21

2-7 Flood Hazard Map The Study Team produced two kinds of hazard maps.

Type G

Type G is large - A1- size color map (Figure 2-8). This type is designed to represent main results of the Study and for municipal activities.

Figure 2-8 Large Size (Type G) Hazard Map for City This figure shows estimated flood area and related information. The flood area shows the results of calculation for the case of 200 year-return period.

22

Type P

Type P is a small -letter- size black and white map (Figure 2-9). This type is designed to make photocopies and to distribute to inhabitants of the city.

Figure 2-9 Small Size (Type P) Hazard Map for Inhabitants

23

2-8 Tsunami Hazard Map 1) Development of hazard map

Topography model are developed for the simulation of Tsunami hazard map, by compilation of existing map, and additional survey made in this study near Masachapa. The 1992 Nicaragua Tsunami Scenario Tsunami is used for the simulation, and same dimension of source area in front of San Juan del Sur, to simulate worst case. The details of parameters are based on existing studies, but adjusted to give a best fit with the observed data of maximum inundation. Hazard maps in major towns along Pacific coast for Corinto, Puerto Sandino, Masachapa, and San Juan del Sur are developed.

The hazard map includes maximum wave height in sea area, maximum inundation height in inun-dated area, elevation in non-inundated area, and roads. The hazard maps would serve as basic ref-erence to develop a disaster prevention plan. In addition, animation of water level change in simu-lated area and time history of water level change at some points along coast are also included in the map.

Figure 2-10 Examples of Tsunami Hazard Maps

24

3 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

3-1 Introduction

3-1-1 Targets

The targets of technology transfer are map producers and users. The topographic map-ping team has targeted the efforts of technology transfer to the staff in INETER as the team members worked closely with them. The hazard mapping team targeted the staff in INETER and also users of hazard maps for technology transfer. The users of the hazard maps are generally the staffs in the governments and academics. The programs targeted for the staff in INETER are explained in the programs section. Seminars tar-geted for both producers and users are explained in the seminars' section.

The topographic mapping has seven parts: 1) control point survey; 2) field identifica-tion; 3) digital photogrammetry; 4) GIS; 5) ERDAS Imagine; 6) map symbolization; and 7) field completion. The hazard mapping has four parts: 1) earthquake; 2) volcano; 3) flood; and 4) Tsunami. Five persons were invited to Japan and attended technology transfer sessions. The number of participants to each program is summarized in the following table.

Table 3-1 Summary of Participants to Programs Program No. of trainees

Control Point Survey 6 Field Identification 4 Digital Photogram-metry 5

GIS 19 ERDAS Imagine 12 Map Symbolization 4

Topographic Mapping

Field Completion 5 Earthquake 4 Volcano 7 Flood 7

Hazard Mapping

Tsunami 6

3-1-2 Method

On-the-job training is the fundamental method for technology transfer. Trainees learned directly from the experts as working closely. Generally, lectures or fundamen-tal explanations were given before OJT sessions. Manuals and other documents to support the OJT sessions were prepared. When it is involved in computer skills, the team members provided hands-on-sessions in Nicaragua and also in Japan. As is often the case with technology transfer, there are challenges in learning new skill. Resolu-tions to difficulties are described as much as possible in each section. Also, qualitative evaluation is included in each section.

Seminars are targeted for the counterparts, policy makers, academics and users of to-pographic maps and hazard maps. Asking the counterparts to take part in presentations and preparation improved their communication skills for themselves. They were good opportunities to get feed back from the trainees. Presentations in the seminars helped users to learn about topographic and hazard mapping, also.

25

3-1-3 Installation of Equipment for OJT

Necessary equipments of OJT were installed in the beginning of August, 2004. Actual allocation of equipment was discussed with INETER, and finally, the systems were set up at the Geodesy and Cartography Department and Geophysics Department. The system is composed of seven sub systems: 1) upgraded digital photogrammetry system; 2) new digital photogrammetry system; 3) digital map editing system; 4) GIS applica-tion system; 5) GIS simulation system; 6) Database establishment system; and 7) map symbolization system. The system configuration is shown in Figure 3-1. The speci-fications of the system is shown in Table 3-2.

New digital photogrammetry system・MicroStation J or Equivalent System

・Digital Stereo Plotter・Automatic DTM Collection software

・Computer Aided Design software compatible with MicroStation J・Photogrametric rectifier software for internal and absolute orientation

・Satellite Triangulation Module for SPOT satellite

Laser Printer(A3)

UPS

Existing photogrammetry system

＋Upgrade module (For OJT)

・Upgrade of existing software・Upgrade of MicroStation

・Upgrade of Iras C Base Rectifier・DTM Collection,Digital Mesuration

・StereoMaker・StereoMapper for MicroStation

・ScreenScope with video card

Color Inkjet Plotter（A0 Size)

Color Inkjet Plotter

（A0 Size)

