kiuizfØ;k&oqQN lq>ko'kkafr f'k{kk esaa vè;;u&vè;kiu gsrq izR;{kfof/;ksa osQ ctk, vizR;{k fof/;k¡ vf/dmi;ksxh gSaA bl gsrq lEiw.kZ fo|ky;h ifjos'k esa'kkafr laLoQfr dks viukuk ,oa fo|ky;h okrkoj.kesa ifjyf{kr djuk vfr vko';d gSA 'kkafrvè;;u&vè;kiu gsrq fuEu lq>kko izLrqr gSaμ1- fo|ky;ksa esa le;≤ ij lkaLo`Qfrd

fofHkUUrkvksa esa leUo; iznf'kZr djus okysrFkk /kfeZd mRloksa ls lacaf/r dk;ZØeksadk vk;kstu fd;k tk,A

2- ,slh fiQYeksa dh lwph rS;kj dh tk,] tks'kkafr] U;k;] ,drk dks c<+kok nsrh gks rFkkmUgas le;≤ ij fn[kk;k tk,A


3- fOk|ky;ksa esa Nk=kksa ls ,sls dk;ksZa ;FkkμliQkbZ] ikS/s yxkuk vkfn djk;k tk,] ftldkslHkh cPpss fey tqydj djsa] ftlls muesaijLij lg;ksx dh Hkkouk fodflr gksA

4- fdlh Hkh {ks=k eas orZeku le; esa ehfM;kdh Hkwfedk dks utjvUnkt ugha fd;k tkldrk gSA vr% f'k{kk esa 'kkafr osQ iz;kl esaehfM;k dksss lg;ksxh cuk;k tk,] rFkkle;≤ ij fo|ky;ksssa esa cPpksa dks'kkafr ls lacaf/r fo"k;ksa ij lacksf/r djusosQ fy, izeq[k i=kdkjksa osQ O;k[;ku ,oa;q¼ foHkhf"kdk] fgalk osQ ifj.kkeksa ij vkèkkfjrpyfp=k ,oa lekpkjksa dk izn'kZu fd;ktk,A

5- 'kkafr ls lacaf/r fo"k;ksa ij fo|ky;ksa esa cPpksaosQ chp Hkk"k.k izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu fd;ktk, rFkk ,slh O;oLFkk dh tk, fd cPpksa osQfopkjksa dks de&ls&de eghus esa ,d ckjlekpkj i=kksa esas izdkf'kr fd;k tk losQA

6- 'kkafr ls lacaf/r fo"k;ksa ij fo|ky;ksa esale;≤ ij lsfeukj@lewg ifjppkZ dkvk;kstu fd;k tk,A

7- fo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kdkssa o vfHkHkkodksa dhlaxks"Bh dk vk;kstu dj vfHkHkkodksa dks'kkafr ls lacaf/r O;ogkjksa dh tkudkjh nhtk,A

8- 'kkafr ls lacaf/r O;ogkjksa dk Kku nsus osQfy, f'k{kdksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksadk vk;kstu fd;k tk,A

9- fo|ky;ksas esa ,d ,sls jhfMax :e dhO;oLFkk dh tk, ftlesa 'kkafr fo"k;ksa lslacaf/r lekpkjksa o ?kVukvksa dh if=kdk,¡o iqLroasQ miyC/ gksaA

10- f'k{kdksa dks 'kkafr O;ogkj osQ lanHkZ esacPpksa osQ lkeus ,d vkn'kZ izLrqr djukpkfg,] ftlls cPPks izsfjr gks loasQA

11- 'kkafr osQ O;ogkj dks cPPkksa esa izksRlkfgrdjus osQ fy, oqQN cPpksa dks vPNkO;ogkj iznf'kZr djus osQ fy, iqjLo`Qrdjus dh O;oLFkk dh tk,A;gh ugha] vR;ko';d dne ;g gksxk fd

ge ikB~;Øeksa vkSj ikB~;iqLrdksa dks ,slk cuk,¡ftlesa nh xbZ fo"k;oLrq cPpksa esa fnu izfrfnuosQ vuqHkoksa ls tqM+h gkas] cPps vius vuqHkoksadh d{kk esa ppkZ djsa vkSj fo|ky;h Kku dksbuls tksM+dj lh[ksaA blls u le> esa vkusokyh fo"k;oLrq osQ dkj.k iSnk gksus okykruko rks ?kVsxk gh] cPpksa esa le> dk pLdkiSnk gksxk tks ubZ rjg osQ }U}ksa dks feVkdj'kkafr dh LFkkiuk esa lgk;d gksxkA

bl izdkj fo|ky;h ifjos'k esa 'kkafr laLoQfrdh LFkkiuk dj Hkkoh ukxfjdksa esa 'kkafr mUeq[kO;ogkj lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gS tksosQoy Hkkjr esa gh ugha oju lEiw.kZ fo'o esa'kkafr osQ lans'k dks lapfjr dj losQ ,oaizR;sd cPpk vius dks fo'o leqnk; dkukxfjd vuqHkwr dj losQA


lanHkZ

o`Q".kewfrZ] ts- 1992- ,tqosQ'ku ,.M flxuhfiQosQal vkWWWiQ ykbiQ] psUubZ] o`Q".kewfrZ iQkmaMs'ku-

o`Q".kyky 1993] osn ifjp;] fnYyh] fgUnh ekè;e dk;kZy;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh-

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 2006] us'kuy djhoqQye izsQeooZQ 2005] iksft'ku isij us'kuy iQksdl xzqi vkWiQ ,tqosQ'kuiQkWj ihl] ubZ fnYyh-

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 2005] jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk 2005] ubZ fnYyh-

iQkmVsu] ,l- 1999] ,tqosQ'ku iQkj ihl bu ;wfulsiQ] U;w;kZd] ofoZaQx isij ,tqosQ'ku lsD'ku] izksxzke fMfotu];wfulsiQ-

;wukbVsM us'ku 1998] dYpj vkWiQ ihl (A/Res/52/13,15 tuojh 1998] http:/www.unesco.org/

jyep/07uk/uk_sum_refdoc.htm.

;wukbVsM us'ku ,lsEcyh] 53 lslu ,tsaMk vkbVe 31] 19 uoEcj 1998-

;wukbVsM us'ku tujy ,lsEcyh] 1998] fn duosa'kUk fn jkbV~l vkWiQ fn pkbYM-

oekZ- oS|ukFk izlkn 1972- fo'o osQ egku f'k{kk 'kkL=kh] iVuk] fcgkj fgUnh vdkneh izdk'ku-

okMZ ,'kys] ts- 2001- Msoyfiax , dYpj vkWiQ ihl ,.M uku okbysal Fkzw ,tqosQ'ku /http:/

www.mkgandhi.org/articles/Peace4.htm/ }kjk ekpZ 2009 esa izkIr-

osYl- yhp- lh- 2003] ,- dYpj vkiWQ Vhfpax ihl http:/www.commandreams.org/views03/

0616-01.html/ }kjk ekpZ 2009 esa izkIr-


v¡xsz”kh f'k{k.k*

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-

jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :Ikjs[kk&2005 osQ fodkl dh izfØ;k osQ nkSjku xfBr bDdhljk"Vªh; iQksdl lewgksa us LowQyh f'k{kk ls tqM+s fofo/ eqn~nksa tSls μ ikB~;p;kZ {ks=k]jk"Vªh; fpark,¡ rFkk O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa ij foLrkj ls fopkj djrs gq, vk/kj&i=kfy[kasA bu vk/kj&i=kksa esa nh xbZ ppkZvksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh:Ikjs[kk rS;kj dh xbZA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh vksj ls le;≤ ij dh tkus okyhcSBdksa] xksf"B;ksa] lsfeukjksa] izf'k{k.k ,oa vfHkfoU;kl dk;ZØeksa esa bu vk/kj&Ik=kksa IkjppkZ dh tkrh jgh gSA

bl vad esa ^v¡xzs”kh f'k{k.k* Ikj cus vk/kj i=k esa nh xbZ ppkZvksa dks ge vkiosQlkFk ck¡VasxsaA bl vk/kj&i=k esa gekjs ns'k esa v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k ls tqMs+ vusd eqn~nksaIkj foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gS tSls v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk D;ksa i<+kbZ tk,\ LowQyksa esa v¡xzs”kh dh'kq#vkr fdl Lrj ls dh tk,\ v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk dh IkkB~;p;kZ osQ y{; vkSj Lo:i D;kgkas\ bl ikB~;p;kZ dk f'k{k.k oSQls fd;k tk, vkSj mlosQ fy, fdl izdkj osQ f'k{kdizf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gksxh rFkk v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk esa cPpksa dk ewY;k¡du oSQls fd;ktk, vkfnA

cgqHkk"kh ns'k esa oSf'od Hkk"kkv¡xzs”kh D;ksa\

Hkkjr esa v¡xzs”kh vktdy vke yksxksa osQ fy,f'k{kk esa xq.koÙkk osQ izfr mudh vkdk¡{kk rFkkjk"Vªh; ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; thou esa iw.kZ Hkkxhnkjhdk izrhd gSA bldk vkSifuosf'kd Ïksr vcHkqyk;k tk pqdk gS ;k vizklafxd gks x;k gSAvktkn Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk osQ fy, bldh

vkjafHkd Hkwfedk (iqLrdky;h Hkk"kk] fo'o dh:ijs[kk) tks mi;qDr ekuh xbZ Fkh] vc lkekftdo Hkk"kk;h :i ls vi;kZIr ekuh tk jgh gSAv¡xzs”kh dh ekStwnk fLFkfr fo'o eap ij bldhvR;f/d mifLFkfr vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij blosQvlj ls fu/kZfjr gqbZ gSA ,d vuqeku ossQvuqlkj 2010 rd nqfu;k dh ,d frgkbZ vkcknhv¡xzs”kh lh[kus okyksa esa 'kkfey gks tk,xh (xszMkSy

* jk"Vªh; ikB~;ppkZ dh :ijs[kk 2005 vaxzsth f'k{k.k jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg dk vk/kj i=k] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 2008] ubZ fnYyh-


1997)A1 1990 esa gekjh eqDr vFkZO;oLFkk dh'kq#vkr ls LowQyksa esa v¡xzs”kh dh ek¡x dk foLiQksVgqvk D;ksafd ;g le>k tkus yxk gS fd v¡xzs”khls vPNs volj fey lossQaxs (nkl 2005)A

gekjs LowQyksa esa v¡xzs”kh

v¡xzs”kh dh 'kq#vkr dk Lrj

v¡xzs”kh dh bl mifLFkfr dk Li"V izHkko ;g gSfd vkt gj dksbZ LowQy ossQ 'kq#vkrh Lrj ijbldh ek¡x dj jgk gSA v¡xzs”kh i<+kus okysis'ksoj yksxksa us yxkrkj ;g fli- Qkfj'k dh gS fdv¡xzs”kh dh i<+kbZ vis{kr% nsj ls (pkSFkh] ik¡poha;k NBh d{kk ls) gh 'kq# gksuh pkfg, vkSj ;ghlksp uhfr&i=kksa ls Hkh tkfgj gksrh gSA fdarq cM+siSekus ij [kqy jgs v¡xzs”kh ekè;e ossQ futhLowQyksa vkSj ljdkjh LowQyh ra=k esa v¡xzs”kh dh'kq#vkr igys fd, tkus ls bu uhfrxr LowQyksavkSj ljdkjh LowQyh ra=k esa v¡xzs”kh dh 'kq#vkrigys fd, tkus ls bu uhfrxr fli- Qkfj'kksa ossQizfr vlarks"k dk Li"V izek.k feyrk gSA2 blO;oLFkk dh vliQyrk ossQ ckn Hkh yksdfiz;ek¡x ossQ dkj.k bl O;oLFkk dks vkSj uhps ystk;k x;kA v¡xzs”kh dh 'kq#vkr ossQ Lrj ijelyk vc yksxksa dh vkdk¡{kkvksa ossQ jktuSfrdizR;qÙkj dk gks x;k gS vkSj bls 'kq#vkrh Lrj lsykxw djus ossQ ykHk ij gksus okys vdknfedfookn dks vizklafxd djkj ns fn;k x;k gSA

O;oLFkkxr vuqowQyrk vkSj rS;kjh dh dbZ leL;k,¡cuh gqbZ gSa tSls fd ;ksX; f'k{kdksa dk visf{krl¡[;k esa miyC/ u gksuk vkfnA ijarq ;g vk'kkdh tkrh gS fd O;oLFkk dks yksdfiz; ek¡xksa ossQvuq:i pyuk pkfg, mlossQ f[kyki- Q ughaAblhfy, ge bl loky ij dbZ rjhdksa lsfopkj djsaxsA ,d rks gesa vk'kk gS fd cgqHkkf"kdrkdbZ nq"izHkkoksa dks nwj dj ldrh gS tSlsμviuh Hkk"kk ossQ ßkl ;k ,dne le> u ikusdh eqf'dyA nwljs] ge ;g crk,¡axs fd tgk¡t#jr gS ogk¡¡¡ ldkjkRed rjhossQ viukdj genh xbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Bksl :i ls D;k oqQNgkfly dj ldrs gSaA budk y{; cPps ossQfy, d{kk esa ;k mlossQ ckgj cks/xE; lkexzhdh miyC/rk dh O;oLFkk dh igpku djukgSA 'kq#vkr ls v¡xzs”kh ykxw djus dh vke jk;cukus ossQ fy, geus fo'ks"k vof/ ;k laosnu'khyle;* dh izkd~dYiukvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k gStks v¡xzs”kh dh cgqr igys 'kq#vkr dk leFkZuugha djrhA

Hkkjr esa v¡xzs”kh f'k{k.k dh fofo/rk oO;kidrkvkt Hkkjr esa v¡xzs”kh lh[kuk&fl[kkuk] ,d rjIkQrks LowQyksa dh fofo/rk vkSj v¡xzs”kh lh[kus ossQfy, vuqowQy Hkk"kk;h ekgkSy rFkk nwljh rjiQegt ijh{kk esa mÙkh.kZ gksus ossQ fy, fdlhikB~;iqLrd dks i<+kus dh O;kid d{kk&iz.kkfy;ksa

1bl vuqeku esa 'kkfey gaS izkFkfed LowQy ossQ 15 djksM+ Hkkjrh; cPps vkSj blh Lrj ossQ 12 djksM+ phuh cPpsA ;g ,f'k;k oQh LowQyhO;oLFkk esa v¡xzs”kh ossQ n[ky dk laossQr gSA v¡xzs”kh ossQ fy, ;g ek¡x lu~ 2050 esa ijkdk"Bk ij gksxh vkSj cgqr lkjs yksx bls lh[k Hkh pqosQgksasxsA vjch] phuh] teZu] fganh o Lisfu'k Hkh Hkfo"; dh Hkk"kk ossQ :i esa mHkj pqdh gksaxhA

22003 esa fd, x, ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ossQ 'kks/ ossQ vuqlkj v¡xzs”kh d{kk 1 ;k d{kk 3 ls] 35 esa ls 26 jkT;ksa vkSj ossQanz 'kkflr izns'kksa esa ykxwdj nh tkrh gSA ossQoy lkr jkT;ksa vkSj osaQnz 'kkflr izns'kksa esa ;g d{kk 4 ;k 5 ls 'kq# dh tkrh gSA


dh O;oLFkk osQ vFkZ esa fy;k tkrk gSA ;gf'k{kdksa dh mu /kj.kkvksa ls r; gksrk gS tksv¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k osQ is'ks esa fy, x, rjg&rjgosQ vuqHkoksa ls izHkkfor gksrh gSaA3 v¡xzs”kh f'k{k.kdh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh eksVs rkSj ij igpkuμ (d)f'k{kd dh v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk esa fuiq.krk (Vh- ih-)*rFkk ([k) fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk LowQy ls ckgj v¡xzs”kh lslkeuk vFkkZr~ Hkk"kk&xzg.k ossQ ifjos'k esa v¡xzs”khdh mifLFkfr (bZ- bZ-)**] ls dh tk ldrh gS(fo|ky;ksa osQ oxhZdj.k ossQ bu vkèkkjksa dklanHkZ&ukx&v#yef.k 2000)A vr% oqQfj;u(2005) uhps fn, x, pkj rjg ossQ LowQyksa ossQmnkgj.k nsrs gSaA1- � � Vh-ih- � � bZ-bZ- (tSls v¡xzs”kh

ekè;e osQ futh@ljdkjh lgk;rk izkIr laHkzkrLowQy) % fuiq.k f'k{kd] ifjos'k esa fofHkUuLrjksa dh v¡xzs”kh ftlesa ?kj esa ;k igyhHkk"kk ossQ rkSj ij v¡xzs”kh Hkh 'kkfey gSA

2- � Vh-ih- � bZ-bZ-] (tSls u, v¡xzs”kh ekè;eossQ futh LowQy ftuesa vf/dka'k v¡xzs”kh ovU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,¡ nksuksa dk bLrseky djrsgSa) % f'k{kd ftudh lhfer fuiq.krk gS]cPpksa dh v¡xzs”kh dh i`"BHkwfe detksj ;kux.; gS vkSj vke vfHkHkkodksa esa v¡xzs”khossQ lgkjs mUufr djus dh vkdak{kk gSA

3- � Vh-ih- � bZ-bZ- (tSls ljdkjh lgk;rkizkIr {ks=kh; Hkk"kk ekè;e ossQ LowQy)&tgk¡vU; {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa ossQ lkFk v¡xzs”kh f'k{k.k

dh izFkk gSA ;s fofHkUu 'kSf{kd lfefr;ksa }kjkLFkkfir] fd, tkrs gSa rFkk ;gk¡ fofHkUu izdkjdh i"BHkwfe ls vkus okys cPps gksrs gSaA

4- � � Vh-ih-] � � bZ-bZ- (tSls ljdkjh {ks=kh;Hkk"kk ekè;e ossQ LowQy tks ftyk ;k Ukxjikfydkf'k{kk foHkkxksa }kjk lapkfyr gksrs gSa) % xzkeh.kHkkjr ossQ cPpksa dh cM+h l¡[;k bUgha esaukekafdr gksrh gSA 'kgjh xjhcksa (ftuossQvius ifjos'k esa laHkor% v¡xzs”kh ikus ossQFkksM+s jkLrs gksa) dk Hkh ,dek=k fodYi ;ghLowQy gSaA pkjksa izdkj ossQ LowQyksa esa v¡xzs”kh esabuossQ f'k{kd gh lcls de fuiq.k gksrs gSaA

tgk¡ ;s mnkgj.k] LowQy izca/u ossQ izdkj vkSjf'k{kd dh fuiq.krk o v¡xzs”kh ossQ ifjos'k ossQ chp,d viq"V varlZaca/ lq>krs gSa] ogha bu LowQyksa esaHkh dbZ fofHkUurk,¡ feyrh gSaA futh v¡xzs”khekè;e ossQ LowQyksa esa lh[kus ossQ voljksa esafofHkUurk,¡ gks ldrh gSa vkSj ;g mudh vlekuHkk"kk izkfIr ls tkfgj gksrk gSA (ukx&v#yef.k2005)A ftu LowQyksa esa d{kk iqLrdky; gSa] muossQcPps csgrj <ax ls i<+rs gSa ctk, mu cPpksa ossQ tksek=k mckÅ ikBksa vkSj orZuh&t¡kp rd lhfer jgrsgaSA eSF;w (1997 % 41) us ,d ikB~;p;kZ&dk;kZUo;uossQ vè;;u esa ik;k fd ossaQnzh; ekè;fed f'k{kkcksMZ (lh-ch-,l-bZ-) ls lac¼rkizkIr 2700 LowQyizcaèku dk rjhdk] foÙkh; lzksr] HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr]osru lajpuk] f'k{kdksa dh izsj.kk o fuiq.krk] muesa

3v¡xzs”kh esa fdlh vkSj fo"k; ossQ cfuLcr f'k{k.k dh enn ossQ fy, dkI+kQh csgrj laLFkkxr O;oLFkk gks ldrh gSA (ij nsf[k, uksV 19] tks v¡xzs”khf'k{kk m|ksx vkSj nwljh Hkk"kk ossQ vf/xzg.k ossQ chp varj djrk gS)A

*Vhpj izksfiQf'k,alh&Vh- ih-**bafXy'k bu n ,uokbjuesaV iQkWj ySaXost ,Dohft'ku & bZ-bZ-


vkus okys fo|kFkhZ vkSj muossQ vfHkHkkodksa dh^dksfV;ksa* ossQ vk/kj ij laLo`Qfr* esa ,d nwljs lsfHkUu FksA izHkq (1987 % 3) us ;g lq>ko fn;k fd^f'k{k.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ ukedj.k dks blhfy,'kS{kf.kd izLrkoksa osQ vkSfpR; dh lhek dh tk¡p esalgk;d ossQ :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,* u fd laiw.kZoxhZdj.k ossQ fy,A

Hkkjr esa v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k (bafXy'kySaXost Vhfpax)ijaijkxr :i ls v¡xzs”kh dh i<+kbZ O;kdj.k&vuqokn i¼fr ls gksrh FkhA ik¡posa n'kd ossQmÙkjk¼Z esa v¡xzs”kh f'k{k.k dh ljdkjh O;oLFkk esalajpukRed :i ls Lrjho`Qr ikB~;ozQe dks ykxwfd;k x;k tks ,d eq[; uokpkjh dne Fkk (izHkq1987 % 10)A ;g lkspk x;k fd Hkk"kk dk f'k{k.kmldh lkexzh ossQ fu;kstu dks O;ofLFkr djossQfd;k tk ldrk gS tSlk fd vadxf.kr ;kHkkSfrdh dh i<+kbZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA (dHkh&dHkh;g lajpukRed n`f"Vdks.k lh/s ykxw dj fn;ktkrk Fkk tSls fd ek=k v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kh d{kkvksa ijtksj nsdj)A rFkkfi lkrosa n'kd ossQ mÙkjk¼Z esalajpukRed fof/ osQ O;ogkjoknhμeuksoSKkfudrFkk nk'kZfud vkèkkjksa us Hkk"kk dks ekufld vax*le>us okys pkWELdh ossQ laKkukRed nkos dksc<+kok fn;kA4

v¡xzs”kh f'k{k.k is'ks ossQ yksxksa esa Hkh lajpukRedfof/ ossQ izfr vlarks"k Fkk D;ksafd ;g fof/d{kkvksa esa 'kq¼ okD; cukus dh ;ksX;rk ossQckotwn f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkk"kk dks okLrfodifjfLFkfr;ksa esa O;ogk;Z ;k c<+ ldus dh ;ksX;rkugha ns ikrh FkhA ;g ckn esa le> esa vk;k fdd{kkvksa esa iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk lajpukRedn`f"Vdks.k Hkk"kk dh lajpuk vkSj oqQ'kyrk tSls nks[kaMksa esa rksM+dj lksp esa ,d fc[kjko vkSjgYdkiu ykrk FkkA Hkk"kk dh lajpuk ossaQfnzr f'k{kkus f'k{kkFkhZ dh Hkk"kk;h mez* vkSj ekufld mez*osQ varj dks bruk c<+k fn;k fd ekul dks Hkk"kkls ck¡/s j[k ikuk laHko ugha gks ikrk FkkA5

vr% vFkZiw.kZ lanHkks± esa Hkk"kk&iz;ksx fl[kkusij cy fn;k tkus yxkA fczfV'k Hkk"kkfonksa dkdguk gS fd Hkk"kk iz;ksx esa O;kdjf.kd n{krk ossQvykok oqQN vkSj Hkh 'kkfey gksrk gSA bl vfrfjDrvk;ke dks crkus osQ fy, laizs"k.k n{krk* in dkiz;ksx fd;k x;kA6 laizs"k.k n{krk gkfly djusdh dksf'k'k O;kdjf.kd n{krk ossQ vk/kj ij ghgks ldrh gSA oLrqr% laizs"k.k fof/ igyh dksfVossQ LowQyksa esa lcls vf/d liQy jgh tgk¡f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa esa vius Hkk"kk&Kku ijHkjkslk gksrk gS tks mUgsa fofo/ fLFkfr;ksa osQ

4pkWELdh us Kku vkSj mls lh[kus ossQ chp nks rjg ossQ vk/kjHkwr Hksn crk, gSaA igyk lpsr gksdj lh[kk tkus okyk Kku] tks dkI+kQh esgur vkSjlg;ksx'khy iz;kl ls /hjs&/hjs lkaLo`Qfrd :i ls jpk tkrk gS (tSls fd oSKkfud Kku)A nwljk] og Kku tks euq"; ossQ efLr"d esa vkus okysvuqHkoksa ossQ lkFk LokHkkfod :i ls mHkjrk izrhr gksrk gSA ;gk¡ lh[ks x, Kku dh tfVyrk ifjos'k ossQ tfj, mifLFkr fd, x, Kku dh rqyukesa dgha vf/d gSA bl csesyiu dks dHkh&dHkh IysVks leL;k* dgk tkrk gSA

5blossQ vfrfjDr ckn esa ik;k x;k fd Hkk"kk&lkefxz;ksa dk ;kstukc¼ vkSj O;ofLFkr izLrqrhdj.k lh[kus okys ossQ vkarfjd f'k{k.k Øeksa ls esyugha [kkrk FkkA izLrqr vkSj vkRelkr fd, x, ra=kksa ossQ chp dk laca/ jSf[kd ugha gSA blesa lh[kus okys ossQ fnekxh O;kdj.k dk ijks{k n[kydke djrk gSA

6;|fi KkrO; gS fd pkWELdh tc n{krk* in dk mi;ksx djrs gSa rks mlesa O;oLFkkc¼rk (O;kdjf.kdrk) vkSj Lohdk;Zrk 'kkfey gSA ;g Hkk"kkdk fofo/ lanHkks± esa lgtrk vkSj mi;qDÙkk ls iz;ksx djus dh {kerk dks bafxr djrk gSA


vuqHkoksa ls feyrk gSA gkyk¡fd vf/dk¡'k f'k{kkfFkZ;ksaossQ fy, ^laizs"k.k n{krk* mruh egÙoiw.kZ ugha gSftruk Hkk"kk esa ,d cqfu;knh ;k ewyHkwr n{krkgkfly djuk (izHkq 1987 % 13)A lkexzh ls le`}lS¼akfrd izfof/;ksa (tSls fd laiw.kZ Hkk"kk] dk;Z&vk/kfjr vkSj cks/XkE; lkexzh rFkk larqfyr n`f"Vdks.k)dk Yk{; vFkZ&ossaQfnzr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkk"kk dkvuqHko fnykuk gS rkfd Hkk"kk&O;oLFkk dh cukoVefLr"d }kjk gh lapkfyr gksA

Hkk"kk ikB~;p;kZ ossQ y{;jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dk y{; gSμ• ,d lqxfBr ikB~;p;kZ uhfr] tks Hkk"kk f'k{k.k

vkSj vtZu ossQ funsZ'kd fl¼akrksa ij vkèkkfjrgks] tks LFkkuh; t#jrksa vkSj lalk/uksa ossQvuqowQy fofo/ rjhdksa dks viuk lossQ rFkktks mi;ksx ossQ fy, O;k[;kRed ekWMymiyC/ djk,A

ikB~;p;kZ uohdj.k ossQ fiNys iz;klksa ijfopkj gekjs foospu esa nqgjk, tkus dh leL;k[kM+h djrk gSA fiQj Hkh ge vk'kk djrs gSa fdHkk"kkfonksa] euksoSKkfudksa vkSj vU; lacafèkr fo"k;ksadh ekSTkwnk varnZf"V gesa ikB~;p;kZ lacaèkh rkSj&rjhossQdks cnyus o le`¼ djus ossQ fy, dkjxj lq>koksadk lS¼akfrd vk/kj ns lossQxhA

v¡xzs”kh ossQoy vius cwrs ij dk;e ugha jgldrhA bls viuk LFkku ikuk gSA

• vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ossQ lkFk

1- {ks=kh; Hkk"kk ekè;e ossQ LowQyksa esaμcPpksa dhvU; Hkk"kk,¡ v¡xzs”kh f'k{kk dks oSQls etcwrdj ldrh gSa\

2- v¡xzs”kh ekè;e ossQ LowQyksa esaμv¡xzs”kh ossQorZeku opZLo dks ?kVkdj vU; Hkkjrh;Hkk"kkvksa dk egÙo oSQls c<+k;k tk ldrk gS\

nwljs fo"k;ksa ossQ lkFk laca/ esaizkFkfed f'k{kk esa iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk dkifjisz{; fo'ks"k egÙo j[krk gSA fofHkUu vFkZiw.kZlanHkks± osQ tfj;s gh Hkk"kk lcls vPNs rjhosQ lslh[kh tk ldrh gS] blhfy, gj izdkj dk f'k{k.k,d vFkZ esa Hkk"kk f'k{k.k gh gSA ;g izfjizs{;ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ vewrZ fopkjksa osQ lanHkZ esa Hkk"kkdh osaQnzh;rk dks js[kkafdr djrk gSA tgk¡ 'kq#vkrhLrj ij lanHkZxr vFkZ Hkk"kk&iz;ksx dks c<+kok nsrsgSa ogha ckn ossQ Lrjksa ij fli+QZ Hkk"kk osQ tfj;s ghvFkZ dks ik;k tk ldrk gSA

v¡xzs”kh f'k{k.k dk mís'; ,sls cgqHkkf"k;ksa dksrS;kj djuk gS tks gekjh lHkh Hkk"kkvksa dks le`¼dj loassQ % ;gh Loho`Qr jk"Vªh; utfj;k jgk gSA;g cgqHkk"kh ifjizs{; Hkk"kk vkSj laLo`Qfr ossQljksdkjksa dks vkSj vKkr ls Kkr dh vksj tkus ossQf'k{k.k fl¼kar dks Hkh lacksfèkr djrk gSA

d{kk ossQ ckgj vkSj Hkhrj Hkk"kk vtZunwljh Hkk"kk dk f'k{k.k ikB~;p;kZ ossQ fdlh vU;fo"k; ossQ eqdkcys lkoZHkkSfed liQyrk dhlcls cM+h dlkSVh ij [kjk mrjuk pkfg,_ ;kuhde&ls&de nSuafnu mís';ksa ossQ fy, Hkk"kk dklgt vkSj mi;qDr iz;ksxA bl miyfC/ dksviuh Hkk"kkvksa esa gj cPpk LowQy tkus ls igysik ysrk gS (pkWELdh 1975)A ;gh og ^fuiq.krkdk U;wure Lrj* gS (ftls vR;ar tfVy ekufldO;kdj.k dh vko';drk gS] ftlossQ dkj.k^okLrfod le;* esa Hkk"kk dk cks/ vkSj iz;ksx gks


ikrk gS) ftldh lgk;rk ls dksbZ vke vknehegt ijh{kk ikl djus ;k O;kdj.k tkuus ossQctk, v¡xzs”kh cksy ldus* dh vis{kk j[krk gSA7

• vius ifjos'k dh Hkk"kk esa cksypky dh tkscqfu;knh fuiq.krk d{kk ossQ ckgj Hkh cPpklgt :i ls gkfly dj ysrk gS] bl O;kidmiyfC/ dks D;k v¡xzs”kh dh d{kk,¡ Hkhviuk ldrh gSa\ vxj gk¡] rks oSQls\

• lhfer {ks=kksa (tSls&;k=kk ,oa i;ZVu m|ksx)ossQ fy, vko';d Hkk"kk&oqQ'kyrk,¡ blhcqfu;knh fuiq.krk ij fVdh gksrh gSaA

,d vke laKkukRed vdknfed Hkk"kk;hn{krkvkn'kZ :i ls ;k lkekU;r;k f'k{kk esa Hkk"kk ,slhLokHkkfod :i ls izkIr dh xbZ Hkk"kk&;ksX;rk lscurh gS tks lk{kjrk esa fodkl ossQ tfj;s bls vewrZfopkjksa ossQ midj.k ;k vdknfed Kku ossQ xzg.kossQ fy, le`¼ djrh gSA vc ge ,d laKkukRedvdknfed Hkk"kk;h n{krk* dh ckr dj lossaQxs(ns[ksa dfeal 1979) ftlesa Hkk"kk vkSj lkspus dkdkS'ky cPps ossQ LokHkkfod Hkk"kk&Kku ossQ vk/kjij fufeZr gksrk gSA ;gh Hkk"kk&f'k{kk vkSj Hkk"kk ossQtfj;s f'k{kk dk y{; jgk gSA (vDlj ;g ppkZekr`Hkk"kk esa Hkk"kk&f'k{kk ossQ lanHkZ eas gksrh gSA)

• blossQ vykok Hkk"kkvksa dh ,slh laKkukRedvkSj vdknfed oqQ'kyrk,¡ lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esalapkfjr gks ldrh gSa] nwljh Hkk"kk esa HkhA

;g lapj.kh;rk gh mu vk/kjksa esa ,d jgh gSftlossQ dkj.k v¡xzs”kh dks vis{kko`Qr nsj ls ykxw

djus dh fliQkfj'k dh tkrh gSA f'k{kk esa Hkkf"kdfuiq.krk tks cPps dh viuh Hkk"kk esa fodflrgksrh gS] ckn esa ,d u;h Hkk"kk esa LokHkkfod :ils pyh tk,xhA bl fliQkfj'k osQ izfr vlarks"knks dkjdksa ossQ dkj.k gSμ

(d) igyk] Hkk"kkvksa esa vdknfed Hkkf"kd n{krkdk vlarks"ktud miyfC/ Lrj] tSls i<+us;k fy[kus esa] ossQ dkj.k nwljh Hkk"kk esavdknfed cqfu;kn ugha cu ikrh gSAvk¡dM+s crkrs gSa (ukx&v#yef.k 2005)fd NksVs uxj ossQ 40» cPps] tutkrh;bykdksa ossQ 80» cPps vkSj 'kgjh LowQyksaossQ 18» cPps izkFkfed Lrj ij viuhHkk"kk esa ugha i<+ ikrs gSaA ;s dfe;k¡ ckn ossQLrjksa ij c<+rh tkrh gSa vkSj lkekU;vdknfed vliQyrk esa cny tkrh gSaA

