2 basic principal of utp installation
DESCRIPTION
Basic Principal of UTP InstallationTRANSCRIPT
1
Basic Principal ofBasic Principal ofUTP INSTALLATIONUTP INSTALLATION
2
Rough In
3
Rough-in Items
• Installation Specification/Scope of Work• Plans/Drawings• Schedule/Bill of Materials• Installation Tools • Rough-in Materials
4
Installation Specification
• Standards and Specifications• Raceway capacity, placement and mounting• Horizontal routing and placement• Backbone routing and placement• Cross-connects and terminations• Cable Management• Labeling• Testing• Documentation
5
Floorplan Drawing
6
Outlet Elevation Drawing
7
Telecommunications Closet Elevation Drawing
8
Rack Elevation Drawing
9
Bill of Materials
Mfg. # Description Qty U/M Cost X-Cost
4pr CAT 5, plenum
24 port, CAT 5Patch Panel
110, CAT 5Universal Jack
Zipcord M/M Fiber
SC Connector
768597-2
567409-1
675675-9
237898-1
450989-1
2600
2
48
2000
60
L/ft
EA
EA
L/ft
EA
$0.39
$250.00
$5.00
$0.90
$7.50
$1014.00
$500.00
$240.00
$1800.00
$450.00
10
Wall Mount Outlet Box
11
Surface Mount Outlet Box
12
Raised/Access Floor Mount Box
13
Consolidation Point
14
Multi-User Outlet
15
Rack Spacing & Clearances
Front
Rear
Front
Rear
Live Equipment
6”/15cm
32”/80cm
32”/80cm
36”/1m
16
Rack Units (U’s)
2U
1U1.75”
(4.5cm)
3U
17
Rack Attachment
18
Wall Mount Box
19
Rough In Photos
20
21
22
Over Hanging Cable Tray (Enclosed) #01
23
Over Hanging Cable Tray (Enclosed) #02
Cable Entry(From Outside)
24
25
RISER - Vertical Cable Entry (Floor View)
26
RISER - Vertical Cable Entry (Ceiling View)
27
Telecommunication Closet Cable Entry
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
Ceiling Grid #01
73
Cable Entry in User Room
Cable Penetration Hole(View from Inside)
74
Cable Entry in User Room
Cable Penetration Hole(View from Inside)
75
Perimeter Pathway
Separator
76
Perimeter Pathway
77
Perimeter Pathway
Electrical Outlet Data Outlet Opening
78
Perimeter Pathway
Separation for Electrical and Data Cables
79
80
Underfloor Conduits
Cable Entry
81
Underfloor Conduits
Cable Outlet
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
Ceiling Grid #02
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
Twisted PairCabling System
110
Twisted Pair Parameters
• Cable Category and Performance• Cabling Distance• Connector Performance• System Performance• Performance Testing
111
Twisted Pair Category and Transmission Performance
MediaType
Tested (up to)Bandwidth
100 MHz
16 MHz
300 MHz
100Ω CAT 3
100Ω CAT 5
100Ω CAT 5e 100 MHz
TypicalUtilization
Voice
2-pairservices2/4-pairservices
100Ω CAT 6
100Ω CAT 7
150Ω Shielded
250 MHz 2/4-pairservices
2/4-pair services, shielded
600 MHz
2-pair services, shielded
112
Transmission Parameters
• DC Resistance & DC Resistance Unbalance• Capacitance & Capacitance Unbalance• Attenuation• Characteristic Impedance• Structural Return Loss• NEXT/FEXT/ELFEXT loss
− Pair to Pair− Power Sum (CAT 5e & CAT 6)
• Propagation Delay• Delay Skew (CAT 5e & CAT 6)
113
Horizontal Cabling Distance
6 m 90 m 3 m
114
Backbone Cabling Distance
HC/FD 500m