Technical transfer

・Multimedia Projector

GIS simulation system（Hazard mapping）

・ArcGIS ArcInfo・Image Processing Software

UPS

Database establishment system・ArcGIS ArcInfo

・ArcGIS Extensions:Publisher

ArcScan・Image Compression software

UPS

Map Symbolize system・Image-editing Software

・Vector Graphic Software

UPS

Field Verification

・PDA・GPS

・ArcPad

GIS application system（Hazard mapping）

・ArcGIS ArcView・ArcGIS Extensions:

Spatial Analyst3D Analyst

Network AnalystPublisher

UPS

Digital map editing system

・MicroStation J or Equivalent System・Data checking tool for polygon, segment and others

UPS

Hub

Laser Printer (A3)& Photo Copy

Hub

Figure 3-1 System Diagram

26

Table 3-2 Specifications of the System I. Digital Photogrammetry System Computer

DESCRIPTION Q-ty.1. PC Workstation

PC-WORKSTATION 650-PROCESSOR INTEL XEON PROCESSOR-2.80GHZ-512KCACHE,DUAL MEMORY 2GB(512MBx4) DDR-SDRAM PC2700 ECC HARD DISK 240GB ULTRA ATA-100 IDE, 1 INCH (7200 RPM) 1 PCS MONITORS, 21 INCH SIZE, FLAT SCREEN, 1280X1024 RESOLUTION, 2 PCS. CD DVD+RW/+R DRIVE, CDROM48 OS WINDOWS 2000 PROFESSIONAL SP4(NTFS) OR WINDOWS XP, NETWORK TCP/IP 1000 BASE 10/100/100 Including MICROSTATION J OR equivalent system Domestic Z-Screen Card 3DLABS Wildcat4 7110 3 D mouse Interface

1

2. UPS:1050VA , duration time; 15 minutes 1 Software 3. Stereo Display –Crystal eye system or higher technology for stereoview.

It includes( 2 additional Crystal eyes glasses) Feature Collection module- provides digitalization of cartographic features. DTM Collection - provides a dynamic unfolding for collection and edition of the DTM's. Automatic DTM generation module- it provides automatic extraction of elevations points DTM (digital terrain model) from the aerial stereos images. Automatic ortho-rectification module- software automatically carries out the ortho-rectification of selected images. The user defines the images to be in the mosaic. The application automatically form the mosaic. It is able to generate the grid of the map selecting the images to be ortho-rectified automatically. Automatic aerial to provide automatic triangulation of the aerial digital images. A high automation degree is carried out through the hierarchical use of the data structure of the images and the method of images processing. The proc-essed points are adjusted simultaneously to compute the parameters of external orientation and the coordinated ground point. It also includes: Image treatment software Editing Software for mapping as Geomedia

Installation and Configuration

1

4. Computer Aided Design Software compatible with Microstation J. 1 5. Satellite Triangulation Modules for Spot and QuickBird 1

27

II. Digital Map Editing System Computer

DESCRIPTION Q-ty.1. Intel Pentium4 2.8 GHz

Intel 845G chipset 1GB 266MHz non-ECC DDR RAM memory (2x512MB) 240GB ATA-100 (7200 rpm) hard disk 3.5" (1.44MB) floppy disk Combo Drive 8x DVD/ 24x CDRW Intel Extreme graphics 48MB shared memory Integrated 16-bit audio (SoundBlaster Live!TM) Intel Pro/1000MT network adapter (10/100/1000Mbps) Enhanced Quietkey™ (Spacesaver) keyboard Mouse (Scrolling Wheel, 2 Buttons, USB or PS/2 Interface) Microsoft Windows XP Professional ANTIVIRUS SOFTWARE 21" ULTRASCAN MONITOR OS WINDOWS 2000 PROFESSIONAL SP4(NTFS) OR WINDOWS XP, NETWORK TCP/IP 1000 BASE 10/100/1000

INCLUDE:

MICROSTATION J OR equivalent system (English)

