1

mitropoliti

anania jafariZe

saqarTvelos samociqulo

eklesiis istoria 10 ტომად

ტომი I

2

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoriის aTtomeulში gadmocemulia ჩვენი ერის

სულიერი ცხოვრება uZvelesi xanidan vidre XXI saukunemde.

Pპirveli oTxi tomi uSualoდ saqarTvelos eklეsiiს istorias warmoadgens. masSi wmida

mociqulebis epoqidanve srulfasovnad aris aRwerili Cveni eklesiis cxovreba uamravi

wyarosa da literaturis darTviT, amasTan, mas win uZRvis qarTvelTa winaprebis

sarwmunoebrivi cxovrebis mimoxilva da ufali RmerTis mier qarTveli xalxis

mravalsaukunovani momzadeba qristianobis misaRebad.

MsaqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis me-5 tomis saxelia “arian qarTli, saepikoposoebi

istoriul iveriaSi”. Mme-6 tomis saxelia – “qaldea, saepiskoposoebi lazikaSi”, me-7 tomis

saxelia – “qarTvelTა denacionalizacia XVII-XX საუკუნეებში“, მე-8 ტომის სახელია -„

საქართველოს საეკლესიო კანონები“, მე-9 ტომის სახელია -„საქართველოს ეკლესიის იურისდიქცია

ჩრდილოეთ კავკასიაში“, მე-10 ტომის სახელია- „საქართველოს ეკლესიის ისტორიის ატლასი,

რუკების კრებული წყაროების გამოყენებით“.

ყველა ეს ტომი რამდენჯერმე დაიბეჭდა სხვადასხვა გამომცემლობის მიერ, ამჟამად კი პირველად

იბეჭდება ერთად თავმოყრილი, ზოგადი სახელით, რადგანაც ყველა ეს ტომი ერთობლიობაში

წარმოადგენს საქართველოს წმიდა მართლმადიდებელი სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორიას.

მადლობა უფალს, ყოვლადწმიდა სამებას, რომლის სადიდებლადაც დაიწერა ეს ტომეულები.

დიდება და მადლობა უფალს.

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

3

მიტროპოლიტ ანანია ჯაფარიძის „საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორია“

ათტომეულის წინასიტყვაობა

მეუფე ანანია ჯაფარიძის წიგნი „საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის

ისტორია“ რამდენჯერმე გამოიცა.

პირველად მისი პირველი ტომი, მომზადებული ახალციხეში, დაიბეჭდა

1988 წელს, ჯერ კიდევ საბჭოთა კავშირის დროს, არაოფიციალურად, იატაკქვეშა

სტამბაში.

მეორეჯერ ის დაბეჭდა ოთხტომეულის სახით გამომცემლობა „მერანმა“ 1996-

1998 წლებში.

მესამედ, 2009 წელს დაბეჭდა გამომცემლობა „ალილომ“ ერთ დიდ ტომად,

ხოლო შემდეგში ასევე ოთხტომეულის სახით დაბეჭდა გამომცემლობა „გუმბათმა“

2012 წელს.

ამჟამად იბეჭდება სრულიად სხვა, შევსებული, უკვე 10 ტომეულის სახით.

1-4 ტომი უშუალოდ საქართველოს ეკლესიის ისტორიას ეხება.

ამ წიგნის, „საქართელოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორიის“, დაწერა

დაკავშირებულია ჩვენი ეკლესიის ავტოკეფალიისათვის ღვაწლთან.

ვმადლობთ უფალს, რომ 1990 წელს კონსტანტინოპოლის მსოფლიო

საპატრიარქომ აღიარა საქართველოს ეკლესიის ავტოკეფალია, მაგრამ მას გააჩნდა

თავისი დაძაბული წინაისტორია.

ეპისკოპოსად კურთხევის შემდეგ 1981 წელს უწმიდესმა პატრიარქმა მეუფე

ანანია დანიშნა საქართველოს საპატრიარქოს საგარეო განყოფილების

თავმჯდომარის მოადგილედ. ამიტომ მას ევალებოდა გაცნობოდა უცხოეთიდან

მოსულ შესაბამის წერილებსს. ამ დროისათვის პატრიარქი დიდ მნიშვნელობას

ანიჭებდა მსოფლიო საპატრიარქოსთან და ბერძნულ სხვა საპატრიარქოებთან

ურთიერთობას. იგზავნებოდა და იქედანაც მოდიოდა წერილები. როგორც მეუფე

ბრძანებს მას, იჟამად ახალგაზრდა ეპისკოპოსს, აოცებდა ის, რომ

კონსტანტინოპოლის საპატრიარქოდან მოსულ წერილებში ჩვენი პატრიარქი

არასოდეს მოიხსენებოდა პატრიარქად, მას ამ წერილებში ეწოდებოდა „უნეტარესი

კათალიკოსი“.

მიზეზი ამისა, როგორც უწმიდესმა ბრძანა, იყო ის, რომ იმჟამად

კონსტანტინოპოლი არ აღიარებდა ჩვენი ეკლესიის საპატრიარქო ღირსებას,

მაშასადამე მათთვის ჩვენი პატრიარქი იყო არა პატრიარქი არამედ მხოლოდ

კათალიკოსი ანუ მიტროპოლიტის რანგის პირველიერარქი. უფრო მეტიც

კონსტანტინოპოლი იმჟამად არ აღიარებდა ჩვენი ეკლესიის ავტოკეფალიას და

აყენებდა ავტონომიურ ეკლესიათა რიგში.

მეუფეს ახსოვს, რომ იქედან მიღებული ზოგიერთი წერილი უწმიდესს ცუდ

ხასიათზე აყენებდა. მაგრამ უწმიდესი უკან მრავალ წერილ აგზავნიდა.

4

კონსტანტინოპოლიდან საპასუხოდ მოსულ წერილებში თანდათან

იცვლებოდა მათი განწობილება ჩვენი ეკლესიის სასარგებლოდ, ბოლოს ისინი

დაჟინებით მხოლოს იმას მოითხოვდნენ, რომ მათთან გაგზავნილიყო საქართველოს

ეკლესის ავტოკეფალიის შესახებ სამეცნიერო გამოკვლევა წყაროებით გაჯერებული.

აღმოჩნდა, რომ საქართველოში ასეთი გამოკვლევა თანამედროვე სახისა,

ახალი მასალებით და მიდგომებით სათანადოდ გაჯერებული, არ არსებობდა,

ალბათ, მეცნიერებს მიაჩნდათ, რომ ავტოკეფალიის კვლევა უკვე აღარ იყო საჭირო.

მეუფე ბრძანებს, რომ მას ერთი საინტერესო მაგალითი შეემთხვა - ქუჩაში

შეხვდა ძველ ნაცნობი, ამჟამად ცნობილი, იმჟამად კი ახალგაზრდა ისტორიკოსი.

მან იცოდა მეუფის სიყვარული ისტორიის მიმართ და შეეკითხა თუ რა თემაზე

მუშაობდა. მეუფემ უპასუხა, რომ ვმუშაობს საკითხებზე საქართველოს ეკლესიის

ავტოკეფალიის მოსაპოვებლად. მან ირონიულად შემოხედა და უთხრა „ჩვენი

ეკლესიის ავტოკეფალია მე-11 საუკუნეში უკვე მოიპოვა გიორგი მთაწმინდელმა“,

უთხრა და მაშინვე გაშორდა, პასუხსაც არ დალოდებია.

ეს ნიშნავს, რომ მან, ახალგაზრდა ისტორიკოსმა, რომელსაც აინტერესებდა

ეკლესია და დაახლოვებული იყო სამეცნიერო წრეებთან, ოდნავადაც კი არ იცოდა

თუ რა საკითხები აშფოთებდა საპატრიარქოს იმჟამად 1980 -იანი წლების

დასაწყისში.

ეს ფაქტი ასახავს სურათს იმისა, რომ კომუნისტ-ათეისტურ ეპოქაში

მეცნიერები და საერთოდ ინტელიგენცია არა თუ იცნობდა ეკლესიას, პირიქით

ერიდებოდა მასთან კონტაქტს, შესაბამისად მათთვის უცნობი იყო არა მხოლოდ

კონსტანტინოპოლის საპატრიარქოსთან არსებული ჩვენი პრობლებები, არამედ,

ზოგადი საეკლსეიო საკითხები.

მათ მისაზიდად უწმიდესს დიდი ძალისხმევა დასჭირდა.

საერთოდ, იმჟამად, პატრიარქი მათი მხრიდან გარკვეულ ვაკუუმში იყო,

ამასთანავე ის ერთეული ისტორიკოსებიც (მაგალითად საგანგებოდ მიწვეული

ძვირფასი ქალბატონი ბაბილინა ლომინაძე) ბოლომდე ვერ ერკვეოდა საეკლესიო

საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობის საკითხებში და თუ რა სახის ნაშრომებს

მოითხოვდნენ უცხოელები, საეკლესიო სპეციფიკა მათთვის გამოცანა იყო.

ამ მხრივ, როგორც ჩანს უფრო სასურველი იქნებოდა თუკი თვით

რომელიმე სასულიერო პირი თავის თავზე მიიღებდა ამ საკითხების კვლევას.

როგორც ჩანს უწმიდესიის თვალში ერთერთი მათგანი მეუფე ანანია იყო. 1980-იანი

წლების დასაწყისში უწმიდესმა მეუფე ანანიას თავდაპირველად დაავალა დაეწერა

თემა: „საქართველოს ეკლესიის ადგილი მართლმადიდებლურ დიპტიხში“, ეს იყო

სრულიად გამოუკვლეველი საკითხი.

დიპტიხის საკითხი იყო სადავო მსოფლიო მართლამდიდებლურ სამყაროში,

იმდენად მნიშვნელოვანი, რომ შეყვანილი იყო იმ ათ თემას შორის, რომელიც უნდა

განეხილა სამომავლოდ „მსოფლიო საეკლესიო კრებას“, რომლის მოსაწვევადაც

იმჟამად აქტიურობდა კონსტანტინოპოლი.

5

ამ „მსოფლიო საეკლესიო კრების“ მოსამზადებლად იმჟამად ტარდებოდა

მრავალი საერთაშორისო შეხვედრა, ერთერთ მათგანს მეუფე ანანიაც ესწრებოდა

შამბეზში 1980-იანი წლების დასაწყისში.

ამ დროისათვის ყველა ეკლესიისაგან დაბეჯითებით მოთხოვეს, რათა მათ

მოემზადებინათ ათივე აღნიშნული საკითხის შესახებ თავიანთი კვლევები და

შეხედულებები.

დიპტიხის საკითხის შესახებ სხვადასხავა საპატრიარქომ მოამზადა სკუთარი

თემა.

მეუფე ანანიამ მაშინ მოიძია კონსტანტინოპოლის, მოსკოვისა და სხვა

საპატრიარქების, ასევე ელადის ეკლესიის მიერ მომზადებული თემები დიპტიხის

შესახებ.

ყველა მათგანში ცენტრალური ადგილი ეკავა მსჯელობას იმის შესახებ თუ

რა ადგილი ეკუთვნოდა დიპტიხში საქართველოს ეკლესიას. ამავე დროს კი ჩვენს

ეკლესიას არ ჰქონდა რაიმე გამოკვლევა დიპტიხის შესახებ. საჭირო იყო ჩვენს

ქართულ წყაროებში მოძებნილიყო დიტიხის შესახებ არსებული მასალა.

უნდა ითქვას, რომ მეუფე ანანიას 1980-იანი წლების შემდეგ მრავალი წელი,

თავდადებული შრომა დასჭირდა დიპტიხის თემის მოსამზადებლად, და ბოლოს

მან ეს ნამუშევარი ჩართო წიგნში „საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორია“.

სამწუხაროდ, დიპტიხის საკითხი ამჟამადაც გადაუწყვეტელია, რადგანაც

რამდენიმე ათეული წლის შემდეგ, 2016 წელს მოწვეულმა ე. წ. მსოფლიო

საეკლესიო კრებამ ეს სადავო საკითხი აღარ ჩართო დღის წესრიგში და თანაც ის

კრება ფაქტიურად ჩაიშალა.

საბედნიეროდ, 25 წლით უფრო ადრე, 1990 წელს, წარმატებით გადაიჭრა

საქართველოს ავტოკეფალიის აღიარებისა და მისი საპატრიარქო ღირსების

დადასტურების საკითხი ჩვენი უწმიდესის ღვაწლის შედეგად.

იქამდე, 1980-იანი წლების დასწყისში, როდესაც ჩვენი ეკლესიის

ავტოკეფალია ჯერ კიდევ არ იყო აღიარებული, დიპტიხის საკითხთან ერთად

მეუფე ანანიას უწმიდესმა ილია მეორემ დაავალა მომემზადებინა თემა

„საქართველოს ეკლესიის ავტოკეფალია“.

უწმიდესი, ცხადია, ამ საკითხის კვლევას სხვა პირებსაც ავალებდა, მაგრამ

მეუფე ანანიას, ვფიქრობ, საგანგებო ყურადღება მიაპყრო, რაც იქედან გამოჩნდა,

რომ უწმიდესმა მას პირადად გადასცა სპეციალური ლიტერატურა, რომელიც,

ზოგადად, საეკლესიო ავტოკეფალიის საკითხს შეეხებოდა. კერძოდ, თავის

მეგობრებს მოსკოვში რუსულად ათარგმნინა ბერძენი კანონისტი მიტროპოლიტის

მაქსიმე სარდელის ნაშრომი „საქართველოს ეკლესია და მისი ავტოკეფალია“. ეს

წიგნი მიტროპოლიტ მაქსიმეს დაუბეჭდავს ათენის ჟურნალ თეოლოგიაში 1966

წელს ბერძნულ ენაზე, ის თარგმნეს, და ფაქტიურად ერთადერთი ხელის საბეჭდ

მანქანაზე დაბეჭდილი რუსული თარგმანის სახით გადმოუგზავნეს უწმიდესს. და,

ეს, როგორც ითქვა, ხელისსაბეჭდ მანქანაზე დაბეჭდილი ეკზემპლიარი უწმიდესმა

მეუფე ანანიას გადასცა, რათა მას ავტოკეფალიის თემაზე ემუშავა, ასევე ამავე

საჭიროებისათვის უწმიდესმა მეუფე ანანიას პირადად გადასცა ათეისტურ სსრკ-ში

6

იშვიათი, ცნობილი რუსი კანონისტის ა. კარტაშევის 1964 წელს პარიზში რუსულ

ენაზე დაბეჭდილი წიგნი “მსოფლიო საეკლესიო კრებები“. მათ გარდა უწმიდესმა

საგანგებოდ მოაგროებინა რუსეთის საპატრიარქოს ჟურნალების („ჟურნალ

მოსკოვსკოი პატრიარხიი“) ის ეგზემპლიარები, რომლებშიც ავტოკეფალიის

საკითხები იყო გაშუქებული, მეუფეს ახსოვს,რომ ასეთი იყო რამდენიმე 1949, 1950

და მის შემდეგ წლებში დაბეჭდილი ჟურნალები, მათ გარდა მეუფემ მოითხოვა და

უწმიდესის კურთხევით მას გადასცეს ქართული „გეორგიკების“ ყველა ტომი

(„ტანჯვით შეგროვილი“), და ასევე სხვა მასალები, სადაც ქართული წყაროები ანდა

უცხოელ ავტორთა მითითებები იყო გადმოცემული საქართველოს ეკლესიის

ავტოკეფალიის შესახებ.

რატომაა საჭირო ამ ამბის გახსენება? იმიტომ რომ მეუფე ანანიამ

უწმიდესის დავალებით მის მიერ მომზადებული აღნიშნული თემები

„საქართველოს ეკლესიის ავტოკეფალია“ და „დიპტიხში ადგილის შესახებ“

საფუძვლად დაუდო ამ წიგნს - „საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორია“.

მეუფე ბრძანებს -„მახსოვს თავდაპირველად, ხელნაწერ ეგზემპლიარში ჩვენი

ეკლესიის ისტორიას ვიწყებდი მე-6 სუკუნით, რადგან იმჟამად ძალზე მაწუხებდა

და მაინტერესებდა სომხურ-ქართული საეკლესიო ურთიერთობის საკითხები და

მათი არასწორი გამოკვლევები ქართველი ავტორებისა. მაგალითად, ყველაზე

ცნობილი მეცნიერი ამ საკითხებისა ზ. ალექსიძე ამტკიცებდა, რომ კირიონ 1-მა, მე-6

ს. ბოლოსა და მე-7 ს. დასწყისში ქართულენოვანი წირვა-ლოცვა დაუწესა გუგარქის

სომხებს და ამით ისინი „გააქართველა“.

VI-X სს. თითქმის ყველა სომეხი მემეტიანის ნაშრომების გაცნობის შემდეგო

- ბრძანებს მეუფე - მე მივხვდი, რომ საქმე პირიქით იყო. მე-6 საუკუნეში

არმენიისა და ქართლის მპყრობელი სპარსეთის იმპერია ქალკედონურ ბიზანტიის

იმპერიასთან მუდმივი ომის გამო სასტიკად დევნიდა ქალქედონურ ქართულ

ეკლესიას და აძლიერებდა სომხურ მონოფიზიტურს. ასეთივე მდგომარეობა

გაგრძელდა მე-7 საუკუნეშიც არაბთა მპყრობელობის დროს.

ასეთ დროს სპარსელთა მხარდაჭერით სომხური ეკლესია გაბატონდა

ალბანურ ეკლესიაზე, მალე ალბანურ ეკლესიაში სომხურმა ეკლესიამ აკრძალა

ღვთისმსახურება ალბანურ ენაზე და ალბანეთში შემოღებული იქნა სომხურენოვანი

ღვთისმსახურება, ამას მიუთიტებს კიდეც მოვსეს კალანკატუაცი მე-7 საუკუნის

ამბების აღწერისას.

მაშასადამე სომხური ეკლესია VI-VII საუკუნეებში ქართულ ეკლესიაზე

უფრო ძლიერი იყო, როგორც ეკონომიკურად, ისე პოლიტიკურად, ამიტომაც მან,

თვით „ეპისტოლეთა წიგნის“ ცნობით, შეძლო გუგარქში აეკრძალა ქართულენოვანი

ღვთისმსახურება და ამის ნაცვლად შემოიღო სომხურენოვანი ღვთისმსახურება, ეს

კი მოუთმენელი იყო ქართლის კათალიკოს კირიონისათვის, რომლის ერთერთი

ეპარქიაც იყო გუგარქი.

კირონმა ისარგებლა პოლიტიკური მომენტით, როდესაც ბიზანტიამ

სპარსეთთან ომის ფრონტზე წარმატებას მიაღწია, ამით გულმოცემულმა კირიონმა

აღუდგინა ქართულენოვანი წირვა-ლოცვა გუგარქის ქართველობას, მაშასადამე

7

სომხები კი არ გაქართველდნენ, როგორც ამტკიცებს ამჟამინდელი ქართული

ისტორიოგრაფია, არამედ, გუგარქის მკვიდრმა ქართველებმა აღიდგინეს

ქართულენოვნი ღვთისმსახურება.

ასევე მოხდა ერთი საუკუნის შემდეგ, დაახოებით 780 წლისათვის, ტაოშიც.

მალევეო, ბრძანებს მეუფე, მივხვდი, რომ არ იყო სასურველი ისტორიის

დაწყება მე-6 საუკუნედან, მაგრამ, იმჟამად, ეკლესიის იტორიის დაწყება 1-ლი

საუკუნედან, მოციქულების ეპოქიდან, მკრეხელობადაც კი მიიჩნეოდა საბჭოურ

საზოგადოებაში. მაგალითად, იმჟამად „ეკლესიის კალენდრის“ რედაქტორმა მეუფეს

განუცხადა: „დიდი ხანია ივანე ჯავახიშვილმა დაამტკიცა, რომ ანდრია მოციქულის

საქართველოში ქადაგება არის ლეგენდა და არამეცნიერული თვალსაზრისი“, ანუ

ჩვენი ეკლესიის ისტორიის დაწყება მოციქულთა ეპოქიდან არამეცნიერულად

მიიჩნეოდა.

იმჟამად ხელმისაწვდომი არ იყო რაიმე ლიტერატურა მოციქულთა

შესახებ, ამიტომ ძალზე დიდი ძიება დასჭირდა მეუფეს და საბოლოოდ ეკლესიის

ისტორია დაიწყო საქართველოში მოციქულების ქადაგებიდან, იმჟამად, პირველად

მის წიგნში ჩაიწერა, რომ არა ერთმა, არმედ ექვსმა მოციქულმა იქადაგა ისტორიულ

საქართველოში. ამ თემის წინ წამოწევა მას ესაჭიროებოდა იმისათვის, რათა

ემტკიცებინა, რომ საქართველოს ეკლესია ავტოკეფალური იყო უკვე მოციქულების

ეპოქიდან. მოციქულების მიერ დაფუძნებული ეკლესიები იმთავითვე

ავტოკეფალურები იყვნენ. ეს ძველი თეორია, ჩამოყალიბებული მე-11 საუკუნეში

წმიდა გიორგი მთაწმიდელის მიერ, ამჟამადაც უყურადრებოდაა მიტოვებული.

მისმა ჩართვამ წიგნში შექმნა პრეცენდენტი იმისა, რომ თურმე შესაძლებელია ჩვენი

ეკლესიის ისტორიის დაწყება წმიდა მოციქულებიდან.

ეს მომენტი შეაფასა ბატონმა ვ. გოილაძემ. ის მეუფის წიგნის წინასიტყვაობაში

წერდა „naSromis erT-erT siaxled unda CaiTvalos mociqulTa droindeli

saqarTvelos vrceli da detaluri istoriis gadmocema, rasac aqamde

saTanado yuradReba ar eqceoda“.

ეს და მრავალი სხვა საკითხია გამოკვლეული წიგნში, შემდეგში მეუფემ ამ

წიგნის შესავლის სახით დაწერა შრომა „ქართველთა წინაპრების ბიბლიური

ისტორია ადამიდან იესომდე“, მისი ნაწილი შემდეგ წინ დაურთო „ალალოს“ მიერ

გამოცემულ ერთტომეულს.

მეუფე ბრძანებს - „1988 წლიდან, ვიდრე 2019 წლამდე როდესაც იწერებოდა

ეს ტომეულები, თითქმის 40 წლის მანძილზე, შეიცვალა თვით ჩემი

დამოკიდებულება ზოგიერთი საკითხის მიმართ, რადგანაც თვით ეკლესიის

ინტერესები შეიცვლა.

მაგალითად, 1990 წლამდე საქართველოს საპატრიარქოს ინტერესის სფეროს

წარმოადგენდა ავტოკეფალიის საკითხების რკვევა, იმის შემდეგ რაც ეს პრობლემა

გადაიჭრა, მალევე ეკლესიის წინაშე დადგა არანაკლებ მნიშვნელოვანი საეკლესიო

იურისდიქციის საკითხი.

8

ეს, ანუ საეკლესიო იურისდიქციის საკითხი სადავოდ იქცა მის შემდეგ, რაც

მტერმა მოახდინა საქართველოს ისტორიული ოლქების - აფხაზეთისა და

ცხინვალის რეგიონის ოკუპაცია.

ოკუპირებულ ტერიტორიებზე გამოჩნდნენ საეკლესიო საპარტისტების

ძალები, რომელნიც იბრძვიან რათა საქართველოს ახლა უკვე ეკლესიურად

ჩამოაშორონ აფხაზეთი და ცხინვალის რეგიონი. ჩამოაყალიბეს სეპარატისტული,

თვითმარქვია, განყენებული ე.წ. „აფხაზეთის ავტოკეფალური სამიტროპოლიტი“ და

ცხინვალში ე.წ. „ალანიის თავისთავადი სამიტროპოლიტო“. ამისათვის საეკლესიო

სეპარატისტები საგულდაგულოდ იკვლევენ ისტორიას და ცდილობენ მოიპოვონ

თავიანთი ოლქებისათვის საქართველოს ეკლესიიდან დამოუკიდებლობის

დამადასტურებული საბუთები. ამ სულისკვეთებით დაწერეს წიგნები, მათ შორის

ქართველ ისტორიკოსთა ნაშრომებზე დაყრდნობითაც. მათ, მაგალითად, კარგად

გამოიყენეს ჩვენს მეცნიერებაში მტკიცედ დანერგილი თვალსაზრისი რომ მეათე

საუკუნემდე თითქოსდა დასავლეთ საქართველო, (შესაბამისად აფხაზეთი)

კონსტანტინოპოლის საპატრიარქოს იურისდიქციაში იმყოფებოდა. ეს მტკიცებანი

მათ მიიჩნიეს თავიანთვის ძალზე სასარგებლოდ და წარადგინეს

კონსტანტინოპოლის საპატრიარქოში. საქართველოს ეკლესიის შესახებ იგივე

თვალსაზრისი გამოაქვეყნა კიდეც მოსკოვში დაბეჭდილმა „პრავასლავნაია

ენციკლოპედიამ“, „თუმცა მე წინააღმდეგი ვიყავი, მაგრამ მაინც თბილისიდან

მასალები გაიგზავნა მოსკოვში დასაბეჭდად“ -ბრძანა მეუფემ და განაგრძო-

„საქმე ისაა, რომ ჩემი წიგნის პირველი ტომების წერის დროს მეც

ვიზიარებდი იმჟამად აბსოლუტურად დამკვიდრებულ თვალსაზრისს რომ

დასავლეთ საქართველო კონსტანტინოპოლის იურისდიქციაში იმყოფებოდა მე-10

საუკუნემდე, ამიტომ, ამ თვალსაზრისითააა დაწერილი პირველი ოთხი ტომი, ასევე,

საეკლესიო კანონების კრებული და დენაციონალიზაციის ტომები. დაახლოებით

2000 წლისათვისო კი, ამბობს ის, მე მივხვდი და ეს იყო ურთულესი საქმე, რომ

სინამდვილეში კონსტანტინოპოლის საპატრიარქოს ლაზიკის ეპარქია მოიცავდა არა

დასავლეთ საქართველოს, არამედ ე. წ. სამხრეთ ლაზიკას, ანუ იმ მიწაწყალს,

რომელსაც ამჟამად „ლაზისტანი“ ეწოდება. დაახლოებით ტერიტორიას

ტრაპეზუნტიდან ჭოროხამდე, რომელსაც ასევე სამხრეთ ეგრისს ვუწოდებ. ეს ძიება

გრძელდებოდა წლები, ჩემთვისო, ამბობს ის, ეს იყო ურთულესი ძიება, მისი

შედეგები ასახულია წიგნებში: „ქალდეა, საეპისკოპოსოები ლაზიკაში“, „არიან-

ქართლი, საეპისკოპოსოები ისტორიულ ივერიაში“, „იურისდიქცია ჩრდილოეთ

კავკასიაში“, ასევე „საეკლესიო რუკების ატლასში“.

აღსანიშნავია, რომ მეუფის კვლევები ძალზე აღიზიანებდა ზოგიერთ

გამოჩენილ პიროვნებას, ასევე ზოგიერთ ისტორიკოსს, ფილოლოგს, რაგანაც

დასავლეთ საქართველოს მიმართ (1 ათასწლეულის შესახებ) მათი კვლევებიც

ბათილდებოდა და საეჭვო ხდებოდა, მეორე მხრივ კი მეუფის კვლევები სრულიად

ეთანადებოთ ქართულ, ასევე უცხოურ წყაროებს, საეკლესიო კრებების (მაგალითად,

რუის-ურბნისის) სულისკვეთებას, რაც მთავარია მისი კვლევები ჩვენი ეკლესიის

იურისდიქციას ამყარებდა.

9

ასეთ ვითარებაში აუცილებელი იყო მისი უწმიდესობის ყურადღება და

მფარველობა, რადგენაც აღნიშნული პირები ჯგუფური დელეგაციების სახით

ჩიოდნენ პატრიარქთან, რათა მეუფეს შეწყვიტა კვლევები.

მისმა უწმიდესობამ კი თავისი მაღალი ხედვით, არწივის მზერით შეაფასა

ვითარება და გამოსცა მეუფის მხარდასაჭერი დადგენილებები, ასევე ისინი

მიაღებინა წმიდა სინოდს. qarTuli Tanamedrove istoriografiis problematikuri sakiTxebis rkvevas

misma uwmidesobam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia 2006 wlidan.

1.

2006 wlis saSobao epistoleSi man aRniSna, rom Tanamedrove qarTuli

istoriografia samwuxarod ver acda jer kidev XIX saukuneSi ruseTis

imperiis mier saistorio mecnierebaSi danergil Teorias, romlis

mixedviTac qarTveli eris mTlianoba da misi uflebebi saqarTvelos miwa-

wyalze saeWvod Canda. amasTan dakavSirebiT ilia II wers: ~wminda ilia

marTali Tavis publicistur werilebSi ebrZoda peterburgis

universitetSi Seqmnil antiqarTul istoriografiul Teorias, romlis

mixedviTac erTiani qarTveli eri warmodgenili iyo gansxvavebuli tomebis

xelovnur gaerTianebad. aRniSnuli kampaniis gagrZeleba iyo is, rom

imperiulma Zalebma daiwyes megrulad da svanurad saRvTismsaxuro wignebis

Targmna da scades wirva-locvis Catarebac, magram am kuTxis Svilebma da

mTelma qarTulma sazogadoebam maT sakadrisi pasuxi gasca. es iyo neli

moqmedebis ideologiuri naRmi; am naRmma Cven dRevandel mdgomareobamde

migviyvana da Zmoba da erToba dagvarRvevina~- wers uwmidesi patriarqi 2006

wlis saSobao epistoleSi.

2.

შექმნილი პრობლემების აღმოაფხვრელად, უწმიდესმა პატრიარქმა ილია მეორემ

თავისი 2009 წლის 10 ივლისის N 76 ბრძანებით დაარსა „საქართველოს

საპატრიარქოს რეალური ისტორიის დამდგენი მუდმივმოქმედი კომისია“

მიტროპოლიტ ანანია ჯაფარიძის მეთაურობით.

2009 წლის 76–ე ბრძანებაში უწმიდესი პატრიარქი ბრძანებს –

„მე–19, მე–20 საუკუნეებში საქართველოს ეკლესის ავტოკეფალიის გაუქმებისა და

სახელმწიფოებრივი დამოუკიდებლობის გაუქმების პერიოდში მიზანმიმართულად

ყალბდებოდა საქართველოს ისტორია და ენათმეცნიერების საფუძვლები, ამასთან

დაკავშირებით ვბრძანებ:

საქართველოს საპატრიარქოსთან შეიქმნას საქართველოს რეალური ისტორის

დამდგენი მუდმივმოქმედი კომისია მისი მაღალყოვლადუსამღვდელოესობის

მანგლისისა და წალკის მიტროპოლიტ ანანიას (ჯაფარიძე) ხელმძღვანელობით.

3.

10

2011 წ. ილია მეორის თავმჯდომარეობით შემუსავდა საქართველოს ეკლესიის წმიდა

სინოდის დადგენილება მიტროპოლიტ ანანიას ხელმძღვანელობით ისტორიკოსთა

სამეცნიერო ჯგუფის ჩამოყალიბების შესახებ.

2011წლის 20 დეკემბრის წმიდა სინოდის დადგენილება თავის 2.დ. მუხლში

აღნიშნავს –

„საბჭოთა პერიოდში ხდებოდა საქართველოსა და მსოფლიო ისტორიის გაყალბაბა,

შეცდომების გამოსასწორებლად შეიქმნას ისტორიკოსთა ჯგუფი მანგლისისა და

წალკის მიტროპოლიტ ანანიას (ჯაფარიძე) ხელმძღვანელობით“.

ეს ფაფქტი მან რამდენიმე თვის შმდეგ საგანგებოდ მოიხსენია თავის საშობაო 2011

წლის ეპისტოლეში

4.

2011 wlis saSobao epistoleSi uwmidesi patriarqi aRniSnavs:

~Cveni uZvelesi istoriis zogierTi sakvanZo sakiTxi, rac qarTvelTa

warmomavlobasa da eris erTianobas ukavSirdeba, realuri saxiT

Tanamedrove sazogadoebam naklebad icis. amis mizezi aris is, rom carizmi

da sabWoTa imperia yovelTvis cdilobdnen igi araobieqturad warmoeCinaT.

maT ar surdaT, Cvens xalxSi erovnul-patriotuli suliskveTebis

gaRviveba, radgan igi saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis moTxovnis

saSiSroebas Seicavda. araobieqturad miwodebuli istoriis safuZvelze,

sruliad ukanonod da usamarTlod Seiqmna, magaliTad, avtonomiebi XX

saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis mier dapyrobil saqarTveloSi. adrec

miTqvams, rom swored amitom, gansakuTrebul cenzuras ganicdida qarTuli

istoriografia, enaTmecniereba da sxva iseTi mimarTulebebi, romelnic

msoflmxedvelobis ganmsazRvrel dargebad miiCneoda.

Cvens cnobil mkvlevarebs didi Zalisxmeva da Tavdadeba dasWirdaT, raTa

nawilobriv mainc gadaerCinaT da dRemde moetanaT Cveni eris istoriuli

simarTle.

axla ki, rodesac aRsdga saqarTvelos Tavisufleba, aucilebelia,

Segnebulad dafaruli warsulis warmoCena da saqarTvelos obieqturi

matianis dawera uxsovari droidan dRemde (aRniSnul sakiTxze bolo

sxdomaze imsjela wm. sinodma da miiRo saTanado gadawyvetileba).

amas jer kidev XIX s-Si da XX s-is dasawyisSi cdilobdnen Cveni

sasiqadulo mamuliSvilni, magram maTi naazrevi maSindeli

saxelmwifoebrivi ideologiis sapirwoned, bunebrivia, ver iqca~.

5.

საკითხის სიმძაფრის გამო უწმიდესმა პატრიარქმა საჭიროდ მიჩნია, რათა ეს

საკითხი განეხილა მომდევნო წლის სინოდის სხდომას, კერძოდ, 2012 წლის 5

ივლისს წმ. სინოდის სხდომამ მიიღო დადგენილაბა, რომლის მე–6 მუხლი

აღნიშნავს –

11

„წმინდა სინოდმა მოისმინა მანგლისისა და წალკის მიტროპოლიტ ანანიას

(ჯაფარიძე) მოხსენება საქართველოს ეკლესიის ისტორიის პრობლემატიკასთან

დაკავშირებით და განაჩინა: ვინაიდან XIX საუკუნის მეორე ნახევარში და

განსაკუთრებით, XX ს-ში, – კომუნისტების მმართველობის ხანაში,

მიზანმიმართულად შეიცვალა და გაყალბდა შეხედულება საქართველოს ეკლესიის

საზღვრების შესახებ, მკვიდრდებოდა რა აზრი, თითქოს დასავლეთ საქართველო

IV-X საუკუნეებში, ანუ 600 წლის მანძილზე, არ იყო ქართული ეკლესიის

იურისდიქციაში, ამასთან, თითქოს, ჩრდილო, აღმოსავლეთ და სამხრეთ

საქართველოში ასევე არ შედიოდა ჩვენი ზოგიერთი ისტორიული რეგიონი,

დაევალოს წმიდა ანდრია პირველწოდებულის ქართულ უნივერსიტეტს, გადადგას

რეალური, დროული და ქმედითი ნაბიჯები ათეისტურ პერიოდში შემუშავებული

იდეოლოგიის ნაცვლად საქართველოს ეკლესიის ნამდვილი ისტორიის წარმოჩენისა

და პოპულარიზაციისათვის. ხელი შეეწყოს მეუფე ანანიას (ჯაფარიძე) მიერ

წარმოდგენილი მასალების დაბეჭდვას და ისტორიულ წყაროებზე დაყრდნობილი

იმ ჭეშმარიტი აზრის განმტკიცებას, რომ “წმინდა მოციქულმა ანდრიამ იქადაგა

ყოველსა ქვეყანასა საქართველოისასა,” ხოლო წმინდა ნინომ “განანათლა ყოველი

სავსება ყოველთა ქართველთა ნათესავისა.” (დიდი სჯულის კანონი, 1974, გვ.545-546)

და რომ ამას მოწმობენ უცხოური წყაროებიც. აღსანიშნავია ისიც, რომ ამ აზრს

სრულად იზიარებს ბატონი ივანე ჯავახიშვილი. იგი წერს: “ანდრია მოციქულიც და

წმიდა ნინოც საერთო ქართული ეკლესიის დამაარსებლად და მთელი ერის

განმანათლებლად იყვნენ ცნობილნი, საქართველოს სხვადასხვა ნაწილების ცალკე

მქადაგებლების გამოძებნის სურვილიც არ ჰქონიათ, რადგან ისინი მთლიანი და

განუყოფელი საქართველოს განმტკიცებისა და აღორძინებისათვის იღვწოდნენ.”

(ქართველი ერის ისტორია, ტ. III, გვ.47.)“

ასე, რომ მეუფის სამეცნიერო მიმართულების მხარდასაჭერად უწმიდესმა მრავალი

დადგენილება გამოსცა.

უნდა ითქვას, რომ საბოლოოდ მუეფის 40 წლიანი შრომა დადებითად შეაფასა

უწმიდესმა პატრიარქმა და 2019 წელს განაცხადა - „მიტროპოლიტმა ანანიამ

ნამდვილი ისტორიის აღდგენისათვის უდიდესი ნაბიჯები გადადგა, რომ მის მიერ

გაწეულია უზარმაზარი შრომა და ჩაყრილია ღრმა ფუნდამენტი“.

უწმიდესის გზავნილი -

6.

სრულიად საქართველოს კათოლიკოს პატრიარქი

მის მაღალყოვლადუსამღვდელოესობა მიტროპოლიტ ანანიას (ჯაფარიძე)

გულითადად ვულოცავთ დაბადების 70 წლითავს

მან ეკლესიური ცხოვრება მაშინ დაიწყო, როდესაც მორწმუნეთა რიცხვი მეტად

მცირე იყო და ინტელიგენციაც ათეისტური აზროვნების ტყვეობაში იმყოფებოდა.

12

ყველამ იცის, რომ სულიერი მოღვაწეობის გარდა, მეუფე ანანია თავიდანვე

გამოირჩეოდა საქართველოს ისტორიის, ჩვენი წარსულის ძიების დაუცხრომელი

სურვილით და ამ მიმართულებით არაერთი წიგნი დაბეჭდა.

შეიძლება ითქვა, იგი იმ პირველთაგანია, რომელიც კომუნისტური რეჟიმის მიერ

დაკნინებულ მიმართულებას პროტესტი გამოუცხადა და ნამდვილი ისტორიის

აღდგენისათვის უდიდესი ნაბიჯები გადადგა.

რა თქმა უნდა, ზოგიერთი პოზიცია შეიძლება აზრთა სხვადასხვაობას იწვევდეს,

მაგრამ მთავარია, რომ მის მიერ გაწეულია უზარმაზარი შრომა და ჩაყრილია

ღრმა ფუნდამენტი მომავალ მკვლევართათვის, ამასთან მისი ნაშრომები

განმსჭვალულია ქვეყნის სიყვარულითა და წარსულის რეალური სურათის

აღდგენის დიდი სურვილით.

ღმერთმა დალოცოს მეუფე ანანია და მრავალჟამიერ დაუღალავად

მოღვაწეობისათვის ღვთისა და ქვეყნის სამსახურად

ილია II

სრულიად საქართველოს კათოლიკოს პატრიარქი

ესაა ერთგვარი შეფასება ხანგრძლივი შრომისა.

აღნიშნული სულისკვეთებითაა დაწერილი სხვა ტომები.

მათ შესახებ მეუფე წერს -

მე-5 ტომის სახელია - „არიან-ქართლი, საეპისკოპოსოები

ისტორიულ ივერიაში“

ის შეეხება იმ ქართული საეპისკოპოსოების ისტორიას, რომელთა

სამრევლოები მდებარეობდნენ ამჟამინდელი საქართველოს ფარგლებს გარეთ,

ისტორიული ივერიის სამხრეთ ნაწილში მდინარე არაქსიდან ვიდრე

კლარჯეთამდე. აქ მე-10 საუკუნისათვის არსებობდა ქართული ე.წ. „აღმოსავლეთის

საკათალიკოსო“, ტაო მის ცენტრს წარმოადგენდა, თუმცა მის იურიდიქცაში

შედიოდა ანისის, ვალაშკერტის, ყარსის (კარის), დადაშენის, არზრუმისა და სხვა

ქართული საეპისკოპოსოები.

ჯერ კიდევ 1906 წელს რუსეთის სინოდში წარდგენილ მოხსენებაში კირიონ

მეორე მიუთითებდა, რომ ეფრემ მცირესა და სხვათა ცნობები ივერიის

ეკლესიისათვის ავტოკეფალიის მინიჭების შესახებ ეხება არა მცხეთის ივერიის

ეკლესიას, რომელიც მუდამ ავტოკეფალური იყო, არამედ, „მეორე ივერიის“ ანუ

„აღმოსავალის“ („აღმოსავლეთის“) საკათალიკოსოს. მან მე-8 საუკუნის შემდეგ

ანტიოქიისაგან მოიპოვა ავტოკეფალია, ხოლო იერუსალიმის საპატრიარქოსაგან

მირონის ადგილზე (ქართლში) კურთხევის უფლება, რადგანაც „ქართლად ფრიადი

ქვეყანა აღირაცხების, რომელსაცა შინა ქართულითა ენითა ჟამი შიწირვის და

ლოცვა ყოველი აღესრულების“. მირონთან დაკავშირებით უნდა ითქვას, რომ

13

მირონის კურთხევის უფლება ამ დროს მოიპოვა არა მცხეთის საკათალიკოსომ,

არამედ „მეორე ივერიის“ ანუ „აღმოსავალის“ საკათალიკსომ. მცხეთას ეს დასტური

არ ესაჭიროებოდა, რადგანაც მე-4 საუკუნის დასაწყისიდან მირონი გადაჭრილი

სვეტიცხოვლიდან გადმოედინებოდა, ხოლო მე-5 ს. ქართლის მეფე არჩილის დროს,

წყაროს ცნობით, მცხეთის ქართლში ადგილზევე აკურთხებდნენ მირონს (არჩილ

I — ქართლის მეფე V საუკუნის 20-30-იან წლებში).

ტაოს სამეფოს „ქართველთა სამეფო“ ერქვა, ის „ყოველი ქართლის“ ერთი

ნაწილი იყო, და აქ, მე-8 საუკუნედან, ქართული ენით აღესრულებოდა წირვა

ლოცვა ქართველი მრევლისათვის. ის იბერების ისტორიული ქვეყანის ნაწილი იყო,

ამტომაც ტაოს სამეფოს გაუქმების შემდეგ ბიზანტიამ აქ დაარსა „იბერიის თემი“

ანუ „ფემა ივერია“, ცენტრებით ანისსა და არზრუმში.

მეუფე ანანიას კვლევით, არიან-ქართლი“ ეწოდება ტერიტორიას - არაქსის

ხეობიდან და ვანის ტბიდან ვიდრე კლარჯეთის ჩათვლით.

„არიან ქართლსა“ და იქაურ ქართველობას მძიმე ბედი ჰქონდა, მისი

შემადგენელი ნაწილები იყო სტრაბონის მიერ ნახსენები ხორძენე, გოგარენე და

პარიადრე, კარენიტან ერთად, რომელიც არმენიამ იბერებისაგან და ხალიბებისაგან

მიიტაცა ქრისტეშობამდე მეორე საუკუნეში (სტრაბონი, გეოგრაფია, XI,14,15). ჩვენ

მას ვუწოდებთ სამხრეთის ივერიას, მის შემადგენლობაში შედიოდა აღნიშნული

ტერიტორია, (არაქსიდან კლარჯეთის ჩათვლით, არზრუმის ოლქი ყოფილი

კარენიტია). მართალია ეს მიწაწყალი არმენიამ მიიტაცა, მაგრამ აქ ივერები

ძველებურადვე აგრძელებდნენ ცხოვრებას, და, იქ, უკვე არმენიად სახელდებულ

ისტორიულ იბერიაში, საუკუნეთა მანძილზე მიმდინარეობდა მკვიდრი ივერების

ანუ ქართველების არმენიზაციის გამალებული პროცესი, მიტაცების შემდეგ, იქ

ქართული ენა აკრძალული იყო, დაფარულად მოსახმარი, რადგანაც აქ

ადმნისტრაციისა და ეკლესიის ენა იყო სომხური. ამიტომაც წერს ამ (ტაო-ბასიან-

კარინის) რეგიონიდან გამოსული, ჩანს VI-VII საუკუნეების თხზულება „ქებაი და

დიდებაი ქართულისა ენისაი“ -„დამარხულ არს ენა ქართული...და ესე ენაი

მძინარე არს დღესამომდე..და ესე ენაი...მდაბალი და დაწუნებული“.

ამ ეპოქაში მცხეთის იბერიაში ქართული ენა საეკლესიო ენა იყო, ამიტომ ამ

თხულებაში, აღიწერება არა მცხეთის ქართლში, არამედ სამხრეთის ქართლში ანუ

სამხრეთის ივერიაში ქართული ენის „დაწუნება, დამდაბლება“, დაფარულად მისი

მოხმარება ანუ „დამარხვა“.

არმენიის მიერ დაიპყრობის შემდეგ, ამ რეგიონში, ქართული ენის ადგილი

საზოგადოებრივ ასპარეზზე სომხურმა დაიჭირა. აქაური ივერები მე-8 საუკუნემდე

სომხური ეკლესიის წევრები იყვნენ, სომხური საეკლესიო ენით, მხოლოდ

შინაობაში ანუ „ფარულად“ თუ მოიხმარდენენ ქართულ ენას.

საბედნიეროდ ვითარება შეიცვალა მე-8 საუკუნეში. 726 წლის მანასკერტის

კრებაზე სომხური ეკლესია საბოლოოდ და მტკიცედ მიემხრო მონოფიზიტობას,

კრებამ დაავალდებულა სომხური მოსახლეობა არაქალკედონური აღსარებლობისა

ყოფილიყო, კრების ამ დადგენილებას მხარი არ დაუჭირა არმენიის აღნიშნულმა

14

ქართულმ მოსახლეობამ, არმენიის ივერებმა, რომლის ძირითადი ბირთვი ტაოში

ცხოვრობდა.

780 წლის შემდეგ არმენიის ქართველობამ უკვე დაუფარავად მხარი

დაუჭირა ქალკედონურ აღმსარებლობას, ეკლესიებში აღიდგინა ქართულენვნი წირვა

ლოცვა.

იმდენად აღმაფრთოვანებელი იყო ეს ფაქტი, რომ აქაურმა ქართველობამ

საკუთარი, ტაოს სამეფო დაარსა, რომელსაც, როგორც ითქვა „ქართველთა სამეფო“

ერქვა, მალე აქაურმა ქართველებმა მისი საზღვარი გააფართოვეს კლარჯეთიდან

ვანის ტბამდე.

იქამდე დაფარული, დამდაბლებული და დაწუნებული ქართული ენა IX-X

საუკუნეებში ტაოსა და სამხრეთის ივერიაში გადაიქაც ადმინისტრაციის, ეკლესიის,

კულტურისა და განათლაბს ენად, შეწყდა ქართველთა არმენიზაცია, აქაური

ქართველობა მასიურად დაუბრუნდა დედა ქართულ ეკლესიას.

ტაოს სამეფოს ბაზაზე ჩამოყალიბდა ადგილობრივი ქართული საეკლესიო-

ადმინისტრაციული ერთეული „აღმოსავალის საკათალიკოსო“, რომელმაც

ანტიოქიისაგან ავროკეფალია, ხოლო იერუსალიმისაგან, როგორც ითქვა, მირონის

ადგილზე კურთხევის უფლება მოიპოვა, ეს და სხვა მრავალი საკითხია

განხილული მე-5 ტომში.

წინა ტომებში მივიჩნევდი, რომ „აღმოსავალის საკათალიკოსო“ ერქვა

აფხაზეთის საკათალიკსოს, ეს აზრი უარვყავი დაახლოებით 2012 წლის შემდეგ, და

ამჟამად მივიჩნვ, რომ „აღმოსავალის საკათალიკოსო“ ერქვა სამხრეთ ივერიაში IX-X

საუკუნეებში არსებულ ქართულ საეკლესიო ადმინისტრაციულ ერთეულს, ის გაქრა

ტაოს სამეფოსთან ერთად ბასილი ბულგართმმუსვრელის ივერიაში (ტაო-ბასიანში)

ლაშქრობის შემდეგ.