([k) mPp Lrjh; dkS'ky (tSlsμ vkuqekfudle> ossQ lkFk i<+uk rFkk vo/kj.kkRedLi"Vrk ossQ lkFk fy[kuk) dh cqfu;kn ossQ:i esa v¡xzs”kh dk lgt dkedkth Kku ughans ikukA

izR;sd cPps osQ fy, r; dh xbZ vkB o"kks±dh f'k{kk xkjaVh esa yxHkx pkj o"kks± esa gh v¡xzs”khHkk"kk laca/h cqfu;knh fuiq.krk cuk lduk laHkogksuk pkfg,A bl fuiq.krk esa i<+us vkSj fy[kus dkcqfu;knh lk{kjrk dkS'ky Hkh 'kkfey gksA ysfdublossQ fy, gekjs LowQyksa dks lHkh Hkk"kkvksa ossQf'k{k.k esa vkSj liQyrk gkfly djuh gksxh D;ksafdlk{kjrk osQ dkS'ky lapj.kh; gksrs gSaaA blossQ fodYi

7fli- ZQ 'kCnksa dh l¡[;k ossQ ekeys eas] ,fplu 1998 vuqeku yxkrs gSa fd ,d ?kaVs dh ckrphr esa 5000 'kCnksa dh t#jr gksrh gS] vkSj jsfM;ksokrkZ ossQ fy, 9000 'kCnksa dh t#jr gksrh gSA


8tc Hkk"kk dks Hkk"kk ossQ :Ik esa ugha i<+k;k tkrk rks og ek=k vuqeku ossQ tfj;s lh[kh tkrh gSA bldk irk v¡xzs”kh ekè;e osQ LowQyksa dh vis{kkoQrvf/d liQyrk ls pyrk gSA tgk¡ vfrfjDr v¡xzs”kh dh lkexzh (v¡xzs”kh ossQ lkekftd vuqHkoksa ossQ vykok) vU; fo"k;ksa dh i<+kbZ ls feyrh gSAvDlj bldk ifj.kke bafM;fuT+e* ossQ vtZu ossQ :i esa gksrk gS ftls oLrqr% v¡xzs”kh d{kkvksa esa grksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA ns[ksa 'ksYVMZ ySaXostVhfpax* dk;ZozQe (fo"k;ksa okyh d{kk,¡ nwljh Hkk"kk ossQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa ossQ fy, cks/xE; cukbZ tkrh gSμns[ksa Ø'ksu 1987% 71)A cks/xE; lkexzh vkSjikB~;p;kZ ossQ fy, leku Hkk"kk ossQ utfj, ls Hkk"kk&lh[kus okyksa vkSj Hkk"kk ugha le> ikus okyksa dh [kkbZ dks ikVk tk ldrk gSA

ossQ :i esa ;fn v¡xzs”kh oQks dki- Qh 'kq#vkrh Lrj lsgh ekè;e cukuk gS rks blossQ f'k{k.k ls nwljhHkk"kkvksa dh Hkh lk{kjrk esa liQyrk dks lqfuf'prdjuk gksxk tSlk fd osLV (1941) us ntZ fd;k FkkA

ikB~;p;kZ dk Lo:iμlalk/u o izfØ;k,¡

lkexzh&le`¼ ifjos'k

Hkk"kk lh[kus ossQ fy, lkexzh ossQ lkFk le`¼laizs"k.kkRed ifjos'k dh vko';drk gksrh gSAHkk"kk,¡ vO;Dr :i ls lh[kh tkrh gSaA lqudj ;ki<+dj ik, x, vFkZ ls] lwpukvksa dks le>us vkSjlaizsf"kr djus ossQ tfj;sA ge ,d cks/xE;lkexzh&le`¼ ikB~;p;kZ dk lq>ko nsrs gSa ftllsHkk"kk ossQ lgt fodkl dh cqfu;kn cu lossQ rkfdcksyh vkSj fy[kh xbZ Hkk"kk dks le>uk Hkk"kkmRiknu (O;k[;ku o ys[ku) dh iwoZxkeh Hkwfedkesa gksA ge ;g Hkh lq>k,¡xs fd lk{kjrk oSQls blrjg dh ikB~;p;kZ esa vFkZiw.kZ <ax ls ?kqyfeyldrh gSA ge igys crk pqossQ gSa fd v¡xzs”kh vkSjvU; LowQyh Hkk"kkvksa dh lk{kjrk esa D;k varlZca/gS blhfy, bl [kaM esa cgqHkkf"kdrk vkSj iwjhikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk ossQ nksgjs ifjizs{;ksa dk izdj.kckj&ckj vk,xkA

dbZ 'kks/drkZvksa (izHkq 1987] Ø'ksu 1985],Yyh vkSj eaxqHkkbZ 1983) us ”kksj nsdj dgk gSfd Hkk"kk rc lh[kh tkrh gS tc è;ku mlossQ :iij ugha cfYd lans'kksa osQ vFkZ ij fn;k tkrk gSA

bl lk>s fopkj ij c¡xyk sj i z k st sDV ;kdE;qfuossQ'kuy Vhfpax izkstsDV (izHkq 1987)] ndE;qfuossQfVo vizksp (foMkslu 1978)] n uspqjyvizksp (Ø'ksu rFkk Vsjsy 1983) vkSj iw.kZ Hkk"kkvkanksyu tSlh ubZ [kkstsa gqbZ gSaA fo'ks"k :i ls ;fnlk{kjrk xzg.k ossQ {ks=k dks ysa rks dbZ 'kks/drkZvksa usdkS'ky funsZ'kksa vkSj Hkk"kk lh[kus laca/h lcyvFkZiw.kZ ifjos'k ossQ larqyu ij tksj fn;k gS (,MEl1990] Luks] cuZl ,aM fxzfiQu 1998_ LVsuksfod2000)A lk{kjrk fodkl osQ fy, dkS'ky vkSjvFkZ nksuksa ij tksj fn, tkus dh vko';drk gSA

vFkZiw.kZ Hkk"kk ossQ vuqHkoksa dh Hkwfedk ;kefLr"d ossQ dk;Z djus ossQ fy, ^lkexzh* dhHkwfedk dks lh[kus rFkk Hkk"kk lh[kus osQ rekelaKkukRed fl¼akrksa us Lohdkj fd;k gS (lh[kusdks vknr cukukμcrkus okys O;ogkjoknh fl¼karksaosQ leku gh)A ^Hkk"kkvksa dk cks>* iwjh f'k{kk ossQcks> ossQ leku gh ,d rjg ls ugha le> ldusdk cks> gSA ;g rc gksrk gS tc Hkk"kk dks egtvius fy, ,d [kkl :i ;k fu;eksa osQ rgri<+k;k tkrk gS] lqlaxr ikBksa ossQ vFkZ ossQ okgd ossQ:i esa ugha] ;g egt ikl djus ossQ fy, vfrfjDrfo"k; ek=k jg tkrk gSA8

Hkkjr esa v¡xszth&f'k{kk dh fofo/rk vkSj O;kidrkdks ns[krs gq, iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd fdl izdkjlh[kus okyk viuh mez osQ eqrkfcd vkSj Hkk"kk ossQKku ;k Hkk"kk dkS'ky dh rS;kfj;ksa ossQ eqrkfcd


vFkZiw.kZ Hkk"kk vtZu djsA ,slh lkexzh de ls ded{kkvksa esa rks feyuh gh pkfg, ijarq lh[kus okyksa ossQvius iz;RUkksa ossQ }kjk vU; :iksa eas Hkh miyC/ gksuhpkfg,A lh[kuk d{kk ;k f'k{kd rd gh lhfer ughagksuk pkfg,A lqfoèkkoafpr f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ossQ Hkk"kk&ifjos'kdks fo'ks"k rjhdksa ls le¼ djus dh t#jr gSA blfygkt ls dbZ u;h liQy [kkstsa vkSj uokpkj blns'k esa fo|eku gSa ftUgsa mudh rkRdkfyd LFkkuh;t#jrksa ossQ ijs ys tkdj O;kid cukus ossQ fy,Nkuchu vkSj izksRlkgu dh t#jr gS] tSls var%fØ;kRed jsfM;ks funsZ'k] y{; vk/kfjr laizs"k.kjoS;k] iw.kZ Hkk"kk vk[;ku dk;ZØe vkfnA ge buliQyrkvksa dk o.kZu djus dk iz;kl djsaxsA

'kq#vkrh Lrj ij v¡xzs”khHkk"kk ls ifjp;μ ,d iwoZ&lk{kjrk ikB~;p;kZv¡xzs”kh pkgs ftl d{kk ls 'kq: gks (I - III, ;kIV ;k V - VI) 'kq#vkrh y{; (v¡xzs”kh lh[kusossQ igys ;k nks lkyksa esa) ;g gS fdμlkFkZd fLFkfr;ksa esa v¡xzs”kh ossQ lkFk igpkucukbZ tk, (eq[;r% cksypky ;k fyf[krvkSj cksyh gqbZ lkexzh }kjk) rkfd cPps dksHkk"kk dk dkepykÅ Kku gks lossQA

^^vc rd Hkk"kk lh[kus ossQ reke liQyvuqHkoksa dh ,d leku fo'ks"krk ;g jgh gSfd f'k{kkFkhZ dks ,d ;k vU; rjhossQ lslh[kh tkus okyh Hkk"kk ls ifjfpr djk;ktkrk gS** (jnjiQksMZ 1987 % 18)A

• ;gk¡ ^i;kZIr v¡kdM+ksa* ls vk'k; gS fd lkyHkj ,d ikB~;iqLrd ls fpiossQ jguk i;kZIrugha gSA blh lhfer lkexzh ij oqQ'kyvf/dkj gkfly djus dh ctk, fofo/

vkSj lkFkZd Hkk"kk&lkefxz;ksa ls fujarj ifjp;djkrs jgus ij tksj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

• bldk laca/ ewY;k¡du&fof/ ls Hkh gS]ftldh ppkZ vkxs dh tk,xhAvktdy 'kh?kz&lk{kj cukus vkSj yxk, x,

ikBksa ossQ mÙkj daBLFk djkus ij tksj fn;k tkrkgSA gekjk cy lk{kjrk&iwoZ ikB~;p;kZ dht#jr ij gSA

ge O;kid lkexzh* eqgS;k djkus ossQ lq>koksals 'kq: djsaxsA bl lkexzh esa ikB~;iqLrossaQ] vU;eqfnzr lkexzh tSls cM+h fdrkcsa] d{kk iqLrdky;],d ls vf/d Hkk"kkvksa esa lekarj lkexzh vkSjehfM;k lkexzh (lh[kus okyksa ossQ fy, if=kdk,¡]v[kckjksa ossQ LraHk] jsfM;ks@vkWfM;ks osQlsV~l bR;kfn)rFkk izkekf.kd* vkSj miyC/ lkexzh dk bLrseky'kkfey gSA 'kks/ ossQ vuqlkj nwljh Hkk"kk lh[kusdh LokHkkfod fLFkfr;ksa esa fdlh lh[kus okys}kjk Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx 'kq# djus ossQ iz;kl ossQigys rhu eghuksa dh fLFkfr ^ekSu vof/* gksrhgSA bl vof/ esa lh[kus okyksa dks tks Hkhlkexzh miyC/ gksrh gS] og mlossQ 'kq#vkrhmi;ksx (pkgs og oqQN 'kCnksa] okD;ksa ossQ VqdM+ksavkSj iQkewZyko`Qr Hkk"kk rd gh lhfer gks) ossQiz;klksa dk vk/kj gksrh gSA blhfy, d{kk esaHkk"kk dh le> vkSj mlossQ vuqHkoksa dhdher ij Hkk"kk ossQ 'kh?kz mRiknu ij cyugha fn;k tkuk pkfg,A Hkk"kk dh tk¡pekr`Hkk"kk] gko&Hkko ;k ,d 'kCn ossQ mÙkjksals dh tk ldrh gSA• d{kk esa 'kq#vkrh mi;ksx dk fdafpr~

ifjofrZr rjhdk cks/xE; lkexzh ossQ Nn~e


mi;ksx* dk gks ldrk gS] dforkvksa ;krqdksa dks lh[kdj] Hkk"kk dk lkekU; rkSjij iz;ksx vkSj d{kk O;oLFkk ossQ iQkewZysdks lh[kdj vfHkoknu ;k vuqjks/ksa dkslh[kus osQ tfj;sA Nn~e mi;ksx dh t#jrlaHkor% ekStwnk jVaRk fof/ dks izsfjr djrhgSA bls igpkudj vkSj ikB~;p;kZ esa blsmfpr LFkku nsdj ckn esa okLrfod mi;ksxhLFkku dh vksj c<+k tk ldrk gSA9

• Mªkek vkSj ukVd dk izn'kZu izkekf.kd vkSjcks/xE; lanHkks± esa Nn~e&mi;ksx dk ijEijkxrrjhdk jgk gSA gkoHkko iw.kZ rqdcanh] NksVsukVd vkSj >ydh] okLrfod d{kk xfrfof/ossQ :i esa fFk;sVj ls 'kq#vkr djuk] Hkk"kkls cPps ossQ Lkaca/ vkSj izLrqrhdj.k dksc<+kok ns ldrk gSA ckn ossQ Lrjksa ij ;g(O;kdj.k ossQ lkFk&lkFk) vyadkj&'kkL=k ossQvè;;u esa fodflr gks ldrk gSA

f'k{kd&lkexzh dks laiwjd o vuqiwjd cukukf'k{kd dh Lo;a dh Hkk"kk;h fuiq.krk dh lhfer{kerk cksèkxE; lkexzh osQ :i esa lÙk d{kk izopudks lhfer djrh gSA (d{kk 1 osQ v¡xzs”kh f'k{kdksadh rS;kjh dh fujk'kkiw.kZ rLohj ossQ fy, ns[ksa

o`Q".ku vkSj iafMr] 2003) fiQj Hkh] f'k{kd dh;ksX;rkvksa dks lkexzh ossQ tfj;s fodflrdjus vkSj iwjd cukus ossQ fy, dbZ jkLrs gSaA(d) var%fØ;kRed jsfM;ks funsZ'k (lh-,y-vkj-]

iq.ks)10 tSlh ifj;kstuk,¡ lq>krh gSa fdLFkkuh; jsfM;ks cksèkxE; vkSj fnypLilanHkks± esa ljy cksypky dh Hkk"kk eqgS;kdjk ldrk gS tks fd cPps dh Hkk"kk xzg.kdjus dh {kerk vkSj f'k{kd dh Hkk"kk;hfuiq.krk c<+krk gS pkgs og xzkeh.k lanHkksZa esa^tgk¡ v¡xzs”kh fons'kh Hkk"kk ossQ rkSj ij* d{kkik¡p rd dh] nsjh ls gh D;kas u 'kq# dh xbZgksA Hkk"kk dk fujarj vkSj lÙk vuqHko rFkkcks/xE;rk dh fu;fer izfriqf"V dhvko';drk lqfuf'pr dh tkuh pkfg,A

([k) laiw.kZ Hkk"kk n`f"Vdks.k (tkafxM+] 2005)11

ossQ rgr dgkuh i<+us dks d{kk&iz.kkyh dhrjg fodflr fd;k tkuk pkfg, (ctk,dgkuh dks ikB dh rjg i<+kus ossQ)A dgkfu;ksadks tksj ls i<+uk] nksgjkdj i<+uk] lkewfgd:i ls i<+uk] dgkuh fiQj ls crkus vkSjfiQj ls fy[kus dh xfrfof/;k¡ f'k{kdksa dhekStwnk Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk vkSj dkS'kyksa dks le¼

9Nn~e&mi;ksx ls gekjk rkRi;Z ml Hkk"kk O;ogkj ls gS tks vly esa gksus okyh izfØ;k dh udy djrh gSA ysfdu og lh[kus okys dks tks Ik<+k;kx;k gS mldh lhekvksa ls ikj tkus dh vuqefr ugha nsrh gSA

10lsaVj iQkWj fjlkslsZat (lh-,y-vkj-)] iq.ks us rhu o"khZ; laoknkRed jsfM;ks dk;ZØe ge v¡xzs”kh lh[ksa* fodflr fd;k gSA bls xzkeh.k o 'kgj ossQHkk"kk;h {ks=k ossQ izkFkfed LowQyksa esa cksypky dh v¡xzs”kh fl[kkus gsrq fodflr fd;k x;k gSA 15 feuV dk ;g dk;ZØe 250 Hkkxksa esa c¡Vk gqvkgS tks rhu vdknfed o"kks± esa laiUu gksrk gSA bl nkSjku lh[kus okyksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os Hkkxhnkjh djsaA lh[kus okyksa ossQ lquus vkSj cksyusossQ gquj ij bldk tks izHkko gS og pakSdkus okyk gSA bl dk;ZØe dk ejkBh&v¡xzs”kh laLdj.k eqacbZ vkSj iq.ks ftys esa rFkk fgUnh&v¡xzs”kh laLdj.kfnYyh] >kj[kaM vkSj mÙkjk[kaM esa vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks }kjk izlkfjr fd;k tk pqdk gSA bl dk;ZØe ls v¡xzs”kh esa #fp j[kus okys ;qok o cqtqxZJksrk rFkk yk[kksa dh l¡[;k esa fo|kFkhZ ykHkkfUor gq, gSaA

11 tkafxM+ (2005) us yxkrkj ,d lky rd dFkk okpu dk;ZØe ossQ nkSjku i<+us] cksyus vkSj fy[kus esa gkfly miyfC/ dk C;ksjk fn;k gSA blesai<+us dh izfof/ rFkk blls tqM+h f'k{kd }kjk dh tkus okyh xfrfof/ ij foLr`r ckrphr gSA lkFk gh blesa gjsd ossQ fy, f'k{k.k ossQ ;Fks"V roZQfn, x, gSaA bl vè;;u esa d{kk 1 ossQ fy, Hkk"kk ossQ tkjh ;k jpukRed ewY;k¡du dk Hkh vfHkys[ku fd;k x;k gSA


o fodflr dj ldrh gSaA fu;fer :i lsdgkfu;k¡ i<+us ls cPpkas esa] Hkk"kk&vtZudh izfØ;k dks c<+kok feysxk vkSj cPpkasossQ lkFk&lkFk f'k{kdksa esa Hkh i<+us dhvknr fodflr gksxhA [kksts tkus okysegÙoiw.kZ rjhossQ gSaμ

1- cM+h fdrkcksa dk lfEefyr ikBμcM+s vkdkjdh fnypLi iqLrosaQ ftuesa ikB ossQ lkFklaqnj fp=k Hkh gksa] (LikoZQ bafM;k rFkk izksfeliQkmaMs'ku] cSaxyq: dh fdrkcksa dh rjg)lewg&ikB ossQ mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSa tcf'k{kd i<+rk gS rks cPps igys i<+h xbZHkk"kk vkSj fp=kksa ossQ }kjk dgkuh ls ifjfprgksrs gSa vkSj /hjs&/hjs eqfnzr dksM ls cPpsdk ifjp; gksrk tkrk gSA (eè;oxhZ; omPpoxhZ; ifjokjksa esa cPpksa dks dgkfu;k¡lqukus dk pyu tks fd ,d ,slh lk{kjrkxfrfof/ gS tks lk{kjrk ossQ fodkl dksc<+kok nsrh gS] lqfo/koafpr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esanksgjkbZ tk ldrh gSA)

2- jhfMax dkMks± dk mi;ksx (tSlk fd lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y- }kjk cuk, x, v¡xzs”kh 400rFkk v¡xzs”kh 100 dkM~Zl) vkSj d{kk&iqLrdky;ksa dk izko/kuA jhfMax dkMZ ossQ

y?kq Lrjho`Qr vuqPNsn (tks pkj okD;ksa dhdgkuh ls 'kq# gksrs gSa)A izR;sd lh[kus okysdks f'k{kd }kjk 'kq# djk, tkus ossQ cknLo;a viuh dfBukbZ dk Lrj r; djusvkSj ekSu ikB (tks i<+us dh vknr ossQfodkl dk lwpd gS) dh viuh&xfr dksr; djus dh NwV nsrs gSaA

3- ^cksyrh fdrkcsa* (osQlsV~l $ fdrkcsa ) f'k{kdvkSj f'k{kkFkhZ nksuksa ossQ mPpkj.k vkSj i<+kbZdk vkn'kZ r; djrh gSa (lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y- ossQ ikl bl laca/ esa oqQN vuqHkogSa)A ;g ,d ,slk {ks=k gS tgk¡ vHkh cktkju;k gksus osQ dkj.k futh ;k O;kolkf;diz;kl ugha gks ik jgs gSaA vr% ;gk¡ ljdkjhlgk;rk dh t#jr gSA izHkq (1987) us,d ^dk;Z&vk/kfjr* izfof/ dk o.kZufd;k gS tks d{kk esa vFkZ le>kus ossQfy, ckrphr* vkSj vFkZ ^ossaQfnzr xfrfof/* dh vksj ys tkrh gSA12 bl Hkk"kk&f'k{k.kosQ fy, ^ikB* f'k{kd dk O;k[;ku gksrkgS& f'k{kd d{kk osQ fy, yxHkx mlhrjg cksyrk gS tSls dksbZ o;Ld fdlhcPps ls ckr dj jgk gks (iwoZor~ i`- 57)AblossQ fy, tgk¡ f'k{kd esa cqfu;knh Hkk"kk;h

12c¡xyksj enzkl izkstsDV* ;k dE;qfuossQ'kuy Vhfpax izkstsDV dki+Qh egÙoiw.kZ igy FkhA blesa lS¼akfrd ifj'kq¼rk vkSj vo/kj.kkRed Li"Vrkrks Fkh gh lkFk gh LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ossQ fy, iQk;nsean d{kk iz.kkyh fodflr djus dk leiZ.k Hkh FkkA ;g iz;ksx dukZVd vkSj rfeyukMqossQ lkr {ks=kh; (Hkk"kk) ekè;e LowQyksa dh vkB d{kkvksa esa (muesa rhu fuxe ;k ljdkjh LowQy 'kkfey Fks) ik¡p o"kks± rd pykA bldk mn~ns';lh[kus okyksa dks ,d mi;ksxh Hkk"kk nsuk Fkk tks O;kdj.k dh n`f"V ls Hkh lgh gksA d{kk esa vH;kl ls tks iz.kkyh fodflr gqbZ] mlls f'k{k.kfo'ks"kKksa ossQ gkFk ls fudy dj d{kk f'k{kdksa ossQ gkFk esa pyk x;kA Vhe dk iz;kl Fkk fd d{kk esa ,slh fLFkfr iSnk dh tk, ftlesa lh[kusokys esa laokn ossQ fy, iz;Ru djus dk Hkko mHkjs] ;kuh le>uk] fdlh txg ij igq¡puk] vkSj vFkZ laizsf"kr djukA* dk;Z ossQ Lo:Ik us tksfd rfoZQd&varjky xfrfof/ ij vk/kfjr Fkk f'k{kd vkSj lh[kus okys ossQ lR;kHkkl ossQ cks/ dks larq"V fd;kA ;g ,d xaHkhj vf/xexfrfof/ ossQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k (Hkk"kk [ksyksa vkSj Hkwfedk&fuokZg ossQ foijhr) _ vkSj vFkZ&oassQfnzr d{kk xfrfof/ rFkk vFkZ ossQ Li"Vysu&nsu dks ,d Li"V fn'kkfunsZ'k esa Loho`Qfr nh xbZA bu dk;ks± dh iwjh lwph izHkq (1987) esa nh xbZ gSA


13izHkq gesa crkrs gSa (lanHkZ igys okyk gS)μ--- lh[kus okyksa ossQ fy, dk;Z vk/kfjr f'k{k.k esa dksbZ cM+h leL;k mHkj dj ugha vkbZ gSA ,dNksVk lk ykHk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj LowQyh Hkk"kk esa v¡xzs”kh ossQ oqQN 'kCnksa dh ekStwnxh ls gqvk gSA muesa ls oqQN rks lh[kus okyksa ossQ igysikBksa esa Hkh 'kkfey gSA* (bl ifj;kstuk ossQ le; rfeyukMq esa v¡xzs”kh dh 'kq#vkr d{kk rhu vkSj dukZVd esa d{kk ik¡p ls gksrh Fkh)A

fuiq.krk vko';d gS] ogha ;g è;ku jgsfd ;gk¡ O;kdj.k ;k lkfgR; dh fo'ks"kKrkdh t#jr ughaA (f'k{kd oSQlh v¡xzs”khcksy ldrs gaS blossQ fy, ns[ksa [kaM 4-2rFkk izHkq (iwoZor~ i`- 98)

,sls utfj;ksa vkSj rjhdksa dks vyx&Fkyxugha jguk pkfg, cfYd ,d O;kid laKkukREkdn'kZu (ftlesa okW;xksfRLkdh] pkWELdh rFkk fi;ktsosQ fl¼akrksa dk lekos'k gks) ossQ rgr ,d nwljs ossQlg;ksxh Hkko esa gksuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k osQ fy,]Hkk"kk osQ fodkl osQ fy, cks/xE; mRiknu ossQlkFk&lkFk cks/xE; lkexzh dh vko';drk gksldrh gSA lh[kus okys dk O;kdj.k Kku tks ewyr%vO;Dr crk;k tkrk gS] volj vkus ij ;k t#jriM+us ij O;Dr Hkh gks ldrk gSA i<+us ossQ funsZ'kksa esaèofud ;k la'kksf/r èofud utfj;s ossQ lkFk&lkFkiw.kZ&'kCn n`f"Vdks.k Hkh gks ldrk gSA tSlk gevkxs crk,¡xs)A ikB~;Øe osQ mnns';ksa dks d{kk esaykxw djus osQ fy, fdUgha fo'ks"k xfrfof/;ksa (tSlsi<+us osQ fy, cPps dh rS;kjh dh vo/kj.kk dksè;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg,)A d{kk dksbZ iz;ksx'kkykugha gS] vr% mls lcdks feykdj pyus okykLFkku gksuk pkfg, tgk¡ izR;sd O;fDr dh lh[kusdh 'kSyh dk è;ku j[kk tkrk gksA

miyC/ laKkukRed o Hkk"kk;h lalkèkuksadk mi;ksxdk;Z&vk/kfjr izfof/ ls ,d egÙoiw.kZ varnZf"V;g mHkjrh gS fd ge d{kk esa μ

^u fli- QZ y{; Hkk"kk ossQ lalk/uksa dks ghcfYd lh[kus okyksa ossQ ikl miyC/ rekevU; lalk/ukas (bu ij gesa cy nsukpkfg,) tSls vVdyckth] gko&Hkko] izFkkvksadk Kku] l¡[;kvksa dk Kku vkSj ekr`Hkk"kkvkfn dks 'kkfey djus ossQ fy, laokn dhvko';drk iSnk dj ldrs gSa vkSj djuhpkfg,* (izHkq 1987 % 29)A

d{kk 1 ;k d{kk 4 ossQ f'k{kkFkhZ Hkk"kk esa dPps gksaij laKkukRed :i ls os f'k{kkFkhZ gSa] f'k'kq ughaAmudh (vkSj muossQ f'k{kdksa dh) ekStwnk laKkukRedo Hkk"kk;h ;ksX;rkvksa dk mi;ksx u dj ikus lsge ,d lalk/u rks [kks gh cSBrs gSa lkFk gh mlcPps dks Hkh foeq[k dj nsrs gSa tks u;h Hkk"kk vkSjvius ekufld lalkj esa dksbZ laca/ ugha [kkstikrkA Hkk"kkvksa ossQ chp vkSj vU; fo"k;ksa vkSjHkk"kkvksa ossQ chp ossQ O;o/ku gVkus dh gekjhfliQkfj'k ossQ ihNs ;gh utfj;k gSA13

lk{kjrk dh 'kq#vkrfMdksfMaxμuhps ls Åij vkSj Åij ls uhpseqnz.k ossQ lkFk&lkFk cksypky lk{kjrk dk ,degÙoiw.kZ jkLrk gSA ,d iw.kZrkoknh ;k Åij lsuhps rd dk n`f"Vdks.k (dgkuh i<+us ossQ ekè;els) tks iw.kZ 'kCnksa ;k Hkk"kk ossQ VqdM+ksa dh n`';igpku fodflr djrk gS] ossQ lkFk&lkFk eqnz.kigpkuuk vkSj fodksMhdj.k rFkk o.kZ&èofuekufp=k.k (;s oqQ'kyrk,¡ vktdy i<+us ossQ lkFktqM+h gSa) osQ uhps ls Åij rd ossQ joS;s dks


tksM+uk gksxkA rqd okys o.kZ&lewgksa (xksLokeh1999) osQ tfj;s ,d ifjofrZr èofud joS;kviukus ls v¡xzs”kh Lisfyax dh eè;LFkrk dksde fd;k tk ldrk gSA (tSls fd oSQV] jSV]eSV] dkj] iQkj] LVkj] ckWy] gkWy] dkWy esa ,*o.kZ dh èofu dh fujarjrk vFkok it/ ite,

at/ate, ot/ote vkfn o.kks± esa Loj&èofu;ksaossQ mPpkj.k dk vuqeku)A 'kkW dk izfl¼ mnkgj.k(Ghoti = fish) o.kZ&lewgksa osQ 'kCn esa vk{kfjdLFkku ossQ lanHkZghu iz;ksx ossQ dkj.k cuk gS(v¡xzs”kh esa 'kq#vkr esa gh dk mPpkj.kdHkh@iQ@ugha gksrk vkSj ti dh orZuh dkmPpkj.k@'k@ges'kk tion ossQ Øe esa gksrk gS)A,MEl (1990) us bu ekeyksa dk vPNk ifjp;fn;k gSA iwoZ&lk{kjrk ekSf[kd xfrfof/;k¡ cPpsesa cksys vkSj fy[ks x, Hkk"kk dksMksa tSls rqd]uke ;k 'kCnksa esa igyh èofu dh lekurk vkfnls laca/ cukus dh {kerk dks fodflr djldrh gSA14

,d eqnz.k&le¼ ifjos'keqnz.k&le`¼ ifjos'k esa dbZ lk{kjrk iwoZ xfrfof/;k¡ dh tk ldrh gSa] d{kk esa laossQr fpÉ] pkVZ]dk;Z O;oLFkk dh lwpuk,¡ yxh gksuh pkfg, tSlkfd ,d eè;oxhZ; ifjokj Hkh djrk gS (ftllsogk¡¡¡ ossQ cPpksa dks igyh ih<+h esa lh[kus vk,cPpksa ls rjthg fey tkrh gS)A

izfrekRed :i ls igpkuus ossQ fy, oSKkfudfpÉksa ossQ :i esa tgk¡ miyC/ gks] ogk¡¡¡ f'k{kd

ifjos'kh; eqnz.kksa* (uksfVl] lkbucksMZ] yscy vkfn)dh vksj è;ku fnyk ldrk gSμgj d{kk ;k gjfo|kFkhZ vius fy, mnkgj.k [kqn pqu ldrk gSAizHkq (1987) d{kk 3 ls 5 esa vkjafHkd lk{kjrk&o/Zd laizs"k.kkRed dk;ks± esa o.kZekyk ossQ o.kk±s ls[kkyh fp=kksa ossQ Åij yscy yxkus dk dkelq>krs gSaA tkafxM+ (2005) n'kkZrs gSa fd cPps(d{kk 1 ;k 3) dgkfu;ksa ossQ tfj;s eqnz.k lsifjfpr gksrs gaS blls cPpksa esa iUus ossQ LFkku Øefo'ks"kr% oasQnz esa 'kh"kZd] vuqPNsn] fu;fer {kSfrtjs[kk,¡ vkfn dk cks/ fodflr gksrk gSA

igys ossQ vO;ofLFkr ys[ku ossQ eqdkcysJqrys[k Hkh vkt laiw.kZ&Hkk"kk&xfrfof/ ossQ :iesa ns[kk tkrk gS ftlesa cPps dks ikB ossQ mnkgj.kksadks fMdksM dj viuh Le`fr esa j[kus dhvko';drk gksrh gS ftUgsa og fy[kus ossQ fy,iquxZfBu djrk gS (Msfol vkSj fjuoksyqØh 1988)A

O;kid lkexzh ossQ iks"k.k vkSj lqiqnZxhossQ fy, O;oLFkkge oqQN xfrfof/;ksa o lkexzh dk foLrkj lso.kZu dj pqossQ gSa tks 'kq#vkrh fnuksa esa Hkk"kkfodkl dks c<+kok nsrh gSa D;ksafd muosQ vHkko esav¡xzs”kh dks vkjaHk ls ykxw djus dk mís'; vliQygks tk,xkA ;g [kaM cgqHkkf"kdrk] f'k{kd dhrS;kjh o ewY;k¡du ossQ lkFk&lkFk mu LowQyksa esa,d cqfu;knh ldkjkRed gLr{ksiksa dh ckr djrkgS tgk¡ u rks f'k{kd fuiq.k gS vkSj u gh v¡xzs”kh&xzg.kdjus osQ fy, i;kZIr lefFkZr ifjos'kA O;kid

14lh[kus okys }kjk iz;qDr v¡xzs”kh 'kCn cPpksa ossQ ?kj] iM+ksl vkSj ehfM;k ls vkrs gSa] iwjh d{kk ossQ fy, lalk/u cu tkrs gaSA ukx v#yef.kvkfn (2003) crkrs gSa fd v¡xzs”kh ls tw>rs d{kk rhu ossQ cPpksa ossQ fy, fofHkUu èofu [ksyksa ls ifjp; cPpksa dh i<+kbZ i<+us] orZuh vkSj'kCn laxzg ossQ fodkl dks c<+kok ns ldrk gSA


lkexzh dh cPpksa rd lqiqnZxh osQ ra=kksa dks igpkuusdk y{; gksuk pkfg, pkgs os d{kk esa gksa ;kckgj_ mnkgj.kkFkZ] cPpksa ossQ fy, LowQy NwVus ossQckn lkeqnkf;d lalk/u osaQnz osQ :i esa LowQydk;Z dj ldrk gSA