Data checking tool for polygon, segment and others

1

2. UPS:700 VA , duration time; 15 minutes 1 Printers

3. Laser printer (A4 Size)

PRINTER: SPEED; 20/min single-sided, 11/min double-sided (A4); RESOLUTION: Max 600 x 1800 dpi, LANGUAGE FOR PAGE DESCRIPTION: PCL XL; SYSTEM COMPATIBILITY: Win 95/98/2000/Me/NT4.0/XP: MINIMUN INQUIRY OF SYSTEM: 66 MHz 480 with RAM 16MB, space-free hard disk 30MB; MEMORY;32MB; CONNECTIVITY; parallel port IEEE1284, network Interface card, Ethernet adaptor, USB COPYING MACHINE: SPEED; 20 pages per min (A4) single-sided, 12 pages per min (A3) single-sided; AUTOMATIC FEEDER; 50 sheets; ELECTRONICAL PRECLASSIFICATION; SEMIAUTOMATIC DOUBLE-SIDE COPY, REDUCTION & AMPLIFICATION BY ZOOM; 50 to 200%, adjustable prefixed percentage; TIME FOR THE FIRST COPY; 7.5 sec; PHOTOGRAPHIC MODE; better contrast; INCORPORATED AUDITRON; one or more ac-counts are admitted PAPER FEED: Main tray 500 sheets, Special tray 50 sheets, Second tray (optional) 500 sheets, ADMITTABLE PAPER QUOLITY: main & second tray; from 60 to 90 g/m2, special tray; from 60 to 110 g/m2; PAPER SIZE; from B5 to A3, PAPER TYPE: normal, label, transparent YIELD (APPROX): FIRST TONER CARTRIDGE; 2000 pages with 5% of area coverage ELECRICITY: 120V, 10Amp, 50/60Hz, 220V, 5Amp, 50/60Hz: Recommended printing volume per month; 2000 / 20000; DIMENSIONS (AnxPxAl); 650x550x575mm Working environment; Temperature 10 to 32C / 50 to 90F; RELATIVE HUMIDITY; 15%/85%; NOISE LEVEL; 52DBA in operation OPTIONS: Second tray with 500 page capacity, Cabinet, Network Interface card, USB Kit, CentreDirect Xerox Ethernet adaptor

1

4 Toner for Laser Printer:TONER CARTRIDGE: 6000 pages with 5% of area coverage Photo receiver Cartridge: 27000 pages with 5% of area coverage

10

2

28

III. Database Establishment System Computer

DESCRIPTION Q-ty.1. Intel Pentium4 2.8 GHz

Intel 845G chipset 1GBMB 266MHz non-ECC DDR RAM memory (2x512MB) 240GB ATA-100 (7200 rpm) hard disk 3.5" (1.44MB) floppy disk Combo Drive DVD-RW 24x CDRW Intel Extreme graphics 48MB shared memory Integrated 16-bit audio (SoundBlaster Live!TM) Intel Pro/1000MT network adapter (10/100/1000Mbps) Enhanced Quietkey™ (Spacesaver) keyboard Mouse (Scrolling Wheel, 2 Buttons, USB or PS/2 Interface) ANTIVIRUS SOFTWARE 21" ULTRASCAN MONITOR OS: WINDOWS 2000 PROFESSIONAL SP4(NTFS) OR WINDOWS XP Pro, NETWORK TCP/IP 1000 BASE 10/100/1000

1

2. UPS:700 VA , duration time; 15 minutes 1 Software

3 ArcGIS ArcInfo 8.x (Floating license) 1 Extention: 1 ArcGis Publisher 8.x (Floating license) ArcGis ArcScan 8.x (Floating license) 1

4

Image compression software(up to 20Gb) -100% compatibility to ESRI Product (GeoExpress encode 20GB data cartridge)

5

1

29

IV. GIS Application System& Simulation System

Computer DESCRIPTION Q-ty.

1. Intel Pentium4 2.8 GHz Intel 845G chipset 1GB 266MHz non-ECC DDR RAM memory (2x512MB) 240GB ATA-100 (7200 rpm) hard disk 3.5" (1.44MB) floppy disk Combo Drive DVD-RW 24x CDRW Intel Extreme graphics 48MB shared memory Integrated 16-bit audio (SoundBlaster Live!TM) Intel Pro/1000MT network adapter (10/100/1000Mbps) Enhanced Quietkey™ (Spacesaver) keyboard Mouse (Scrolling Wheel, 2 Buttons, USB or PS/2 Interface) ANTIVIRUS SOFTWARE 21" ULTRASCAN MONITOR OS WINDOWS 2000 PROFESSIONAL SP4(NTFS) OR WINDOWS XP Pro, NETWORK TCP/IP 1000 BASE 10/100/1000

2

2. UPS:700 VA duration time; 15 minutes. 2 Software

3 ArcGIS ArcInfo 8.x (Floating license) 1

ArcGIS ArcView 8.x (Floating license) 1 Extention: ArcGis Spatial Analyst 8.x for ArcView 8.x (Floating license) 1 ArcGis 3D Analyst 8.x for ArcView 8.x (Floating license) 1 ArcGis Network Analyst 8.x for ArcView 8.x (Floating license) 1

4

ArcGis Publisher 8.x (Floating license) 1

5 Professional Image processing software, flexible licensing options, mosaicking tools, most of raster formats, enable to create and editing shape files of ESRI products, compress imaging system, preserve pixel location and boundaries, developer toolkit, support for import data GPS directly.