ყოფილი ქართველთა სამეფოს ტერიტორიაზე ბიზანტიის იმპერიამ თავისი

ადმინისტრაციული ერთეული „იბერიის თემი“ დაარსა. იბერიის თემში ზაქარია

ვალაშკერტელისა და სხვა დიდი მამების ბრძოლის მიუხედავად, ბიზანტია

დევნიდა ქართულენოვან ეკლესიას. ამის შემდეგ იქაური ქართველობის ერთი

ნაწილი ბერძნული ეკლესიის მრევლად იქცა (მათ შეადგინეს ე.წ. „სომეხ

ქალკედონიტთა“ მნიშვნელოვანი ნაწილი), ხოლო მეორე დიდი ნაწილი ივერებისა,

განსაკუთრებით ოსმალეთის იმპერიის დაარსების შემდეგ, კვლავ სომხური

ეკლესიის მრევლად იქცა, ისინი გააწევრიანეს ოსმალეთის „სომხურ მილეთში“,

დაუქვემდებარეს კონსტანტინოპოლის სომხურ საპატრიარქოს. საბოლოოდ „სომხური

მილეთის“ ყოფილი ქართველობა, უფრო არზრუმ-არტაან-ყარსის მკვიდრი

მოსახლეობა, საბოლოოდ გასომხდა, შემდეგში ის ძირითადად შეეწირა 1915 წლის

ე.წ. გენოციდს, იქამდე, მე-19 ს. დასაწყისში, ერთი უკვე არმენიზებული ნაწილი

ყოფილი ქართველებისა პაასკევიჩმა საქართველოს სამხრეთ რეგიონებში ჩაასახლა.

მე-6 ტომის სახელია - „ქალდეა, საეპისკოპოსოები ლაზიკაში“.

15

sabWoTa epoqaSi gavrcelda usafuZvlo Teoria, TiTqosda lazebi VII

saukunis Semdeg dasavleT saqarTvelodan gadasaxldnen trapezuntis

regionSi, sadac amJamadac cxovroben. sinamdvileSi, rogorc wyaroebis

analizi aCvenebs lazebi am (trapezuntis) regionis mkvidri igive qaldebi

arian.

strabonis cnobiT qaldebs (xalibebs) aseve uwodebdnen `alazonebs~,

saidanac warmodga pontospireTisa da misi mosaxleobis saxeli `lazonia~,

`lazi~.

uwmidesi patriarqi ilia II, aRniSnavs, rom `qaldi~ saerTo qarTul

samyaros, kolxeTis centrs, mis guls erqva. iv. javaxiSvilis kvleviT

qaldea ara mxolod lazebis, aramed yvela qarTuli tomis samSoblo iyo.

qarTuli tomebis es miwa-wyali bizantiis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda

da eklesiurad aq, qaldea-lazikaSi, Camoyalibda fasidis eparqiis petras,

rodopolisis, ziganasa da saisinis saepiskoposoebi, xolo rac Seexeba

dasavleT saqarTvelos, is gaqristianebis Semdeg, IV saukunidanve qarTuli

eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. fasidis eparqiis ZiriTadi nawili ara

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed aRniSnul qaldea-lazikaSi (trapezunt-

Teodosiopolis SemaerTebel gzaze) mdebareobda.

naSromi daiwera Cveni uflisa da macxovris ieso qristes sadidebelad

da exeba saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciis sakiTxs. აქ, mraval wyaroze

dayrdnobiT, mimoxilulia, dasavleT saqarTvelos, lazika-qaldeasa da

saqarTvelos sxva istoriuli regionebis saeklesio, ekonomikuri,

politikuri, administraciuli, yofiTi da geografiuli viTareba pirvel

aTaswleulSi.

მე-7 ტომის სახელია - „ქართველთა დენაციონალიზაცია XVII-XX

საუკუნეებში (საინგილო,აფხაზეთი,ქართლ-კახეთი, თრიალეთი, შიდა

ქართლი)“.

მის ანოტაციაში ნათქვამია :

„sakuTar saxelmwifoSi yoveli eri mTliandeba da naciad yalibdeba,

magram usaxelmwifoebriobis dros piriqiT _ iSleba da nawevrdeba. miT

16

umetes, Tu qveyana saukuneTa manZilzea mtrisagan dapyrobili. aseTive

bunebisaa, cxadia qarTvelobac.

Cveni xalxis istoriuli mexsierebidan erTgvarad amovardnilia XV-XVIII

ss da istoriis Semecneba xdeba ise, TiTqosda ayvavebuli periodidan

(daviT aRmaSeneblidan da Tamaridan) _ Cven uceb aRmovCndiT XIX s-Si,

magram kvleva aCvenebs, rom XVII-XVIII ss-Si ganviTarebulma procesebma Sva

Cveni dRevandeli problemebi. XV s-is Semdeg, saqarTvelo daiSala, Semdeg

misi yoveli nawili mterma daipyro, daiwyo denacionalizacia qarTveli

xalxisa. es procesi sakmaod Rrma iyo. erovnuli TviTSemecneba mxolod im

qarTvelma marTlmadideblebma SeinarCunes, romelnic saqarTvelos

eklesiis wevrebi iyvnen...

XX s-is 80-iani wlebis xanmokle erovnul konsolidacias, Tan mohyva

xangrZlivi aTwleulebi erovnuli dezintegraciisa, kuTxurobis

aRorZinebisa... im adamianebs, romelTac iqamde TavianTi Tavi qarTvelebad

hqondaT identificirebuli gauxsenes winaparTa odindeli `ucxo

warmomavloba~. gansakuTrebiT ki maT ucxoelobas, osobas Tu somxobas

ixsenebdnen maTi mezoblebi, mxedrionelTa razmebi, momentiT mosargeble

yaCaRebi, romelTac didi asparezi gadaeSalaT XX s-is miwuruls. aseT

dros, am adamianTa dacva da Sexseneba maTi mezoblebisaTvis, rom isini

qarTvelebi arian, mowme varT imisa rom dadebiT Sedegebs iZleoda.

vfiqrob, winamdebare naSromi xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

integracia-konsolidacia-gamTlianebis saqmes. Cvenma axalgazrdebma unda

icodnen, rom maTi zogierTi Tanaklaseli Tu Tanajgufeli, romelTac oss,

an somexs uwodeben sinamdvileSi arian im qarTvelTa STamomavlebi,

romelnic XVII-XIX ss-Si denacionalizaciis procesis msxverplni iyvnen. es

codna maT albaT met tolerantobas SesZens.

naSromi dabeWdili iyo sxvadasxva wlebSi, amJamad erTwignad

Sekrebils, ucvleli saxiT vawodebT mkiTxvels

მე-8 ტომია - „საქრთველოს საეკლესიო კანონების კრებული

(სამართალი, კანონები, დადგენილებები)

მის ანოტაციაში ნათქვამია :

17

„saqarTvelos eklesiaSi moZRvrebis, mmarTvelobisa da saeklesio

sasamarTlos sferoSi umaRlesi xelisufleba ekuTvnis saqarTvelos

eklesiis wmida sinods (saeklesio krebas), misi zrunvis erT-erT sagans

warmoadgens `saeklesio kanonebis krebulis, sasuliero da saero

saswavleblebis Sesabamisi saxelmZRvaneloebisa da saRvTismetyvelo

literaturis~ gamocema (1995 wlis saeklesio krebis debuleba, Tavi II, $20).

am muxlis aRsasruleblad gaweul naSroms warmoadgens mitropolit

anania jafariZis wigni `saqarTvelos saeklesio kanonebis krebuli~

(saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebis samarTali, kanonebi da dadgenilebebi).

naSromSi erTadaa Tavmoyrili da ganxiluli IV-XX saukuneTa

saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebis samarTali.

ganxilul 15 sakanonmdeblo da 50-ze met mimdinare krebis analizs Tan

erTvis krebebis mier gamocemuli samarTlis Zeglebi, amitomac naSromi,

amasTanave, warmoadgens saqarTvelos saeklesio kanonebis krebuls,

romelic esaWiroeba rogorc sasuliero pirebsa da marTlmadidebel

mrevls, aseve saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis mkvlevarebs. es wigni,

saxelwodebiT `saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebi~, 2003 wlidan warmoadgens

saxelmZRvanelossasuliero akademiaSi“.

მე-9 ტომია: „საქართველოს ეკლესიის იურისდიქცია ჩრდილო

კავკასიაში“ (დაღესტანი, ალანია, ადიღე-ჩერქეზეთი, დურძუკეთი,

ჩრდილოკავკასიის სვანეთი, ოსეთი, ქისტეთი, ალბანეთი)“

მის ანოტაციაში ნათქვამია :

მიტროპოლიტ ანანია ჯაფარიის ნაშრომი „საქართველოს ეკლესიის

იურისდიქცია ჩრდილო კავკასიაში“ სიახლეა იმ მხრივ, რომ პირველად ხდება

ჩვენს საეკლესიო ისტორიოგრაფიაში განზოგადებული გამოკვლევა ამ

მნიშვნელოვანი თემსა, მაშინ როცა, როგორც მრავალი რუსი მეცნიერი, ასევე

განსაკუთრებით დაღესტნელი, ჩეჩენი, ინგუში, ოსი, ყარაჩაელი, ბალყარელი,

აფხაზი, აზერბაიჯანელი და სხვა მკვლევარები ინტენსიურად იკვლევენ ამ საკითხს,

სამწუხაროდ – ძირითადად, შეიძლება ითქვას, ძალზე მიკერძოებით და

ტენდენციურად.

მეუფე ანანიას ნაშრომი ეფუძნება ქართულ და უცხოურ წყაროებს, ვრცელ

სამეცნიერო ლიტერატურას, საინტერნეტო მასალას, ჩრდილო კავკასიაში

შემორჩენილ ფაქტებს ქართული კულტურისა და სხვა.

18

მისი საბოლოო დასკვნით, მართლდებიან ქართული წყაროები, რომელთა

მიხედვითაც, ჩრდილო კავკასიაში თავის იურისდიქციას ახორციელებდა

საქართველოს ეკლესიაში შემავალი აფხაზეთის, ქართლისა და ხუნძეთის

საკათალიკოსოები, ხოლო ჩრდილო კავკასიის მოსახლეობა თემურ ლენგის

შემოსევამდე, და ნაწილობრივ, მის შემდეგაც, წარმოადგენდა საქართველოს

ეკლესიის მრევლს, რომელიც აგებდა მრავალ ეკლესიასა და ჯვარ–ხატთა ნიშებს,

სადაც აღესრულებოდა ქართულენოვანი წირვა–ლოცვები, საჭიროების დროს კი,

ჩრდილო კავკასიელი ქრისტიანები თავიანთ საუკეთესო შვილებს ომებში

აგზავნდნენ სამშობლოს – საქართველოს დასაცავად“.

ამ ნაშრომის მტკიცებით თემურლენგის შემოსევამდე ჩრდილო კავკასია

დასახლებული იყო ქართველებითა და ქართველტა მონათესავე ხალხებით, იქამდე

ქრისტიანები, საქართველოს ეკლესიის იურისდიქციაში, აქ საქართველოს ეკლსიას

გააჩნდა საკუტარი ქართულენოვანი „ხუნძეთის საკატალიკოს“, ანწუხის

საეპისკოპოსო, ქურმუხის სამტავარეპისკოპოსო, სასულიერო სასწავლებლები,

ტაძრები და სამრევლოები, სადაც ქართულენაზე აღესრულებოდა წირვა-ლოცვა

მე-10 ტომის სახელია: „საქართველლოს ეკლესიის ისტორიის

ატლასი, მე-10 საუკუნემდე, რუკების კრებული“. ესაა საქართელოს

ისტორიული გეოგრაფიის ახალი გააზრება.

მეუფის ნაშრომები ემსახურებოდა ორ მთვარ მიზანს, 1. საქართელოს ეკლესიის

ავტოკეფალიის რკვევა და 2. საქართველოს ეკლესის იურისდიქციის საზღვრები.

პირველი საკითხი ატუალური იყო იმ წლებში, როდესაც ჩვენი ეკლესია

იბრძოდა ავტოკეფალის მოსაპოვებლად, კონსტანტინოპოლის საპატრიარქოსაგან, რაც

მიღწეული იქნა 1990 წლისათვის, ამის შემდგომ საქართველოს ეკლესის წინაშე

წარმოიშვა მეორე საკითხი. სადვო გახდა ჩვენი ეკლესიის იურისდიქცია, როგორც

დასავლეთ და სამხრეთ, ისე აღმოსავლეთ საქართველოში, ამიტომაც ჩვენი

კვლევები იურისდიქციას ეხება.

ავტოკეფალიის საკითხების კვლევისას ეკლესიის წინაშე არ იდგა

იურისდიქციის საკითხის სიმძაფრე. ამიტომ 1-4 ტომში გაზიარებული იყო ქართულ

ისტორიოგრაფიაში დამკვიდრებული თეორია, რომ დასავლეთ საქართველო მე-10

საუკუნემდე კონსტანტინოპოლის იურისდიქციაში იმყოფებოდა, ეს თვლასაზრისი

ასახულია შესაბამის ტომებში. შემდეგშიო, ბრძანებს მეუფე, ჩემი დამოკიდებულება

ამ საკითხის მიმართ კარდინალურად შეიცვალა. განსაკუთრებით 2010-2012 წლის

შემდეგ.

ამ წლებში სეპარატისტებმა და მათმა მფარველმა იმპერიამ შეძლო ოკუპირება

საქართველოს ისტორიული მიწაწყლისა აფხაზეთსა და ცხინვალის რეგიონში,

აქაური საეკლესიო სეპარატისტები კი იბრძვიან საეკლესიო დამოუკიდებლობის

მოსაპოვებლად, მათ შორის ისინი თავიანთ მტკიცებებში მიუთითებენ ქართველი

ავტორების შრომებს. საჭირო გახდა კრიტიკული თვალ შეგვეხედა ს. ყაუხჩიშვილის

19

მიერ დანერგილი თვალსაზისრისათვის, რომ კონსტანტინოპოლის ლაზიკის ეპარქია

მოიცავდა დასავლეთ საქართველოს და უფრო სინტერესო გახდა ნ. ადონცის

თვალსაზრისის მიხედვით კვლევა-ძიება, რომ ლაზიკის ეპარქია სინამდვილეში

მოიცავდა არა დასავლეთ საქართველოს არამედ ამჟამინდელ ლაზისტანს,

ტრაპაზუნტიდან ჭოროხის მიმართულებით.

მართლაც ფაქტი იმისა, რომ კონსტანტინოპოლის საპატრიარქოს ლაზიკის

ეპარქია მოიცავდა არა დასავლეთ საართველოს, არამედ ამჟამინდელ ლაზისტანს

დადასტურდა მეუფის კვლევებით, ამ შემთხვევაში სრულიად მართლდება

ქართული წყაროები დასავლეთ საქართველოს მიმართ. ეს წყაროთმცოდნეობითი

თვალსაზრისით ძალზე მნიშვნელოვანი მომენტია.

17.01.2020

20

მიტროპოლიტი ანანია ჯაფარიძე

საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის

ისტორია

ტომი I

patiosanno da didebulno qarTvelno!

Cveni Zveli wmida mamebi ambobdnen _ `satrfialo sasmenelia pirvel

winaparTa istoria~.

`qarTlis cxovreba~ da `moqcevaY qarTlisaY~ qarTveli xalxis

Tavgadasavals uZvelesi droidanve gadmogvcemen, maT cnobebs

garkveulwilad eTanxmebian da avseben axali mecnieruli gamokvlevebi.

Zvel matianeTa monacemebis urTierTSejerebiT gadavwyviteT gadmogveca

qarTveli eris sarwmunoebrivi istoria sadideblad yovladwmida samebisa,

erovnuli TviTSemecnebisa da cnobierebis gansamtkiceblad.

SesaZloa, Temis uCveulobis da sxva mizezTa gamo gagvepara uzustobani,

Secdoma-lafsusebi, magram imedi gvaqvs Tqveni gulmowyalebisa da viTxovT

Sendobas.

kurTxeva uflisa Tqvenzeda

21

ვ. გოილაძის winasityvaoba მეუფე ანანიას ნაშრომისა -

„საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორია“

saqarTveloSi bolos da bolos dadga dro, roca qarTul eklesias

SedarebiT Tavisufali moRvaweobis saSualeba mieca. amave dros

arnaxulad gaizarda sazogadoebis interesi qarTuli eklesiis

warsulisadmi. magram sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi eklesiis

sasargeblod momxdar aseT gardatexas qarTuli sabWoTa

istoriografia maincdamainc momzadebuli ver Sexvda, ara gvaqvs

qarTuli eklesiis ganmazogadebeli istoria. mravalsaukunovani

qarTuli eklesiis istoriiT dainteresebuli mkiTxveli axal,

Tanamedrove mecnierebis doneze Sesrulebul gamokvlevas ver

waikiTxavs.

qarTul istoriografiaSi aseTi CamorCenilobis mizezi, ZiriTadad,

1921 wlidan saqarTveloSi Seqmnili viTarebaa. garda imisa, rom 1921

wlis Semdeg qarTuli eklesiis istoriis kvlevas sabWoTa

xelisuflebis saTanado politika maincdamainc ar axalisebda (aseT

pirobebSic ki iv. javaxiSvilma, k. kekeliZem, b. lomaniZem, z. aleqsiZem

da sxvebma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes qarTuli eklesiis

istoriis calkeuli sakiTxebis saqmeSi), am mxriv arc revoluciamdel

qarTul istoriografiaSi iyo kargad saqme. da ai, ratom: qarTuli

eklesiis istoriis Sesaxeb pirveli monografia cnobilma

istorikosma p. ioselianma 1845 wels gamoaqveyna, xolo 1877 wels

gamocemul g. sabininis gamokvlevaSi qarTuli eklesiis Sesaxeb

Txroba mxolod VI s-is bolomdea moyvanili. 1886 wels TbilisSi

gamovida mose janaSvilis ,,saqarTvelos saeklesio istoria~.

qarTuli eklesiis istoriis Seswavla gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri

gaxda ruseTis 1904-1905 wlebis revoluciis Semdeg, roca qarTvelma

sazogadoebam ruseTis saimperatoro karisa da wmida sinodis winaSe

kategoriulad dasva qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxi. am

dros ramodenime sagazeTo da saJurnalo werilis (am mxriv

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos s. gorgaZis werilebi) garda Seiqmna T.

Jordanias, k. cincaZis, n. durnovis, m. kelenjeriZis, n. maris

monografiebi, romlebSic ZiriTadad qarTuli eklesiis avtikefaliis

aRdgenis kanoniereba iyo dasabuTebuli.

qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis moTxovna im xanad

marcxiT damTavrda. isev daiwyo ganmazogadebeli naSromebis Seqmna.

XIX s-Si qarTuli eklesiis sakiTxebi ganixila Tavis monografiaSi

episkoposma (Semdgom kaTalikos-patriarqma) kirionma. 1910 wels romSi

frangul enaze gamoica m. TamaraSvilis ganmazogadebeli monografia,

22

1918 wels quTaisSi - ev. nikolaZis gamokvleva ,,saqarTvelos eklesiis

istoria~.

amis Semdeg, qarTuli eklesiis istoriis kvleva, albaT axal

safexurze avidoda, magram saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisufleba

damyarda da kvlevac Seferxda.

ase rom, qarTuli eklesiis istoriis Sesaxeb mxolod

revoluciamde Seqmnili monografiebi gvaqvs, Tanac isini dReisaTvis

bibliografiul iSviaTobas warmoadgens, ris gamoc qarTuli

eklesiis istoriiT dainteresebuli farTo mkiTxveli

sazogadoebisTvis xelmisawvdomi araa. dasaxelebuli naSromebidan

mxolod p. ioselianis, m. janaSvilis, m. TamaraSvilisa da ev.

nikolaZis monografiebSi aris qarTuli eklesiis istoriis

ganmazogadebeli Txroba. aq Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom p.

ioselianis monografia garda imisa, rom rusul enazea da Zalze

moZvelebulia, xolo m. TamaraSvilisa - frangul enaze, gamodis, rom

saqarTvelos eklesiis Sesaxeb qarTulad mxolod ori wigni gvaqvs.

da isinic siZvelisa da sqematurobis gamo sruliad ar Seesabamebian

mecnierebis Tanamedrove donis moTxovnebs.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan, vfiqrob, kargad Cans, raoden savalalo

mdgomareobaSia dReisTvis qarTuli eklesiis istoriis Seswavlis

saqme. amitom misasalmebelia, rom am didi laqis Sevseba, ukanasknel

xanebSi saistorio wyaroebSi axlad gamovlenili masalebisa da

Tanamedrove qarTuli istoriografiis miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

isev sasuliero pirma - mitropolitma anania jafariZem iTava.

mitropolit ananias uzarmazari gamokvleva mravalwliani

Tavdauzogavi kvlevis nayofia. igi didi siyvaruliT da rudunebiT

aris Sesrulebuli. SeiZleba, gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom qarTuli

eklesiis istoriis Sesaxeb aseTi yovlismomcveli gamokvleva

revoluciamdel saqarTveloSic ki ar Seqmnila.

qarTuli eklesiis istoria, ra Tqma unda, qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis istoriis nawilia da am grandiozul naSromSic

qarTuli eklesiis istoria saqarTvelos istoriasTan mWidro

kavSirSi da mis fonzea gadmocemuli. aRniSnuli garemoeba, vfiqrob,

naSromis erT-erT did Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos.

farnavazis xanidan (Zv.w. III s.) mokidebuli XVIII s-is CaTvliT, ar

darCenila rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis, ise qarTuli eklesiis

istoriis metad Tu naklebad aqtualuri problema, romlis Sesaxebac

a. jafariZes Tavisi Tvalsazrisi ar hqonodes gamoTqmuli. yovelive

es avtoris farTo ganaTlebaze miuTiTebs.

misasalmebelia, rom sasuliero saqmeebiT dakavebuli piri wlebis

manZilze Tvals adevnebda qarTul (da ara marto qarTul)

23

istoriografiaSi Seqmnil yvela im werils da monografias, romelic

mas gamokvlevaSi ganxiluli calkeuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas

gamoadgeboda. aRniSnulis gamoa, rom mis monografiaSi axali

samecniero literatura saTanado sisruliTaa asaxuli. avtori

axerxebs ara marto srulyofilad gadmosces qarTuli eklesiis

itoria, aramed qarTuli eklesiisTvis dRes metad aqtualuri

problema axleburad dasvas. bevri sakamaTo sakiTxi monografiaSi

axali masaliTaa gamyarebuli da saTanado daskvnebicaa miRebuli.

naSromis erT-erT siaxled unda CaiTvalos mociqulTa droindeli

saqarTvelos vrceli da detaluri istoriis gadmocema, rasac aqamde

saTanado yuradReba ar eqceoda.

I-II ss-Si saqarTvelos teritoriaze mociqulTa mimosvlisa da

qadagebis Sesaxeb Zvel wyaroebSi arsebuli masala, mas Semdeg, rac

1900 wels iv. javaxiSvilma andria pirvelwodebulis qarTlSi

Semosvla uaryo ( im xanad aseTi Sexeduleba mxolod patrma avrelio

parmierim ar gaiziara), specialurad aRaravis ukvlevia.

ax.w.aR-is I-II ss-is saqarTvelos istoriisTvis es metad

mniSvnelovani sakiTxi uyuradRebod iyo mitovebuli.

ra Tqma unda, yovelive imaze, rac saqarTvelos istoriisa da

qarTuli eklesiis fesvebis kvlevas naTels mohfens, uaris Tqma ar

SeiZleba. umciresi masalac ki, saTanado gaanalizebis Semdeg,

qarTuli kulturis samsaxurSi unda iqnes Cayenebuli.

swored am mxriv miudga avtori saqarTveloSi mociqulTa

Semosvlis sakiTxs.

rogorc monografiidan Cans, saqarTveloSi mociqulTa mosvlis

Sesaxeb (garda imisa, rom dabejiTebiT miuTiTebs Zveli qarTuli

werilobiTi saistorio tradicia), mogviTxroben Zveli berZeni da

laTini avtorebi. amitom, misasalmeblia, rom sarecenzio

monografiaSi es sakiTxi farTod da amomwuravadaa warmodgenili,

detaluradaa gaanalizebuli saqarTveloSi mociqulTa Semosvlis

gzebi da maTi qadagebis geografiuli areali.

damajerebladaa naCvenebi, rom Zvel avtorTa mier dasaxelebuli

skviTeTi, sadac andria pirvelwodebulma qristianuli rwmena iqadaga,

amave avtorTa (mag. dionise periegiti) cnobebidan gamomdinare,

saqarTvelos teritoriad unda CaiTvalos.

rogorc motanili masalidan dasturdeba, andria pirvelwodebulis

garda saqarTveloSi ramdenime mociquls uqadagia, romelTagan simon

kananeli anakofiaSi gardaicvala da iq arsebuli misi saflavi

avtoris mier samarTlianadaa miCneuli saqarTveloSi mociqulTa

yofnis erT-erT damadasturebel faqtad.

24

avtoris daskvniT, andria pirvelwodebulma ax.w.aR-is I s-Si ara

marto gaaqristiana qarTvelTa erTi nawili, aramed awyurSi pirveli

saepiskoposo eklesiac daaarsa.

damajerebelia Zvel qarTul saistorio wyaroebis monacemebze

dayrdnobiT gamoTqmuli mosazreba, andria pirvelwodebulis

qarTlSi pirvelad ax.w.aR-is 30-35 wels, mefe aderkis zeobis dros

Semosvlis Sesaxeb.

naSromSi aseve saTanadodaa dasabuTebuli saqarTveloSi sxva

mociqulTa (mataTa da sxva) yofna da maT mier axali rwmenis

qadageba.

ra Tqma unda, rogorc avtoric miuTiTebs, ax.w.aR-is I-II ss-is

qarTlis samefos siZlieresa da mis saerTaSoriso avtoritets Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin mociqulebi saqarTvelos marTlac ver

auvlidnen gverds.

saqarTveloSi mociqulTa moRvaweobis Sesaxeb naSromSi motanili

masaliT avtori miznad isaxavs ufro didi problemis gadawyvetas.

kerZod, mociqulTa mier (ax.w.) I-II ss-ebis saqarTveloSi

qristianobis danergva episkopos ananias safuZvels aZlevs,

mociqulTa droindeli saqarTvelos eklesia avtokefalurad

miiCnios.

naSromSi damajerebladaa dasabuTebuli im droisaTvis iseTi gziT

warmoqmnili yvela avtokefaluri eklesiis Tanasworuflebianoba.

saTanado masaliT Semagrebul aseT mosazrebas avtori cnobili

bizantieli kanonistis, T. balsamonis (XII s.) cnobiT adasturebs.

naSromSi sainteresodaa gadmocemuli qarTuli saxelmwifos,

qarTveli erisa da qarTuli enis Camoyalibebis procesi.

naCvenebia, rom qarTvelebiT gansaxlebuli teritoriis sazRvrebi im

uZveles droSi qarTuli eklesiis samwysos emTxveoda.

qarTvel mecnier-istorikosTa naSromebze dayrdnobiT avtori im

daskvnamde midis, rom farnavazis droidan mokidebuli qarTli da

egrisi erTiani qarTuli qveyana - `yoveli saqarTvelo~ iyo, ris gamoc

mas ganmanaTlebelic erTi hyavda.

aseTi mosazrebis erT-erT damadasturebel sabuTad motanilia

qarTlis cxovrebis is cnoba, romlis Tanaxmad qarTlis

ganmanaTlebelma wmida ninom `naTeli sca yovelTa iverTa~. rogorc

cnobilia, aseTi Sexeduleba adre n. marma gamoTqva da maris

mosazreba saTanadod miTiTebulia kidec monografiaSi.

naSromSi didi adgili aqvs daTmobili imis mtkicebas, rom

dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispira teritoria aseve iberiad (qarTlad)

iwodeboda. es sakiTxi jer kidev akad. s. yauxCiSvilma gaarkvia, magram

misgan gansxvavebiT mitropoliti anania zogjer iberiis teritoriad

25

mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos gulisxmobs da askvnis rom, radgan am

erTian qarTul teritoriaze erTiani qarTveli xalxi cxovrobda,

erTiani SegnebiT, erTiani kulturiT, mTel am teritoriaze IV s-dan

wirva-locva qarTul enaze iyo.

IV-V ss-ebis saqarTvelos istoriis amsaxvel qarTul saistorio

wyaroebSi (`moqcevaY qarTlisaY~, vaxtang gorgaslis `cxovreba~),

radgan qarTuli eklesiis meTaurad TiTo piria dasaxlebuli,

qarTuli eklesiis istoriis iseTi cnobili mkvlevari, rogorc akad.

k. kekeliZe iyo, im daskvnamde mivida, rom avtokefaliis mopovebamde (k.

kekeliZe avtokefaliis mopovebas 468-472 ww. gansazRvravda) qarTlis

samefo erT saepiskoposos warmoadgenda. k. kekliZis mosazrebas

iziareben b. lomaniZe da a. bogveraZe. marTalia, k. kekeliZis

mosazreba Tanamedrove qarTul istoriografiaSi gabatonebuli araa,

magram mainc misasalmebelia, rom qarTuli eklesiisTvis aseT

prestiJul sakiTxs mitropolitma ananiamac miaqcia yuradReba. misi

daskvniT, qristianobis Semosvlidan da gamarjvebidan moyolebuli,

saqarTveloSi ramdeni saerisTaoc iyo, imdeni saepiskoposo unda

yofiliyo. aseTi mtkicebis erT-erT damadasturebel sabuTad

monografiaSi samarTlianadaa miCneuli `moqcevaY qarTlisaY~-Si

qarTlis eklesiis meTauris mTavarepiskoposis tituliT moxsenieba

da vaxtang gorgaslisdroindel qarTlSi episkoposTa arseboba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi mecnierTa araerTma

Taobam imuSava, vaxtang gorgaslis `cxovrebis~ avtoris juanSeris

gamoTqmiT, rom qarTvelebma `keTilad ver ipyres wesi ioanes

mcnebisa~, aravin dainteresebula. mitropolitma ananiam miaqcia

yuradReba da azri gamoTqva, rom juanSeris sityvaSi, am SemTxvevaSi

ioane naTlismcemeli an ioane mociquli ki ar igulisxmeba, aramed

qarTlis eklesiis pirveli meTauri ioane. iqve daasabuTa, radgan

ioane episkoposis mier saqarTveloSi Semotanili nikeis rwmenisaTvis

qarTlis eklesias SemdgomSi aRar uRalatia, maSin, roca TviT romis

imperiaSi mravali mwvalebloba warmoiSva, juanSeris gamoTqmaSi

ioane episkoposis mier qarTlSi danergili rwmenisadmi erTguleba

igulisxmeba da qarTuli wyaro zustad asaxavs im saeklesio

politikas, romelic 451 wlis qalkedonis krebis Semdeg bizantiis

imperiaSi arsebobda. vfiqrob, juanSeris gamoTqmis aseTi

interpretacia V s-is viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT swori Cans da

siaxlea rogorc qarTuli eklesiis istoriisaTvis, ise TviT

juanSeris cnobaTa gagebis saqmeSi.

qarTuli eklesiis istoriis gadmocemisas mkvlevari, ra Tqma unda,

gverds ver auvlis vaxtang gorgasalsa da miqael episkoposs Soris

momxdar konfliqts. am sakiTxs mitropolitma ananiamac miaqcia

26

yuradReba. da iqve saintereso mosazreba gamoTqva _ Tu ratom

dawyevla miqaelma vaxtangis spa. avtoris Tanaxmad, vaxtangi samefo

laSqarze dayrdnobiT ebrZoda simdidriT aRzevebul miqaels da am

ukasasknelma amitom dauwyevla spa. konfliqtis mizezTa kvlevisas am

detalisTvis yuradReba aravis miuqcevia. vfiqrob, miRebuli daskvna

sayuradReboa.

rogorc iTqva, saTanado wyaroebis monacemebsa da samecniero

literaturaSi (i. troicki) gamoTqmul mosazrebze dayrdnobiT,

mociqulTa dros saqarTveloSi Seqmnili qristianuli Temebi (aqedan

gamomdinare, eklesia) monografiaSi avtokefalurad aris miCneuli.

avtori Tvlis, rom qarTlis taxtze vaxtangis asvlisas (V s-is 40-

iani w.) saqarTvelos eklesia avtokefaluri iyo, Tumca imperiis

eklesiasTan urTierToba hqonda. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ar

iziarebs qarTul istoriografiaSi arsebul mosazrebas avtkefaliis

mopovebamde antioqiis sapatriarqosadmi qarTuli eklesiis

morCilebis Sesaxeb. im xanad antioqiis sapatriarqo, radgan

bizantiis eklesias warmoadgenda, qarTlSi ki irani batonobda,

avtori Tvlis, rom iranis xelisufleba ar dauSvebda qarTuli

eklesia ierarqiul damokidebulebaSi yofiliyo misi mowinaaRmdege

imperiis eklesiisadmi.

qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxi am kuTxiT ar dasmula,

amitom gamoTqmuli mosazreba sayuradReboa. rogorc mitropoliti

anania miuTiTebs, marTalia, 381 wels meore msoflio saeklesio

krebis Semdeg Zlierma eklesiebma daiwyes susti eklesiebis

damorCileba (konstantinepolis eklesiam am dros gaauqma pontos da

asiis avtokefaliebi) da antioqiis eklesiis mier qarTul eklesiaze

pretenziis gancxadeba mas aRniSnuli movlenis gamoxatulebad miaCnia.

magram antioqiis sapatriarqosadmi qarTuli eklesiis ierarqiuli

damokidebulebis Sesaxeb, radgan Zveli qarTuli wyaroebic

miuTiTeben, unda dasabuTdes qarTul wyaroTa cnobebis

ararealuroba, an maTi ucxoenovani wyaroebidan warmomavloba.

sainteresoa naSromis is nawili, romelSic micemulia iranis

meSveobiT qarTul eklesiaze somxuri eklesiis zemdgomobis

damyarebis cda. rogorc iTqva, qarTuli eklesia V s-Si ukve

avtokefaluri iyo, magram VI s-dan iranis zewoliT Seiqmna qarTul-

somxur eklesiaTa erToba. qalkedonituri mrwamsis qarTlis samefoSi

monofizitoba momZlavrda. swored iranis Zalis saSualebiT somxeTis

eklesiam SeZlo Zveli albaneTis eklesiis damorCileba da

RvTismsaxurebis enad somxuris damkvidreba. somxurma eklesiam

garkveul warmatebas saqarTveloSic miaRwia. magram mitropolit

ananias mosazrebis Tanaxmad, VI s-is Sua xanebSi qarTlSi Semosulma

sirielma mamebma garkveulwilad gaamyares qalkedonitebis poziciebi.

27

qarTul istoriografiaSi dRemdea kamaTi, Tu ra rwmenisa unda

yofiliyvnen sirieli mamebi. mitropolit ananias dasabuTebuli

msjelobidan gamomdinare, isini marTlac SeiZleba, qalkedonitebi

yofiliyvnen.

avtori fiqrobs, rom VII s-dan qarTulma eklesiam sabolood

gawyvita kavSiri somxur eklesiasTan da Tavisi aseTi statusi 681

wels I saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebebiT dadasaturda.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa naSromis is nawili, romelic

saqarTvelos samefos ganapira mxareebis _ hereTis, qvemo qarTlisa da

tao-klarjeTis mosaxleobis religiur rwmenasa da maTi

,,gaqarTvelebis~ sakiTxs exeba. monografiaSi naCvenebia monofizituri

somxeTis gavlenaSi moqceuli am mxareebis qalkedonitobaze moqceva -

,,gaqarTveleba~. Tumca, isini eTnikurad manamdec qarTvelebi iyvnen,

somxuri ena am Zveli qarTuli teritoriebis mosaxleobisaTvis

mSobliuri ki ara, saeklesio iyo. rogorc avtori miuTiTebs, swored

aRniSnuliT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom qarTveli erovnebisadmi

kuTvnilebis gamo, Cvens eklesiaSi erovnul-kulturuli eklesiis

damkvidrebisaTvis mebrZol kirions monofizitebic edgnen mxarSi.

Tavis droze n. maris mier gamoTqmuli antimecnieruli mosazreba,

TiTqos VIII-IX saukuneebamde tao-klarjeTis mosaxleoba araqarTuli

iyo da am mxareebis qarTuli kulturis Zeglebi somxuri Zeglebis

nangrevebze aSenda, k. kekeliZem da i. abulaZem gaiziares. marTalia, n.

maris Teoriis kritika jer kidev p. ingoroyvam mogvca, magram

winamdebare naSromSi, radgan saqarTvelos ganapira mxareebis

mosaxleobis mrwamszec aris saubari, mitropoliti anania am

sakiTxsac Seexo. aCvena n. maris mosazrebis usafuZvloba, - ra mavne

Sedegebi gamoiRo n. maris Teoriam, rogor gamoiyenes igi. n.

tokarskim, a. iakobsonma, v. mixakovma da sxvebma tao-klarjeTis Zveli

qarTuli arqiteqturis Zeglebis araqarTulad gamosacxadeblad.

jer kidev naSromis dasawyisSi aris gamoTqmuli survili, aRdges

qarTuli eklesiis Zveli saxelwodeba da mas ,,saqarTvelos

samociqulo eklesia~ ewodos. naSromis meore tomSi mosazrebis

dasadastureblad didZali da saintereso masalaa motanili.

naCvenebia, Tu ratomaa somxuri da albanuri eklesiebis msgavsad

qarTuli eklesiac samociqulo, saqarTvelos eklesiis mamamTavrebi

mociqulTa taxtze rom sxedan. aqve naCvenebia, rom ,,wmida kaTolike

samociqulo eklesia sveticxoveli~, an mcxeTis samociqulo eklesia

ewodeboda.

vfiqrob, naSromSi sakmao damajereblobiTaa dasabuTebuli, rom

mironi saqarTveloSi qalkedonis meoTxe saeklesio krebis (451 w.)

dadgenilebis safuZvelze ikurTxeboda. berZnulenovani sabuTebi

qarTuli realobis sawinaaRmdegod rom metyveleben, avtori amas

28

samarTlianad xsnis ucxoelTa batonobisagan gaRaribebuli

antioqiisa da konstantinepolis sapatriarqoebis finansuri

mdgomareobis gauaresebiT. maT Zvel sabuTebSi Sesworebani SehqondaT,

raTa sxva eklesiebi eiZulebinaT maTTvis Sesawiri miecaT.

saintereso masalaa motanili mironis kurTxevis wesis Sesaxeb.

naCvenebia, rom igi VI s-Si unda SeedginaT, xolo VI msoflio

saeklesio krebas (681 w.) daedasturebina. uaryofilia b. lominaZis

mosazreba, TiTqos mironis kurTxeva saqarTveloSi IX s-Si dawesda.

misaRebi Cans, giorgi merCules Txzulebis teqstis im adgilis,

romelSic saqarTveloSi mironis kurTxevis dawesebazea saubari,

qaragma ,,a-s~ gaxsna afxazeTad (da ara aRmosavleTad, rogorc es

dResaa miRebuli). qaragmis aseTi gaxsnis Semdeg naTeli xdeba

afxazeTis eklesiaSi ratom daiwyes ierusalimidan motanili mironis

magier mcxeTaSi nakurTxi mironis gamoyeneba. ierusalimidan mironis

motana, rogorc monografiaSia aRniSnuli, im xanad marTlac

konstantinepolSi mimdinare brZolebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

naSromSi sworadaa miTiTebuli, rom afxazeTis sakaTalikosos

daarseba damoukidebeli afxazeTis samefos warmoqmnis Sedegi iyo.

iqve saTanado masalis motaniT, naCvenebia afxazeTis sakaTalikoso,

erTian qarTul eklesiaSi rom Sedioda. XI saukunis saqarTvelos

istoriis gadmocemisas monografiaSi kargadaa naCvenebi bizantiasa da

saqarTvelos Soris politikuri viTarebis garTuleba rogor

moqmedebda am qveynebis saeklesio urTierTobaze. rogor da ra

pirobebSi miiRo saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurma kaTalikos-

patriarqis wodeba. aqve sainteresodaa gaanalizebuli XI saukunis

saqarTveloSi Seqmnili is viTareba, romelmac ganapiroba adre

somxeTTan eklesiuri siaxlovis dros Seqmnili saeklesio

literaturis xelaxali redaqtireba, amjerad ukve berZnulTan

dasaaxloeblad. giorgi da eqvTime mTawmidelebis, efrem mcires roli

am saqmeSi. rogorc mitropoliti anania miuTiTebs, dasaxelebulma

moRvaweebma, rogorc zogi mkvlevari fiqrobs, xelaxla ki ar

Targmnes sasuliero literatura berZnulidan, aramed ukve

Targmnils udarebdnen berZnuls, raTa maTSi somxur eklesiasTan

siaxlovis kvali aRmoefxvraT. amiT qarTvelma moRvaweebma berZnebs

mouspes sababi saqarTvelos eklesia mwvaleblur eklesiad

gamoecxadebinaT da udidesi roli Seasrules qarTuli eklesiis

ZvelTaganve arsebuli avtokefaliisa da saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

aRorZinebis saqmeSi.

saqrTvelos sapatriarqos sazRvrebis ganxilvisas naCvenebia, rom

Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT qarTuli eklesiis sazRvari xersonisTan

mdebare kafamde aRwevda. aqve miTiTebulia qarTuli eklesiis

samxreTi da aRmosavleTi sazRvrebi.

29

sainteresoa naSromis is nawili, romelic msoflio diptixSi

saqarTvelos eklesiis sakiTxs Seexeba. saTanado masalaa motanili

imis saCveneblad, rom saeklesio ganxeTqilebamde (1054 w.)

saqarTvelos eklesias ierusalimis eklesiis Semdeg VI adgili eWira.

avtori aqve asabuTebs, rom diptixSi es adgili 1054 wlis wina

droindeli sabuTebidan momdinare Cans. msoflio diptixSi qarTul

eklesias marTlac VI adgili rom ekava, naSromSi amis

damadasturebel sabuTad motanilia 1438 wlis ferara-florenciis

saeklesio krebaze saqarTvelos eklesiis warmomadgelis VI adgilze

jdoma. am mxriv, motanili masala, vfiqrob, imdenad saintereso da

damajerebelia, rom naSromis es nawili ucxo enaze unda gamoqveyndes.

saTnado dokumenturi masalaa motanili qarTuli eklesiis Sinagani

diptixis _ episkoposTa sxdomis saCveneblad.

naSromis bolos gaanalizebulia XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi

Seqmnili religiuri viTareba, roca araerTi qarTveli iZulebuli

Seiqmna ,,somxur sarwmunoebaze~ (grigorianeloba) gadasuliyo.

naCvenebia anton kaTalikosis didi roli qarTvelobis dacvisaTvis

brZolaSi. uxvi masalaa motanili imis saCveneblad, rom

grigorianobaze gadasuli qarTvelebi Tavis erovnebad qarTvelobas

asaxelebdnen.

sabolood unda davZino: mitropolit ananias naSromSi imdeni

saintereso sakiTxia dasmuli da gaanalizebuli, rom yvela maTganis

recenziaSi Sefaseba SeuZlebelia (ra Tqma unda, amas upirveles

yovlisa naSromis didi moculoba da masSi wamoWrili sakiTxebis

simravle arTulebs). Cvens winaSea metad saintereso, titanuri

Sromis Sedegad Seqmnili ,,saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis

istoria~, romelSic qarTuli eklesiis Tvrametsaukunovani istoriis

zogierTi sakiTxi SeiZleba sakamaTodac mogveCvenos, magram es

romelime konkretuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb an qarTul istoriografiaSi

arsebuli sxvadasxva SexedulebiT aris gamowveuli, an sakiTxis

garSemo arsebuli saistorio wyaroTa simciriT. saerTod ganxiluli

naSromis Sefasebisas mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is garemoeba, rom

mitropolit ananias wigniT qarTuli eklesiis monografiuli

Seswavlis saqmeSi mxolod pirveli nabiji idgmeba.

yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis gamo, umniSvnelo tiraJiT gamocemuli

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoriis (axalcixe, rabaTi, 1983-88

ww.) xelmeored gamoqveyneba sasurvel da gadaudebel saqmed mimaCnia,

rac myar safuZvels Seuqmnis qarTuli eklesiis istoriis Semdgom

kvlevas.

vaxtang goilaZe

1996 weli

30

samSoblos did mamasa da moZRvars uwmidessa da une-taress sruliad saqarTv-elos kaTolikos-patriarq ilia meores mokrZalebiT vuZRvni am naSroms

თ ა ვ ი I

q a r T v e l T a w i n a p r e b i s b i b l i u r i

i s t o r i a a d a m i d a n i e s o m d e

s a m y a r o s S e q m n a

WeSmaritebisa da sicocxlis gzaze Tanaxmad `qarTlis cxovrebisa~,

qarTvelTa pirvelwinaprebs win waruZRva sityva RmrTisa, TviT

RmerTi macxovari Cveni ieso qriste:

ori aTasi wlis win, amaRlebis Semdgom, yovladwmida RvTismSobels

eCvena ufali da qarTveli eris momavali cxovrebis Sesaxeb amcno:

`hoi dedao Cemo, ara ugulebel vyo eri igi sazepuro ufrois

yovelTa naTesavTa, meoxebiTa SeniTa maTTvis~ (q.c. I, gv. 38), rac

Tanamedrove qarTuliT ase gamoiTqmis _ `hoi, dedao Cemo, me ar

ugulebelvyof xalxTa Soris didebul qarTvels ers, maTTvis Seni

meoxebiT~. yovladwmida dedam mis wilxvedr saqarTveloSi, misi Zisa

da Cveni macxovris ieso qristes davalebiT, gamoagzavna mociquli

andria pirvelwodebuli, romelmac daafuZna saqarTvelos

samociqulo eklesia.

31

da, ai, ori aTasi welia Cveni mama-papani erTgulad msaxureben

RmerTs _ `romelman qmna cani gulisxmisyofiT, rameTu ukunisamdea

wyaloba misi~ (fs. 135,5), `romelman qmna cani da qveyana, zRva da

yoveli rai ars mas Sina~ (fs. 145,5), `romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa

mis mieriTa, zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna zeciT monaberiTa~ (rusTv.),

`romelman gardasul TaobebSi neba uboZa yvela xalxs, evloT

TavianTi gziT~ (saqme, 14,16).

igi isaa, romelic ar ugulebelyofs mis gzaze myof Cvens ers,

rameTu mis mier Seiqmna yoveli xalxi da eri _ `yovelive mis mier

Seiqmna da Tvinier misa arca erTi ra iqmna, raodeni ra iqmna~ (ioan.

1.3).

Cveni mamebis yovlad keTilma, yovlad wmida, yovlismcodne,

yovlisSemZlebelma, saxierma, sulgrZelma da mravalmowyale RmerTma

eqvs dReSi Seqmna xiluli qveyana uxilavis Semdgom `rameTu man Tqva

da iqmnes, amcno da daebadnes~ (fs. 32,9).

`Tavdapirvelad RmerTma Seqmna ca da miwa. miwa iyo usaxo da

udaburi. bneli ido ufskrulze da suli RvTisa iZvroda wylebs

zemoT. Tqva RmerTma: iyos naTeli! da iqmna naTeli (dab. 1. 1-3).

meore dRes RmerTma Seqmna samyaro cisa, mesame dRes misi brZanebiT

cisqveSeTSi erTgan Segrovda wyali, gamoCnda xmeleTi, aRmoacena

miwam mcenareuli, meoTxe dRes _ man Seqmna mnaTobebi, mexuTe dRes _

wylis suldgmulebi, cis frinvelebi.

meeqvse dRes Tav Tavis gvarisda mixedviT cxovelTa Seqmnis Semdgom

_ `Tqva RmerTma: gavaCinoT kaci Cvens xatad, Cvens msgavsebad.

epatronos zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, pirutyvs, mTels dedamiwas

da yvela qvemZroms, rac ki dedamiwaze daxoxavs. Seqmna RmerTma kaci,

Tavis xatad Seqmna igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini.

akurTxa RmerTma isini da uTxra: inayofiereT da imravleT, aavseT

dedamiwa, daeufleT mas, epatroneT zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels,

yovel cxovels, rac ki dedamiwaze daxoxavs~ (dab. 1.26-28).

meSvide dRes, samyaros Seqmnis Semdeg ganisvena man, romlis saqmeni

`didad Svenier arian, da simarTle misi hgies ukuniTi ukunisamde~

(fs. 110, 3).

Semoqmedma dasabamidan kacad da qalad Seqmna adamianebi (maTe, 19,4).

`aiyvana adami ufalma RmerTma da daasaxla edemis baRSi mis

dasamuSaveblad da dasacavad. gaafrTxila ufalma RmerTma adami da

uTxra: yvela xis nayofi geWmeva am baRSi, mxolod keTilis da

borotis Secnobis xis nayofi ar SeWamo, radgan, rogorc ki SeWam,

mokvdebio~ (dab. II, 15-17), magram gvelis mier Secdenilma evam

akrZaluli nayofi Wama da qmarsac aWama.

aexilaT Tvali orives (dab. 3,7).