^mipkjkRed f'k{k.k* ij fn, tkus okysekStwnk cy dks ,sls lgk;d gLr{ksi rd ystkuk pkfg, tks ,d cqfu;knh liQyrk gkflydj lossQaA tc vf/dk¡'k cPpksa dks mipkjkRedf'k{k.k* dh t#jr gks rks Li"V gS fd Lo;a ra=kdks bldh t#jr gSA vktdy f'k{kdksa vkSjLowQyksa dh vke f'kdk;r gS fd cPpksa dh ?kjsywi`"BHkwfe i;kZIr lgk;d ugha gS rks lqfo/koafprf'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks vko';d leFkZu eqgS;k djkus dknkf;Ro O;oLFkk dk gSA

ckn ossQ Lrjksa ij v¡xzs”kh&mPp Lrjh;oqQ'kyrk,¡

'kCn&laxzg] iBu vkSj lkfgR;

'kCn&laxzg] iBu vkSj lkfgR; laizs"k.k laca/h;ksX;rk vkSj nwljh Hkk"kk ossQ xzg.k vkSj fodkl ossQfy, vc 'kCndks'kh; Kku dks ossaQnzh; ekuk tkrkgSA ;gk¡ rd fd igyh Hkk"kk esa Hkh tgk¡ Hkk"kk dkO;kdj.k 10 o"kZ dh mez rd cPpk lh[k tkrkgS] ogk¡¡¡ 'kCn&laxzg djus dk dke thouHkjpyrk jgrk gSA* (fLeV] 2000 % 4)

vkxs ossQ Lrjksa ij 'kCn&laxzg vkSj ys[ku dkvkèkkj le> vkSj #fp ossQ lkFk dh xbZ O;kid

i<+kbZ gSA 'kCn&HkaMkj osQ vtZu dks ysdj ;gfookn yxkrkj pyrk gS fd ;g LokHkkfod :ils gksrk gS ;k fl[kk;k tkrk gSA ;g cgl bafxrdjrh gS fd ,d ekè;fed Lrj ossQ fo|kFkhZ ossQvdknfed mn~ns';ksa ossQ fy, ftl foLr`r'kCn&laxzg15 dh vko';drk gSA

mls ^lc oqQN ;k oqQN ugha* dh f'k{k.kfof/ ls ugha cfYd èkhjs&èkhjs Øec¼ :i lsfufeZr djuk gksrk gS (ns[ksa Øs'ku 1989] fLEkV2000)A tc 'kq#vkrh o"kks± esa Hkk"kk mfpr :i lsi<+kbZ xbZ gks rks ckn ossQ o"kks± esa f'k{kkFkhZ d{kk esaFkksM+h enn ls gh ;s mPpLrjh; oqQ'kyrk,¡ Lora=k:i ls LoHkkor% vftZr dj ysrk gSA 'kks/ ;gHkh crkrs gSa fd tc Hkk"kk f'k{k.k esa ikjaifjdrjhdksa ls gVdj] tgk¡ 'kCnksa ossQ vFkZ fl[kk, tkrsgSa ('kCndks'k dk rjhdk)] ,d le`¼ rjhdkviuk;k x;k] tgk¡ 'kCn dk nwljs 'kCnksa vkSjlanHkks± ls laca/ crk;k x;k (fo'odks'k dkrjhdk)] rks vf/d dkjxj urhts lkeus vk,(iQkWlsV vkSj fudylu] 1991] Luks vkfn] 1991)A

d{kk&iqLrdky;ksa esa mi;ksx esa ykbZ xbZ ;kmiyC/ lkexzh eqfnzr ;k eYVhehfM;k :iksa esas gksldrh gSA cPpksa dk ifjp; bu lHkh :iksa lsgksuk pkfg,A oSls rks lHkh Lrjksa ij] lkexzh dkslekurk (fyax vkSj lkekftd) vkSj lkSgknZzrk(euq";ksa ossQ chp] euq"; vkSj izo`Qfr ossQ chp) ossQizfr laosnu'khy gksuk pkfg, ij [kklrkSj ls blLrj ij tgk¡ cM+h ek=kk esa Lora=k vè;;u

15 ,d 20 o"khZ; fo'ofo|ky;h fo|kFkhZ dks v¡xzs”kh ekè;e ls f'k{kk izkIr djus ossQ fy, de ls de 20]000 'kCn ifjokjksa* (,d 'kCnossQ vU; :Ik vkSj mlls fudys :iksa ossQ lkFk) dks tkuuk t:jh gSA ;g ekudj pyk tkrk gS fd fdlh 17 o"khZ; yM+ossQ dks fo'ofo|ky;hf'k{kk ossQ fy, rS;kj gksus ossQ fy, 15000 ls 17000 'kCn ifjokjksa ls ifjfpr gksuk pkfg, ;fn og izfr o"kZ 1000 u, 'kCn lh[kus dhlkeF;Z j[krk gksA


visf{kr gksrk gS (o"kZ Hkj esa de ls de 6 ikB)]mu lewgksa esa tgk¡ f'k{kdksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh;ksX;rk miyC/ gks] Hkk"kk ossQ izfr fyax cks/ijdltxrk i Sn k dh tk ldrh g S A ;gikB~;p;kZ&i;Zos{k.k utfj;k Hkk"kk&iz;ksx lacaèkh[kkst dk vkn'kZ {ks=k gSA

ijaijkxr :i ls 'kq#vkrh Lrj ossQ cknHkk"kk lh[kus dh lkexzh dk lzksr lkfgfR;dx|_ dFkk&lkfgR; vkSj dfork gksrs gSaA tgk¡O;kid {ks=k ossQ vf/d] lelkekf;d vkSjizkekf.kd ikBksa dks 'kkfey djus dk pyu c<+kgS (Hkk"kk&ikB~;p;kZ dks O;kogkfjd fn'kk nsus ossQfy, rFkk lkfgR; dh O;kid ifjHkk"kk cuk ikusossQ fy, Hkh)] vHkh Hkh igq¡p ossQ vanj rFkklkaLo`Qfrd :i ls mi;qDr lkfgR; viuhegÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk tkjh j[ks gq, gS_ T;knkrjcPps v¡xzs”kh d{kk dks dgkfu;k¡ i<+us dh txgekurs gSaA dYiuk'khyrk ossQ fodkl ossQ fy,Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx ckn ossQ Hkk"kk vè;;u dkizeq[k y{; jgk gSA ikB~;p;kZ esa v¡xzs”kh ossQlkfgR; ossQ oSdfYid vè;;u dk vyx lsizko/ku fd;k tk ldrk gSμfczfV'k] vejhdhvkSj Hkkjrh;] dkWeuosYFk vkSj ;wjksih; vkfnlkfgR; ossQ vuqoknksa ossQ :i esaA lkFk gh blossQtgk¡ vko';d gks ogk¡¡W fo'ks"k mn~ns';ksa ossQ fy,v¡xzs”kh dks Hkh viuk;k tk ldrk gSA (Hkk"kk osQiQkewZykc¼ iz;ksxksa] tSlk fd i;ZVdksa dh iqfLrdkesa gksrk gS] ossQ fy, Hkk"kk ossQ O;ofLFkr vkSjlgt Kku dh vko';drk ugha gSA vr,o gevius dk;Z{ks=k esa ml ij fopkj ugha dj jgs)A

;s utfj;s iwoZ Lukrd Lrj ij v¡xzs”kh ossQvè;;u dh fo'ks"kKrk ossQ vk/kj cusaxsA

Hkk"kk vkSj vkykspukRed fparuμlanHkZdkS'ky] O;kdj.k vkSj lkfgR;'kkL=k

ckn ossQ Lrjksa ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks oqQN fo'oluh;dk;ks± ossQ }kjk fy[kus ls ifjfpr djk;k tkldrk gSA tSls muossQ bykossQ ossQ fdlh ,slsO;fDr ossQ fy, i=k fy[kuk ftls fyfid dht#jr gks ;k nwljs cPpksa ls i=k&O;ogkj (ge blxfrfof/ dks c<+kus ossQ fy, varj&LowQyh; dk;ZØeossQ ckjs esa lksp ldrs gSa) ;k mu yksxksa dks lkFkfeyk ldrs gSa tks Lo;a fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls i=k&O;ogkjdjuk pkgsaA blesa vè;;u ossQ ftu dkS'kyksa ijcy gksuk pkfg, os gaSμuksV ysuk] uksV cukuk]m¼j.k dkS'ky] cksyus ;k fy[kus laca/h laizs"k.kdkS'kyA lHkk esa Hkk"k.k nsuk] lk{kkRdkj o okn&fooknosQ ctk, fuca/ ;k f?kls&ihVs fo"k;ksa ij ys[kuossQ e'kgwj Hkk"k.kksa ls ifjp; djkrs gq, muossQrdks± dh lajpuk (HkkoukRed ;k rkfoZQd) dkfo'ys"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

cqfu;knh Hkk"kk;h fuiq.krk gkfly djus osQckn O;kdj.k ls ifjp; djk;k tk ldrk gSvFkkZr~ O;kdj.k vdknfed Hkk"kk ij fopkj djus;k Lo;a vius esa ckSf¼d :i ls fnypLi xfrfof/ossQ :i esa vk,A 'kCndks'kh; izfof"V;ksa ossQ vFkZiw.kZmi;ksx dh ;ksX;rk ossQ fy, O;kdj.k dk FkksM+kKku rks fdlh Hkh gkykr esa vR;ar vko';dgksrk gS D;kasfd lh[kus okyksa ossQ fy, 'kCndks'k esavc O;kdj.k* dki-Qh ek=kk esa mi;ksxh fVIif.k;kasvkSj mudh dksfMax ossQ :Ik esa jgrk gSA O;kdj.k


Hkk"kk dk izkFkfed ;k O;kogkfjd Kku ikus dkjkLrk ugha gSA16 cfYd Hkk"kk {kerk dks c<+kusvkSj ikB dh lkfgfR;d* vkSj rdkZRed lajpukdh le> ossQ fy, O;kdj.k vko';d gSSA

oqQN f'k{kdksa dk ;g nqjkxzg jgk gS fdO;kdj.k Hkk"kk dh ^'kq¼rk* (izokg ossQ foijhr)ossQ fy, vR;ko';d gSA os ;g lksprs gSa fdfo|kFkhZ Hkk"kk dk bruk vuqHko izkIr dj pqossQ gaSfd os mls lkekU; xyfr;ksa dks igpkurs gq,Ik;kZIr O;oLFkk ossQ lkFk dj ldrs gSaA

v¡xzs”kh dh d{kk ;k LowQy esa cgqHkkf"kdrk{ks=kh; Hkk"kk ossQ ifjizs{; esa

orZeku esa v¡xzs”kh d{kk esa ekr`Hkk"kk dk izos'k xqIr?kqliSfB, ossQ :i esa gksrk gS] mÙkj fy[kkrs le;f'k{kd ikB ossQ lkFk&lkFk vuqokn vkSj O;k[;k*djrk pyrk gS vkSj mls cgl djossQ vkSj le>cukus ossQ Øe esa mi;ksx esa ykdj ;k v¡xzs”kh lslacaf/r djossQ lgh txg nh tk ldrh gSA izHkq(1987) bldk ,d mnkgj.k nsrs gSa&c¡xyksjizkstsDV esa ekr`Hkk"kk ossQ iz;ksx dh lhek dk;Z dht#jrksa ls lgt gh r; gks xbZ Fkh tgk¡ lkexzhv¡xzs”kh esa Fkh vkSj tokc Hkh v¡xzs”kh esa gh vkrsFksA ekr`Hkk"kk us gh vko';drk iM+us ij v¡xzs”khHkk"kk dks cks/xE; cuk;kA ;fn v¡xzs”kh esa fofo/izdkj dh lkexzh miyC/ gks vkSj mls le>usdk lPpk iz;kl gks rks ekr`Hkk"kk n[kyankth ughadjrh cfYd lgk;d gksrh gSA ozsQ'ku (1985%94)

crkrs gSa fd ^lkFk&lkFk fd;k tkus okyk vuqoknizHkkoh ugha gksrk**] d{kk esa nks Hkk"kkvksa dkmi;ksx bl izdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS fd igyhHkk"kk dk i"BHkwfe esa mi;ksx djrs gq, y{;&Hkk"kkdh lkexzh dks cks/xE; cuk;k tk,A

v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ossQ lk/u rS;kj djusesa ekr`Hkk"kk ossQ mi;qZDr iz;ksxksa dh le>cukus esa f'k{kdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh fufeZr djusdh t#jr gSA Hkk"kk&feJ.k ossQ mi;qZDr LrjD;k gks ldrs gSa] bl fo"k; ij f'k{kdksa dhekufldrk dks lacksf/r djus dh t#jr gSAoqQN laHkkouk,¡ gSa &(v) izkFkfed LowQyksa esa Hkk"kkvksa ossQ chp

rFkk ^Hkk"kkvksa vkSj fo"k;ksa* ossQ chpossQ O;o/ku gVkukμfuEu izkFkfed Lrjij ;k de ls de d{kk 1 ls 3 rd tksxfrfofèk;k¡ cPps dks vius vklikl osQtxr ossQ izfr tkx:d djus osQ fy,gksrh gSa] os v¡xzs”kh ekrHkk"kkvksa ossQ lkFk&lkFkvk ldrh gSa (nkl 2005)A bl izdkjdh cgqHkk"kh xfrfof/;ksa ossQ fodkl ossQfy, lkexzh rS;kj djus vkSj f'k{kdksa ossQlg;ksx ls ,d Li"V izfof/ ossQ funsZ'krS;kj djus dh t#jr gS ftlesa ,d lsvf/d Hkk"kkvksa dk LokHkkfod iz;ksx gkslossQA Hkk"kk;h 'kq¼rkokn pkgs vaxszth dkgks ;k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvks a dk] mles a

16 O;kdj.k tSls in dks dbZ rjhdksa ls le>us dh t#jr gSA ;gk¡ ge in O;k[;k ossQ dkS'ky ;k j.kuhfr (,sls Hkko lewgksa dh igpku djsarkfd mudks okD; eas Bhd txg ij j[kk tk lossQ] ;k okD; ossQ foLrkj ossQ fy, mudk bLrseky djuk) dks [kkfjt ugha dj jgs gSa]'kq#vkrh Lrj ij fuos'kksa dks vf/d cks/xE; cukus ossQ lk/u ossQ :Ik esa] fo'ks"k :Ik esa v¡xzs”kh okys ifjos'k esaA oqQN O;kdj.k (tSlsizhiksth'ku dk mi;qDr iz;ksx) dh igpku 'kCn&laxzg (bl in ossQ rgr 'kkfey gS eqgkojsnkj vkSj fuf'pr vfHkO;fDr;k¡] tSls bu Vkbe]vkWu Vkbe) tSls LkVhd in dks lh[kus ossQ :Ik esa dh tk ldrh gSA


dksM&ifjorZu ;k dksM&feJ.k dh mnkjrkgksuh pkfg,A

(c) ,d ls vf/d Hkk"kkvksa esa lekarj ikBykxw djukμ;g ,d gh dgkuh Hkh gksldrh gS tSlh ,u-ch-Vh- us v¡xzs”kh ossQlkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh dgkfu;k¡Nkih gSa (ns[ksa ve`rkoYyh vkSj jkes'ojjko] 2001)A izkWfel iQkmaMs'ku us pkjHkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj v¡xzs”kh esa cM+h iqLroassQrS;kj djkbZ gSa] lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y- dhlaiw.kZ Hkk"kk n`f"Vdks.k osQ rgr f}Hkk"khfdrkcsa gSaA ,sls lekarj ikB ,d nwljs ossQ;Fkkor vuqokn gksa ,slk t:jh ugha gS ijos leku vFkZ okys gksa vkSj muesa ,dtSlh Hkkf"kd xfrfof/ tSls&rqd]èofu&[ksy vkfn 'kkfey gksa rkfd cPpsHkk"kk&èofu lajpuk ossQ izfr lpsr gksaAi<+uk ,d lapj.kh; oqQ'kyrk gSμ ,dHkk"kk esa i<+us ls i<+us dh oqQ'kyrk lkekU;:i ls c<+rh gS (osLV 1914)A ;g fli-QZ leku fyfi okyh Hkk"kkvksa esa ugha cfYdvyx fyfi;ksa okyh Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh dkjxjgksrk gSA (osLV us c¡xkyh vkSj v¡xzs”kh ijdke fd;k gS % nks fyfi;ksa dh fLFkfr;ksavkSj i<+us dh lapj.kh;rk ossQ ckjs esa vcFkksM+h cgqr tkudkjh gS)A

(l) fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ lkFk =kqfViw.kZ v¡xzsth dh vfHkO;fDrossQ vFkZ dh iqujZpuk ossQ fy, tkuh&igpkuhHkk"kk dk mi;ksx (iQksdl lewg dh ,dppkZ esa MkW- paik fVDowQ dh izLrqfr)A

(n) tcfd Åij fn, x, lq>ko lekarj ;klkFk&lkFk dke djus okyh Hkk"kkvksa ossQ ckjseas gSa] ogha f}Hkk"kh i<+us&i<+kus okys osQfy, ;k fefJr dksM ossQ f}Hkk"kh ikBksa ijHkh iz;ksxkRed dk;Z miYkC/ gSa (ns[ksa Mksosjk2005] iQsfyDl 1998)A budh 'kS{kf.kdlaHkkoukvksa dks [kkstk tk ldrk gSA

(;) jkT; dks fofHkUu Lrj ossQ fy, lh[kusokyksa ossQ f}Hkk"kh 'kCndks'kksa ossQ izdk'kudh igy djuh pkfg, D;ksafd bldkcktkj ugha gksus osQ dkj.k Lrjh; O;kolkf;digy bl {ks=k esa ugha gqbZA v¡xzs”kh@izQkalhlh@Lisuh@brkyoh@tkikuh lanHkks± osQ ,sls 'kCndks'kmiyC/ gSa tks f}Hkkf"kdrk vkSj f}lk{kjrkdks c<+kok nsaxs vkSj lkexzh dks le>us rFkkLora=krk ls i<+Uks dks c<+kok nsaxsA

(j) ,d vU; f}Hkk"kh ekWMy gS ftlesa vifjfprHkk"kk dh lkexzh ysdj ifjfpr Hkk"kk esamldk iz;ksx gksrk gS tSlk fd dHkh&dHkh(v¡xzs”kh ekè;e) fo'ofo|ky; i<+uk ,dlapj.kh; oqQ'kyrk gSμosQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa}kjk viuh Hkk"kk esa mÙkj nsus osQ vkxzg esa>ydrk gSA (oqQN fo'ofo|ky; bls ekuysrs gSa)A ;g Hkh è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fdfczfV'k LowQyksa esa izQkalhlh ikB ossQ vè;kiuesa mÙkj v¡xzs”kh esa fn, gksrs gSaA

;|fi ;s lHkh lq>ko rqjar mi;ksx esa ughayk, tk ldrs gSa] fiQj Hkh buls irk pyrkgS fd fofo/ lanHkks± ossQ fy, dbZ fodYimiyC/ gSaA ;s v¡xzs”kh ikB~;p;kZ dks gydkcukus* ossQ iz;kl ugha gaS cfYd oLrq&fLFkfr


vkSj t#jrks a dks v¡xz s”kh dh lqiqnZxh dhO;oLFkkvksa ossQ pquko ossQ lkFk tksM+us dk iz;klgS (ikB~;iqLrdksa dk [kaM Hkh ns[ksa)A

v¡xzs”kh ekè;e dk lanHkZfdlh laHkzkar 'kgjh cPps dks v¡xzs”kh osQ vykokdksbZ nwljh Hkk"kk esa dkedkt djuk ;k fl[kkuk,d xaHkhj pqukSrh gSA ,d ekStwnk ekWMy gS oqQNfo"k;ksa (tSls lekt foKku) dks xSj v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kkesa i<+kus dk (ppkZ ossQ fy, ns[ksa] ve`rkoYyh]2001)A v¡xzs”kh dh d{kk esa vc v¡xzs”kh esaHkkjrh; ys[ku ossQ ikBksa (dFkk lkfgR; ;k xSjdFkk lkfgR;) ossQ lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa lsvuqokfnr ikB fey tkrs gSaA

ijarq v¡xzs”kh o vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ossQchp laokn dks blls vkxs ys tkus dh t#jrgSA mnkgj.k ossQ fy, oSls rjhossQ [kkstus dht#jr gS ftlls ewy Hkk"kk vkSj v¡xzs”kh vuqoknossQ lekarj ikB i<+s tk,¡A ewyr% v¡xzs”kh vkSjvU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ossQ f'k{kdksa esa bl ijlgefr gksuh pkfg, fd vdknfed Hkk"kk;hxfrfof/ D;k gS vkSj bls nSfud thou esa fdlrjg 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls i=k&if=kdk,¡miYkC/ gSa tks lekarj Hkk"kk;h laLdj.k fudkyrsgSa (oLrqr% pankekek vkSj vej fp=kdFkk dkv¡xzs”kh ossQ lkFk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa izdk'ku dkbfrgkl jgk gS)A Vsyhfotu ij Hkh lekarj Hkk"kkpSuy gSaA ,sls is'ksoj yksxksa dh i;kZIr l¡[;kmiyC/ gS tks ,d ls vf/d Hkk"kkvksa esa dkedjrs gSaA bu lalk/uksa dks d{kkvksa esa izkFkfedLrj vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls ekè;fed Lrj ij izos'kfeyuk pkfg,A

ikB~;iqLroassQbu lcdk fufgrkFkZ gS fd d{kk esa mi;ksx fd,tkus okys ikBksa] ftlesa ikB~;iqLrosaQ Hkh 'kkfeygS] ij f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dk vf/d lsvf/d vf/dkj gks tk,A fli- QZ ,d fu/kZfjrikB ls ikB~;p;kZ laca/h Lora=krk ugha vk ldrhAigys dh rjg miyC/ ikBksa ossQ lewg esa ls ,dpqu ysus ossQ rjhossQ dks fiQj viuk;k tk ldrkgS&mM+hlk tSls oqQN jkT;ksa esa jhfMax dkMZ ossQfopkj ossQ leku gh u;h rjg dh ikB~;iqLroasQ'kq# dh xbaZ gaS ftuesa ,d gh ihfj;M esa [kRefd, tk ldus okyh NksVh bdkb;k¡ gksrh gSa(lquokuh 2005)A Hkk"kk dks ,d xfr'khy ikB ossQ:Ik esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,] ;kuh ckj&ckj ,d ghikB dks nksgjkrs jgus ossQ ctk, jkst&jkst u;h?kVukvksa dh rqyuh; Hkk"kk dk ifjp; djk;ktkuk pkfg, (ve`rkoYyh] (1999)A bldh rqyukHkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; laxhr esa jkx ossQ lh[kus dhfof/ ls dh tk ldrh gSA) ;g cPps dks^vifBr* cks/xE; mnkgj.kksa dh ijh{kk ossQ fy,rS;kj djsxkA f'k{kd vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks viusLrj ossQ vuq:Ik iw.kZ fuèkkZfjr vkSj vfu/kZfjrikBksa ossQ larqyu dks fodflr djuk gksxkA

f'k{kkFkhZ }kjk p;fur ikBf'k{kkfFkZ;ksa }kjk pqus x, ikBksa ossQ mi;ksx ijvkajfHkd 'kks/ gq, gSa (oqQekj nkl 1993)A buikBksa esa vkys[k] iqLroassQ vkSj vuqPNsn] pqVoqQys;k dkVwZu tSlh NksVh phtsa vkrh gSa ftUgsa f'k{kkFkhZviuh d{kk esa vkSjksa dks lqukus ossQ fy, ykrs gSaAmi;qZDr lkexzh dh [kkst ossQ fy, f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks


izksRlkfgr djus ls muesa O;kid #Ik ls i<+us dhizsj.kk c<+rh tkrh gSA ;g d{kk dks îzkekf.kd*lkexzh dh rji- Q Hkh ys tkrk gS tks vc rdO;oLFkk ossQ }kjk misf{kr lalk/u jgk gSA bZ-,y-Vh-osQ lkfgR; esa ,slh lkexzh ossQ mi;ksx ij O;kidppkZ,¡ feyrh gSaA ,d f'k{kd us fy[kk gS fdMkd[kkus ;k jsyos&LVs'ku rd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ystkus ls mUgsa v¡xzs”kh ossQ îkBksa* ossQ uewus pquusdk volj feykA ofj"B f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ossQ fy,jsfM;ks] izdkf'kr lkexzh ;k Vsyhfotu lekpkj;k lekpkj iQhpjksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrkgS (tSlk fd lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y- }kjk fd, x,'kks/ dk lq>ko gS)A

fu/kZfjr ikBksa ossQ lkFk vkus okyh ôaqQft;k¡;k xkbMsa* ,d leL;k cu xbZa gSaA bl fjok”kdh HkRlZuk djus ossQ ctk, gesa ;g lkspukpkfg, fd vkf[kj oqQaft;k¡ gksrh D;ksa gSa\ osLFkkuh; (f'k{kd@f'k{kkFkhZ) ;ksX;rkvksa vkSj oassQnzhoQrO;oLFkk dh vis{kkvksa (ijh{kk,¡@fu/kZfjr ikB)

ossQ chp dh [kkbZ dks Hkjrh gSaA ^ljy* ikB vkSj^ljyho`Qr* ikB ossQ chp i- QoZQ djuk mi;ksxhgks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] fÙkfy;ksa ijfdlh foKku dh fdrkc esa ys[k dh rqyukfdlh v[kckjh LraHk esa izdkf'kr fÙkfy;ksa ijys[k ossQ lkFk ;k cM+s yksxksa ossQ fy, fdlhfo'odks'k esa bl fo"k; dh izfof"V osQ LkkFkvkSj fiQj cPpksa dh fdrkc esa fÙkfy;ksa ijfdlh ys[k osQ lkFk dh tk, rks irk yxrk gSfd ;s lc Hkk"kk ossQ fygkt ls gh fHkUu ughacfYd viuh lwpuk&lajpuk esa Hkh fHkUu gSaA

ftu iqLrdksa dh lwpuk&lajpuk dks oqQaft;ksa dht#jr iM+rh gS] mudh tk¡p djuh pkfg,A

vf/dkf/d jpukRed ikB~;iqLrossaQ miyC/djokus dk ekgkSy cukuk pkfg,A vf/d mezossQ lh[kus okyksa ossQ fy, dYiuk'khy rjhossQ lsljy v¡xzs”kh esa fy[kh xbZ iqLrdksa dk vdkygSA Hkkjr esa futh {ks=k o lkoZtfud {ks=k nksuksatxg cPpksa ossQ fy, fy[kk x;k jpukRedlkfgR; O;kid :Ik esa miyC/ gS ij fofHkUudkj.kksa ls bl lkfgR; dk vf/dk¡'k Hkkx d{kkvksaesa LFkku ughaa ikrk gSA

f'k{kd rS;kj djukμf'k{kd&izf'k{k.kvkSj fodklf'k{kdksa dh f'k{kk dks fujarj tkjh j[kus vkSjvius {ks=k ls (vkSipkfjd o vukSipkfjd lg;ksxhO;oLFkkvksa }kjk) tqM+s jgus dh vko';drk gSAlkFk gh mldh rS;kjh Hkh gksuh pkfg,A pw¡fdvDlj f'k{kd gh jksy ekWMy mnkgj.kkFkZ&iBuossQ fy, gksrs gSa vr,o Hkk"kk ossQ lkFk muossQifjp; ;k fuiq.krk ij tksj fn;k tkuk pkfg,AHkk"kk&f'k{k.k ossQ izfr f'k{kd esa tkx:drk ;klaonsu'khyrk fodflr djus dk ;g Hkh ,drjhdk gSA fuiq.krk vkSj is'ksoj tkx:drk dksHkh c<+kus dh bruh gh t#jr gS vkSj fo'ks"k :Ikls is'ksoj tkx:drk ossQ ckjs esa] tgk¡ vko';dgS] f'k{kd dks viuh Hkk"kk esa crk;k tkukpkfg,A

ikB~;p;kZ vius fØ;kUo;u ls gh egÙoikrh gSA 1960 dh lajpukRed ikB~;p;kZ dkmís'; Fkk ^Vhpj&izwi- Q* lkexzh rS;kj djukA ;g


ekWMy Hkk"kk;h] 'kS{kf.kd vkSj euksoSKkfud lHkhek;uksa esa vliQy jgkA mlossQ ckn dh ;gekU;rk fd f'k{kd ^f'k{kk dks lqxe cukus okykgS* dh fo'oluh;rk ij Hkh loky [kM+s gksx,A tgk¡ f'k{kd dks Hkk"kk&lkexzh dk ,dek=kvkiwfrZdrkZ cuus dh t#jr ugha gS (tks fdikB~;iqLrd ij mldh fuHkZjrk ls tkuk tkrkgS) ogha fdlh Hkh d{kk&xfrfof/ ;k uokpkjdh liQyrk Hkk"kk esa f'k{kd ossQ Hkk"kk laCk/hlalk/uksa ls r; gksrh gSA(v) v¡xzs”kh esa f'k{kdksa dh fuiq.krk f'k{kd ossQ

larks"k ossQ cks/ ;kuh v¡xzs”kh i<+kus dhmldh bPNk ls lacaf/r gS (o`Q".ku vkSjiafMr 2003)A vc rd f'k{kd&izf'k{k.kdk;ZØeksa esa bl dkjd ij è;ku ughafn;k x;k gSA vis{kko`Qr nsj ls v¡xzs”kh dh'kq#vkr djkus dh fli- Qkfj'k bl ckr dhvis{kk j[krh gS fd ckn ossQ Lrj ijcsgrj (Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk) f'k{kd miyC/ gksaxs(laHko gS ;g lp u gks)A vc v¡xzs”kh dkfoLrkj oqQN ,slh fLFkfr;ksa rd gks x;k gStgk¡ f'k{kd vkSj mldh d{kk gh ,dek=klzksr gks rks f'k{kd dh fuiq.krk ij è;kunsuk vR;ar vko';d gks tkrk gSA

(c) fuiq.krk dks ;Fkk;ksX; LFkku nsus ossQ cknf'k{kd dh rS;kjh ossQ oSpkfjd ;k fodklkRedvo;oksa dks f'k{kd dh viuh Hkk"kk esa nsusdh Lora=krk gksrh gS rkfd cks/xE;rk vkSjcgl lqfuf'pr gks losQA v¡xzs”kh osQ tfj;sf'k{kd&izf'k{k.k esa vDlj blossQ vdknfedvaroZLrq dh Hkk"kk dks le>us esa dfBukb;k¡

vkbZ gSa ftlls f'k{k.k&izfof/ esa fDy"Vrkvk tkrh gSA vle dk vuqHko (Mksosjk2005) crkrk gS fd vdknfed varoZLrqdks f'k{kd dh viuh Hkk"kk esa Hkh izLrqrfd;k tk ldrk gSA LowQy f'k{kdksa dksvfuok;Zr& lsok&iwoZ izf'k{k.k vkSj lsok&dkyesa fu;fer varjkyksa ij izf'k{k.k feyukpkfg,_ bl ckr dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,fd f'k{kd dks yxkrkj py jgh fu;ferxfrfof/;ksa ls oqQN nsj ossQ fy, vyxfd;k tk lossQA lsok&iwoZ f'k{kk ikB~;p;kZvkSj izf'k{kdksa dks le`¼ cukus ls ykHkkfUorgks ldrh gS rkfd vf/xe esa gq, laKkukRedvkanksyu dh >yd vk lossQ_ ^ikB dh;kstuk* dks vDlj rkRdkfyd O;kogk¡¡fjdmn~ns';ksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj cuk;k tkrk gStcfd fo"k;oLrq] fu;eksa] ifjHkk"kkvksa ossQctk, Hkk"kk vkSj 'kCn&laxzg ^fodkl* ossQi{k esa Ik;kZIr izek.k feyrs gSaA