1

30

Printers 6. Laser printer (A3 Size)

prints 19 ppm (letter)/ 18 ppm (A3). 133 MHz processor, 200 x 1200 dpi with 350 sheet input, Parallel USB

1

7. Toner for Laser Printer 10 Plotters

8 Color inkjet Plotter (A0 size)

Print Language: Adobe PostScript 3, Adobe PDF 1.3, HP-GL/2, HP RTL, TIFF 6.0, JPEG, CALS/G4

Print Quality: 1200 x 600 dpi Connectivity: HP Jetdirect 615n 10/100 Base-TX Print Server, supporting TCP/IP (including LPR

and IPP), AppleTalk, DLC/LLC and IPX/SPX protocols, Centronics parallel port, IEEE 1284-compliant

Memory & Hard disk: Memory 256 MB, 40 GB hard disk

1

9 Ink Cartridges for Plotter (20 of each color)

Black Cartridge Cyan cartridge Magenta cartridge Yellow cartridge

80

10 Printer head for Plotter (2 of each color) Printer heads, Black Printer heads, Cyan Printer heads, Magenta Printer heads, Yellow

8

11 Paper for plotter 20 V. Map symbolization system

DESCRIPTION Q-ty.1. Intel Pentium4 2.8 GHz

Intel 845G chipset 1GBMB 266MHz non-ECC DDR RAM memory (2x512MB) 240GB ATA-100 (7200 rpm) hard disk 3.5" (1.44MB) floppy disk Combo Drive 8x DVD/ 24x CDRW Intel Extreme graphics 48MB shared memory Integrated 16-bit audio (SoundBlaster Live!TM) Intel Pro/1000MT network adapter (10/100/1000Mbps) Enhanced Quietkey™ (Spacesaver) keyboard Mouse (Scrolling Wheel, 2 Buttons, USB or PS/2 Interface) Microsoft Windows XP Professional ANTIVIRUS SOFTWARE 21" ULTRASCAN MONITOR OS WINDOWS 2000 PROFESSIONAL SP4(NTFS) OR WINDOWS XP pro, NETWORK TCP/IP 1000 BASE 10/100/1000

1

2. UPS:700 VA , duration time ,15 minutes 1

31

Software 3. Image-editing Software

Powerful color correction tools Removable flaws while preserving tonality and texture Changing to various edit modes in a moment, such as gray scale, a double tone, an index color,

RGB and CMYK. Tools to identify out-of-gamut color before printing

2

4. Vector graphics software

Support for a wide range of file formats Swatches pallette to store custom colors and patterns Editable object and layer effects Transformation tools to resize, rotate, reflect, and shear objects

2

Plotters

5 Color inkjet Plotter (A0 size)

Print Language: Adobe PostScript 3, Adobe PDF 1.3, HP-GL/2, HP RTL, TIFF 6.0, JPEG, CALS/G4

Print Quality: 1200 x 600 dpi Connectivity: HP Jetdirect 615n 10/100 Base-TX Print Server, supporting TCP/IP (including

LPR and IPP), AppleTalk, DLC/LLC and IPX/SPX protocols, Centronics parallel port, IEEE 1284-compliant

Memory & Hard disk: Memory 256 MB, 40 GB hard disk

1

80

6

1)Ink Cartridges for Plotter (20 of each color)

Black Cartridge Cyan cartridge Magenta cartridge Yellow cartridge

8

7

2) Printer head for Plotter (2 of each color)

Printer heads, Black Printer heads, Cyan Printer heads, Magenta Printer heads, Yellow

8 Paper for plotter 20

32

VI. Equipment for Lecture of Technology Transfer DESCRIPTION Q-ty.

1 Multimedia projector

Projection System: LCD Prism technology Projection method: Front Projection, rear/ceiling mount LCD:Pixel Number: 786,482 pixels (1024 x 768) x 3 LCDs, Native Resolution: XGA, Aspect Ratio:

4.3 (supports 16:9, 5:4), Pixel Arrangement: Stripe Projection Lens: Type: Manual zoom/Manual focus, F-number: 1.9 to 2.1, f-number: 31-36mm,

Zoom ratio: 1:1.16 Lamp:Type: 150W UHE, Life (typical): 1500H (can last about 5yrs. based on 6 hours/week x 50

weeks/year) Screen With Ratio: 1.63 to 1.89 : 1 Screen Size (Projected Distance): 30” to 300” (1.0m to 11.7m) Keystone Correction: +/- 15 degrees (Automatic) Brightness: 2000 ANSI Lumens (typical) Contrast Ratio: 400:1 Brightness Uniformity: 85% (typical) Color Reproduction: 24bit, 16.7 million colors Power Supply Voltage: 100 to 120V, 200 to 240V +/- 10%, 50/60Hz RGB: Display Performance: Analog RGB I/O, Native: 1024 x 768, Resize: 1600 x 1200, 1280 x

1024, 800 x 600, 640 x 480; Input Terminal: Video: Mini D-sub 15pin x 1, Audio: Stereo mini jack Video I/O: Display Performance: 550 TV Line, Input Signal: NTSC, NTSC4.43, PAL, M-PAL,

N-PAL, PAL60, SECAM, HDTV: 480i, 480p, 720p, 1080i; Input Terminal: Video: Composite Video: RCA x 1, S-Video: Mini DIN; Component Video: Mini D-sub 15pin (in common with Analog RGB connector); Video RGB: Mini D-sub 15pin (in common with Analog RGB connector); Audio: Stereo mini jack (in common with Analog RGB audio jack); Audio signal: 500m Vrms/47Kohm

Control I/O: USB type B x 1, (for mouse, keyboard control) Supplied Accessories: Power cord, card type remote control with lithium battery, computer cable

HD15/HD15, RCA video cable, USB mouse cable, soft carrying case, Start Here Kit

1

VII. Equipment for Field verification Hardware

DESCRIPTION

Q-ty.