32

`Tqva ufalma RmerTma, aha, gaxda adami, rogorc erTi CvenTagani,

Semcnobeli keTilisa da borotisa. ar gaiwodos axla xeli da ar

mowyvitos sicocxlis xis nayofic, ar SeWamos da maradiulad ar

icocxlos. gauSva igi ufalma RmerTma edemis baRidan, rom

daemuSavebina miwa, saidanac iyo aRebuli. gandevna adami. edems ki

aRmosavleTiT qerubimebi da cecxlovani, mbrunavi maxvili dauyena,

raTa sicocxlis xesTan misasvleli daecvaT~ (dab. 3. 22-24).

madlierebis nacvlad pirvelma adamianma ufali RmerTisagan

micemuli pirveli mcneba daarRvia Tavisi urCobiT da pirveli codva

Caidina.

`erTi kacis urCobiT mravali gaxda codvili~ (rom. 5, 19).

`erTis Secodebisagan yvela kacis Tavze moiwia sasjeli~ (rom. 5,

18).

`erTis SecodebiT mravalni mokvdebian~ (5, 15).

Taobidan Taobas gadaecema adamis codva da codvis gamo _

sikvdili (rom. 5, 12).

ganidevna adami edemis baRidan, dawyevlili miwa unda daemuSavebina,

romlisganac tanjviT miiRebda sazrdos. ZeZvsa da ekals

aRmoucenebda miwa, pirofliani Wamda purs, sanam miwadve gadaiqceoda,

saidanac iyo aRebuli, radgan mtveri iyo da mtvrad gadaiqceoda (dab.

3, 17-19).

edemidan gandevnis Semdeg `Seicno adamma eva, Tavisi dedakaci,

daorsulda eva da Sva kaeni da Tqva: kaci SemeZina uflisagan. mere

Sva misi Zma abeli. abeli mecxvare iyo, kaeni miwis muSaki. gamoxda

xani da miarTva kaenma ufals ZRveni _ miwis nayofi~ (dab. 4,1-3).

abelmac Seswira ufals msxverpli _ gamoarCia Tavisi faris rCeuli

pirutyvidan pirvelSobilni, misTvis yvelaze Zvirfasni. `mohxeda

ufalma abels da mis ZRvens, xolo kaensa da mis ZRvens ar mohxeda~

(dab. 4. 4-5), rameTu `rwmeniT Seswira abelma RmerTs kaenisaze ukeTesi

msxverpli, romliTac miiRo mowmoba, rom marTalia igi, rogorc

RmerTma daamowma mis ZRvenTa Sesaxeb~ (ebr. 11,4). Zmis sikeTiT

gamwarebulma kaenma Tavi CaRuna. codva gabatonda masze _ gaiyvana

abeli velad da mokla.

`uTxra RmerTma _ es ra Caidine? Seni Zmis sisxli miwidan

SemomRaRadebs. daiwyevla kaeni, devnili da miusafari Seiqmna qveynad.

amuSavebda miwas. uflis pirisagan gadaxvewili kaeni gamravlda da

misgan boroti STamomavloba warmosdga _ daiviwyes Semoqmedi RmerTi

da keTili saqmeni, ewodaT maT `kacTa Svilebi~.

mwuxare adamsa da evas RmerTma momadla sxva naSieri nacvlad

abelisa _ SeTi. `SeTsa SeeZina vaJi da uwoda saxelad enoSi, maSin

33

daiwyo uflis saxelis xseneba~ (dab. 4.26). ewoda mis STamomavlebs

`RvTis Svilebi~. maTgan warmosdga noe _ Svili lameqisa.

iwyes gamravleba adamianebma dedamiwaze. Seerivnen `kacTa Svilebs~

`RvTis Svilebi~ da SeiZines maTgan yovelive ukeTuri Cveuleba.

`dainaxa ufalma RmerTma, rom imata adamianTa ukeTurebam am

qveynad, rom ukeTuri iyo mudamJams maTi yoveli gulisTqma. inana

ufalma, rom Seqmna adamiani amqveynad da Sewuxda. Tqva ufalma _

miwis pirisagan aRvgvi adamians, romelic Sevqmeni, adamianidan

dawyebuli pirutyvamde, qvewarmavlamde, cis frinvelamde, radgan

vnanob, rom gavaCine. mxolod noes epova madli uflis TvalSi. es

aris ambavi noesi: marTali, sruli kaci iyo noe Tavis TaobaSi,

RmerTTan dadioda noe. Sva noem sami vaJi: semi, qami da iafeTi~ (dab. 6.

5-10).

ufalma RmerTma ineba miwis pirisagan adamianisa da yoveli

xorcielis aRgva wylis warRvniT. noes ki ubrZana kidobnis gakeTeba.

aswavla misi momzadeba. Seiyvana noem kidobanSi yovelgvari cxoveli,

yovelgvari xorcieli, rasac ki sicocxlis suli edga, yvela wyvil-

wyvilad, wmida pirutyvisagan Svid-Svidi waiyvana, uwmindurisagan or-

ori. Sevidnen kidobanSi noe da misi Svilebi, colebi, raTa

ganridebodnen warRvnas, meSvide dRes movida warRvna qveynad (dab. 7.

7-10).

as ormocdameaTe dRis bolos dadga wyali da Sewyda wvima.

araratis mTebs miadga kidobani. TandaTan iklebda wyali da gamoCnda

mTis mwvervalebi. jer kidev idga wyali miwis pirze da ver ipoves

brWyalis mosaWidi noes mier kidobnidan gaSvebulma frinvelebma.

meSvide dRes xelaxla gauSva mtredi kidobnidan, `dabrunda mtredi

saRamoJams da aha, zeTisxilis nedli rto eWira niskartiT. mixvda

noe, rom damwdariyo wyali dedamiwaze~ (dab. 8. 11).

gadmovida noe Tavisi col-SviliT da kidobans Sefarebuli yoveli

arseba. augo noem samsxverplo ufals da miiyvana yovladdasawvel

Sesawirad TiTo-TiTo yoveli wmida pirutyvidan da frinvelidan.

iynosa ufalma keTilsurneleba da Tqva Tavis gulSi: aRar

davwyveli miwas adamianis gamo, aRar gavanadgureb cocxal arsebas.

`akurTxa RmerTma noe da misi Svilebi da uTxra: inayofiereT,

imravleT da aavseT qveyana: (dab. 9, 1). Tqveni SiSi hqondes yovel

suldgmuls, rac ki iZvris dedamiwaze, Tqvens xelT arian isini,

saWmelad gaZlevT. mis sulTan _ mis sisxlTan erTad nu SeWamT, me ki

Tqvens sisxls Tqveni sicocxlis wil movikiTxav. `vinc adamianis

sisxls daRvris, adamianis mierve daiRvreba misi sisxli, radgan

RvTis xatad Seiqmna adami, inayofiereT da imravleT, moefineT

qveyanas da gamravldiT masze~ (dab. 9. 6-7).

34

b a b i l o n i s g o d o l i s d a c e m a , e n a T a

d a t o m T a w a r m o q m n a

noes Svilebi gamravldnen, `maTgan mTeli dedamiwa iqna

dasaxlebuli~, kacobrioba am droisaTvis erTiani iyo, erTi enis

mqone, eTnikurad erTgvari. jer kidev ar iyvnen erebi _ `erTpiri iyo

mTeli dedamiwa da erT enaze metyveli. roca daiZrnen

aRmosavleTidan, hpoves veli Sinyaris qveyanaSi da iq damkvidrdnen.

uTxres erTmaneTs: modi, movziloT Tixa da gamovwvaT, qvis magivrad

aguri hqondaT, kiris magivrad fisi. Tqves: aba, avaSenoT qalaqi da

godoli da cas mivuwvdinoT misi Txemi. aRvmarToT niSan-sveti, rom

ar gavifantoT dedamiwis zurgze, Camovida ufali, rom enaxa qalaqi

da godoli, romelsac adamianebi aSenebdnen, Tqva ufalma: aha, erTi

xalxia es da erTi ena aqvs yvelas. raki es saqme wamouwyiaT,

amieridan daubrkolebliv gaakeTeben yvelafers, rasac ki

ganizraxaven. aba, Caval da enas avurev maT, rom veraferi gaagebinon

erTmaneTs. gafanta isini ufalma iqidan mTels dedamiwis zurgze da

maTac Sewyvites qalaqisa da godolis Seneba. amitomac ewoda saxelad

babiloni, radgan swored aq aRria ufalma mTeli dedamiwis ena da

aqedan gafanta isini ufalma dedamiwis zurgze~ (dab. 11. 1-9).

noes Ze _ `qami iyo qanaanis mamamTavari~, _ weria dabadebaSi. semma _

ebraul da sxva semitur tomebs daudo safuZveli. iafetma ki _

evropasa da aziaSi gavrcelebul mraval xalxs. TviTon sityva

`iafeti~ niSnavs `gavrcelebas~. sxvadasxva xalxis mamamTavarTa Soris

bibliis Zveli, gansakuTrebiT ki qristiani komentatorebi qarTvelTa

mamamTavarsac asaxeleben _ zogierTi cnobiT, is yofila iafetis Ze

Tubali. saerTod iafetis STamomavlebi, noes dalocvis Sesabamisad,

raodenobiTac da RirsebiTac upiratesni iyvnen sxva mamamTavarTa

STamomavlebze. noem iafeti ase daloca _ ganufarTos RmerTma

iafets, semis karvebSi daemkvidros, daemorCilos mas qanaani (dab. 9.

27).

iafetis STamomavloba aseTia:

_ `iafetis Zeni: gomeri, magogi, madai, iavani, Tubali, meSeqi da

Tirasi.

gomeris Zeni: aSqenazi, rifaTi da Togarma.

35

iavanis Zeni: eliSa, TarSiSi, qiTimi da dodanimi. amaTgan

ganifantnen zRvispira xalxebi Tav-Tavis qveynebSi, TiToeuli Tavisi

enis mixedviT, Tavisi tomis mixedviT, Tav-Tavis xalxSi~ (dab. 10. 2-5).

bibliis komentatori ase ganmartavs am saxelebs:

`gomeri~ _ ...am xalxis saxels sxvaganac vxvdebiT bibliaSi _

winaswarmetyvel ezekielTan, romelic maT aRwers, rogorc mezobels

Tubalisa da mosoxisa (38, 6) da sxva xalxebis rigSi, romelnic

saxlobdnen Crdilo siriaSi da mcire aziaSi.

`magogi~ ... ezekielTan es tomebi gamodian, rogorc gamocdili da

daxelovnebuli moisarni (38, 16. 39, 3). isini cxovroben zemoT

dasaxelebulebTan mezoblad, odnav maT CrdiloeTiT. zogierTni

maTSi xedaven skviTebs, romelnic cxovroben azovis zRvis piras.

magogSi aseve skviT-Turanelebs xedaven. skviTebis bediswera asrulda

ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebis Tanaxmad, maTi ganadgurebis Sesaxeb

samon-gogis dablobze, roca isini dabrundnen palestinaSi da

daavaddnen, rogorc aRwers herodote (1, 105-106).

`madai~... am saxeliT iwodebodnen arielebi, mcxovrebni dasavleT

aziaSi _ midielebi. maTi didi nawili TandaTanobiT gadasaxlda

aRmosavleTSi da miiRo indusebis saxeli. midielebis sparselebTan

36

da, saerTod, arielebTan naTesaobis Taobaze werda winaswarmetyveli

danieli (V, 28).

`iavani~ _ miuTiTebs berZnebze, upirvelesad ionielebze.

`Tubal mesexi~... _ rogorc dabadebaSi, aseve wmida werilis mraval

adgilas es ori xalxi, rogorc wesi, erTiandebian da erTad

gamoisaxebian magogis moxarkeebad (ezek. 38, 2. 39, 1). erTxel

sxvaTaSoris iavanTan erTiandebian (e. 37, 13). da kidev or adgilas

maTi sacxovrisi ganisazRvreba palestinis CrdiloeTiT. asirieli

mefeebis analebSi arcTu iSviaTad moixsenieba Muski da Tabal,

viTarca ori mezobeli xalxi, mcxovrebi kilikiaSi. xolo herodote

ambobs tibarekebsa da iberianelTa (iberTa) da mosoxTa Sesaxeb,

kolxidis mezoblad mcxovrebTa Sesaxeb. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom

Tavdapirvelad orive xalxi cxovrobda tigrosisa da evfratis

saTaveebSi, midiasa da skviTias Soris, e.i. kolxeTsa da iberiaSi

(Tubal _ savaraudoa iberebi anu qarTvelebi).

`gomeris Zeni~: aSqezani... `_ imaze dayrdnobiT, rom Tanamedrove

ebraelebi germanias `askenazs~ uwodeben, iudevel ganmmartebelTa

umravlesoba aq xedavs miTiTebas germanelebze... advilad

SesaZlebelia aseve is, rom es erovneba Tavis Tavdapirvel

sacxovrisad (igulisxmeba mcire azia) gasvlis Semdeg, droTa

viTarebaSi damkvidrda dasavleT evropaSi da aq daudo safuZveli

momavali germaniis cxovrebas.

`Togarma~ ... es saxeli kidev orjer gvxvdeba ezekielTan, rogorc

cxenebisa da virebis momwodebeli tireli vaWrebisaTvis (ezek. 27, 14.

38, 6). tradiciis Tanaxmad, romelic Semonaxulia mose xorenacisTan,

somxeTis mcxovrebTa mamamTavrad iTvleboda Togarmas Svili~ (ix.

`Òîëêîâàÿ Áèáëèÿ~, t. I, 1904. s. 70).

m s o f l i o e n a T a o j a x e b i

ramdenad Seefardeba mecnierul Tvalsazriss bibliaSi

gadmocemuli Txroba enaTa da xalxTa warmoqmnis Sesaxeb? amasTan

dakavSirebiT komentatori wers, rom genealogiuri cxrilebi

aRmosavleTis Zveli xalxebisaTvis warmoadgendnen yvelaze

mniSvnelovan da farTod gavrcelebul movlenas, umTavres da

TiTqmis erTaderT istorias warsulisas, is saimedod iyo daculi da

Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda.

bibliis genealogiuri cxrilebi, ueWvelad uZvelesi, warsulis

Zeglebia, wamosuli abramis epoqidan, Cans, TviT noes ojaxidan. axal

aRmoCenaTa wyalobiT, Tanamedrove mecnierebi ufro da ufro

37

rwmundebian xalxTa bibliuri cxrilebis sinamdvilesa da

simarTleSi, magaliTad, mas `Zvel msoflioSi xalxTa gansaxlebis

gansakuTrebiT Zveli, gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasi da sruli istoriis~

dokuments uwodebs cnobili frangi orientalisti lenormani da

ambobs, rom `mis sinamdviles gasaocrad adasturebs SedarebiTi

enaTmcodneoba da fiziologiuri gamokvleva sxvadasxva erisa~.

cxrili amtkicebs kacobriobis erTa erTobis WeSmaritebas, uCvenebs,

rom mTeli kacobrioba warmoiSva mxolod am sami (semi, qami, iafeti)

Stosagan, romelnic Tavis mxriv gamovidnen erTi saerTo Ziridan (ix.

`tolkovaia biblia~, peterburgi, 1904, gv. 68).

dabadeba meaTe TavSi CamoTvlis semitur, qamitur da iafetur

xalxebs, maT eTnarqebs da bolos ambobs: `es aris noes ZeTa

STamomavloba Tav-Tavisi modgmis mixedviT, Tav-Tavis xalxSi. maTgan

ganStovdnen xalxebi qveyanaze warRvnis Semdeg~ (dab. 10, 32).

Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebi semitur enaTa ojaxebs akuTvneben

asurul-babilonurs, anu aqadurs, Zvel ebrauls (anu bibliis enas),

finikurs, arameuls, siriuls, arabuls, eTiopurs.

qamitur enaTa ojaxs akuTvneben berberulsa da kuSitur enebs, Zvel

egvipturs, kopturs (S. ZiZiguri, saenaTmecniero saubrebi, 1982, gv. 98).

msoflios yvelaze farTod ganfenili enaTa ojaxia indoevropuli,

rogorc nabrZanebia _ `ganufarTos RmerTma iafeTs~, masSi Sedis

enaTa induri, iranuli, slavuri, baltikuri, germanuli, romanuli,

kelturi, berZnuli Stoebi, calkeuli enebi.

indoevropul enaTa ojaxSi Sedis 86-ze meti ena, ganfenilni

atlantis okeanidan indoeTisa da wynar okeanemde. am ojaxis enaTa

calkeul StoebSic aTeulobiT ena Sedis, magaliTad, romanul

(italikur) StoSi Sedis 13 ena, germanuli Stos sxvadasxva jgufSi _

11 ena, indur StoSi _ 12 ena, aseve iranulsa da sxva StoebSi,

miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli enebi amJamad Zlier daSorebulni

arian erTmaneTs, mecnierebi gamokvlevebis Sedegad mividnen

daskvnamde, rom aRniSnuli enebi warmoSobilni arian erTi

indoevropuli fuZe enis diferenciaciis, daSla-danawevrebis Sedegad.

isini aRniSnul monaTesave enaTa SejerebiT da SedarebiT rwmundebian

rom, miuxedavad droTa viTarebiT gamowveuli cvlilebisa, maT

SeinarCunes saerTo struqturuli niSnebi. mecnierTa daskvniT, fuZe

indoevropul enas Tavdapirvelad gamoeyvnen winareitalikebis,

winarebaltielebis, winaregermanelebis, indoiranelebis, xeTebisa da

sxvaTa enebi, romelnic Semdgom Tavis mxriv daiSalnen calkeul

enebad. xalxTa uzarmazari indoevropuli jgufi Tavdapirvelad

warmoadgenda mTlian, jer kidev dauSlel gaerTianebas, romelic

saerTo enaze metyvelebda. saerTo fuZe indoevropuli ena mecnierTa

38

TvalsazrisiT daunawevrebeli saxiT arsebobda `Cvens eramde IV

aTaswleulSi~, unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi RvTismetyvelis

Tanaxmad, msoflio warRvna moxda 3246 wels qristeSobamde,

qronologia faqtobrivad Tanmxvedria.

`msgavsadve yvela semitur enasa da yvela qamitur enas amJamad

erTmaneTisagan daSorebulsa da gantotvils, warsulSi gaaCndaT

saerTo fuZeena, romlisganac diferencirebis Sedegad warmodgnen

isini~. aseTia azri lingvistebisa. amas mowmobs enaTa da xalxTa

warmoSobis Sesaxeb wmida werilic.

`dabadeba~ sxva Tavdapirvel xalxTa Soris qarTvelTa winaprebs _

Tobels, mosoqsa da aseve Torgams, _ pirvel rigSi CamoTvlis.

Tobeli da mosoqi (mosoxi) iyvnen iafetis Zeni, xolo Torgami

iafetis Zis Ze iyo. SemTxveviT ar uwodebda lenormani bibliis

genealogiur sias msoflioSi xalxTa gansaxlebis srul istorias.

arc isaa SemTxveviTi, rom kaenis _ pirveli adamianis Zis Zeebsac _

iabeli, iubeli, Tubal-kaeni ewodebodaT. yvela amaT qarTvelur

tomTa winaprebad gulisxmobdnen gamoCenili istorikosebi. bibliis

genealogiuri cxrilis safuZvelze mkvlevarebs ufleba eZlevaT

ganacxadon, rom msoflios Tavdapirvel xalxTa Soris qarTvelTa

winaprebs eWiraT mniSvnelovani raodenobrivi wili. Tavis mxriv, am

mosazrebas ganamtkicebs lingvist mecnierTa Teoriebi, romlis

Tanaxmadac, indoevropul fuZeenaze gavlena mouxdenia

protoqarTvelur enas. marTlac, aTaswleulTa win, kacobriobis

gariJraJze, jer kidev dauyofel protoindoevropul enaze gavlenas

ver moaxdenda proqarTveluri, am enis matarebel eTnoss

mniSvnelovani adgili rom ar sWeroda mesopotamiasa da mcire aziaSi

_ kacobriobis Tavdapirvel samSobloSi. protoqarTvelur enas,

rogorc aRiniSna, urTierToba hqonia protosemiturTanac, es kidev

erTxel amtkicebs lenormanisa da sxva mecnierTa azrs bibliis

genealogiuri cxrilis istoriulobis Sesaxeb, agreTve im azrsac,

rom Tavdapirvel protoqarTvelebs mniSvnelovani adgili eWiraT

zemoaRniSnul regionSi.

winareindoevropul, winaresemitur da winareqarTvelur enaTa

sistemebis qronologiuri da arealuri urTierTdamokidebulebis

Sesaxeb weren: `indoevropul winare enis arealuri kontaqtebi

semitur da qarTvelur enebTan gamovlenili leqsikur nasesxobaTa

masalebiT kargad jdebian semitur da qarTvelur winare enaTa

sistemebis qronologiur da arealur ganawilebaTa CarCoebSi. saerTo

semituri enis arseboba unda mivakuTvnoT periods ara ugvianes IV

aTaswleulisa... rac qronologiurad emTxveva saerTo indoevropuli

enis daTariRebas. winaresemituris areali unda yofiliyo axlo

39

aRmosavleTis gansazRvruli olqi, sadac SeiZleboda hqonodaT

kontaqtebi semitur enebs, rogorc indoevropul winare enaTa

sistemebTan, aseve samxreT kavkasiur (qarTvelur) winare enis

sistemasTan~ (T. gamyreliZe, v. ivanov. `indoevropeiskii iazik i

indoevropeici~ t. II. 1984. s. 380).

p r o t o q a r T v e l u r i e n i s

m a t a r e b e l i e T n o s i s g a n s a x l e b a

babilonis godolis dacemis Semdeg enaTa aRrevis Sedegad

warmoqmnili Tavdapirveli xalxebi `gafanta ufalma RmerTma

dedamiwis zurgze~. Tavdapirvel xalxTa Soris, rogorc iTqva,

dabadeba asaxelebs qarTvelTa winaprebad miCneul Tobelsa da

mosoxs. isini sxva xalxebTan erTad, cxadia, unda wasuliyvnen yvela

xalxis saerTo samSoblodan _ mesopotamiidan _ qveynierebis

sxvadasxva kideSi, gafantuliyvnen dedamiwaze. SeZles Tu ara

protoqarTvelebma gafantvis Semdeg TavianTi eTnikuri saxis

SenarCuneba, romel qveyanaSi Cans maTi kvali? es sakiTxi yovelTvis

ainteresebdaT eklesiis mamebs, aseve istorikosebs, lingvistebs,

bibliis komentatorebs. Zvel samyaroSi, jer kidev qristeSobamde,

espanel da kavkasiel iberebs erTi warmoSobis xalxad Tvlidnen.

Rirsi mama ioane mTawmideli espaneTs qarTvelebiT dasaxlebulad

miiCnevda.

XIII-XIV saukuneTa istorikoss nikifore qsantopuloss, romelsac

aqvs 18 wignisagan Semdgari `saeklesio istoria~, miaCnda, rom

saqarTvelos iberebi `ispaniis iberTagan arian gadmosaxlebulni~

(georgika, VII, 1966), kidev ufro adre qarTvelTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb

werdnen eklesiis mamebi. iberTa, anu qarTvelTa sacxovrisis Sesaxeb

mogviTxroben eklesiis istorikosebi evsevi kesarieli (260-340),

sokrati sqolastikosi, gelasi kesarieli, rufinusi (IV-V ss.) da

sxvebi.

amJamad sabolood damtkicebulia, rom qarTvelebi wina aziis Zvel

mkvidr mosaxleobas ekuTvnian, isini naTesaurad iyvnen

dakavSirebulni msoflios uZveles kulturul mosaxleobasTan, ufro

metic, `cnobil mecnierebs fr. homels, ed. maiers, kiperts, leman-

haupts, lenormans, akad. n. mars, akad. turaevs da sxvebs araerTxel

aRuniSnavT, rom qarTveli tomebi memkvidreni arian Sumerebis,

40

xeTebis, mitanelebis, xaldebisa da sxva, romlebic wina aziis

uZvelesi xalxebi iyvnen da romlebmac Seqmnes sakacobrio kulturis

yvelaze adrindeli kerebi. amgvarive mosazreba ganaviTara da

mravalmxrivi faqtiuri masalebis moSveliebiT kidev ufro daasabuTa

Tavis SromebSi akad. iv. javaxiSvilma~ (S. mesxia, simon janaSia, 1950,

gv. 39).

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, enaTmecnierebaSi arsebobs Teoria, romlis

Tanaxmadac, indoevropuli fuZe enis matarebeli eTnosi

xmelTaSuazRvispireTsa da wina aziaSi Semovida romeliRac mxridan.

manamde es mxareebi (e.i. wina aziis, pirineis, apeninis, balkaneTis

naxevarkunZulebi) dasaxlebulni iyvnen araindoevropuli enis

matarebeli tomebiT. akademikosma Tamaz gamyreliZem, rogorc

aRniSnuli iyo, wamoayena axali Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac

indoevropelebi qristeSobamde IV aTaswleulSi wina aziaSi

cxovrobdnen, warmoadgendnen jer kidev aradiferencirebul, mTlian

gaerTianebas, romelic metyvelebda saerTo enaze. Semdgom maTgan

warmosdgnen (dayofis Sedegad) winare italikebi, winare baltielebi,

winare germanelebi, indoiranelebi, xeTebi, momavali slavebi da

sxvebi. gansakuTrebiT isaa aRsaniSnavi, rom am winare indoevropul

enas urTierToba hqonia winare qarTvelur da winare semitur enebTan,

amitomac qarTveluri da semituri winare enebidan usesxebia bevri

sityva. Tu am Teorias SevadarebT n. maris Teorias, davinaxavT

garkveul msgavsebas. n. maris mixedviT, qarTvelur-kavkasiur-

mediteranuli enebi warmoadgendnen im substrats, romelzedac

aRmocendnen da gaiSalnen indoevropelebi _ `...indoevropelebi

arsaidan ar mosulan, aramed isini... igive iafetelebi arian da ind-

oevropuli enebi iafeturi enebis Semdgomi safexuri, maTi

transformaciaa axal stadiaze~. Tamaz gamyreliZis Tanaxmadac,

indoevropelebi `arsaidan ar mosulan~, maTi winare samSoblo wina

aziaa, sadac maT urTierToba hqoniaT qarTvelurTan, anu n. maris

mixedviT `iafeturTan~.

indoevropul winareenas, Tanaxmad T. gamyreliZisa, urTierToba

hqonia ara marto winareqarTvelurTan, aramed winaresemiturTanac. n.

maris Tanaxmadac qarTvelurs urTierToba hqonia semiturTan. da

radganac qarTvelurs, anu iafeturs mWidro kavSiri hqonda

indoevropulTan, semiturTan misi dakavSirebiT gamomzeurda enaTa

`msoflio kavSiris idea~. n. mari `...qarTuli da semituri enebis~

naTesaobas cxadyofs da amiT ki msoflio kavSiris ideas amzeurebs~

(d. karbelaSvili, n. maris saiubileo krebuli, 1934. gv. XVIII).

n. mari ar gamoricxavda kavkasiis iafeturi enebis

kavSirurTierTobas qamitur enebTanac, is ambobda _ `CvenTvis,

41

romlebic iafeturi enaTmecnierebis Teoriis mTeli sistemis agebisas

amovdivarT iafeturi enebis semiturTan naTesaobis faqtobrivi

monacemebidan, gasagebia, gamoricxuli ar aris kavkasiis Zireuli

enebis, e.i. kavkasiis iafeturi enebis, kavSirurTierToba qamitur

enebTan...~. aqedan Cans, rom baskologiaSi adre gamoTqmuli hipoteza

qamitur enebTan baskuris naTesaobisa n. marisaTvis misaRebia

(gavixsenoT magaliTad, hugo Suxardtis debuleba: baskuri enaTesaveba

erTsa da imave dros qarTvelur-kavkasiurs da qamituri modgmis

enebs)... (S. ZiZiguri, baskur-kavkasiuri problema, gv. 65).

n. maris `msoflio kavSiris idea~ qarTulis meSveobiT albaT aseTi

saxiT gamoisaxeba (ix. sqema):

iafetur enaTa ojaxi, n. maris Tanaxmad, moicavda dedamiwis vrcel

regions, xmelTaSuazRvispireTs, kavkasias, pamirs, afrikas (d.

karbelaSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. XXXVIII).

marTlac, enaTmecnierebis mniSvnelovani nawili gamowvlilviTi

gamokvlevebis Sedegad ar gamoricxavs qarTulis, anda fuZe

qarTveluri enis kavSirs wina aziis uZveles xalxebTan, SumerebTan,

protoxeTebTan, xuritebTan, aseve pelasgur-etruskul-iberiul

enobriv samyarosTan. amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom babilonis

godolis dacemis Semdgom protoqarTveluri enis matarebeli eTnosis

erTi nawili darCa wina aziaSi, xolo sxvebi gaifantnen dedamiwis

zurgze, kerZod, dasaxldnen kavkasiaSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTis

qveynebSi, balkaneTSi, apeninisa Tu pirineis naxevarkunZulze. maT,

rogorc enaTmecnierTa monacemebidan Cans, SeunarCunebiaT TavianTi

eTnikuri saxe da garkveul dromde enac.

simon janaSiam pirvelqarTuli eTnosis Sesaxeb Camoayaliba Tavisi

koncefcia _ `uZveles droSi, daaxloebiT eqvsi aTasi wlis winaT,

wina aziis uzarmazar miwa-wyalze da samxreT evropaSic (balkaneTi,

apeninisa da pirineis naxevarkunZulebi) erTi modgmis xalxebi

cxovrobdnen. Semdeg am modgmis xalxTa adgilsamyofeli TandaTan

izRudeboda. Zv.w.aR-is II aTaswleulis damdegisaTvis wina aziis

mkvidri xalxebidan cnobili iyvnen xeTebi da subarebi. xeTi subarebi

qarTvel tomTa winaprebi arian. xeTebi mcire aziaSi mosaxleobdnen,

subarebs ki eWiraT teritoria CrdiloeT mesopotamiidan moyolebuli

kavkasionamde. am xeTa-miTanis samefoebis xanaSi kavkasiis miwa-wyali

xeTur-subaruli modgmis mosaxleobas ekava. ...xeTur-subaruli

mosaxleoba mraval wvril samTavrod daiqsaqsa. xeTur-subaruli

tomebidan ufro Zlierni yofilan muskebi, mermindeli mesxebi, IX

saukuneSi ki yvelaze energiul brZolebs asurelebs Tubalebi

umarTavdnen. Zv.w.aR-is IX-VII ss. xeTur-subarulma tomebma axali

Zlieri saxelmwifo Seqmnes _ urartu. aqve, mezoblad arsebobda

42

xeTur-subaruli samefo mana...~ s. janaSias koncefciam Zlieri gavlena

iqonia... samecniero literaturaSi damkvidreba iwyo mis mier

Semotanilma terminebma: `xeTur-iberiuli xalxebis jgufi~ (pireneis

iberebi, etruskebi apeninis naxevarkunZulze) balkaneTis pelazgebi,

Sumerebi, xeTebi da subarebi (xuritebi), urartu, muSqebi da Tabali,

qarTvelebi da sxva kavkasieli xalxebi~ da a.S. (g. meliqiSvili,

`qarTvelebi, maTi warmomavlobis sakiTxi~, saq. ist. narkv. I, gv. 327).

simon janaSias Teoria CvenTvis imiTaa saintereso, rom erTmaneTis

monaTesave `xeTur-iberiuli~ xalxebi wina aziidan, TavianT

Tavdapirveli samSoblodan gavrcelebulan dasavleTisaken _ afrikis

CrdiloeT sanapiroze da samxreT evropaSi _ `evropaSi am

gvartomobis xalxebi win uswrebdnen Semdeg mosul indoevropelebs,

romelTac damxvduri mosaxleobisa da misi kulturis Zlieri gavlena

ganicades. ase iyo pirineis, anu iberiis naxevarkunZulze, sadac Zveli

iberiuli mosaxleobis STamomavalni, baskebad wodebulni, dRemde

arian SemorCenilni. aseve moxda apeninis naxevarkunZulze, sadac

etruskebma Seqmnes italiis uZvelesi civilizacia, romelmac Semdgom

mZlavri zemoqmedeba iqonia romis kulturaze. dasasrul, balkaneTis

naxevarkunZulze gvian mosul indoevropel berZnebsac pelazgebis

dawinaurebuli mosaxleoba daxvdaT.

am xalxTa mier Seqmnil maRali kulturis keraTagan yvelaze ufro

mniSvnelovnad winaaziuri kerebi unda CaiTvalos. wina aziaSi ...adre

Caisaxa saxelmwifoebrioba. evfratisa da tigrosis auzTa qvemo

nawilSi Sumerebma (Semeberebma) jer kidev Zv.w.aR-is IV aTaswleulSi

ganaviTares saqalaqo cxovreba, safuZveli Cauyares saxelmwifos da

gamoigones msoflioSi uZvelesi damwerloba _ jer ieroglifuri,

xolo Semdgom lursmuli~ (s. janaSia, Sromebi, t. V, 1987, gv. 20).

damoukideblad imisgan, namdvilad aqvs Tu ara qarTul enas

genetikuri kavSiri wina aziis uZveles enebTan, mecnierTa mier

dadasturebulia, rom xuritebis, xeTebisa da urartuelebis

garkveuli nakadi Serwymia qarTvel ers _ `enobrivi monacemebi

cxadyofs, rom qarTvel tomebSi unda gaTqvefiliyo da qarTveli

xalxis SemadgenlobaSi unda Sesuliyo ZvelaRmosavluri

civilizaciis Semqmneli, samxreTSi mcxovrebi xalxebis (xuritebis,

xeTebis, urartulebis) garkveuli nakadi. amisi nakvalevi Tavs iCens

qarTvelTa enaSi~ (g. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 357). amdenad

qarTvelebs ufleba aqvT TavianTi Tavi maT memkvidreebad miiCnion.

qristeSobamde III aTaswleulSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli TrialeTis

Sua brinjaos xanis kulturis Zlieri kavSiri Sumerul samyarosTan

mkvlevarebs afiqrebinebs, rom winaaziuri warmoSobis zogierTma

tomma saqarTveloSi SemoaRwia (iqve, gv. 353). `TrialeTis kulturas

43

metad mkafio paralelebi moepoveba ara marto Crdilo-dasavleT

iranis materialur kulturaSi, aramed xeTur samyaroSic~ (iqve, gv.

354). saerTod TrialeTis kulturis gamoCenas amierkavkasiaSi

ukavSireben xuritebis tomis eqspansias (iqve, gv. 354). arqeologiac

emxroba zemomotanil azrs.

dadasturebuli faqtia qarTul-indoevropuli enobrivi siaxlove,

Tumca ki qarTuli enaTa damoukidebel ojaxs ganekuTvneba, es imiTaa

saintereso, rom wina aziis uZvelesi mosaxleoba indoevropelebi

aRmoCndnen, qarTvelebs mWidro kontaqtebi hqoniaT maTTan, imdenad,

rom uZveles qarTvelur enas Zlieri transformacia ganucdia

indoevropuli substratis gavleniT. fiqroben, rom es garemoeba

Sedegia im xangrZlivi da mWidro kontaqtebisa, romelTac adgili

unda hqonoda uZveles xanebSi qarTvelur tomebsa da uZveles

indoevropul dialeqtebze molaparake tomebs Soris (g. meliqiSvili,

dasax. naSr. gv. 345).

yuradRebas ipyrobs garkveuli msgavseba qarTvel da Zvel

anatoliur indoevropul (xeTur, luviur, palaur) enebs Soris (ix. g.

giorgaZe, indoevropul-qarTul (qarTvelur) enobrivi paralelebis

xasiaTis Sesaxeb, saenaTmecniero krebuli 1979, gv. 62).

saerTo anatoliuri indoevropuli fuZeenis daSlis procesi

dawyebula gvarovnuli wyobis dros III aTaswleulSi qristeSobamde,

anatoliaSive (iqve, gv. 67). nesitebi TandaTan gavrcelebulan

centralur da aRmosavleT anatoliaSi, romelic manamde

dasaxlebuli iyo xeTebis (protoxeTebis) tomebiT (zogierTi

mecnieris azriT, swored protoxeTebs hqoniaT kavSiri qarTvelebTan).

nesitur-xaturi urTierTobis dros, romelic gagrZelda aseulobiT

wlobiT, protoxeTuri ena STanTqa nesiturma, romelmac Tavis mxriv

ganicada garkveuli cvlileba (fonetikaSi, leqsikaSi, morfologiaSi).

Serevis da Sejvarebis Sedegad indoevropelebisa da xeTebis tomebs

Soris Camoyalibda xeTuri eTnosi. daaxloebiT XVII saukuneSi

qristemde Seqmnilma xeTurma samefom mTlianad SeiTvisa

protoxeTebis mdidari tradiciebi (iqve, gv. 67).

Tavis mxriv, xeTur saxelmwifosTan urTierToba unda hqonoda

pirvel qarTul saxelmwifoebs (politikur warmonaqmnebs) _ diauxis

(daianis _ asiriuli wyaroebiT) da kulxas _ Woroxisa da dasavleT

evfratis yara-sus raionebSi, sadac ZvelTaganve cxovrobdnen

qarTuli tomebi, isinive iyvnen samxreTuli periferiebi

pirvelqarTuli saxelmwifoebisa. arsebobs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom

am olqebSi, SeiZleba samxreTiT an samxreT-dasavleTiT, ZvelTaganve

imyofeboda ZiriTadi teritoria saerTo qarTveluri fuZeenis

matarebeli tomisa, romlisgan TandaTan gamoiyvnen sxvadasxva

44

dialeqturi erTeulebi (svanuri, megruli, Wanuri). ivaraudeba aseve

urTierToba ara xeTebsa da qarTvel tomebs, aramed ufro adre

saerTo anatoliur indoevropul enobriv erTeulsa da

saerToqarTuls Soris.

simon janaSia protoxeTebs, anu xatebs qarTvelTa uSualo

winaprebad miiCnevda wina aziis sxva Zvel tomebTan erTad. is werda _

`mTeli wina aziis teritoria uZveles xanaSi dasaxlebulia iseTi

xalxebiT, romelTac ara aqvT araviTari kavSiri arc

indoevropelebTan, arac semitebTan, arc Turqul-monRolur tomebTan.

yvelaze mniSvnelovanni wina aziis am uZveles xalxTagan arian

sumerebi, xatebi anu xetebi, mitanelebi, urartus (vanis) qaldebi da

sxvebi. swored am xalxebma Seqmnes kacobriobis uZvelesi kulturuli

kera... Semdeg es xalxebi TiTqos qrebian, nuTu ukvalod? ra Tqma unda

ara. sxva tomebis mowolis gamo isini icvlian teritorias da axal-

axal kerebs qmnidnen. yvelaze samxreTiT mdebare raionebidan maT

amoiwies mcire aziasa da mesopotamiaSi, aqedan Savi zRvis samxreT

sanapiroebsa da vanis tbis raionSi, iqidan kidev Tanamedrove

amierkavkasiaSi. satomo saxelebis istoria am mxriv did sayuradRebo

masalas Seicavs~ (s. janaSia, t. III, 1959, gv. 194).

rogorc vxedavT, s. janaSia amierkavkasiis mkvidr mosaxleobas

(upirvelesad, cxadia, qarTvelebs) miiCnevs adgilmonacvlebuli

Sumerebis, xatebis, mitanelebisa da urartuelebis STamomavlebad. es

xalxebi, misi azriT, saerTo warmoSobisa SeiZleboda yofiliyvnen.

safiqrebelia, rom kavSiri arsebobs xatebis, xaldebis, anu

qaldebis, xalibebis saxelebs Soris. Zveli berZeni mwerlebi

pirdapir amboben, rom xaldebi winaT xalibebad iwodebodneno. Semdeg

sayuradReboa, rom xaldebi cxovrobdnen, rogorc Savi zRvis samxreT

sanapiroze, ise vanis tbis garSemo. cxadia, es erTi xalxis ori Sto

unda iyos.

aseve sayuradReboa asurul warwerebSi moxsenebuli muskebisa da

kaskebis saxelebi. muskebi arian mermindeli mosxebi an mesxebi. kaskebi

kidev kolxebi, rogorc es aRniSnulia ukve prof. iv. javaxiSvilis

mier. mesxebisa da kolxebis ambavi yvelasTvis cnobilia. friad

sarwmunoa iberebis kavSiri tibarenebTan da tabal-TobalTan. aseve

safiqrebelia, rom termini `qarTveli~ dakavSirebulia qald-Tan (iqve,

gv. 195).

arnold Ciqobavas daskvniT, rac ufro Sors vixedebiT qarTveluri

da sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis istoriul warsulSi, miT ufro

xelSesaxebi xdeba am enaTa warmoSobiTi kavSiri wina aziisa da

SuamdinareTis Zveli civilizaciis enebTan (urartulTan,

huritulTan, xeTurTan, ulamurTan, SumerulTan). S. ZiZiguris azriT,

45

`mecnierebaSi dgas sakiTxi winaelinuri (pelasgur-anatoliuri)

kulturis Semqmnel xalxebTan iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis kavSiris

Sesaxeb. jer kidev adre SeamCnies, rom berZnul enaSi gamoiyofa fena,

romelic ar aixsneba indoevropuli enebis safuZvelze. maSasadame, es

danaleqi unda ganekuTvnebodes xmelTaSua zRvis uZveles mkvidrTa

samyaros... winaberZnuli egeosuri enebis amocnobis gzebi miimarTeba

iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisaken, kerZod qarTveluri enebis

samyarosaken~ (baskur-kavkasiuri problema, gv. 51).

egeosuri mosaxleobis istoriis sakiTxebis mkvlevaris, r.

gordezianis azriT, Sexvedrebi iberiul-kavkasiur da egeosur enebs

Soris namdvilad mniSvnelovania, aseve egeosur-anatoliur

geografiul saxelebs garegnulad TiTqmis zusti paralelebi aqvT

kavkasiurTan, kerZod ki qarTul toponimikasTan (ix. r. gordeziani,

`iliada~ da egeosuri mosaxleobis istoriisa da eTnogenezis

sakiTxebi, 1970, gv. 299-301).

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs _ uZvelesi qarTuli eTnosis migracias

xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebSi exeba mecnieri sxva SromaSic _

etruskulis kavkasiurTan da baskurTan mimarTebisas igi varaudobs,

rom Zv.w.aR-is III aTaswleulis miwurulSi kavkasiidan italiaSi

saberZneTis gavliT gadasaxlebula kavkasiur tomTa erTi nawili,

romelsac Seuqmnia e.w. kavkasiuri substrati Semdgom formirebuli

etruskulisaTvis (r. gordeziani, etruskuli da qarTveluri, 1980, gv.

6).

etruskul-qarTvelur mravalricxovan enobriv paralelebs r.

gordeziani akavSirebs xalxTa migraciasTan, `gansakuTrebiT ki

kavkasiur tomTa mZlavr gadasaxlebebTan egeidasa da dasavleT

xmelTaSuazRvis auzSi adre brinjaos xanis dasawyisSi~ (iqve, gv. 6).

misi azriT, e.w. kavkasiur-pelazguri Sre italiaSi qristeSobamde II

aTaswleulSi dawyebul migracias unda Seetana, `isini

dakavSirebulni unda yofiliyvnen e.w. apeninis kulturis

damkvidrebasTan italiaSi... Tavis mxriv TviT Sua heladuri kulturis

warmoqmna Cven migvaCnia egeidaSi kavkasiuri, upiratesad qarTveluri

tomebis migraciis Sedegad Zv.w.aR-is II aTaswleulis damdegs. rogorc

irkveva, maT egeosur samyaroSi Semoitanes aSkarad qarTveluri

komponenti, rac winare berZnul enobriv samyaroSi aTobiT wminda

qarTveluri struqturis sityvisa da terminis arsebobiT dasturdeba,

rogorc Cans, es talRa Zv.w.aR-is II aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi

gavrcelda dasavleT xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi, risi Sedegic unda iyos

aq Suaheladuri tipis kulturebis aRmoceneba da pelazgur-kavkasiuri

enobrivi elementebis gavrceleba. swored migraciaTa am talRam

moumzada, Cvenis azriT, safuZveli Semdgom formirebul etruskul

46

enas. rogorc Cveni gamokvlevebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, pelazgur-

qarTveluri elementebi albaT yvelaze ufro arsebiTia etruskulSi~

(r. gordeziani, etruskuli da qarTveluri, gv. 60).

sabolood, albaT unda iTqvas, rom babilonis godolis daqcevis

Semdgom warmoqmnil enaTa da xalxTa Soris arsebobda

protoqarTveluri enac, es cnobilia bibliis uZvelesi

komentatorebisTvisac, romelnic iafetis ZeTa Soris qarTvelTa

winaprebsac asaxeleben. protoqarTveluri eTnosi, sakmaod

mravalricxovani yofila, rac iqidan Cans, rom TviT warRvnamdec

kaenis bolo STamomavalTa Soris lameqis Zeebs ewodaT iabeli (IV,

20), iubali da Tubal-kaeni. mecnierTa erTi nawili, saxelebidan

gamomdinare (aq unda gavixsenoT, rom iafetis Ze Tubali _ qarTvelTa

mamamTavrad iTvleboda) maT miiCnevdnen qarTuli tomebis

mosaxeleebad. iabels _ karavSi mcxovrebTa da mejogeTa mamas,

iubals _ meCangeTa da mestvireTa mamas, Tubal-kaens _ rvalisa da

rkinis saWurvelTa mWedels, maTi azriT, saxelebi SerqmeviaT

ZvelqarTul tomTa saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT. warRvnas isini ver

gadaurCnen, magram maTi saxelebisa da Tobelis saxelis msgavseba

mecnierebs afiqrebinebT, rom protoqarTveluri eTnosi sakmaod

mravalricxovani iyo uZveles epoqaSi. godolis daSlis Semdeg,

qarTvelTa winaprebi, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, gavrcelebulan

qveynierebis sxvadasxva kideSi, SuamdinareTidan _ wina aziasa da

kavkasiisaken, xmelTaSuazRvispira qveynebSi, Crdilo afrikaSi. maT

yvelgan safuZveli daudviaT Sesabamisi kulturebisaTvis, romelnic

Semdgom auTvisebiaT sxvebs.

a R T q m a R m e r T i s a e r T a n

dedamiwis zurgze gafantvis Semdgom adamianebma TandaTan daiviwyes

TavianTi winaprebisagan gagonili da naswavli gadmocemebi RmerTze,

amas xels isic uwyobda, rom siSorisa Tu urTierTqiSpis gamo

xalxebs Soris misvla-mosvla da kavSiri Semcirebuli, anda

Sewyvetili iyo. WeSmariti RmerTis daviwyebis Semdgom gavrcelda

crumorwmuneoba, zeciuri da qveyniuri qmnilebebis Tayvaniscema,

amitomac erTi uxilavi RmerTis magier Tayvani sces mraval cru

`RmerTs~, maT gamosaxulebebs _ kerpebs emsaxurebodnen da msxverpls

swiravdnen maT.

TandaTan kerpTayvanismcemlad iqca msoflios yvela xalxi,

amitomac ufalma ineba dedamiwaze yofiliyo erTi xalxi mainc,

47

romelSic daculi iqneboda WeSmariti sarwmunoeba, romelsac

ecodineboda igi da Tayvans scemda mas da mxolod mas.

ufalma ineba aseTi eri warmoeSva erTi kacis _ abramis

STamomavlobisagan. abrami WeSmariti RmerTis madidebeli iyo,

warmoSobiT Suamdinareli, misi mamis samSoblo qveyana iyo qaldea,

qalaqi uri. am droisaTvis qaldea erqva qveyanas tigrossa da evfrats

Soris TiTqmis sparseTis yuredan babilonamde. aq, rogorc aRniSnuli

iyo, cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva epoqaSi jer Sumerebi, Semdgom xuritebi

da protoqarTvelebis monaTesaved miCneuli sxvadasxva tomebi

semitebTan erTad. CvenTvis sainteresoa, rom qaldea ufro mogvianebiT

ewodeboda dRevandeli saqarTvelos mezoblad mdebare qveynebsac _

urartudan pontos CaTvliT gadaSlil mxares. urartuelTa uzenaes

RmerTs `xald~ _ qald ewodeboda da isini TavianT Tavs

qaldevelebad miiCnevdnen. `safiqrebelia, rom termini `qarTveli~

dakavSirebulia qald-Tan da misi meSveobiT, sxva amave Ziris

winaaziur uZveles saxelebTan~, _ werda s; janaSia (t. III, 1959, gv. 195).

saxel qaldeas ivane javaxiSvilic akavSirebda qarTvelebTan.