HC/FD 800m90m
IC/BD
300m
MC/CD EP
VoiceData
Cross-connect jumpers/patch cables = 20m
Telecommunications equipment cables = 30m
115
Connecting Hardware
AttenuationReturn LossDC ResistanceNEXT/ FEXT/ELFEXT
Pair-Pair & Power SumPropagation Delay & Delay SkewLCL
116
Cabling Practices Affecting Performance• Connector Termination Practices
− Use proper category of cable and matching components− Category 5 = < 13mm (0.5”) amount of untwist− Strip only enough cable jacket as necessary
• Patch Cable and Connector Consistency− Use of pre-terminated patch cables
• Cable Management Practices− Eliminate cable stress caused by tension & cinching− Keep cable bend radii no less than 4 times the cable
diameter− No more than 30 m or (2) 90º bends in a single conduit pull
117
Field Testing Parameters
• Wire Map• Length
− Propagation Delay
− Delay Skew• Attenuation• NEXT• PSNEXT
• ACR• PSACR• FEXT• ELFEXT• PSELFEXT• Return Loss
118
Wire Map
12
36
54
78
12
36
54
78
Correct Pairs
12
36
54
78
12
36
54
78
Reversed Pair
12
36
54
78
12
36
54
78
Crossed Pairs
12
36
54
78
12
36
54
78
Split Pairs
119
Length
• Maximum Link Length− 90 meters
− plus a maximum of 2 meters of test equipment patch cords at each end
• Maximum Channel Length− 100 meters
− including equipment cords and patch cords
120
Nominal Velocity of Propagation (NVP)
The speed at which a signal travels in a cable, expressed as a percentage of the speed of light in vacuum.
NVP =speed at which pulse travels in cable
speed of light in vacuum X 100%
Speed of light in vacuum is 300,000 km/s or 0.3 m/nsec
121
Length Calculation
Example:measurement of Prop_delay: 435 nsec
Length =RT_Prop_delay (nsec) x NVP x Speed_of_Light
2
NVP (%) Length (ft)68.5 293.369 295.469.5 297.670 299.7
122
Propagation Delay and Delay Skew
HUBPair 2
Pair 1
Pair 3
Pair 4
NIC
Frequency Link Channel Link ChannelPropagation Delay Delay Skew
1 MHz2 MHz10 MHz
100 MHz200 MHz
541 ns531 ns518 ns510 ns509 ns
580 ns569 ns555 ns548 ns547 ns
45 ns45 ns45 ns45 ns45 ns
50 ns50 ns50 ns50 ns50 ns
123
Traveling signals is like electrons following a somewhat rocky path
Electrons travel at approx. constant speed
(≈ 20 cm or 8” per ns,
1 ns = 0.000 000 0001 s
NVP * speed of light)
Propagation delay
(max 555 ns later ..)
124
SpecificationsEffects of Delay Skew
• Skew is the difference in propagation delay between the fastest and slowest pairs in a cable.
• Proposed requirement: <45 ns @ 100 MHz (Channel)
T2T1
HUB
Fastest
Pair 2
Pair 1
Pair 3
Pair 4
SlowestNIC
125
Delay SkewThe length of every electronic
road in a cable is slightly different because of twist rates
But every cable has at least 4 electronic highways
(max 50 ns differences ..)
126
Attenuation
NIC HUB
Transmitted Signal
Attenuated Signal
dB loss
Calculated Link Attenuation is the sum of the attenuation of:
• cable segment• all connecting hardware• 10 m of patch cable for channel• 4 m of patch cable for link
127
is represented by the electrons that get stuck
Attenuation
Fewer electrons show up!
heat! heat!
There are potholes in the road….