1. PDA

Processor: 400MHz Intel XScale Processor OS: Microsoft Windows Mobile 2003 Premium software for Pocket PC Memory: 128MBSDRAM, 48MB Flash ROM Display: 3.8” 240 x 320 16bit color transflective TFT LCD Battery: removal, rechargeable Lithium-lon (1250 mAh) Expansion: Secure Digital (SD) card slot, SDIO, MMC, and PC card support. Included accessories: USB cradle/charger, AC Adopter, battery, charger adapter

4

2. GPS for PDA

GPS receiver which can be atached to PDA, besides it can be supported by ArcPad

4

Software 3. ArcPad 4

33

VIII. Upgrade of existing system for Image Station Stereo Softcopy SSK Pro Hardware

DESCRIPTION Q-ty. 1 PC WORKSTATION 650-PROCESSOR INTEL XEON

PROCESSOR-2.80GHZ-512KCACHE, DUAL MEMORY 2GB(512MBx4) DDR-SDRAM PC2100 ECC HARD DISK 240GB ULTRA ATA-100 IDE, 1 INCH (7200 RPM) 1 PCS MONITORS DELL P1130, 21 INCH SIZE, FLAT SCREEN, 1280X1024 RESOLUTION, 1 PCS. CD DVD+RW/+R DRIVE, CDROM48 OS :WINDOWS 2000 PROFESSIONAL SP3(NTFS) OR WINDOWS XP Pro NETWORK TCP/IP 1000 BASE 10/100/100 Domestic Z-Screen Card 3DLABS Wildcat4 7110 3 D mouse Interface Two additional Crystal eye grass included

1

Upgrade of existing software 2 MicroStation

Photogrammetric Manager Model Setup Digital Mensuration Stereo Display Feature Collection DTM Collection Ortho Pro

1

3 Stereo Maker Stereo Mapper ScreenScope systyem to view in stereo

1

IX. NETWORK INSTALLATION 1000 TB Hardware

DESCRIPTION Q-ty.

1 1000TB for Digital Plotting System, Digital Map Editing System, Map symbolization System,GIS Application System& Simulation System : 16port SW/HUB 10/100/1000

1

34

3-2 Programs for INETER The programs for the staff in INETER are organized into two parts: digital topographic mapping and hazard mapping. A total of sixteen (16) sessions were carried out through out of the Study. The course names, instructors and periods of the sessions were summarized in Table 3-3

Table 3-3 Training Sessions for Digital Topographic Mapping Session Name Instructor From To Location

Photo Control Point Survey Kiyofumu Tamari 2004/1/13 2004/3/20 Managua Field Identification 1 Daikichi Nakajima 2004/1/13 2004/3/20 Managua Field Identification 2 Kiyofumu Tamari 2004/7/5 2004/8/27 Managua Digital Photogrammetry 1 Takeo Mutoh 2004/7/5 2004/8/27 Managua GIS Technology 1 Awadh Kishor Sah 2004/7/5 2004/8/27 Managua Digital Photogrammetry 2 Takeo Mutoh/Minori Onaka 2005/1/13 2005/3/21 Managua

GIS Technology 2 Awadh Kishor Sah Hidetoshi Kakiuchi 2005/1/28 2005/3/8 Managua

ERDAS Imagine 1 Awadh Kishor Sah 2005/1/28 2005/3/8 Managua Map Symbolization 1 Kozo Yamaya 2005/2/10 2005/3/21 Managua Digital Photogrammetry 3 Minori Onaka 2005/5/20 2005/6/26 Managua GIS Technology 3 Awadh Kishor Sah 2005/5/20 2005/6/26 Managua ERDAS Imagine 2 Awadh Kishor Sah 2005/5/20 2005/6/23 Managua Digital Photogrammetry 4 Minori Onaka 2005/10/1 2005/11/7 Managua

GIS Technology 4 Awadh Kishor Sah Choi Jaeyoung 2005/10/1 2005/12/13 Managua

Field Completion Kiyofumu Tamari 2005/11/3 2005/12/13 Managua Map Symbolization 2 Kozo Yamaya 2005/10/17 2005/11/27 Managua

For hazard mapping, nine (9) sessions were conducted.