`dakvirvebam dagvarwmuna, rom qarT-megruli Stos tomebis sakuTar

saxelebSi (qarTueli, karduxi) erTi da igive qveynis saxeli gvxvdeba.

igi aris qarTu anu kardu. raki am qveynis saxeli orive Stos tomebis

saxelwodebaSi moipoveba, ueWvelia igi qarTvelebis Tavdapirveli

samSoblo unda yofiliyo. am samSoblos xsovna mesame Stos

warmomadgenels, svanebsac aqvT SerCenili _ es karTu anu qarTu

ganTqmuli qveyana qaldea aris~ (qarTveli eris istoria, I, 1951, gv.

403-404).

ase rom, qaldea ara marto abraamis winaparTa samSobloa, is

qarTvelTa pirvelsamSoblodac SeiZleba CaiTvalos. aseTi versiis

arseboba unda miuTiTebdes, rom qaldevelTa qveyana semitebTan erTad

albaT qarTvelTa monaTesave, anda protoqarTveluri tomiTac iyo

dasaxlebuli.

rogorc wina Tavidanac Canda, SuamdinareTSi qarTvelTa monaTesave

tomebs qristeSobamde aTaseuli wlebiT adre daculi hqondaT mcire

marcvali WeSmariti sarwmunoebisa. qaldevelTa urSi mcxovreb abrams

ki hqonda Seuryeveli sarwmunoeba RmerTze.

`mohkida xeli Teraxma Tavis Zes abrams, Tavis SviliSvil lots,

haranis Zes, Tavis rZals sarais, Tavisi Zis abramis cols da gavidnen

erTad qaldevelTa uridan qanaanis qveyanaSi wasasvlelad. miadgnen

xarans da iq damkvidrnen~ (dab. 11, 31).

qaldevelTa urs, sadac cxovrobda mama abramisa Tarra anu Teraxi,

Cveulebriv aigiveben samxreT mesopotamiis qalaq urTan, saidanac is

ojaxTan erTad gadasaxlebula qalaq xarranSi mesopotamiis Crdilo

48

nawilSi. igi iqve gardaicvala. rogorc aRiniSna, mesopotamiaSi

sazogadod saukuneTa manZilze sxvadasxva xalxebi cxovrobdnen.

istorikosTa Tanaxmad, qristeSobamde IV-III aTaswleulSi aq

mcxovrebma Sumerebma Seqmnes pirveli qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi (eridu,

uri, uruki, lagaSi, nipuri). Semdgom aq Semodian semituri tomebi,

romlebmac aiTvises SumerTa kultura. qristemde III aTaswleulSi aq

sargon mefem Seqmna erTiani semituri mesopotamiis momcveli

saxelmwifo _ aqadi. amave III aTaswleulSi aq SeiWrnen kvlav semituri

_ amorevelTa tomebi, maT mier Seqmnili saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi iyo

babiloni. Zvelbabilonuri saxelmwifos Semqmneladaa miCneuli mefe

xamurabi _ kanonmdebeli. xamurabianTa dinastia daamxes xeTurma

tomebma 1530 wels qristeSobamde. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi

mesopotamiaSi gamoCndnen xuritebi, saxelmwifo miTanis Semqmnelebi.

xuritebi, istorikosTa erTi nawilis Tanaxmad, qarTvelTa

winaprebadaa miCneuli, iseve rogorc zogierTi xeTuri tomi da

gansakuTrebiT protoxeTebi. abraamis mamis _ Tarras _ qaldevelTa

uridan gamosvlis droisaTvis qaldea, marTlac qarTvelTa winapari

tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli.

msoflio warRvnis Semdeg ufalma RmerTma aRTqma dado, anu kavSiri

Sekra mTel kacobriobasTan _ noes saSualebiT. Semdgom abraamis

saSualebiT _ adamianTa TanamonaTesave jgufTan, xolo sinas mTaze

ufali RmerTi daukavSirda mxolod da mxolod erT xalxs, iakobis

STamomavlebs _ israelTa Svilebs. man misca maT kanoni, gadaaqcia is

Tavis rCeul erad.

xaranSi yofnisas, abraami (maSin jer kidev abrami erqva) iRebs

RvTisagan brZanebas _ `uTxra ufalma abraams: wadi Seni qveynidan,

Seni samSoblodan, mamaSenis saxlidan im qveyanaSi, romelsac me

giCveneb. gaqcev did xalxad, gakurTxeb da ganvadideb Sens saxels da

kurTxeuli iqnebi. vakurTxeb Sens makurTxebels da davwyevli Sens

mawyevars. kurTxeuli iqneba SenSi miwierTa mTeli modgma~ (dab. 12.1-3).

`uTxra ufalma abrams mas Semdeg, rac loti gaeyara: aaxile Tvali

da gaixede am adgilidan, sadac Sen dgaxar, CrdiloeTisaken,

samxreTisaken, aRmosavleTisaken da dasavleTisaken. mTeli es qveyana,

rasac xedav, SenTvisa da Seni modgmisaTvis momicia samaradisod.

qviSasaviT uricxvs gavxdi Sens STamomavlobas. Tu vinme SesZlebs

qviSis daTvlas, Seni STamomavlobac daiTvleba~ (dab. 13. 14-16).

Semdgomi sityva aRTqmisa azustebs wina aRTqmebis monacemebs: `am

dRes daudo ufalma aRTqma abrams da uTxra: Seni

STamomavlobisaTvis mimicia es qveyana egviptis mdinaridan did

mdinaremde _ evfratis mdinaremde...~ (dab. 15. 18).

49

Semdeg kidev ufro gamowvlilviTaa Camoyalibebuli _

`oTxmocdacxra wlis iyo abrami, rom gamoecxada ufali abrams da

uTxra: me var RmerTi Zlieri. iare Cems winaSe da sruli iyavi. davdeb

aRTqmas Cemsa da Sens Soris da didad, didad gagamravleb. pirqve

daemxo abrami da ase elaparaka mas RmerTi: `es me var, da aha, Cemi

aRTqmac: `uamrav xalxTa mama Seiqmnebi! aRar gerqvas ameridan

saxelad abrami, aramed abraami iyos Seni saxeli, radganac uamrav

xalxTa mamad gaqcev. didad, didad gagamravleb, xalxebad gaqcev da

mefeni gamovlen Sengan. davdeb aRTqmas Cemsa da Sens Soris da Sens

STamomavalTa Soris Taobidan Taobamde, samaradiso aRTqmas, rom

Seni da Seni STamomavlobis RmerTi viqnebi. mogcem Sen da Sens

STamomavlobas Seni mdgmurobis qveyanas, qanaanis mTels qveyanas,

samaradiso sakuTrebad da Tqveni RmerTi viqnebi. uTxra RmerTma

abraams: oRond daicaviT Cemi aRTqma Sen da Senma STamomavlobam

Taobidan Taobamde~... (dab. 17. 1-9). aRTqmis piroba iyo winadacveTa

abraamisa da misi STamomavlobisa. winadacveTiloba iyo niSani RvTis

xalxis kuTvnilebisa.

abraami 100 wlisa iyo, roca saram, RvTis dapirebis Tanaxmad, Sva Ze,

romelsac uwodes isaaki. manamde abraams saras nebiT mxeval agarTan

eyola ismaili _ ismaitelTa mamamTavari, aseve xeTTurasTan hyavda _

madiani, madianelTa mamamTavari. isaakma SeirTo rebeka, romelmac Sva

tyupi vaJebi esavi _ edomelTa mamamTavari da iakobi _ israelianTa

mamamTavari. marTalia, esavi pirmSo iyo, magram iakobma Tavisi

moxerxebiT miiRo pirmSoeba da mamis kurTxevac. amis Semdeg gaeqca

esavis risxvas. gaemarTa mesopotamiaSi, xaranis sanaxebSi, dedis

naTesavebTan. gzaze dauRamda, daido lodi sasTumlad da dawva erT

adgils _ `esizmra: miwaze kibe dgas da TaviT cas swvdeba, uflis

angelozebi adi-Camodian kibeze. aha, ufali dgas kibeze da eubneba: me

var ufali RmerTi abraamisa, mamaSenisa da RmerTi isakisa. es miwa,

romelzedac wevxar, SenTvis da Seni STamomavlobisaTvis momicia.

Seni STamomavloba qviSasaviT mravalricxovani iqneba da ganivrcobi

dasavleTisaken, aRmosavleTisaken, CrdiloeTisaken da samxreTisaken,

SeniTa da Seni STamomavlobiT ikurTxeba miwierTa mTeli modgma. aha,

SenTana var da yvelgan dagifarav, sadac ki waxval, kvlav dagabruneb

am miwaze. ar migatoveb, vidre ar agisruleb yvelafers rac giTxari~

(dab. 28, 12-15). xarranSi iakobs SerTes lia da raxili, maTTan da

agreTve maT mxevlebTan iakobs eyola Tormeti vaJi da erTi qali,

maTgan warmoiSva israelis Tormeti tomi. Tavisi ojaxiT ukan

dabrunebisas iakobs `uTxra RmerTma: iakobia Seni saxeli, aRar

gerqmeva amieridan saxelad iakobi, aramed israeli iqneba Seni saxeli.

da uwoda saxelad israeli. uTxra RmerTma: me var RmerTi

50

yovladZlieri, inayofiere da gamravldi. xalxi da xalxTa krebuli

warmoiSoba Sengan da mefeni gamovlen Seni sazardulidan. qveyana,

romelic miveci abraams da isaks, SenTvis momicia, Seni

STamomavlobisaTvis momicia es qveyana~ (dab. 35, 10-12).

iakobis Zem _ iosebma _ egvipteSi gadidkacebis Semdgom qveynad

Camovardnili SimSilobis gamo mamamisi ojaxiT miiwvia maRZar

egvipteSi: `uTxra RmerTma israels Rameul xilvaSi: iakob, iakob!

miugo: aqa var. uTxra: me var RmerTi, RmerTi mamaSenisa. nu geSinia

egvipteSi Casvlis, radgan iq gaqcev did xalxad. me Cagyvebi egvipteSi,

meve amogiyvan iqidan da iosebi dagixuWavs Tvalebs sakuTari xeliT~

(dab. 46, 2-3).

egvipteSi Casvlis Semdgom iakobis ojaxi dasaxlda mdidar mxareSi,

ramdenime aseuli wlis Semdgom is iqca did xalxad, magram droTa

viTarebaSi egviptelTa monebi gaxdnen _ ``gamoxda mravali xani da

mokvda egviptis mefe. akvnesdnen mZime Sromisagan israelianebi,

gahkiodnen da miswvda maTi RaRadi RmerTs. moesma RmerTs maTi kvnesa

da gaixsena RmerTma abraamTan, isakTan da iakobTan dadebuli aRTqma.

moxeda RmerTma israelianebs da icno RmerTma isini~ (gam. 1. 23-25).

gamoiyvana ufalma israelianebi egviptidan da miiyvana aRTqmul

qveyanaSi. xalxis winamZRvroba ufalma daakisra winaswarmetyvelsa da

rjulmdebels.

mose Cvilobidanve izrdeboda sasaxleSi. is faraonis qaliSvilis

mier iyo naSvilebi, magram mowifulobisas gamoamJRavna egviptelTa

mier daCagruli Tavisi erisadmi siyvaruli da Tavdadeba. am dros

mokla zedamxedveli egvipteli da iZulebuli gaxda gaqceuliyo

egviptidan.

is gaemarTa sinas naxevarkunZulisaken, madiamelTa miwaze, iq

SeirTo coli da mwyemsavda cxvrebs. erTxel cxvari waasxa udabnos

iqiT da miadga RvTis mTas _ xorebs. `gamoecxada uflis angelozi

cecxlis alad Suagul mayvlovanSi. xedavs, cecxli ukidia

mayvlovans, magram ar iwvis mayvlis buCqi. Tqva mosem, mival da vnaxav

am didebul sanaxavs ratom ar iwvis mayvlovani. dainaxa ufalma rom

modis mose sanaxavad da dauZaxa Suagul mayvlovanidan: mose, mose!

miugo _ aqa var. uTxra: axlos nu moxval! gaiZre fexsamosi, radgan es

adgili, sadac Sen dgaxar wmida miwaa. uTxra: me var mamaSenis RmerTi.

saxe daifara mosem, radgan RvTis xilvisa SeeSinda. da Tqva ufalma:

vixile Cagvra Cemi erisa egvipteSi da momesma zedamxedvelebisagan

gamwarebuli RaRadi. raki gavige misi gasaWiri. Camovedi, rom vixsna

igi egviptelTagan da waviyvano mag qveynidan madliansa da vrcel

qveyanaSi, sadac Rvarad moedineba Tafli da rZe, qanaanelTa,

xeTelTa, amorevelTa, ferizevelTa, xivielTa da iebusevelTa

51

qveyanaSi. `aha, moiwia Cemamde israelianTa RaRadma da vixile maTi

Cagvra, rogor Cagraven maT egviptelebi. axla gagzavni faraonTan,

rom gamoiyvano egviptidan Cemi eri, israelianebi~ (gam. 3. 2-10).

kvlav uTxra ufalma moses israelianTa Sesaxeb _ `migiReT Cems

erad da viqnebi Tqveni RmerTi. gecodinebaT, rom me var ufali, Tqveni

RmerTi, egviptelTa kirTebisagan Tqveni gamomxsneli~ (gam. 6.7).

amis Semdgom ufali RmerTi `Cems ers~, `Cems xalxs~ uwodebs

israelianebs. mosem icoda, rom faraoni uars ityoda egviptidan

aseulaTasobiT muSis, anu ebraelTa gaSvebaze. ufali ambobs _ `ar

mogismenT faraoni. maSin xels movuWer egviptes da didi sasjelebis

ZaliT gamoviyvan Cems krebuls, Cems ers, israelianebs egviptis

qveynidan~ (gam. 7.4).

yoveli wardgomis dros mose faraons eubneboda: `ambobs ufali,

ebraelTa RmerTi: gauSvi Cemi xalxi, raTa memsaxuron~.

faraoni ar uSvebda ebraelebs, risTvisac aTi saswaulebrivi

sasjeliT daisaja egvipte, romelTa drosac ebraelebi uvnebelni

rCebodnen, Tanaxmad uflis sityvisa _ `gamovarCev Cem xalxs Seni

xalxisagan...~ (gam. 8. 23). isjeboda faraoni, Tumca ufali agebinebda

dasjis mizezs: `aqamde abuCad igdeb Cems ers da ar uSveb~ (gam. 9.17).

ebraelTa gauSveblobisaTvis egviptelebi sastikad daisajnen.

Tavzardacemulma faraonma gauSva uflis eri. eqvsasi aTasi kaci

qalebisa da bavSvebis garda gaemarTa mewamuli zRvisaken. win

miuZRodaT maT ufali, dRisiT Rrublis svetSi gzis saCveneblad,

RamiT cecxlis svetSi gzis gasanaTeblad. gons mosvlis Semdgom

egviptelebi ukan gaekidnen ebraelebs, mosem RvTis brZanebiT zRva

kverTxiT orad gahyo, ebraelebi mSrali zRvis fskeris gavliT

gavidnen meore napiras, faraoni ki Tavisi mxedrebiTa da etlebiT

kvlav kverTxis dakvriT SeerTebulma zRvam daaxrCo.

rogorc aRiniSna, aRTqma _ kavSiri _ ufal RmerTsa da mis ers

Soris egviptidan gamosvlis Semdgom daido.

egviptidan gamosvlis sami Tvis Semdgom mose Tavisi xalxiT miadga

sinais mTas.

`avida RmerTTan mose da mTidan CamosZaxa mas ufalma: ase uTxari

iakobis saxls da amcne israelianebs: Tqven naxeT, ra davmarTe

egviptes, rogor agitaceT arwivis frTebiT da CemTan migiyvaneT,

amieridan Tu SeismenT Cems sityvas da daicavT Cems aRTqmas, Cems

sakuTrebaT gamogarCevT yvela xalxisagan, radgan Cemia mTeli qveyana.

mRvdelTa samefod da wmida erad meyolebiT. ai, sityvebi, rac unda

uTxra israelianebs~ (gam. 19: 3-6).

yvela xalxisagan gamorCeulobisa da uflis erad qcevisTvis

israelianebs unda daecvaT aRTqma uflisa _ SeesminaT misi sityva.

52

`mRvdelTa samefod da wmida erad~ gamorCevisaTvis israelianebma

mzadyofna ganacxades _ `erTxmad miugo erma da uTxra: yvelafers

SevasrulebT, rac brZana ufalma. wauRo mosem ufals xalxis

naTqvami~ (gam. 19.8).

ufalma ubrZana moses moemzadebina xalxi RvTis gamocxadebisaTvis.

xalxi ori dRis manZilze iwmendda Tavs, Tavis tansacmels, mosem

mTis garSemo xazi Semoavlo, rogorc ineba RmerTma, raTa mas aravin

miaxloveboda sikvdilis SiSiT, rameTu am dros RmerTi mTaze iyo.

mesame dRis diliT sinas mTa RrubliT daifara, daiwyo elva da

quxili.

`gamoiyvana banakidan xalxi mosem RvTis Sesaxvedrad da dadgnen

mTis Ziras.

bolavda mTeli sinais mTa, radgan ufali iyo masze Camosuli

cecxlis alSi, rogorc quras, ise asdioda kvamli da Zlierad

iryeoda mTa. TandaTan Zlierdeboda sayviris xma. laparakobda mose

da exmianeboda RmerTi~ (gam. 19. 18-20).

RmerTma warmosTqva xalxis gasagonad mcnebebi:

1. Tqva RmerTma yvela es sityva:

2. me var ufali, Tqveni RmerTi, romelmac gamogiyvaneT egviptelTa

qveynidan, monobis saxlidan.

3. ar gaiCinoT Cems garda sxva RmerTebi.

4. ar gaikeTo kerpebi, arc rame xati imisa, rac aris maRla caSi,

dabla miwaze da wyalSi, miwis qveS.

5. ar sce Tayvani maT, arc emsaxuro, radgan me var ufali Tqveni

RmerTi, Surismgebeli RmerTi, romelic mamis codvas Svilebs

movkiTxav, Cems moZuleebs, mesame da meoTxe TaobaSi.

6. aTaswlil sikeTis mzRveli Cems moyvarulTaTvis da Cemi

mcnebebis dammarxvelTaTvis.

7. ar daifico fuWad uflis, Seni RvTis saxeli, radgan dausjeli

ar gadaurCeba ufals misi saxelis fuWad maficari.

8. gaxsovdes SabaTi dRe, rom wmida hyo igi.

9. eqvs dRes imuSave da akeTe Seni saqmeebi.

10. meSvide dRe ki uflis, Seni RvTis SabaTia. ara saqme ar gaakeTo,

arc Sen, arc Senma vaJma, arc asulma, arc Senma ymam, arc Senma

mxevalma, arc Senma pirutyvma, arc Senma mdgmurebma, saxlSi rom

gyavs.

11. radgan eqvs dReSi Seqmna ufalma ca da miwa, zRva da yvelaferi,

rac masSia da meSvide dRes Seisvena, amitomac akurTxa ufalma SabaTi

dRe da wmida hyo igi.

12. pativi eci mamas da dedas, raTa dRegrZeli iyo miwaze, romelic

ufals, Sens RmerTs moucia SenTvis.

53

13. ara kla.

14. ar imruSo.

15. ar iqurdo.

16. ar gamoxvide cru mowmed Seni Tvistomis winaaRmdeg.

17. ar indomo Seni Tvistomis saxli; ar indomo Seni Tvistomis

coli, arc misi yma, arc misi mxevali, arc misi xari, arc misi

saxedari, arc araferi misi qonebidan (gam. 20. 1-17).

rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, ufali RmerTis mier dedamiwaze mcxovreb

mraval xalxTa Soris erTis gamorCeva gamoiwvia

kerpTayvanismcemlobis gavrcelebam _ yvela xalxs daviwyebuli hyavda

WeSmariti RmerTi. sarwmunoebis damcvelad ufalma israelianebi

amoirCia. marTlac am erma saukuneTa manZilze SeZlo siwmindiT

gadaeca sxvadasxva erebisa da kacobriobisaTvis (TviT am erSi

ganxorcielebuli RvTis Zis _ ieso qristes mier) _ WeSmariti

sarwmunoeba. saerTod eris _ erTi warmoSobisa Tu sxva mxriv

gaerTianebuli xalxis amorCeviT ufalma RmerTma akurTxa

kacobriobis xalxebad, erebad dayofa.

ieso qristes Semdgom yoveli eri, matarebeli marTali

sarwmunoebisa, RvTis xalxad iqca, maT Soris qarTveli eric.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, es momxdara suliwmidis mofenis

Semdeg, roca deda RvTisas wilad xvda iverielTa moqceva. CvenebiT

gamocxadebisas macxovari mas eubneba _ `hoi, dedao Cemo, me ar

ugulebelvyof yvela xalxze ufro sazepuro qarTvel ers maTze Seni

meoxebiT~ (q. c. I, gv. 37).

T u b a l i d a m o s o q i

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis wmida mamebi, ucxoel saeklesio

moRvaweTa darad cnobiswadiliT eZiebdnen winaprebs RvTismSoblis

wilxvedri erisas. dasturi amisa aris leonti mrovel episkoposis da

arsen beris Sromebi qarTvelTa eTnogenezisis Sesaxeb.

arsen berma icis, rom mkiTxvels ainteresebs, _ `Cven, qarTvelni

romelTa naTesavTa Svilni varT~, igi pasuxobs _ `Cven qarTvelni

Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da enai maTi `vuwyiT~

(Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit. Zegl. 1971, III, gv. 46). `arian-qarTliT~ gamosuli

xalxi qristeSobamde dasaxlebula dasavleT da aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi aleqsandre makedonelis mier, romelsac Cveni qveynis _

e.i. saqarTvelos _ Seneba dauwyia _ `iwyo Senebad qveyanasa Cvensa,

xolo Tanahyva azove, Ze arian-qarTvelTa mefeTa da misca qveyana es

54

Cveni sameufod da samkvidreblad da gauCina sazRvari hereTi da

egriswyali, somxiTi da mTai crolisai da TviT wavida~ (iqve, gv. 47).

am koncefciis Tanaxmad, mosaxleoba, rogorc dasavleT, ise

aRmosavleT saqarTveloisa, STamomavalia `arian-qarTvelebisa~. isini

azovem _ `arian-qarTlis~ mefis Zem, saqarTveloSi Camoasaxla. magram

vin iyvnen da sad cxovrobdnen `arian-qarTvelebi~, sad iyo `arian-

qarTli~?

arsebobs meore koncefciac, romelic miewereba leonti mrovel

episkoposs. leontis Tanaxmad, qarTveli eri Camoyalibda

saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze; qarTvel tomTa eTnarqebi iyvnen qarTlosi,

egrosi, herosi da sxvebi. maTi winapari Targamosi ki samxreTis

qveynidan Camosaxlda amierkavkasiaSi.

saerTod Cveni eris, anda misi winapris samxreTidan Camosaxleobis

Teoria bunebrivia, rameTu samSoblo kacobriobisa, Zveli xalxebisa

da erebis mesopotamiaa, saidanac, bibliis Tanaxmad, isini

gavrceldnen msoflioSi. yvela Zveli eri Tavis winapars

mesopotamiasa da wina aziaSi eZebda, maT Soris qarTvelebic, miT

umetes, rom wmida werilis Zveli komentatorebi qarTvelTa anu

iberTa winaprebs asaxelebdnen noes uaxloes STamomavalTa Soris.

`dabadebaSi~ noes Zis iafetis STamomavalTa Soris moxseniebuli

Tubali da mosoxi _ qarTvelTa winaprebadaa miCneuli rogorc Zvel

ise axal istorikosTa mier.

ioseb flaviusi iafetis Svid ZeTagan oris _ Tubalisa da mosoxis

Sesaxeb wers _ `daamkvidrebs ukue Tovilosca TovilTasa, romel aw

ivirad iwodebian. xolo mesqinni, mesxois mier aRSenebulni kahpadukad

iwodebian...~ (ioseb flaviusi, moTxrobani iudaebrivisa

Zuelisityvaobisani, 1987, gv. 103). iverielTa winaprebad bibliis

Tubali miiCneva. `qarTlis cxovreba~ ki, rogorc cnobilia,

qarTvelTa winaprebad miiCnevs bibliur Targamoss. is ioseb

flaviusis Tanaxmad, `RomaroAs~ Zea. misgan warmomavloba aseTia _

`TorRamis ukue _ TorRamelni, romelni Tnebisagan ellinTaisa

frigvad iwodes~ (iqve, gv. 103).

flaviusi Targamoss frigielTa winaprad miiCnevs, lursmul da

ieroglifur teqstebze dayrdnobiT, `cnobilma germanelma mkvlevarma

h. vinklerma mecnierulad daasabuTa ZvelberZnuli wyaroebis

`frigiisa~ da sargon II-is (Zv. w. 722-705 ww.), droindeli asuruli

teqstebis _ `muSqebis~ qveynis igiveoba (Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa

istoria, 1988, gv. 252).

maSasadame, `muSqebi~ _ qarTvelTa erTi didi tomi _ Targamoss

daukavSirda [Targamos _ frigielni (flaviusiT) _ muSqebi

(vinkleriT)].

55

asuruli teqstebis `tabal~ bibliur TubalTan (septanta,

zogjer vlugata _ ) gaigivebulia e. dromes

mier (ix. s. janaSia, t. III, 1959, gv. 70).

maSasadame, bibliuri Tubali winaparia _ iberebisa anu

qarTvelebisa, ioseb flaviusis am komentars eTanxmebian da avrcoben

Cveni mecnierebi, rac Seexeba bibliur mosoq-mosoxs, isic qarTvelTa

(mesxuri tomis) winaprad iyo miCneuli, amJamad ki Cven SegviZlia is

davukavSiroT `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Targamoss (Targamos-frigielni-

mesxni) im gziT, rogorc zemoT iyo gadmocemuli, Targamosi ki,

rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnuli qarTuli wyaros Tanaxmad, ara marto

qarTvelTa, aramed somexTa winapradac aris miCneuli (Targamos _

haos, qarTlos). aq ar SeiZleba ar mogvagondes herodotes cnoba _

`frigielebs, rogorc makedonielebi amboben, ewodebodaT brigebi

mTeli im xnis ganmavlobaSi, sanam evropelebi iyvnen da

makedonielebis mezoblad cxovrobdnen, xolo aziaSi rom gadavidnen,

miwa-wyalTan erTad saxelic gamoicvales _ frigielebi dairqves.

armenielebi, romlebic frigielebisagan momdinareoben...~ (herodote,

istoria I, 1976, gv. 434). `iber~ _ `brig~ saxelebis dakavSireba msgavsi

etimologiiT SesaZlebelia.

frigielebs, rogorc aRiniSna, muSqebTan, xolo am ukanasknels

mesxebTan aigiveben.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mesxebs ZvelTaganve mTel qarTul

mosaxleobasTan aigivebdnen, magaliTad, straboni dasavleT

saqarTvelos TiTqmis centralur nawils _ mosxebis qveyanas uwodebs,

xolo Crdilokavkasieli tomebi aRmosavleT qarTul tomebs _ mesxebs

uwodeben. daRestnelebi `avarielebi _ fSav-xevsurebs `mosoxis (anu

`mosoqis~) saxeliT icnoben (ix. h. uslar `avarskii iazik~ 1889, II, gv.

24, 26).

rogorc iTqva, frigielebs (romlisaganac warmomdgaran mesxebi)

aseve `brig“-ebi erqvaT. am sityvis fuZe sagulisxmo igiveobas avlens

Tubal-iberis fuZesTan _ `Tbl~ _ `br~. fuZe _ `brg~ (brig.) da `br~

(ibr) uTuod msgavsni arian.

s. janaSia bibliis Tubalebsa da mosoqebs erTi warmoSobis

urTierTmezoblad mcxovreb xalxad miiCnevs.

SemTxveviTi araa, rom Tubali da meSeqi bibliaSi TiTqmis mudam

erTad moixseneba. es SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT bibliis

komentatorebs. isini erTad moixsenebian iafetis ZeTa CamoTvlis

dros (`iafetis Zeni: gomeri, magogi, madai, iavani, Tubali, meSeqi da

Tirasi~ (dab. 10.2), aseve ezekielis mier (32:26; 38:2; 39:1), xSirad

ezekieli CrdiloeTis xalxebs Soris agreTve ixseniebs `gomers Tavis

urdoTi, Togarmas saxls...~ (38:6), asiriel mefeTa analebSi, rogorc

56

aRiniSna, arc Tu iSviaTad ixsenieba Muski da Tabal, viTarca ori

mezobeli erovneba, mcxovrebni kilikiaSi, xolo herodote ambobs,

tibarekebs anu iberianelTa (iberielebi) da mosxebis, kolxeTis

axlos mcxovrebTa Sesaxeb. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom Tavdapirvelad

orive aRniSnuli erovneba cxovrobda tigrosisa da evfratis

saTaveebSi, midiasa da skviTias Soris, e.i. kolxeTsa da iberiaSi (ix.

`tolkovaia biblia~, peterburgi, 1904-1907 I, gv. 69. komentari).

winaswarmetyveli ezekieli Tubalsa da muSeqs axsenebs sxva

Crdiloel xalxebTan erTad, romelnic codvaTa gamo daisjebian;

ezekielze adre israelis mezoblad mcxovreb did xalxTa dasjis

Sesaxeb werda ieremia winaswarmetyveli. saqme is iyo,

winaswarmetyvelebani uSualod Seexeboda israels, uflis ers,

romelic eRirsa aRTqmul miwaze dasaxlebas, magram daarRvia aRTqma

ufalTan sxvadasxva codvaTa gamravlebiT, ris gamoc unda

dasjiliyo aRTqmuli miwidan gadasaxlebiTa da sxva eris monobaSi

yofniT. kerZod, israelianebi qaldevelTa mefe nabuqodonosors unda

gadaesaxlebina babilonSi. ris Semdegac qaldevelebica da sxva

Crdiloeli xalxebic daisjebodnen uflis mier. ieremia qadagebda _

`amas ityvis ufali RmerTi: `aha, me movuwodeb da movavlen

CrdiloeTis yovel ers da babilonis mefes nabuqodonosors, monasa

Cemsa, da maT moviyvan am qveyanas da yovelTa garemos erTa zeda,

davaqcev maT da Sevcvli udabnod saukunod, da iqmnebian es erni

monebad babilonis mefisa 70 wel da mis Semdgom me davsji babilonis

mefes da mis ers maTi usjuloebisaTvis da qaldevelT qveyanasac

gadavaqcev udabnod~. marTlac, ebraelebi gadaasaxles babilonSi,

sadac isini tyveebad iyvnen 70 wels, xolo qaldevelTa babilonis

samefo Semdgom TandaTan udabnod iqca da daviwyebas mieca. winaswar-

metyvelebis Sesabamisad daeca TiTqmis yvela imdroindeli tomebi da

cnobili saxelmwifoebi (igulisxmeba ebraelTa babilonSi tyveobis

xana), daeca da saxelovneba dakarga aTaswleulebis manZilze

didebulma egviptem, rac iwinaswarmetyvela ezekielma _ `adamis Zev,

mimarTe piri faraonisaken, egviptis mefisaken da uwinaswarmetyvele

mas da mTel egviptes elaparake da uTxari, ase ambobs-Tqo ufali

RmerTi, aha, Senze var faraono, egviptis mefev, dido gveleSapo, rom

gawolilxar Sens mdinareebSi da ambob Cemia mdinare, CemTvis

Sevqmenio. layuCebSi Canglebs gagiyri, ...mogisvri udabnoSi Seni

mdinareebis TevzebTan erTad... mixvdeba egviptis yvela mcxovrebi, rom

ufali var, radgan lerwmis sayrdeni iyavi israelis xalxisaTvis~

(ezek. 29. 2-4). anda: `adamis Zev, gamarTe godeba faraonze, egviptis

mefeze da uTxari: Wabuk loms hgavdi xalxTa Soris da gveleSapiviT

iyavi-Tqo zRvebSi! irqinebodi Sens mdinareebSi da fexebiT amRvrevdi

57

wylebs, Telavdi-Tqo maT mdinareebSi. ase ambobs ufali RmerTi:

movisvri Senze Cem saTxevels xalxTa simravleSi da amogaTreven Cemi

badiT...~ (32. 1-3).

marTlac, qristeSobamde mexuTe saukunidan, ebraelTa babilonis

tyveobis Semdgom saxelovani egvipte daeca da is umniSvnelo,

sxvebze damokidebul qveynad iqca. msgavsadve asrulda ezekielis

winaswarmetyvelebani sxva xalxebsa da saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebze.

daecnen israelTa mtrebi _ yamonianebi (amonitebi) TandaTan daeca

finikielTa cnobili tvirosi, rameTu winaswarmetyvelTa TqmiT,

`vaglaxs ambobs ierusalimze, Seimusreba igi _ xalxebis karibWe...

gaukacrieldeba~ (iez. 26:2). tvirosi cnobili qalaqi, saxelmwifos

centri iyo, sadac xalxebTan erTad qarTvelTa winaprebic vaWrobdnen

_ `iavani, Tubali da meSeqi iyvnen Seni gamsaReblebi, tyveebs da

spilenZis WurWels gixdidnen saqonelSi, Togormas saxlidan cxenebs,

sabrZolo raSebs da jorebs gigzavnidnen sanacvlod~ (iez. 27:13-14).

aq qarTvelTa winapari tomebi _ Tubali, meSeqi da Togarma erTad

ixseniebian, radganac isini mezoblebi da monaTesaveni iyvnen.

saukunod daeca asureTi _ israelis mteri. `iq aris aSuri da mTeli

misi krebuli, mis garSemo misi saflavebi yvelani gangmirulni arian,

maxviliT dacemulni~ (32:22).

daeca cnobili elami, edomi, daeca meSeqi da Tubali. maT

winaswarmetyveli sxva dasjil xalxTa Soris asaxelebs _ `iq aris

meSeqi da Tubali da mTeli misi simravle~ (32:26). isini isjebian maTi

mezoblis israelis winaaRmdeg mtrobis gamo, isjeba TviT israelic,

romelic Semdgom ipovis Tavis TavSi Zalas, aRadgens siyvaruls

ufalTan, daicavs aRTqmas da kvlav aRorZindeba, aseve aRorZindeba

RvTis mcnebaTa damcveli yoveli dacemuli eri. marTlac, meSeqis da

Tubalis Zveli didebisagan dacema da umniSvnelo tomad qceva

SeumCneveli arc Semdegdroindel istorikosebs darCeniaT.

pirvelqarTvelTa didebuleba, maTi saxelmwifoebi, qalaqebi,

kulturis brwyinvaleba aCrdilad iqca. ivane javaxiSvili wers, rom

qristeSobamde 3-4 saukuniT adre qarTvelTa dacemis Sesaxeb _ `Tumca

asurul wyaroebSi Cveni eris maSindeli mdgomareoba dawvrilebiT ar

aris aRwerili, magram IV saukunis qarTveli tomebis yofa-cxovrebas

Tu imdroindel mdgomareobas SevadarebT, SeuZlebelia mainc ver

SevamCnioT, rom CrdiloeTisaken waweul qarTvelebs cxadi daqveiTeba

etyobaT. vazis movlas, Rvinis dayenebas, saqonlis moSenebas,

madneulis damuSavebasa da iaraR-WurWlis gakeTebas, marTalia,

winandeburad misdevdnen, magram sad iyo winandeli simdidre,

sasaxleebi, auarebeli ganZi da qoneba, romlis xelSi Cagdebas Tavis

droze asureTis batonebi kvexulobdnen xolme. winaT maT qalaqebi

58

hqondaT, meoTxe saukuneSi ki salaparakodac ar Rirda, rac iyo isic

cixeebs ufro miagavda, vidre qalaqs, winaT qarTvelebi Zlier da

mdidar erad iTvlebodnen, aReb-micemobisaTvis Soreul qveynebSi

midiodnen da yvelgan saxeli gavardnili hqondaT. IV saukuneSi ki

isini patara-patara tomebad iyvnen danawilebulni, mamacobis pativi

mezoblebSiRa hqondaT SerCenili, msoflioSi ki maTi saxeli aRar

ismoda...~ (iv. javaxiSvili, t. I, gv. 70).

diax, Cveni eri daeca, ezekielis winaswarmetyveleba Tubulsa,

meSeqsa da Togormaze aRsrulda. ezekieli qristeSobamde VI

saukuneSi cxovrobda. IV saukuneSi qarTvelTa winaprebis Zveli

dideba mezoblebs Tu axsovdaT. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom maTi

saxsenebeli ufalma ar gaaqro, rameTu isini uflis ers laSqravdnen

ara damoukideblad, aramed skviTebis iZulebiT, romelTac `gogs~

uwodebdnen. is mTavari iyo meSeqisa da Tubalisa, e.i. kavkasiis iqiT

mcxovreb CrdiloeTis xalxebs auZulebia samxreTeli mezoblebi _

qarTvelTa winaprebi, elaSqraT `israelis mTebze~. ezekieli ambobs

RvTis sityvas _ `adamianis Zev! iwinaswarmetyvele gogze da Tqvi, ase

ambobs-Tqo ufali RmerTi, aha, Senze var roSis, meSeqis da Tubalis

mTavaro, mogatrialeb, gamogaTrev da wagiyvan CrdiloeTis kideebidan

da mogiyvan israelis mTebze gagagdebineb mSvilds marcxena xelidan

da isrebs marjvena xelidan dagayrevineb. israelis mTebze daecemi

mTeli Seni urdoianad da xalxTan erTad, Sen rom gaxlavs...~ (ezek. 39:

1-3).

mravali xalxi daisaja, romelTac winaswarmetyvelis piriT amis

mizezs amcnobs ufali _ `raki saukuno mtroba gqonda da maxvils

miugde israelianebi maTi gasaWiris Jams, saboloo sasjelis Jams~

(ezek. 35: 5).

qarTvelTa winaprebi dasjilan imis mier, visi xeliTac daisajnen

israelianebi; mefe nabuqodonosoris mier datyvevebul da

gadasaxlebul iqnen ucxo qveynebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom

nabuqodonosors, zogierTi Zveli istorikosis azriT, ara marto

ebraelTa gadasaxleba miewereba, aramed qarTvelTa gadasaxlebac

samxreTis qveynebidan ufro CrdiloeTiT.

qristeSobamde IV-III saukunis berZeni mwerali, geografi da

istorikosi nabuqodonosors axsenebs viTarca iberielTa Zveli

saxelmwifos dampyrobels.

`nabuqodonosorma, romelic herakleze ufro Zlieri iyo, mas Semdeg

rac saomari jari Sekriba, miaRwia libielTa qveyanaSi da iberTa

qveyanaSi, ajoba maT, gaacamtvera da daimorCila, erTi wili maTgani

gadaadgila man pontos zRvis marjvena mxareze, iq daasaxla~

(georgika, 1961, gv. 30). evsevi kesarieli wers _ `agreTve megasTene

59

ambobs Tavis `indoeTis~ meoTxe wignSi, romelSic mogviTxrobs amis

win moxsenebuli babilonelTa mefis Sesaxeb, rom is simamaciT da

sagmiro saqmeebiT herakles aRemateboda, imdenad aRemateboda, rom

libiis da iberiis meti wili, ambobs igi, daipyroo~ (iqve, gv. 30).

am cnobiT nabuqodonosors daumorCilebia da daupyria mTeli

iberiis saxelmwifo, romelic samxreTiT libiasTan mdebareobda,

auyria qarTvelebi da gadmousaxlebia Savi zRvis aRmosavleT

sanapiroze, anu kolxeTsa da Semdgomdroindel lazikaSi. es momxdara

qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi. megasTenis aRniSnul cnobas imeoreben

Semdegi drois istorikosebi marabas-katina (I s.), mose xorenaci (V s.)

da sxvebi.

nabuqodonosors qaldeelTa mefec erqva.

qveynis saxelwodebam `qaldeam~ aTaswleulTa manZilze adgili

wainacvla samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken, Sumerebidan _ qarTvelebamde.

nabuqodonosori, qaldeuri babilonis yvelaze cnobili mefe

asurelTagan axlad ganTavisuflebul samSoblos saTaveSi Caudga 604

wlisaTvis da 562 wlamde marTavda mas.

nabuqodonosors hqonia RvTis siyvaruli (babilonSi 53 didi taZari

da asobiT samlocvelo arsebobda). man xelaxla aaSena daqceuli

babiloni, taZarTa da sataZro nagebobaTa aSeneba misi umTavresi

sazrunavi iyo. maTken iyo mimarTuli saxelganTqmuli babilonis

saprocesio gzebi, romlebsac mTel sigrZeze feradi (lurj-cisferi)

Wiquri miyveboda, maTze gamoyvanili yviTelfafriani TeTri lomebiT,

xarebiTa Tu gveleSapebiT. qaldeelTa mefe dauRalavi mSenebeli iyo.

misi xeliT ineba ufalma ierusalimis dasja, sadac 597 wels

gailaSqra, iudeis mefe ioakimi ojaxiTa da warCinebulebiT

babilonSi gadaasaxla, ierusalimis umdidresi taZris ganZTan erTad.

male, ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebis Sesabamisad, nabuqodonosorma

kvlav aiRo ajanyebuli ierusalimi 587 wels, gaZarcva, dawva,

aTasobiT iudeveli gadaasaxles babilonSi, risTvisac aTwleulTa

Semdgom TviT babilonic daisaja. uflisagan gandgoma iyo mizezi

ebraelTa datyvevebisa, rogorc ieremia winaswarmetyveli wers _ `iyo

uflis sityva Cems momarT naTqvami: wadi da yurSi CasZaxe ierusalims:

ase ambobs-Tqo ufali: me maxsovs Seni ymawviluri erTguleba da

patarZluri siyvaruli, roca momyvebodi udabnoSi, uxnav-uTes miwaze.

uflis siwmidea israeli, misi mosavlis naTavari. yoveli misi mWameli

dadanaSauldeba, ubedureba daatydeba Tavs, ambobs ufali. ismine

uflis sityva iakobis saxlo da israelis saxlis yovelo

sagvareulov! ase ambobs ufali: ra naxa CemSi cudi Tqvenma mama-papam,

rom ganmidga, amaoebas rom ahyva da Tavadac amaoebaSi Caeflao?.. ar

uTqvams mRvdlebs, sad ariso ufali, rjulis kacebma ar micnes,

60

mwyemsebi gamidgnen, winaswarmetyvelni baalis saxeliT giqadageben da

usargeblo kerpebs akeTeben, amitomac kidev meqneba TqvenTan dava...

kargad gamoikvlieT, naxeT, Tu sadme momxdara amgvari rame. Tu

Seucvlia romelime xalxs Tavisi RmerTebi, Tumca ar yofilan isini

RmerTebi. Cemma erma ki usargeblo kerpebze gadacvala Tavisi dideba~

(ier. 2, 1-11). israelma ori danaSauli Caidina, _ ambobs ufali

ieremias azriT: miatoves RmerTi _ cocxali wyarosTvali da axali

wylis Zebna daiwyes _ e.i. cru RmerTebis Zieba (ier. 2.13). israelma

amiT miatova uflis saxlis Sviloba, ris gamoc iqca nadavlad

mbrdRvinavi lomebisaTvis, romlebic udabnod uqceven qveyanas,

gadawvaven da gaaukacrieleben mis qalaqebs (2,15).

`radgan ase ambobs cabaoT ufali: gaCexeT xe da daaxvaveT

ierusalimis irgvliv. unda daisajos es qalaqi! savsea ZaladobiT.

rogorc WaSi grovdeba wyali, ase dagrovda masSi boroteba. Zaladoba

da Zarcva ismis iq. sneuleba da Wrilobebia. Cems winaSe mudam

frTxilad iyavi ierusalimo, ar migatovos Cemma sulma, ar

gadagaqcioT udabnod, ukacriel qveynad... radgan pataridan didamde

yvela momxveWelia, winaswarmetyvelidan mRvdelamde yvela

yalbismqmneli. zereled mkurnaloben Cemi eris Wrilobebs. amboben

mSvidobaao, mSvidoba! Tumca ar aris mSvidoba. gana ar rcxveniaT,

sibilwes rom Cadian? ara! sulac ar rcxveniaT, amitomac daecemian

dacemulTa Soris, waiforxileben, roca davsji maT, _ ambobs ufali~

(ier. 6.6-15).

ieremias RvTis sityvis gancxadebisaTvis simarTliT Seuracxyofili

brbo emuqreboda, cils swamebda da eswrafoda mis daRupvas. ukeTuri

qceviT datanjuli winaswarmetyveli wyevlida Tavis dabadebis dRes,

magram simarTlis Tqmas ganagrZobda. man pirdapir uTxra mis dilegSi

Camgdeb erT mRvdels: `ase ambobs ufali: aha, SiSis zars dagcem Sen

da Sens megobrebs. daecemian isini mtrebis maxvilisagan da Seni

TvaliT ixilav amas. babilonelTa mefis xelSi Cavagdeb mTels iudas.

gadaasaxlebs maT babilonSi da maxviliT amoswyvets~ (ier. 20,4).

winaswarmetyvelis sityvisamebr babilonis mefe nabuqodonosori

gars Semoadga ierusalims. ieremiam ganucxada iudeas mefes: `...ambobs

ufali _ Cavagdeb cidkias, iudas mefes da mis morCilebs, xalxs da

yvelas... nabuqodonosoris, babilonis mefis xelSi...~ (21.7).

marTlac, aRsrulda winaswarmetyveleba. israelianebi babilonSi

gadaasaxles, ieremia godebda: `rogor marto darCa qalaqi, odesRac

xalxmravali, zis qvrivi qaliviT, xalxTa qalbatoni da mxareTa

dedofali moxarke Seiqmna. tiris RamRamobiT, Rawvebze cremli sdis,

aravin hyavs nugeSinismcemeli, yvelam uRalata, mtrad gadaekidnen

megobrebi~ (godeba, I: 1-2). `aRasrula ufalma ganzraxuli, aaxdina

61

Tavisi naTqvami, rac hqonda nabrZanebi ZvelTaganve, daaqcia da ar

Seibrala. mteri gaaxara Senze, rqa aRumaRla Sens duSmanebs... yrian

quCis mtverSi ymawvili da moxuci, Cemi qalwulebi da moymeebi

maxviliT daecnen; daxoce Seni risxvis dRes, dakali, ar dainde~

(2.17,21).

nabuqodonosorma daatyveva da gadaasaxla ebraeli xalxi, masve,

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Zvel istorikosTa cnobebiT, daulaSqravs

qarTvelTa saxelmwifo, sadRac samxreTSi mdebare, dautyvevebia

qarTveloba da gadausaxlebia CrdiloeTis qveyanaSi, Savi zRvis

aRmosavleT sanapiroze. israel dedaTa darad tirodnen albaT

qarTveli dedebic, magram maTi godebis aRmweri aravin iyo, Cans, maT

Soris ar hyavda ufals gamorCeuli erTguli. isini am droisaTvis

kerpTmsaxurni iyvnen, WeSmariti RmerTi mxolod eqvsasi wlis Semdeg

Seicnes andria mociqulis qadagebis meSveobiT.

aq oriode sityviT unda iTqvas imis Sesaxebac, rom rCeul erTan,

romelic aRTqmis darRvevisaTvis samarTlianad daisaja, ufalma

kvlav ganaaxla Tavisi aRTqma. babilonis tyveoba dasrulda.

ebraelebi aRTqmul miwaze dabrundnen. qarTvelebi ki, Tuki vendobiT

Zvel istorikosTa cnobas maTi samxreTidan CrdiloeTSi gada-

saxlebis Sesaxeb, dafuZdnen axal qveyanaSi, uwodes mas Tavisi saxeli

saqarTvelo. Tumca, simon janaSias dakvirvebiT, kavkasia ZvelTaganve

samSoblo iyo qarTvelebis, iseve rogorc wina aziis zogierTi

regioni. am droisaTvis moxda ara qarTvelTa gadasaxleba, aramed

samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken gadainacvles maTma politikurma

centrebma. ese igi, samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT gadasaxlda mxolod

politikuri elita. yovel SemTxvevaSi Tubalisa da meSeqis Zveli

dideba saukuno warsulad iqca. maTi adgili `iberma~ daiWira.

i b e r i

ezekielis piriT gamoTqmuli winaswarmetyvelebis kiTxvisas _

`uTxari, ase ambobs-Tqo ufali RmerTi: aha, Senze var gog, roSis,

muSeqis da Tubalis mTavaro! gagabruneb da ybaSi Cangals amogdeb...

Togormas saxls CrdiloeTs kideebidan mTeli Tavisi urdoTi,

uricxvi xalxiTurT SenTan erTad~ _ gvaxsendeba s. janaSias sityvebi

_ `ueWvelia, rom VI-I saukuneebSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde qarTvelobam

didi zarali ganicada. am xanaSi Semcirda qarTveli tomebis

mosaxleoba da masTan erTad am tomebma Tavisi msoflio-istoriuli

poziciebi dahkarges~ (s. janaSia, t. V, 1987, gv. 212).