(l) ;fn dkjxj fopkjksa dks igpkuuk vkSjmi;ksx esa ykuk gS rks dk;Z ossQ LFkku ijgh fd, tkus okys gLr{ksi vifjgk;Z gkstkrs gSaA ^fl¼kar* (;k vdknfed Hkafxek)vkSj O;ogkj* (;k jksteZjk dh mÙkjthfork)rFkk fl¼kardkjksa vkSj O;ogkj djus okyksaossQ chp dh xgjh [kkbZ muossQ dk;ZLFkyksaossQ chp dh [kkbZ dk vkbZuk gSA ;fn^izf'k{kd* Ik;kZIr l¡[;k esa miyC/ ughagaS rks f'k{kd Lo;alsoh lewg cuk ldrsgSaA mUgsa i<+kbZ vkSj ehfM;k dh lkexzh dk


leFkZu fn;k tk ldrk gSA blls tehuhLrj ossQ uokpkjkas dks c<+kok feysxkA

,sls fopkjoku f'k{kdksa dh vko';drk gSftuesa Hkk"kk&lh[kus vkSj v¡xzs”kh&cgqHkk"kh d{kkdh xgjh le> gksA ekStwnk lsok&iwoZ vkSj lsokdkyhuikB~;p;kZ dks blh y{; dh izkfIr ossQ fy,cnyuk gksxkA nks ,sls egÙoiw.kZ {ks=k gaS ftUgsaf'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa vo'; lfEefyrdjuk pkfg, & lh[kus ossQ euksfoKku dh le>rFkk Hkk"kk vkSj lk{kjrk xzg.k dh izfØ;k,¡] blossQlkFk gh os eqís Hkh 'kkfey fd, tk,¡ ftudk ftØbl nLrkos”k esa gqvk gSA

ewY;k¡dulHkh txg ijh{kk dks ikB~;p;kZ&lq/kj dh ,dek=k;k izeq[k ck/k ekuk tk jgk gSA ewY;k¡du&fof/dks fdl izdkj ,d vM+pu ossQ ctk, f'k{kk ossQfy, ,d lgk;d dkjd cuk;k tk ldrk gS\Hkk"kk&ewY;k¡du dks fdlh [kkl ikB~;Øe esa^miyfC/* rd lhfer ugha jguk pkfg, cfYdbls Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk dh eki dh fn'kk esa eksM+ktkuk pkfg,A ge Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk ossQ fujarj tkjhewY;k¡du ossQ oqQN rjhdksa ij ppkZ djsaXksA

fujarj tkjh lrr ewY;k¡dufujarj tkjh] lÙk vFkok jpukRed ewY;k¡du ossQfy, dh xbZ fli- Qkfj'kksa vkSj f'k{kdksa }kjk crkbZxbZ tehuh okLrfodrkvksa vkSj leL;kvksa esafojks/kHkkl ;g n'kkZrk gS fd tkjh ewY;k¡durHkh lkFkZd gks ldrk gS tc f'k{kd vkSjf'k{kkFkhZ viuh izxfr dk nkf;Ro Lo;a ysa] ufd fdUgha ckgjh (okLrfod ;k dkYifud]

rkRdkfyd ;k vafre pj.k rd) ekunaMksa ossQvuqlkj izn'kZu djrs jgsaA f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksadks lh[kus dh mifLFkfr* tks fd ,d ekufldfodkl gS vkSj vxkspj gS 'kkjhfjd fodkl tSlkfn[k ldus okyk ugha] dks igpku ldus esal{ke gksuk pkfg,A

fdlh ,sls iks"k.k dk;ZØe (Øs'k Mk;V ;kpeRdkjh fodkl dj nsus okys iks"kkgkjksa ossQvykok) ossQ csrqsosQiu dh dYiuk djsa ftlesafo|kfFkZ;ksa dh m¡QpkbZ vkSj otu dh jkstkuk]lkIrkfgd vkSj ekfld varjky ij eki djuhiM+sA fiQj Hkh tkjh ewY;k¡du dk dke Bhdblh varnZf"Vghu :Ik ls pyrk jgk gSA ;gO;kf/ lh[kus dh izfØ;k dh xgjh le> ossQcxSj nwj ugha gks ldrh D;ksafd ;g izfØ;kO;fDrxr vkSj vkRefu;af=kr gksrh gSA ;g xgjhle> f'k{kdksa ossQ fy, vfuok;Z gS rkfd oscPpksa dh Hkk"kk lh[kus dh izfØ;k vkSj fuiq.krkossQ lw{e ifjorZuksa dks ns[k losassQ (vkSj ljkgukdj losaQ)A 'kk;n lHkh ewY;k¡duksa dks varr%vkRe&ewY;k¡du dk gh y{; j[kuk gksxk (;g'kCnkoyh nwjorhZ f'k{kk esa izpfyr rks gS ij ogk¡¡¡bldh vuqifLFkfr [ksn dk fo"k; gS) vxjf'k{kkFkhZ lh[kus ossQ ckjs esa fodYiksa dks LosPNkls pquus ossQ ;ksX; gS vkSj og ^thoui;aZrlh[kus okyk* cuk jgrk gSA ,d f'k{kd tcvius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks tku ysrk gS eq[;r% muosQvkRe&ewY;k¡du dk lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ ennxkj gksrkgS (fiQj og ,d vutkuk ewY;k¡dudÙkkZ ughajgrk tks miyfC/;ksa dks ekudho`Qr ekinaMksa lsekirk gS)A dksbZ oSQlk ewY;k¡du djrk gS mlh


ls r; gksrk gS fd cPpk viuk ewY;k¡du djkukpkgrk gS fd ughaA

tgk¡ LkokZf/d f'k'kq&oasQfnzr ewY;k¡du izfof/Hkh oqQN O;fDr;ksa ossQ fy, ijs'kkuh dk dkj.k gkstkrh gS ogk¡¡¡ ewY;k¡du dh ,d O;oLFkk gksuh ghpkfg,] bl ckjs esa oQksbZ fookn ugha gSA loky ;ggS fd oSQls vkSj fdrukA f'k{kkFkhZ rHkh ewY;k¡duksa esavkjke ls Hkkx ysrs gSa tc ges'kk vliQy gksus dkvuqHko u gks vkSj ifj.kke dks vkxs lh[kus ossQ fy,,d oS/ vkSj mi;qDr dne ossQ :Ik esa ns[kk tk,AnqHkkZX;o'k vfèkdka'k cPpksa ossQ fy, f'k{kk&izfØ;kesa ekSTkwnk ewY;k¡du fof/;ksa dh rkRdkfyd HkwfedkLi"V ugha gSA f'k{kkFkhZ dh orZeku fodkl vFkoklaizkfIr dh fLFkfr dk fu/kZj.k djossQ lÙk ewY;k¡duf'k{k.k dks mRlkfgr vkSj funsZf'kr djuk pkfg,rkfd mlossQ fudVLFk fodkl ossQ {ks=k* dh igpkugks lossQA (Øs'ku ossQ vuqlkj tc f'k{kkFkhZ dh Hkk"kki Lrj ij gks rks lkexzh i +1 ossQ Lrj ij gksuhpkfg,)A lh[kus dh miyfC/;k¡ Hkk"kk;h voljksadk ifj.kke gSaA uhps ge oqQN ,slh miyfC/;ksa dhlwph ns jgs gSaμ

cksyuk

cksyus dh 'kq#vkr(d) ekr`Hkk"kk (,¡ ) lh[kus esa cksyus dh izfØ;k&

igys ,d 'kCn tks T;knkrj laKk&in gksrsgSa] ls nks&'kCn dk Lrj gksrs gq, dbZ 'kCnksaokys okD; ftlesa fØ;k,¡] lgk;d fØ;k,¡]fu/kZjd] fo'ks"k.k vkSj iwoZlxZ gksrs gSa] rdizxfr djrh gSA lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y- (tkafxM+

2005_ ^fot;k dk;kZ/hu*) ossQ oqQN 'kks/crkrs gSa fd nwljh Hkk"kk lh[kus okyksa dhcksyh dh izxfr Hkh blh izdkj ossQ lekuLrjksa ls gksdj pyrh gSA lkekU;r% lh[kusokyksa dk mudh Hkk"kk ij fu;a=k.k vkSlryacs okD;ksa esa >ydrk gSA nh?kZ Hkk"kk;hlkexzh dk mi;ksx Hkk"kk mRiknu ossQ ,slsgh ifj.kkeksa esa fn[krk gS (mÙkj nsus esaμtSlsμfd tc cPps dks rLohjsa fn[kkbZtk,¡)A blossQ foijhr tc cPpksa dks l[rhls d{kkvksa esa i<+k;k tkrk gS rks os rLohjsafn[kkus ij Li"V ugha cksy ikrs ;k T;knkrjbu rLohjksa dks ns[krs gq, laKkvksa okys ,d'kCn cksy ikrs gSaA bl izdkj f'k{kd 3 ;k4 eghuksa ossQ varjky ij bl rjg dk ;RudjossQ cPps ossQ Hkk"kk fodkl dk vkarfjdcks/ ik ldrs gSaA

([k) ,sls ewY;k¡duksa ossQ ifj.kke fuEufyf[kr gksldrs gSaμ

(d) izR;sd cPps ossQ fy, cus iksVZiQksfy;ks esantZ izfof"V (fVIi.kh) osQ :Ik es a(iksVZiQksfy;ks vkdyu)_ ;k

([k) f'k{kd ;k cPps dh Mk;jh esa ntZ djossQAf'k{kd&fodkl dk;ZØeksa ossQ lzksr ossQ :Ikesa f'k{kd Mk;fj;ksa dh dkIk- Qh ppkZ gks jghgSA f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks Hkh viuh Hkk"kk (;knwljh Hkk"kk) ftls os HkfyHkk¡fr tkurs gaS]dh izxfr dks lapkfyr djus ossQ fy,lh[kus ossQ vius vuqHkoksa dks futh Mk;fj;ksaesa mUeqDr :Ik ls nt- Z djus dks izksRlkfgrfd;k tk ldrk gSA


cksyuk % mi&oqQ'kyrk,¡μ ckn ossQ Lrjksa ij t¡kposQ fy, cksyus dh oqQ'kyrk dks mi&oqQ'kyrkvksaossQ tfj;s fo'ysf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

i<+ukcks/ vkSj dfBukbZ ossQ Lrj ij Lo;a dhizxfr ij utj j[kukμ v¡xzs”kh 400 tSlsi<+us ossQ dk;ZØeksa esa dfBukb;ksa ossQ fofo/Lrjksa ossQ vuq:Ik cus dkMks± }kjk izxfr ossQvkdyu dh fof/ lkFk&lkFk rS;kj feyrh gSAbuossQ ewY;k¡du dk ekudhdj.k djus dhvko';drk gSA

i<+uk % oqQN mi&oqQ'kyrk,¡(d) tksj&tksj ls i<+uk@fMdksfMax tSls&tSls cPps

fMdksfMax esa T;knk fuiq.k gksrs tkrs gSa osvf/d rsth ls ('kCn izfr feuV) vkSjde xYkfr;ksa ossQ lkFk i<+us yxrs gSaA ,slsHkh cPps gks ldrs gSa tks fdlh 'kCn dksv{kjksa esa ck¡Vdj i<+us ls 'kq# djsa rkfd'kCn ossQ fgTts djrs gq, mldk mPpkj.kdj lossaQ] fgTts djus dk ;g dkS'ky cknesa u, 'kCn lh[kus rd igq¡p tkrk gSA

([k) fdlh lwpuk ossQ fy, ikB dh iwjh rjgNkuchu (tSls fdlh lwph] Vsfyi- QksuMkW;jsDVjh] foKkiu vkfn dks)A

(x) nh gqbZ lwpuk ossQ fy, iBu (rF;kRedcksèkxE;rk)A

(?k) fu"d"kZ ossQ fy, i<+ukA(Ä) foLrkfjr iBuA

Yks[ku vkSj lquus dh tk¡p dks Hkh blh rjgmi&oqQ'kyrkvksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj

dh tk¡p dks ,dhoQr Hkk"kk tk¡p (mnkgj.kkFkZ]Dykst VsLV ls 'kq# djossQ) ls vuqiwfjr fd;k tkldrk gSA ewY;k¡du ossQ fy, mi&oqQ'kyrkvksa ossQbl utfj;s ls f'k{kd dks izR;sd f'k{kkFkhZ dh[kkl fo'ks"krkvksa dh varnZf"V fey ldrh gSAelyu dksbZ eq[kj ;k Li"Voknh f'k{kkFkhZ i<+ustSlh vareqZ[kh vkSj futh xfrfof/ esa vPNk u gks;k cgqr #fp u ys ldrk gksA ,d f'k{kdfo|kFkhZ ossQ etcwr vkSj detksj {ks=kksa dks igpkuldrk gS tgk¡ enn dh t#jr gSA

lesfdr ewY;k¡du^miyfC/* dh ctk, ^fuiq.krk* dh fn'kk esa ghgksuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ i<+s gq, va'kksa ij vf/dkjdk ijh{k.k djus ossQ ctk, Hkk"kk dk u, (Hkysgh ckj&ckj vkus okys) lanHkks± esa mi;ksx dh;ksX;rk gks] blesaμ• mez ossQ vuowQy lkexzh dks i<+ukA• mez ossQ vuowQy lkexzh dks lquuk vkSj

le>ukA• mez osQ vuqowQy lkezxh@fo"k;ksa ij ckrphr

djukA• mez ossQ vuqowQy fo"k;ksa ij ys[kuA• xzg.k'khy 'kCnkoyh ij vf/dkjA• vfHkO;fDr&;ksX; 'kCn&laxzg ij vf/dkjA

Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk ossQ jk"Vªh; ekunaMksa ossQ fodklossQ fy, igys bu lHkh eqíksa ij vf[ky Hkkjrh;izfrfuf/ uewuksa ossQ fo'oluh; vkSj fooj.kkRedvk¡dM+s bdV~Bs djus dh t#jr gSA jk"Vªh; LrjossQ ,sls ekunaM ;k vkSlr] tgk¡ t#jr gks ogk¡¡¡lkekftd foKku vkSj f'k{kk ossQ {ks=k esa leFkZu


dh igy ossQ fy, iwoZxkeh gksrs gSaA buls]lh[kus ossQ iz;kl esa nh tkus okyh ftlikB~;p;kZRed Lora=krk dk geus lq>ko fn;kgS] vkSj ewY;k¡du ossQ ekudhdj.k] tks izek.khdj.kossQ fy, vko';d gSa] dk larqyu Hkh cukjgsxkA

bu ekunaMksa ossQ }kjk jk"Vªh; v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kkijh{kkvksa ossQ ,d lSV] vFkkZr~ ijh{kkvksa ossQ ,dcSad dks fufeZr djuk gksxk ftls f'k{kd vkSjf'k{kkFkhZ Lo&ewY;k¡du ossQ fy, iz;ksx dj ldrsgSaA bu ijh{kkvksa dks ,d foLr`r xzsM ;k v¡dksa dhctk, fuiq.krk ossQ vf/d lw{e ekid r; djuspkfg, (orZeku esa] vuns[ks mnkgj.kksa dh cks/xE;rk ij feys vk¡dM+ksa dks i<+s gq, mnkgj.kksa dks;kn djus ossQ ijh{k.k esa feys v¡dksa ls fefJr djfn;k x;k gS] ftlls fuiq.krk* vkSj miyfC/* dks,d tSlk gh eku fy;k x;k gS)] f'k{kdksa dk ;gn`<+ varKkZu gS fd bu pkjksa oqQ'kyrkvksa esa lHkhf'k{kkFkhZ ,d leku fuiq.k ugha gksrs_ blhfy,oqQ'ky oDrk t#jh ugha fd oqQ'ky ys[kd gksaD;ksafd 'kq¼rk* vkSj izokg* ossQ chp] laHko gS fdlh[kus dh izfØ;k ossQ nkSjku dksbZ le>kSrk gks x;kgksA lHkh is'kksa ossQ fy, lHkh oqQ'kyrk,¡ t#jh Hkhugha gksrhaA fofHkUu f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh vfHk#fp vkSj{kerk ossQ varj dks n'kkZus okys v¡d tgk¡jkstxkj&laHkkouk,¡ c<+k,¡xs ogha bldk ikB~;p;kZij ok'kcSd* izHkko iM+sxkA

jk"Vªh; v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk ijh{kk,¡ nloha d{kk esa izeq[k:Ik ls v¡xzs”kh (xf.kr ossQ lkFk) ossQ dkj.k iQsy gksusdh orZeku leL;k dk funku gksus ossQ dkj.k HkhegÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSaA ;fn v¡xzs”kh ossQ izek.k i=k ossQ

fy, (vkSj f'k{k.k ossQ fy,) fu;fer LowQyh ikB~;p;kZls vyx dksbZ oSdfYid jkLrk fn;k tk lossQ rks^f'k{kkFkhZ dks v¡xzs”kh ossQ fcuk* d{kk 10 mÙkh.kZ djusdh vuqefr nh tk ldrh gSA

oqQy feykdj] Hkk"kk dh oqQ'kyrk ossQ fy,cus ekudho`Qr jk"Vªh; ekunaM tks fofHkUuLrjksa dh jk"Vªh; v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk ijh{kk ossQ :Ikesa <yrs gSa] bulsμ

1- O;fDrxr :Ik ls fo|kFkhZ ;k LowQy dksviuh fLFkfr dk tk,tk ysus esa enn gksxhμfd mudh 'kfDr vkSj detksfj;k¡ D;k gSavkSj os vkxs rjDdh oSQls dj ldrs gSaaA

2- vkdyu ossQ ekudhdj.k ossQ lkFk lh[kusdh Lora=krk (ikB~;p;kZ] le; vof/) dklarqyu gks ldrk gSA

3- nloha d{kk esa v¡xzs”kh dh vliQyrk dksnloha d{kk esa iQsy gks tkus ls vyxdjossQ fu;fer LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ ls vyxv¡xzs”kh izek.k&i=k dk ,d oSdfYid jkLrkmiyC/ djok;k tk ldrk gSA

nks iwjd fVIif.k;k¡Hkk"kk lh[kus dh n`f"V ls ^fo'ks"k vofèk*vkSj ^laosnu'khy le;* (lsaflfVo foaMks)dh izko~QdYiuk

bl ckr ij [kwc ppkZ gS fd D;k efLr"d dk^Hkk"kkxzkgh midj.k* izkS<+ O;fDr esa nwljh Hkk"kkossQ xzg.k ossQ fy, Hkh dke djrk gSA bl fo"k;dks ,d ekud if=kdk ^lSoQaM ySaXost fjlpZ*tks 1985 ls 'kq# gqbZ] eas fn;k x;k gSA tkulu


vkSj U;wiksVZ (1989) dk ,d Dykfldh vè;;uO;kdj.k osQ ,d fl¼kar lctsosaQlh* (vèkZyfXur)vkSj nwljh Hkk"kk&xzg.k dh mez ossQ chp ijLijlaca/ lq>krk gSA

cPpksa esa Hkk"kk&xzg.k ossQ fy, fyucxZ (1967)us fo'ks"k vof/ dk ,d tSfod roZZQ fn;k Fkkfd ;g vof/ 2 ls 12 o"kZ dh mez ;kr#.kkoLFkk rd gksrh gSA fyucxZ dh izko~QdYiuktho&oSKkfud :i ls 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufldlajpuk dks ,d fu;r le;kof/ ossQ vanjlfØ; djus ossQ ckjs esa Fkh (bls laosnu'khyle;* Hkh dgk tkrk gS)A izkS<+ksa ossQ }kjk nwljhHkk"kk lh[kus esa blossQ nkos lhfer Fks vkSj osviuh ppkZ dks okfpdrk (fjysVjykbts'ku) ;krkaf=kdh; lq?kV~;rk (U;wjy IykfLVflVh) ossQ }kjkgq, Hkk"kk&{kj.k (ekr`Hkk"kk) dh HkjikbZ ij oassQfnzrdjrs gSaA

ozsQ'ku (1985) us fyucxZ ls vlgefrtrkbZA os lizek.k dgrs gSa fd fo'ks"k vof/¹(oko~Qyksi vis- Qfl;k) dh HkjikbZ dh le;&vof/º 5 o"kZ dh vkajfHkd mez esa gh [kRe gkstkrh gS] ysfdu (tSlk fd vf/dk¡'k 'kks/drkZvksadk ekuuk gS) nwljh Hkk"kk osQ xzg.k] tks fd ewyfuokfl;ksa ossQ mPpkj.k tSlk gks] dks f'k{kkFkhZ8 o"kZ dh mez rd dj ldrs gSa (bl mez ossQckn mPpkj.k ij vlj iM+rk gS)A nwljh rjiQorZeku 'kks/ ossQ vuqlkj ekrHkk"kk&cks/ dk fiQYVj*cPpksa esa cgqr igys vk tkrk gSA ftlls cPps gjHkk"kk esa Nakfnd igpku (cyk?kkr vkSj y; ossQvuqlkj) tUe ls gh dj ldrs gSa] ij nks eghusdh mez ls gh os nwljs Hkk"kk&izdkjksa ls ossQoy

vius Hkk"kk&izdkj dks vyx dj ldrs gSaA (tSlsfd izQk¡lhlh@Lisuh ls v¡xzs”kh@Mp dks) (esgyjvkSj fØLVksiQ] 2000)A (blls f'k'kqvksa dks viuhHkk"kk dk 'kCnØe fu/kZfjr djus (,l-oh-vks-@,l-vks-oh-) esa lgk;rk feyrh gS)A f}Hkk"khcPps varj dj ldus okyh voLFkk ikus esaFkksM+k T+;knk oDr (pkj eghus dk) yxkrs gSaA

LokHkkfod o vLokHkkfod Hkk"kk&xzg.k dhfo'ks"k Hkk"kk&n{krk ls fofo/ mezksa ossQ laca/ ossQblh izek.k ossQ dkj.k laosnu'khy le; (tks lh[kusdh mi;qDr vof/ lq>krk gS) osQ LFkku ij Hkk"kklh[kus dh nf"V ls fo'ks"k vof/ (tks fd lhek,¡fu/kZfjr djrk gS) dk mi;ksx gksus yxkA

'kks/drkZ] tks czsu&besftax dh rduhd dkiz;ksx djossQ Ok;Ldksa esa efLr"d dh xfrfof/;ksadk voyksdu djrs gSa] mUgksaus fuiq.krk ossQ LrjvkSj izfrfuf/Ro ossQ {ks=k ossQ chp tqM+ko rks Ikk;kgS ij Hkk"kk&xzg.k dh mez dk dksbZ izHkko ughaik;k gS (isjkuh vkfn 1998)A ;g ih-bZ-Vh-vè;;u mu brkyoh yksxksa ij fd;k x;k]^ftUgksaus nl o"kZ dh mez ossQ ckn v¡xzs”kh lh[khvkSj vPNk izn'kZu fd;k* (esgyj vkSj fØLVksiQ2000 % 903)A fde o vU; }kjk bl ewdokpu*dk ,iQ-,e-vkj-vkbZ- ossQ mi;ksx ls fd, x,,d vè;;u esa nks Hkk"kkvksa esa vf/xzg.k dhmez esa ofuZd ossQ {ks=k (cksèkXkE;rk) esa vfèkO;kfIrns[kh xbZ ij czksdk ossQ nks Hkk"kkvksa ossQ {ks=k(mRiknu) esa varj ik;k x;kA ij ;g vè;;ufuiq.krk ij dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha dj ik;kA

Li"V gS fd bu vè;;uksa ossQ ifj.kke T+;knk lsT+;knk vusdkFkhZ dgs tk ldrs gSaaA bu {ks=kksa esa


Hkkjrh; 'kks/ cgqr de gSA tks Hkh gks] ik¡poha d{kk(10 ls T;knk mez) ls Hkh v¡axsz”kh dh 'kq#vkr djukfyucxZ ossQ ^>jks[ks* ossQ varxZr gh vkrk gSAnjvly ;g elyk mruk cM+k ugha gS fd v¡xzs”khdh 'kq#vkr fdl mez ls gks cfYd elyk ;g gSfd bl Hkk"kk dks lh[kus ossQ fy, D;k vuqHko vkSjlqfo/k,¡ miyC/ gSa] yacs vliQy voljksa (d{kk,d ls nloha d{kk rd) ossQ ctk, nks ;k rhu o"kks±ossQ csgrj volj vf/d vPNs gSaA17

Hkkjr esa o;Ldksa dks liQyrkiwoZd fons'khHkk"kk,¡ (izQkalhlh] teZu ----) fl[kkus ossQ vuqHkols Hkh oqQN lh[kk tk ldrk gSA blossQ vykokfuEufyf[kr Hkkjrh; vuqHkoμ1- llqjky dh Hkk"kk lh[k jgh cgq,¡A2- {ks=kh; Hkk"kk&ekè;e ossQ LowQyksa ls fudys os

yksx ftUgksaus v¡xzs”kh ossQ vdknfed o ckSf¼d{ks=k esa ewy fuokfl;ksa tSlh fuiq.krk gkflydh gksA

3- vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok ossQ yksxksa vkSj muossQifjokj dh cgqHkkf"kdrk ij idM+Abu vuqHkoksa dks fyfic¼ djus] lko/kuh

ls ewY;k¡du djus vkSj budh vkykspukRedtk¡p djus dh vko';drk gSA

bl chp] liQyrk ossQ oSdfYid rjhdksadk izn'kZu djosQ gh lekt dh izpfyr oSdfYidizo`fÙk;ksa dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA gesa cgqHkk"kh;LowQy [kksyus dk y{; viukuk pkfg, tgk¡fdlh Hkh vossQyh Hkk"kk dks ^f'k{k.k dk ekè;e*dk fo'ks"k ntkZ gkfly u gks cfYd ogk¡¡¡miyC/ Hkk"kkvksa dk mi;ksx lalk/uksa ossQ lzksrossQ :Ik eas gksA

oSQlh v¡xzs”kh\vius izkjafHkd cksypky ossQ Lo:Ik ls gh Hkk"kklkekftd ;k HkkSxksfyd cksfy;ksa dk lÙk :Ik gStks fd lfUudV LFkkuksa ij le> fy;k tkrk gSij tc LFkku lkekftd] HkkSxksfyd ;k le; ossQfygkt ls nwj gksa rks le>us esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSAvf/dka'k oDrk ,d ls vfèkd cksfy;ksa ;kHkk"kk&izdkjks a (vkSipkfjd ;k vukSipkfjdfofoèkrkvksa) ij vfèkdkj j[krs gSaaA Hkk"kk ossQys[ku dh fofoèkrkvksa us eqnz.k ossQ vkfo"dkj ossQckn ,d ekudho`Qr fdLe dk :Ik ysuk 'kq#fd;k gS tks fo'ks"k :Ik ls f'k{kk vkSj vdknfedthou esa ,d ekud dh rjg dk;Z djrk gS] blrjg ossQ laizs"k.k ossQ lkisf{kd LFkkf;Ro ossQ fy,;g vko';d Hkh gSA Hkkjr ossQ fy, v¡xzs”kh dkdkSu lk izdkj mi;qDr gS] bl ij cgl vf/dre mPpkj.k (cksypky dh v¡xzs”kh) ossQ vkliklgh fleVh jgh gS] nwljk LFkku 'kCndks'k ;k'kCn&HkaMkj dk jgk gSA Lohdk;Z mPpkj.k dhdlkSVh cks/xE;rk gksuh pkfg,A MsfoM fØLVYkossQ vè;;u dk rhu cksfy;ksa dk ekWMy tgk¡oDrk ,d LFkkuh; cksyh (tSls iatkch&v¡xzs”kh ;krfey&v¡xzs”kh) ls lgtrk ls ,d jk"Vªh; cksyh(Hkkjrh; v¡xzs”kh) ;k varjkZ"Vªh; cksyh rd igq¡pikrk gS] ,d mi;qDr ekWMy yxrk gSA dkWylsaVjksa esa ;qok Hkkjrh;ksa dh liQyrk crkrh gS fd^mPpkj.k Vªsfuax* esa {ks=kh;rkvksa dks Hkwydj rVLFkokpu 'kSyh viukuh gksrh gSA ;g cksyus dks/hek djossQ vkSj Li"Vrk ls y;c¼ mPpkj.k}kjk dki- Qh gn rd gkfly fd;k tk ldrk gSA

17 if'pe c¡xky esa izkFkfed f'k{kk ij xfBr ,d lnL;h; dehVh dh fjiksVZ Hkh ns[ksa] 1998] i`- 22&28-


;s gh dkjd gSa tks fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk esa mPpkj.k dhèofu dks lq/kjrs gSaA

èofu dh vxj ckr djsa] rks cksypky dh^Hkkjrh; v¡xzs”kh* dh oqQN vf[ky Hkkjrh;fo'ks"krk,¡ crkbZ xbZ gSaA tSls la;qDr Loj dhtxg yacs Loj vkSj ewèkZU; O;atuksa dh txgoRL;Z O;atuA Hkkjrh; v¡xzs”kh dh dbZ fo'ks"krk,¡oDrkvksa dh ekr`Hkk"kkvksa dh >yd nsrh gSaA;g rF; gS fd ^Hkkjr* ,d jk"Vª gS ij^Hkkjrh;* uked dksbZ ,d Hkk"kk ugha gSA ekrHkkf"k;ksadh ;s fo'ks"krk,¡ ftruh de nqjkxzgh@ckè;dkjhgksaxh] nwljh Hkk"kkvksa ossQ mPpkj.k dh Lohdk;Zrkmruh gh c<+sxhA lkekU; vuqHko crkrk gS fdfdlh ,d O;fDr osQ cksyus dh 'kSyh ,d lsvf/d gks ldrk gS] oqQN mlh rjg tSls fdog viuh ekrHkk"kk osQ vykok dbZ vkSj mPpkj.kksadks le>rk gSA

'kCn&laxzg ij vk,¡] Hkk"kk&foKku dh n`f"Vls fdlh Hkk"kk dk 'kCn&laxzg ,d ,slh [kqyhd{kk gS tks ftruk m/kj ysrh gS] mruk ghle¼ gksrh gSA loZfofnr gS fd v¡xzs”kh 'kCn&laxzgdh 'kfDr mlosQ lzksrksa dh Lke`f¼ gSA ekud'kCndks'kksa ossQ lkFk Hkkjr esa izpfyr v¡xzs”kh'kCnksa osQ ifjf'k"V Hkh fn, x, gSaaA fuf'pr :Ikls bUgsa d{kk ls ckgj j[kus dk dksbZ dkj.kugha gSA ge 'kCndks'kksa esa iwoZ lxks± ossQ eqgkojsnkjiz;ksxksa dks 'kkfey dj ldrs gaSA On a Bus

dh ctk, In a bus dk iz;ksx] vkSj xf.kresa Into dk iz;ksxA fczfV'k v¡xzs”kh esa Intodk vFkZ ,d l¡[;k ls nwljh l¡[;k dks foHkkftrdjuk gksrk gS tcfd Hkkjr esa l¡[;kvksa dksxq.kk djukA ,sls iz;ksxksa dks vekudhoQr O;kdj.kugha le>uk pkfg,A

'ks"k ossQ fy, ge ,d cks/xE; lkexzh&le¼ikB~;p;kZ dh vis{kk djrs gSa tks fd efLr"desa ,sls Hkk"kk ra=k dh jpuk djs tks yxHkxekud fdLe dk gks ¹vf/d ppkZ ossQ fy,ns[ksa izHkq (1987)ºA18 Li"Vr% ge Hkkjrh;v¡xzs”kh dks derj ugha ekurs] vkSj ,d ckjHkk"kk esa fuiq.krk ,d cqfu;knh O;kdjf.kdn{krk vk tkus ossQ ckn Hkkjrh; f'k{kdksa dhv¡xzs”kh Hkh derj ugha gksrh gSA ysfdu ,djk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh ifjdYiuk esa lHkh rjgossQ lh[kus okyksa ossQ fy, leku rqyukRedlkexzh gksuh pkfg,A bl fopkj fd v¡xzs”khigys oqQN lqfo/klaiUu yksxksa dks miyC/ gksvkSj ckfd;ksa dks ckn esa] igys ls gh leh{kkdh tk jgh gSA ge ugha pkgrs fd oqQN yksxv¡xzs”kh* lh[ksa vkSj oqQN Hkkjrh; v¡xzs”kh*A geekurs gSa fd ,d ekud vkSj vkRelkrhÑrv¡xzs”kh dh n{krk ikuk u fli- ZQ O;kogkfjd gScfYd visf{kr Hkh gSA

v¡xzs”kh dk dkSulk ekWMy i<+k;k tk,] ;gf'k{kdksa ossQ fnekx ij bruk gkoh ugha gksuk

18 ,sls ra=k esa oqQN Hkkjrh; fo'ks"krk,¡ fn[k tkrh gaS tks fd le>us ossQ fygkt ls rks dksbZ fnDdr ugha iSnk djrha] ij mudh lkekftd ekU;rkvojks/ iSnk djrh gSA mnkgj.kLo:Ik Too Good dk iz;ksx Very Good ossQ fy, djuk vfHkizsr vFkZ esa gLr{ksi djrk gSA blesas lqèkkj dht#jr gSA iz'uksa esaA Auxiliary dks mYVk ugha djus esa vliQy jgk lfUufgr vkSj vuko';d :Ik lsA Auxiliary dks mYVk djuk] (Why

you said so? I wonder why did he say so) ckSf¼d :i ls le>us esa drbZ ck/d ugha gS tcfd 'kSf{kd o lkekftd n`f"V ls buij iz'u mBk, tk ldrs gSaA


pkfg, fd og fdlh rjg dh Hkh v¡xzs”kh ossQxzg.k eas ck/d cu tk,A ,slk Hkh ugha gS fdv¡xzs”kh esa n{krk dh deh dh li- QkbZ Hkkjrh;v¡xzs”kh* osQ uke ij nh tk,A O;kid ifjizs{; esaoSf'od cktkj esa Hkkjr ossQ f'k{kdksa (vkSjf'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa) dh Hkh dki- Qh ek¡x gSA bllsgekjh v¡xzs”kh dh vf/d {kerkvksa ij fo'okldks vkSj cy feyuk pkfg,A19

'kks/ ifj;kstuk,¡Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k esa vk/kjHkwr vk¡dM+ksa dh izkfIr]ikB~;p;kZ ossQ uokpkj vkSj mudk fØ;kUo;urFkk nwljh Hkk"kk vf/xzg.k dh le> oQhlS¼kaafrd izxfr ossQ fy, 'kks/ ifj;kstukvksadks ekStwnk lksp ij vk/kfjr gksuk gksxkA O;kid{ks=k ftuesa ,slh ifj;kstukvksa dh voèkkj.kk gksldrh gS] os gSa

1- iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk%lkekftd foKku vkSjfoKku dh ikB~;iqLrdksa dh Hkk"kk (ekSf[kdxf.kr dh Hkh)A iz'uksa dh i¼fr vkSj Hkk"kkls fo"k;oLrq dk laca/A

2- (v) Hkk"kk;h lkexzh vkSj Hkk"kk;h o`f¼ %,d lexz ifjizs{;]

(c) cksypky dh Hkk"kk (eqfnzr lkexzh ossQLkkFk vkSj mlossQ cxSj)]

(l) fyf[kr Hkk"kk (tksj ls cksydj i<+usossQ lkFk vkSj mlossQ cxSj)]

(n) izkFkfed Lrj ij v¡xzs”kh dh fLFkfr]

(;) ikB~;lkexzh vkSj xfrfof/;ksa dk cSad(Lrj 1)

3- cgqHkk"kkokn dks c<+kok nsus okyh ;qfDr;k¡vkSj lkexzhA

4- fo'ks"k lewgksa ossQ fy, (lkekftd gkf'k;sij] lh[kus esa detksj {kerk okys) ikB~;p;kZossQ fodYiA