Table 3-4 Training Sessions for Hazard Mapping Session Name Instructor From To Location

Earthquake Hazard 1 Osamu Nishii 2005/5/5 2005/6/12 Managua Volcanic Hazard 1 Yoshitaka Yamazaki 2005/5/5 2005/6/12 Managua Flood Hazard 1 Toshiaki Udono 2005/5/12 2005/6/18 Managua Tsunami Hazard 1 Toshihiro Asahina 2005/5/12 2005/6/18 Managua Bathymetric survey Ikuo Katayama 2005/2/11 2005/3/7 Msachapa Earthquake Hazard 1 Osamu Nishii 2005/11/3 2005/12/13 Managua Volcanic Hazard 1 Yoshitaka Yamazaki 2005/10/1 2005/11/7 Managua Flood Hazard 1 Toshiaki Udono 2005/10/1 2005/11/7 Managua Tsunami Hazard 1 Toshihiro Asahina 2005/10/1 2005/11/7 Managua

3-2-1 Topographic Mapping

(1) Control Point Survey

1) Structure and Schedule

The objectives of technology transfer were to assess technology level of the counterpart and to support weak parts in the process of control point survey. Land marking, eccen-tric surveys for the pricking of control points, and description of stations were found to be the technology to be focused. Technology on GPS observation; and baseline and the net-adjustment calculation were relatively well maintained. Mr. Tamari instructed six trainees in Cartography Department from January 2004 to March 2004.

The items for technology transfer were: 1) selection of control points and planning; 2)

35

installation of land marking; 3) GPS observation; 4) baseline and net-adjustment calcu-lation; and 5) description of stations.

A draft plan for point selection had been prepared in Japan before the control point sur-vey. The draft plan was finalized in the beginning of the control point survey together with the trainees. In January, land markings were installed. In February, GPS obser-vation was conducted. Indoor exercises covered the following subjects:

• GPS Baseline analysis • GPS Net adjustment • GPS data download program • Calculation of the magnetic constant • Coordinate conversions • Manuals prepared were: • WGS84 Ellipsoid and coordinate conversions • Calculation of the magnetic constant • Acquisition and calculation of the eccentric elements using the solar method • GPS data download

The six trainees had previous experiences in GPS survey through the national boundary projects and cadastral projects. They have experiences in using Trimble Geomatics Office and have conducted GPS baseline and net adjustment calculation.

In Nicaragua, the reference ellipsoid was changed from Clark 1866 to WGS84 and the projection method was change from NAD27-Central America to UTM16N in 1996. The trainees in INETER have been converting the coordinates using their original coor-dinate conversion software or spread sheet software. The compass needle constant calculation and the eccentric survey by a solar method were new experiences. The method of preparing the description of stations was not well organized so that the Study Team had prepared a form and recorded the results using the form.

Table 3-4 List of Participants (Control Point Survey) Name Affiliation

Leonel Reyna Sovalbarro Geodesy Section Francisco Javier Hernández Geodesy Section Humberto Martínez Geodesy Section Oscar Armando Piche Geodesy Section Ramón Avilés Geodesy Section Ernesto Bonilla Geodesy Section

2) Results

Land marking and description of stations were new to them. The instructor demon-strated the process of making the land marking. The left photograph shows the actual training in INETER. The material used was plywood. The right photograph shows the land marking in the field. The material used was a coffee sac to avoid unwanted loss of materials.

36

Photo 3-1 Land Marking Training in INETER Photo 3-2 GPS Receiver Setting

The calculation of the magnetic constant using Geomag32 was not difficult for them. However, since the tool was not type of software used daily, keeping the technology might become a challenge. A manual was prepared for the purpose. The WGS84 el-lipsoid and coordinate conversion software, Geocalc, which simplified the current work, was accepted by not only the six trainees but other staffs in INETER.

Since all the trainees had experiences in GPS observation and calculation through the national boundary and cadastral projects, there were fewer challenges in the process of the Study compared to the other processes.

The instructor introduced the eccentric survey by a solar method. With the method, in-stallation of GPS to the point was instructed. The Study Team used the Trimble Total Control to conduct the same baseline and net-adjustment calculation. It was confirmed that the functionality of the software was the same as the INETER’s.

Technology related to GPS was well maintained including the baseline and the net-adjustment calculation. Land marking, however, was less frequent work; the ex-perience through the Study shall be kept within the organization from the trainees. As described, the manuals were prepared for new technologies. Other conventional tech-nologies which were recovered shall be documented. The trainees seemed less con-cerned about vertical data, depending on heights from the geoid model derived from GPS surveys. The instructor mentioned significance of height data for monitoring purposes during the OJT sessions.

(2) Field Identification

1) Structure and Schedule

The objectives in this technology transfer items are to learn skills in: aerial photograph interpretation; verification on photographs; use of GPS in field identification; applica-tion of ortho-photographs in field identification; usage of Microstation with digital or-tho-photographs; printing of ortho-photographs using ArcView. The new technology of using ortho-photographs and GPS were introduced. Four trainees were selected to take part in the field identification from July, 2004 to August 2004. Mr. Nakajima in-structed in the beginning of July 2004 and Mr. Tamari guided the work mainly in Au-gust.