128
Link AttenuationLink Attenuation
Cat 5 Class D Class D Cat 5E Cat 6 Class ETSB 67 ISO/IEC ISO/IEC TIA/EIA TIA/EIA ISO/IEC
Specification Oct-95 11801: JTC1 4195-A Draft 3 JTC11995(E) SC25 WG3 25-Aug-98 18-Aug-98 SC25 WG3
PDAM 3 (Tokyo 92A)Freq. (MHz)
1.00 2.1 2.5 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.94.00 4.0 4.8 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.58.00 5.7 -- 5.7 5.5 --
10.00 6.3 7.5 6.1 6.3 6.2 5.616.00 8.2 9.4 7.8 8.2 7.8 7.120.00 9.2 10.5 8.7 9.2 8.8 7.925.00 10.3 -- 10.3 9.9 --31.25 11.5 13.1 11 11.5 11.1 1062.50 16.7 18.4 16 16.7 16 14.4100.00 21.6 23.2 20.6 21.6 20.7 18.5125.00 -- -- -- -- 20.9155.52 -- -- -- -- 23.6175.00 -- -- -- -- 25.2200.00 -- -- -- 30.4 27.1250.00 -- -- -- -- 30.7
129
Channel AttenuationChannel Attenuation
Cat 5 Class D Class D Cat 5E Cat 6 Class ETSB 67 ISO/IEC ISO/IEC TIA/EIA TIA/EIA ISO/IEC
Specification Oct-95 11801: JTC1 4195-A Draft 3 JTC11995(E) SC25 WG3 25-Aug-98 18-Aug-98 SC25 WG3
PDAM 3 (Tokyo 92A)Freq. (MHz)
1.00 2.5 -- 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.24.00 4.5 -- 4.5 4.5 4 4.28.00 6.3 -- -- 6.3 5.7 --
10.00 7 -- 7 7 6.3 6.516.00 9.2 -- 9.2 9.2 8 8.320.00 10.3 -- 10.3 10.3 9 9.325.00 11.4 -- -- 11.4 10.1 --31.25 12.8 -- 12.8 12.8 11.4 11.762.50 18.5 -- 18.5 18.5 16.5 16.9100.00 24 -- 24 24 21.2 21.7125.00 -- -- -- -- -- 24.5155.52 -- -- -- -- -- 27.6175.00 -- -- -- -- -- 29.5200.00 -- -- -- -- 32.2 31.7
130
On top of that: the road is not level and electrons fly off!
Crosstalk!!
A level problem in the electronic road will cause some electrons to fall on an adjacent road
131
NEXT
HUBNICrx
rxtx
tx
Transmitted Signal
Coupled Noise
• Testing of NEXT shall be performed at both ends• All pair combinations shall be measured
132
Near End Crosstalk (NEXT)
Near End Crosstalk is by the electrons that return back to the beginning
133
Link NEXTLink NEXT
Cat 5 Class D Class D Cat 5E Cat 6 Class ETSB 67 ISO/IEC ISO/IEC TIA/EIA TIA/EIA ISO/IEC
Specification Oct-95 11801: JTC1 4195-A Draft 3 JTC11995(E) SC25 WG3 25-Aug-98 18-Aug-98 SC25 WG3
(Tokyo 92A)Freq. (MHz)
1.00 60 54.0 61.2 64.2 73.5 72.74.00 51.8 45.0 51.8 54.8 64.1 638.00 47.1 -- -- 50.0 59.4 --
10.00 45.5 39.0 45.5 48.5 57.8 56.616.00 42.3 36.0 42.3 45.2 54.6 53.220.00 40.7 35.0 40.7 43.7 53.1 51.625.00 39.1 -- -- 42.1 51.5 --31.25 37.6 32.0 37.6 40.6 50 48.462.50 32.7 27.0 32.7 35.7 45.2 43.4100.00 29.3 24.0 29.3 32.3 41.9 39.9125.00 -- -- -- -- -- 38.3155.52 -- -- -- -- -- 36.7175.00 -- -- -- -- -- 35.8200.00 -- -- -- -- 36.9 34.8250.00 -- -- -- -- -- 33.1
134
Channel NEXTChannel NEXT
Cat 5 Class D Class D Cat 5E Cat 6 Class ETSB 67 ISO/IEC ISO/IEC TIA/EIA TIA/EIA ISO/IEC
Specification Oct-95 11801: JTC1 4195-A Draft 3 JTC11995(E) SC25 WG3 25-Aug-98 18-Aug-98 SC25 WG3
(Tokyo 92A)Freq. (MHz)