5- f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa ossQ ifj.kkeA

fli- Qkfj'ksaf'k{kd

• v¡xzs”kh i<+kus okys lHkh f'k{kdksa dh v¡xzs”khesa cqfu;knh fuiq.krk gksuh pkfg,A

• lHkh f'k{kdksa esa viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSjLrjksa ossQ vuqlkj mi;qDr <ax ls v¡xzs”khi<+kus dh oqQ'kyrk gks tks bl Kku ijvkèkkfjr gks fd Hkk"kk,¡ oSQls lh[kh tkrh gSaA

bu nksuksa fli- Qkfj'kksa dk laca/ lsokiwoZ olsokdkyhu f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dhfo"k;oLrq ls gSA

19 ,d #fpdj iz'u Hkk"kk f'k{k.k vkSj v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k ossQ laca/ dks ysdj gSA tgk¡ v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dks fczfV'k m|ksx ossQ :Ik esa ns[kktk ldrk gSA geus viuh ppkZ dks nwljh Hkk"kk ossQ vf/xzg.k ossQ O;kid {ks=k ls tksM+k gSA bl ijps esa geus viuh ftEesnkjh 'kS{kf.kdlanHkks± esa ns[krs gq,] bl jk"Vª esa ikB~;p;kZ uohuhdj.k ossQ dk;Z dks lacksf/r fd;k gSA blesa geus lh[kus ossQ euksfoKku vkSj Hkk"kk ossQeuksfoKku dh orZeku varn`Zf"V dk ;Fkksfpr mi;ksx fd;k gSA blfy, gekjs dbZ voyksdu vkSj fli- Qkfj'ksa (tSls laKkukRed vdknfedHkk"kk;h n{krk dh ppkZ) lkekU; :Ik ls Hkk"kk f'k{k.k (;k f'k{kk esa Hkk"kk) ls lacaf/r gSA bZ-,y-Vh- is'ks dh dki- Qh lkjh orZeku ppkZ v¡xzs”khdh jktuhfr vkSj fopkj/kjk ij vk/kfjr gS& rhljh nqfu;k ij v¡xzs”kh (vkSj O;kid :Ik ls if'peh) ossQ opZLo ossQ lanHkZ esa (ns[ksaduxjktk 2005) A cgqHkk"kkokn ossQ ljksdkj vkSj LFkkuh; Hkk"kk ossQ egÙo vkSj fodYi gekjs fli- Qkfj'kksa esa dki- Qh gn rd 'kkfey gSAblhfy, gesa if'pe vkSj gekjs chp dh ckSf¼d cglksa esa tkus dh t#jr ugha yxrh gSA D;ksafd [kklrkSj ls ge ekurs gSa fd ekud vkSjvkRelkrho`Qr v¡xzs”kh n{krk O;kogkfjd rFkk visf{kr gSA


ikB~;p;kZ• vFkZ ij cy nsus okyh lkFkZd vkSj le`¼

ikB~;p;kZ miyC/ djokus ossQ fy, fofo/izdkj dh lkexzh miyC/ djokbZ tkuh pkfg,A

• v¡xzs”kh ekè;e rFkk {ks=kh; Hkk"kk ekè;e okysnksuksa izdkj ossQ LowQyksa dk y{; cgqHkkf"kdrkgksuk pkfg,A blh rjg iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk*dk n`f"Vdks.k viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A

bu fliQkfj'kksa dk laca/ ikB~;iqLrdksa dh :ijs[kkvkSj mi;qDr rjhdksa (tSls d{kk&iqLrdky; oehfM;k lkexzh) ossQ p;u ls gSA

ewY;k¡du• ewY;k¡du bl rjg gks fd og lh[kus dh

izo`fÙk dks izksRlkfgr djs u fd mlesa ck/d cusA lÙk ewY;k¡du esa iksVZiQksfy;ks fofèk*}kjk f'k{kkFkhZ dh vf/xe esa izxfr dks ntZfd;k tkuk pkfg,A Hkk"kk ewY;k¡du dks oqQN[kkl ikB~;Øeksa esa ^miyfC/* rd lhferu j[kdj Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk ossQ ekiu dh fn'kkesa eksM+uk pkfg,A

• v¡xzs”kh Hkk"kk ijh{k.kksa ossQ lsV rS;kj djus lsigys Hkk"kk fuiq.krk ossQ jk"Vªh; ekunaMfodflr fd, tkus pkfg,A

lanHkZ

ve`rkoYyh] vkj- 1999] ySaXost- bt- , Mkbukfed VsDLVμ,slst vkWu ySaXost] dkWXuh'ku ,aM dE;qfuosQ'ku- lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y] v{kjk lhjht] gSnjkckn] ,ykbM ifCy'klZ-

μ 2001] ,Iyk;M fjlpZ bu ySaXosT+k ,tqossQ'ku-] lh-ts- nslokuh (laiknd)] ySaXost ,tqosQ'ku bu eYVhfyaxqvybafM;k esa] ;wusLdks] u;h fnYyh] i`ñ 210&263-

ve`rkoYyh] vkj- vkSj y{eh jkes'oj jko] 2001] dksfiax fon Fkzh ySaXostst bu LowQyμ iQksdl vkWu eYVhfyaxqvyjhfMax] fganw] ,tqossQ'kuy lIyhesaV] 13 ekpZ-

vkWdfgy] tsu ,aM jkstj fc;MZ (laiknd)] 1999] jhfMax MsoyiesaV ,aM n Vhfpax vkWi- Q jhfMaxμ , lkbdksykWftdyilZisfDVo] vkWDli+QksMZ] ;w- ossQ- ekyMu] ekl-] Cysdosy ifCy'klZ-

,MEl] eSfjyhu tSxj] 1990- fcxfuax Vw jhM] fFkafdax ,aM yfu±x ,ckmV fizaV] osQafczt-] ,e-,-] ,e-vkbZ-Vh- izsl-

,fplu] thu 1988- oMZ~l bu n ekbaM&,u baVªksMD'ku Vw n esaVy ysfDldu] vkWDliQksMZ] ;w-ossQ-] vkWDliQksMZ;wfuoflZVh izsl-

,yfMªt] ts ykW;M] 1995] vè;k; 1] gksy ySaXosT+k Vhfpax MhdksfMax bu gkWyhfLVd DykWl:El] baxyoqM DyhÝl],u-ts-μ esjhy i`- 1&16-

,syh] okjfod vkSj izQkalhl eaxwHkkbZ] 1981] baisDV vkWi+Q , cqd ÝyM bu , fiQth izkbejh LowQy] LVMht bu lkmFkisflfiQd ,tqossQ'ku 1] i`- 1&30] U;wthySaM dkmafly iQkWj ,tqosQ'kuy fjlpZ] osfyaxVu-

,syh] okjfod vkSj czk;u dfVax] 2001] ^n lu'kkbu bu lkmFk vizQhdk* fyVsªlh izkstsDV] baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWI+kQ,tqossQ'kuy fjlpZ 35] i`- 193&203-


,syh] okWjfod ,aM Úkafll eaxqHkkbZ] 1983] n baisDV vkWi- Q jhfMax vkWu lSdaM ySXaost yfuZax- jhfMax fjlpZ DokVZyh19] i`- 53&67-

,syh] okjfod 2000] ^n iksVasf'k;y vkWI+kQ cqd ÝyM~l iQkWj jsftax fyVjslh ysoYl] baVjus'kuy fjU;qV vkWI+kQ,tqosQ'ku 46 % 3@4- i`- 233&55-

μ 2001] dkWuDyqtuμ okWV gso oh yUMZ baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWI+kQ ,tqossQ'kuy fjlpZ] 35] i`- 237&46

μ 2001] xsLV ,MhVl~Z baVªksMD'ku] baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWI+kQ ,tqossQ'kuy fjlpZ] 35] i`- 127&35

oQukxjktk] ,- lqjs'k (laiknd) 2005] jhDysfeax n yksdy bu ySaXost ikWfylh ,aM izSfDVl] egokg] ,u-ts-,y-vyZce ,lksfl,V~l-

fØLVy] MsfoM 2004] n ySaXosT+k fjoksY;w'ku] osQafczt_ ekWyMu] ,e-,-μikWfyVh izsl-

dfeal] ts- 1979] fyaxq,fLVd baVjfMisaMsal ,aM n ,tqossQ'kuy MsoyiesaV vkWi+Q ckbfyaxqvy fpYMsªu] fjO;w vkWi+Q,tqossQ'kuy fjlpZ 49] i`- 222&5-

μ1984] okbfyaxqvfyTe ,aM Lis'ky ,tqossQ'ku b'kwt bu ,lslesaV ,aM isMkxkWth] DysoMu eYVhfyaxqvy eSVlZ-

Ø'ksu] LVhisQu Mh- 1985] n buiqV gk;iksfFkfllμb'kwt ,aM baIyhossQ'kal] yanu_ U;w;kWoZQ] ykaxesu-

Ø'ksu] LVhisQu Mh- vkSj Vªslh Mh- VjZsy] 1983] n uspqjy ,izkspμySaXosT+k ,Dohft'ku bu n Dykl:e- gsokMZ]lh ,] ,yeuh izsl-

oqQekj] xhrk] 2005] Vhfpax bafXy'kμ, VhplZ ilZisfDVo] eSllZ- ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'k-

oqQekjnkl] ';keyk] 1993] , ossQl iQkWj yuZj&pks"ksu VsDlV~l ,t buiqV bu ,MYV ySaXosT+k yfuZax] ,e-fiQy Fkhfll]lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y] gSnjkckn-

oqQfj;u] tkWu] 2005] uksV~l i- QkWj n ehfVax vkWi+Q n us'kuy i+Qksdl xzqi vkWu Vhfpax vkWi+Q bafXy'k] ,aM uksV vkWubaVªksMD'ku vkWi- Q bafXy'k ,V n izkbejh LVst] eSllZ] ,u-,iQ-th-μ bafXy'k-

[kku] ulh#n~nhu] 2005] baVªksMD'ku vkWi+Q bafXy'k ,t+ , lCtsDV ,V n izkbejh ysoy] eSllZ] ,u-,iQ-th-] bafXy'k-

xksLokeh] m"kk] 1999] iQksuksykWftdy MsoyiesaV ,aM jhfMax ckbZ ,ukykWth] ,fifyaxq,LVhd ,aM esVkfYkaxq,LVhdb'kwt- tsu vkWdfgy vkSj jkstj fc;MZ (laiknd) jhfMax MsoyiesaV ,aM Vhfpax vkWi+Q jhfMax&,- lkbdksykWftdyilZisfDVo] vkWDliQksMZ] ;w-ossQ-] ekWyMu] ekl] Cysdosy ifCy'klZ- i`- 174&200-

xszMksy] MsfoM] 1997] n i~Q;qpj vkWi- Q bafXy'k] yanu] fczfV'k dkmafly-

pkWELdh] ukWe] 1975] fjÝysD'kal vkWu ySaXosT+k ÝysU;w;kWoZQ] isaFkkWu cqDl-

tkWtZ] ih-Vh- 1977] fczftaxu n xSi fcVohu LowQy ,aM dkWystμ fjiksVZ vkWiQ , VªkbZ&vkmV vkWI+kQ n LVs;jos jhfMaxdkslZ- lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y- cqysfVu 13 %1] i`- 37 % 49-

tkaxhM+] xhrk] 2005] fyVjslh ,aM ySaXost MsoyiesaVμ , gksy ySaXost ilZisfDVo] ih,p- Mh- Fkhfll] lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y-] gSnjkckn-

Msfol] ikWy vkSj ekfjvks fjuokWyqØh] 1988] fMDVs'kuμ U;w eSFkM~l] U;w ikWflfcfyVht] oSQafczt gSaMcqDl iQkWj ySXaostVhplZ] lhfj”k ,fMVj iSuh mj] oSQafczt] oSQafczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl-

Mksosjk] LoIu] 2005] bDysfDVflTe bu esFksMkWykWth] eSllZ] ,u-,iQ-th- bafXy'k-

nkl] fcØe ossQ] 2005] iQksdl vkWu bafXy'k- eSllZ] ,u-,iQ-th- bafXy'k-


ukx v#yef.k] ,l] 2000] VkbIl ,aM esuhiQsLVs'kal vkWi- Q yfuaZx fMfiQdYVht bu bafM;u Dykl:e~l] isij iztsaVsM,V n iQLVZ vkWfj,aVs'ku izksxzke iQkWj LowQy VhplZ] us'kuy baLVhV~;wV iQkWj ifCyd dk&vkWijs'ku ,aM pkbYMMsoyiesaV (,u-vkbZ-ih-lh-lh-Mh)] csaxyq#] bafM;k]

μ] ,l- 2005] ySaXosT+k vVSuesaV~l ,aM yfu±x vkWizpqfufVtμ Iok;aVlZ iQkWj , U;w oQWfjoqQye izQseooZQ] eSllZ],u-,iQ-th-] bafXy'k-

ukx v#yef.k] ,l-] oh- jsM~Mh] vkSj ,l- cDys] 2003] VkjxsfVax iQksuksykWftdy fjizstsaVs'kal ossQu gsYi bu n vyhZLVsTl vkWi+Q jhfMax bu , ukWu&MkWfeusaV ySaXosT+k] tuZy vkWi- Q fjlpZ bu jhfMax 26&1] i`- 49&68] Lis'ky b';wvkWu n MsoyiesaV vkWi- Q fyVjslh veax ckbfyaxqvy ,aM eYVhfyaxqvy fpYMsªu] ;w-ossQ-] Cysdosy ifCy'klZ-

izHkq] ,u-,l- 1987] lsdaM ySaXosT+k isMkxkWth] vkWDli+QksMZ_ U;w;kWoZQ] vkWDli+QksMZ ;wuhoflZVh izsl-

iQkWlsV] ,-ts- vkSj vkj-vkbZ- fudksylu] 1991] okWD;qcyjh Vªsfuax iQkWj fpYMsªu fon Mk;ysfDl;k] tuZy vkWi- Q yfuZaaxfMlsfcfyfVt 24&6- i`- 379&83-

isQfyDl] ikWy] 1998] yfuaZx Vw jhM bafXy'k % n feDlM dksM os& fofo;u cSjh vkSj vkFkZ esduhy (laiknd)

}kjk ikWfylh ,aM iSzfDVl bu ySaXosT+k ,tqossQ'ku] gkaxdkax] fMikVZesaV vkWi- Q owQfjoqQye LVMht] ;wfuoflZVhvkWi- Q gkaaxdakx- i`- 175&193-

eSF;w] jkek] 1997] iQkbuy fjiksVZ (, lejh)μ lh-ch-,l-bZ-&bZ-,y-Vh- owQfjoqQye baIyheasVs'ku LVMh] lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y-] gSnjkckn] fMikVZesaV vkWi- Q bosY;q,'ku-

jnjiQksMZ] fofy;e bZ- 1987] lSdaM ySaXosT+k xzkej yfuZax ,aM Vhfpax] yanu_ U;w;kWoZQ] ykaxesu-

fjiksVZ vkWi- Q n ou&esu dfeVh vkWu bafXy'k bu izkbejh ,tqossQ'ku] 1998] ifc=kk ljdkj] xoZesaV vkWi- Q osLV c¡xky}kjk fyf[kr] vè;k; i¡kp] ^n vjfy;j] n csVj* , Uksbth Lisl] i`- 22&28-

osLV] ekbdy] 1941] yfu±x Vw jhM , iQkWjsu ySaXosT+k] ykWaxesal ;w-ossQ- (yfu±x Vw jhM , iQkWjsu ySaXosT+k] ,aM vnj,lt vkWu ySaXosT+k Vhfpax- (u;k laLdj.k) yanu] U;w;kWoZQ] ykWxesal] xzhu 1955-

foMkWlu] ,p- th- 1978] Vhfpax ySaXosT+k ,t oQE;qfuossQ'ku] vkWDlI+kQksMZ] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl-

lkgw] laè;k] 2005] bZ-,y-Vh- ls esVsfj;Yl ,aM eSFkM~l nsV ooZQ] eSllZ] ,u-,iQ-th-] bafXy'k-

lDlsuk] vkj- ih- 2005] ySaXosT+k ,aM dYpj] eSllZ] ,u-,iQ-th-&bafXy'k-

fLeV] ukWjcVZ ,aM ekbosQy esdkFkhZ (laiknd) 1997] okWD;qcyjhμ fMLØhI'ku] ,Dohft'ku ,aM isMkxkWth] oSQafczt]oaSQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl-

fLeV] ukWjcVZ] 2000] okWD;qcyjh bu ySaXosT+k Vhfpax- oSQafczt] oSQafczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl-

Luks] oSQFkjhu bZ-] ,p- ossQulhuk] ts- Mh- Vsaiy] vkSj ,l- lgys- 1991] fxfoax iQkWeZy MsfiQfu'kalμ , fyaxq,LVhdvkWj esVkfyaxq,LVhd Ldhy\ ,ysu ckfyLVkWd (laiknd) esa] ySaXosT+k izkslsflax bu ckbZfyaxqvy fpYMªsu- oSQafczt]oaSQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl] i`- 90&112-

Luks] oSQFkjhu bZ-] ,e- lwlsu culZ] vkSj isx xzhfI+kQu (laikndx.k) 1998] fizosaVhax jhfMax fMfiQdYVht bu ;axfpYMsªu] dfeVh vkWu n fizosa'ku vkWI+kQ jhfMax fMfiQdYVht bu ;ax fpYMªsu] dfe'ku vkWu n fcgsoh;jy ,aMlks'ky lkbalsl ,aM ,tqossQ'ku] us'kuy fjlpZ dkmafly] okWf'kaxVu Mhlh] us'kuy ,ossQMeh izsl-

LVsukWfop] dhFk bZ- 2000] izksxzsl bu vaMjLVSafMax jhfMaxμlkbafVfiQd iQkmaMs'kal ,aM U;w izaQfV;lZ] U;w;kWoZQ] fxyiQksMZizsl-


lquokuh] fot; oqQekj] 2005] n bafXy'k ySaXosT+k ,aM bafM;u dYpj] eSllZ-] ,u-,iQ-th-] bafXy'k-

'kkeyk] ,l-ossQ- 2005] us'kuy oQfjoqQYke izsQeooZQ iQkWj LowQy ,tqossQ'ku] eSllZ] ,u-,iQ-th-] bafXy'k-

gMylu] ljkg] 1994] fyVjslh MsoyiesaV vkWI+kQ lSdaM ySaXosT+k fpYMsªu- bu izsQM tsuslh (laiknd) ,tqosQfVax lSdaMySaXost fpYMªsu] n gksy pkbYM] n gksy owQfjoqQye] n gksy dE;qfuVh] i`- 129&158 oSQafczt] oSQafczt ;wfuoflZVhizsl-

'kCndks'k@lanHkZ lkexzh

ve`rkoYyh] vkj- 1999] fMD'kujht vkj vuizsfMDVsoy] bafXy'k ySaXosT+k Vhfpax tuZy 53&4- i`- 262&69-

ve`rkoYyh] vkj-] ,- tkuk] vkSj fot;k] 2003] LVwMsaV~l vaMjLVSfMax vkWi+Q fMD'kujh baVªhtμ ,- LVMh fon fjLisDVVq iQksj yuZl fMD'kujht bafM;u tuZy vkWiQ ,IykbM fyaxq,LVhDl 29 % 1] i`- 5&20-

nkl] fcØe ossQ- 2004] oMZ ekLVjμ yuZl fMD'kujh vkWi+Q ekWMuZ bafXy'k] gSnjkckn& vkWfj,aV ykaaxesu-

fiQ'kj] mVs] 1994] yfu±x oM~lZ izQkWe daVsDLVj ,aM fMD'kujtμ ,u ,DlisfjesaVy daijhtu] ,IykbM lkbdksfyaxqfLVDl15 % 4] i`- 551&74-

Mk;LysfDl;k laca/h lkexzh

FkkWelu] ,e-bZ- vkSj bZ-ts- okWVfdal] 1993] Mk;LysjfDl;kμ , Vhfpax gSaMcqd] yanu] gqjZ ifCy'klZ-

ekbYl] Vh-vkj- 1995] Mk;LysfDl;kμn djaV LVsV~l vkWI+kQ n VeZ] II, pkbYM ySaXosT+k Vhfpax ,aM Fksjsih 2% 1] i`- 23&33-

osY;wfVuks] ÚSad] vkj- 1979] Mk;LysfDl;kμ F;ksjh ,aM fjlpZ] daSfczt] ekl-] ,e-vkbZ-Vh- izsl-

lkexzh&le`¼ iz.kkyhve`rkoYyh] vkj- 1995] ehfM;k ,aM ySaXosT+k ,Dohft'ku] vkj- ossQ- vfXugks=kh vkSj ,- ,y- [kUuk (laikndx.k)]

bafXy'k ySaXosT+k Vhfpax bu bafM;kμ b'kwt ,aM buksos'akl] i`- 181&86] u;h fnYyh] lsT+k-

Ø'ksu] LVhisQu] 1989] oh ,DokW;j okWD;qcyjh ,aM Lisfyax ckbZ jhfMaxμ ,fM'kuy ,foMsal iQkWj n buiqVgkW;iksfFkfll] ekWMuZ ySaXosT+k tuZy] 73 % 4] i`- 440&64-

ozQ'ksu] LVhi+Qu] 1983] n fMu bu n gsMμ buiqV ,aM n ySaXosT+k ,DOkhft'ku fMokbl] tkWu MCY;w- vkWyj] tw- vkSjisVªhfl;k ,- fjpMZ&vesVks (laikndx.k)] esFkM~l nSV ooZQμ , LeWkjxsLckWMZ vkWI+kQ vkbfM;kt iQkWj ySaXosT+k VhplZ]i`- 295&301] jkWyh] eklμ U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZ-

VjsZy] Vªslh Mh] 1983] n uspqjy ,izkWp Vq ySaXosT+k Vhfpaxμ ,u viMsV] tkWu MCY;w- vkWyj] tw- vkSj isVªhfl;k ,-fjpMZ&vesVks (laikndx.k)] esFkM~l nsV ooZQμ , LeWkjxsLckWMZ vkWI+kQ vkbfM;kt iQkWj ySaXosT+k VhplZ] i`-267&283] jkWyh] ekl-& U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZ-

U;wekoZQ] fyvksukMZ] 1983] gkm ukWV Vw baVjisQ;j fon ySaXost yfu±x] tkWu MCY;w- vksyj] tw- vkSj isVªhfl;k ,-fjpMZ&vesVks (laiknd)] esFkM~l nSV ooZQμ , LekWjxsLckWMZ vkWI+kQ vkbfM;kt iQkWj ySaXosT+k VhplZ] i`- 49&55]jkWyh] ekl-μU;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZ] (fjfizaVsM izQkWe baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWI+kQ vesfjdu fyaxq,LVhd] 32&1-2- 1966)-

izHkq] ,u- ,l- 1987] lSoaQM ySaXosT+k isMkxkWth vkWDliQksMZ] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl-

μ1998] Vhfpax bT+k ,V eksLV gksfiax iQkWj n csLV] isij MsfyoMZ ,V n jhT+kuy bafXy'k ySaXosT+k lsaVj lsfeukj] lkmFkbLV ,f'k;u fefuLVªhT+k vkWI+kQ ,tqossQ'ku vkWxZukbT+ks'ku] flaxkiqj-


esdukejk] tkWu] 1983] ulZjht] LVªhV~l] ,aM Dykl:Elμ le daisfjtUl ,aM fMMD'kal] bu tkWu MCY;w- vkWyj]tw- vkSj isVªhfl;k ,- fjpMZ&vesVks (laikndx.k) esFkM~l nsV ooZQ % , LeWkjxsLckWMZ vkWi+Q vkbfM;kt iQkWj ySaXosT+kVhplZ] i`- 259&266] jkWyh] eklμ U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZ-

izkekf.kd lkexzhLVªhosal] ihVj] 1987] baVj,D'ku vkmVlkbM n Dykl:eμ ;wfT+kax n dE;qfuVh- foYxk ,e- fjolZ (laiknd)] 1987]

baVj,DVho ySaXosT+k Vhfpax] i`- 170&176] U;w;kWoZQ& oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl-

ekys] ,ysu] 1987] ikWbVªh ,aM lkax ,T+k bisQfDVo ySaXost yfuZax ,DVhfofVT+k] foYxk ,e- fjolZ (laiknd) esa 1987]baVj,fDVo ySaXosT+k Vhfpax] i`- 93&109] U;w;kWoZQ& osQafczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl-

d{kk&d{k lkexzhjeu] m"kk] 2003] , ikWV vkWi+Q ykbV] fcx cqDl] gSnjkckn] LikoZQ bafM;k-

jko] y{eh jkes'oj] 2005] LikoZQ ft;ksxzkiQh] gSnjkckn] LikoZQ bafM;k-

μ2003] LikoZQ twfu;j ft;ksxzkiQh] gSnjkckn] LikoZQ bafM;k-

'khy] 2003] vaMj n csM] fcx cqDl] gSnjkckn& LikoZQ bafM;k-

lanHkZ iqLroassQfVDowQ] ,e- ,y- 2004] bZ-,y-Vh- bu bafM;k] Uk;h fnYyh] vkWfj,aV ykaxesu-

gkso] ekbdy ts- ,- 1984] , VhplZ xkbM Vq n lkbdksykWth vkWi+Q yfu±x] vkWDli+QksMZ] baySaM_ U;w ;koZQ],u-okbZ-ch- Cysdosy-


flusek dk 'kSf{kd lanHkZ

fouksn vuqie*

blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd vkt flusek osQ c<+rs opZLo us gekjs thou esa fofo/Ikgywvkas ij xgjk izHkko NksM+k gSA flusek dks cukus okys rks l`tu dk vkuUn ysrs gSaijUrq ns[kus okys dh dYiuk'kfDr dks vk?kkr igq¡prk gS] vkSj csgrj dh lksp oqQUnlh gks tkrh gSA bldk lcls T;knk izHkko cPpksa ij IkM+rk gSA D;k blosQ fy, cPpksadks flusek fn[kkuk cUn fd;k tk,\ D;k dksbZ vkSj rjhdk Hkh gks ldrk gS ftllsflusek dk cqf¼erkiw.kZ mi;ksx gks losQA flusek ls lacaf/r blh rjg osQ oqQNegÙoiw.kZ eqn~nksa ij ppkZ djuk vkt osQ le; esa vko';d ekuk tk jgk gSA izLrqrys[k blh fo"k; ij ,d xgu fparu izLrqr djrk gSA

1926 esa egkRek xk¡/h us ^;ax bf.M;k* esaflusek dh vkykspuk djrs gq, fy[kk Fkkμ^^bldk cqjk izHkko izfrfnu tcnZLrh esjs mQijiM+rk gSA** 1935 esa izsepan ^gal* esa fy[krsgSaμ^^flusek vxj gekjs thou dks LoLFk vkuanugha ns ikrk gS] geesa fuyZTtrk vkSj èkwrZrk vkSjoqQ#fp dks c<+krk gS] vkSj i'kqrk dh vksj ystkrk gS] rks ftruh tYnh mldk fu'kku feVtk,] mruk vPNkA** oankou yky oekZ us HkhdHkh fy[kk Fkk] flusek dks dkyh eS;k mBk ystk,¡A okLro esa ;fn dkslus ls gh cqjkb;ksa dkvar gksuk gksrk rks vc rd ge yksx jkejkT; esa

jg jgs gksrsA fdlh Hkh cqjkbZ dh mis{kk dj mlslekIr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA lekIr djus osQfy, dksf'k'k djuh iM+rh gSA 1965 esa oankouyky oekZ us Hkh bls eglwl djrs gq, fy[kkFkk] ^fiQYe dk izHkko n'kZd&Jksrk ij cgqr'kh?kz vkSj xgjk iM+rk gS A xUnh fiQYeksa dhcgqrk;r gS] tks lekt dks iru dh vksj ys tkjgh gSA viuh laLrqfr dh j{kk vkSj ns'k osQ mQ¡psvkn'kksZa dks cpkus] mQij ykus dh cM+h vko';drkgSA ysfdu fpark dh ckr gS fd D;k brusizHkko'kkyh ekè;e osQ udkjkRed izHkko dksldkjkRed cukus osQ fy, dksbZ lfØ; iz;kl

*ch&53] lfpoky; dkWyksuh] dadM+ckx] iVuk&20] fcgkj-


fd, x,\ flusek laLrqfr osQ fy, ;g fdlhfoMacuk ls de ugha fd yxHkx 40 o"kksZa cknHkh oekZ th osQ loky izklafxd gaSA

1896 esa ;wjksi esa yqfe;j ca/qvksa }kjk fd,x, flusek osQ izFke izn'kZu osQ oqQNsd eghuksackn gh flusek Hkkjr esa Hkh ns[kk tk ldk FkkA1897 esa ;gk¡ izk;ksfxd Lrj ij fiQYe cukusdh 'kq#vkr Hkh gks xbZ FkhA 1913 esa nknk lkgciQkyosQ us ;gk¡ viuh iQhpj fiQYe ^jktkgfj'pUnz* iwjh dh vkSj vkt yxHkx 800fiQYesa izfr o"kZ fufeZr dj ge nqfu;kHkj esa'kh"kZ ij gSaA reke ukjktfx;ksa] mis{kkvksa] vogsyukvksaosQ ckotwn Hkkjr esa flusek dk bl fLFkfr rdigq¡p ikuk fu'p; gh bl ekè;e dh rkdr dkvglkl djkus osQ fy, dkiQh gSA

flusek dh rkdr dk lcls cM+k dkj.kfliZQ ;gh ugha gS fd ge phtksa dks] ?kVukvksa dksoSls gh ns[krs gSa] tSlk og gS ;k gqvk gSA cfYdekufld :i ls ge Hkh ?kVukvksa osQ vUnj gksrsgSaA okLro esa fdlh Hkh n`'; osQ osaQnz esa n'kZdksaosQ vk¡[k vkSj dku osQ lkFk fnekx dh HkhlgHkkfxrk t#jh gksrh gSA flusek dh ;g fo'ks"krkgS fd ;g ftruh lkeus fn[krh gS] mruh ghgekjs fnekx esa Hkh curh gSA fdlh dykdkj dksigkM+ dh p<+kbZ ikj djrs gq, ns[krs gSaA igkM+p<+rs vk¡[kksa ls ns[krs gSa] dkuksa ls mlosQ iSjksa dhvkokt] dhysa xkM+us dh vkokt] vklikl osQokrkoj.k taxy&>jus oxSjg dh èofu Hkh lqursgaSA lkjk oqQN okLrfod] ysfdu okLrfod le;dk fliZQ gesa vglkl djk;k tkrk gSA lkr fnuosQ okLrfod le; esa iwjh gksus okyh p<+kbZ dks

fliZQ lkr 'kkWVksa esa lkr feuV ls Hkh de esa fn[kkfn;k tkrk gSA ckdh dh deh gekjk fnekx iwjhdjrk gSA okLro esa dykdkj dks igkM+h p<+rsfliZQ ge ns[krs gh ugha] mlosQ lkFk gksrs gSa]ekufld rkSj ijA vk'p;Z ugha fd yqbZ cqusosayus ekuk Fkk flusek gekjs fnekx ij viQhe&lkvlj djrk gSA

ts- ih- nÙkk dh ,yvkslh&dkjfxy* oSpkfjdLrj ij cgqr ifjiDo ugha jgrs gq, Hkh rduhdhoqQ'kyrk osQ fy, ns[kh tkuh pkfg,A fiQYe esages'kk gh n'kZd lcls mfpr txg ij gksrk gS]tgk¡ ls iwjs n`'; esa mldh Hkkxhnkjh gks losQ]vf/d ls vf/d og ns[k losQ] vf/d lsvf/d og lqu losQA ,d vksj dkjfxy dhfodV ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks fn[kkus osQ fy, ,fj;y'kkWV dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gS rks nwljh vksjlSfudksa osQ ihNs oSQejk gkFk esa ysdj Hkh nkSM+ktkrk gS rkfd vux<+ igkfM+;ksa dk ^toZQ* n'kZdHkh eglwl dj loasQA oSQejs dh oqQ'kyrk blhls vk¡dh tkrh gS fd fdl gn rd og n'kZddh vk¡[k cu ldk gSA

ekufld :i ls vius vki dks n`'; osQvanj eglwl djok ysus dh {kerk gh gS tksflusek dks bl dnj laizs"; cukrh gS fd djksM+ksayksx fcuk fdlh fiQYeh Hkk"kk vkSj rduhd dhle> osQ fVdV [kjhnrs gSa] fiQYe ns[krs gSa vkSjviuh t#jr osQ vuqlkj mls le>rs&Lohdkjdjrs gSA lkfgR; ;k dyk dks ;g lqfo/kmiyC/ ugha gS] lkfgR; ;k dyk dk jlkLoknuge rc rd ugha dj ldrs tc rd fd mlosQO;kdj.k dh eksVh le> Hkh u gksA flusek us


vius fy, ,slh LokHkkfod Hkk"kk dk pquko fd;kgS tks lkekU; euq"; dh ek=k vkHkklh {kerk osQfl¼kar ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSA

okLro esa Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr esa tc flusekdks uktqd eu cPpksa vkSj fd'kksjksa osQ fy,R;kT; ekuk tkrk Fkk rks mldh otg fliZQ ;gugha fd ml le; rFkkdfFkr ^xUnh fiQYeksa*dh cgqrk;r Fkh] mldh lgh otg rRdkyhuHkkjrh; lekt dh ;g izkS<+ vkSj okftc le>Fkh fd flusek dgha u dgha gekjs lkspus le>usvkSj dYiuk dh {kerk dks {kh.k djrh gSA mUgsavkHkkl Fkk fd ^fØl* dh mM+ku cPpksa osQefLrLd dks bl dnj oqQan cuk ldrk gS fdos va/kuqdj.k esa Nr ls Nyk¡x yxk ldrs gSatcfd mudk ^Lora=k* efLr"d ^fØl* ls HkhT;knk mQ¡ph mM+ku Hkj ldrk gSA okLro esagekjs eu esa dksbZ dYiuk vkdkj ysrh gS rks geml dYiuk dks lkdkj djus dh dksf'k'k osQiwoZ mls roZQ ij dlrs gSa] tcfd lkeus lkdkjfn[krs ^lR;* dks ns[k gesa roZQ djus dh t#jrgh eglwl ugha gksrhA