One of the four trainees had studied abroad in the former Soviet Union and experienced field verification using aerial photographs. Other three trainees did not have any pre-

37

vious experience. During the preliminary interpretation, the four trainees had prepared the work items in an organized manner. On the uses of ortho-photographs and GPS, their motivation to learn new technology seemed very high. The point data that were not identified during the preliminary interpretation, such as school, hospital, church, well, and others, coordinates were recorded during the field identification with GPS. All the data were plotted using CAD. And with the ortho-photographs as background data, the results were confirmed and organized.

Photo 3-3 Editing of GPS Data on Ortho-photos

The four trainees knew the usefulness of GPS as knowledge, but in practice, this was the first time to use the device. The method of using ortho-photographs and GPS was of their interest. They positively involved in practicing; their learning speed was fast be-cause of the positive attitude. Their level of understanding computer and software contributed to the fast learning. The method of survey is stabilized in INETER and is continually practiced.

Table 3-5 List of Participants (Field Identification) Name Affiliation

Isidro Jarquín Vélez Cartography Section Fernando Osorio Cartography Section Néstor Rodríguez Cartography Section Oliver Valladares Cartography Section

2) Results

When there is no reference of learning new skills and knowledge, the process of learning becomes challenging in a tight schedule. The instructors spent sufficient time in the preliminary photo interpretation so that the trainees would face less trouble in the field.

The first challenge was scheduling. Existing documents were used as much as possible to reduce the number of items to be identified in the field. The ortho-photographs at a scale of 1/10,000 were available in the northern part of the study area. The instructor has decided to use the ortho-photographs at the same scale for the field work, since the larger scale had been considered easier for beginners to interpret. It turned out that more data and information on aerial photographs to some extent overwhelmed the train-ees to reduce the scale into 1/50,000. When there was more time for the field work, the scale of the ortho-photographs in the northern area had been effective. For the south-ern areas, the scale of the ortho-photographs was changed to 1/25,000. With the scale, four ortho-photographs covered one sheet of 1/50,000 topographic map. The relatively smaller scale raised the efficiency level. During the field identification in the southern

38

part of the study area, the interpretation keys were prepared. The keys helped consis-tency of field identification among the trainees.

The annotation data were available without coordinate data. The coordinate data without coordinates were prone to possible errors. The instructor decided to disregard the existing data and to acquire the annotation data from the existing topographic maps, considering the future usage as annotation database.

The new technology of using GPS for field identification was introduced. A trainee is standing in the center reading a handy-GPS. The photo was taken in a cemetery.

Photo 3-4 Outdoor Training

The existing aerial photographs that covered in the northern part of the study area were taken in 2000. The trainees filled as much information as possible to identify changes. Identifying vegetation away from the main roads was difficult. For those areas, aerial photographs were used. For those areas where interpretation results were not satisfac-tory, mainly vegetation, the photographs were interpreted in the plotting process.

Reflecting the challenges in the northern part of the Study area, the instructor with co-operation from the counterparts prepared the interpretation keys for more consistent work. The process of preparing the keys was a learning process, also. There must have been the interpretation keys when the existing topographic maps were produced; however, existing interpretation keys were not available. New keys were prepared.

The trainees had two rounds of field identification: one was the northern areas using the existing ortho-photographs; the other was the southern areas using the new or-tho-photographs. The results of the northern part were not satisfactory from the pro-fessional view point; but the skills of photographic interpretation and use of handy-GPS in the southern parts showed improvement in the results. The trainees learned how to deal with ortho-photographs in different scales. They sometimes used aerial photo-graphs where ortho-photographs were not available. In this regard, it can be said that they have learned three different types of field identification. Including the preparation of the interpretation keys, the trainees learned use of handy-GPS for field identification, and preparation of annotation database. The trainees have acquired skills that they can be improved by themselves.

During the field work, they used GPS for collecting the coordinates of the ground ob-jects. Use of GPS was well known because of experience of previous time (Field identi-fication). They verified doubtful or lacking parts on the maps such as power line, road classification, isolated school, missing objects and others.

In the office work, field data collected were arranged to new maps in accordance with annotation and code. Both office work and field work were completed with satisfactory

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levels of quality. Their cartographic knowledge and working level is considered high.

(3) Digital Photogrammetry

1) Structure and Schedule

"Digital Photogrammetry" consists of four major technology transfer components: aerial triangulation, digital plotting; DTM and contour line generation; and digital compilation. During the course of the Study, four technology transfer sessions were conducted. Four members from the photogrammetry section participated in the technology transfer sessions. Mr. Mutoh led the first and half of the OJT-2 and Mr. Onaka instructed later half of the OJT-2, OJT-3 and OJT-4. The goal of the technology transfer was to com-plete the two map sheets "NAGAROTE" and "EL TRANSITO".