62

raRa darCa erT dros pirineidan pamiramde ganfenili (n. mari)

qarTveluri eTnosidan?

qristeSobamde ramdenime saukuniT adre qarTveluri warmoSobis

xalxebi iqcnen mcire tomebad, daemxo maTi erT dros saxelovani

saxelmwifoebi. TavianTi ubedurebisa da gaWirvebis dros ramdenime

nakadad moaSures kavkasias, sadac egulebodaT saxelmwifoebrivi

gaerTianeba maTi monaTesave qarTuli tomebisa _ saxelganTqmuli

kolxeTi. marTalia, kolxeTis Zlierebis xana (qristeSobamde IX-VIII

ss.) am droisaTvis ganvlili iyo, magram is mainc fexze idga da

bunebrivi sazRvrebisagan daculs Zlieri mtrebic naklebad hyavda.

momavali saqarTvelosaken moiwevdnen tibaranebad qceuli Tubalebi,

mesxebad qceuli muSqebi, axla mcire tomebad qceuli qaldevelebi

anu xalibebi, karduxebi. herodotes Tanaxmad, wina aziaSi

amierkavkasiisken cxovrobdnen Semdegi tomebi _ mosxebi, tibaranebi,

makronebi, mosinikebi, kolxebi, alarodielebi, saspeirebi. is erT

momentTan dakavSirebiT wers _ `mosxebs Tavze xis muzaradebi exuraT.

patara farebi da Subebi hqondaT... laSqrobdnen tibaranebi, makronebi

da mosinikebi, romlebic mosxebiviT iyvnen aRWurvilni... kolxebs

Tavze xis muzaradebi hqondaT... alarodielebi da saspeirebi

kolxebis msgavsad SeiaraRebulni laSqrobdnen~ (herodote, istoria,

II, 434). rogorc Cans, qarTuli tomebi im droisaTvis kidev ufro

mravalricxovani iyo.

`vrcel miwa-wyalze mcire aziasa, samxreT evropasa da CrdiloeT

afrikis sanapiroze mcxovrebi qarTuli gvartomobis xalxebi~ (s.

janaSia) aRniSnuli droisaTvis kavkasiaSi SeyuJul tomebad iyvnen

qceulni, magram ufal RmerTs isini ar dauviwyebia. misca Zala, raTa

CamoeyalibebinaT erTiani `qarTlis samefod~ cnobili saxelmwifo.

Sehkra isini erTian erad da imis Semdeg, rac dedamiwaze mosuli Ze

RvTisa, WeSmariti RmerTi amaRlda, eCvena deda RvTisas da uTxra

qarTveli eris Sesaxeb: _ `hoi, dedao Cemo, ara ugulebel vyo eri igi

sazepuro ufros yovelTa naTesavTa, meoxebiTa SeniTa maTTvis

(`qarTlis cxovreba~, t. I, gv. 38) uflis rCeul erad iqca, yvela

qristemoyvare eris msgavsad.

am siyvarulis niSnad pirvel saukuneSive Cvenma erma miiRo zeciT

qsovili kvarTi uflisa, erTiani, mTliani da daunawevrebeli, niSnad

imisa rom `sazepuro eri~ mis wiaRSi Senaxul kvarTis msgavsad

samaradJamod, mis meored mosvlamde, erTiani, mTliani da

daunawevrebeli unda darCeniliyo, Tuki qristianobas daicavda.

ufalma aTeul tomebad qceuli qarTuli eTnosi qristeSobamde 3-4

saukuniT adre erTian erad aqcia erovnuli saxelmwifos daarsebiT.

erTian qarTul saxelmwifos `qarTlis samefos~, xolo ucxoelebi

63

iberias uwodebdnen, `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ Tanaxmad, misi dasavleTi

sazRvari egriswyalze gadioda, ase rom, is moicavda aRmosavleT,

samxreT da dasavleT saqarTvelos. am saxelmwifos xalxi erTian

erad SekavSirda da mas `qarTvelni~ ewodebodaT. aqve isic unda

iTqvas, erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebs gareT, samxreTSi

aRmoCndnen mravalricxovani qarTuli tomebi. qarTuli tomebi

agreTve cxovrobdnen egriswyalTan gamavali sazRvris gadaRmac da

aseve aRmosavleTiT _ albaneTis mimarTulebiT.

rogorc iTqva, gansakuTrebiT mravali qarTuli tomi aRmoCnda

qarTuli saxelmwifos gareT _ Savi zRvis sanapiro mxareSi,

romelsac qaldeas, anda WaneTs uwodebdnen.

aRsaniSnavia, rom erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daarsebam mefe

farnavazis epoqaSi, faqtobrivad gamoiwvia qarTuli eTnosis orad

gayofa, kerZod, erTi nawili aRmoCnda Tavis erovnul saxelmwifoSi,

xolo meore nawili samxreT-dasavleTiT aRmoCnda sxva saxelmwifos

SemadgenlobaSi. am mdgomareobam xeli Seuwyo saerTo qarTuli enis

diferenciacia-danawevrebis gaRrmavebas. amis mizezi iyo is, rom jer

kidev farnavazis saxelmwifos Seqmnamde saukuneebiT adre kolxuri

kultura moicavda ara marto dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed

aRmosavleTis umetes nawils. kolxuri kulturis arealze ki,

rogorc miiCneva, gavrcelebuli iyo fuZe qarTuli enis

diferenciaciis Sedegad miRebuli, jer kidev gauyofeli e.w. zan-

qarTuli ena.

Zveli kolxeTi mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos ar moicavda, masSi

aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos didi nawili Sedioda. kolxeTi

kavkasiaSi qarTuli tomebis gamarTianebeli iyo. herodotes

aRweridanac Cans, rom samxreT kavkasiur samyaroSi or qarTul toms

aqvs hegemonoba Tavis Tavze aRebuli, kolxebsa da mosxebs. kerZod,

laSqrobisas (anu politikuri moRvaweobisas) mosxebTan erTad

molaSqre tibaranebi, makronebi da mosinikebi mosxebiviT arian

aRWurvilni, xolo kolxebTan erTad myofi alarodielebi da

saspeirebi kolxebiviT SeiaraRebulni. mosxebi da kolxebi ki

warmmarTvelebad Canan. magram mosxebs qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi

mcxovrebi berZeni avtori hekatos mileteli `kolxur tomad~ miiCnevs,

anu mesxebi da kolxebi erTi xalxia, zogadi saxelia kolxi,

maSasadame, kolxeTi, kolxuri kultura da yovelive, rac Zvel

kolxeTTanaa dakavSirebuli, aris ara dasavleT saqarTvelos

lokaluri kultura, aramed zogad-qarTuli eTnosisa, yvela

qarTveluri tomisa, es Seexeba enasac. Zvel-kolxuri ena unda iyos im

droisaTvis sustad diferencirebuli fuZe qarTulidan gamoyofili,

e.w. zan-qarTuli (jer kidev dauSleli) ena.

64

g. meliqiSvili wers _ `mosxebs Zv.w.aR-is VI s-is berZeni avtori

hekatos mileteli `kolxur toms~ eZaxis. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom

mesxuri elementi mudam qarTebis elements emTxveva, `kolxurs~ aq

dasavlurqarTulis mniSvnelobas ver mivaniWebT, radgan, rogorc

iTqva, Zveli legendaruli kolxeTis arsebobis xanaSi (Zv.w.aR-is I

aTaswleulis pirveli saukuneebi) kolxeTi jer kidev sustad

diferencirebul qarTvelur eTnikur jgufs moicavda. am dros

megrel-Wanebsa da qarTebs Soris enobrivi gansxvaveba, yovel

SemTxvevaSi jer ar unda yofiliyo. amitomac `kolxi~ saxeli am

uZveles xanaSi saerTo qarTveluri, Tu qarTi-zanuri (megrul-Wanuri)

elementis aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo. ionieli berZnebi qarTvel

tomebs jer kidev qarTul-zanuri erTobis arsebobis `kolxur~ xanaSi

gaecnen da `kolxi~ saxelsac, unda vifiqroT, am erTobis

aRsaniSnavad xmarobdnen. amitomac mosxebis `kolxur tomad~

moxsenieba hekatos miletelTan, saerTod, maT qarTvelobaze

miuTiTebs da megrul-Wanur warmomavlobaze arafers laparakobs~

(saq. ist. narkv, I, gv. 395).

erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos formirebis epoqa, romelic, cxadia,

ramdenadme win uswrebda farnavazis xanas (IV-III ss. qristeSobamde)

xasiaTdeboda didi cvlilelebebiT... kerZod, am dros VIII-VI

saukuneebSi kolxuri kulturis arealSi samxreTidan Semovidnen

sxvadasxva qarTveluri tomebi, rac gamoiwvevda Zvrebs, mniSvnelovan

gadanacvlebebs.

rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, am drois qarTveluri jgufis ZiriTadi

kultura swored `kolxuri kultura~ unda yofiliyo (ix. iqve, gv.

431). `akad. b. kuftinis azriT, `kolxuri kulturis~ gavrcelebis

sazRvari Tavdapirvelad mcxeTamde aRwevda. dRevandeli samxreT

oseTis mosaxleobac gviani brinjaos xanaSi mWidrod ukavSirdeboda

`kolxuri kulturis~ zonis mosaxleobas... akad. s. janaSia xazs

usvamda im garemoebas, rom qarTli, kerZod, istoriuli Sida qarTli,

is teritoria unda iyos, sadac gvian brinjaos xanaSi xdeboda

aRmosavlur da dasavlur kulturaTa gavrcelebis sazRvrebis

urTierTkveTa~ (iqve, gv. 432).

kolxuri kulturis areali vrceldeboda araTu Tanamedrove

saqarTvelos umetes nawilze, aramed Crdilo kavkasiaSic da vrclad

samxreTis mimarTulebiTac _ `aseTia, magaliTad, upirveles yovlisa

Crdilo oseTi da yabardo-balyareTi mTavari qedis miRma, aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos vrceli zoli mdinare mtkvris CrdiloeTiT, mesxeTidan

vidre aragvis xeobamde. istoriuli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo

Woroxis auzi da ufro dasavleTiT Savi zRvis sanapiro, yovel

SemTxvevaSi qalaq ordumde mainc. aRarafers vambobT CvenTvis

65

saintereso tipis calkeul nivTebze, romlebic aRmoCenilia somxeTis

teritoriaze (axtala-lalvaris midamoebi, golovino, parkari,

leninakani) da urmiis tbis raionSi~ (iqve, gv. 255).

Tanamedrove CrdiloeT somxeTi, yovel SemTxvevaSi bambakis mTis

CrdiloeTiT mtkvris auzSi moqceuli teritoria, istoriulad,

aTaswleulTa manZilze saqarTveloSi Semaval miwa-wylad, samxreT-

aRmosavleT mxared miiCneoda, amitomac aq kolxuri kulturisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli nivTebis aRmoCena unda CavTvaloT mtkvris samxreTiT

kolxuri kulturis gavlenis gavrcelebad. rogorc Cans, kolxuri

kultura vrceldeboda Woroxisa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze

gamaval mtkvris auzebSi, aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi. sad

mdebareobda centri, bude kolxuri kulturisa? _ miCneulia, rom is

mdebareobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi. `rogorc araerT mkvlevars

aRuniSnavs, TviT dasavleT saqarTvelo am kulturis ZiriTadi bude

unda iyos~ (iqve, gv. 256), magram ratom ar SeiZleba es bude

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi yofiliyo, vTqvaT mtkvris xeobaSi

(istoriul diaoxTan, Semdegdroindel taosTan, klarjeTTan), anda

Woroxis xeobaSi, sadac zogierTi mkvlevari metalurgiis centrebis

arsebobas varaudobs? safiqrelia, rom bude kolxuri kulturisa

mdebareobda rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, is

erTiani kulturaa da ara lokaluri romelime kuTxisa. marTalia,

jerjerobiT ucnobia, vrceldeboda Tu ara kolxuri kultura

mcxeTis aRmosavleTiT, magram, ZvelqarTul wyaroTa Tanaxmad,

aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT teritoriebi dasaxlebuli iyo qarTuli

tomebiT (qarTlis cxovrebaSi asaxulia, rom aq saxlobdnen

qarTlosis uSualo STamomavalni). kolxuri kulturis am arealSi

gauvrceleblobis Sesaxeb ki unda gavimeoroT g. meliqiSvilis

naTqvami: `ra Tqma unda, savaldebulo ar aris, rom materialuri

kulturis esa Tu is are zustad emTxveodes ama Tu im eTnikuri

jgufis gavrcelebis sazRvrebs~, (iqve, gv. 432).

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sruliad unda

daveTanxmoT g. meliqiSvils _ qristeSobamde pirveli aTaswleulis

pirvel naxevarSi saxeli `kolxi~ saerTo qarTveluri, anu zan-

qarTuli (qarT-zanuri) elementis aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo. saxeli

`kolxi~ sustad diferencirebul qarTul eTnikur erTobas moicavda

(amitomac uwodebdnen `mosxebs~ _ kolxebs).

rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, qristeSobamde VIII saukunis Semdgom

kolxuri kulturis arealSi didi cvlilebebi moxda, CrdiloeTidan

SemoiWrnen kimerielebi, maT daarbies kolxeTi, xolo samxreTidan

TandaTan Semosula sxvadasxva qarTuli tomebi. es qarTuli tomebi

erT dros warmoadgendnen cnobil xalxebs TavianTi saxelmwifoebiT,

66

maT gaaCndaT didi politikuri kultura, amitomac Semosvlis Semdgom

sakmaod male moaxdines damxvedri tomebis konsolidacia da

Camoayalibes `qarTlis samefo~ _ axali qarTuli saxelmwifo. s.

janaSias Tanaxmad, samxreTiT mdebare qarTuli saxelmwifoebis

gaqrobis Semdeg politikurma centrebma CrdiloeTiT, dRevandeli

saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze gadmoinacvla. amas, rogorc aRiniSna, xeli

Seuwyo Zveli kolxuri samefos ganadgurebam kimerielTa mier. am

Semosevis Semdgom, rogorc fiqroben, kolxeTis (am SemTxvevaSi

dasavleT saqarTvelos) mosaxleobis nawili momxdurebTan brZolaSi

gamwydara, gadarCenilebs mezobel kuTxeebSi SeufarebiaT Tavi.

samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT qarTuli tomebis Semosvlas, anu

politikuri centrebis gadmonacvlebas garkveulad gamoucocxlebia

Zveli kolxeTi. samefoc Camoyalibda, saqme is iyo, rom kolxebi da

Semosuli tomebi, rogorc aRiniSna, erTi eTnosi, erTi warmoSobis

xalxi iyo. ase, magaliTad, s. janaSia fiqrobda, rom kolxuri

brinjaos kultura SeiZleboda Tubalebis (Tobelis) kultura

yofiliyo.

s. janaSia bibliaSi naxseneb iafetis Ze Tubals da kaenis

STamomavlebs _ Tubal-kaens, iabels, iubals ase akavSirebda

kolxebTan (da iberebTan): `CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis Sesaxeb

bibliis ori sxvadasxvagvari cnobis SeTanxmeba Zneli ar unda iyos.

is garemoeba, rom erT SemTxvevaSi Tubali martoa dasaxelebuli,

xolo meore SemTxvevaSi mas Zmebic hyavs _ Aabali da Aubali, Cveni

azriT im garemoebas mowmobs, rom pirvelad xalxi mTliani saxiTaa

warmodgenili, meored ki _ Tavisi mTavari tomebis saxiT. advilad

aixsneba Tubalis ori saxelic _ Tubal-kaeni da Tobeli: `kain~ `keni~

aq epiTetia, romelic, saTanado semituri Ziris saSualebiT `mWedels~

aRniSnavs, Tubali xom upiratesad mWedeli da metalurgia,

SesaZlebelia isic (n. mari, iv. javaxiSvili), rom aq gvqondes

saTanado satomo saxelis gaazrebac (`kaenebs~, rogorc vnaxeT,

ixseniebs pliniusi da SemdegSi cnobilni arian Wanni _ okaenitebic).

dabadebis meoTxe Tavis cnobaSi sayuradReboa fuZis axali formebi,

romlebic Cven winaT ar Segvxvedria _ Tavkiduri T//t-s nacvlad _ A.

es, ueWvelia, axali safexuria am saxelis ganviTarebaSi. am cnobiT

mocemuli Sesatyvisobani: T//t _ h//A-0 safuZvels aZleven iv.

javaxiSvilis da i. yifSiZes Tubal-Tabali da iberi, Sualedi

rgolebiT, erTmaneTs daukavSiron. prof. iv. javaxiSvili amasTanave

gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom tabal _ qarTebis gamoTqmaa, tubal _

tobal _ megrul-Wanuri, xolo tibar svanur gamoTqmas uaxlovdebao.

sakmarisia movigonoT asuruli cnoba tabalebis 24 samefos arsebobis

Sesaxeb, rom paraleluri formebis aseTi simdidre savsebiT

67

bunebrivad miviCnioT da sxva dakarguli formebic vivaraudoT.

dasasrul, movigonoT, rogor axasiaTebs am qarTvelur moZme tomebs

`SesaqmeTa wignis~ avtori. Tobelis, anu Tubal-kaenis Sesaxeb aq

naTqvamia: `ese iyo kveriT xuroA, mWedeli rvalisa da rkinisa~ (IV, 22).

Tu amas davukavSirebT Tanamedrove arqeologis mier dadgenil faqts,

rom brinjaos SesaniSnavi kultura, romelsac winaT yobanis

kulturas eZaxdnen, namdvilad kolxeTis kulturaa, rom am kulturis

ayvavebis xana swored Tabal-Tubalis epoqaze modis, rom kolxuri

brinjaos kultura, uaxlesi aRmoCenebiT vrceldeba Sors samxreTiT

mcire aziisaken (vgulisxmobT arTvinisa da ordus ganZebs), maSin

bunebrivad SeiZleba davsvaT sakiTxi: xom ar aris kolxuri brinjaos

kultura namdvilad Tubalebis, anu Tubal-kainebis kultura?~ (s.

janaSia, III, 1959, gv. 71-73).

ase akavSirebda s. janaSia Tubals kolxTan da iberTan, xolo

mesxebs kolxebTan qristeSobamdec akavSirebdnen.

anTropologiurad aRniSnul xanaSi mTeli kavkasiis mosaxleoba

erTgvarovani yofila. m. abduSeliSvili wers _ `amrigad, mTeli

kavkasiis brinjaos xanis mosaxleoba ekuTvnoda erT anTropologiur

tips, romelic zogad rasobriv sistematikaSi samxreT-evropeiduli

rasis xmelTaSuazRvispiruli tipis saxeliT aris cnobili.

saqarTvelos gvian brinjaos da Semdgom rkinis farTo aTvisebis

periodis mosaxleoba anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT tipobrivad ar

gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan. rac gamoricxavs raime axali,

adgilobrivisagan gansxvavebuli elementebis Semosvlas sakvlev

teritoriaze drois aRniSnul monakveTSi~ (`qarTveli xalxis anTr-

opologiuri istoria~).

anTropologiuri, kulturuli, enobrivi da sxva msgavsi erToba

unda yofiliyo mizezi imisa, rom qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi

aRorZinebul kolxeTis samefoSi, romelic amjerad mxolod

dasavleT saqarTvelos moicavda, ganfenili iyo samxreTidan

Semosulad miCneuli e.w. mesxuri tomebi. dasavleT saqarTvelos

aRmosavleTi provinciebi da aseve rionis samxreTiTac moqceuli miwa-

wyali, ZvelTaganve msgavsi elementebiT Cans dasaxlebuli. `samxreT-

dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze SemoRweuli mcireazieli muSqebi

(mesxebi), Cans, aqtiur rols asrulebdnen am mxaris politikur

cxovrebaSi... SemdegSi aqedan kidev ufro CrdiloeTiT gavrceldnen.

mesxuri samosaxloni unda gaCeniliyo rogorc dasavleT, ise

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi... damaxasiaTebelia, rom mcireaziuli

warmoSobis saxelwodebebi umkvidrdeba ara marto Sida qarTlis miwa-

wyalze aRmocenebul cixe-qalaqebs, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos

aRmosavleT raionebSi warmoSobil zog amgvar centrsac...

68

mcireaziuli elementis politikuri hegemonoba vrceldeba mesxeTs,

Sida qarTlsa da sxvaTa Soris, agreTve dasavleT saqarTvelos

aRmosavleT nawilzec. es is teritoriebia, sadac mimdinareobda

adgilobrivi qarTis da mcire aziidan SemoRweuli mesxuri elementis

wiaRSi aRmosavlur qarTuli (qarTlis, iberiis) saxelmwifos

Camoyalibeba~ (saq. ist. narkv, I, gv. 397).

unda vifiqroT, rom kolxeTis samefos (VI-IV ss.) wiaRSive

safuZveli eyreboda axal erTian qarTlis saxelmwifos, farnavazis

mier daarsebuls. amas unda miuTiTebdes, wyaroTa Cveneba imis Sesaxeb,

rom farnavazis winamorbedi (samefo taxtze) azoni ara marto

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelosac marTavda.

qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi

(istoriuli kolxeTis samxreT raionebSi) mcxovrebi mosaxleoba

sparselebma daimorCiles. am adgilebSi 401 wels gaiara qsenofontem.

misi aRweriT, adgilobrivi tomebi ukve ganviTarebulni iyvnen.

karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi, koitebi

da tibarenebi ar emorCilebodnen sparseTs. aRsaniSnavia, rom is

`kolxebs~ uwodebs ara rionis xeobaSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas, aramed

trapezuntis midamoebSi mcxovrebT. daaxloebiT am dros (ramdenadme

gviandel periods) exeba qarTuli wyaro `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~,

romlis Tanaxmadac, samxreTSi _ wina aziaSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis

elita `arian-qarTlis~ mefe azovem gadmoasaxla da ganasaxla

sruliad saqarTveloSi, maT Soris rionisa da enguris xeobebSic,

vidre egris wylamde. Tu es wyaro sworia, maSin rogorc dasavleT,

ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos yovel kuTxeSi aqamde kolxuri

kulturis arealSi mcxovreb qarTvelobas Serevia samxreTidan

gadmosaxlebuli qarTveloba da Semdegdroindeli qarTuli tomebi

Tanabari xarisxiT maTi memkvidreni arian. Tumca, rogorc aRniSnuli

wyarodan Cans, unda vivaraudoT, rom `arian-qarTlis~ mefem sruliad

saqarTveloSi ganasaxla ara raime mniSvnelovani raodenobiT

mosaxleoba, am sityvis sruli gagebiT, aramed mxolod mmarTveli

zeda fena, aznaur-Tavisufali mcirericxovani mmarTveli zeda fena.

pavle ingoroyvas mier aRdgenili Txzulebis teqstSi ikiTxeba

qarTvelTa gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb _ `xolo ese azoA warvida `arian-

qarTlad~ mamisa Tvisisa da warmoiyvana aTasi saxli mdabioA uflisaA

da aTni saxli mamamZuZeTani~ (p. ingoroyva, t. 4, gv. 515, 1978 w.). aq

`mamamZuZe niSnavs mTavars, aseve unda vifiqroT, rom `mdabioA

uflisaA~ ufalTan, anu mefesTan daaxloebul pirebs ewodebaT,

arseni beri Sesabamis teqstSi gadmoscems, rom azom arian qarTlidan

moiyvana aTasi saxli `mdabioA uflisaA~ da aTi saxli `mTavarTagan~.

sul moyvanilia aTas aTi saxli. `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ miaCnia, rom

69

aRniSnuli mosaxleobis STamomavalni arian qarTvelebi, rom maT

maleve Seqmnes saxelmwifo, magram SeuZlebelia aTas aT ojaxs Seeqmna

uzarmazari, zRvidan albaneTamde gadaWimuli saxelmwifo, cxadia,

aTas aTi saxli warmoadgenda zeda fenas, anu saxelmwifos dvritas,

mmarTvel aparats, wyobilebis xerxemals. es aris swored is, razedac

miuTiTebda simon janaSia. misi Teoriis Tanaxmad, moxda ara

mosaxleobis masiuri gadasaxleba, aramed qarTuli politikuri

centrebis gadanacvleba samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken. anu iqamde

kolxuri kulturis arealSi mcxovrebi qarTveloba aaxlebs Tavis

saxelmwifoebriv wyobilebas. ufro maRali saxelmwifoebrivi

organizaciisa da kulturis mqone samxreTuli qarTuli zedafenis

meoxebiT maT Camoayalibes `qarTlis samefo~ (anu iberiisa),

aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTvelos gamaerTianebeli saxelmwifo.

swored zeda fena rom movida, amis anarekli Cans `qarTlis

cxovrebaSic~. am Txzulebis mixedviT azo _ dampyrobelia,

makedoneli, romelsac hyavs `asi aTasi romaeli~, romlis ZaliTac

xelisufleba aqvs damyarebuli qarTvelobaze. `moqcevaAs~ mixedviT,

rogorc viciT, azos Tan mohyva `aTasi saxli mdabio~, _ `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ mixedviT ki `asi aTasi~ romaeli. unda vigulisxmoT, rom

Tavis mxriv `saxlic~ Tavis qveS gulisxmobs SeiaraRebuli

mebrZolebis (anu brZolisunariani mamakacebis) _ aramcire

raodenobas. Tu gvian saukuneebSic ki `komlSi~ 20-mde mamakacs

gulisxmobdnen, qristeSobamde, roca ojaxebi gauyofelni iyvnen,

`saxlSi~ uTuod didi raodenobis mamakacebi unda igulisxmebodes.

Tu mocemul ricxvebs `asi aTasi~ da `aTas saxls~ erTmaneTs

SevadarebT, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom erT `saxls~ asamde

SeiaraRebuli mamakacis gamoyvana SeeZlo. sad daasaxla azom

Semoyvanili mosaxleoba, anu romel qveyanas Cauyara man safuZveli

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT _ `igi imorCilebs qarTlTan erTad

hereTs da, amrigad, avrcelebs Tavis xelisuflebas mdinare

berdujidan (dRevandeli debeda) vidre `speris zRvamde (e.i. Sav

zRvamde), ipyrobs agreTve dasavleT saqarTvelos (egriss), xarks

adebs osebs, lekebs da xazarebs~ (narkv. gv. 438). `moqcevaAs~ mixedviT,

azo Semoiyvana aleqsandre makedonelma. ai, rogor sazRvrebSi moaqcia

misi qveyana _ `da Tana hyvanda aleqsandres mefesa azo, ZeA arian

qarTlisa mefisa da mas miuboZa mcxeTaA sajdomad da sazRvari

daudva mas hereTi da egris wyali da somxiTi da mTa crolisa da

warvida~ (Zv. qarT. ag. lit. Zegl. t. I, 1964, gv. 81).

am wyaros Tanaxmadac, azo _ dasavleT saqarTvelos sruli

mpyrobelia, vidre egriswylamde, maSasadame, mas Tavisi `aTasi saxli~

mdabioni, xolo, Cveni azriT, Tavisi sayrdeni xelisufalni, unda

70

gaenawilebina mTel samarTav teritoriaze, rogorc dasavleT, aseve

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. cxadia, moxdeboda damxvdurebisa da

momsvlelebis Serwyma, amitomac Semdgomi drois mematianeni TavianT

Tavs (e.i.qarTvelobas) Tvlidnen _ `arian qarTlidan~ mosuli

qarTvelobis memkvidreebad.

swrafad urTierTSerwymas xeli albaT imanac Seuwyo, rom

momsvlelnic da damxvdurnic erTi eTnosisani, erTi warmoSobisani

iyvnen. `wmida ninos cxovrebis~ zemoxsenebul arsen beriseul

variantSi naTqvamia, rom Cven, qarTvelebi am arian-qarTlidan

gadmosaxlebulTa STamomavlebi varTo. igivea naTqvami `moqcevaAs~

ufro Zvel, Satberdiseul xelnawerSi. armazis mTaze mdgomi gacisa

da gas kerpebis aRwerisas nino ambobs, rom isini iyvnen Tqveni

(qarTvelTa) `arian-qarTleli~ mamebis (e.i. winaprebis) RmerTebi. mefe

miriani, mimarTavs ra ninos, amave gacisa da gas eZaxis `Cveni mamebis

(winaprebis) Zvel RmerTebs~ (narkv. gv. 438).

yovelive zemoaRniSnuliT Cven imis Tqma gvsurs, rom farnavazis

mier Seqmnili saxelmwifos mdgradoba gamowveuli iyo mosaxleobis

erTgvarovnebiT, Tumca ki, erTi SexedviT, saxelmwifos sazRvrebs

SigniT egriswylidan da Savi zRvidan somxeT-albaneTamde arsebobda

tomTa siWrele, magram saxelmwifom es tomebi Sekra, erad aqcia,

amitomac, Cveni matianeebi aTaswleulTa manZilze yovelgvari yoymanis

gareSe Cveni saxelmwifos rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT nawilSi

mcxovreb mosaxleobas qarTvelebs uwodebdnen, ucxoelebi ki iberebs.

sxvadasxva qarTuli tomebis erTian xalxad gadaqcevas xeli uTuod

imanac Seuwyo, rom saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis dros qarTuli fuZe-

enis daSlis xarisxi didi ar iyo. tomebis enebi axlos iyvnen

erTmaneTTan, e.w. qarTebisa, zanebisa da svanebis enebi, cxadia, am

oriaTas xuTasi wlis win erTmaneTis mimarT dialeqtebs

warmoadgendnen. isini damoukidebel enebad Camoyalibdnen Semdgom,

safiqrebelia mas Semdeg, rac farnavazis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifo

daiSala (igulisxmeba vaxtang gorgaslis SvilTa dros).

qristeSobamde IV saukuneSi, jer kidev farnavazis saxelmwifos

warmoSobamde, pirvelad iqna moxsenebuli iberTa saxeli ucxour

mwerlobaSi. rogorc Cans, qarTvelebi iberTa saxelwodebiT pirvelad

moixsenies platonma da aristotelem. s.janaSia wers _ `platoni

Tavis `kanonebSi~, ixseniebs `iberebs~ im `meomar xalxTa~ Soris,

romelnic svamen uwylo Rvinos. aristotele ki ambobs _ `iberebis~

meomari xalxi saflavis garSemo imden sars arWoben xolme, ramdeni

mteric mokluli hyavs micvalebulso~. safiqrebelia, rom aq

qarTvelebi igulisxmebian, magram gadaWriT amis TqmisaTvis

damatebiTi masalaa saWiro~ (s.janaSia, t. III, gv. 48).

71

oriode saukuniT adre herodotesTvis ucnobi iyo es sityva _

iberi, rogorc Cans, is sxvagvarad gamoiTqmoda im dros, _ sasperebad.

herodote erTi modgmis sasperebsa da kolxebs ixseniebs aseve erTi

modgmis sparselebsa da midielebTan erTad. es ukanasknelnic Semdgom

erT xalxad iqcnen. swored aRniSnuli ori modgmis xalxi _

sparsuli (sparsel-midielni) da qarTuli (kolx-sasperebi)

cxovrobdnen uzarmazar teritoriaze _ sparseTis yuresa (wiTeli

zRva) da Sav zRvas Soris. _ `sparsebi cxovroben samxreTis zRvamde,

romelic `wiTlad~ iwodeboda. maT zemoT CrdiloeTisaken cxovroben

midielebi, midielebis zemoT _ sasperebi, sasperebis zemoT _

kolxebi, CrdiloeTis zRvamde, romelsac erTvis mdinare fazisi. es

oTxi xalxi cxovrobs zRvidan zRvamde~.

sasperebs, rogorc Cans, faqtobrivad eWiraT adgili

urartuelebisa, romelTa politikuri centrebi VI saukunisaTvis ukve

ganadgurebuli iyo midielTa da skviTTa mier, Tumca, rogorc Cans,

sasperebi CrdiloeTis (momavali aRmosavleT iberiis) teritoriasac

moicavdnen. CrdiloeTis aRniSnuli teritoriebi, Tavis droze

nawilobriv kolxuri kulturis arealSi Sediodnen. aq unda

gavixsenoT isic, rom Semdgomi drois avtorTa Tanaxmad, iberielebi

mdinare araqsamde cxovrobdnen. sasperebis Seviwroeba armenielTa

tomebis Semosvlam gamoiwvia yofili urartus teritoriaze.

s. janaSias saxeli `iberi~ gamohyavda terminebidan _ subar-sasperi-

sper. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom mas ukavSirebda bibliis

Tubalsa da Tobels.

`CvenTvis saintereso satomo saxelis fuZis, zemoT, dokumenturad,

damowmebuli Tu kanonzomierad aRdgenili variantebi _ tibar, taber,

tabar, tiber, hiber, iber da am saxelwodebaTa matarebeli tomebis

gavrcelebis are, gansakuTrebiT mcire aziis Sinagani olqebi,

aucileblobiT da savsebiT damarwmuneblad ukavSirdeba, erTi mxriT,

`dabadebis~ Tubalsa da Tobels, meore mxriv, asuruli warwerebis

tabals (rogorc Cveulebriv sweren) anu Tabals. `dabadebis~ faqtebi,

ukve didi xania, rac specialur ganmartebis sagnad iqca. jer kidev

cnobili swavluli ebraeli ioseb flabiosi (I s., ax.w.aR-iT)

amtkicebda, rom iafetis Svilis Tubal-Tobelis STamomavalni mis

dros iberebad iwodebodnen... SemdgomSi flabioss xSirad imeorebdnen

Zveli mwerlebi, gansakuTrebiT, bibliur genealogiaTa

ganmmartebelni, magram axalma mecnierebamac es debuleba TiTqmis

uyoymanod miiRo~ (s.janaSia, III, gv. 63).

davamatebT, rom `Tubals~ da misgan nawarmoeb `tibarenis~

ukavSireben kolxebsac da lazebsac. amiT kidev erTxel xazi esmeba

kolxebisa da iberebis erT eTnikur mTlianobas _ `straboniT, jer

72

kidev pirvel saukuneSi mTeli mxare kolxeTis dasavleTiT md.

Ralisis SesarTavamde iwodeboda tibaraniad da dasaxlebuli iyo

tibaranuli tomebiT. bizantiuri, ZvelqarTuli da Zvelsomxuri

cnobebiT ki viciT, rom am miwa-wyals Sua saukuneebis mTel manZilze

ewodeboda kolxida, lazika (lazeTi), xaldia da (dasavleT

ganapiras) Waniki...~ (s. janaSia, t. V, gv. 49). bibliuri Tubalis

STamomavalni arian iberebi, rogorc aRmosavleT ise dasavleT

saqarTveloSi. iberebi ewodaT dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobasac

_ kolxebsac, erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdgom. am saxelmwifos

mTeli mosaxleobis saxelis tibaran TobelebTan dakavSireba swored

amis Sesaxeb metyvelebs. qarTvelni, anu iberni iafetis Zis

STamomavalni arian, wilxvedri yovladwmida RvTismSoblisa,

nakurTxni uflis mier.

a l a l i d a a r a m i ( u r a r t u d a a r m e n i a )

arsebobda Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, saberZneTSi, italiasa da

xmelTaSuazRvispireTis zogi sxva regionis uZvelesi mcxovrebni

pelasgebi, etruskebi, iberebi da sxvebi kavkasielebTan, SumerebTan,

elamelebTan, xeTebTan, urartuelebTan erTad ganekuTvnebodnen

`xalxTa alarodiul ojaxs~. maT akuTvnebdnen qarTvelebsac.

faqtobrivad, aRniSnuli Teoriis gaRrmavebas warmoadgens amJamad

miRebuli Tvalsazrisi iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis SesaZlo

naTesaobis Sesaxeb xuritulTan (aqedan urartulTan),

protoxeTurTan, elamurTan. es enebi Turme avlenen zogierT saerTo

niSans gramatikul wyobaSi. s. janaSia urartuelebs, romelTac

xaldebs (TavianT saxels) uwodebda _ qarTvelTa uSualo winaprebad

miiCnevda. `xaldebis eTnikuri vinaoba sruliad ueWvelia, isini

qarTveli xalxis erT nawils Seadgendnen~, _ werda is (s. janaSia, t.

V, 1987, gv. 35). s.janaSia faqtobrivad aviTarebs Cveni eklesiis

wmindanis ilia marTlis (WavWavaZis) Tvalsazriss urartuelTa

Sesaxeb.

`diax, batonebo, urartelni qarTvelTa winaparni yofilan,

qarTvelTa sisxl-xorci eri yofila... Cven usabuTod ar vambobT

urartelebis qarTvelobas~ (i. WavWavaZe, Txz., t. V, 1987, gv. 84).

urartuelebs IX-VI saukuneebSi samxreT amierkavkasiasa da mis

momijnave teritoriebze gaaCndaT TavianTi damwerloba, religia,

TavisTavadi kultura, xelovneba, uZlieresi saxelmwifo, romelic

qristeSobamde VII-VI saukuneebSi dasustda da sabolood daeca

73

midielTa xeliT. urartueli xalxi usaxelmwifod darCa, uZlieresi

mtrebi swored eTnikur urartuelebs devnidnen. yvela gadamTieli

batonad iqca maT qveyanaSi.

`urartus samefos dacemis Semdeg mis dasavleT periferiaze

gaaqtiurdnen somexi tomebi. maT TandaTanobiT iwyes aRmosavleTiT

winsvla da Zveli urartus mTel rig raions daeuflnen. Zv.w.aR-is VI

saukunis bolos sparsul warwerebSi Zveli urartu ukve `arminad~

iwodeba, xolo es saxeli TandaTan ucxoelTa wreSi swored somxebs

ukavSirdeba. amaSi gamoxatuleba hpova urartus ZiriTad raionebSi

somxebis hegemonobis damyarebis faqtma. urartus mosaxleobis erTi

nawili amasobaSi somexTa wreSi gaiTqvifa... ra Tqma unda, yvelaferi

es nel-nela xdeboda, xangrZlivi, mravalsaukunovani procesi iyo.

urartuelT ucbad ar daukargavT Tavisi sakuTari tomobrioba,

Tavisi ena, kultura, eTnikuri individualoba. sainteresoa, rom

swored Zveli urartus teritoria igulisxmeba sparseTis XVIII

satrapiaSi (olqSi), romelSic, Zv.w.aR-is V s-is berZeni avtoris

herodotes cnobiT, Sediodnen alarodiebi, matieni da sasperebi.

amaTgan alarodi, ueWvelia, Zvel urartelebs gulisxmobs _ saxeli

`alarodi~ (ararodi) odnav saxecvlili igive `urartua~. es saxeli

SemorCa dRes araratis mTas, romelsac adgilobrivi somxuri

mosaxleoba `masiss~ uwodebs (Zv. aRm. xalxTa istoria, gv. 359).

urartuelTa saxeli qarTvelTa mexsierebas `alalis~ saxiT unda

Semoenaxa. amis safuZveli iqneboda isic, rom berZnebic urartuelebs

_ alarodebs, alalodebs uwodebdnen.

_ movses xorenaci, mama somxuri istoriografiisa, arams somxur

tomebs uwodebs, is wers _ `rogorc yvelasaTvis cnobilia, garSemo

mobinadre xalxebi Cvens qveyanas dRemde aramis saxelis mixedviT

eZaxian~ (`somxeTis istoria~, 1984 w., gv. 77).

`arami~ _ somexTa ramdenime eTnarqis saxelia xorenacis mixedviT.

somexTa mamamTavrebis genealogia aseTia _ `iafetma Sva gameri,

gamerma Sva Tirasi, Tirasma Sva Torgomi, Torgomma Sva amasia, amasiam

Sva gelami, gelamma Sva harma, harmam Sva arami, aramma Sva ara

mSvenieri~ (iqve, gv. 62).

rogorc vxedavT, maT Soris `arami~ ramdenimes hqvia, mxolod

sxvadasxva variaciebiT. amitomac SeiZleba Zvel cnobierebaSi

somxeTis saxeli _ arams daukavSirda. alali da arami xalxebi Cveni

mezoblebi iyvnen, maT erTmaneTTan araviTari naTesauri kavSiri ar

hqonia ilia WavWavaZisa da sxva mecnierTa mosazrebiT. lenormanio,

wers ilia, urartuelebs qarTvelebad da qarTvelTa monaTesaveebad

miiCnevs da ara somxebis `romelTanac urartuelebs araviTari

naTesaoba ara aqvT~ (i. WavWavaZe, Txz., t. V, gv. 88).

74

yovelive zemomoyvanili sainteresoa Cveni eklesiis ierarqisa da

mematianis, leonti mroveli episkoposis qarTvel eTnarqTa

genealogiis ganxilvisaTvis.

`qarTlis cxovreba~, SeiZleba iTqvas, somexTa xsenebiT iwyeba,

`pirvelad vaxsenoT ese, rameTu somexTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa da

movaknelTa, herTa da lekTa, megrelTa da kavkasianelTa _ amaT

TvisTa erTi iyo mama, saxeliT Targamos. ese Targamos iyo Ze

TarSisi, Ziswuli iafeTisi, Zisa noesi~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 3).

mrovelis mier gadmocemuli genealogiiT, Targamosis STamomavloba

aseTia: `pirvelsa erqva haos, meoresa qarTlos, mesamesa bardos,

meoTxesa movakan, mexuTesa lek, meeqvsesa heros, meSvidesa kavkas,

mervesa egros~ (iqve, gv. 4).

Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT xorenacisa da mrovelis mier gadmocemul

genealogiur siebs, aseT suraTs miviRebT:

xorenaciT: mroveliT:

iafeti _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ iafeti

gameri _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ iafetis Ze

Tarasi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TarSi

Torgomi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Targamos

haiki _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ haos, qarTlos da a.S.

xorenacis Torgomi, rogorc mrovelis Targamosi, iafetis

STamomavalia, mrovels (iseve, rogorc xorenacis) Targamosis Zed

miaCnia haos anu haiki. gansxvaveba isaa, rom qarTveli episkoposis

azriT, Targamoss rva Ze hyavda, xolo somexi qeTxudis (rjulis

maswavleblis) azriT, _ erTi Ze.

xorenaciT mroveliT

Torgomi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Targamosi

haiki haos, qarTlos, bardos, movakan,

lek, heros,

kavkas, egros

sruliad aSkaraa _ leonti mroveli an xorenacis genealogiiT

sargeblobs da umatebs mas saxelebs qarTveli eTnarqebisas, anda

xorenaci iyenebs romeliRac Zvel genealogias, sadac Targamosi

kavkasielebis mamamTavradaa gamoyvanili, magram ar asaxelebs

Targamosis sxva Zeebs, garda haosisa. amgvari qmedebebis mizezs

TviTonve asaxelebs, oRond `saRvTo rjulis~ magaliTis moSveliebiT

_ `saqme isaa, rom saRvTo werili gamohyofs Tavisianebs, Tavis

75

sakuTar ers. xolo sxvebs, viTraca uRirsT da SeuracxT,

ugulebelyofs, maTi STamomavlobis Sesaxeb arafers ambobs~ (movses

xorenaci `somxeTis istoria~, gv. 63).

Tu saRmrTo werilic ki ar asaxelebda eTnarqebs, aramed mxolod

`Tavisianebs~, Tavis sakuTari eris eTnarqebs gamohyofda da sxvebs

ugulebelhyofda, e.i. ar asaxelebda, srulebiT araa gasakviri, rom

xorenacs ar daesaxelebina Targamosis sxva STamomavlebi, garda

haosisa _ somexTa eTnarqisa, miT umetes rom mas kavkasiis sxva erebi

SedarebiT umniSvnelo erebad miaCnda.

ufro savaraudoa, rom xorenacma daasaxela Targamosis erTi Ze _

haosi, xolo mrovelma Targamosis Zeebis ricxvi gazarda. leonti

mroveli imeorebs xorenacis genealogias, oRond avsebs mas sakuTari

eris eTnarqebis saxelebiT. ismis kiTxva _ leonti mrovelma ratom

miiCnia qarTvelTa eTnarqebi da somexTa eTnarqi erTi mamis Svilebad,

hqonda Tu ara mas amisTvis raime safuZveli? unda vifiqroT, rom amis

safuZveli iyo qarTvel xalxSi daculi Zveli gadmocema (anda cnoba)

imis Sesaxeb, rom uZveles dros saqarTvelos samxreTiT, romelsac

Semdgom somxeTi ewoda, erT dros cxovrobda qarTvelTa monaTesave

didi eri.

alali xalxis xsovna mrovelis dros, aTeulobiT saukunis win,

uTuod metad iyo SemorCenili Zvel saqarTveloSi, vidre Semdgom. vin

icis, iqneb haosSi Cveni Zveli mematianeni Zvel urartuelebs

gulisxmobdnen, romelTa Sesaxebac ilias Zveli Tavaduri sisxli

aTqmevinebda _ `diax, batonebo, urartelni qarTvelTa winaparni

yofilan~.

marTalia, urartus qarTvelTa monaTesave Zveli tomebi maT

qveyanaSi Semosul armenielebSi asimilirdnen, magram SeuZlebelia

qarTul azrovnebaSi ar darCeniliyo mogoneba an gadmocema maT

Sesaxeb. albaT, mogvianebiT leonti mrovelis an misi wyaros epoqaSi

qarTulma azrovnebam Zveli urartus qarTvelebi da somxebi

gauTanabra erTmaneTs da mematianem miiCnia, rom swored somxebi iyvnen

`Tvisni~ qarTvelebisa. ufro metic, Targamosis ZeTa Soris

udidesnica da upiratesnic _ `xolo haos umetes gmiri iyo

yovelTasa, rameTu egeviTari araodes yofil iyo arca wylis-rRunis

winaT da arca Semdgomad taniTa, ZaliTa, simxniTa~ (q. c. I, gv. 4).

somexTa winapris aseTi qeba, adamis STamomavalTa Soris yvelaze

ukeTesad miCneva, TviT somex mematianeebsac ara aqvT gamoTqmuli, miT

umetes, rom armenielebi arc ki moixseniebodnen urartus

saxelmwifos daqcevamde (qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi), msgavsi qeba ki

namdvilad SeSvenoda alarodielT, urartus brwyinvale saxelmwifos

mqone ers, romlis dideba, Zliereba da xelovneba Zvel samyaroSi

76

erT-erTi uSesaniSnavesi iyo. albaT amitomac miCneul iqna alalTa

adgilas mcxovrebi armenielebis warsuli ase saxelovnad.

leonti mroveli qarTvelTa da kavkasielTa eTnarqebs erTmaneTis

`Tvisebs~ uwodebda da Zmebad miiCnevda, anu kavkasiel xalxebs erTi

eTnikuri warmoSobis mqone monaTesave erebad Tvlida. iberiul-

kavkasiurma mecnierebam, romelic meoce saukuneSi Seiqmna, xangrZlivi

ZiebiT daasabuTa kavkasiis mkvidr erTa monaTesaveoba. amitomac unda

vifiqroT, rom leonti mrovels, anu misi epoqis mecnierebas gaaCnda

raRac sabuTi anda gadmocema kavkasielTa monaTesaveobis Sesaxeb.

xolo Tuki mis mier naxseneb `haosis~ qveS vigulisxmebT

urartuelebs, maSin Cvens Tvalwin gacocxldeba Teoria e.w.

alarodiel xalxTa ojaxis (e.i. Zvel urartuelTa da sxvaTa)

monaTesaveobis Sesaxeb.

armenieli xalxi, rogorc aRiniSna, qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi

Camoyalibda, xolo leonti mroveli qristeSobamde aTaswleulebis

win debs Targamosisa da misi Zeebis kavkasiaSi Semosvlis TariRs.

niko mari miiCnevda, rom am epoqisaTvis (aTaswleulebis win) iafeturi

(qarTveluri) enebi moicavda msoflios vrcel regions. am

droisaTvis, misi azriT, qarTveluri enebi gavlenas axdendnen fuZe

indoevropulze, urTierToba hqondaT semiturTan, somxur enas ki niko

mari miiCnevda `narevi tipis~ enad, `n. mari intensiurad muSaobda

somxur filologiaSic. mas, rogorc qarTulis karg mcodnes, uTuod

unda SeeniSna, rom somxur enaSi bevri ram, rac indoevropul enebTan

SedarebiT ver aixsneba, SeiZleba aixsnas qarTulTan SedarebiT~ (i.