tc ge jkek;.k i<+rs gSa rks gjsd O;fDrosQ eu esa jke dh rLohj vyx curh gSAvius&vius roZQ osQ vuqlkj ,d leqfpr ^jke*dks os x<+rs gSaA vk'p;Z ugha fd Hkkjr esajkeyhyk osQ oqQN vkSj :i gksrs gSa tcfdbaMksusf'k;k esa oqQN vkSjA ysfdu flusek ;glqfo/k ugha nsrhA ftrus gh tM+ efLrLd osQlkFk ge mls ns[kas mls lgqfy;r gksrh gSAmldh liQyrk blh esa gS fd ge viuhdYiuk dh mM+ku dks izfrcaf/r dj viuh

le> dks mldh le> osQ vkxs lefiZr dj nsaA'kk;n blh fy, flusek viuh fo'ks"krk osQ :iesa bls Lohdkj Hkh djrh gSA lqHkk"k ?kbZ] MsfoM/ou tSls yksdfiz; fiQYedkj rks Li"V dgrsHkh gSa] fd esjh fiQYeksa dk vkuUn ysuk gks rksfnekx NksM+ dj ns[ksaA ,d uoksfnr (cky ;kfd'kksj) efLrLd osQ fy, tgka gj iy u,vken dh xqatkb'k cuh jgrh gS] mls ;g tM+rkfdruh izHkkfor dj ldrh gSA bl ij ,dxgu vè;;u dh t#jr gSA

geesa ls fdrus yksx gksaxs] ftUgksaus flusekns[kus osQ fy, dHkh u dHkh Mk¡V u lquh gks]reke fojks/ksa osQ ckotwn ;g Lohdkj djus esadrbZ ,rjkt ugha gks ldrk fd flusek vke tuosQ euksjatu dk lcls l'kDr vkSj izHkko'kkyhekè;e gSA Hkkjr esa gh ugha] nqfu;kHkj esaμikfdLrku] bZjku] Jhyadk ls ysdj baXySaM] vesfjdk]tkiku rdA ekWjDost dks viuh Økafrdkjh fopkj/kjk osQ izlkj osQ fy, Hkh flusek fo/k vkdf"kZrdjrh gS] rks MsfoM /ou dks viuh ew[kZrkvksa lsn'kZdksa dks [kq'k dj iSls ,saBus osQ fy, Hkh flusekgh pkfg,] fLFkfr vkt ;gk¡ rd igq¡p pqdh gSfd flusek gekjs ?kj osQ vanj izos'k dj pqdk gSAge bls ns[ksa ;k ugha] ;g Hkh vc gekjh bPNk ijfuHkZj ugha djrk gSA U;wt pSuy ij Hkh flusek osQfy, vyx LykWV gS] euksjatu pSuy ij Hkh vkSj[kkl rkSj ls flusek osQ fy, rks ntZuksa pSuy gaSghA D;k ckyw esa lj xkM+dj rwiQku dks jksdk tkldrk gS\

vkt Vsyhfotu osQ foLrkj us iwjs Hkkjr dksvkPNkfnr dj j[kk gSA eqacbZ osQ ckanzk ls ysdj


cLrj dh cfLr;ksa rd nqfu;k¡ dks m¡xfy;ksa osQb'kkjs ij upkus okyh fM'k ,UVhuk dh Nrjhns[kh tk ldrh gSA Vsyhfotu osQ lkFk Hkh flusekdh laLo`Qfr ge rd igq¡p jgh gSA flusek dhlaLo`Qfr vc fliZQ diM+s osQ iSQ'ku vkSj ckyksa osQLVkby dks izHkkfor ugha dj jgh gS cfYd vcblus lkekftd ewY;ksa dks Hkh izHkkfor djus dhrkdr gkfly dj yh gSA lkekftd leL;kvksadks flusek us vius yxkrkj izHkko ls bruk rjycuk fn;k gS fd fgalk] vijk/] O;fHkpkj]cykRdkj vc oqQN Hkh gesa cspSu ugha dj ikrkA

flusek osQ bl izHkko dks le>rs gq, if'pehns'kksa esa 50 osQ n'kd ls gh fiQYe vè;;u ijxaHkhjrk ls fopkj djuk 'kq# dj fn;k FkkAf'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa vkSj euksoSKkfudksa osQ fy, ogk¡¡a ijfpark dk fo"k; Fkk fd cPps ftruk le; Ldwyesa O;rhr djrs gSa mlls dgha vf/d VsyhfotuosQ lkeusA vius vè;;u esa mUgksaus ik;k fd nkso"kZ dh mez ls gh tc cPps ekr`Hkk"kk lh[kus dh'kq#vkr djrs gaS Vsyhfotu vkSj fiQYe tSlsn';&JO; ekè;eksa ls Hkh lans'k xzg.k dh 'kq:vkrdj nsrs gSA nks rhu lky osQ cPps dk dkVZwuusVooZQ osQ vkxs 'kkar iM+s jguk dksbZ la;ksx ugha]cfYd gesa ;g Lohdkj djuk pkfg, fd cdk;nkmls ns[k jgk gksrk gS] eglwl dj jgk gksrk gSA

flusek vkt gekjh thou 'kSyh esa 'kkfeygks pqdk gSA [kkuk [kkuk] vkWfiQl tkuk] Ldwytkus dh rjg flusek dks Hkh geus viuhvfuok;Zrk esa 'kkfey dj fy;k gSA gesa ;kn gSdkWyst tkus osQ ckn Hkh fiQYe if=kdk,¡ geus

vfHkHkkodksa ls fNidj i<+h FkhaA fiQYe ns[kusdh cdk;nk vfHkHkkodksa ls btktr yh tkrhFkh] og Hkh nks&pkj efgus esa ,d ckjA;g btktr Hkh ^t; guqeku* ;k ^fgUnqLrku dhdle* ns[kus osQ fy, gh feyrh FkhA vktvk'p;Z gS fd fiQYe ns[kuk dksbZ fo"k; gh ughajgk Hkkjrh; lekt osQ fy,A ;gk¡ rd fdo;Ld izek.k&i=k okyh Hkh fiQYesa ns[kus osQfy, cPpksa dks ys tkrs gq, gesa NksVh&lh fgpdHkh ugha gksrhA fiQYe ns[krs gq, cPps ^dehus*dk eryc iwNrs gSa vkSj ge eqLoqQjkrs gSaA

rFkkdfFkr vk/qfud gksrs Hkkjrh; lektdh ;g foMEcuk gh gS fd ;g fujUrj fleVrktk jgk gSA okLrfod ifjokj vkSj lekt lsgksrh nwjh dks ^opqZvy* lekt ls ikVus dhmlosQ ikl etcwjh gksrh gSA D;ksafd lekt rkspkfg, ghA bl pkfg, osQ fy, fodYi mlsflusek esa feykA bl ^opqZvy* lekt dh[kkfl;r Fkh] ;g mldh ek¡x ij miyC/ FkkAtc Hkh vosQykiu eglwl gks] pyks flusekA,d lq[kn Hkjs&iwjs okrkoj.k ls larq"V ykSVdjfiQj yx x, vosQys vius jkst osQ tn~nkstgnesaA 'kk;n blh fy, flusek ns[kuk tks igyslky&N% eghus dk mRlo gksrk Fkk] vc gÝrsdk 'kxy cu x;kA ;g Hkh xkSjryc gS fdxk¡o] dLck] 'kgj] uxj] egkuxj tSls&tSlsikfjokfjd bZdkb;k¡ NksVh gksrh xbZ bl 'kxy dhl?kurk Hkh c<+rh xbZA ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gSfd bl 'kxy us lcls T;knk cPpksa dks izHkkforfd;k] D;ksafd ,dy ifjokjksa esa lcls vosQysogh FksA vk'p;Z ugha fd ,dy ifjokjksa osQ


flusek ns[kus dk fu.kZ; /hjs&/hjs cPpksa osQ gkFkksaesa fleVrk pyk x;kA mUgsa eryc flusek lsugha] cl flusek ?kj osQ esys vkSj flusek osQ insZij lqyHk opqZvy* nqfu;k ls FkhA vkSj vfHkHkkodksaosQ fy, mUgsa flusek ys tkuk okLro esa dgha udgha mUgsa vius Hkjs&iwjs lekt ls dkVus dh,d {kfriwfrZ FkhA ysfdu ;g ^{kfriwfrZ* okLroesa fdl rjg mudh le> dks viuh nqfu;k osQizfr tM+ cuk jgh Fkh] geus bl ij xkSj djusdh t#jr ugha le>hA

vkt bl fLFkfr esa tc flusek osQ izokgdks jksdk ugha tk ldrk] D;k csgrj ;g ughafd yksxksa dks flusek ns[kus ls jksdus osQ ctk,mls flusek ns[kuk fl[kk,¡A fl[kkus dk vFkZ gScdk;nk fiQYe vè;;u vkf[kjdkj vè;;udk mn~ns'; D;k gS! dksbZ Hkh fo"k; lkfgR; gks]foKku gks] dyk gks ;k rduhd gks ge D;ksai<+rs gSa! okLro esa fof/or vè;;u dk mn~ns';fnekx dks ,sls lk/u ls ySl fd;k tkuk gS fdos Kku dh xw<+ nqfu;k dks le> loasQA D;kasfdfdlh Hkh fo"k; dks ,d O;fDr viuh lkekU;le> ls ,d lhek rd gh le> ldrk gSAflusek rks dyk dh lcls ^dkWEiysDl* fo/kgS] blesa lkfgR; Hkh gS] dyk Hkh] foKku Hkh]rduhd HkhA flusek ij gjsd n`f"Vdks.k lsfopkj djus dh] vè;;u dh t#jr gSA ,ddyk ekè;e osQ :i esa] laizs"k.k osQ ,d l'kDrn`';&JO; ekè;e osQ :i esa] ,d yksdfiz;tu euksjatu osQ :i esa] lwpuk,¡ vkSj lkekftdewY;cks/ dks lapkfjr djus okys lk/u osQ :iesa] lkaLo`Qfrd okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djus okys

,d vfHkdj.k osQ :i esa gjsd ifjizs{; flusekij foLrkj ls fopkj djus dh vis{kk j[krk gSAvkSj og vis{kk ,d fof/or fu;fer vè;;uls gh iwjh gks ldrh gSA fiQYe vè;;u fliZQfiQYe dh gh ugha iwjs lkaLo`Qfrd okrkoj.k dksle>us esa lgk;d gks ldrk gSA

1980 esa us'kuy fiQYe ikWfylh dfeVh}kjk fiQYe vè;;u dks jk"Vªh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh esavkBoha d{kk ls vukSipkfjd f'k{kk esa vkSjdkWyst&fo'ofo|ky; Lrj ij vkSipkfjd f'k{kkesa 'kkfey djus dh vuq'kalk dh xbZ FkhA Hkkjrljdkj us vuq'kalk dks Lohdkj djrs gq, ;w-th-lh- vkSj ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dks fiQYe vè;;udh fn'kk esa vko';d dne mBkus osQ funsZ'kHkh mlh le; tkjh fd, FksA ysfdu vkt Hkhnwjn'kZu osQ ;w-th-lh- dk;ZØeksa esa ^vaMjLVSafMaxflusek* dh ,d lhjht izlkfjr djus vkSj;knoiqj tSls oqQNsd fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa 'kks/vkSj LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij ,d fo"k; osQ :i esaLohdkj dj ysus osQ ckotwn fiQYe vè;;uigys dh rjg vLi`'; cuk gqvk gSA

vkt ,d vksj viuh gh laLo`Qfr dks gkf'k,ij Mky j[kus dh gh ugha] ?k`.kk djus dhjktuhfr dk ncko] nwljh vksj laLo`Qfr dks^;wfuiQkeZ* cukus dk ncko vkSj rhljh rjiQoSf'od laLo`Qfr dks c<+kok nsus dh dksf'k'kAoqQy feykdj le; lpsr gksus dk gSA ;fnvHkh Hkh flusek ij geus viuk ^fu;a=k.k* ughadk;e fd;k rks fiQj vkxs fdruk Hkh foykidjsa fu"d"kZ gkFk ugha vk ldrkA blosQ fy,lcls igys ,d ckj fiQj ls us'kuy fiQYe


ikWfylh 1980 dks ;kn djus dh t#jr gSrkfd flusek osQ izfr cpiu ls gh ,d lghle> fodflr gks losQA ;g ,d fnu dhdksf'k'kksa ls ugha gks ldrk] yxkrkj fof/orvè;;u ls gh cPpksa esa lgh vkSj xyr flusekdh le> dks fodflr dh tk ldrh gSA cPpksadks egku fiQYedkjksa dh Dykfld fiQYesa fn[kkusdh xaHkhj dksf'k'k 'kq# dh tkuh pkfg,] rkfd os

MsfoM /ou vkSj foey jkW; dk iQoZQ eglwldj loasQA

lkfgR; osQ lkFk geus dksf'k'k dh] vkt NksVsls cPps dks Hkh izsepan vkSj izse oktis;h dk iQoZQekywe gSA vkt dh lPpkbZ gS fd yksxksa dks flusekns[kus ls ge jksd ugha ldrs gSa] dksf'k'k dj ldrsgSa fd os flusek dks flusek dh rjg xzg.k djsa] ,dLoLFk vkykspdh; le> osQ lkFkA


fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa gks jgs 'kks/ dk;ks± dhxq.koÙkk mUu;u gsrq iz;kl

eksgEen ;wuql gqlSu*eksgEen bj'kkn gqlSu**

fo'ofo|ky; dk dk;Z Kku osQ forj.k osQ lkFk gh Kku dk l`tu djuk Hkh gksrk gSAfo'ofo|ky; eas f'k{k.k ,oa 'kks/ ,d nwljs osQ iwjd ,oa ijLij lg;ksxh fØ;k,¡ gaSAHkkjr esa mPp xq.koÙkk okys laLFkkuksa osQ vHkko osQ dkj.k izfr o"kZ yxHkx ik¡p yk[kHkkjrh; Nk=k fons'kh fo'ofo|ky;kas esa mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus tkrs gSaA blosQ lkFk ghmiyC/ Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa@laLFkkuksa ls MkWDVjsV dh fMxzh ysus okyksa dh l¡[;k Hkhegt rhu yk[k gh gSA vr% Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk ,oa 'kks/ osQ {ks=k esa Js"B laLFkkuksa dks[kksyus@lapkfyr laLFkkuksa osQ xq.koÙkk Lrj esa o`f¼ djus] fo|kfFkZ;ksa essa xq.koÙkk;qDr'kks/ djus ,oa xq.koÙkk ;qDr f'k{kk izkIr@iznku djus dh {kerk fodflr djus osQfy, fo'ks"k iz;kl dh vko';drk gSA

;fn fo'ofo|ky; Kku dk l`tu u dj osQoyKku osQ forj.k rd gh lhfer gks tkrk gS rks ogfo'ofo|ky; ugha oju fo|ky; dgykus osQyk;d gSA fo'ofo|ky; dk eq[; dk;Z Kku osQforj.k osQ lkFk gh Kku osQ {ks=k ls ckgjfudydj vKku osQ {ks=k esa tkdj u, Kku dh[kkst dj tuekul rd igq¡pkuk gSA izks- ;'kikyosQ vuqlkj] tks Kku osQ egklkxj esa Mqcdh

yxkuk fl[kk,] ogh fo'ofo|ky; gSA gekjsvklikl tks oqQN Hkh ?kfVr gks jgk gS ml lcdhi<+kbZ] fo'ofo|ky; esa gksuh pkfg,A fofHkUufo"k;ksa osQ chp cgqr >huh nhokj gksrh gS vr%'kks/ osQ Lrj ij ,d fo"k; ls nwljs fo"k; esatkus dh NwV feyuh pkfg,A fofHkUu fo"k;ksa osQfo'ks"kKksa dks pkfg, fd og vius fo"k; dhfo'ks"kKrk dks cpk, j[krs gq, fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa

*ofj"B vè;kid] izkFkfed fo|ky;] Hkkstiqj jkeukFk] HkwVk] cjsyh] mÙkj Ikzns'k-**ofj"B vè;kid] izkFkfed fo|ky;] iQrsgiqj] HkwVk] cjsyh] mÙkj Ikzns'k-


tkdj Kku dk fodkl djrs jgsaA izks- Mh- ,l-dksBkjh osQ vuqlkj fo'ofo|ky; dh Js"BrkmlosQ f'k{kdksa dh Js"Brk ij fuHkZj gksrh gSAfo'ofo|ky; esa f'k{k.k ,oa 'kks/ ,d nwljs osQiwjd ,oa ijLij lg;ksxh fØ;k,¡ gSaA fo'o osQmÙke fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh igpku muosQ ;gk¡ gksjgs 'kks/ksa dk Lrj gksrk gSA ^Hkkjr foKku fjiksVZ*osQ vuqlkj ,d vjc ls vf/d vkcknh okysHkkjr esa MkWDVjsVksa dh l¡[;k egt rhu yk[k gS]ftlesa foKku osQ MkDVjsVksa dh l¡[;k ek=k ,dyk[k gSA ;fn gesa fo'o esa f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esaviuh igpku cukuh gS rks ;g lqfuf'pr djukgksxk fd gekjs fo|kFkhZ xq.koÙkk ;qDr 'kks/ djus,oa xq.koÙkk ;qDr f'k{kk izkIr ,oa iznku djus dh{kerk Lo;a esa fodflr djsaA ,slk djus osQ fy,gekjs f'k{kdksa dks vkèkqfudre vkSj dfBurefo"k;ksa dks ljy] ljl] lqcks/ cukdj Nk=kksa rdigq¡pkus dk iz;kl djuk gksxkA Hkkjrh; m|ksxlaxBu ,lkspSe* dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj vesfjdk]vkLVªsfy;k] baXySaM] dukMk] teZuh vkfn ns'kksa esamPp f'k{kk izkIr djus osQ fy, lk<+s pkj yk[k lsHkh vfèkd Hkkjrh; Nk=k izfro"kZ tkrs gSaA bldkeq[; dkj.k Hkkjr esa i;kZIr l¡[;k esa mPpxq.koÙkk okys laLFkkuksa dk vHkko gksuk gSA vr%Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk ,oa 'kks/ osQ {ks=k esa Js"BlaLFkkuksa dks [kksyus ,oa viuh ekSfyd [kkstksadks oSf'od cukus osQ fy, gesa feydj igydjuh gksxhA

izos'k izfØ;kizk;% fo'ofo|ky; osQ ih,p-Mh- dk;ZØe esaizos'k 'kks/drkZ ,oa 'kks/ i;Zos{kd dh vkilh

lgefr ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA 'kks/ dk;Z dhxq.koÙkk c<+kus ,oa ih,p-Mh- dk;ZØe esa O;kIrHkz"Vkpkj dks de djus dk ;g izFke ,oa lclsegÙoiw.kZ Lrj gSA blosQ fy, fo'ofo|ky;vuqnku vk;ksx (,e-fiQy-@ih,p-Mh- mikf/ osQfy, U;wure ekud ,oa izfØ;k) fofu;e] 2009esa] ,e-fiQy- ,oa ih,p-Mh- ikB~;Øe esa izos'kgsrq fo'ofo|ky; }kjk izos'k ijh{kk djkus dkizkoèkku fd;k x;k gS] tks fd ,d Lokxr ;ksX;dne gS ijUrq vU; ikB~;Øeksa gsrq vk;ksftrizos'k ijh{kkvksa dh Hkk¡fr blesa Hkh f'k{kk efiQ;kvksa}kjk /k¡èkyh djus dh iwjh laHkkouk jgsxhA vr%fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks ih,p-Mh- ikB~;Øe esa izos'kgsrq izos'k ijh{kk osQ lkFk&lkFk 'kS{kf.kd vfHkys[k,oa lk{kkRdkj dks Hkh vk/kj cukuk pkfg,Aizos'k ijh{kk dks 40» vf/Hkkj fn;k tk, ftlesa'kks/ vf/{kerk] fo"k;] Hkk"kk (fgUnh@v¡xzs”kh),oa dEI;wVj laca/h iz'u lfEefyr gksaA blosQvfrfjDr 40» vf/Hkkj izos'kkFkhZ }kjk ijkLukrdij izkIr vadksa dks fn;k tkuk pkfg,] rnksijkUrla;qDr vf/Hkkj 80» osQ vk/kj ij p;furvH;fFkZ;ksa dh izFke lwph tkjh dj mudklk{kkRdkj djk;k tk,] ftls 20» vf/Hkkjfn;k tk,A vUr esa izos'k ijh{kk] 'kS{kf.kdvfHkys[k ,oa lk{kkRdkj ij izkIr vadksa osQla;qDr vf/Hkkj osQ vk/kj ij fo'ofo|ky;,oa lac¼ egkfo|ky; esa dk;Zjr lacaf/r fo"k;osQ f'k{kdksa osQ ek¡xi=k osQ lkis{k vfUre p;fur'kks/kfFkZ;ksa dh lwph tkjh dh tk,A fo'ofo|ky;vuqnku vk;ksx ('kks/) fofu;e] 2009 osQ vuqlkjp;fur 'kks/ Nk=kksa osQ fy, fujh{kdksa dk fofu;kstu


vkSipkfjd rjhosQ ls foHkkxksa }kjk fu/kZfjr fd;ktk,xkA O;fDrxr Nk=k ,oa f'k{kd ij fujh{kddk vkoaVu ugha NksM+k tk,xkA ;g fu;e roZQlaxr ugha yxrk D;ksafd ih,p-Mh- dk;ZØeyEch vof/ dk gksrk gS] ftlesa 'kksèkdrkZ ,oa'kks/ i;Zos{kd dk ckjEckj fopkj&foe'kZ gksrkgSA vPNs okrkZyki osQ fy, nksuksa osQ O;fDrRoyfuZax ,oa Vhphax LVkby esa oqQN lekurkvko';d gSA vr% 'kks/ Nk=k ,oa 'kks/ i;Zos{kddks Hkh ,d nwljs dks pquus osQ fy, U;wurevko';d Lora=krk nh tkuh pkfg,A blosQ fy,fo'ofo|ky; dks ih,p-Mh- dk;ZØe gsrq p;fur'kks/kfFkZ;ksa ,oa miyC/ 'kks/ i;Zos{kdksa dh vkilhlgefr i=k osQ vk/kj ij] fuf'pr le; lhekosQ Hkhrj 'kks/kFkhZ dk iathdj.k lacaf/r i;Zos{kdosQ lkFk djuk pkfg,A bl dk;Z esa fo'ofo|ky;}kjk lacaf/r fo"k; osQ i;Zos{kd] mudh ;ksX;rk,oa muosQ funsZ'ku esa iw.kZ ,oa py jgh ih,p-Mh- dh tkudkjh] 'kks/ Nk=kksa dks miyC/djkus gsrq dkmfUlfyax dk;ZØe visf{kr gSaA'kks/kfFkZ;ksa dk p;u djrs le; i;Zos{kd dksvkj{k.k osQ fu;eksa dk Hkh ikyu djuk pkfg,A,slk djus ls lekt osQ ;ksX; ,oa lekt osQlHkh oxks± osQ 'kksèkkfFkZ;ksa dks 'kks/ djus dkvolj miyC/ gks losQxkA

'kks/ izfØ;k'kks/kfFkZ;ksa dk i;Zos{kd osQ lkFk iathdj.k gksusosQ mijkUr] fo'ofo|ky; dks 'kks/ Nk=kksa dks'kks/ izfØ;k fl[kkus osQ mn~ns'; ls fofo/fo"k;ksa dh fjlpZ eSFkMksykWth ij Ng ekg dk

lS¼kfUrd dkslZ djkus dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,AblosQ O;kogkfjd i{k dks fl[kkus gsrq bu Ngekg osQ Hkhrj gh lacaf/r 'kks/ i;Zos{kd }kjk'kks/ Nk=k ls fdlh ,d lkekU; leL;k osQfujkdj.k gsrq 'kks/&i=k rS;kj djkuk pkfg,A ,slkdjus ls 'kks/kFkhZ vius fo"k; dh 'kks/ fof/ osQlS¼kfUrd ,oa O;kogkfjd i{k dks lh[k losQxk]iQyLo:i og ih,p-Mh- gsrq p;fur leL;kdk vè;;u xq.koÙkkiwoZd dj losQxkA izk;%'kksèkkFkhZ ih,p-Mh- gsrq leL;k p;u osQ fy,vius 'kks/ i;Zos{kd ij fuHkZj jgrk gS] ftlls'kks/ dh ekSfydrk izHkkfor gksrh gSA vr%'kks/kFkhZ dks viuh ,osQfMfed ykbiQ esa fo"k; lslacaf/r vkus okyh leL;kvksa ij fparu ,oai;Zos{kd ls fopkj&foe'kZ osQ mijkUr Lo;a gh'kks/ leL;k dk p;u djuk pkfg,] ftlls 'kks/dk;Z iw.kZ gksus rd 'kks/kFkhZ esa leL;k osQ lekèkkuosQ izfr ftKklk cuh jgus osQ dkj.k] 'kks/ dhxq.koÙkk eas i;kZIr o`f¼ lqfuf'pr dh tk losQA'kks/ leL;k osQ p;uksijkUr 'kks/drkZ] 'kks/ dk;ZizkjEHk dj nsrk gSA leL;k ls lacafèkr lkfgR; osQxgu vè;;u gsrq 'kks/kFkhZ fofHkUu fo'ofo|ky;ksa,oa oasQnzzh; laLFkkuksa osQ iqLrdky;ksa dk Hkze.kdjrk gS] ftlosQ fy, dkiQh /u dh vko';drkgksrh gSA vr% fo'ofo|ky; dks ^'kks/ lgk;rkdks'k* dh LFkkiuk dj 'kks/kfFkZ;kas dks visf{krNk=ko`fÙk nsus dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,A gkyk¡fdfofHkUu osaQnzh; egRo osQ laLFkkuksa }kjk 'kks/Nk=ko`fÙk iznku dh tk jgh gS ijUrq tks Nk=k ;gNk=ko`fÙk ikus ls oafpr gSa mUgsa fo'ofo|ky;viuh vksj ls Nk=ko`fÙk nsdj 'kks/dk;Z esa vkus


okyh /u laca/h leL;kvksa dks de dj ldrkgS] ftlls 'kks/ dh xq.koÙkk esa o`f¼ lqfuf'prdh tk ldrh gSA oSKkfud fo"k;ksa osQ vuqla/kuksaesa iz;ksx'kkyk dh Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gS vr%vuqla/ku oasQnzksa dh iz;ksx'kkykvksa dks lHkhvko';d lalk/ukas ,oa midj.kksa ls lqlfTtrgksuk vko';d gSA ekufodh fo"k;ksa osQ vuqla/kuksa esa vè;;ujr pjksa osQ ekiu gsrq izekiho`Qrijh{k.k Hkh fo'ofo|ky; }kjk vuqla/ku oasQnzksadks miyC/ djkus gsrq /ukiwfrZ djuh pkfg;sApw¡fd 'kks/ dh xq.koÙkk] 'kks/ osQ pjksa osQ ekiugsrq iz;qDr midj.kksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS vr%'kks/dÙkkZ dks ekiu midj.k osQ p;u esa fo'ks"klko/kuh j[kuh pkfg,A ijh{k.k fuekZ.k lh[kusdh n`f"V ls izR;sd 'kks/dÙkkZ dks vius 'kks/ lslacaf/r fdlh ,d pj osQ ekiu gsrq midj.kLo;a cukuk pkfg, rFkk 'ks"k pjksa osQ ekiu gsrquohure ekudho`Qr midj.kksa dk iz;ksx djukpkfg,A

fo'ofo|ky; osQ fofHkUu fo"k;ksa osQ vuqlaèkkuoasQnzksa ij mPpLrjh; dEI;wVjho`Qr iqLrdky;dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg;s ftlesa lacaf/rfo"k; dh vf/dre egÙoiw.kZ iqLrosaQ] 'kks/if=kdk,¡] 'kks/ losZ] ,UlkbDyksfifM;k] 'kCndks'k]'kks/ xzaFk ,oa b.VjusV vkfn dh O;oLFkk gksAoS'ohdj.k ,oa rduhdh osQ bl ;qx esa 'kksèkdrkZdks b.VjusV dk mi;ksx djus esa n{krk gkflygksuh pkfg, D;kasfd fcuk blosQ mi;ksx ls oglwpukvksa osQ cgqr cM+s usVooZQ ls vufHkK jgtkrk gSA iqLrdky; osQ [kqyus dk le; izkr% 8ls jkf=k 12 rd gksuk pkfg, ftlls 'kks/ Nk=kksa dks

iqLrdky; tkus osQ fy, le; lhek osQ ca/u lseqfDr fey losQ rFkk og vf/dre le; rdiqLrdky; dk iz;ksx dj loasQA 'kks/ i;Zos{kdksadh 'kks/ ;ksX;rk dks mPpho`Qr djus osQ mn~ns';ls fo'ofo|ky; dks izR;sd nks o"kZ osQ vUrjkyij dk;Z'kkyk dk vk;kstu djuk pkfg, rkfdf'k{kd Lo;a dks le; osQ vuqdwy vixzsM djlosaQA blosQ lkFk gh fo'ofo|ky; dks fofHkUufo"k;ksa osQ 'kks/ Nk=kksa dks fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dhizo`Qfr ,oa 'kks/ fof/ dk uohure Kku nsus osQfy, ,dhoQr 'kks/ dk;Z'kkyk dk okf"kZd vk;kstudjkuk pkfg,A izR;sd 'kks/ Nk=k dks vius 'kks/xzaFk ls de ls de nks 'kks/ i=k vius 'kks/ dk;ZosQ nkSjku] fo'ofo|ky; }kjk vk;ksftr okf"kZdlsehukj esa izLrqr djus dh vfuok;Z 'krZ gksuhpkfg,] ftlls 'kks/ dk;Z esa lqxerk ,oa xq.koÙkkcuh jgsA 'kks/ xazFk fo'ofo|ky; esa tek djus lsiwoZ 'kks/ Nk=k dks de ls de ,d 'kks/&i=kjk"Vªh; Lrj dh 'kks/&if=kdk esa izdkf'kr djkukpkfg, ftlls mldh 'kks/ n{krk izfrfcfEcr gkslosQ] lkFk gh vfxze 'ks"k 'kks/ dk;Z dh xq.koÙkkcuk, j[kus osQ fy, vko';d i`"Biks"k.k izkIr gkslosQA blh dM+h esa fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx('kks/) fofu;e] 2009 osQ vUrxZr fufeZr fofu;efd ^'kks/xzaFk izLrqr djus osQ iwoZ Nk=k dks foHkkxesa ,d lk{kkRdkj nsuk iM+sxk tks fd leLrladk; lnL;ksa ,oa 'kks/ Nk=kksa osQ fy;s [kqyk gksxkrkfd fVIif.k;k¡ ,oa lq>ko izkIr gks loasQ] ftudksfujh{kd osQ lq>ko ij MªkWÝV 'kksèk xazFk esalfEefyr fd;k tk losQ**] Hkh ,d Lokxr ;ksX;dne gS ftlls fuf'pr :i ls 'kks/ dh xq.koÙkkc<+sxhA


ewY;k¡duizk;% ns[kk tkrk gS fd 'ksk/ xzaFk fo'ofo|ky;esa tek djus osQ eghuksa ckn Hkh ckcw laLo`QfrosQ pyrs 'kks/ xzaFk osQ ewY;k¡du gsrq ewY;k¡du&dÙkkZvksa osQ ukeksa dh lwph ugha cu ikrh gS]rnksijkUr nwljk foyEc] ewY;k¡dudrkZvksa }kjkO;LÙkkvksa osQ pyrs ,DlsIVsal fjiksVZ dks le; lsu Hkstus ij gksrk gS ftlosQ dkj.k 'kks/ xzaFk dkewY;k¡du vuko';d :i ls eghuksa@o"kks± yVdkjgrk gSA bl leL;k dks nwj djus osQ fy,fo'ofo|ky; dks pkfg, fd og 'kks/xzaFk tekdjus osQ oqQN eghus iwoZ gh ewY;k¡dudrkZvksa osQiSuy ,oa mudh ,DlsIVsal fjiksVZ dh izfØ;kizkjEHk dj nsa rkfd 'kks/ xzaFk tek gksus rdewY;k¡dudÙkkZ dh ,sDlsIVsal fjiksVZ vk tkus ij'kks/ xzaFk dks ewY;k¡dudÙkkZ osQ ikl rqjUr Hkstuklqfuf'pr fd;k tk losQA bl O;oLFkk osQ fy,'kks/ i;Zos{kd dks pkfg, fd og 'kks/xzaFk tekgksus osQ laHkkfor le; ls Ng ekg iwoZfo'ofo|ky; osQ fjlpZ lsy dks lwfpr dj nsrkfd fo'ofo|ky; iSuy ,oa ,DlsIVsal dhizfØ;k izkjEHk dj nsA 'kks/xzaFk dk ewY;k¡du xgjkT; osQ ,d fo'ofo|ky; osQ f'k{kd ,oa vU;jkT; osQ ,d oasQnzh; fo'ofo|ky; osQ f'k{kd lsdjk;k tkuk pkfg,A nksuksa ijh{kdksa dh tk¡pvk[;k vkus osQ mijkUr ,d ekg osQ Hkhrj 'kks/Nk=k dh ekSf[kd ijh{kk djk nsuh pkfg,A ekSf[kdijh{kk dh iwoZ lwpuk lHkh foHkkxksa osQ f'k{kdksa ,oaNk=kksa dks nh tkuh pkfg, ftlls os Hkh ijh{kk esaizfrHkkx dj 'kks/ Nk=k ls iz'u iwNdj vius Kkuesa of¼ dj loasQA

fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx (,e-fiQy-@ih,p-Mh- mikf/ osQ fy, U;wure ekud ,oaizfØ;k) fofu;e] 2009 osQ vuqlkj fo'ofo|ky;}kjk ih,p-Mh- mikf/ iznku djus dh ?kks"k.kkmijkUr] 'kks/ xzaFk dh lkWÝV izfr fo'ofo|ky;vuqnku vk;ksx dks ,d ekg osQ Hkhrj bl vk'k;osQ lkFk izsf"kr djuh gksxh fd mldks bfUiQfycusVij Mkydj leLr laLFkkvksa@fo'ofo|ky;ksa dksmiyC/ djk;k tk loasQA fo'ofo|ky; vuqnkuvk;ksx dk 'kks/ xq.koÙkk dh n`f"V ls ;g ,dljkguh; iz;kl gSA orZeku esa fo'ofo|ky; }kjkiznku dh tkus okyh ih,p-Mh- fMxzh osQ vk/kjij 'kks/ xzaFkksa dh xq.koÙkk esa foHksnhdj.k ughafd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% 'kks/xzaFk dh ewY;k¡duvk[;kvksa ,oa ekSf[kd ijh{kk dh vk[;kvksa osQvk/kj ij ih,p-Mh- fMxzh ij xszM vafdr fd;ktkuk pkfg,A fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk ,slh O;oLFkkdj fn, tkus ij 'kks/ Nk=k ,oa i;Zos{kd vPNkxzsM izkIr djus osQ fy, 'kks/ izfØ;k osQ nkSjkudk;Z dh xq.koÙkk ij è;ku oasQfnzr djrs jgsaxs ,oamÙke xzsM ikus ij vfxze 'kks/ dk;Z gsrq vfHkizsfjr,oa izksRlkfgr gks losQxsaA blosQ vfrfjDr 'kks/ifj.kkeksa dks 'kks/ fo"k;ksa osQ Åij ykxw djkus osQiz;kl Hkh fo'ofo|ky; dks djus pkfg, rkfd'kks/ lef"V Hkh 'kks/ ifj.kkeksa ls ykHkkfUor gkslosQA blosQ fy;s fo'ofo|ky; dks viuh 'kks/if=kdk izdkf'kr djkuh pkfg, ftlesa lHkh,okMsZM+ ih,p-Mh- 'kks/xzaFkksa osQ lkj dks Nkik tkloasQA vk'kk gS fd ;fn fo'ofo|ky; mijksDrlq>koksa dks vey esa yk losaQ rks 'kks/dk;ks± dhxq.koÙkk eas fuf'pr :i ls mUu;u gks losQxkA