During the OJT-1, because of the delay of installation of OJT system, hands-on-sessions were not conducted. Rather the sessions were focused more on general overview of the digital photogrammetry. One existing ImageStation was available. The instructor used the existing ImageStation and gave operational support to the trainees. OJT-2 focused on aerial triangulation and plotting of planimetric features. In OJT-3 data ed-iting and DTM generation were mainly covered. OJT-4 was mainly targeted to DTM editing and contour line editing.

Among five trainees, one of them had analogue plotting experiences; another one's ex-perience was only limited in some knowledge on digital photogrammetry. Computer experiences were also limited. Other two trainees had no experience in digital photo-grammetry with some personal computer experiences. The instructors and trainees communicated through a Japanese-English interpreter.

Table 3-6 List of Participants (Digital Photogrammetry) Name Affiliation

Josué Donado Figueroa Department of Geodesy & Cartography, Photo-grammetry Section

Mayra Silva Diaz Department of Geodesy & Cartography, Photo-grammetry Section

Fátima Martínez Duarte Department of Geodesy & Cartography, Photo-grammetry Section

Uberne Rueda Padilla Department of Geodesy & Cartography, Photo-grammetry Section

Ivone Sáenz Morales Department of Geodesy & Cartography, Photo-grammetry Section

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Photo 3-5 Operation Support on Plotting Work The number of trainees was small enough to conduct person-to-person operation support. Two trainees with experience in survey and mapping were selected to as main operators to be the leaders and potential instructors for other two trainees. Other two trainees took turns and experienced the basics of operation; however, level of comprehension was relatively low compared with the other experienced operators. One of the trainees, however, had very good math skills; therefore, to the trainee, we instructed aerial trian-gulation so that the trainee would become future instructor in Nicaragua.

All the trainees covered all the aspects of digital photogrammetry during the OJT-sessions; however, learning all the aspects of digital photogrammetry was difficult because the field is already highly specialized. Considering the time and expertise re-quired for each technology, the instructors decided to focus two trainees for plotting and editing and one for aerial triangulation. Through the experiences, each trainee will be able to find his/her own specialties; the instructors supported the process of learning ac-cording to his/her background and basic skills.

As for the digital photogrammetric workstation introduced, one set of Stereo Mapper (Photo 3-6) and two sets of Image Station Z 1 (Photo 3-7) are installed. For the PJT pro-gram, two sets of Image Station were mainly used. During the OJT program, the fol-lowing modules were used: ISDM, ISAT for aerial triangulation; ISFC for Feature Col-lection; ISSD and ISMT for DTM and contour line drawing; and MicroStation GeoGraphics for vector data editing.

Photo 3-6 Stereo Mapper Photo 3-7 Image Station Z 1

2) Results

Transfer of the restitution technique was carried out by manually drawing the Nagarote and El Transito sheets INETER is responsible for, starting with the planimetric entities during OJT-2. The task was completed during OJT-3. Mastery of the drawn data (plotting data) restitution technique was also accomplished during OJT-4.

On the other hand, it became clear, during OJT-2, that it was too time consuming for our counterparts to manually draw the contours because of their lack of experience. Be-sides, accuracy was a problem. Taking this into consideration, we decided to dismiss the manual contour drawing method and changed, at the beginning of OJT-3, to the DTM contour acquisition method. Thus, DTMs were generated automatically every 50 cm using the Automatic DTM Module of the restitution system. The automatically generated DTMs were manually compiled during OJT-4, proceeding later to automati-cally generate the contours using the TIN Module. This technique was perfected dur-

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ing OJT-4. To add, data restitution was carried out using the newly introduced soft-ware, MicroStation Geographics.

During OJT-3, introduced know-how on data editing was successfully transferred with the completion of OJT-4. Data cleaning and polygon creation were the key elements for Vector data editing. Although this technique was new for our counterparts, they got a good mastery of it.

(a) Aerial Triangulation

The weakness of the trainees in aerial triangulation is the stereoscopic viewing. When the pass/tie points were clearly identifiable, there were little errors in observation. When the model did not include clearly identifiable points like in forested areas, the height information becomes critical for accurate observation. The trainees committed errors in models with forests, lakes, and volcano. In such case, selection of pass/tie points became complex. The instructors explained causes of errors and instructed resolutions to the errors. For the errors caused by stereoscopic viewing, the instructors repeatedly guided the accurate locations of measuring marks. The areas of models cre-ated by the trainees are in Figure 3-2.

Figure 3-2 Areas of Aerial Triangulation

(b) Plotting Features

From February 2005, each trainee started to plot each map sheet（NAGAROTE and EL TRANSITO. After four months of operation, plotting was completed with errors. The output is shown in Figure 3-6. The instructor checked the plotted data. Instruc-tion notes show the types of errors to be corrected. In the beginning of the training, trainees made errors on heights because of inexperience in stereoscopic viewing. The trainees extracted features too small for the scale. The instructors explained how those fine feature extracted would not be shown at the scale of 1/50,000. There were omis-sions in plotting also. In the process of editing, those errors were corrected.