SilakaZe, Zveli somxuri enis gramatika~, 1975 w., gv. 27). `n. maris

mixedviT, rogorc cnobilia, am minarevma somxuri ena aqcia raRac

saSualod kavkasiursa (Semdeg iafetursa) da indoevropul (Semdeg

promeTeidul) enebs Soris mdgom enad~ (iqve, gv. 30). i. SilakaZe wers _

`somxeTis teritoriaze indo-evropuli modgmis xalxs mermindel

mosulebad vivaraudebT Tu adgilobriv mkvidrad (rogorc zogierTi

fiqrobs), erTi cxadia: am teritoriaze winaT arsebobda

saxelmwifoebi da cxovrobdnen xalxebi (Tu tomebi), romelTac

qarTvel xalxTan (da saerTod kavkasiel xalxebTan) garkveuli

kavSiri hqondaT, Tu asea, cxadia, somexi xalxi, rogorc eTnikuri

erTeuli, uTuod Seicavs am xalxebis da tomebis minarevs. am minarevs

ki Tavisi wvlili unda Seetana axal ojaxSi. es eWvs gareSea.

maSasadame, somxurSi indoevropul enebTan SedarebiT auxsnelTagan

bevri ram SeiZleba aixsnas qarTvelursa da kavkasiur enobriv

samyarosTan SedarebiT (am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa

saSualo da axali somxuri enebi dialeqtiTurT, romelTac

ramdenadac ufro Rrmad vswavlobT, imdenad metad vrwmundebiT, rom

77

somxur enas bevri iseTi Tviseba SeuZenia, rac qarTul-qarTveluri

enebis Tvisebas gvagonebs da rasac Zvel somxurSi adgili ar hqonda.

aman aTqmevina i. karstes _ somxuri enis dialeqtebi indo-evropuli

warmoSobisa ar ariano~ (iqve, gv. 29).

xorenaci mudam laparakobs somexTa gadmosaxleobis dros samxreT

kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi arasomxuri tomebis Sesaxeb, romlebic

aTqvefilan Semosul mosaxleobaSi. xorenacis `istoriis~ qarTulad

mTargmneli a. abdalaZe wers: `xorenacis am da msgavs cnobebSi

asaxulia istoriuli sinamdvile imis Sesaxeb, rom e.w. `didi

somxeTis~ miwa-wyalze somexTa mosvlamde mkvidrobdnen sxva xalxebi,

maT Soris qarTuli modgmis tomebic~ (`istoria~ gv. 249).

xorenaci aRwers urartus qveyanaSi somexTa winapari tomebis

gadasaxlebis suraTs, is wers, rom haiki `...babilonSi vaJis

arameneakis SeZenis Semdeg gaeSura CrdiloeTis mxareebSi mdebare

araradis qveynisaken Tavisi vaJebiTa da qaliSvilebiT... igi mivida da

damkvidrda erTi mTis Ziras, vakeze, sadac ukve dasaxlebuliyo

mcireodeni xalxi adrindeli gafantvis dros. haikma daimorCila

isini da aago iq samemkvidreo saxli. amas Zveli zepirgadmocemebic

adastureben~ (m. xorenaci, istoria, gv. 70).

harqis zeganze, sadac `Torgomis saxlis mamani~ damkvidrebulan,

xorenacis cnobiT, `adridanve cxovrobdnen mcireodeni kacni,

romlebic nebiT daemorCilnen gmirs, zepiri gadmocemebi amasac

adastureben~ (iqve, gv. 70).

xorenaci kvlav wers _ `sakvirvelia mematianes naTqvami, rom Cvens

qveyanaSi mraval adgilas gafantulad mkvidrobda mcireodeni xalxi,

Cveni Zireuli winapris haikis mosvlamde~ (iqve, gv. 73).

mosulma armenielebma damxvedri tomebi STanTqes, moaxdines maTi

asimilacia, es pirdapir Cans xorenacidan. magaliTad _ `amasTanave

(aramma) ubrZana iqaur mkvidrT, SeeTvisebinaT somxuri ena da

laparaki~ (iqve, gv. 77).

isic unda iTqvas, rom urartus miwa-wyalze Sesvlis Semdgom moxda

Camoyalibeba somexi xalxisa, rogorc es aRiniSneba somex

istorikosTa mier. am dros Cans, somxur enaze gavlena iqonia,

damxvdur, mkvidr xalxTa enam.

S. ZiZiguri wers _ `niko maris koncefciiT, qarTul enobriv

samyaros didi gavlena mouxdenia somxur enaze winaistoriul xanaSi,

uZveles periodSi, rodesac xdeboda somxuri eTnosis formireba,

Sesabamisad _ somxuri enis Camoyalibeba. niko maris udidesi wvlili

armenologiaSi, swored es aris. koncefciis sqema aseTia: somxuri

narevi enaa, orbunebovania, erTi fena, Senarevi da Sezrdili sxva

78

fenasTan, qarTul-kavkasiur samyarosTan siaxloviT aris aRbeWdili~

(S. ZiZiguri, `niko mari qarTuli kulturis mkvlevari~, (1985, gv. 104).

yovelive zemoaRniSnuli uflebas iZleva gamoiTqvas mosazreba, rom

Zvel saqarTveloSi arsebobda mogoneba saqarTvelos samxreTiT

mcxovrebi Zlieri, qarTvelTa monaTesave xalxis Sesaxeb, da vinaidan

saqarTvelos samxreTiT im droisTvis somxebi cxovrobdnen,

qarTvelTa genealogiis Semdgenelma mematianem sxva qarTvelur

monaTesave tomebis eTnarqTa Soris haosic CarTo, viTarca pirovnuli

gamoxatuleba xsenebuli mogonebisa. Cans, mrovelis haosi _ urartus

Zlierebis anareklia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi verc erTi Tavisufali

eri aitanda Tavis erovnul matianeSi mtkicebas imisas, rom maTi

mezobeli eris winapari TavianT winaparze upiratesi da uZlieresi

iyo. swored qarTvel xalxSi darCenil mogonebas samxreTeli

monaTesave mezoblis Sesaxeb unda gaexada asatani mrovelis

genealogiis erovnul matianeSi CarTva.

rogorc aRiniSna, mroveli Tavisi genealogiis Sedgenis dros

iyenebda xorenacis genealogias. maSasadame, es genealogia V

saukuneze adre ver Sedgeboda. Zneli safiqrebelia, VIII-XI saukuneebSi

qarTvelebisa da somxebisaTvis ewodebinaT Zmebi da `Tvisni~, qarTul-

somxuri eklesiebis daSorebisas atexili ideologiuri brZolis gamo.

manaskertis 726 wlis krebis Semdgom qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebi

(da Sesabamisad ideologiac) srulebiT gansxvavebuli gzebiT

ganviTardnen, srulebiT gancalkevdnen, ufro metic, saqarTveloSi

somxeTTan da somxur eklesiasTan kulturuli an raime erTobis

damadasturebeli yovelgvari Txzuleba ispoboda anda

redaqtirdeboda.

sul sxva viTareba iyo VI-VII saukuneebSi. am dros qarTveli da

somexi erebi, eklesiebi gansakuTrebiT dakavSirebulni iyvnen

erTmaneTTan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli mxare iZulebuli iyo

qarTuli eklesia somxuri eklesiis mokavSired waredgina sparsi

xelisuflebisaTvis. saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdgom sparseTi

gansakuTrebiT uWerda mxars somxur eklesias, aZlierebda mas da

amasTan erTad aiZulebda mis imperiaSi mcxovreb qristianebs mieRoT

qristianuli sarwmunoebis is orientacia, romelsac adga somxuri

eklesia (e.i. antibizantiuri). am dros xdeboda qarTuli wmida

wignebis redaqtireba da `gamarTva~ somxuris mixedviT (amis Sesaxeb

ix. qvemoT).

unda vifiqroT, rom mematianem qarTvel eTnarqTa genealogia

Seadgina somxur-qarTuli eklesiebis `erTobis~ dros VI-VII

saukuneebSi. jer kidev m. TarxniSvilma gamoTqva azri, rom leonti

mrovelis literaturuli saqmianoba VI-VII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba.

79

`m. TarxniSvilis azriT, leonti mrovelis literaturuli

saqmianoba merve saukunis meore naxevars ver gadascildeba _ ufro

zustad is unda daidos VI-VII sauk. somex-qarTvelTa saeklesio

ganxeTqilebamde~ (k. kekeliZe, lit. ist. gv. 238).

f a r n a v a z i

saqarTvelos pirveli erTiani saxelmwifos damaarseblis, anbanis

gamavrceleblis, qarTuli mwignobrobis fuZemdeblis, mefe farnavazis

cxovreba aRwerilia qarTvelTa umTavres saistorio, erovnuli

siwmindis xarisxamde amaRlebul wignSi, romelsac `qarTlis

cxovreba~ ewodeba. miCneulia, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavali,

TargamosianTa genealogia, TviT redaqtors Seudgenia (kerZod, mas

Tavisi drois moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad dauweria Zvel wyaroTa

gamoyenebiT `ambavi rvaTa ZmaTa~, `gamosvla xazarTa~, `Semosvla

aleqsandresi~), xolo `cxovreba farnavazisi~ _ ukve arsebuli Zveli

qarTuli saistorio moTxroba, Tavisi gemovnebiT gaumarTavs da

CaurTavs wignSi.

qveynis gamaerTianebeli pirveli mefis mamis saxeli mematianisaTvis

ucnobia, samagierod misTvis cnobilia saxeli mamis Zmisa. amasTan

dakavSirebiT pavle ingoroyva wers _ `leonti mroveli aq, Cans,

imeorebs romeliRac Zveli saistorio wyaros cnobas~ (t. IV, gv. 523).

mematiane farnavazis ambis gadmocemisas wers, rom farnavazi `iyo

mamulad qarTleli, naTesavi uflosi, mcxeTosis Zisa~ (qarTlis

cxovreba, I, gv. 20). misi genealogia, cxadia, wyvetilebiT, aseTia:

farnavazamde didi xniT adre, qarTvelTa erT mTavar winaparTagani

_ qarTlosi, dasaxlebula mtkvrisa da aragvis SesarTavTan mdebare

armazis mTaze. aq auSenebia simagreebi (SemdgomSi aq armazis kerpi

aRmarTes, iqamde ki am mTis saxeli `qarTli~ yofila). qarTloss

auSenebia orbis (Semdgom samSvilded wodebuli) da xunanis (anu

mtueris) cixeebi. ucocxlia didxans.

80

qarTlosisa da Targamosis STamomavalT erTmaneTSi siyvaruliT

ucxovriaT, Semdgom ki aSlilan da dakninebulan. am mizeziT maT

Soris aRaravin yofila uwarCinebulesi da usaxelovanesi. adgil-

adgil Tavadebi (gamoCenili meTaurebi) Cndebodnen, magram mcxeTis

Tavadi yvelaze warCinebulad iTvleboda sxvebTan SedarebiT. mas

mefis, an erisTavis saxeli ar ewodeboda, aramed mamasaxlisi. is

gamzavebeli da mosamarTle iyo qarTlosianTa Soris.

swored am droisaTvis dauviwyniaT WeSmariti RmerTi, romelic

qarTvelTa winaprebs swamdaT, dauwyiaT msaxureba mzisa, mTvarisa da

xuTi varskvlavisa, `mtkice da ufrosi saficari maTi iyo saflavi

qarTlosisa~.

81

didi xnis Semdgom gamoCenila aleqsandre makedoneli. igi sxva

qveyanaTa dapyrobis Semdgom Semosula qarTlSi, sadac mas uxilavs

mkvidrni qveynisa; unda iTqvas, rom aq mematianes mier gadmocemuli

ambavi aSkarad areulia, Cans ara marto sxvadasxva wyaros, aramed

sxvadasxva koncefciis gavlenac. magaliTad, rogorc viciT, sxva

wyaros, `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ _ koncefciis Tanaxmad, qarTvelebi

samxreTis `arian-qarTlis~ qveynidan gadmosaxlebulan makedonelis

dros. maT am qveyanaSi daxvedriaT ucxo eri, `qarTlis cxovrebis~

koncefciiT ki qarTveloba xalxad yalibdeba saqarTvelos miwa-

wyalze, e.i. ar gadmosaxlebula. zemoaRniSnuli ambis gadmocemis

dros, rogorc aRiniSna, es ori koncefcia erTmaneTSia areuli.

magaliTad, makedonels qarTlSi xvdeba qarTveloba da... ucxo eri _

bunTurqebi da yivCaRebi. aq, cxadia, aRebulia `moqcevaAs~ ambavi,

romelic saTanadod araa Sejerebuli `qarTlis cxovrebis~

koncefciasTan.

qarTlSi Semosvlis Semdgom aleqsandre makedoneli SeebrZola da

daamarcxa zogierT kuTxeSi mcxovrebi araqarTuli tomebi _ `mosrna

yovelni igi naTesavni aRreulni qarTls myofni da ucxoni igi

naTesavni mosrna da daatyvevna da dedani da yrmani ucebni,

TxuTmetisa wlisa umcrosni~ (q. c. I, gv. 18). araqarTvelTa mospobis

Semdeg darCenil qarTvel mosaxleobas (qarTlosianebs) patrikad

82

dautova makedoneli azoni, iaredosis Ze. mas emorCileboda 100000

romaeli qveiTi.

maTi sarwmunoeba, mematianes gadmocemiT, aseTi iyo: ebrZana azons

aleqsandres mier qarTvelTa qveyanaSi danergiliyo Tayvaniscema

mzisa, mTvarisa, xuTi varskvlavisa, msaxureba uxilavi RmerTisa,

yovlis dambadeblisa.

aleqsandres wasvlis Semdgom azonma miatova es sarwmunoeba _

`iwyo kerpTmsaxurebad da Seqmnna orni kerpni vercxlisani: `gaci da

gaim~. azoni sastiki da sisxliani kaci yofila, mas qarTvelTaTvis

iaraRis tarebis nebac ki ar daurTavs _ gaucia brZaneba: `yovelman

qarTvelTaganman, romelman povos saWurveli, mokaliT igi~. _ `da iyo

Wiri didi naTesavsa zeda qarTvelTasa~. swored aseT dros

gamoCenila farnavazi _ qarTvelTa ganmaTavisuflebeli. siyrmidanve

kavkasiis mTebSi ltolvili farnavazi saxelovan vaJkacad aRzrdila.

is `iyo kaci gonieri, mxedari SemmarTebeli da monadire xelovani~.

mcxeTaSi dabrunebis Semdgom is gaucniaT azonisaTvis, rogorc

saxelganTqmuli monadire. `Seiyvara igi azonman monadireobisaTvis~.

azonTan daaxloebas didad SeuSinebia deda farnavazisi, evedreboda

Svils daetovebina mcxeTa, qarTli da wasuliyvnen, raTa azonis xels

dasxltomodnen. marTlac ojaxma gadawyvita sxvagan, farnavazis

dedis qveyanaSi gadasaxleba. mematiane ganagrZobs:

maSin ixila farnavazma sizmari, TiTqosda igi iyo erT ukacur

saxlSi, undoda gasvla da ver gadioda. maSin sarkmlidan Semovida

mzis sxivi Semoertya welze, gaizida da gaiyvana sarkmelidan. da

83

rodesac velze gavida mze, farnavazma is ixila dadablebuli, xeliT

Seexo mzis pirs, moxoca cvari da icxo Tavis pirze. gaiRviZa

farnavazma, gaukvirda da Tqva _ es sizmari albaT dedaCemis

samSobloSi Casvlis Semdeg amixdeba, iq sikeTeSi viqnebio.

im dReebSi farnavazi sanadirod gaemarTa da diRmis velze irmebs

gaekida. irmebi Tbilisis xriokebisaken gaiqcnen. misdevda farnavazi,

styorcna isari, hkra irems, man cota gaiara da daeca kldis ZirSi.

amasobaSi daRamda, CamoqveiTda farnavazi da iremTan gadawyvita Ramis

gaTeneba. am dros gawvimda Zlier. kldis ZirSi farnavazma

gamoqvabuli SeamCnia, amoqolili. amoiRo Cuglugi da gamoarRvia

kari, raTa simSraleSi Sesuliyo. Sevida SigniT da ixila ganZi

miuwvdomeli, oqro da vercxli, uTvalavi WurWeli oqrovercxlisa.

Zlier gaukvirda, aRivso sixaruliT da gaaxsenda sizmari. isev

amoqola gamoqvabulis kari. uTxra es ambavi dedasa da or das.

gamoitanes es ganZi malviT. amis Semdgom azonis qmedeba miuTiTebs

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra Zlieri iyo im uZveles drosve, qristeSobamde

aswleulebiT adre, qarTvelTa Soris erovnuli erTianobis grZnoba

da qarTvel tomebs rogor hqondaT SenarCunebuli eTnikuri

erTianobis simZafre. ganZis povniT uceb gamdidrebulma farnavazma,

upirveles yovlisa, gagzavna Tavisi warmomadgeneli egrisis

dasavlur qarTuli saerisTaos meTaurTan _ qujisTan da Seatyobina

mas momxdari ambavi. farnavazma SeuTvala survili, Tavisi ganZiT

misuliyo qujisTan da erTiani ZaliT SebrZolebodnen azons _

qarTvelTa qveynis dampyrobels.

mematiane wers, rom am ambis mosmeniT `ganixara qujim sixaruliTa

didiTa da hrqua: `aRsdeg da moved Cem Tana, nu Surob xvastagsa

Sensa, da xvastagiTa SeniTa, gangimravlne spani Senni, vidre

gamovCndeT mtrad azonisa, maSin ganixaron yovelTa qarTvelTa

awyvedilTa misgan da miwyvedulTa~ (q.c. gv. 22).

pasuxis miRebis Semdeg farnavazi dediTa da debiT sixaruliT

wavida qujisTan. quji aseTi sityvebiT Seegeba mas: `Sen xar Svili

TavTa maT qarTlisaTa da Sen gmarTebs ufloba Cemi... Sen xar ufali

Cveni da me var mona Seni~ (gv. 22). farnavazi am droisaTvis, rogorc

viciT, ubralo, yovelgvari pativisa da Tanamdebobis uqonel pirs

warmoadgenda, xolo quji egrisis vrceli qveynis mflobeli iyo,

amitomac misgan Tavisi Tavis `monad~, xolo farnavazis `uflad~

gamocxadeba aixsneba genealogiuri ufros-umcrosobiTi

urTierTdamokidebulebiT, rac Zveli droisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli

da savaldebulod Sesasrulebeli. farnavazi `qarTlis TavTa

Svilia~, amitomaco, ambobs `egrisis TavTa Svili~, _ me Sen unda

dagemorCilo, Sen `Cveni ufali xaro~. aseTi urTierToba

84

gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tavdapirvel genealogiur variantSi, romelsac

Semdgom asaxva ver upovnia `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~, genealogiuri Sto,

Cans aseTi saxiT iyo gadmocemuli:

qujica da farnavazic erTi winapris STamomavalni arian, magram

farnavazi pirmSoebiTi uflebis ZaliT ojaxSi, gvarSi, ufrosad

iTvleba, is `ufalia~, misi yvela naTesavi mas unda daemorCilos.

aseTia im Jamis kanoni.

farnavazma da qujim moilaparakes osebTan da lekebTan, isini

sixaruliT daTanxmdnen azonis winaaRmdeg ajanyebas, radganac ar

surdaT misTvis xarkis micema. maTgan miiRes damxmare samxedro Zala,

egrisSi Seikriba uTvalavi spa. Seuties azons. azoni damarcxda da

Tavi Seafara klarjeTs. farnavazi Sevida mcxeTaSi, imave wels

daimorCila `yoveli qarTli~, klarjeTis garda _ ase wers mematiane,

_ `daipyra yoveli qarTli Tvinier klarjeTisa~, aq uTuod `yoveli

qarTlis~ qveS igulisxmeba rogorc aRmosavleTi, aseve dasavleTi

saqarTvelo _ swored dasavleT saqarTvelo warmoadgenda farnavazis

sayrden baziss azonis winaaRmdeg ajanyebisas.

azons farnavazis winaaRmdeg omSi daexmara `saberZneTi~ _ misgan

miiRo didZali damxmare Zala, samagierod farnavazs _ `asuristanis

mefe antioqozi~. kidev erTxel SeebrZolnen erTmaneTs azonisa da

farnavazis jarebi _ artaanis naqalaqevSi, romelsac huri anu `qajTa

qalaqi~ erqva. berZenTa jarebi daamarcxes qarTvelebma, mokles azoni,

SeiWra farnavazi saberZneTis sazRvrebSi _ Sevida anZioZorSi da ukan

dabrunda ekelecis gziT. klarjeTi SeuerTa Tavis samefos da

dabrunda mcxeTaSi.

85

qarTlis samefos sazRvari Crdilo-dasavleTiT daido mdinare

egriswyalze. am mdinaris marjvena sanapiroc (iseve rogorc marcxena)

warmoadgenda egrosis wils, e.i. warmoadgenda egrosis STamomavalTa

sacxovriss (vidre xazareTis mdinaremde `saca warswudebis wueri

kavkasisa~), magram egriswyalsa da xazareTis mdinares (e.i. md.

egriswyalsa da md. yubans) Soris mcxovrebma egriselebma ar inebes

gandgoma `berZenTa~ saxelmwifosagan da Sesvla farnavazis samefoSi.

sazRvari `yoveli qarTlisa~ am mimarTulebiT daido mdinare

egriswyalze. mematiane wers _ `xolo egriswyals qvemoT darCa

berZenTa, rameTu mkvidrTa mis adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgoma

berZenTa~, xolo egrisis meore nawili Sevida qarTlis samefoSi,

Tavisi saxelmwifo farnavazma dayo saerisTavoebad. pirvelTa Soris

mematiane asaxelebs egriss da mis erisTavs qujis. is gaxda siZe

farnavazisa da miiRo saerisTavod yoveli qarTlis qveyana

egriswyalsa da rions Sua. man aaSena cixe-goji. margveTis

saerisTavoSi Sedioda miwebi mdinare rionsa da lixis mTas Soris.

Semdegi saerisTavoebi iyvnen kaxeTSi, xunanSi, samSvildeSi, wundaSi,

oZrxeSi, klarjeTSi. erTi erisTavi daadgina _ spaspetad, mas Sida

qarTlic mieca sagamgeod, is warmoadgenda mefis Semdeg pirvel

Tanamdebobis pirs, yvela erisTvis ganmgebels. Tavis mxriv erisTavebs

emorCilebodnen spasalarebi da aTasisTavebi, maTgan Semodioda

saerisTavo da samefo xarki.

86

farnavazma aaSena aleqsandre makedonelis mier saqarTveloSi

dangreuli qalaqebi da cixeebi, dedaqalaq mcxeTas ki Semoavlo

galavani.

farnavazs Seuqmnia Tavis saxelze _ kerpi armazi, rameTu farnavazs

sparsulad armazi erqva. es armazis kerpi aRmarTa qarTlis mTis

Tavze. didi dResaswauli gadaixada kerpis aRmarTvisas.

gamefebisas 27 wlis iyo. 65 weli nebierad imefa. `aRaSena da

ganavso qarTli~.

farnavazma qarTuli ena saxelmwifo enad gamoacxada, ris gamoc

qarTulis garda sxva ena saqarTveloSi ar ixmareboda. manve Seqmna

qarTuli mwignobroba.

sikvdilis Semdeg armazis kerpis win daasaflaves.

ase gadmogvcems farnavazis cxovrebas Cveni matiane.

qarTlis, anu iberiis erTiani didi saxelmwifos warmoqmnas

mecnierebi qristeSobamde IV-III saukuneebiT aTariReben.

farnavazisa da misi memkvidre mefeebis anu farnavazianebis dros

mcxeTaSi _ samefos dedaqalaqSi, Sendeboda cixesimagreebi, sxvadasxva

nagebobani, kidev sxva kerpebic aRumarTavT. farnavazis mier armazis

aRmarTvis Semdgom mefe saurmagma aRmarTa kerpi ainina, iwyo armazis

cixe-qalaqis Seneba. mefe mirvanma daninas kerpi aRmarTa, daasrula

armazis mSenebloba. mefe farnajomma kerpi zaden mTaze aRmarTa,

cixec auSena. arsok mefem _ qalaqs sxva zRude Semoavlo. mefe artags

ki armazSi Sida cixe (akropolisi) auSenebia.

maTi Semdgomi mefeebi ukve sakuTriv mcxeTas aSenebdnen, anu

mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze mdebare qalaqs.

87

dedaqalaqs icavdnen rTuli TavdacviTi sistemis meSveobiT. armaz-

cixe somxeTidan, albaneTidan da dasavleT saqarTvelodan momavali

gzebis TavSeyris adgilas idga, zadencixe ki CrdiloeTis

momTabareTa qveynebidan momaval gzas akontrolebda. qveyanaSi

Sedioda didi saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis savaWro gza, rogorc amas

gvacnobs straboni. saerTod iberia savaWro gzebiT yofila daserili.

strabonis cnobiT, iberia kargad yofila dasaxlebuli, qalaqebi da

dabebi mravalricxovani iyo. saxlebi da nagebobebi kargad nagebi,

xuroTmoZRvruli xelovnebiT, hqondaT kramitis saxuravebi. iberiaSi

mdebareobda qalaqebi _ ufliscixe, wunda, oZrxe, cixegoji (am qveynis

dasavleTi sazRvari, rogorc aRiniSna, mdinare egriswyalze ido).

uTuod yovel saerisTavos gaaCnda Tavisi centri. CrdiloeTis

mimarTulebiT iberiis sazRvars, Cans, kavkasionis wyalmyofi qedi

warmoadgenda, romlis iqiTac mcxovreb tomebzec vrceldeboda

samefos gavlena.

samxreTis mimarTulebiT iberia vrclad iyo gadaWimuli. armeniasa

da iberias, qristeSobamde II saukunis avtoris _ apolodoris cnobiT,

erTmaneTisgan hyofda mdinare araqsi. araqsi yofila gamyofi

iberielebisa da armenielebisa.

samxreT-dasavleTiT iberiis sazRvari gadioda piriadris mTis

kalTebze, mas ekuTvnoda xorzene da gogarene, rogorc berZnebi

uwodebdnen samxreT saqarTvelos kuTxeebs. Semdeg, strabonis cnobiT,

armenias iberiisaTvis waurTmevia aRniSnuli kuTxeebi, daaxloebiT 190

wels qristeSobamde (ix. saq. ist. narkv., t. I, gv. 456).

88

farnavazis rezidencias da samefo qalaqs warmoadgenda armazi. misi

saxeli mraval ucxour Tanadroul wyaroSic aris asaxuli, rogorc

Cans, is cnobili da saxelovani qalaqi iyo. am qalaqis sidiade

daadastura arqeologiurma gaTxrebma, qarTvel erismTavarTa da

warCinebulTa brwyinvale fufuneba da didebuleba naTlad gamoaCina

arqeologiurma Zeglebma. armazidan samefo rezidencia gadatanil

iqna sakuTriv mcxeTaSi, es momxdara pirveli saukunis meore

naxevarSi. p. ingoroyvas Tanaxmad, mefe farnavazi mefobda

qristeSobamde 284-219 wlebSi. 284 welsve damyarebula qarTuli

welTaRricxva.

`ZvelqarTuli kalendris Seswavlidan irkveva, rom qarTuli

nacionaluri welTaRricxva iwyeba swored im droidan, rodesac,

leonti mrovelis cnobiT, aleqsandre makedonelis imperiis dayofis

Sedegad moxda axali iberiis saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba,

farnavazianTa dinastiiT xelisuflebis saTaveSi. saxeldobr,

dasawyisi qarTuli nacionaluri welTaRricxvisa aris 284 weli Cvens

eramde. es weli aris gamosavali TariRi, romelic Semdeg safuZvlad

daedo qarTuli qoronikonis sistemas, ...es TariRi, 284 weli,

romelidanac iwyeba qarTuli nacionaluri era, aris TariRi iberiis

saxelmwifo damoukideblobis gamocxadebisa da farnavazianTa

dinastiis damkvidrebisa iberiis saxelmwifos xelisuflebis saTaveSi

(p. ingoroyva, t. IV, 1978, gv. 558).

89

pavle ingoroyvam saTanado kvlevis Sedegad daaskvna, rom qarTul

matianeTa antikuri xanis iberiis mefeTa sia (`mefeni qarTls Sina

warmarTni~) _ warmoadgens istoriuli sinamdvilis Semcvel

dokuments, romelic momdinareobs winaqristianuli epoqis

ZvelqarTuli saistorio wyaroebidan (iqve, gv. 559).

farnavazma erT saxelmwifoSi gaaerTiana qarTuli tomebi, Sehkra

isini erT xalxad, man SesZlo aseve am saxelmwifos gavlenis sferoSi

moeqcia iberiul-kavkasiurad wodebuli, qarTvelTa monaTesave

sxvadasxva tomebi. kerZod, rogorc iTqva, iberielTa da armenielTa

Soris sazRvari erT dros mdinare araqsze gadioda. CrdiloeTis

mimarTulebiT qarTvelTa gavlenis sferoSi, mematianes Tanaxmad,

Sediodnen osTa, durZukTa da lekTa tomebi. durZukebi da lekebi _

qarTvelTa monaTesaveebad uZveles drosve miiCneoda. osTa Sesaxeb

unda iTqvas, rom rogorc wyaro miuTiTebs, osebi im droisaTvis ar

miiCneodnen iranulenovan tomebad, aramed iTvlebodnen qarTvelTa

monaTesave kavkasiur (adgilobriv) tomad. Cveni matianes Tanaxmad,

osebi yofilan STamomavalni xazarTa mefis Zisa uobosisa _

`mrovelis warmodgeniT, uobos xazarTa mefisSvili yofila, xolo

osebi TiTqos am uobosis, e.i. xazarTa da qarTvelTa da somexTa

tyveebis `naTesavebi~, anu STamomavalni yofilan. e.i. narevi erovneba

yofila~ (iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali, t. I, 1950

w. gv. 277).

90

aqedan Cans, rom farnavazis epoqaSi osebi marTalia narev, magram

mainc qarTvelTa monaTesave tomad miiCneoda. osebi _ romelTac

Semdgom alanebi ewodaT _ ucxoelTa mier iberielebad miiCneodnen _

`XI saukunis bizantieli mwerali ioane cecesi amtkicebs: iberebi,

abazgebi da alanebi erT xalxs Seadgendneno, xolo XV saukunis

somexi mematiane Toma mewofeli ganumartavs mkiTxvelebs, rom

qarTvelTa saxlSi, e.i. qarTul erovnul-kulturul gaerTianebaSi

Sedis rva tomi _ qarTebi (`vracebi~), imerlebi, megrelebi, svanebi,

afxazebi, mesxebi, dvalebi da osebi~ (s. janaSia, t. V, gv. 12). Semdgomi

saukunis evropeli avtoric aseve miiCnevs _ `Striteri Tavisi Sromis

nawilSi, sadac laparakia zemo iberiis mezoblad binadar alanebze,

kategoriuli da sruli eWvmiutanlobis kiloTi acxadebs, rom esenic

iberielebi ariano~ (S. ZiZiguri, saenaTmecniero saubrebi, gv. 174).

dvalebs, marTalia, ratomRac durZukTa toms aTvlidnen bolo

dromde, magram sinamdvileSi qarTvelebi iyvnen. Semdgom moxda

dvalTa tomis iranizacia, gaoseba. SesaZlebelia, Tavdapirvelad

osebad saxeldebuli tomic ar iyo iranulenovani da Semdgom, Sua

saukuneebis manZilze, Crdilo kavkasiaSi moxda osebis

gairanulenovneba.

sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, rom alanebi iranulenovani tomi iyo,

magram arc is unda darCes uyuradRebod, rom sakmaod didi nawili

91

Zveli istorikosebisa alanebs, qarTvel istorikosTa msgavsad,

xazarul (e.i. Turqul) kavkasiur warmomavlobis tomad miiCnevda.

magaliTad, XIV saukunis arabi geografi alanebs Turqulenovan

xalxad Tvlida, is erT alanur qalaqze werda _ `is dasaxlebulia

alani xalxiT, da isini Turqebi arian _ romelnic gaqristiandnen~.

XV saukuneSi i. Siltbergeri iyo asebTan (osebTan) da alanebTan.

isini Turme maSin RmerTs TaTrul enaze adidebdnen (ix. f. burn,

`puteSestvie ivana Siltbergera...~, wigni `zapiriski imperatorskogo

novorosiiskogo universiteta~. t. I, vip. 1 da 2. odessa 1867, gv. 31-33).

prof. n. baskakovis Tanaxmad, Cinur wyaroebSi moxsenebuli tomi iaoSe

(iasebi, osebi) Turquli warmoSobisa yofila. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom

yaraCaevel da balyarel istorikosebs TavianTi tomebi alanuri

warmoSobisad, alanebi ki Turqul-xazarul warmoSobisad miaCniaT. am

mxriv, Cans aris raRac saerTo Zvel qarTul da ucxour wyaroTa

Soris.

farnavazis droisaTvis sruliad SesaZlebelia, osebi iseve

yofiliyo iberiul-kavkasiuri warmomavlobis tomi, rogorc sxva

mezobeli tomebi.

farnavazis saxelmwifo faqtobrivad mTel kavkasias aerTianebda

Tavis gavlenis sferoSi, magram yvelaze arsebiTi isaa, rom qarTvel

tomTa gamaerTianebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnam saxelmwifosave meSveobiT

SesaZlebeli gaxada qarTvelTa erovnebis formireba, erTiani xalxis,

eris Camoyalibeba. sazogadod cnobilia, rom saxelmwifos aqvs

Tviseba erTian xalxad Camoayalibos saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi

mosaxleoba, aseTive Tvisebebis iyo, cxadia, qarTuli erTiani

saxelmwifoc. miT umetes, rom qarTul wyaroTa Tanaxmad, farnavazis

mier Camoyalibebulma saxelmwifom iarseba TiTqmis aTasi weli.

kerZod, es saxelmwifo daSlila vaxtang gorgasalis Svilebis

Semdgom VI saukuneSi _ ase gadmogvcems `qarTlis cxovrebac~ da

`moqcevaA qarTlisaAc~. qarTveli eris Camoyalibebis dros Sesaxeb

laparakia qvemoT, xolo aq unda iTqvas, rom farnavazis epoqaSi

qarTvelTa erTianobas miuTiTebs ZvelqarTuli gvarebis formaTa

erTianoba uZveles saqarTveloSi. gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom

uZvelesi gvaris aRmniSvneli sufiqsi egrisSi, anu samegreloSi iyo

`iani~ (misgan iqna Semdgom miRebuli daboloeba `ia~, `va~ da sxva).

uZvelesi sagvarovano sufiqsi svaneTSi iyo da aris `iani~. uZvelesi

sagvarovano sufiqsi sruliad saqarTvelos mTianeTSi _ fSav-

xevsureTidan svaneTamde iyo `iani~ (saojaxod, saSinaod amJamadac

`ian~ formebi ixmareba). uZvelesi sagvarovano sufiqsi saqarTvelos

barSic iyo _ `iani~. ganvixiloT ramdenime magaliTi: Zvel wyaroebSi

erTaderTi damaboloebeli sufiqsi _ `iani~-a _ gvarebSi _

92

`farnavaziani~, `xosroiani~, `arSakuniani~, `baqariani~, `reviani~ (q. c.

gv. 138). `maruSiani~, `bagratoniani~ (q. c. gv. 251). `ariSiani~ (q. c. gv.

328). `barabiani~ (q. c. 116). `bivritiani~ (erisTavi oZrxisa) q. c. 185).

`goderZiani~ (es gvaria, rac iqedan Cans, rom mravlobiTis formiTaa

wyaroSi mocemuli _ `goderZianni tbelni~), (q. c. gv. 248). iqvea

`mameanni~, `mame-i-ani. `Targamosianni~ _ eTnarqebi. Savliani (ivane _

afxazeTis mefe. 258). `kavkasianni~ _ sadaurobis aRsaniSnavad (130).

`nebroTianni~, `nersiani~ (nerse _ qarTlis erisTavi, 241),

`qarTlosianni~ (qarTlosis STamomavalni, 27), juanSeriani (juanSeri-

istorikosi, gv. 248) da sxva uamravi.

marTalia, zogierT SemTxvevaSi CamonaTvali jer kidev ar aris

namdvili gvar-saxelebi da aRniSnuli forma pirTa STamomavlobas

miuTiTebs, magram isini sagvareulo saxelebad iqcnen ZiriTadad. `ian~

sufiqsiT, rogorc aRiniSna, mTel saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi

arsebobda gvarebi (gvar-saxelebi). amis dasturia megrul-svanuri da

mTiuluri uZvelesi formebi. s. janaSia wers _ `gabatonebuli unda

yofiliyo gvar-saxelebis es forma samegreloSic... megruli `ia~ _

`ianis~ naSTia. es cxadi xdeba, kerZod, cnobil gvar-saxelTa

istoriul da cocxal formaTa SedarebiT, amrigad, istoriulsa da

literaturul (dadians, lipartians, ratians, bedians megrul cocxal

metyvelebaSi udris: dadia, lipartia, ratia, bedia... bolokidur _ n-s

dakargva niSandoblivia megrulisaTvis (s. janaSia, t. III, 1959, gv. 40-

41).

iqve s. janaSias ganxiluli aqvs `ian~ formis gamoyeneba gvar-

saxelebisavis aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi

(mTiuleTi, raWa, leCxumi, svaneTi). _ `gvar-saxelebis es daboloeba

Tavdapirvelad gavrcelebuli iyo, Cans, yvela qarTul tomSi, da

qarTvelurs patronomistikul morfologiaSi igi erTi yvelaze

adrindeli movlenaTagania. droTa viTarebaSi es forma zogs qarTvel

tomSi dasustda, zogan TiTqmis mTlad daikarga~ (iqve, gv. 35).

93

Cven vfiqrobT, rom eTnikuri erTianoba qarTveli tomebisa

farnavazianTa saxelmwifoSi (qristeSobamde III saukunidan VI-mde)

gacilebiT ufro Rrma iyo, vidre am saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg (VI

s.). rogorc cnobilia, pirveli erTiani saxelmwifos daSlidan

mxolod oriode saukunis Semdeg, VIII-IX saukuneebSi saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi Camoyalibda erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli

saxelmwifoebi, ramac, cxadia, qarTuli tomebi erTmaneTs ufro

daaSora (zemoT aRniSnuli erTiani niSnebis `dasusteba~ da

`dakargva~ amis Sedegi unda iyos), marTalia, Semdeg arsebobda

erTiani saxelmwifo (XI-XV ss), ramac xeli Seuwyo konsolidacias,

magram Semdgomma kvlav daSlam gaaRrmava svanur, megrul, gurul,

imerul, qarTlur, kaxur da sxva eTnografiul jgufSi

individualuri Tvisebebi. farnavazis saxelmwifos dros ki erTiani

erovnuli niSnebi Rrma iyo.

q a r T u l i

s a R v T i s m s a x u r o a n b a n i s f u Z i s d e b a

saukuneTa da aTaswleulTa manZilzec, qarTveli xalxi sargeblobs

erovnuli anbaniT. arsebobs misi ori saxeoba _ xucuri da mxedruli.

TviT sityva `xucuri~ miuTiTebs, rom is RvTis sadideblad eklesiaSi,

94

samRvdeloebis (xucebis) mier ixmareboda. xucuri anbaniTaa dawerili

Cveni uflisa da macxovris ieso qristes pirveli qarTuli saxarebani,

Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebi.

xucuri _ srulyofili anbania imiT, rom mas aqvs e.w. mTavruli da

nusxuri asoebi, rogorc sxva evropul anbanebs, maSin roca mxedruls

_ mTavruli asoebi ar gaaCnia. miRebulia, rom mTavruli

pirvelsafuZvelia misgan ganviTarebuli nusxuri da mxedruli

asoebisa, isini qarTuli Sriftis saxeobebia. mxedruli SemoRebulia

XI saukunis Semdeg, manamde VIII-IX saukuneebSi gamoiyeneboda nusxa-

xucuri, V-VII saukuneebSi asomTavrul-xucuri. aseTi periodizacia

pirobiTia. rogorc aRiniSna, miRebulia, rom asomTavrulis

ganviTarebis Sedegadaa miRebuli _ nusxa-xucuri, am ukanasknelisagan

ki mxedruli, Tumca ZvelTaganve paralelurad ixmareboda samive,

gansakuTrebiT ki wina ori. saeklesio da saRvTismsaxuro saWi-

roebisaTvis saqarTveloSi yovelTvis xucuri anbani gamoiyeneboda.

ivane javaxiSvili uZveles, V saukunisad miCneul, qarTul

warweraze dakvirvebiT werda: `jer xanad cnobili qarTuli

damwerlobis Zeglebi iseTi maRalxarisxovani kaligrafiuli

ganviTarebis safexurs warmoadgenen, rom qarTuli anbanis dasawyisi

xana sul cota 7-8 saukunis uwinares aris sagulisxmebeli~.

mecnierebaSi miRebuli iyo azri, rom Cvenamde moRweuli qarTuli

alfabeti qristeSobamde VII-VI saukuneebSi unda warmoSobiliyo

finikur-semituri saanbano sistemidan.

saerTod cnobilia, rom anbani pirvelad finikielebma Camoayalibes,

masSi yoveli aso gamoxatavda erT romelime bgeras da yoveli bgera

gadmocemuli iyo erTi romelime asoTi. am anbanma udidesi

gavrceleba hpova msoflioSi, pirvel rigSi finikur-semituri anbani

TviT semituri modgmis erTa Soris gavrcelda, misgan mravali axali

damwerloba gaCnda. dasavleTis mimarTulebiT yvelaze adre

finikiuri anbani berZnebma SeiTvises, misganac mravali axali anbani

warmoiqmna. berZnuli anbanis Tavdapirveli saxeoba zusti asli

yofila finikiuri anbanisa. finikiur anbans gavrceleba dauwyia

qristeSobamde IX saukunidan (S. ZiZiguri, saenaTmecniero saubrebi, gv.

124-125).

pavle ingoroyvas azriT, qarTuli anbani finikiurisagan miRebuli

arameulis erTi ganStoeba yofila. sxva TvalsazrisiT, is berZnulis

mixedviT SemuSavebula. ufro ki, rogorc aRiniSna, aRiarebulia

Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, qarTuli uSualod finikiuri anbanisagan

aris gadmoRebuli, iseve rogorc berZnuli anbani.

sxvagan pavle ingoroyva wers: `qarTuli anbani ekuTvnis arqauli

periodis mcire aziis alfabetebis jgufs. qarTuli anbani araa

95

Seqmnili Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze, aramed igi

Camoyalibebulia jer kidev im xanaSi, rodesac xeTas qarTveli

xalxis erTi nawili _ hiberebi (Tobelebi) da mesxebi mcire aziis

teritoriaze mkvidrobdnen, hiberebs (Tobelebs) da mesxebs, rogorc

irkveva, Tavdapirvelad ieroglifuri damwerloba hqondaT~ (p.

ingoroyva, t. IV. gv. 247).

mecnieris azriT, xeTas qarTvelebi qristeSobamde VIII-VII

saukuneebSi gadasulan alfabetur damwerlobaze, risi damsaxurebac

miaweres mesxTa, anu frigielTa saxelganTqmul mefes miTas _ `miTa

mesxs~. p. ingoroyvas Tanaxmad, finikiuri alfabetis qarTul da

berZnul enebTan morgebisaTvis Seqmnila sagangebo komisia, romelsac

es sakiTxi gadauWria. kerZod, delfosis samisnoSi aRniSnul komisias

mouxdenia finikiuri uxmovnebo anbanis vokalizacia _ SemouRia

xmovani asoebi, daumatebia Tanxmovani bgerebi qarTulisaTvis,

romelnic finikiurs aklda (iqve, gv. 249).

qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis Sesaxeb sul sxva azrisaa T.

gamyreliZe: qarTuli anbani qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg

saeklesio-samwignobro saWiroebisaTvis Seqmnilao (gulisxmobs V

saukunis Semdgom periods), magram TviT qarTuli eklesiis ierarqia,

qristiani samRvdeloeba TiTqmis aTasi wlis winac ki qarTuli

anbanis Seqmnas ar akavSirebda qristianobis gavrcelebasTan, piriqiT,

ZvelqarTuli Rrmad morwmune sazogadoeba darwmunebiT amtkicebda,

rom qarTuli alfabeti (qarTuli mwignobroba) warmarTi mefis,

qristeSobamde aswleulobiT adre mcxovrebi farnavazis mier iyo

SemoRebuli.

cxadia, qarTuli anbani qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg rom

warmoSobiliyo, xsovna am yovladmniSvnelovani ambisa uTuod

Semoinaxeboda qarTul eklesiaSi, saeklesio mwerlobaSi. bunebrivia

ismeba kiTxva, Tuki anbani SemoRebul iqna V saukunis Semdeg da

ukavSirdeba qristianuli sarwmunoebis gavrcelebas, TviTon

qristianulma eklesiam (kerZod, eklesiis ierarqma episkoposma leonti

mrovelma) is ratom daukavSira warmarTul xanas, warmarT mefes, miT

umetes rom warmarTuli xanis qarTveloba qristianuli xanis

samRvdeloebis mier sakmaod velurad miiCneoda, rogorc es Zveli

wyaroebidan Cans?

rogorc aRiniSna, didi ivane javaxiSvili Rrma kvlevis Sedegad

mivida daskvnamde, rom qarTuli anbani warmarTuli, qristianobamdeli

xanis produqtia.

leonti mroveli episkoposi ki mefe farnavazis damsaxurebaTa

CamoTvlis dros wers _ `amanve Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~. mefe

farnavazs miiCneven anbanis ara Semqmnelad, aramed manamde arsebulis

96

gamavrceleblad, e.i. farnavazamde anbans ramdenime saukunis istoria

hqonia.

s. janaSia wers _ `qarTuli anbanis mecnierulma Seswavlam

gamoarkvia, rom igi SeTvisebuli unda iyos mcire aziaSi ara ugvianes

meSvide saukunisa qristes win (ix. prof. iv. javaxiSvili, qarT.

paleografia). msgavsi alfabeturi damwerloba SeiZleboda mxolod

ganviTarebis garkveul safexurze gaCeniliyo. manamde mcire aziaSi

mcxovreb qarTvel tomebsac xatovani da lursmuli damwerloba unda

exmaraT. am mxriT uaRresad sayuradReboa qarTuli termini `wera~,

igi Tavdapirvelad `Wras~, `kveTas~ niSnavda, aqedanaa `weraqvi~, e.i.

qvis saWreli, sakveTi; xvnis mniSvnelobisaa mTaSi `wera~ da aqedan _

`wereuli~ _ `yanis nakrefi, Sekonvili~, `sawereli~, e.i. mWameli,

mWreli... werasTan dakavSirebuli meore mniSvnelovani terminis

warmoSobas gvixsnis `wertili~ (`werta~ zmnisagan nawarmoebi).

`wertac~ xom Cxvletas, amokveTas, CaWras niSnavs. maSasadame, orive

termini im xanisaa, roca wera realurad iyo raime magar masalaze

(qvaze, Tixis dafaze, liTonze) amoWris, amokveTis procesi. Cven

gvgonia, rom qarTvelma tomebma Tavisi uZvelesi samSoblodan

amierkavkasiaSi moitanes ara marto es terminebi, aramed TviT

saTanado damwerlobanic...~ (s. janaSia, t. III, gv. 192).

s. janaSiamde msgavsi Tvalsazrisi qarTuli damwerlobis siZvelis

Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli hqonda Teimuraz batoniSvils, Cans is

eyrdnoboda sazogadoebaSi dacul Zvel gadmocemas, an romelime

werilobiT wyaros: _ `ara uwignoni iyvnen qarTvelni uwinaresTa

JamTaca Sina. vidre farnavazamde swerdnen igini uxucesTa weriliTa.

ese igi, qurumTa maT, romelTac uxucesTa da xevisberTa uxmoben.

igini iyvnen kerpTa mRvdelni da memsxverpleni erisni `RmerTTa~

mimarT da werili maTi ars werili ese xucuri Cveni. werilni xucesni

pirvelsa Jamsa qmnil ars werilisagan ebraulisa da qaldeurisa da

msgavsica arian asoTa maTTa Cveni xucurni~ (T. bagrationi, cxovreba,

1972, gv. 126).

Zvel saqarTveloSi xucur anbans akavSirebdnen ara berZnul, aramed

semitur alfabetTan.

Teimuraz bagrations mohyavs aseve Zveli gadmocema, romlis

mixedviTac, maStocis mier somxuri anbanis Seqmnamde somxebi ukve

arsebuli qarTuli mwignobrobiT sargeblobdnen, xolo maStocs

somxuri anbanis zogierTi aso qarTulis mimsgavsebiT Seuqmnia. rac

Seexeba mwignobrobaso, _ wers Teimuraz bagrationi, `ara iyo maT

(somexTa) Soris ZvelTa Sina saukuneTa... igini (somxebi) sargeblobdes

pirvel berZnuliTa wigniTa da qarTuliTa, qristes mosvliTgan

mravalTa welTa ganvles, merme qmnes somexTa werili Tvisi,

97

romelsac ityvian igini moZRvrisa maTisa mesrofisaTvis, viTarmed man

ganawesa da qmna asoni maTni, msgavsni qarTulis xucuris werilisa.

werils qarTulsa somxuri romelnime asoni hgvanan da ara yovelni.

somexni vieTnime ityvian, rom somxuri wignis asoebi da qarTulis

wignis asoebi xucurio mesrofma gaakeTao. magram qarTuli xucuri

asoebi mesrofs ar gaukTebia, didi tyuili aris~ (iqve, gv. 126). es

bolo winadadeba Tavisi gamokvlevebiT daadastura iv. javaxiSvilma.