1.00 60.0 -- 60.3 63.3 72.7 72.74.00 50.6 -- 50.6 53.6 63.1 638.00 45.6 -- -- 48.6 58.2 --
10.00 44.0 -- 44 47.0 56.6 56.616.00 40.6 -- 40.6 43.6 53.2 53.220.00 39.0 -- 39 42.0 51.6 51.625.00 37.4 -- -- 40.4 50 --31.25 35.7 -- 35.7 38.7 48.4 48.462.50 30.6 -- 30.6 33.6 43.4 43.4100.00 27.1 -- 27.1 30.1 39.9 39.9125.00 -- -- -- -- -- 38.3155.52 -- -- -- -- -- 36.7175.00 -- -- -- -- -- 35.8200.00 -- -- -- -- 34.8 34.8250.00 -- -- -- -- -- 33.1
135
FEXT
HUBNICrx
rxtx
tx
Transmitted Signal
Coupled Noise
Attenuated Signal
• Testing of FEXT shall be performed at both ends• All pair combinations shall be measured
136
Far end crosstalk (FEXT)
Far End Crosstalk is by the electrons that continue to the far end
137
Return Loss
-12dBm -14dBmtx rx
• Typically attenuation caused by characteristicsinherent in the cable, such as:
• impedance mismatches• kinks in the cable• poor construction
138
SpecificationsEffects of Return Loss
Attenuated SignalsTransmitted Signals
Impedance mismatch or variation
Reflected Signals
Pair 1
Pair 2
Pair 3
Pair 4
• A measure of the reflected transmit energy caused by impedance mismatches in the cabling systems
• Especially important in applications that use full duplex transmission schemes
NIC HUB
139
There are also bumps and dips in the road: return loss
A bump or dip causes
some electronsto go back
140
Link Return LossLink Return Loss
Cat 5 Class D Class D Cat 5E Cat 6 Class ETSB 67 ISO/IEC ISO/IEC TIA/EIA TIA/EIA ISO/IEC
Specification Oct-95 11801: JTC1 4195-A Draft 3 JTC11995(E) SC25 WG3 25-Aug-98 18-Aug-98 SC25 WG3
(Orlando 39A) (Orlando 39A)Freq. (MHz)
1.00 -- 18.0 17.0 17.0 19.0 19.04.00 -- 18.0 17.0 17.0 19.0 19.08.00 -- 18.0 17.0 17.0 19.0 19.010.00 -- 15.0 17.0 17.0 19.0 19.016.00 -- 15.0 17.0 17.0 19.0 19.020.00 -- 15.0 17.0 17.0 19.0 19.025.00 -- 10.0 16.3 16.3 18.3 18.331.25 -- 10.0 15.6 15.6 17.6 17.662.50 -- 10.0 13.5 13.5 15.5 15.5
100.00 -- 10.0 12.1 12.1 14.1 14.1125.00 -- -- -- -- 13.4 13.4155.52 -- -- -- -- 12.8 12.8175.00 -- -- -- -- 12.4 12.4200.00 -- -- -- -- 12 12250.00 -- -- -- -- 11.3 11.3
141
Channel Return LossChannel Return Loss
Cat 5 Class D Class D Cat 5E Cat 6 Class ETSB 67 ISO/IEC ISO/IEC TIA/EIA TIA/EIA ISO/IEC
Specification Oct-95 11801: JTC1 4195-A Draft 3 JTC11995(E) SC25 WG3 25-Aug-98 18-Aug-98 SC25 WG3
(Orlando 39A) (Orlando 39A)Freq. (MHz)
1.00 -- -- 17 17 19 194.00 -- -- 17 17 19 198.00 -- -- 17 17 19 1910.00 -- -- 17 17 19 1916.00 -- -- 17 17 19 1920.00 -- -- 17 17 19 1925.00 -- -- 16 16 18 1831.25 -- -- 15.1 15.1 17.1 17.162.50 -- -- 12.1 12.1 14.1 14.1
100.00 -- -- 10 10 12 12125.00 -- -- -- -- 11 11155.52 -- -- -- -- 10.1 10.1175.00 -- -- -- -- 9.6 9.6200.00 -- -- -- -- 9 9250.00 -- -- -- -- 8 8
142
Some electrons may fly into the air and eventually land on earth!
Electrons in the air may be picked up by your radio or TV antenna and cause interference!