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Ikjh{kk esa udy osQ dkj.kksa dkfo'ys"k.k ,oa funku

v'ouh oqQekj xkSM+*

cPpksa us D;k lh[kk ;g tkuus osQ fy, ewY;k¡du djuk vko';d gSA Ikjh{kk,¡ ewY;k¡duizfØ;k dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ tfj;k gSA ijUrq ijh{kkvksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk udy djus lsewY;k¡du IkzfØ;k fu"IkzHkkoh gks tkrh gS vkSj cPpksa dk lgh fu"iknu ugha gks ikrkAcPps udy D;ksa djrs gSa] blosQ fy, dkSu&dkSu ls dkj.k ftEesnkj gSa vkSj Nk=kksa dksudy djus ls oSQls jksdk tk ldrk gS&vkfn eqn~nksa ij ppkZ dh xbZ gS bl 'kks/ijd ys[k esaA

gekjs lEeq[k ckyd osQ lgh ewY;k¡du dk y{;gksrk gSA bl y{; dh izkfIr osQ fy, geijh{kkvksa dk vk;kstu djrs gSa] fdUrq vkt Nk=kksa}kjk ijh{kk eas udy djuk ,d fparuh; fo"k;gh ugha vfirq f'k{kk esa O;kIr ,d chekjh gSAblls ewY;k¡du izfØ;k gh fu"izHkkoh gks tkrh gSvkSj f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; gh lekIr gks tkrk gSAblls Hkh vf/d cqjh ckr ;g gS fd blls d{kkesa gksus okyh i<+kbZ o ijh{kk dk rjhdk ghizfryf{kr ugha gksrk cfYd gekjs ?kj o vklikldk okrkoj.k D;k gS] ;g Hkh fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk gSAblls f'k{kk dh lEiw.kZ O;oLFkk dh fo'oluh;rkij lUnsg iSnk gksrk gS vkSj blls tqM+s yksxksa dh

vkLFkk ij gh iz'ufpÉ yx tkrk gSA ijh{kk esaudy gksus osQ dbZ dkj.k gSaA ;s fo|kFkhZ dh vadizfr'kr c<+kus dh bPNk ls ysdj ijh{kk djkusokys vf/dkfj;ksa dh ykijokgh vkSj <hy nsusrd iQSys gSaA izLrqr vè;;u esa 'kks/drkZ us ijh{kkesa udy djus ls lacaf/r Nk=k] vfHkHkkod]lkFkh] vè;kid] iz'ui=k] ijh{kk O;oLFkk] iz'kklu,oa ?kj dk i;kZoj.k vkfn dkj.kksa ij fopkjfd;k gSA

vè;;u osQ mn~ns';1- ekè;fed Lrj osQ Nk=kksa }kjk ijh{kk esa

udy djus osQ dkj.kksa dk vè;;u djukA*,lksfl;sV izksi- sQlj (f'k{kk)] n;kyckx f'k{k.k laLFkku (MhEM fo'ofo|ky;) n;kyckx] vkxjk- (m- iz-)


2- ekè;fed Lrj osQ Nk=kksa }kjk udy lkexzhj[kus okyh fNih txgksa dk vè;;u djukA

3- ekè;fed Lrj osQ Nk=kksa dh udy dh izo`fÙkosQ fy, Ikzsjd rRoksa dk vè;;u djukA

4- udy dh Ikzo`fÙk dks jksdus gsrq okafNr lq>koksadk vè;;u djukA

vè;;u dh fof/'kks/dÙkkZ }kjk izLrqr vè;;u dh izo`Qfr dksè;ku esa j[ks gq;s o.kZukRed losZ{k.k fof/ dkiz;ksx fd;k x;kAvè;;u esa iz;qDr U;k;n'kZbl vè;;u esa 'kks/drkZ us Perposive Non

Random Sampling fof/ }kjk vkxjk e.MyosQ nloha d{kk osQ mu 100 Nk=kksa dks lfEefyrfd;k tks udy djrs idM+s x;s ;k ftUgksausudy djuk Lohdkj fd;kAvè;;u esa iz;qDr midj.kizLrqr vè;;u esa LofufeZr iz'ukoyh }kjk 'kksèkdÙkkZus Nk=kksa] lkfFk;ksa] vfHkHkkodksa ,o vè;kidksa lsiz'ui=k] ijh{kk O;oLFkk] iz'kklu ,oa ?kj osQi;kZoj.k ls lacaf/r vusd iz'u iwNsA

vè;;u osQ fu"d"kZvè;;u osQ fu"d"kZ Kkr djus gsrq LofufeZriz'ukoyh ls izkIr mÙkjksa dk fo'ys"k.k djosQudy dh izo`fÙk osQ dkj.k Kkr fd;s x;sftudh foospuk 'kks/dÙkkZ }kjk fuEukafdr Øeesa dh x;h gSA

1- Nk=k }kjk vius vè;;u ij i;kZIr le;u nsuk

38» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd os ,d ls nks ?kaVkviuh fnup;kZ esa vè;;u osQ fy, lqjf{kr

j[krs gSaA 26» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd os nks ?kaVs lspkj ?kaVs vius ?kj vè;;u djrs gSaA pkj ls N%?kaVs vè;;u djus okys Nk=kksa dk izfr'kr 30jgkA 6» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd os ?kj ij fcYoqQygh vè;;u ugha djrs gSaA de vè;;u djusls Nk=k dh detksjh cuh jgrh gS vkSj ;ghdetksjh mls udy dh izo`fÙk dh vksj vxzljgksus osQ fy, izsfjr djrh gSA

2- Nk=kksa esa Hk; dk vHkko32» Nk=kksa us ;g Lohdkjk fd os udy djrsle; Hk; dk vuqHko ugha djrs gSaA ge ns[krsgSa fd vkt dk ijh{kkFkhZ vuq'kklughu gksrkpyk tk jgk gSA uSfrdrk ls og cgqr ijs gSAvius ls cM+ksa dk lEeku djuk tSls O;kogkfjdxq.k ls og oafpr gSA vius vè;kid }kjk mlsuqdlku ugha igq¡pk;k tk,xk] bl ckr ls ogfuf'pUr gSA vr% fuMj gks ijh{kk Hkou esa ogudy osQ lHkh lk/u viukrk gSA

3- Nk=kksa }kjk fu;fer d{kkvksa esa vuqifLFkrjguk

52» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd muosQ vè;kid fu;fer:i ls d{kk esa ugha vkrs gSaA 30» Nk=kksa uscrk;k fd muosQ vè;kid mUgsa izHkko'kkyh <axls vè;kiu ugha djkrs gSaA vPNk vè;kiu Nk=kesa vè;;u osQ izfr #fp mRiUu djrk gS vkSj,d uhjl vè;kid vè;;u osQ izfr uhjlrkmRiUu djrk gS ifj.kkeLo:i Nk=k fu;ferdkyka'kksa esa vuqifLFkr jgrk gSA bl dkj.kmldh fo"k;xr detksjh c<+rh tkrh gS vkSjog ijh{kk esa udy dk lgkjk ys] mÙkh.kZ gksukgh viuk mn~ns'; cuk ysrk gSA fu;fer :i ls


d{kk esa mifLFkr ugha jgus okys Nk=kksa dk18» gSA

4- Nk=kksa dk ?kj osQ dk;ksaZ esa layXu gksuk'kr~&izfr'kr Nk=kksa us ?kj osQ dk;ksaZ esa layXugksuk Lohdkj fd;k gSA izkIr mÙkjksa osQ fo'ys"k.kosQ vk/kj ij Nk=k ?kj ij fuEufyf[kr dk;ksaZ esalayXu ik, x, gSaμ1- ?kj ij ikuh HkjukA2- vukt ykuk ,oa vukt filkukA3- [kkuk cukukA4- [ksrh ,oa O;kikj esa ekrk&firk dks lg;ksx nsukA5- i'kqvksa dh ns[kHkky djukA6- ?kjsyw lkeku [kjhnukA7- v[kckj cspukA

bl dkj.k Nk=k dks vius vè;;u osQ fy,le; fudky ikus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA ijh{kkdh rS;kjh osQ fy, og viuk ekul ugha cukikrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i ijh{kk Hkou esa ogudy dk lgkjk ysrk gSA

5- vfHkHkkodgkykafd 8» Nk=kksa us ;g crk;k fd muosQvfHkHkkod Hkh mudh bl Ikzo`fÙk esa lfØ;Hkkxhnkj gSaA ge ns[krs gSa fd oqQN Ikgq¡p okysvfHkHkkod vius cPps dh Ikjh{kk Hkou esa cSBdO;oLFkk ls ysdj lacaf/r Ikjh{kk Hkou esa d{kddh fu;qfDr rd vius IkzHkko dks cuk, j[krs gSaAos vius Ikfjfpr vè;kidksa ls cjkcj lEioZQcuk, j[krs gSaA lkFk gh Ikzk;ksfxd Ikjh{kkvksa esavfHkHkkod bUVjuy ,oa ,DlVju ewY;k¡dudÙkkZvksard Hkh viuh Ikgq¡¡p dk ekè;e <w¡< gh fudkyrs

gSaA 26» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd muosQ vfHkHkkod mUgsaudy djus dks dgrs gSaA Ikfj.kkeLo:Ik ckydudy dh Ikzo`fÙk dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gSA

6- ekxZn'kZu dk vHkko26» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd ?kj Ikj mUgsa muosQvè;;u esa ekxZn'kZu nsus okyksa dk vHkko gSAvfHkHkkod vius ckyd dks fo|ky; esa Ikzos'kfnyk vius dÙkZO; dh bfrJh le> ysrs gSaAvf'kf{kr dh ckr rks nwj jgh] f'kf{kr gksrs gq,Hkh le;kHkko osQ dkj.k vfHkHkkod vius ckydosQ vè;;u dh vksj è;ku ugha ns IkkrsA vr%vius vè;;u esa lgh ekxZn'kZu osQ vHkko esaNk=k udy djus dks etcwj gks tkrk gSA

7- ?kj Ikj Ik<+us dh lqfo/k ,oa vè;;u&lkexzh dk vHkko

gekjs ;gk¡ vf/dk¡'kr;k thou fuokZg osQ lkèkuksadk vHkko gSA Ikfjokj vius lhfer vkfFkZdlk/uksa esa vius ckydksa dks Ik;kZIr 'kS{kf.kdlqfo/k,¡ miyC/ djkus esa vleFkZ jgrk gSAfo|ky; tkus okyk ckyd blls IkzHkkfor gksrkgSA og vè;;u&d{k ,oa vè;;u&lkexzh lsoafpr jgrk gSA 34» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd ?kj IkjmUgsa Ik<+us dh lqfo/k,¡ miyC/ ugha gaSAIkfj.kkeLo:Ik ckyd Ik<+kbZ esa detksj gksrk gSvkSj og Ikjh{kk esa udy djrk gSA

8- lkFkh82» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd os udy vius lkFkhosQ lg;ksx ls djrs gSaA 32» Nk=kksa us crk;k fdos udy dh lkexzh vius lkFkh ls IkzkIr djrsgSaA 20» Nk=kksa us Lohdkj fd;k fd os udy


vuqdj.k osQ vk/kj Ikj djrs gSaA vius lkFkhdks yxkrkj udy esa liQyrk IkzkIr djrs ns[kmldk eu ykykf;r gks gh mBrk gSA bllsIkjh{kk Hkou osQ vf/dk¡'k Nk=k udy dh vksjIkzsfjr gksrs gSaA

9- vè;kid32» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd muosQ vè;kid mUgsaudy djrs le; Ikjh{kk Hkou esa ugha IkdM+rsgSaA 18» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd udy djus esavè;kid Hkh mudh lgk;rk djrs gSaA vuqHkoosQ vk/kj Ikj ,slk dk;Z vè;kid viuk dkslZle; Ikj Ikw.kZ u djk Ikkus dh otg ls] futhLokFkZ dh otg ls ;k vius e/qj lkekftdlEidksaZ dh otg ls gh djrs gaSA dbZ vè;kidIkjksidkjh loZfgrk; O;kid n`f"Vdks.k viukrsgSaA ,slk dj os Nk=k dks udy osQ fy,IkzksRlkfgr djrs gSaA

10- Ikz'u&Ik=kksa dk nks"kiw.kZ gksuk82» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd Ikz'u Ik=k osQ ^v* Hkkxesa os udy djus ls liQyrk IkzkIr djrs gSaA40» Nk=kksa us udy laosQrksa osQ lgkjs djukLohdkj fd;k gSA ,slk gksus Ikj ^v* Hkkx dhmi;ksfxrk lekIr&lh gks tkrh gS vkSj og Nk=kksadks udy dh izo`fÙk esa lg;ksxh osQ :Ik esaIkfjofrZr gks tkrh gSA 42» Nk=kksa us Lohdkjk fdmUgsa lh/s Ikz'uksa esa udy djus esa liQyrkfeyrh gSA

11- cSBd O;oLFkk36» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd Ikjh{kk Hkou esa muosQcSBus dh mfpr O;oLFkk ugha gksrh gSA 40»

Nk=kksa us crk;k fd mUgsa Ikjh{kk Hkou esa Ik;kZIrnwjh Ikj ugha cSBk;k tkrk gSA cSBd O;oLFkk esaizR;sd Nk=k osQ chp visf{kr nwjh ok¡Nuh; gS]fdUrq bldk vHkko Ikk;k tkrk gSA vr% vuqfprcSBd O;oLFkk Nk=k dks udy osQ fy, Ikzsfjrdjrh gSA

12- iz'kklu dh ykijokgh40» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd mUgsa Ikjh{kk fu;eksadh tkudkjh ugha nh tkrh gSA 30» Nk=kksa uscrk;k fd mUgsa udy djus ls ugha jksdk tkrkgSA 60» Nk=kksa us crk;k fd mUgsa udy djrsgq, Ikz/kukè;kid }kjk ugha IkdM+k tkrk gSAoSls 46» Nk=kksa us udy djrs gq, idM+s tkukLohdkj fd;k gS] fdUrq 30» Nk=kksa us gh ;gcrk;k fd IkdM+s tkus dk IkzHkko muosQ Ikjh{kkIkfj.kke Ikj IkM+kA IkzkIr mÙkjksa ls fofnr gqvkfd Ikjh{kd vius gh Lrj Ikj mUgsa lkèkkj.kn.M nsdj NksM+ nsrs gSaA vuqHko osQ vk/kj Ikjbldk dkj.k oqQN Ikjh{kdksa dh ;g vk'kk gksrhgS fd mudk vf/dkjh bl laca/ esa muls Hkhdgha vf/d lgkuqHkwfriwoZd fopkj djrk gS;k oqQN bl laca/ esa IkzR;{k :Ik ls lkeusvkuk ugha pkgrsA vr% Ikz'kklu }kjk Ikjh{kkFkhZosQ lkFk lgkuqHkwfr j[kuk] Ikjh{kkFkhZ dks udyosQ fy, IkzksRlkgu nsuk gks tkrk gSA

13- fNih txgksa Ikj udy dh lkexzh j[kukNk=k fNih gqbZ txgksa Ikj udy dh lkexzhj[krs gSa ftuls os vklkuh ls ugha IkdM+s tkrsAugha IkdM+s tkus Ikj os bl Ikzo`fÙk dks nksgjkrsjgrs gSaA Nk=kksa osQ IkwNs tkus Ikj tkudkjh feyh


fd os udy laca/h lkexzh fuEufyf[kr LFkkuksaIkj j[krs gSa ;k fy[krs gSaμ

1- 'kVZ@deh”k dh dkyj osQ vUnj

2- IkSu ;k IkSu osQ [kksys osQ vUnj

3- vaxwBh osQ vanj

4- ekSts ;k twrksa osQ vUnj

5- NksVh IykfLVd dh FkSyh esa Mkydj eq¡g osQvUnj

6- IkSaV dh eksjh osQ vUnj

7- tsc ;k pksj tsc osQ vUnj

8- uhdj dh tsc osQ vUnj

9- deht osQ uhps rqjikbZ okys LFkku osQ vUnj

10- dej osQ csYV osQ uhps

11- ?kM+h dh csYV osQ uhps

12- dku esa vVdk dj cM+s ckyksa dks mQij ystkdj

13- nhokj Ikj Ikgys fy[kdj

14- IkSM Ikj ;k bULVªwesaV ckDl esa fy[kdj

15- xf.kr osQ lw=k mÙkj&IkqfLrdk nsrs gh ji-Qdk;Z okys LFkku ij fy[kdj

16- Ikqjkus Ikz'u&Ik=k dh NikbZ osQ chp IksfUlyls fy[kdj

17- Ikz'u&Ik=k Ikj fy[kdj mldk vknku&Ikznkudjrs gq,

18- twrksa osQ uhps fpidk dj

19- deht osQ cVu osQ Ikkl vVdk dj

20- Vscqy ;k Ikkl esa f[kM+dh vkfn osQ fdlhNsn esa vVdkdjA

21- mÙkj&IkqfLrdk vkSj Ikz'u&Ik=k osQ uhps chp esaAIkzkIr vk¡dM+ksa osQ vk/kj Ikj udy dh Ikzo`fÙkosQ fy, nks"kh oxZokj fLFkfr fuEukuqlkj gSμ

Ukdy osQ fy, Lohdkjus okys nks"kh dkjd Nk=kksa dk izfr'kr

1- Nk=k 48» Nk=kksa us

2- vfHkHkkod 16» Nk=kksa us

3- lkFkh 40» Nk=kksa us

4- vè;kid 46» Nk=kksa us

5- iz'ui=k 46» Nk=kksa us

6- ijh{kk O;oLFkk 35» Nk=kksa us

7- iz'kklu 58» Nk=kksa us

8- ?kj dk i;kZoj.k 20» Nk=kksa us

rkfydkmi;qZDr rkfydk osQ vuqlkj fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fdudy osQ Ikzsjd rRo Øekuqlkj fuEufyf[kr gSaμ

1- Ikz'kklulcls Ikgyk Ikzsjd rRo Ikz'kklu gS tks viuhxyr uhfr;ksa] fu.kZ;ksa] <hyh ,oa vfu;ksftr;kstukvksa }kjk Nk=k dks udy osQ fy, Ikzsfjrdjrk gSA

2- Nk=knwljs Øe Ikj Nk=k Lo;a vkrs gSa tks vknru Ikjh{kkesa mÙkh.kZ gksus] vPNs vad IkzkIr djus ,oa viuhdetksjh dks fNikus osQ fy, udy djrs gSaA

3- vè;kid ,oa Ikz'u&Ik=krhljk LFkku vè;kid ,oa Ikz'u&Ik=k dk gSftudk IkzHkko cjkcj&cjkcj jgrk gSA vè;kid


dh <hyh] VkyeVksy uhfr ,oa mldh dÙkZO;&fu"Bk esa deh udy dh Ikzo`fÙk dks IkzHkkoh djrsgSaA Ikz'u&Ik=k Hkh Lo;a ,sls gh gksrs gSa ftuosQdkj.k Nk=k vklkuh ls udy dj ysrs gSaA

4- lkFkhpkSFkk LFkku lkFkh oxZ dk gSA lkFkh osQ ghvuqdj.k ,oa lg;ksx ls IkzHkkfor gksdj Nk=kudy djrs gSaA

5- Ikjh{kk O;oLFkkIkk¡pok LFkku Ikjh{kk O;oLFkk dk gSA ?kj dkIk;kZoj.k ,oa vfHkHkkod udy dh Ikzo`fÙk osQfy, de nks"kh Bgjs gSa buosQ IkzHkko dk Ikzfr'krU;wu gSA

nwljs 'kCnksa esa ge fu"d"kZ dks nks Hkkxksa esack¡V ldrs gSaA

1- IkzR;{kftlesa Lo;a Nk=k Hkkxhnkj gksrk gSA

2- vIkzR;{kftlesa iz'kklu] vè;kid] iz'u&i=k] lkFkh] ijh{kkO;oLFkk] ?kj dk i;kZoj.k ,oa vfHkHkkod vkrs gSaA

IkzR;{k izHkko 15-53» ,oa vIkzR;{k IkzHkko84-47» jgk gSA vr% vizR;{k IkzHkko vf/dnks"kh gSA

lq>ko1- LowQyh f'k{kk esa ikB~;p;kZ] IkkB~;Øeksa vkSj

IkkB~;iqLrdksa esa bl rjg lq/kj yk;k tk,fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij i<+kbZ dk cks> u iM+sA

2- ijh{kk O;oLFkk dks yphyk cuk;k tk,AIkz'uksa osQ Lo:Ik dks cnyk tk, ftllsfo|kfFkZ;ksa dks jVus dh vko';drk u gksoju~ os vius lUnHkksZ osQ vuqlkj Lo;a ghmÙkj fy[k losaQA

3- Ikz/kukè;kid ,oa vè;kid vius 'kSf{kdvkSj uSfrd nkf;Roksa dk fuokZg djsaA

4- [kqyh iqLrd ijh{kkvksa dh O;oLFkk dh tk,AIkjh{kk osQ oqQN vU; rjhosQ Hkh viuk;stk,¡A bl fo"k; esa Nk=k] vè;kid ,oavfHkHkkodksa esa fopkj&foe'kZ gksA

5- d{kkxr vè;kiu dks IkzHkkoh cuk;k tk,A6- Nk=kksa osQ lgh ekxZn'kZu gsrq fo|ky; esa

vè;;u d{k LFkkfir fd;s tk,¡ ftuesamUgsa 'kSf{kd ekxZn'kZu fn;k tk,A

7- vè;kid&vfHkHkkod la?k dks IkzHkkoh cuk;ktk,A

8- Nk=k dks vkRefparu osQ volj Ikznku fd;stk,¡AvUr esa ;gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd Nk=kksa esa

O;kIr udy dh Ikzo`fÙk dk fujkdj.k djukewyHkwr vko';drk gS blosQ fcuk gekjs f'k{k.kmn~ns';ksa dks {kfr Ikgq¡prh gSA vr% geas bl vksjè;ku nsuk pkfg,A


mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij dk;Zjr vè;kidksa dhd{kk f'k{k.k n{krk dk vè;;u

jhuk flag*

fnus'k oqQekj xqIrk**

fdlh jk"Vª osQ fodkl esa mPp f'k{kk dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA ;g f'k{kk mPpxq.koÙkkiw.kZ gksuh pkfg,A f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk cgqr gn rd f'k{kd osQ O;ogkj lsizHkkfor gksrh gS ftls Nk=k f'k{kd ijLij var%fØ;k osQ voyksdu ls Kkr fd;k tkldrk gSA izLrqr 'kks/ izi=k esa d{kk esa f'k{kdksa osQ O;ogkj dks Kkr fd;k x;k gSA bl'kks/ }kjk ;g rF; lkeus vk;k gS fd O;k[;ku osQ lkFk uksV~l nsus rFkk Nk=kksa dksi`"Biks"k.k nsus esa 67&70 izfr'kr f'k{kd izHkkoh gSa tcfd f'kf{kdkvksa dk ek=k 33»gSA ogha ^Nk=kksa dks mfpr fn'kk funsZ'ku nsus* esa f'kf{kdk,¡ vf/d n{k ikbZ xbZaAvè;;u ls Li"V gS fd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa esa cnyko ykus dh vko';drkgS ftlls fd f'k{kd vius Nk=kksa ls laca/ cukus esa n{k gks ik,¡A ;gh ugha ;g 'kks/lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk dks Hkh js[kkafdr djrk gSA

fdlh Hkh jk"Vª osQ fodkl esa ogk¡¡¡ dh mPpf'k{kk iz.kkyh dk vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnkugksrk gSA okLro esa fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dk vkfFkZd]rduhdh] oSKkfud vkfn {ks=kksa esa fodkl ,dlhek rd ogk¡¡¡ osQ mPp f'k{kk esa fodkl osQÅij fuHkZj djrk gSA pw¡fd f'k{kk osQ izlkj esao`f¼ djosQ rFkk f'k{kk Lrj dk mUu;u djosQjk"Vªh; fodkl dh nj dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gS

vkSj f'k{kk osQ izlkj dk ykHk rc rd ugha feyldrk tc rd f'k{kk xq.koÙkk;qDr u gksA ;fnmPp f'k{kk vè;;u oasQnz ls fudyus okysfo|kFkhZ xq.koÙkk;qDr ekuo lalk/u osQ :i esadk;Z djrs gSa rks jk"Vª dh izxfr fu'p; olgt :i ls gksxhA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh miyfCèkf'k{kd O;ogkj ls izHkkfor gksrh gS rFkk Nk=kksa esaeuq";ksfpr vfHko`fÙk osQ fodkl osQ fy, f'k{kd

*'kks/ Nk=kk] ;w-th-lh- (usV) f'k{kk'kkL=k foHkkx] bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky;] bykgkckn (m- iz-)**'kks/ Nk=k] ;w-th-lh- (usV) f'k{kk'kkL=k foHkkx] bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky;] bykgkckn (m- iz-)


lcls egÙoiw.kZ dkjd gksrk gSA lEiw.kZ f'k{kk iz.kkyhdk foLrkj f'k{kd dh xq.koÙkk ij fuHkZj gSA

d{kk f'k{k.k f'k{kd vkSj Nk=k osQ chpijLij var%fØ;k dh izfØ;k gksrh gSA ,dlqO;ofLFkr voyksdu iz.kkyh esa funsZ'kkRedvfèkxe] f'k{kd Nk=k ijLij mfpr var%fØ;kdh igpku rFkk f'k{k.k oxhZdj.k dk iw.kZizfrfufèkRo gksrk gSA

bl izdkj Li"V gS fd voyksdu i¼fr}kjk f'k{k.k xfrfof/;ksa] f'k{k.k n{krk rFkk blosQ?kVdksa osQ izfr tkx:drk mRiUu dh tk ldrhgSA pw¡fd fdlh ns'k dk fodkl xq.koÙkk;qDrf'k{kk ls izHkkfor gksrk gS vkSj f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkkf'k{kd O;ogkj ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA f'k{kdO;ogkj dks Nk=k f'k{kd ijLij var%fØ;k osQvoyksdu }kjk Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

vr% f'k{kdksa osQ d{kk esa O;ogkj dks Kkrdjus dk iz;kl izLrqr 'kks/ izi=k esa fd;k x;kgS rkfd ;g Kkr fd;k tk losQ fd d{kkf'k{k.k osQ fdu {ks=kksa esa f'k{kdksa dk O;ogkjf'k{k.k n{krk osQ vuq:i gS rFkk dgk¡ mUgsa vkSjvf/d izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gS rkfd osHkfo"; esa ,d ;ksX; f'k{kd cu losaQA

iklh vkSj 'kekZ (1982) us ekè;fed LrjosQ f'k{kdksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk dks ysdj ,dvè;;u fd;k rFkk vè;;u ls izkIr fd;k fdiz'u iwNuk] ikB dk izkDdFku nsuk] d{kkO;oLFkkiu djuk] ';keiV dk iz;ksx djuk]mfpr Hkk"kk esa ikB~; dks izLrqr djuk bR;kfnf'k{k.k fof/;ksa osQ izfr 70&80 izfr'kr f'k{kdksaesa n{krk ik;h x;hA

ikafM;u (1983) us f'k{kd osQ O;fDÙko]vf/xe 'kSyh vkSj f'k{k.k&;kstuk osQ chp lkekU;laca/ dk izR;;kRed voyksdu fd;kA fu"d"kZesa ik;k x;k fd f'k{kd dk O;fDÙko] vf/xe'kSyh mldh f'k{k.k ;kstuk ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA

tsBh] jsuw vkSj oqQekj] ch- (2007) us f'k{kdizHkko'khyrk dk vè;;u fd;k vkSj ik;k fdf'k{kdksa dk O;fDÙko] f'k{k.k ;kstuk] f'k{kd Nk=kvar%fØ;k] funsZ'ku bR;kfn f'k{kd dh vU;n{krkvksa dh vis{kk vf/d egÙoiw.kZ gaSA

frokjh] th-,u- (2001) us izkFkfed f'k{k.k]f'k{kdkas dh n{krk vkSj izf'k{k.k vko';drk ijvoyksdukRed vè;;u esa ik;k fd f'k{kdksa esalkeqnkf;d lalk/u lzksr dk d{kk f'k{k.k esaiz;ksx djuk] Nk=kksa dks funsZ'ku nsuk] fØ;kRedvuqla/ku djuk] vuqorhZ lsok nsuk bR;kfn osQizfr de n{krk ik;h x;hA

f'k{kdksa dh n{krk dks ysdj iky jktsUnz(1993) jke panzkdj vkSj fuykoj (1997) HkkfV;k]vkj- (2006)] ulhek] lh- (2006)] iBkfu;k(2001), jkts'oj (2002) us vè;;u fd;k vkSjf'k{kdksa dks fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa vkSj vfèkd n{k gksusosQ fy, izf'k{k.k dks vko';d ekukA

mi;qZDr vè;;uksa ls Li"V gS fd mPpf'k{kk osQ xq.kkRed vfHko`f¼ dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ?kVd f'k{k.k n{krk gS tks fd f'k{k.k osQ le;ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA blh fcUnq dks è;ku esa j[krsgq, ;g izklafxd gS fd ;g voyksfdr fd;ktk, dh D;k f'k{kd okLro esa d{kk dh ftEesnkfj;ksadk fuoZgu mfpr fof/ ls djrs gSa\


vè;;u osQ mís';1. mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij dk;Zjr f'k{kd rFkk

f'kf{kdkvksa dh 'kkfCnd d{kk f'k{k.k n{krkdh rqyuk djukA

2. mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij dk;Zjr f'k{kd rFkkf'kf{kdkvksa dh v'kkfCnd d{kk f'k{k.kn{krk dh rqyuk djukA

ifjdYiuk,¡1- (d) mPp f'k{kk Lrjh; f'k{kd rFkk

f'kf{kdkvksa dh 'kkfCnd izR;{k d{kkf'k{k.k n{krk esa lkFkZd vUrj ughagSA

([k) mPp f'k{kk Lrjh; f'k{kd rFkkf'kf{kdkvksa dh 'kkfCnd vizR;{k d{kkf'k{k.k d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk esa lkFkZdvUrj ugha gSA

2- (d) mPp f'k{kk Lrjh; f'k{kd rFkkf'kf{kdkvksa dh v'kkfCnd ldkjkRedd{kk f'k{k.k n{krk esa lkFkZd vUrjugha gSA

([k) mPp f'k{kk Lrjh; f'k{kd rFkkf'kf{kdkvksa dh v'kkfCnd udkjkRedd{kk f'k{k.k n{krk esa lkFkZd vUrjugha gSA

lef"V rFkk U;kn'kZizLrqr leL;k osQ vè;;u gsrq bykgkcknfo'ofo|ky; esa dk;Zjr leLr f'k{kdksa dkslef"V osQ :i esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSaAU;kn'kZ gsrq dyk ladk; esa vè;kiujr~ oqQy60 f'k{kdksa dk p;u fd;k x;k ftlesa 30f'k{kd rFkk 30 f'kf{kdkvksa dks fy;k x;k gSA