Teimurazi ganagrZobs: `sanam mesrof daibadeboda da am sofelSi

Semovidoda, agreTve qarTuli xucuri wigni iyo da mesrofze uwin,

saRmrTos werilis mTargmnelni CvenTa wmidaTa mamaTagani mravalni

iyvnes, romelnic ebraulisagan da berZnulisa da asurulisagan

qarTulad sTargmnidnen, da odes srulebiT ara aqvndaT jer somexTa

werilni TvisTa zeda enaTa sargeblobdes da xmarobdes igi

qarTuliTa wigniTa da weriliTa~ (iqve).

mecnierTa erTi nawilis TvalsazrisiT, mefe farnavazma anbani ki

ar Seqmna, aramed man ukve arsebuli, mosaxleobis mxolod erTi

nawilisaTvis cnobili damwerloba, sruliad saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoSi gaavrcela.

ramaz patariZis TvalsazrisiT, romelic eyrdnoba qarTuli

asomTavruli aso-niSnebis grafikul analizs, qarTuli damwerloba

Seqmnilia finikiuri damwerlobis safuZvelze qristeSobamde mexuTe

saukunis dasasruls (ix. r. patariZe, qarTuli asomTavruli, 1980, gv.

268). anbani qarTvel qurumTa wiaRSi Seqmnila.

r. patariZem Tavisi kvlevis Sedegad daadastura sxva mecnierTa

mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebani, rom qristeSobamde 284 weli aris

sruliad qarTuli saxelmwifo damwerlobis oficialurad SemoRebis

TariRi da agreTve qarTuli erovnuli welTaRricxvis dasabami.

qristeSobamde 284 wels gasula farnavaz mefis gamefebidan 19 weli.

is vaxuStis Tanaxmad, gamefebula 303 wels.

284 welTan dakavSirebiT vaxuSti wers: `am farnavazis mefobis iT

(19) wels qarTuli xuTiaTasiani qoronikoni i-jer (10-jer)

mobrunebuli ganvida da meTerTmete iwyebis~ (iqve, gv. 305). aq

igulisxmeba 532-wliani didi indiqtioni, romlis safuZvels mzis 28-

wliani da mTvaris 19-wliani ciklebi warmoadgens, is nikeis I

msoflio saeklesio krebam daakanona. ase rom, vaxuStis mier naxsenebi

`qarTuli qoronikoni~ farnavazTan dakavSirebiT anaqronizmia,

romlis Sesaxebac r. patariZe wers _ `iqneb saxelovani mecnieri aq

zogadad qarTuli welTaRricxvis dasabams gulisxmobdes, romelic

gvian qarTuli qoronikonuli welTaRricxvis dasabamic gaxda~ (iqve,

gv. 306). mecnieris daskvniT, 284 weli aris ara marto qarTuli

98

damwerlobis SemoRebis TariRi, aramed qarTuli warmarTuli

welTaRricxvis dasabamic.

rogorc aRiniSna, 284 wels qristeSobamde 10X532 weli gasula, anu

5332 weli dasabamidan.

dasabamidan, anu qveynis gaCenidan qristeSobamde qarTuli angariSiT

sul gasula 284+(10X532)=5604 weli.

saerTod qristianul qveynebSi miRebuli iyo welTaRricxvis sami

sistema: `qristesiT~, `dasabamidan~ da `qoronikoniT~. `qristesiT~

welTaRricxva _ amJamad gamoiyeneba msoflios yvela qveyanaSi.

welTaRricxva qoronikoniT, rogorc aRiniSna, 532-wliani cikliT

xdeboda. saerTod, qarTuli qoronikonis dasawyisis TariRad

miCneuli iyo 780 weli. 781 weli aris pirveli weli qarTuli

qoronikonis me-13 moqcevisa, xolo qristeSobamde 284 weli _ me-10

moqcevisa. am wlidan 2-jer 532 wlis gavlis, anu ori moqcevis Semdeg

dadga 780 weli. xolo dasabami am moqcevebisa qarTuli

welTaRricxviT (aTvlis wertili) aris 5604 weli qristemde, anu

`dabadebidan~ _ qveynis gaCenidan qristemde qarTuli welTaRricxva

iTvlis aRniSnul (5604) wels. adamidan qristes Sobamde, anu

`dasabamiTganis~ saxeliT cnobili welTaRricxva sxvadasxva saxis

iyo ZvelTaganve. ZiriTadad cnobilia `dasabamiTganis~ Semdegi

variaciebi: 1. 5198 weli _ evsevi kesarielisa, 2. 5492 weli _ pandore

aleqsandrielisa, 3. 5500 weli _ aniane aleqsandrielisa, 4. 5508 weli

_ bizantielebisa anu bizantiuri era, 5. qarTuli era _ 5604 weli _

qarTuli `dasabamiTgani~ (ix. iqve, gv. 75).

`unda davaskvnaT: qarTuli dasabamiTganis gamosavali TariRi

yofila Zv.w.aR-is 284 weli. 5604-wlian qristianul qarTul

dasabamiTgans safuZvlad dasdebia damwerlobis SemoRebis qarTuli

warmarTuli TariRi _ 284 weli Zveli welTaRricxvisa~ (iqve, gv. 75).

qarTul anbanSi iyo 37 aso-niSani. Zvelad ricxvis aRsaniSnavad

anbanis asoebi ixmareboda.

aso-niSnebis ricxviTi mniSvneloba da anbanuri saTvalavi aseTia:

xucuri anbanis moxazuloba da saxelebi aseTia (pirvelad

naCvenebia asomTavruli aso-niSani, mis gverdiT nusxuri da misi

saxeli):

u-aso-niSani SemoRebul iqna gvian ori asos kombinaciiT _ uy da

mieniWa ricxviTi mniSvneloba 400, man Y-s adgili daiWira.

asomTavruli monumenturi (kapitaluri) damwerlobaa berZnul-

laTinuris msgavsad. monumenturoba gulisxmobs asoebis geometriuli

sworxazovneba-simetriulobas. yvela aso-niSani Tanabari simaRlisaa

da or paralelur xazs Soris Tavsdeba. nusxuri damwerloba ki

99

oTxxazovan badezea damyarebuli, misi asoebi grZeli, mokle da

tolmetia, rac adamians Zalian uadvilebs kiTxvas. mxedruli

damwerlobac, nusxuris msgavsad, oTxxazovani sistemis damwerlobaa.

Tavdapirveli anbani mTavrdeboda `jan~ asoTi (T. gamyreliZe, weris

anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli damwerloba, 1988, gv. 186.), xolo h-

hae fonema Cndeba SedarebiT mogvianebiT, VII saukunidan moyolebuli

(iqve, gv. 128).

maSasadame, Tavdapirvel anbanSi ara 37, aramed 35 aso-niSani iyo da

is mTavrdeboda janiT. r. patariZis azriT, H-s eWira anbanSi merve

adgili, sadac Semdeg gaCnda e.w. e-merve.

ramaz patariZem, romelic qarTuli damwerlobis yvelaze nayofieri

mkvlevaria CvenSi, didi ivane javaxiSvilis Semdeg, aRmoaCina, rom

Cveni anbani amave dros asrulebda kalendris movaleobasac.

ZvelTaganve, Zveli civilizaciis qveynebSi drois kalendaruli

aRricxva problemas warmoadgenda. `mizezi amisa iyo is, rom dRe-Rame

da weliwadi drois sxvadasxva astronomiuli sidideebia. dRe-RameTa

mTeli ricxviT weliwadis gamoxatva SeuZlebelia, e.i. dRe-Rame da

weliwadi ara jeradi, aramed uTanazomo sidideebia. swored

aRniSnuli uTanazomobis rogorme daZleva, misi SeZlebisamebr

zustad asaxvis saSualebiT, warmoadgenda nebismieri kalendaruli

sistemis mizans. am mxriv, qarTuli anbaniT ganxorcielebuli

kalendari bednieri gamonaklisia. qarTuli kalendari eyrdnoba

anbanSi aso-niSnebis anbanuri da rigiTi saTvalavis unikalur

wesrigianobas, aseve aso-niSnebis mizandasaxul saxeldebasa da sxva.

r. patariZis gamokvleviT, qarTuli warmarTuli kalendaris martivi

sqema aseTi saxiT gadmoicema:

am sqemiT: anbanis 7 aso-niSani Svideuli dRe-Rame anu erTi msgefsia,

anbanis 12 aso-niSani weliwadis 12 Tvea. anbanis 19 aso-niSani mzisa da

mTvaris 19-wliani ciklia. anbanis 24 aso-niSani dRe-Ramis 24 saaTia.

anbanis 31 aso-niSani nakiani weliwadis oTxwliani da 128-wliani

ciklebia. anbanis 5 ukanaskneli aso-niSani (wil-jan) weliwadis 5

epagomeni dRe-Ramea (r. patariZe, qarTuli asomTavruli, 1980, gv. 526).

Cvens eklesiaSi amJamadac gamoyenebulia romauli, iuliusis uZravi

weliwadis kalendari, romliTac weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365,25 dRe-

Ramea, sam weliwads weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365 dRe-Ramea, xolo

meoTxe weliwads _ 366 dRe-Rame, e.i. meoTxe weliwadi nakiania.

iuliusis kalendariT, wlis bolos epagomenebis 5 da 6 dRis darTva

moSlilia. manamde gamoyenebul uZveles kalendarul sistemebSi

weliwadis xangrZlivobas 360 dRe-RamiT gansazRvravdnen (egviptesa da

sxvagan). weliwadSi egviptelebi 12 Tves angariSobdnen, yovel TveSi

30 dRes, wlis bolos zeimobdnen 5 sadResaswaulo dRes (5 epagomens),

100

amitomac egvipturi mzis weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365 dRe-Rames

Seadgenda, maSin, roca realuri, anu tropikuli weliwadis

xangrZlivoba 365, 2422 dRe-Ramea, e.i. egvipturi kalendari arazusti

iyo. qristeSobamde 46 wels romSi iulius keisris mier

ganxorcielebuli kalendari ufro zusti iyo, romliTac weliwadis

xangrZlivoba 365,25 dRe-Ramea, isic arazustia, radganac tropikul

weliwads aRemateba wuTebiTa da wamebiT, rac 128 weliwadSi iZleva 1

dRe-Ramis sxvaobas. es Seusabamoba gaaswora grigorianulma

kalendarma 1582 wels. qarTul warmarTul kalendars saukuneebiT

adre SedarebiT sworad gamouxatavs tropikuli weliwadis

xangrZlivoba. es r. patariZis dakvirvebiT ase ganxorcielebula:

qarTuli kalendriT TveSi aris 30 dRe-Rame, weliwadSi _ 12 aseTi

Tve, xolo wlis bolos emateba 5 kalendaruli dRe-Rame, nakian wels

ki _ 6 da aseve 0,25 dRe-Rame. kerZod, es ase xdeba: qarTuli anbanis 30

aso-niSani (maTi saxeldebis principis safuZvelze dayrdnobiT) _

gamoxatavs 30 kalendarul dRe-Rames, qarTuli anbanis ukanaskneli 5

aso-niSani wlis bolos dasarTveli kalendaruli dRe-Ramea. anbaniT

gamoxatulia mzis weliwadis formulac. kerZod, anbanis meTormete

asoTi (`lasi~), romlis ricxviTi mniSvneloba aris 30. am formulis

ZiriTadi elementia: 12l30. `asomTavruli `lasi~ qarTuli

asomTavruli anbanis 30 kalendarul aso-niSans _ 30 kalendarul dRe-

Rames 12-jer angariSobs. amitomac, qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis 5

darCenili aso-niSani is 5 kalendaruli dRe-Ramea, romelic wlis

bolos, axali wlis dadgomamde 360 dRe-Rames emateba epagomenebis

saxiT, raTa weliwadis xangrZlivobis mzis Zvel-egvipturi

kalendaruli sistema ganxorcieldes~ (iqve, gv. 412). `lasis~

formuliT, weliwadSi 365 dRea. 12l30=12X30=360 da 5 epagomeni, sul

365 dRe-Rame.

yoveli sami wlis Semdeg ki weliwadis xangrZlivoba qarTuli

warmarTuli kalendriT 366 dRe-RamiT ganisazRvreboda. es

xorcieldeboda anbanis aso-niSan `wilis~ formuliT. misi anbanuri

da rigiTi saTvalavi, aseTia: 31 wili 4000=31w4000 anu 3+1w4000.

`rogorc `wili~ cxadyofs, erTxel yovel oTx weliwadSi, e.i.

nakian weliwads 365 dRe-Rames erTi _ 31-e dRe-Rame emateba, amis gamo,

yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365+1=366 dRe-

Ramea. amgvarad aso-niSani `wili~ yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel 30

dRe-Ramis nacvlad 31 dRe-Rames angariSobs, xolo es saidumlo

`wili~-s rigiTi saTvalaviT aris gancxadebuli~ (iqve, gv. 422).

amas Turme miuTiTebs aRniSnuli asos rigiTi saTvalavi _ 31 (es

aris 3+1 e.i. 3 sruli, 1 nakiani), ricxviTi mniSvneloba _ 4000 (`aTasi

weli viTarca erTi dRe~ _ 4000=4-s, e.i. oTx weliwadSi erTxel

101

damateba). misi anbanuri saTvalavia, (romlis mixedviTac ricxvi 31

iwereba) _ `la~, rac udris 30+1-s, anu 30-dRian Tveebs erTiT meti Tve

emateba saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, (formulis Sesabamisad), amasve Turme

miuTiTebs am aso-niSanis saxeli _ sityva `wili~, rac nawils, wilads

aRniSnavs. mas anbanSi dafaruli mniSvnelobac hqonia, rogorc amis

Sesaxeb wers `qebaA da didebaA qarTulisa enisaA~, romelSic aseve

aRniSnulia: `wili~ asoA ars da ityvis yovlad oTx aTassa da ese ars

oTxi `rameTu aTasi viTarca erTi~, e.i. w=4, rac `dafarulad unda

acxadebdes, rom 4 wili erTi dRe-Ramea, amitom `wili~ aso-niSani

kalendarulad weliwadSi dRe-Ramis naoTxalia, dRe-Ramis meoTxedia,

oTx weliwadSi ki erTi kalendaruli dRe-Ramea~ (iqve, gv. 422).

sabolood qarTuli kalendriT weliwadis xangrZlivoba Seadgens

365,25 dRe-Rames (3X365 da 1X366), magram Turme tropikul weliwads

anbanSi ganxorcielebuli qarTuli kalendari kidev sxva sistemebiT

uaxlovdeba, rac gadmocemuli aqvs Tavis wignSi r. patariZes.

qarTuli anbanis saSualebiT gadmocemuli yofila aseve mTvaris

kalendaric.

qarTuli anbaniT mTvaris kalendari Semdegi sistemiTaa

gadmocemuli: anbanis aso-niSanTa saxelwodebani, maTi rigiTi da

anbanuri saTvalavi kalendris gasaRebs warmoadgens. qarTuli anbanis

kalendaruli monacemebi gamowvlilviT aqvs mimoxiluli Tavis wignSi

r. patariZes. masve sruliad ueWvelad aqvs dasabuTebuli qarTuli

anbanis grafikuli moxazulobis finikiuridan warmomavloba.

patariZis azriT, qarTuli anbani SeumuSavebiaT qurumebs

qristeSobamde 412 wels, rac imavdroulad kalendris SemoRebasac

niSnavda. 128 wlis Semdeg qristeSobamde 284 wels dawyebula qarTuli

saxelmwifo erovnuli welTaRricxva.

qarTuli anban-kalendris Semoqmed qurumebs babilonel, qaldevel

da berZen maTematikosTa miRwevebze daufuZnebiaT TavianTi Sroma. iv.

javaxiSvilis, s. janaSias da sxva mecnierTa Sromebze dayrdnobiT,

erTi mxriv, Cven Tu vaRiarebT, rom qristeSobamde VII-V saukuneebSi

saqarTvelos moaSures Zveli damsxvreuli civilizaciis namsxvrevma

tomebma, STamomavlebma xuritebisa, qaldevelebisa, Tobalebisa Tu

muSqebisa, unda vaRiaroT isic, rom, maTma inteleqtualurma nawilma

Tan moitana Zveli aRmosavleTis astronomiuli, maTematikuri codna,

sarwmunoeba da kultura.

Zveli qaldevelebis kulturas udidesi gavlena mouxdenia sxva

qveynebis kulturaze. maTgan gavrcelebula ricxviTi mistika,

maTematikuri codna, romelic ganuyofeli nawili yofila qaldeuri

mecnierebisa da kulturisa. ricxviTi mistikis akvnad da aseve sxva

saidumlo mecnierebis kerad ZvelTaganve iTvleboda qaldea.

102

saberZneTSi qaldeuri swavleba piTagores ganuviTarebia (ix. iqve. i.

Cistiakovis da sxvaTa Sromebze miTiTeba gv. 487). r. patariZis azriT,

swored qarTuli piTagorelebis mier unda Seqmniliyo qarTuli

anbani, romelSic dasturdeba codna, rogorc aRmosavluri, ise

dasavluri civilizaciisa. saqarTveloSi Semosul odesRac didi

civilizaciis memkvidre qarTul tomebs unda SemoetanaT egvipturi

mzisa da babilonuri mTvaris kalendrebi, romelnic Semdgom qarTul

anban-kalendarSi SenivTda. qarTuli anban-kalendari, msgavsad

piTagoruli moZRvrebisa _ saidumlo yofila. is mxolod qurumTa

viwro wreSi yofila cnobili, farnavazis dros mas ramdenadme

gavrceleba miuRia sruliad saqarTvelos qurumTa Soris.

qristeSobis Semdeg, qristian qarTvelobas swored es ukve arsebuli

anbani gamouyenebia saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis. ufro metic, qarTuli

anbani nawilobriv, r. patariZis gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, safuZvlad

dasdebia somxuri anbanis Seqmnis princips (ix. iqve, gv. 528-596), rasac

ufro adrec miuTiTebdnen qarTveli istorikosebi.

Cven vfiqrobT, rom anbani, romliTac daiwera qarTul enaze axali

aRTqma, bibliis wignebi, locvebi, qadagebani, romelsac efuZneboda

aTaswleulTa manZilze naweriT gadmocemuli saRmrTo

didebismetyveleba, SeuZlebelia Seqmniliyo suliwmindis

monawileobis gareSe. uTuod qarTuli xucuri anbani suliwmindis

Cagonebis Sedegia. dideba mas!

a x a l i a R T q m a u f l i s a

israilis didma winaswarmetyvelebma gamoacxades, rom arsi

WeSmariti religiisa _ RmerTisa da kacis kavSirSia, swored am

kavSirs anu erTobas ewodeboda aRTqma.

aRTqma wmida werilSi gamoiTqmoda sityviT `berit~, rac niSnavs

pirobas, kanons, dadgenilebas, romelzec Tanxmdeba ori

SemTanxmebeli mxare. wmida wignebi, romlebSic aRwerilia kavSiri

RmerTisa kacTan, warmoadgendnen erT-erT saSualebas aRTqmis

damowmebisas, amitomac maTac `aRTqmas~ uwodebdnen. is arsebobda ukve

moses epoqaSi. Zvel aRTqmas ganekuTvneba pirveli winaswarmetyveluri

miTiTeba `axali aRTqmisa~. kerZod, ieremias cnobil

winaswarmetyvelebaSi _ `ai, dadgeba dReebi, ambobs ufali, roca me

davdeb israelisa da iudas saxlTan axal aRTqmas~ (ier; 31.30).

103

Semdgom termini `axali aRTqma~ mravalgzis ixmares TviT ieso

qristem da misma wmida mociqulebma (maTe 26.28, mark. 14.24; luka 22.20; 1

kor. 11.25; 2 kor. 3.6 da sxva).

rogorc aTi mcneba, anu kanoni iwodeboda `aRTqmad~, zustad aseve,

gamoTqma `axali aRTqma~ qristianuli eklesiis mier mieniWa wmida

wignebs, romlebSic gadmocemulia qristesa da mociqulebis swavleba

(ix. tolkovaia biblia, III, peterb. 1911-1913, gv. 2).

jer kidev ieremias piriT brZanebs ufali `axali aRTqmis~ pirvelad

xsenebisas (qristeSobamde 600 wliT adre) kacobriobis codvaTa

daxsnis Sesaxeb _ `...me maT vapatieb ukanonobas da ar gavixseneb maT

codvebs. ase ambobs ufali, romelmac mogvca mze dRis sinaTled da

mTvare da varskvlavebi Ramis sinaTled, romelic aRelvebs zRvas,

ise, rom xmauroben misi talRebi, iaRve sabaoTia _ misi saxeli~ (31.33-

34).

RvTismetyvelTa Tanaxmad, Zveli aRTqma warmoadgenda momzadebasa

da winaswarmetyvelebas qristeze. nawinaswarmetyvelebi iyo zusti

dro da adgili mesiis Sobisa, mogvTa Tayvaniscema, yrmaTa gawyveta,

egvipteSi gaqceva, winamorbed-winaswarmetyvelis gamoCena, iudevel

mwignobarTa da xelisufalTa mtroba, macxovaris saswaulebi, mesiis

uaryofa iudeveli xalxis mier, tanjva, sikvdili, jojoxeTSi Casvla,

aRdgoma, amaRleba da a.S. (p. svetlov, xristianskoe verouCenie, kiev,

1912, t. I, gv. 125).

`sarwmunoebis simbolo~, romelsac `mrwamssac~ uwodeben, ase

gadmoscems qristes gankacebas _ `romeli CvenTvis kacTaTvis da

Cvenisa cxovrebisaTvis gardmoxda zeciT da xorcni Seisxna

sulisagan wmidisa da mariamisagan qalwulisa gankacna, da jvars ecva

CvenTvis pontoelisa pilates ze da ivno da daefla. da aRsdga

mesamesa dResa msgavsad werilisa~.

cxadia, `werilSi~ igulisxmeba Zveli aRTqmis wmida wignebi, kerZod

ki winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi. jer kidev abraamis Sesaxeb iyo

nabrZanebi (dabadeba, 12), rom mis mier warmoSobili xalxis mier

`ikurTxeba yvela tomebi da xalxebi dedamiwisa~. swored am erSi

ganxorcielebuli macxovris mier moxda gamosyidva kacobriobisa.

sinais aRTqmaSi safuZveli Caeyara xalxs, romelic unda qceuliyo

`wmida xalxad da mRvdelTa samefod~ (gamosvl. 19). am xalxidan

qristianobis macocxlebeli sarwmunoeba miiRes msoflios sxva

xalxebma. esaiac yvela xalxTa mxsnelad warmoadgens mesias _

`...yoveli eri misken daiwyebs denas. daiZvreba uTvalavi xalxi da

ityvis: modi, avideT uflis mTaze iakobis saxlSi. gvaswavlos Tavisi

gzebi da misi bilikebiT viaroT, radgan rjuli sionidan gamova da

uflis sityva _ ierusalimidan. samarTals ganikiTxavs igi erebs

104

Soris da amxilebs uTvalav xalxs. maxvilebisgan saxnisebs

gamoWedaven da Subebisagan _ namglebs, eri erze aRar aRmarTavs

maxvils da aRaravin iswavlis oms~ (esaia, 2).

winaswarmetyveli xedavs momaval cxebuls, romelic moitans

mSvidobasa da Tavisuflebas. misi mefoba Secvlis yovel arsebas _

`xalxma, bnelSi moarulma, ixila naTeli didi, wyvdiadis qveyanaSi

mcxovreblebs naTeli gamoubrwyinda. Sen gaamravle xalxi, gauzarde

mas sixaruli... radgan Sen dalewe misi kirTebis uReli... radgan

SegveZina Svili, mogveca Ze... ewoda saxelad sakvirveli mrCeveli,

RmerTi Zlieri, maradisobis mama, mSvidobis mTavari, xelmwifebis

gansadideblad da uboloo mSvidobisaTvis daviTis taxtze da mis

samefoSi...~ (esaia, 9).

winaswarmetyveli ganagrZobs mesiis Sesaxeb _ `amova ylorti ieses

Rerodan da misi fesvebis amonayari gaixarebs. daivanebs masze uflis

suli, suli sibrZnisa da gonierebisa, suli rCevisa da simxnevisa,

suli Segnebisa da uflis SiSisa... simarTliT gansjis Rarib-RatakT,

sisworiT ganikiTxavs qveynis bedSavT... simarTle iqneba sartyelad

mis welze... dadgeba mgeli cxvarTan erTad da vefxvi dabinavdeba

cikanTan erTad, xbo, lomi da nasuqali pirutyvi erTad iqnebian da

Cvili bavSvi waruZRveba maT... im dRes xalxTa droSad dadgeba ieses

fesvi da misken daiwyeben denas tomebi, dideba iqneba misi saSvebeli~

(esaia, 11).

esaias darad miqa winaswarmetyvelic mesiis eras ukavSirebs yvela

xalxebis moqcevasa da gadarCenas _ `ukanasknel dReebSi iqneba, rom

mTebis TavSi damyardeba uflis saxlis mTa, gorakebze maRla

aRimarTeba da misken daiwyebs denas xalxebi. movlen uamravi xalxebi

da ityvian: wamo, avideT uflis mTaze da iakobis RvTis taZarSi, rom

gvaswavlos Tavisi gzebi da viaroT misi bilikebiT, radgan sionidan

gamodis rjuli da ierusalimidan _ uflis sityva~ (miqa, 4:1-2).

uflis mosvlis Semdgom damyarebul dausrulebel samefos ieremia

`axal aRTqmas~, xolo ezekieli `saukuno aRTqmas~ uwodebs _

winaswarmetyvelis piri RaRadebs _ `davudeb maT mSvidobis aRTqmas

da saukuno aRTqma iqneba maTTvis. davamkvidreb maT da gavamravleb,

maT Soris davdgam Cems sawmindars saukunod. iqneba maTze Cemi

movaneba, veyolebi maT RmerTad, isini ki Cemi eri iqnebian. maSin

mixvdebian xalxebi, rom ufali var, israelis ganwmendeli, da Cemi

sawmidaris saukuno myofobiT maT Soris~ (ezek. 37:26-27).

Zveli aRTqmis gamocxadebis mwvervalia esaias winaswarmetyveleba,

romelmac iwinaswarmetyvela ara marto Cveni mxsnelis _ qristes _

daviTis sagvareulodan warmoSoba, qalwulis mier misi mucladReba,

Soba da emanuelad saxeldeba (esaia 7:14), aramed Cveni codvebis

105

daxsnisaTvis misi vnebaca da sikvdili _ `namdvilad ki, man ikisra

Cveni snebebi da itvirTa Cveni satanjveli, Cven ki gvegona, RvTisagan

iyo nacem-nagvemi da damcirebuli. magram is Cveni codvebisaTvis iyo

daWrili, Cveni ukeTurobebisaTvis dalewili. masze iyo sasjeli Cveni

simrTelisaTvis da misi wylulebiT Cven ganvikurneT... evno da ewama,

magram ar dauZravs bage, kraviviT dasaklavad miiyvanes da rogorc

cxvari dums mparsvelTa winaSe, masac ar dauZravs bage~ (esaia, 53:4-5,

7-8).

man iwinaswarmetyvela, rom macxovris uwinares mova winamorbedi da

moamzadebs xalxs mis misaRebad, ityvis rom is iqneba qriste, ese igi

cxebuli RvTisa, rom is iqneba RmerTi da kaci, rom is moaxdens

saswaulebs; misi sityviT, koWlebi ivlian, brmebi aRixilaven, mkvdrebi

aRdgebian, rom is ewvaleba, mokvdeba da amiT gamoixsnis yvela mis

morwmunes, is aRsdgeba da daafuZnebs simarTlis da mSvidobis

sasufevels da mis sufevas ar eqneba dasasruli, rameTu misi samefo,

axali ierusalimi, iqneba WeSmariti samefo RvTisa gardamosuli

qveynad.

winaswarmetyvelebani aRsrulda, magram ise, rom is, visac elodnen,

movida wynarad da SeumCnevlad (emanuil svetlov, vestniki carstva

boJia, 1972, gv. 488-492), raTa axali aRTqma daedo rCeul erTan,

rogorc ambobda ieremias piriT ufali _ `es aris is aRTqma, romelic

unda davudo israelis saxls im drois Semdeg, ambobs ufali. wiaRSi

Cavudeb maT Cems rjuls da gulze davawer. maTi RmerTi viqnebi me da

isini Cemi eri iqnebian~ (ier. 31:32).

movida is, romelic ixila danielma CvenebiT _ `Cems Ramis xilvaSi

vnaxe: aha, cis Rrublebze modioda kacis Zis msgavsi, igi Zvel

dReTagan movida da wardgenil iqna mis winaSe. mieca mas xelmwifoba,

dideba da mefoba, raTa yvela xalxi, tomni da enani mas emsaxuron.

misi xelisufleba saukuno xelmwifebaa, bolo ar eqneba mas da misi

samefo ar daiqceva~ (dan. 7:13-14).

yvela xalxi, tomi da ena iqca ieso qristes Tayvanismcemlad,

rCeuli eri israilisa, amis Semdgom, swored maT, mis morwmune

qristianebs ewodaT, swored maT miecaT axali aRTqma.

yvela qristianma erma Tavisi sasuliero mwerloba `saRmrTo

werilis~, anu bibliis TargmniT daiwyo. axali aRTqmis berZnulidan

Targmna meore saukunidanve dauwyiaT. maT Soris pirveli siriuli

Targmanebi yofila. siriuli ena axlos yofila arameul dialeqtTan,

romelzec laparakobdnen qriste da mociqulebi.

qarTulad saxareba mexuTe saukuneSi ukve Targmnili iyo. iakob

xucesi, romelmac `wameba wmidisa SuSanikisi dedoflisa~ 476-483

wlebSi dawera, sxva wignTa Soris moixseniebs saxarebasac _

106

`evangelies~ saxeliT. iakob xucesi wers: rodesac curtavSi SuSanik

dedofali ganudga gamazdeanebul qmars _ varsqen pitiaxSs da kvlav

taZrad mivida, man `Tana waritanna evangelie Tvisi da wmidani igi

wignni mowameTani~, sapyrobileSi ki `...didiTa gulis-modginebiTa

xelTa aRixvna daviTni da mciredTa dReTa Semdgomad asergasisni igi

fsalmunni daiswavlna~. maSasadame, V saukuneSi ukve arsebula

qarTulad `saxareba~, wmida mowameTa cxovrebis aRwera da daviTni (iv.

lolaSvili, wignisa da mwerlobis sawyisebTan, 1978, gv. 8).

sityva `evangelie~ klasikur berZnulSi aRniSnavs keTili ambis

cnobas _ xarebas. axal aRTqmaSi aRniSnavs xarebas imisas, rom

qristem Seariga adamianebi RmerTTagan da Cven mogvitana sasufevlis

sikeTe, amitomac ewoda qarTulad evangeles _ saxareba.

Cveni mematianes Tanaxmad, vaxtang mefis dedisaTvis saxareba

gaucvniaT V saukunis Sua wlebSi, xolo VI saukunis 30-ian wlebSi

saqarTvelos farglebs gareT arsebuli saba ganwmendilis monastris

damaarseblis, wmida sabas `anderZi~ gvauwyebs, rom iberielebs `neba

eZlevaT warTqvan Jamni da samxrisaA, warikiTxon samociqulo da

saxareba TavianT dedaenaze~. maSasadame, sabawmindel qarTvel berebs

V saukunis meore naxevarSi xelT hqoniaT qarTuli `samociqulo~ da

qarTulive `saxareba~ (iqve, gv. 9).

saxarebis uZveles qarTul Targmanebs `pirveliTgans~ uwodebdnen,

giorgi mTawmideli am Targmanebs `wmidad Targmnilebs~ uwodebda da

did mniSvnelobas aniWebda: `Cvenni yovelni saxarebani pirveliTgan

wmidad Targmnilni arian da keTilad _ xanmetnica da

sabawmindurnica~. i. lolaSvilis azriT, `pirveliTganSi~ igulisxmeba

IV saukuneSive, CvenSi qristianobis saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gamo-

cxadebisas Targmnili saxarebani (iqve, gv. 9).

saRmrTo werili yvelaze adre Targmnila qarTulad. am

TargmanebiT dawyebula qarTuli saeklesio mwerloba. efrem mcires

sityviT, qarTvelebs maSin dauwyiaT saRmrTo werilis Targmna, roca

msoflio eklesias jer kidev `araraA aqunda sxvaA sagalobelad

saeklesioA, Tvinier fsalmunTa wignisa~. e.i. maSin, roca

RvTismsaxurebaSi himnografiuli elementi jer ganviTarebuli ar iyo

da araviTari wesis Sesruleba ar SeiZleboda `saRmrTo werilis~

(bibliis) wignebis gareSe (k. kekeliZe, qarT. lit. istoria I, gv. 44#).

marTlac, petre iberis cxovrebis Tanaxmad, petres jer kidev

saqarTveloSi, konstantinepols gamgzavrebamde (424 wlamde)

Seuswavlia wmida werili, xolo, matianes cnobiT, vaxtang gorgasals

mdidrulad Seumkia saxareba (iqve, gv. 412).

Tu verwmunebiT cnobas andria pirvelwodebulisa da sxva

mociqulebis saqarTveloSi qadagebis Sesaxeb, mesukavel mowameTa (I-II

107

ss) cxovrebis cnobebsa da agreTve ioane sabanisZis VIII saukuneSi

naTqvams, rom mesame saukunidan saqarTvelos mosaxleoba ukve

gaqristianebulia, maSin unda vifiqroT, rom wmida werils zepirad

Targmna _ qadagebis gziT qarTvelebi meoTxe saukunemde unda

gacnobodnen, xolo IV-V saukuneebSi CvenSi ukve rom arsebobda

`pirveliTgani~ Targmanebi, sandod unda miviCnioT. miT umetes, rom

moRweulia mravali xelnaweri, mecnierTa mier V-VI saukuneebiT

daTariRebuli. gansakuTrebiT ki palimfsestebi. arsebobs Zveli

Targmanebis (pirveliTganis) ramdenime redaqcia. esenia xanmeti (aso x-

aniT meti) da haemeti. Semdgomia e.w. `sabawminduri~. romelic, k.

kekeliZis Tanaxmad, xanmetisagan fonetikurad gansxvavdeboda, imiT,

rom xan-ebi ukve aRar ixmareboda, Tumca SesaZleblad miiCneva

sabawmindur redaqciaSi x-anis magier h-aes xmareba. es redaqciebi IV-IX

saukuneebSi Tavsdeba. axali redaqcia wmida werilisa, kerZod ki

saxarebisa ekuTvnis eqvTime aTonels (mestiis saxareba 1033 w. da

metexis saxareba 1049 w.) _ mas teqsti Seujerebia axal, imJamindel

berZnul redaqciasTan. es Sroma gaugrZelebia giorgi mTawmindels,

mas saxarebis teqsti samjer Seumowmebia berZnul teqstTan da moucia

axali, damoukidebeli redaqcia, romelmac saqarTveloSi moipova

kanonikuri Rirseba da mniSvneloba qarTuli vulgatisa (iqve, gv. 414).

saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis, cxadia, Zveladve `pirveliTgan~

iTargmneboda samociquloc.

SuSanikis martvilobidan Cans, rom pavles epistoleni V saukuneSi

arsebobda, Tumca samociqulos Zveli nusxebi (XI s-mde arsebulni)

naklebad Semonaxula CvenSi. eqvTime aTonels, samociqulos zogierTi

teqstis redaqtirebac unda ekuTvnodes, kerZod ki apokalifsisa, anu

gamocxadebisa. mas k. kekeliZe miiCnevs pirvel Targmanad, magram

SeuZlebelia is manamdec ar hqonodaT qarTvelebs, masve uTargmnia

pavles zogierTi epistole, ganmartebebTan erTad. samociqulo ufro

srulad uTargmnia (e.i. moucia axali redaqcia axali aRTqmis am

nawilisa) giorgi mTawmindels. mas uTargmnia `pavle sruli da saqme

mociqulTa da kaTolikeni mociqulTani~. is yofila Zveli qarTuli

teqstis redaqtireba da ara axali Targmani berZnulidan. redaqtireba

rom yofila, amas amowmebs efrem mcirec _ kerZod, aRniSnavs, rom

giorgim mTlianad ver gawyvita kavSiri Zvel qarTul teqstTano (iqve,

gv. 416). es redaqciac samociqulosi kanonikuri gamxdara.

Zveli aRTqmis wignebi qarTvelebs, rogorc Cans, septantadan

uTargmniaT (cnobilia, rom Zveli aRTqmis ebrauli dedani

qristeSobamde mesame saukuneSi aleqsandriaSi berZnul enaze

gadauTargmnia 70 mTargmnels _ mas uwodes septanta (`septuaginta~),

Tumca, zogierTi qarTuli Targmani Sedarebulia II saukuneSi

108

ebraulidan berZnul enaze Sesrulebul TargmanebTanac (cnobilia II

saukunis sami Targmani: akvilasi, svimaxosisa da Teodotianesi).

dReisaTvis gadarCenilia Zveli aRTqmis zogierTi wignis

xelnawerebis nawilebi, zogierTi wigni ki mTlianad. bibliis sruli

qarTuli nusxa, romelic Cvenamdea moRweuli, 978 welsaa gadawerili

mesxeTSi, `lavrasa Sina didsa uSks~ (oSks) da daculia aTonze,

iverTa monasterSi.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebs

uTargmniaT mTeli biblia, k. kekeliZe am azrs ar eTanxmeba.

bibliis meore redaqcia aris 1743 wlisa, esaa moskovSi baqar

batoniSvilis mier dabeWdili teqsti.

mesame redaqcia meTvramete saukunisaa, mas mcxeTuri biblia ewodeba.

is uZvelesi xelnaweridan gadauweriaT, romelSiac bibliis teqsti

dayofili ar yofila Tavebad da muxlebad. gansakuTrebul, anu m.

janaSviliseuls uwodebs k. kekeliZe XV-XVI saukuneebis xelnawerebs

(iqve, gv. 418-419);

1884 wels TbilisSi meored daibeWda moskovis gamocema. 1989 wels

TbilisSi gamoica bibliis axali Targmani, manamde ki axali aRTqmis

teqsti ramdenjerme daibeWda.

a r m a z i , a h u r a m a z d a , m o l o d i n i m e s i i s a

Cven mama-papaTa rjuli, sarwmunoeba, ukve ori aTasi welia

qristianobaa, yovladwmida samebis Tayvaniscema. iqamde ki, `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, `sjuli mamaTa CvenTa~ iyo Tayvaniscema kerpTa

da mnaTobTa.

mamaTa rjuli Zvel qarTvelobas mtkiced epyra, iqamde, rom TviT

mefesac ki, qveynis TviTmpyrobels qveynidan aZevebdnen, Tuki is

gabedavda da winaparTa sarwmunoebisadmi orgulobas gamoamJRavnebda.

farnavazis SvilTaSvili, meoTxe mefe iberiisa, anu qarTlis samefosi

_ farnajomi _ mazdeanobisa da cecxlTayvanismcemlobisaken

midrekila da kerpmsaxureba uaruyvia, amis gamo qarTlis erisTavebma

ganacxades: _ `mefe Cveni gardaxda sjulsa mamaTa CvenTasa, arRara

msaxurebs RmerTTa mpyrobelTa qarTlisaTa, aw arRara Rirs ars igi

mefed Cvenda~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 29). marTlac, mefes

SeebrZolnen, mokles da mis nacvlad taxtze sul sxva, axali

dinastiis fuZemdebeli mefe aiyvanes.

109

axalgazrdobisas (da gamefebis Semdeg) farnajomi qarTuli

rjulis moyvare da misi morwmune yofila, aRumarTavs zadenis kerpi

zaden cixesTan, rac im droisaTvis taZris movaleobas asrulebda.

`amis Semdgomad Seiyvara sjuli sparsTa, cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvana

sparseTiT cecxlismsaxurni da mogvni da dasxna igini mcxeTas,

adgilsa mas, romelsa ese hqvian mogvTa da iwyo cxadad gmobad

kerpTa, amisTvis moiZules igi mkvidrTa qarTlisaTa, rameTu didi

sasoeba aqundaT kerpTa mimarT~ (iqve, 29). qarTvel `mamaTa rjulis~

gmoba Zvirad daujda qarTvelTa mefes.

qarTvelTa warmarTuli sarwmunoebis amsaxveli pirvelwyaroebi

kerpebis Sesaxeb naklebad laparakoben _ qarTvelni Tayvans scemdneno

mzes, mTvaresa da xuT varskvlavs, Tumca ki ufro adre _

warmarTobamde, qarTvelebi WeSmariti RmerTis mcnobni da misi

morwmuneni iyvneno.

WeSmariti RmerTi qarTvelebs dauviwyebiaT erTiani,

protoqarTveluri eTnosis daSlis Semdeg an ufro mogvianebiT:

`STavarda Suri Soris SvilTa qarTlosisaTa: iwyes brZolad da

xdomad urTierTas... da ganagrZeles maT Soris brZola, romel Jamsame

aRdgian amaTganni orni naTesavni erTsa zeda da sxvani Seeweodian...

da romelnimme kvalad sxvani aRsdges erTmaneTsa zeda da sxvani

Seeweodian~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 10).

am droisaTvis, rogorc aRiniSna, maTSi moSlila WeSmariti

sarwmunoebis codna _ `da mas Jamsa daiviwyes RmerTi, dambadebeli

maTi da iqmnes msaxur mzisa da mTvarisa da varskvlavTa xuTTa da

mtkice da ufrosi saficari maTi iyo saflavi qarTlosisa~ (iqve, gv.

11). rogorc vxedavT, am epoqaSi qarTvelebs xeliT qmnili kerpebi,

raime qandakebani, `TavianTi Tavis msgavsi kerpi~ ar SeuqmniaT da arc

Tayvans scemdnen maT, Tumca ki dambadebelis, qveynis Semoqmedis

nacvlad Tayvani sces mis qmnilebebs _ zeciur sxeulebs. mzis,

mTvarisa da xuTi varskvlavis Tayvaniscemis mogoneba bolo dromde

SemorCenila qarTvelTa Soris. XX saukunis dasawyisSi, ambobs ivane

javaxiSvili, samegreloSi deda akvnis Cvils xelSi ayvanils

mnaTobTa saxelebs agonebdao:

_ `TuTa, Taxa, juma, ca, vobi, sabateni, bJa~, TuTa _ mTvarea, Taxa _

Tarxoni anu marsia (iv. javaxiSvili, I, 1979, gv. 176), juma _ hermesi _

merkuria (`jimaRi~), ca _ ciskris varskvlavi anu afroditea (iqve, gv.

178), vebi _ elva-quxilis, xeTur-xaldeuris monaTesave RvTaeba,

sabateni _ nasesxebi sityva `SabaTia~, amiT aRiniSneboda mnaTobi

kronosi, romelsac qarTulad `morige~ hqvia da meSvide caze myofad

miiCneoda.

110

xazgasmiTaa aRsaniSnavi: qarTuli warmarToba imdenad

srulyofilad damuSavebuli da daxvewili iyo, rom `aramcTu

sazogado qarTuli, yvela qarTul tomTaTvis, maT Soris megrelTa

da svanTaTvisac, saerTo warmarToba arsebobda, aramed am

warmarTobas saerTo terminologiac, saerTo enac qarTuli hqonia~

(iqve, gv. 156).

saqarTveloSi sarwmunoebis ena qarTuli iyo, es wesi mtkiced

damkvidrebula uZveles dros yvela qarTul tomSi. es miT ufro

dasafasebelia, rom sarwmunoebis ena TviT gvian saukuneebSic ki,

xSirad ara mSobliuri ena iyo zogierT xalxSi.

qarTuli warmarToba qarTvelebisaTvis gamSobliurebul-

gaerovnebuli yofila, amitomac mas mtkice winaaRmdegoba gauwevia

TviT iranuli religiisaTvis, romelsac asaxva upovia `sparselTa

wminda wignSi~ _ avestaSi (zoroastrizmi).

`qarTul warmarTobas Tavisi mtkiced Camoyalibebuli panTeonic

hqonia, am panTeonSi zogi mTavar RvTaebad iTvleboda, zogi da

umetesoba umcros RvTaebaTa jgufs ekuTvnoda~ (iqve, gv. 156).

ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, warmarTobisdroindeli qarTvelebis

mTavar `RvTaebad~ mTvare iTvleboda. yvelgan, sadac ki qarTvelebs

ucxovriaT, mTvaris Tayvaniscemis kvali SerCenilia. ara marto

saqarTveloSi, pontosa da frigiaSi, `sadac erT dros qarTveli

tomebi binadrobdnen strabonis sityviT, mTvaris Tayvaniscema

gavrcelebuli yofila~ (iqve, gv. 99).

mTvaris, viTar mTavar meufis da RvTaebis Tayvaniscema, yvela

qarTveli tomis rwmenad unda CaiTvaloso, _ werda is (iqve, gv. 99).

panTeonSi umaRles RvTaebebad miiCneoda aseve `RmerTi Semoqmedi~ da

`ca _ RrubelTa batoni~ (iqve, gv. 101). uzenaes RvTaebas `morigesac~

uwodebdnen. is kronosi unda yofiliyo. qarTuli 7-dRiani msgefsis

yoveli dRe mnaTobTadmi iyo miZRvnili da maT sadideblad iyo

saxeldebuli. kvira mzis dRe iyo, orSabaTi _ mTvarisa, samSabaTi _

ariasi, oTxSabaTi _ ermisa, xuTSabaTi _ afroditisa, paraskevi _

diosisa, SabaTi _ kronosisa. mTvare marTlac gansakuTrebiT

pativdebuli yofila. TviT Cems siymawvileSic ki zogi moxuci

orSabaTs uqmobda (orSabaTi ki mTvarisadmi, uzenaesisadmi yofila

miZRvnili), xolo zogan Cvil bavSvs mTvares daanaxebdnen da

pirjvars asaxvinebdnen. am dros eubnebodnen _ `ai, fufala~ da

gulisxmobdnen ufals (warmarTuli Cvevebis aRorZineba eklesiis

dacemam gamoiwvia XX s-Si). r. patariZem ZvelqarTuli anban-kalendris

kvlevisas faqtobrivad daadastura ivane javaxiSvilis sityvebi: `exla

roca gamoirkva, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba hqonda Zveli qarTvelebis

sarwmunoebaSi mTvares da mis mdgomareobas, mcxralisa, gavsebulisa,

111

da mTvaris aRvsebis gamocnobas, cxadia, rom xatis msaxurebs kargad

unda scodnodaT mTvaris angariSi, swored ase iyo kidec, fSavsa da

xevsureTs, xevisbersa da dekanozs rom hkiTxoT, _ ambobda am 55 wlis

winaT r.erisTavi, mTvare ramdeni dRisaa, erT wamsve miiRebT swor

pasuxso. vin ar icis, rom saqarTveloSi am oci wlis winaT yvelam

Cinebulad icoda, zogma exlac icis mTvaris raodenobis

gaangariSeba~ (iqve, gv. 98).

qarTul warmarTobasac Tavisi istoria hqonia, droTa ganmavlobaSi

ganviTarebula, SeuZenia axal-axali elementebi, mnaTobTa

Tayvaniscemis gverdiT kerpTa Tayvaniscemac SemouRia qarTvelobas.

saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi

pirveloba hqonia armazs.

safiqrebelia, kerpTa Tayvaniscema axladSeqmnili erTiani

warmarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebis saWiroebisTvis

SemouRiaT qveynis mmarTvelebs, magaliTad, dasavleT-aRmosavleT-

samxreT saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da damoukidebeli samefos

sazRvarTa ganmtkicebis Semdgom `farnavaz Seqmna kerpi didi saxelsa

zeda Tvissa; es ars armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqva,

amarTa kerpi igi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa da amieriTgan ewoda armazi

kerpisa misTvis da qmna satfureba didi kerpisa misTvis

aRmarTebulisa~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~, I, gv. 25) armazi _

gaerTianebuli da gaTavisuflebuli pirveli erTiani qarTuli

saxelmwifos mfarvel `RvTaebad~ unda yofiliyo warmodgenili.

wyaros Tanaxmad, farnavazamdec azonis qveynis sazRvrebic

faqtobrivad sruliad saqarTvelos moicavda, azons, Cans, Tavisi

saxelmwifos ganmtkicebis mizniT, pirvelad SemouRia

kerpTayvaniscema. `qarTlis cxovreba~ wers _ `aman azon dauteva

sjuli aleqsandres mocemuli, iwyo kerpTmsaxurebad da Seqmnna orni

kerpni vercxlisani: `gaci da gaim~. aleqsandre makedonelis mier

qarTvelTaTvis datovebuli sjuli ki yofila mnaTobTa da uxilavi

RmerTis Tayvaniscema _ `ubrZana aleqsandre azons, raTa pativs

scemdes mzesa da mTvares da varskvlavTa xuTTa da hmsaxurebdnen

RmerTsa uxilavsa, dambadebelsa yovlisasa, rameTu mas Jamsa ara iyo

winaswarmetyveli da moZRvari sjulisa WeSmaritisa, romelmanca

aswava da amxila aramed TviT moigona sjuli ese aleqsandre,

mefobasa Sina yovelsa qveyanasa sjuli ese daudva da wavida

aleqsandre~ (iqve, gv. 19).

cnobilia, rom aleqsandre makedoneli Tayvans scemda `RmerTTa~

berZnul panTeons, mnaTobTa da uxilavi RmerTis Tayvaniscema iyo ara

aleqsandres rjuli, aramed qarTvelTa pirvelwinaprebisa, rogorc

amas iqve, ramdenime Tavis win wers qarTveli mematiane. unda vifiqroT,

112

rom aleqsandrem an misma romelime satrapma, Tuki isini

saqarTveloSi iyvnen, saWirod CaTvales qarTvelTa erovnuli

sarwmunoebisaTvis pativi miegoT da daekanonebinaT.

saxels armazisas mematiane sparsulTan akavSirebs, `farnavazs

sparsulad armaz erqva~-o, mecnierTa erTi nawili mas ahuramazdasTan

_ sparsul uzenaes RvTaebasTan akavSirebs, sxvebi ki xeTur mTvaris

RvTaebis saxel `armas~-Tan. armazis saxels ahuramazdasTan

akavSirebda ivane javaxiSvili da werda: `armazis Sesaxeb cnobebs rom

sparsul ahuramazdasTan saxelis meti saerTo araferi aqvs, es

ucilobelia~ (iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 145).

armazis Tayvaniscemasa da mazdeanobas Soris saerTo niSnebs ver

xedaven, magram, miuxedavad amisa, cecxlTayvanismcemlobas

saqarTveloSic SemouRwevia da nawilobriv gavrcelebula kidec.