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)!!
143
Signal-to-noise ratios (3)
• There are three quantities which affect signal-to-noise ratio (SNR):
• Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio (ACR).• Equal Level Far End Crosstalk
(ELFEXT).• Return Loss.
144
Signal-to-noise ratio #1: ACR
• Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio (ACR)• Applicable to 2-wire pair LAN
applications (10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX).
• Each wire pair carries signal in one direction only.
145
CharacteristicsEffects of ACR
Transmitter Receiver
Receiver Transmitter
NIC Hub
Transmitted Signal
Attenuated Signal
Coupled NEXT Noise
ACRAttenuated Signal NEXT Noise
NIC HUB
146
ACR = the traditional SNR
Desired signal = attenuated signal from other end.
Noise = NEXT + external noise (ignore external noise).
TransmitOutput
TransmitOutput
ReceiveInput
ReceiveInput
Workstation LANequipmentSignal
NEXT
Externalnoise
Signal
(For LAN systems with two wire pairs carrying signalsin one direction each.)
147
You need more signal (blue,pink) than NEXT (black) electrons!
TransmitOutput
ReceiveInput
Workstation
TransmitOutput
ReceiveInput
LANequipment
Signal(from remote to local)
Signal(from local to remote)
NEXT(local)
NEXT(remote)
Look here and here!
148
Signal-to-noise ratio (ELFEXT)
• Equal Level Far End Crosstalk (ELFEXT).
• Applicable to applications where 2 or more signals travel in the same direction at the same time (1000BASE-T).
149
Another S/N = ELFEXT
Desired signal = attenuated signal from other end.
Noise = FEXT + external noise (ignore external noise).
TransmitOutput
TransmitOutput
ReceiveInput
ReceiveInput
Workstation LANequipmentSignal
FEXT
Externalnoise
Signal
(For LAN systems with two or more wire pairs carrying signals in the same direction at the same time.)
150
You need more signal (blue,pink) than FEXT (black) electrons!
TransmitOutput
ReceiveInput
Workstation
TransmitOutput
ReceiveInput
LANequipment
Look here!
Signal(from local to remote)
Signal(also from local to remote)
FEXT
FEXT
151
Yet another S/N = Return Loss
Desired signal = attenuated signal from other end.
Noise = reflected signal in own wire pair
TransmitOutput
TransmitOutput
ReceiveInput
ReceiveInput
Workstation LANequipmentReturn loss
(bump in electronic road)
Signal“hybrid” “hybrid”
(For LAN systems with a wire pair carrying signals in both directions at the same time.)
152
Yet another S/N = Return Loss
Desired signal = attenuated signal from other end.
Noise = reflected signal from own end
TransmitOutput
TransmitOutput
ReceiveInput
ReceiveInput
Workstation LANequipment
Return loss signal (bump in electronic road)
(For LAN systems with a wire pair carrying signals in both directions at the same time.)
“hybrid” “hybrid”
Signal Signal
153
Power Sum Performance
Pair-to-pair:Single disturberSingle receiver
Power sum:Multiple disturbersSingle receiver
• Power sum performance is the sum of the pair-to-pair performance of the component or system.
• Power sum NEXT performance should meet or exceed the existing TIA pair-to-pair NEXT requirements.
154
What is “power sum” NEXT and “power sum” ELFEXT?
• Both are computed values from measured pair to pair NEXT or ELFEXT results:− Power Sum NEXT computed from three
pair-to-pair NEXT results− Power Sum ELFEXT is computed from
three pair-to-pair ELFEXT results
• Often required when more than 2 wire pairs are transmitting signals in the same direction (1 Gbps Ethernet).
155
When are “power sum” NEXT and “power sum” ELFEXT needed?
• Often required when more than 2 wire pairs are transmitting signals in the same direction (1 Gbps Ethernet).
• Significant if 25-pair cables are used (split up in six 4-pair links).
• May also be used to reflect crosstalk between separate 4-pair cables in a cable bundle.