'kks/ midj.kizLrqr leL;k osQ vè;;u osQ fy, 'kks/dÙkkZvksa}kjk fufeZr ^d{kk voyksdu ekiuh* dk fuekZ.kfd;k x;k gSA

voyksdu ekiuh dk fuekZ.kbl ekiuh esa f'k{kd osQ mu f'k{k.k O;ogkjksadks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS ftudk iz;ksx f'k{kdksaosQ }kjk d{kk vè;kiu oQh vof/ esa fd;ktkrk gSA d{kk voyksdu ekiuh* osQ fuekZ.k osQfy, ^ySaMlZ dh Js.kh iz.kkyh (Category

System) dk vuqdj.k fd;k gS rFkk bl d{kkvoyksdu ekiuh dks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vkx;k gSμ1. 'kkfCnd d{kk var%fØ;k& 'kfCnd d{kk

vUr%fØ;k dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;kx;kμ

(d) izR;{k d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk ftlesa mi;qDrf'k{k.k lkexzh dk p;u djuk] d{kk dks#fpdj cukuk] Nk=kksa dks lh[kus osQ fy,izksRlkfgr djuk lfEefyr gSA

([k) vizR;{k d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk ftlesa mi;qDrmnkgj.k nsuk Li"V Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx]vuq'kklukRed okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djuklfEefyr gSA

2. v'kkfCnd d{kk var%fØ;kμ v'kkfCndd{kk vr%fØ;k dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftrfd;k x;k gSA tks d{kk f'k{k.k osQ le;ifjyf{kr gksrk gS&

(d) ldkjkRed d{kk var%fØ;kμ ftlesaØe'k% d{kk esa izlUu jguk Nk=kksa osQ mÙkjdks lquuk bR;kfn gSA


([k) udkjkRed d{kk var%fØ;kμ ftlesa Øe'k%f'k{k.k osQ izfr mnklhu jguk] d{kk esal[r cus jguk] ckr&ckr ij ukjktxhiznf'kZr djuk bR;kfn gSA

iznÙk l¡dyuiznÙkksa osQ l¡dyu osQ fy, izR;sd f'k{kd osQd{kk f'k{k.k O;ogkj dk rhu&rhu ckj voyksdufd;k x;k gSA

iznÙk fo'ys"k.kizLrqr leL;k vFkkZr~ mPp f'k{kk Lrjh; f'k{kdrFkk f'kf{kdkvksa dh 'kkfCnd f'k{k.k n{krk osQ

rqyukRed vè;;u osQ fy, dkbZ oxZ (χ2) rFkkizfr'kr fo'ys"k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA v'kkfCndf'k{k.k O;ogkj osQ vè;;u osQ fy, izfr'krfo'ys"k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

mís'; 1 'kkfCnd d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk dhO;k[;krkfydk 1 osQ voyksdu ls Li"V gS fd d{kkesa Nk=kksa dks vf/d lh[kus osQ fy, ^izksRlkfgrdjuk* ij dkbZ oxZ dk eku 8-43 gS tks fd(df = 2) osQ -05 lkFkZdrk Lrj osQ rkfydkeku ls vf/d gSA

rkfydk 1f'k{kd rFkk f'kf{kdkvksa dh izR;{k d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk dh

rqyuk osQ fy, χχχχχ2 ijh{k.k

Ø- f'k{kd f'kf{kdk voyksdu la- in χ2 (2×3

vf/d de vizHkkoh ;ksx vf/d de vizHkkoh ;ksx eku ij)izHkkoh izHkkoh izHkkoh izHkkoh df = 2

1- mi;qDr f'k{k.k lkexzh 22 5 3 30 15 5 10 30 5-08 dk p;u djuk (73-33) (16-67) (10) (50) (16-67) (33-33)

2- f'k{kd }kjk d{kk dks 17 7 6 30 14 10 6 30 0-818 #fpdj cukuk (56-67) (23-33) (20) (46-67) (33-33) (20)

3- d{kk esa Nk=kksa dks 20 6 4 30 11 4 15 30 8-43* vf/d lh[kus osQ fy, (66-67) (20) (13-33) (36-67) (13-33) (50) izksRlkfgr djuk

4- f'k{kd }kjk Nk=kksa ls 18 6 6 30 11 7 12 30 3-75 iz'u iwNuk& (60) (20) (20) (36-67 (23-33) (40) (i) KkukRed iz'u (ii) vfHkle.kkRed iz'u 10 3 17 30 6 2 22 30 1-84

(33-33) (10) (56-67) (20) (6-67) (73-33) (iii) vilj.kkRed iz'u 8 2 20 30 6 2 22 30 2-61

(26-67) (6-67) (66-67) (20) (6-67) (73-33)

* -05 Lrj ij lkFkZd


vr% bls -05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij Lohdkjfd;k tkrk gSA bl n{krk osQ fy, udkjkRedifjdYiuk dks vLohdkj djrs gq, dg ldrsgSa fd bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; esa dk;Zjr f'k{kdrFkk f'kf{kdkvksa dh izR;{k d{kk f'k{k.k n{krkdh bl f'k{k.k n{krk esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA

izfr'kr fo'ys"k.k lss voyksfdr gksrk gS fdtgk¡ vf/dkf/d 66-67» f'k{kd rks ogha osQoy36-67» f'kf{kdk, gh Nk=kksa dks vf/d lh[kusosQ fy, izHkkoh <ax ls izksRlkfgr djrh gSaA

blh izdkj d{kk f'k{k.k esa ^mi;qDr f'k{k.klkexzh dk iz;ksx djuk* tSls f'k{k.k O;ogkj osQtgk¡ 73-33» f'k{kd rks ogha osQoy 50»f'kf{kdk,¡ gh izHkkoh <ax ls d{kk esa mi;ksxdjrh gSA

rkfydk osQ voyksdu ls Li"V gS fd vU;lHkh f'k{k.k n{krkvksa osQ fy, tSlsμ f'k{kd}kjk d{kk dks #fpdj cukuk rFkk Nk=kksa ls iz'uiwNuk tSls inksa osQ fy, f'k{kd rFkk f'kf{kdkvksanksuksa dk gh d{kk f'k{k.k O;ogkj yxHkx lekuik;k x;kA

rkfydk 2f'k{kd rFkk f'kf{kdkvksa osQ eè; vizR;{k d{kk f'k{k.k n{krk dh

rqyuk osQ fy, χχχχχ2 ijh{k.k dh rkfydk

Ø- f'k{kd f'kf{kdk,¡ voyksdula- in χ2(2×3

vf/d de vizHkkoh ;ksx vf/d de vizHkkoh ;ksx eku ij )izHkkoh izHkkoh izHkkoh izHkkoh df = 2

1- d{kk esa O;k[;ku osQ 21 7 2 30 10 9 11 30 10-38**lkFk uksV~l nsuk (70) (23-33) (6-67) (33-33) (30) (36-67)

2- Nk=kksa dks mfpr fn'kk 12 5 13 30 19 7 14 30 6-67*esa funsZf'kr djuk (40) (16-67) (43-33) (63-33) (23-33) (13-33)

3- ikB osQ mi;qDr 18 5 7 30 14 8 8 30 1-26mnkgj.k nsuk (60) (16-67) (23-33) (46-67) (26-67) (26-67)

4- Nk=kksa }kjk iwNs x;s iz'uksa 18 7 5 30 16 8 6 30 2-72dk mÙkj nsuk (60) (23-33) (16-67) (53-33) (26-67) (20)

5- Nk=kksa dks mn~cksf/r djuk 15 7 8 30 15 6 9 30 2-71(i) orZeku rF;ksa osQ izfr (50) (23-33) (26-67) (50) (20) (30)(ii) fo"k;ksa osQ izfr 20 6 4 30 15 6 9 30 2-63

(66-67) (20) (13-33) (50) (20) (30)6- d{kk esa Li"V Hkk"kk 20 7 3 30 20 5 5 30 -832

dk iz;ksx djuk (66-67) (23-33) (10) (66-67) (16-67) (16-67)7- vuq'kklukRed okrkoj.k 22 7 1 30 16 8 6 30 4-58

dk fuekZ.k djuk (73-33) (23-33) (3-33) (53-33) (26-67) (20)8- Nk=kksa dks mfpr 20 8 2 30 10 8 12 30 10-46**

i`"Biks"k.k nsuk (66-67) (26-67) (6-67) (33-33) (26-67) (40)

* *@ * -01@-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd


rkfydk 2 osQ voyksdu ls Li"V gS fdd{kk f'k{k.k osQ vizR;{k f'k{k.k n{krk dktc voyksdukRed fo'ys"k.k dkbZ oxZ osQekè;e ls fd;k x;k rks Nk=kksa dks mfpr fn'kk esafunsZf'kr djuk* tSls f'k{k.k O;ogkj dk dkbZ oxZeku 6-67 vk;k tks fd (df = 2) osQ -05 osQlkFkZdrk Lrj ls vf/d gSA vr% ;g in -05Lrj ij lkFkZd gSA n{krk osQ fy, udkjkRedifjdYiuk dks vLohdkj djrs gq, dg ldrs gSafd f'k{kdksa rFkk f'kf{kdkvksa osQ f'k{k.k O;ogkjesa bl in osQ fy, vUrj ik;k x;kA

blh izdkj d{kk esa O;k[;ku osQ lkFk uksV~lnsuk* rFkk ^d{kk esa Nk=kksa dks mfpr i`"Biks"k.knsuk* tSls μ f'k{k.k O;ogkj dk dkbZ oxZ ekuØe'k% 10-38 rFkk 10-46 vk;k tks (df = 2)osQ -01 lkFkZdrk Lrj osQ rkfydk eku ls vfèkdgSA vr% ge dg ldrs gaS fd ;s in -01 Lrjij lkFkZd gaSA vr% ;gk¡ udkjkRed ifjdYiukdks vLohdkj djrs gq, dgk tk ldrk gS fdd{kk esa O;k[;ku osQ lkFk uksV~l nsuk* rFkk d{kkesa Nk=kksa dks mfpr i`"Biks"k.k nsuk* tSlsμf'k{k.kO;ogkj osQ izfr f'k{kdksa rFkk f'kf{kdkvksa dhn{krk esa lkFkZd varj gSA

izfr'kr fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd Nk=kksa dksmfpr fn'kk esa funsZf'kr djuk* in ij 40» f'k{kdrks ogha 63-33» f'kf{kdk,¡ izHkkoh ik;h x;haAvFkkZr~ f'kf{kdk,¡ Nk=kksa dks fn'kk&funsZ'ku djus esaf'k{kdksa dh vis{kk vf/d izHkkoh ik;h x;haA

vU; inksa tSls ^d{kk esa O;k[;ku osQ lkFkuksV~l nsuk* rFkk Nk=kksa dks mfpr i`"Biks"k.k nsuk*osQ fy, f'k{kd Øe'k% 70» rFkk 67» n{krkiznf'kZr djrs gSa rks ogha ek=k 34» rFkk 33»f'kf{kdk,¡ gh buosQ izfr n{krk dks iznf'kZr djrhgSaA vFkkZr ge dg ldrs gS fd bu inksa osQ fy,f'k{kd lewg f'kf{kdk lewg ls vf/d izHkkoh gSA

rkfydk osQ voyksdu ls Li"V gS fd vU;d{kk f'k{k.k O;ogkj osQ izfr f'k{kd rFkk f'kf{kdkvksaosQ izHkko dk izfr'kr yxHkx leku Lrj dk gSA

bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd O;k[;ku osQlkFk uksV~l nsuk*] Nk=kksa dks mfpr fn'kk esa funsZf'krdjuk*] bR;kfn f'k{k.k O;ogkjksa osQ izfr f'k{kdksa}kjk f'kf{kdk;sa dh vis{kk vf/d n{krk iznf'kZrdh x;hAmís'; 2 v'kkfCnd d{kk var%fØ;kμ d{kk esaf'k{kdksa rFkk f'kf{kdkvksa osQ v'kkfCnd d{kkvUr%fØ;kRed n{krk dh rqyuk rkfydk 3 esafn[kkbZ xbZ gSaA

rkfydk 3(1) ldkjkRed d{kk var%fØ;k

dFku f'k{kd » f'kf{kdk »(v) d{kk esa vkRefo'okl izdV djuk 83-33» 83-77»(c) Nk=kksa osQ mÙkj dks è;kuiwoZd lquuk 56-67» 58-67»(l) Nk=kksa osQ mÙkj osQ izfr ldkjkRed Hkko 36-67» 40-42»(n) d{kk esa izlUurk dk okrkoj.k cukuk 40» 36»(;) Nk=kksa osQ izfr mÙkjnkf;Ro izdV djuk 50 53


rkfydk 4

(2) f'k{kdksa dh udkjkRed d{kk var%fØ;kdh rqyuk

dFku f'k{kd» f'kf{kdk »(v) f'k{k.k osQ izfr mnklhu jguk 36-67» 36»(c) d{kk esa l[r jguk 50» 54»

(l) fpM+fpM+kiu iznf'kZr djuk 43-33» 52»

f'k{kdksa osQ ldkjkRed d{kk var%fØ;k dh rqyuk gsrq izfr'kr js[kk fp=k

udkjkRed d{kk var%fØ;k

• d{kk voyksdu osQ le; ik;k x;k fd50» f'k{kd rFkk 54» f'kf{kdk,¡ d{kk esal[r cus jguk ilan djrh gSa ftldk dkj.k;g gks ldrk gS fd vf/drj f'k{kdksa }kjkekuk tkrk gS d{kk esa Nk=kksa ls vf/dfe=kor O;ogkj djuk d{kk esa vuq'kklughurkdks c<+kok nsuk gSA

• 43» f'k{kdksa rFkk 52» f'kf{kdkvksa }kjkd{kk esa fpM+fpM+kiu iznf'kZr fd;k x;kvFkkZr~ buosQ }kjk d{kk f'k{k.k osQ le;ckr&ckr ij Nk=kksa ij ukjktxh O;Dr dhx;h rFkk Nk=kksa dks ijLij vUr%fØ;k dkvolj ugha fn;k x;kA

rkfydk 3 esa v'kkfCnd d{kk var%fØ;k osQizfr oqQy f'k{kdksa }kjk iznf'kZr dh x;h n{krkvksadk izfr'krh; fo'ys"k.k fuEu izdkj gS&ldkjkRed d{kk var%fØ;k• d{kk voyksdu ls Li"V gS fd lokZf/d

83» f'k{kdksa esa rFkk 84» f'kf{kdkvksa usd{kk esa vkRefo'okl dk Hkko ifjyf{krgqvkA

• 57» f'k{kd rFkk 58» f'kf{kdkvksa }kjkd{kk esa Nk=kksa }kjk dgh x;h ckr dksè;kuiwoZd lqurs ik;k x;kA 50» f'k{kdrFkk 53» f'kf{kdkvksa }kjk Nk=kksa osQ izfrvius mÙkjnkf;Ro osQ izfr tkx:drk iznf'kZrdh x;hA

• 40» f'k{kdksa rFkk 36» f'kf{kdkvksa }kjkd{kk dks #fpdj cukus dh n{krk iznf'kZrdh x;h rks ek=k 37» f'k{kdksa rFkk 40»f'kf{kdkvksa }kjk gh Nk=kksa osQ mÙkj osQ izfrldkjkRed Hkko iznf'kZr fd;s x, vFkkZrblosQ }kjk Nk=kksa }kjk fn;s x;s mÙkjksa osQizfr iz'kalk dh x;hA

f'k{kdksa osQ ldkjkRed d{kk var%fØ;k dh rqyuk gsrq izfr'kr js[kk fp=k

v c l n ;

v c l


• 37» f'k{kdksa rFkk 36» f'kf{kdkvksa }kjkd{kk esa mnklhurk dk Hkko O;Dr fd;k x;kvFkkZr~ f'k{kdksa }kjk d{kk f'k{k.k osQ le;d{kk okrkoj.k rFkk f'k{k.k osQ izfr viusO;ogkj ls dksbZ fo'ks"k yxko ugha iznf'kZrdjrs ugha ik;k x;kA

fu"d"kZμ vè;;u ls izkIr fu"d"kZ fuEufyf[kr gS&d{kk esa O;k[;ku osQ lkFk uksV~l nsuk] rFkk Nk=kksadks vè;;u osQ fy, mfpr i`"Biks"k.k nsuk] tSlsf'k{k.k O;ogkj dks tgk¡ 67&70» f'k{kdksa }kjkvf/d izHkkoh <ax ls O;Dr fd;k x;k oghaek=k 33» f'kf{kdk,¡ gh bl f'k{k.k O;ogkjksa dksizHkkoh <ax ls O;Dr djrh gSaA• 67» f'k{kdksa rFkk 37» f'kf{kdkvksa }kjk

d{kk esa Nk=kksa dks lh[kus osQ fy, izksRlkfgrfd;k tkrk gSA

• 63» f'kf{kdk,¡ rFkk 40» f'k{kdksa }kjkNk=kks a dks mfpr fn'kk esa funsZf'kr djrsgq, ik;k x;kA bl izdkj Li"V gS fdNk=kksa dks funsZ'ku nsus osQ laca/ esa f'kf{kdk,¡]f'k{kdksa dh vis{kk Nk=kksa dks vf/d izHkkfordjrh gSA

blosQ vfrfjDr ,sls f'k{k.k O;ogkj ftuosQizfr fu;fer f'k{kd rFkk lEioZQ d{kk f'k{kdksaosQ eè; dksbZ vUrj ugha ik;k x;k osfuEufyf[kr gSa&(1) d{kk esa O;k[;ku osQ vuq:i mnkgj.k nsukA(2) Nk=kksa dks mn~cksf/r djukA(3) d{kk esa Li"V Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djukA(4) d{kk esa vuq'kklukRed okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k

djukA

(5) mi;qDr f'k{k.k lkexzh dk p;u djukA(6) d{kk dks #fpdj cukukA(7) d{kk esa Nk=kksa ls mfpr laca/ cukukA

mi;qZDr voyksdu ls Li"V gksrk gS fdO;k[;ku osQ lkFk uksV~l nsuk] Nk=kksa dks mfpri`"Biks"k.k nsuk rFkk Nk=kksa dks vf/d lh[kus osQfy, izksRlkfgr djuk tSlh n{krk osQ fy, f'k{kd]f'kf{kdkvksa dh vis{kk vf/d n{k ik;s x,ftldk dkj.k f'k{kdksa dks Nk=kksa ls lgt laca/LFkkfir djus dk vf/d le; feyuk gksldrk gSA vr% os Nk=kksa dh vdknfed detksfj;ksadk Kku j[krs gSa vkSj os Nk=kksa dks mfpr funsZ'kurFkk i`"Biks"k.k nsus esa leFkZ gksrs gSa fdarq Nk=kksadks ^mfpr fn'kk esa funsZf'kr djuk* tSls in osQfy, f'kf{kdk,¡ f'k{kdksa dh vis{kk vf/d n{krkesa O;Dr djrh gaS ftldk dkj.k f'kf{kdkvksa dkf'k{k.k O;olk; rFkk Nk=kksa osQ izfr viusmÙkjnkf;Ro dks le>uk gks ldrk gSA

blosQ vfrfjDr vU; inksa ij f'k{kdksa osQO;ogkj esa dksbZ vUrj ugha ik;k x;k] ftldkdkj.k nksuksa gh lewg osQ f'k{k.k djus okys f'k{kd}kjk vfuok;Z ;ksX;rkvksa dh iwfrZ djuk gSA

vè;;u ls Li"V gS fd f'k{kdksa }kjk oqQNf'k{k.k n{krkvksa tSlsμ^d{kk esa iz'u iwNuk*d{kk dks #fpdj cukuk rFkk mfpr f'k{k.k lkexzhdk iz;ksx djuk osQ izfr cgqr gh de n{krkizdV gksrh gSA vè;;u ls voyksfdr gksrk gSfd d{kk esa tks iz'u iwNk tkrk gS og lkekU;r%Lefr vk/kfjr iz'u gh gksrk gS u fd Nk=kksa osQfparu dks mn~cksf/r djus okykA


lq>ko• mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij dk;Zjr v/;kidksa dks

Nk=kksa ls lgt laca/ cukus osQ fy, izf'k{k.kfn;k tk,A

• f'k{kdksa dks Nk=kksa dks Lo;a lh[kus osQ fy,mn~cksf/r djuk pkfg,A

• f'k{kdksa }kjk d{kk vuq'kklukRed okrkoj.kosQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, mfpr f'k{k.k fof/ dksviuk;k tkuk pkfg,A

• f'k{kdksa dks vius fo"k; rFkk lkekU; f'k{k.kn{krk esa vkSj vf/d n{k gksus osQ fy,lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh tkuhpkfg,A

• d{kk esa f'k{kdksa o Nk=kksa dk vuqikr mfprgks rkfd f'k{kd Nk=kksa ls izHkkoh <ax lslEizs"k.k dj loasQA

• 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa esa n{k vkSj ;ksX; f'k{kdksadh fu;qfDr dh tkuh pkfg,A

lanHkZZ

vxzoky] ts- ih- 1992] ,tqosQ'ku ikWfylh bu bafM;k-

tsBh] vkj- oqQekj] oh- 2007 , lksflax bisQfDVousl vkWiQ Vhfpax Fkzks LVwMsaV jsfVaxμ, LVMh] ;wfuoflZVh U;wt]okWY;we&45] ubZ fnYyh-

frokjh] th- ,u- 2001 , LVMh vkWiQ VhplZ dkWfEiVsUlh ,.M Vªsfuax uhM~l vkWiQ izkbejh Ldwy VhplZ vkWiQbykgkckn fMfLVªDV] vizdkf'kr y?kq 'kks/ izca/] bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky;] bykgkckn-

ulhek] lh- 2006 Vªsfuax uhM~l vkWiQ dkWyst VhplZ , losZ*] vyhx<- eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; esa ;w-th-lh- }kjkizfrikfnr lsfeukj izksisQ'kufyTe bu gk;j ,tqosQ'ku esa izzLrqr izi=k-

iaMk] oh- ,u- vkSj vkj-lh- eksgUrh] 2003 gkÅ Vw ofØax , dkfEiVsaV] lDlsliqQy Vhpj*] fMLdojh ifCyflaxgkml] ubZ fnYyh-

HkkfV;k] vkj- 2006 oSY;w ,tqosQ'ku bu VhplZ ,tqosQ'ku b';w vkWiQ dUluZ]* ;wfuoflZVh U;wt okWY;we 44] ,-vkbZ- ;w-]ubZ fnYyh-

jkepUnzkdj] osQ- vkSj fuykoj] ,l- ,l- 1997 ijflCM Vªsfuax uhM~l vkWiQ dkWyst VhplZ*] iaMk }kjk (lEikfnr)LVkWiQ MsoyiesaV bu gkW;j ,.M fMLVsal ,tqosQ'ku] izdk'ku vjkoyh cqd baVjus'kuy] ubZ fnYyh-

oksl- ,l- 2005 bugsaflax izksisQ'kufyTe bu Vhpjμ bu ,DlIyksjslu] U;w izaQfV;j bu ,tqosQ'ku*] okWY;we&35]vDVwcj] 2005-

'kekZ] vkj- ,- 2005 ,ukfyfll Dykl :e Vhpj chgSfo;j] Vhpj ,tqosQ'ku] ykW;y cqd fMiks] esjB-

'kekZ] oh- ,e- 2004 Vhpj Vªsfuax ,.M ,tqosQ'ku fjlpZ*] dkWeu osYFk ifCy'kj] ubZ fnYyh-

'kekZ] ts- ih- 2006 Vªsfuax ,.M MsoyiesaV vkWiQ n ,osQMfed LVkWiQμ , LVMh] ;wfuoflZVh U;wt] ubZ fnYyh-


ikB~;Øe vudgh^tks dgh lks dgh ij oqQN vudgh Hkh jgh*

vuhrk xqIrk*euh"kk feukspk**

detksj uhao okyh bekjr tYnh /jk'kk;h gks tkrh gSA ulZjh f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k dk;ZØef'k{kk dh vk/kjf'kyk gS] izFke lksiku gSA ;fn ;g vius vki esa etcwr ugha gksxhrks f'k{kk vius mn~ns'; ls HkVd tk,xhA bl ukrs f'k{kk dh egÙoiw.kZ dM+h f'k{kdLo;a fn'kkghu gksxkA ,slh fLFkfr esa Lo;a ekxZfoghu f'k{kd Nk=kksa dk funsZ'ku Hkykfdl izdkj dj ik;sxk\ vr% ulZjh f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe osQ ikB~;Øe dks lÙk~xfreku le; dh ekax osQ vuq:i <kyuk vko';d gSA

lEiw.kZ f'k{kk izfØ;k esa ulZjh f'k{kd dk ,dfo'ks"k LFkku gS D;ksafd ulZjh f'k{kk 'kSf{kdizfØ;k dh vk/kjf'kyk gSA bl ukrs ulZjhf'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh Hkwfedk vf/dlaosnu'khy gSA ulZjh f'k{kd izf'k{kd dk;ZØedk ikB~;Øe ;fn lelkef;d vko';drkvksaosQ vuq:i gksxk rks tks f'k{kd bl ikB~;Øe}kjk rS;kj fd, tk,saxsa tks Nk=kksa dk lgh ek;usesa fodkl dj ik,saxsa\izLrqr ys[k ysf[kdkvksa osQ vius dbZ lkyksa osQf'k{kd izf'k{k.k osQ vuqHko o ikB~;Øe osQfo'ys"k.k ij vk/kfjr gSA ;g ikB~;Øe fnYyh

izns'k osQ mu ulZjh f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esai<+k;k tk jgk gS tks ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- fnYyh}kjk ekU;rkizkIr gSaA ;g ikB~;Øe yxHkx 1992esa ykxw gqvk FkkA vkt rd bl ikB~;Øe esadksbZ fo'ks"k ewyHkwr cnyko ugha vk;k gSAosQoy izkjEHk esa ;g l=kh; Fkk ijUrq vclkykuk gks x;k gSAizLrqr ys[k esa bl ikB~;Øe osQ oqQN eq[;fcUnqvksa@eqn~nksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

dEI;wVj;g dguk xyr u gksxk fd orZeku ;qx esadEI;wVj ls ifjfpr gksuk ,d vè;kid osQ

*iz/kukpk;Z] SHDCHE] cuh osQEi uti- Qx<+] ubZ fnYyh&110043**O;[;krk] SHDCHE] cuh osQEi uti- Qx<+] ubZ fnYyh&110043


fy, vR;Ur vko';d gSA dEI;wVj osQ iz;ksxo egÙo ls lHkh HkyhHkk¡fr ifjfpr gSa ijUrq,slh voLFkk esa iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kd izf'k{k.kikB~;Øe esa bl fo"k; dks xEHkhjrk ls ughafy;k x;k gSA blls lacaf/r dksbZ vè;k; vkSjipkZ ikB~;Øe esa ugha yxk;k x;k gSA baVjusVij feyus okyh Kkuo/Zd fo"k;oLrq dh egÙkkls vkt dkSu ifjfpr ugha gSA bl ykHk ls iwoZizkFkfed f'k{kd D;ksa oafpr jgas\

cky LokLF;^cky LokLF; ,oa iks"kkgkj* ikB~;Øe esa laØkedjksxksa dh tks lwph nh xbZ gS og cgqr iqjkuh gStSls eysfj;k] VkbiQkbM] vkW=k'kks/ vkfnA bllwph esa vusd ledkyhu jksxksa tSls LokbZu Ýyw]cMZ Ýyw] Msaxw vkfn dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;kgSA ikB~;Øe esa cky LokLF; osQ laca/ esa dbZizdj.k gSa ijUrq buesa vkt osQ cPps dh eq[;leL;kvksa dk dksbZ ftØ ugha fd;k x;k gSAnwljh rjiQ orZeku le; esa cPpksa esa iQkLViwQM [kkus dh xyr vknrsa fodflr gks jgh gSa]tSls eSxh ^tc Hkw[k yxs nks feuV esa rS;kj*! ;sckydksa osQ LokLF; dks izHkkfor dj jgh gSaA;gk¡ rd fd bl fo"k; ls lacaf/r iwoZ izkFkfedf'k{kdksa dks tks xg foKku izk;ksfxd dk;Z djok;stkrs gSa muesa vDlj iQkLV iwQM* cukuk fl[kk;ktkrk gSA tSls pkÅfeu] cxZj] cszMjksy] lekslk]idkSM+s vkfnA

Vsyhfo”ku vkSj cPps,d vksj Vsyhfotu ns[kus ls cPPkksa ij dkiQhoqQizHkko iM+ jgk gSa elyu vk¡[kksa dh jks'kuh

de gksuk] vU; egÙoiw.kZ dk;ksaZμ [ksydwn]LokLF; x`gdk;Z vkfn dks cPps ut+jvUnktdj nsrs gSaA Vsyhfotu dk ,d vU; oqQizHkko;g gS fd vkt osQ Nk=k igukos lacaf/r dbZu;s rkSj rjhosQ lh[krs tk jgs gSaA NksVs cPps Hkhe¡gxh czkUM osQ diM+s iguuk pkgrs gSaA ,slhizo`fÙk;kssa dks O;olk;h c<+kok nsrs gSaA vr% ,u-Vh-Vh- ikB~;Øe esa ;g vko';d gS fd ,slsizdj.k tksM+s tk, ftuesa vè;kidksa dks fl[kk;ktk, fd og Nk=kksa dks [kkyh le; dk fdlrjg mi;ksx djsa] blosQ ckjs esa funsZ'ku ns ik,¡,oa f'k{kd bl rjg iuirh izo`fÙk;ksa dksfu#Rlkfgr dj ik,A

lS¼kfUrd i{k,u-Vh-Vh-ikB~;Øe osQ vU; ipsZ ^cky fodkl*dh ppkZ djsa rks tks HkkoukRed fodkl lacafèkrizdj.k fn;k x;k gS] og osQoy fodkl osQlS¼kfUrd igyqvksa dks mHkkjrk gSA vkt tkscPpksa dh vk/qfud leL;k,¡ gSa] tSlsμvR;fèkdizfr;ksfxrk dh Hkkouk] vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk] ,dkdhifjokjksa dh otg ls fujk'kkokn dh Hkkouk dktUe ysuk vkfn] dgha ut+j ugha vkrhA nwljhrjiQ lkekftd fodkl dh ppkZ djsa rks mlesaHkh vusd ledkyhu lkekftd leL;kvksa dksut+j vUnkt dj fn;k x;k gSA ogk¡¡¡ Hkh osQoylS¼kfUrd i{k gh n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA orZeku;qx dh tks O;ogkfjd t#jrs gSa] tSls μlg;ksx dh Hkkouk] tkfrokn o lkEiznkf;drkdh Hkkouk dk vUr vkfn] ,sls fo"k;ksa lslacafèkr izdj.k ikB~;Øe esa lfEefyr djukfurkUr vko';d gSA


iqjkuh Jo.k lkexzh,d vU; ikB~;fo"k; ^dk;ZØe vk;kstu* esaikrs gSa fd ogk¡¡¡ ij ftu lquus dh fof/;ksa ;kmidj.ksa dh lwph nh xbZ gS og Hkh vR;Uriqjkuh gS tSls oSQlsV] VsifjdkMZj vkfnA orZekudkyhu vk/qfud midj.kksa] MhohMh] lhMh]dEI;wVj vkfn dk lekos'k ugha fd;k x;k gSA

iz'kklfud =kqfV;k¡mijksDr ppkZ rks ,u-Vh-Vh- dk;ZØe osQ ikB~;Øels lacaf/r gSA ;gk¡ oqQN vU; =kqfV;ksa dk o.kZuHkh vfuok;Z gSA iz'kklfud vfu;feÙkkvksa oykijokfg;ksa dh otg ls Hkh ,u-Vh-Vh- dkfuèkkZfjr IkkB~;Øe dkiQh IkzHkkfor gksrk gSAmnkgj.kr% IkkB~;Øe tYnckth esa djokuk IkM+rkgS vkSj le;kuqlkj Ikwjk ugha gks IkkrkA iQyLo:i,u-Vh-Vh- dk;ZØe dh o laLFkkvksa dh vogsyukdh tkus yxh gSA dgk tkrk gS fd ^vPNh'kq#vkr vk/s dke dk vUr gSA* ;gk¡ ij vkjEHkgh vUrghu&lk yxrk gS rks vUr dk rks dgukgh D;kA

• loZizFke rks bl dk;ZØe esa nkf[kys gh le;kuqlkjugha gksrsA yxHkx dbZ lkyksa ls nkf[kys yxkrkjfoyEc ls gks jgs gSaA

• nwljs ijh{kk ifj.kke dk le; ij ?kksf"kr ugksuk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks dbZ izdkj dh ijs'kkfu;ksaesa Mky nsrk gSA

• rhljs mPp vf/dkfj;ksa osQ rcknyksa oiz'kklfud dfe;ksa dh otg ls izek.k&i=k ovad rkfydkvksa dk foyEc ls feyukA dbZckj rks ,slk Hkh gqvk gS fd 2004] 2007dk izek.k i=k izkIr gks x;k ysfdu 2005]2006 dk ughaA bldk dkj.k mPPk vfèkdkfj;ksaosQ rcknyksa dh og ls gLrk{kj u gksukcrk;k x;kA

• ,d vU; lcls cM+h =kqfV tks ut+j vkrh gS;g gS fd ulZjh f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dhlqpk: :i ls ns[kjs[k o funsZ'ku dk u gksukA

mijksDr of.kZr lHkh ikB~;Øe laca/h oiz'kklfud =kqfV;ksa dks ns[krs gq, vUrr% gekjk;gh lq>ko gS fd ,u-Vh-Vh- ikB~;Øe dksledkyhu t#jrksa osQ eqrkfcd <kyuk pkfg, obldk ,d ckj iqujkoyksdu gksuk vko';d gSAD;ksafd mijksDr lHkh dfe;k¡ o vko';drk,¡fpark dk fo"k; gSaA iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk] f'k{kkdh 'kq#vkr gSA vxj uhao gh detksj gksxh tksml ij cuus okys Hkou dk vki Lo;a vUnktkyxk ldrs gSaA


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