156
PS ELFEXT
HUBNIC
x
x
x
xx
x
x
xNear End Far End
PS ELFEXT = -10log(10-x1/10 + 10-x2/10 + 10-x3/10) dB
157
Link PS ELFEXTLink Power Sum ELFEXT
Cat 5 Class D Class D Cat 5E Cat 6 Class ETSB 67 ISO/IEC ISO/IEC TIA/EIA TIA/EIA ISO/IEC
Specification Oct-95 11801: JTC1 4195-A Draft 3 JTC11995(E) SC25 WG3 25-Aug-98 18-Aug-98 SC25 WG3
(Tokyo 78A) (Tokyo 92A)Freq. (MHz)
1.00 -- -- 57.0 57.0 62.2 61.24.00 -- -- 45.0 45.0 50.2 49.18.00 -- -- -- 38.9 44.1 --10.00 -- -- 37.0 37.0 42.2 41.216.00 -- -- 32.9 32.9 38.1 37.120.00 -- -- 31.0 31.0 36.2 35.125.00 -- -- -- 29.0 34.2 --31.25 -- -- 27.1 27.1 32.2 31.362.50 -- -- 21.1 21.1 26.3 25.2
100.00 -- -- 17.0 17.0 22.2 21.2125.00 -- -- -- -- -- 19.2155.52 -- -- -- -- -- 17.3175.00 -- -- -- -- -- 16.3200.00 -- -- -- -- 16.2 15.1250.00 -- -- -- -- -- 13.2
158
Channel PS ELFEXTChannel Power Sum ELFEXT
Cat 5 Class D Class D Cat 5E Cat 6 Class ETSB 67 ISO/IEC ISO/IEC TIA/EIA TIA/EIA ISO/IEC
Specification Oct-95 11801: JTC1 4195-A Draft 3 JTC11995(E) SC25 WG3 25-Aug-98 18-Aug-98 SC25 WG3
(Tokyo 78A) (Tokyo 92A)Freq. (MHz)
1.00 -- -- 54.4 54.4 60.2 60.24.00 -- -- 42.4 42.4 48.2 48.28.00 -- -- -- 36.3 42.2 --10.00 -- -- 34.4 34.4 40.2 40.216.00 -- -- 30.3 30.3 36.1 36.120.00 -- -- 28.4 28.4 34.2 34.225.00 -- -- -- 26.4 32.3 --31.25 -- -- 24.5 24.5 30.3 30.362.50 -- -- 18.5 18.5 24.3 24.3
100.00 -- -- 14.4 14.4 20.2 20.2125.00 -- -- -- -- -- 18.3155.52 -- -- -- -- -- 16.4175.00 -- -- -- -- -- 15.4200.00 -- -- -- -- 14.2 14.2250.00 -- -- -- -- -- 12.3
159
Data Measurement
• Test equipment manufacturer access cords and adapters should be used in link testing
• User cords should be tested in place for channel testing, and be used in that channel only
• Any reconfiguration of components must be re-tested to verify conformance
• Inspect the connecting hardware for wear and tear resulting from multiple mating cycles
160
Data Administration & Reporting• Pass or Fail result for each parameter should be
determined by comparison with the allowable limits
• Overall Pass is determined by passing all of the individual tests
• Overall Fail is determined by failing at least one of the individual tests
• Whether Pass or Fail, pair, frequency and test limit at the worst-case should be reported
• Pass condition - either the worst-case margin or worse-case data point should be reported
• Fail condition - the worse-case margin should be reported− Multiple Fail - the worse-case at the highest frequency point
161
Field Testing Parameters Summary
Wire MapLength
AttenuationNEXT
Return LossELFEXT
Propagation DelayDelay Skew
162
Troubleshooting Common Faults
Length violationEMI sourcesBad quality cableConductor untwistShorts, Opens, Split pairs, Crossed pairsCAT 5 Return Loss and ELFEXT Failures
163
Twisted Pair Summary
• Twisted Pair Cable Categories and Performance• Cabling Distances
− Horizontal− Backbone
• Connecting Hardware Specifications• Factors Affecting Performance• Field testing requirements of twisted pair cabling
links and channels• Recognizing, troubleshooting and mitigating
common faults