`mazdeanoba rom erT xans saqarTveloSic gavrcelebuli iyo da

maSasadame, ahuramazda-armazis Tayvaniscemac unda yofiliyo Cvens

qveyanaSi _ es cxadia~, _ wers iv. javaxiSvili.

`...wmida nino maSindel qarTvelebs ase axasiaTebs: `vxedevdiT,

cecxlis msaxursa mas ersa da mogvebsa da cTomasa maTsa zeda

vtirodio~.

zoroastrizmi _ iranidan gavrcelda sxva qveynebSi, isic `uxilav

RmerTsa~, da ciur sxeulebs Tayvanscemda da amitomac, albaT

qarTvelTa sarwmunoebasTan msgavsebis gamo, saqarTveloSic hpova

gavrceleba. Tumca ki, qarTul erovnul sarwmunoebas misTvis medgari

winaaRmdegoba gauwevia.

zoroastri, anu zaraTuStra winaswarmetyvelad miiCneva. am

religiis wmida kanonia _ avesta, xolo uzenaesi RvTaeba _

ahuramazda, romlis saxelis mixedviTac zoroastrizms mazdeanobac

hqvia. is saqarTveloSi qristianobamde imdenad gavrcelebula, rom

misi mZlavri gavlenis kvali dRemde SemorCa qarTul enas (taZari,

kerpi, zvaraki, eSma, jojoxeTi, marTali, warmarTi, bagini, droSa,

anderZi, dasturi da sxva). Cans gansakuTrebiTac moukidnia fexi

qarTlis samefos mmarTvel zedafenaSi, amis maCvenebelia maT Soris

gavrcelebuli iranul-zoroastruli Teoforuli saxelebi _

farnavazi, farnajomi, artavazi, arSaki, bagrati, bakuri, bartomi,

mirdati, adarnase, azorki da sxva (m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi

iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan 1. 1966).

`parsebis wminda wigni _ avesta, romelsac zogjer `iranul

bibliasac~ ki uwodebdnen _ zoroastrizmis sulieri codnis

Semcvelia. Cans, swored mas uwodebdnen qarTvelebi `nebroTis wigns~,

romelic ZvelqarTuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, winaqristianul epoqaSi

113

qarTvelTaTvis cnobili yofila, pavle ingoroyva miiCnevs, rom is

qarTul enazec iyo Targmnili da mefeTa saxlebSi inaxeboda.

mazdeanoba popularuli gaxda qristianobamdel msoflioSi, mas

gavlenac ki mouxdenia gviandel iudaizmze, SeWrila romaul

religiaSi, suli Cauberia gnosticizmisa da maniqevelobisaTvis (e.

svetlovi, vestnik carstva boJia, V, briuseli, 1972 gv. 363).

unda iTqvas, rom msoflioSi erTaderTi religia, romelic icnobda

mesianizms (igulisxmeba bibliuri samyaros gareT) esaa mesianizmi

zaraStutrasi (iqve, gv. 493), sxvaTa Soris, es Cans qarTuli

wyaroebidanac, romelsac qveviT ganvixilavT. israelis

winaswarmetyvelTa garda mxolod mazdeanobas swamda momavali

sufeva uflisa, mxolod is moeloda msoflios mxsnelis mosvlas

amqveynad, swored zaratuStras qurumebi _ mogvebi _ mividnen

pirvelni Cveni macxovris iesos Sobisas mis Tayvanissacemlad, swored

isini elodnen mis mosvlas am qveynad da pirvelebma Seityves es.

Tanaxmad maTe maxareblisa _ `xolo roca iudeis beTlemSi daibada

ieso qriste, herodes mefobis Jams, aha, aRmosavleTiT movidnen mogvni

ierusalims da Tqves: sad aris iudevelTa axalSobili mefe? vinaidan

vixileT misi varskvlavi aRmosavleTSi da movediT, raTa Tayvani vceT

mas. es rom gaigo, SeZrwunda mefe herode da mTeli ierusalimi masTan

erTad. da Sekriba yvela mRvdelmTavari da eris mwignobarni da

gamoikiTxa maTgan, sad unda Sobiliyo ieso qriste. xolo maT uTxres

mas: iudeis beTlemSi, vinaidan ase daiwera winaswarmetyvelis mier...

maSin herodem farulad mouwoda mogvebs da gamoikiTxa maTgan

varskvlavis gamoCenis Jami da wargzavna isini beTlems... xolo maT

usmines mefes da wavidnen da aha varskvlavi, romelic ixiles

aRmosavleTiT, win miuZRvoda maT, sanam ar mivida da Tavs ar daadga

im adgils, sadac yrma iyo... da rodesac Sevidnen saxlSi, ixiles yrma

mariamTan, Tavis dedasTan erTad, da daemxnen da Tayvani sces mas da

gaxsnes TavianTi saunje da miarTves mas ZRveni: oqro, gundruki da

muri~ (maTe, 2:1-11).

es moTxroba, e.svetlovis azriT, gviCvenebs, rom axali aRTqma

raRacnairad dakavSirebulia bibliisgare religiur samyarosTan, rom

israelis sazRvrebs gareTac adamianebi elodnen mxsnelis mosvlas.

saxarebis dedanSi sityva `mogvi~ JRers rogorc `magi~ (Magoi), rac

saerTod ewodeba jadoqrobaSi daxelovnebul adamianebs; Zvelad ki

antikur dros sityva `mags~ iranuli religiis qurumebs uwodebdnen,

rogorc es aRniSnuli iyo, da swored maT sces pirvelebma Tayvani

warmarTTagan RmerTkacs bagaSive.

es SemTxveviT ar yofila: e. svetlovis azriT, niSandoblivia, rom

Zveli aRTqma, medgrad mebrZoli egviptis, babilonis, finikiis,

114

saberZneTis `RmerTebis~ winaaRmdeg, arsad pirdapir ar gamodis

iranis religiis winaaRmdeg (iqve, gv. 362). mazda ahura (ahuramazda)

niSnavda yovlismpyrobel da yovladbrZen ufals. isaa `Semoqmedi~

samyaroisa da simarTlisa. samyaro RmTaebrivi Semoqmedis mieraa

Seqmnili, ahuramazdas gverdiT dgas eqvsi zeciuri suli (esenia) _

`keTili fiqri~ (azri), `simarTle~, `siwminde~, `sikeTis samefo~,

`janmrTeloba~, `ukvdaveba~ _ yvelani eseni suliwmindis mier arian

Seqmnilni, ras niSnavs es? _ erTian RmerTs Tu qristes warmarT

winamorbeds iranis miwaze? arsebiTad es sruliad dasaSvebia, visa

aqvs ufleba SezRudos suli wmidis moqmedeba erTi adgiliT?

maxareblis sityvebiT, gana is ar sunTqavs, iq, sadac nebavs? Tu

eklesiis mamebi antikur azrovnebaSi xedavdnen axali aRTqmis

preludias, ra uSlis xels igive iTqvas zarastutras swavlebaze?

TviT biblia ar gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas, rom RmerTi ixsneba

`warmarTTaTvis~ (iqve, gv. 368).

mazdeanobas swamda, rom sikeTis RmerTi sabolood gaimarjvebda da

didebiT moevlineboda dedamiwas, boroteba ki damarcxdeboda, xolo

is adamianebi, romlebic mazdas emsaxurebodnen azriT, sityviT da

saqmiT, dajildovdebodnen RvTis am sasufevelSi (iqve, gv. 375).

RmerTis sasufeveli (kxSatra) warmoadgenda jamsa da gvirgvins

msoflio yofisas, zarastutras sikvdilis Semdeg warmoiSva rwmena

imisa, rom mazda adamianebs gamougzavnida axal mxsnels, es rwmena

sabolood iudaur mesianizms daemsgavsa. magebi aswavlidnen, rom

garkveuli drois Semdeg mxsneli dedamiwaze movidoda, raTa

boroteba daemarcxebina (iqve, gv. 377). am rwmeniT xom ar gahyvnen

iraneli mogvebi beTlemisaken varskvlavs?

yovelive zemomoyvanili CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ erTi adgilis amoxsnisaTvis, romelic

dakavSirebulia mociqulTa swor mefe mirianTan.

mematiane mogviTxrobs, rom warmarTobis xanis qarTvelma mefe

mirianma wmida ninos qadagebis mosmenis Semdeg `iwyo gamoZieba

sjulisa~ da gadaikiTxa warmarTuli `nebroTis wigni~ (mazdeanuri

rjulisa), garda amisa aman gamowvlilviT gamoikiTxa moxuc

ebraelTagan sjulis sakiTxebi, is dainteresda swored `mxsneliT~.

wmida ninos, aseve moxuc ebraelTa da `nebroTis wignis~ miTiTebani

mxsnelsa da mesiaze erTmaneTs emsgavsebodnen _ `maSin mirian mefe

gankvirda da iwyo gamoZiebad sjulisa qristessa da mravalgzis

hkiTxaven huria-yofilsa mas abiaTars ZvelTa da axalTa wignTasa da

igi auwyebda yovelsa. da wignica romeli hqonda mirian mefesa

nebroTisi da masca wignsa Sina pova werili esreTi: ...~me var miqael,

romeli dadginebul var RmerTisa mier mTavrobasa zeda

115

aRmosavlisasa... xolo ukanasknelTa JamTa movides meufe igi cisa... man

gixilos Wirsa Sina da gixsen Sen~. maSin gulisxma yo mefeman mirian

rameTu Zvelni wignni da axalni ewamebodes da nebroTis wignica

daamtkicebda da Seeqmna survili qristes sjulisa~ (qarTlis

cxovreba, I, gv. 105).

aSkaraa, rom qarTul wyaroSi dadasturebulia zemomoyvanili azri,

rom bibliur wignebSi gadmocemuli mesianizmis idea zoroastrizmSic

arsebobda. swored aman SesZra mefe miriani da ukve movlinebul

mxsnelad aRiara Cveni macxovari. aq sainteresoa isic, rom `nebroTis

wigni~, rogorc Cans, namdvilad arsebobda Zvel saqarTveloSi,

radganac misi citata damowmebuli mematianis mier, swored

zoroastrizmis umTavresi ideis Semcvelia, masSi naTqvamia `cis

meufis mosvlisa~ da `xsnis~ Sesaxeb.

mefe miriani, romelic iqamde cecxlTayvanismcemeli yofila,

emsgavseba mogvebs, romelnic uflis akvanTan mividnen da Tayvani sces

mas TavianTi sarwmunoebrivi codnis wyalobiT, magram amiT maT Soris

msgavseba mTavrdeba, mefe miriani ufro amaRlda imiT, rom man ara

marto Tayvani sca mxsnels, aramed gaxda misi upirvelesi moqadage da

misi rwmenis gamavrcelebeli saqarTveloSi, amitomac is mociqulTa

sworad iwoda. isic unda iTqvas, rom mefe miriani warmarTobis dros,

sxva qarTvelTa darad, `qarTvel mamaTa rjulis~ mimdevaric iyo da

Tayvans scemda winaparTa `RmerTebs~, misi azriT, isini arian `RmerTni

didni, soflis mpyrobelni, mzisa momfenelni, wvimis momcemelni da

qveynis naSobTa gamomzrdelni RmerTni qarTlisani armaz da zaden,

yovlisa dafarulisa gamomZiebelni, Zvelni RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani

gaci da gaim~ (iqve, gv. 106).

aqve uTuod unda iTqvas, rom msgavseba Zveli aRTqmis mxsnel

RmerTsa da cecxlTayvanismcemelTa mazdas Soris mxolod

calmxrivia. mazdeanizmi dualisturi religiaa, mazdas miekuTvneba

yovelgvari sikeTe, is Semoqmedia yovelive mSvenierisa samyaroSi,

xolo yovelive bnelisa da borotisa ki `aiSma~, sicruea. am borot

suls angra-maniu (ahrimani berZnulad) _ `mowinaaRmdege suli~ hqvia.

is mudmivi mowinaaRmdegea RmerTisa, masTan mebrZolia, meore `boroti

Semoqmedia~. mis Seqmnilad iTvleboda _ jadoqrebi, mebrZoli tomebi,

devebi da sxva. gansakuTrebiTi gansxvaveba isaa, rom zarastutra

araTu ibrZoda maT winaaRmdeg, vinc ar iziarebda mazdeanur

sarwmunoebas, aramed avaldebulebda mis yvela morwmunes, iaraRiT

xelSi, ukompromisod moespo yvela religiuri mowinaaRmdge,

religiuri omi wminda omad miaCnda. yvela sarwmunoebriv

mowinaaRmdeges ahrimanis, anu boroti sulis mier Seqmnilad miiCnevda,

religiur sakiTxebs cecxlTayvanismcemlebi iseve Wridnen, rogorc

116

Semdgom muhamedi. amiT sparseTi rogorc mazdeanuri ise mahmadianuri,

qarTvelTaTvis agresiuli iyo, misi sarwmunoebrivi politika ar

Secvlila. xolo iranelebTan qarTvelebis zneobriv-moraluri

damokidebulebis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom antikur epoqaSi, qarTul

wyaroTa Tanaxmad, qarTvelebs sparselebTan urTierToba, maTTan

naTesaoba da sulieri kavSiri saTakilod ar miaCndaT (sul sxva

suraTia qarTul-sparsuli urTierTobisas Sua saukuneebSi). mizezi

amisa iyo is, rom cecxlTayvanismcemlobis dros TavianTi

sarwmunoebrivi moTxovnilebebis gamo iranelebs sicrue, boroti,

arazneobrivi saqmis Cadena ejavrebodaT. `sicrues isini samarcxvino

naklad Tvliano~, _ wers herodote, Semdgom, mongolebis dros, Cveni

mematianes sityviT, mongolebi sparselebs yvela xalxTa Soris

yvelaze matyuarad da crud miiCnevdnen (albaT, am epoqaSi qarTvelTa

Soris maT zneobasac saxeli gautyda). mazdeanobisas ki maT

evalebodaT Sesruleba valdebulebisa _ `keTili azri, keTili

sityva, keTili saqme~. evalebodaT amoerCiaT keTilsa da borots

Soris erTi _ keTili. rjulis pirveli maswavleblis gardacvalebis

Semdgom mazdeanobaSi SeiWra mravalRmerTianoba. ahuramazda ukve

aRar iyo erTaderTi RmerTi.

ahuramazdas avestaSi ewodeba `simarTlis dambadebeli~, romelmac

gakvala gza mzisa da varskvlavebisaken; mas adareben mTvares,

romelic ivseba da ileva. amitomac SesaZlebelia armazs _

ahuramazdas qarTul saxes _ mTvaris RmerTis funqciac miewereboda.

Tu armazs mTvaris RmerTis funqcia eniWeboda, maSin is misaRebi

iqneboda warmarTul saqarTveloSi arsebuli ori sarwmunoebrivi

mxarisaTvis. erTni iyvnen saxelmwifo religiis _ `mamaTa rjulis~,

anu qarTuli erovnuli panTeonis Tayvanismcemlebi (xalxis farTo

masebi da erisTavebi), meoreni ki zoroastrizmis mimdevrebi _ am

ukanasknelTa ricxvs, Cans dafarulad TanaugrZnobda samefo ojaxic

(`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, farnavazis Semdgomi qarTuli samefo

dinastiebi _ nebroTianebi da arSakunianebi enaTesavebodnen

aRmosavlur iranul dinastiebs). maT esaWiroebodaT mazdeanobis

dafarva, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Tavidan iyo aRniSnuli,

taxtidan Camoagdebdnen.

Tavisi wminda saxiT mazdeanoba kerpTayvanismcemlobas uaryofda,

magram Semdeg misi Tavdapirveli `siwminde~ SeimRvra.

qristianobis gamarjvebis Semdeg samefo ojaxSi darCenila naSTi

mazdeanizmisa, is kvlav dafaruli iyo, amas miuTiTebs vaxtang

gorgaslis mematianis sityvebi, romelic `nebroTis wignis~ Sesaxeb

gvamcnobs `mamaTa CvenTa farulad epyraT wigni ese~.

117

armazi _ warmarTobis dros, xalxis TvalsazrisiT,

cecxlTayvanismcemlobis mowinaaRmdege `RmerTs~ warmoadgenda.

saqarTveloSi qristianoba ukve pirveli saukunidanve TandaTan

vrceldeboda, amave dros CvenSi cxovrobdnen iudaisturi religiis

mimdevrebi da mzis (cecxlis) Tayvanismcemlebi.

qarTveli warmarTebi cdilobdnen `mamaTa RmerTis~ _ armazis _

risxva ar gamoewviaT qristianobis, iudaizmis anda

cecxlTayvanismcemlobis miRebiT. isini eTayvanebodnen armazs da

ambobdnen _ `vai Tu da-sada-vaklo rai didebasa didisa RmrTisa

armazissa da Se-rasme-vcde sityvasa ebraelTa Tana, gina mogvTa

smenasa daxvdomil viyo mzis msaxurTa da romelime ityvian ucebni

didsa visme RmerTsa caTasa~ (qarT. agiogr. lit. Zegl. I, gv. 119).

armazi _ mamaTa RmerTi _ gansxvavdeba ebraelTa, mazdeanTa da

qristianTa RmerTisagan. ufro metic, _ is mteria `atroSanisa~ anu

`iTrujanisa~ _ cecxlis RvTaebisa. `qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujan da

Cveni ese RmerTi armaz yovladve mter arian. aman rame mas zeda zRva

moaqcia...~ k. kekeliZis kvlevis Tanaxmad, iTrujani atroSania, xolo

qaldevelebs im droisaTvis sparselebs uwodebdnen.

armazi wyliT aqrobs cecxlis sagznebels (iseve, rogorc Semdgom

Cveni wmida mamebi _ cecxlTayvanismcemlobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolni).

sabolood ZvelqarTuli sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb gavimeoroT sidonias

sityva:

`egreT iyo cxovrebaA Cveni qarTvelno, rameTu viqceodiT naTelsa

da mkvidr viyveniT bnelsa, vixarebdiT SvebiTa da viunjebdiT

glovasa, romlisa nugeSinismcemeli ara iyo. vhmsaxurebdiT same

dabadebulTa da ara dambadebelsa, qerobinTa etlTa zeda mjdomarisa

wil mTaTa maRalTa Tavyuanis-scemdes mamani Cvenni, gebalsa da

garizinsa da mas zeda ara iyo arca RmerTi, arca mose, arca niSi

maTi, aramed kerpni qvisani usuloni. xolo amas qveyanasa qarTlisasa

iyvnes orni mTani da maT zeda orni kerpni, armaz da zaden, romelni

iynosdes sulmyralobiT aTassa sulsa yrmisa pirmSoisasa armaz da

zaden da Sesawiravad uCndes mSobelTa maTTa msxverplad, viTarmca

ukunisamde ara iyos sikvdili. da ese iyo moaqamde, xolo iyvnes

kerpni sxvanica samefoni: gaci da ga. da Seiwirvoda maTa erTi

sefewuli cecxliTa dawvad da mtveri gardabnevad Tavsa kerpisasa~

(`moqcevai qarTlisai~, iqve, gv. 125, var. a).

yrmaTa kerpTadmi Sewirva, Tu marTla arsebobda aseTi wesi,

matianis Tanaxmad, qristianobis gavleniT aRukveTia mefe rev marTals

III saukunis dasawyisSi. strabonis Tanaxmad, mTvares albaneTSi

marTlac swiravdnen adamians msxverplad.

118

isic unda iTqvas, rom ivane javaxiSvils eeWveboda CvenSi

kerpTayvanismcemlobis arseboba, misi kvlevis Tanaxmad, warmarTobis

xanaSi qarTvelebi Tayvans scemdnen `Semoqmed RmerTs~, mnaTobebs, sxva

qmnilebebs da swored es miiCneoda `mamaTa rjulad~.

p o m p e u s i s l a S q r o b a

i s r a e l s a d a i b e r i a S i

qristeSobamde 65 wlis gazafxulze romaelTa laSqari

saqarTvelos samxreT sazRvars moadga. mxedarTmTavarma, romaeli

xalxis usazRvro siyvaruliT mosilma pompeusma, roca albaneTTan

omisas Seityo iberTa mefe artagis saomrad mzadebis Sesaxeb,

daswreba amjobina da swrafi marSiT gaiara manZili iberiis

dedaqalaqamde. armazis kedlebTan momdgari romaeli legionebisa da

polkebis niSnebis moulodnelma aelvarebam daabnia qarTvelTa mefe.

Tu ara xerxianoba romaelTa saxelovani sardlisa, mas didi

usiamovneba da SeiZleba marcxic ki eloda iberTa mxridan, miT

umetes, rom sul ramdenime dRis win pompeuss albanelTa 40-aTasiani

laSqari daesxa Tavs. miTridates, pontos mefes, romaelTa winaaRmdeg

mebrZols, iberTa didi imedi hqonda. plutarqe, Zveli berZnuli

mwerlobis saukeTeso warmomadgeneli, Tavis `paralelur

biografiebSi~ werda: `iberni ricxviT albanelebs ar

Camouvardebodnen. guladobiTac sxvebze ufro mamacni iyvnen da

Zalian undodaT miTridatesTvis eamebinaT da pompeusi ukueqciaT:

iberni arc midielebis morCilebaSi yofilan, arc sparsebs eqvemd-

ebarebodnen da Tavis droze makedonelTa mbrZaneblobac aicdines

Tavidan imis wyalobiT, rom aleqsandre friad swrafad gabrunda

hirikaniidan, magram pompeusma iberebic daamarcxa did brZolaSi ise,

rom cxra aTasi kaci mokles, xolo aTi aTasze meti romaelebs

CauvardaT tyved~ (plutarqe, rCeuli biografiebi, 1975, gv. 330).

plutarqes mier naxsenebi iberebTan gamarTuli `didi brZola~,

namdvilad didi unda yofiliyo, radganac mxedarmTavar

pompeusisaTvis, romelmac manamde ori triumfi moawyo romSi afrikisa

da evropis dalaSqvrisaTvis, Cveulebrivi omis `did brZolad~

saxeldeba didebis momtani ar iqneboda.

iberebis damarcxeba sasaxelo iyo pompeusisaTvis, romaelTa mier

`didad~ saxeldebulisaTvis, radganac, rogorc plutarqe ambobs,

119

manamde iberebis damorCileba verc midielebma da verc sparselebma

SeZles da aleqsandre makedonelic hirkaniidan ukan gabrunebula.

Tu ras niSavda midielTa, sparselTa da makedonelTa saxelmwifoTa

morCilebisagan Tavis arideba, kargad Cans danielis

winaswarmetyvelebidan. babilonSi ebraelTa tyveobis dros mefe

nabuqodonosoris sizmris axsnisas danielma Tqva, rom mraval xalxze

gabatonebuli babilonis samefos Semdeg msoflioSi warmoiSoboda

sami udidesi imperia: sparsTa `mere gamefdes, romeli euflos

yovelsa qveyanasa (mefoba makedonelTa, berZenTa), mefoba meoTxe

(romaelTa) iyos Zlieri rogorc rkina~.

damarcxeba iberielebisa, romlebmac Tavidan aiciles midiel-

sparselTa da berZenTa xelqveS yofna, sasaxelo iyo romaelTa

sardlisaTvis.

romaelTa somxeTSi gamarjvebis Semdeg iberiis mefes eWvi gasCenia,

vaiTu pompeusi saqarTvelosac moadges da daipyroso, da TviTonac

saswrafo saomar mzadebas Sesdgomia, pompeusisTvis ki despanebi

gaugzavnia _ megobrobis dasamyareblad. pompeusi ar Semcdara da,

rogorc iTqva, saswrafod iberiaSi SeWrila. iberebs verc sazRvarTan

dadgoma mouswriaT da verc Casafreba, omis samzadisSi myofi mefe

armazSi imyofeboda.

saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis saxeli berZen-romaeli mwerlebisaTvis I

saukunidanve cnobilia, mas `armaz cixesac~ uwodebdnen, mcxeTis Sida

cixe-akropolisis sasaxleSi Seutyvia artags, rom pompeuss misi

samyofelidan mxolod kedlebiRa hyofda. mefem, romelsac ucxoelebi

artoks uwodebdnen, ver moaxerxa cixis dacva da saCqarod miatova

igi. armazSi panika Seqmnila, garnizoni dabneula, brZolaSi

damarcxebula da danebebia pompeuss, mdinaris meore mxares gadasul

mefes ki romaelTa laSqari dadevnebia. mterma moaswro mtkvris

mTeli marjvena sanapiros dapyroba. miuxedavad imisa, rom romaelebi

mtkvris meore napirzec gadavidnen da qarTuli laSqaric ramdenime

SebrZolebis Semdeg ZiriTadad daamarcxes, mefis Sepyroba ver

moaxerxes.

qarTlis mefesa da pompeuss Soris molaparakeba gamarTula,

mSvidobis sanacvlod pompeusi mefes mZevlebs sTxovda _ sefewulebs.

mefe yoymanobda, amasobaSi zafxulmac moatana da mdinare pelori

dapataravda, amiT isargebla pompeusma da erT adgilas, sadac foni

iyo, gaRma gadavida. maSin ki artag mefem ikadra da Tavisi Svilebi

mZevlebad gamoimeta. amis Semdeg iberiis mefem da romaelebis

sardalma xelSekruleba dadves~.

120

pompeusma samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ kolxeTSic ilaSqra,

Semdeg kvlav ajanyebul albanelebs Seutia da TiTqmis miadga kaspiis

zRvas.

pompeuss iberiisa da albaneTis dalaSqvris Semdeg gadauwyvetia

samyaros mopirdapire mxarec daelaSqra. amis Semdeg is samyaros

oTxive kuTxis mpyrobelad CaiTvleboda, iqamde mis mier dalaSqruli

iyo evropa da afrika. `pompeuss metad mgznebare wadili da

miswrafeba hqonda siria aeRo da arabeTze gavliT mewamul zRvamde

misuliyo, raTa gamarjvebuls mieRwia okeanemde, samyaros rom

yovelmxriv gars evleba. marTlac, igi gamarjvebuli pirveli gavida

121

libiaSi gare zRvis napirebamde, mere espaneTSi atlantis okeaneTi

SemosazRvra romaelTa sabrZanebeli da mesamejer sul axlaxan,

albanelebis devnis dros, cota daaklda, Torem hirkaniis zRvasac

miadgeboda, amgvarad pompeusma gadawyvita laSqrobaTa wre mewamuli

zRviT Seekra da mxedroba aqeTken daZra~ (plutarqe, iqve, gv. 333).

swored siriaSi omis dros pompeusTan mivida iudevelTa deputacia

da mefobis maZiebeli Zmebis saxeliT iTxova davis gadaWraSi

daxmareba.

aleqsandre makedonelis Semdeg, rac imperia oTxad gaiyves misma

mxedarTmTavrebma, iudea xelT igdo ptolemeelTa dinastiis

damaarsebelma, egviptis mefe ptoleme lagem (Zv.w.aR-is 320-283), igive

soterma. amis Semdeg 120 wlis manZilze iudea ptolemeTa dinastiis

xelqveS iyo.

egvipturi xelisufleba iudeaSi selevkidTa siriulma dinastiam

Secvala. mefe antioqe III lmobierad epyroboda ebraelebs, xolo misi

taxtis memkvidre selevk IV filipatori (qristeSobamde 187-175)

piriqiT, man ebraelTa taZrebis gaZarcva moiwadina, antioqe IV-m (175-

163 wlebi) ki ebraelebs sinagogaSi siaruli, locva aukrZala.

moiTxova Tayvani ecaT zevsisaTvis da mxolod berZnuli eniT

elaparakaT. daiwyo represiebi, misi brZanebiT dawves wmida wignebi,

daangries taZrebi, urCebi sikvdiliT dasajes, sastikad awamebdnen da

CvilebTan erTad klavdnen ebrael morwmune dedebsac ki. am dros

ebraelebs moevlinaT saxalxo gmiri oTxmoci wlis maTaTia

(xasmonelTa STamomavali) Tavisi xuTi vaJiT. xalxi sayovelTaod

ajanyda da gahyva maTaTias (Zv.w.aR-is 167). misi gardacvalebis Semdeg

ajanyebas saTaveSi Caudga iuda, romelsac makabi (uro) Searqves. man

marTlac gaaTavisufla Tavisi qveyana, aRadgina taZari. misi

sikvdilis Semdeg saxelmwifos meTaurobda ionaTan makabeli, Semdeg

ki misi umcrosi Zma simoni (Zv.w.aR-is 143-135). mis dros iudea

damoukidebel saxelmwifod aRiares da simons uwodes nasi _ Tavadi.

dadginda qveyanaSi umaRlesi sasuliero wodeba mRvdelmTavrisa

(qurumis) memkvidreobiT gadasuliyo makabelTa gvarSi.

romma cno iudeis damoukidebloba da masTan megobruli

urTierTobac daamyara. simonis vaJis ioan hirkanis dros iudeam

didebisa da Zlierebis umaRles dones miaRwia. daimorCila

samarielebi, gaanadgura maTi mTavari taZari gerizimis mTaze,

daimorCila idumelebi, miaRebina maT iudevelTa sarwmunoeba. misi

sikvdilis Semdeg daeca Zliereba iudevelTa saxelmwifosi,

aristobulis uzneo qmedebebma saTave daudo sisxlian omebs

taxtisaTvis. misi sikvdilis Semdeg saxelmwifos saTaveSi Caudga

meore vaJi aleqsandre ianai (Zv.w.aR-is 103-76) _ ufro uzneo

122

mmarTveli. taxtisTvis ZmaTa Soris oms ormocdaaTi aTasi iudeveli

Seewira. qmris sikvdilis Semdeg dedofalma salomem erT vaJs _

hirkan II-s uzenaesi qurums xarisxi mianiWa, xolo meore vaJi

aristobul II CamoaSora saxelmwifos saqmeebs. dedis sikvdilis

Semdeg ZmaTa Soris omi daiwyo. orives surda taxtis daWera.

aristobulma Tavi mefed gamoacxada. ZmaTa Soris omi wlebis

manZilze grZeldeboda. bolos, qristeSobamde 63 wels, Zmebma

daxmarebisaTvis pompeuss mimarTes, romelic, rogorc iTqva, iberiaSi

gamarjvebis Semdeg samxreTisken gaemgzavra. pompeusi imJamad sirias

ebrZoda. romaeli mxedarTmTavari Zmebs dahpirda, rom siriaSi

gamarjvebis Semdeg iudeasac ewveoda da maT saqmeebs gaarCevda.

ori aTasi welia, axali da Zveli aRTqmis istorikosebi siamovnebiT

uTmoben adgils TavianT SromebSi pompeusis laSqrobas iudeaSi,

magram isic unda iTqvas, rom berZen-romaeli istorikosebisaTvis es

TiTqmis SeumCneveli iyo.

plutarqe, romelic aRwers iberiaSi pompeusis laSqrobas, iudeaSi

mxedarmTavris Sesvlas gakvriT ixseniebs. es uTuod imiT iyo

gamowveuli, rom iberia im droisaTvis Zveladve arsebul

saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, xolo iudeis saxelmwifoebrioba

romaelTa mier sul ramdenime wlis win iyo aRiarebuli. egviptelTa

da sirielTa, anu ptolemeTa da selevkidTa saxelmwifoebis uRelqveS

moqceulma iudeam romaelTa Tvalwin aRidgina saxelmwifoebrioba,

romelic romaelTa mierve iqna saukunod dasamarebuli.

ratom miiwvies taxtisaTvis moqiSpe ebraelebma pompeusi TavianTi

saqmis gadasaWrelad? TiTqos am kiTxvas pasuxobs plutarqe _

`pompeusis Zlierebis xma sakmaod Soris iyo gavardnili, magram amaze

nakleb rodi quxda xma mis samarTlianobaze da keTilmowyalebaze~

(iqve, gv. 334). samarTlianma da keTilmowyale pompeusma daudo

safuZveli Zlivs aRorZinebul iudevelTa saxelmwifos ngrevas.

samTviani Zneli alyis Semdeg gaWirvebiT Sevida romaeli

mxedarTmTavari ierusalimSi gabzaruli kedlidan. omi gagrZelda

taZris SemogarenSi. brZolebisas mRvdlebi uwyvetliv agrZelebdnen

RvTismsaxurebas sakurTxevlis win, iqamde, sanam ukanaskneli maTgani

maxviliT gangmiruli ar daeca.

aseTi mZime brZolebis miuxedavad, plutarqe mxolod oriode

sityviT gadmogvcems pompeusis iudeaSi Sesvlas, siriis romis

provinciad gamocxadebis Semdego, _ wers is _ mxedarTmTavarma `iudea

daipyro da mefe aristobule daatyveva~ (plutarqe, rCeuli

biografiebi, 1975, gv. 334). Tuki ierusalimis kedlebTan xangrZlivi

omi plutarqes aRweris Rirsad ar CauTvlia, unda vifiqroT, rom

123

iberiaSi pompeusis laSqroba ufro mniSvnelovnad da sasaxelod

miaCnda.

pompeuss ierusalimis aRebis Semdeg gadauwyvetia msoflioSi

saxelganTqmuli taZris daTvaliereba da wmidaTa wmidaSi Sesvlac ki,

sadac mxolod mRvdelmTavars SeeZlo Sesvla, isic weliwadSi

erTxel, romaelebi iq cnobismoyvareobam Seiyvana. mTel qveyanaze

sxvadasxva xmebi dadioda wmidaTa wmidas Sesaxeb. warmarTebis erTi

nawilis mtkicebiT, iq sasikvdilod ganwiruli kaci hyavdaT

gamomwyvdeuli, sxvebi amtkicebdnen, rom iq Tavis gamosaxuleba

inaxeboda. magram ra inaxeboda iq sinamdvileSi? romaelebi raRac

arabunebrivs elodnen, magram rogori iyo maTi gaoceba, roca bisonis

mZime fardis gadawevis Semdeg iq sicariele ixiles. wmidaTa wmidaSi

araferi ar iyo, maT sakurTxevlis win mxolod Svidtota Sandali

ixiles, anTebuli sanTlebiT. gaoceblebma SiSiT datoves taZari,

`magram romaelebi kidev ufro gaocdebodnen, Tu gaigebdnen, rom isini

pirispir Sexvdnen religias, akvans axali sarwmunoebisa, romelic

male daipyrobda aRmosavleTsac, dasavleTsac, TeTrmarmarovan

eladasa da maT mSobliur romsac~ (ix. a. bogoliubov, sin

CeloveCeski, gv. 12-16).

miTridate pontoelis damarcxebisa da sikvdilis Semdeg

gamarjvebuli pompeusi romisken gaemgzavra. mas brwyinvale Sexvedra

mouwyes da yovelmxriv aleqsandre makedonels amsgavsebdnen.

`zeimis dros win mohqondaT dafebi im qveynebisa da xalxebis

saxelTa aRniSvniT, romelnic pompeusma daamarcxa da romlebzedac

gamarjvebis triumfs ixdida. es iyo: ponto, somxeTi, kapadokia,

paflagonia, midia, kolxeTi, iberia, albaneTi, siria, kilikia,

mesopotamia, finikiisa da palestinis tomebi, iudea, arabeTi...~

(plutarqe, gv. 340). triumfSi midiodnen sxvaTa gverdiT iudevelTa

mefe aristobule da iberieli sefewulebi. plutarqes cnobiT,

pompeuss iberTa mefisagan miRebuli hqonda oqros sawoli, taxti da

magida, safiqrebelia, rom am nivTebma triumfs brwyinvaleba SesZines.

Cveni epoqis arqeologebma, romlebmac mcxeTis midamoebSi samefo

saxlisaTvis saWiro mravali zRapruli sidiadis nivTi aRmoaCines,

aRtaceba ver dafares sawolis naSTis aRmoCenisas _ `yvelaze did

STabeWdilebas tovebso, _ wers istorikosi _ sareclis CuqurTmovan

fexTa vercxlis oTxi erTnairi garesakravi _ kaklis xisgan

gamoTlili mrgvali qandakeba erTmaneTze gadabmuli arwiv-spilos

stilizebuli gamosaxulebebiT, arwivis Tavis qandakebebiT vercxlis

sqeli firfitebiT garSemoWedili~ (saq. ist. narkv. I, gv. 704).

plutarqes cnobiT, rogorc aRiniSna, pompeusisTvis mirTmeuli

sawoli, magida da taxti vercxlis ki ara, oqrosi yofila.

124

iberia pompeusis epoqaSi oqromravali, elinuri gemovnebiT

ayvavebuli qveyana iyo, rogorc amas arqeologia adasturebs.

triumfis dros forumze pompeuss miTridate pontoelis

damarcxebisadmi miZRvnili sityva warmouTqvams. swored miTridates

dasamarcxeblad moawyo man aziaSi didi laSqroba. pontos samefos

romi TiTqmis naxevari saukunis manZilze ebrZoda. ponto ZvelTaganve

qarTveli tomebis sacxovrisi yofila da iq samefo Seqmnila

`_qarTveli (megrul-Wanuri) da misi monaTesave tomebis miwa-wyalze~

(saqarTvelos istoria, I, 1958, gv. 58).

ara Tu ponto, misi samxreTiT momijnave kapadokiac qarTveli

tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli. ponto da kapadokia politikurad

zogjer erTmaneTs faravda. ZvelqarTuli tomi tabalebi (Tubalebi) _

swored Semdegdroindel kabadokiaSi saxlobdnen (iv.javax. qarT. eris

ist. I, gv. 404).

ioseb flaviosi, rogorc iTqva, tabalebs _ iberTa winaprebad,

xolo mesxebs kabadokielebad miiCnevda. IV saukuneSic kabadokia

mesxebis sacxovrisi yofila, arqiepiskoposi evstate (+360) _

qarTvelTa winaprebis Sesaxeb wers: `obelma _ Tobelebi, axlandeli

iberebi; osoxma-mesxebi, axlandeli kabadokielebi~ warmoSveso (ix. g.

gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, gv. 161).

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa CvenTvis winaswarmetyvel isaias

ganmarteba IV saukunis kvirieli episkoposisa Teodotes mier, is

ambobs, rom isaia `...mosoxebSi _ kabadokielebs, TobelebSi ki _

iberielebs gulisxmobdao~ (iqve, gv. 162).

pontos qarTvelTa sacxovrisad asaxelebda V saukuneSic rufinusi.

IV saukunis eklesiis sami didi mama _ grigol nazianzeli, basili

didi da grigol noseli, Cveulebriv cnobilni arian sami didi

kabadokielis saxeliT. Cveni istoriuli matiane, rogorc es vaxtang

gorgaslis cxovrebidan Cans, grigol nazianzels miiCnevda

saqarTvelos sakaTalikosos daarsebis sulier meTaurad. swored mis

saflavze misul vaxtang mefes eCvena suli grigolisa da misi

saflavis eklesiis mRvdeli pirveli qarTveli kaTalikosi gaxda.

kabadokielni iyvnen CvenTvis erovnul wmindanebad qceulni _ wmida

giorgi, qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli wmida nino, Cvens eklesiaSi

istoriulad didad miRebuli basili didi episkoposi, misi Zma _

episkoposi grigol noseli, misi debi _ wmindanebi: emilia, makrina da

Teozevia. 1877 wels daibeWda d. CubinaSvilis naSromi miZRvnili

kabadokiis mosaxleobisa da qarTveli xalxis naTesaobis Sesaxeb.

mkiTxvelisaTvis es mtkiceba gasagebi iyo, radganac istoriulad

kabadokieli moRvaweni mSobliurad iyvnen miCneulni qarTvelTaTvis.

e.xinTibiZem, Tavisi kvlevis Sedegad daaskvna, rom `basili kesarieli

125

erovnebiT iyo qarTveli, mcire aziis teritoriaze mcxovrebi

qarTveluri tomebis erT-erTi StoTaganis warmomadgeneli, romlebmac

adre iwames qristianuli aRmsarebloba, dauaxlovdnen mcire aziis

kulturul centrebs da eziarnen berZnul kulturasa da ganaTlebas~

(g. gozaliSvili, ori etiudi, 1965, gv. 105).

kirion episkoposi werda _ `kapadokielebs, didi Rvawli miuZRviT

qristianobis gavrcelebis saqmeSi. ostguTebSi qristianoba danerges,

rogorc amas basili amtkicebs, kapadokielma tyveebma, vestguTebSi (IV

s.) gaavrcela da ganamtkica qristianoba episkoposma ulfilam, tyve

kapadokielTa STamomavalma. sugdelebis ganmanaTlebeli...

kapadokielia~ (episkoposi kirioni, kulturuli roli iveriisa

ruseTis istoriaSi, 1900, gv. 9), kapadokieli iyo wmida nino.

pontos samyarodan iyo miTridate, mis vaJsac qarTuli saxeli _

`maxare~ erqva, misi samefos dedaqalaqi, romelsac Semdgom kesaria

daerqva _ pompeusis iniciativiT xelaxla gaSenda, miTridates omebis

Semdeg es qalaqi qristianobis udides kerad iqca.

d a s r u l e b a g m i r u l i s a d a d a w y e b a

s u l i e r i e p o q i s a

gaqristianebis Semdgom, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, Seicvala da

Seivso zneoba yoveli qarTvelisa. axalma erovnulma sarwmunoebam

gardaqmna erovnuli TvalTaxedva, Seicvala warmodgenebi, wes-

Cveulebani da midrekilebani. miT ufro, rom qarTveloba qristes

erTguli iyo ara asi da orasi wlis, aramed ori aTasi wlis

manZilze da aseTad rCeba amJamadac.

warmarTobis dros qarTvelTa xasiaTi, qcevebi da Cveulebani

sxvagvari yofila, ufro heroikuli da gmiruli _ am sityvebis

swored imdroindeli, Zveleburi gagebiT.

`gmirebs~ qarTvelTa winaprebi TavianT mama-papebs da maT mSoblebs

uwodebdnen, romelTac warmoSobiT noes Zes iafets ukavSirebdnen,

iafetis Zmiswuli TarSi mama yofila Targamosisa. qarTvelTa

winaprebi Targamosis STamomavlebi iyvnen, swored Targamoss

uwodebdnen `gmirs~. is babilonis godolis daqcevis Semdeg wamosula

SuamdinareTidan da damkvidrebula kaspiisa da Savi zRvis Sua,

araratisa da kavkasiis mTebs Soris. mas rva Svili hyolia _ `gmirni

Zlierni da saxelovanni~. es ambavi momxdara qristeSobamde ramdenime

aTasi wliT adre.

126

Targamosis ZeTagan pirveli, Tanaxmad matianisa, `umetes gmiri iyo

yovelTasa, rameTu egeviTari arasodes yofiliyo arca wylis-rRvnis

winaT da arca Semdgomad taniTa, ZaliTa simxniTa~ (q.c. I, gv. 4). masSi

unda igulisxmebodes Zveli urartuelni _ xuritebi, romelTa

qveyanasac `xurlas udnes~ uwodebdnen, xolo Targamosis sxva Zeebis

saxelebSi JRers qarTvelTa da kavkasiel tomTa saxelebi (zogi

maTgani mTavrdeba berZnuli bolosarTiT _ `os~, romelic, Cans,

Semdeg daurTes). esenia: `qarTlos, bardos, movakan, lek, heros, kavkas,

egros~.

rva gmiri, ganudga cnobil, saxelovan, dedamiwaze pirvel gmirs _

nebroTs, romlis Sesaxebac dabadebaSi naTqvamia _ `quSma Sva

nebroTi, aman daiwyo Zalis gamoCena qveyanaze. Zlieri monadire iyo

igi uflis winaSe, amitomac Tqmula, nebroTiviT bumberazi ariso

uflis winaSe, misi samefos rCeuli qalaqebi iyo babiloni, ereqi,

aqadi, da qalne, Sinayaris qveyanaSi. am qveynidan gamovida aSuri da

aaSena nineve, rexoboT-qalaqi, qalaxi~ (dab. 10. 8-11).

TargamosianTa gandgomis gagebisTanave nebroTi Tavis ZalebiT

gaemarTa kavkasiisaken.

aq nebroTs `Wurvils rkiniTa da rvaliTa terfidan vidre

Txemamde~ ver uSvela javSanma, Semogebebuli rva gmirTagan

uZlieresma `styorcna isari da hkra mkerdsa nebroTisasa, ficarsa

zeda rvalisas. da ganvlo zurgiT~ (q.c. I, gv. 7).

mamaTa gmirul sulsa da sagmiro saqmeebs kargad aRwers `qarTlis

cxovreba~.

aseve aRweren Cveni mematianeebi gmirTa STamomaval qarTvel mefeTa

garegnobasa da xasiaTs: _ `taniTa sruli, Svenieri, Zlieri, mxne da

qveli~. ai, rogor ebrZvis ucxo SemoWril toms mefe mirvani _

`waruZRva wina qveiTTa, zurgiT Semoadginna mxedarni da movida karTa

maT Sina, viTarca jiqi sificxiTa, viTarca vefxi simxniTa, viTarca

lomi zaxiliTa. iqmna maT Soris brZola Zlieri, xolo mirvans ver

hkveTda maxvili durZukTa, viTarca kldesa sipsa da dga uZravad,

viTarca koSki mtkice da gagrZelda maT Soris brZola da moswyda

orgniTve uricxvi, xolo iZlivnes durZukni da ivltodes. miudges

ukan qarTvelni, mosres da tyve qmnes da Sevida mirvan durZukeTs... da

Seabna karni qviTkiriTa da uwoda saxelad darubal da dajda mirvan

mcxeTasa mefobda nebierad da uSiSad. iyo kaci mimniWebeli keTilisa

uxvad da Seiyvares igi yovelTa mkvidrTa qarTlisaTa~ (q.c. gv. 28).

aderki, romlis saqarTveloSi mefobis drosac beTlems

uriastanisasa iSva Cveni macxovari ieso qriste, ase ebrZoda metoqes

taxtisaTvis _ `aRizaxnes orTave xmiTa sastikiTa da mietevnes

urTierTas da iwyes orTave gvemad orolisa da vera hkveTes

127

saWurvelsa erTmaneTisasa da brZolisa sigrZesa Sina ganutyda

orolebi. aRmoiRes Cuglugebi da iwyes brZolad CuglugebiTa odes

uxeTqian Cuglugi igi saWurvelsa zeda maTsa, hgvandis xma igi xmasa

mas uros mWedlisasa, romeli ecemis grdemlsa da xma zaxilisa

maTisa msgavs iyo quxilisa. maSin ver sZles urTierTas, daSvres da

ukuagdes imier da amier. SeRamda dRe igi da ganisvenes orTave da

dileul kvalad gamovides aiRes mSvildebi da iwyes rbevad da svrad

erTmaneTisa, hkra aderki mkerdsa arSakisasa da veRara ufara

simagreman saWurvelisaman. ganvarda zurgiT da Camovarda arSak

cxenisgan~ (q.c. I, gv. 34).

ase xedavdnen sagmiro saqmeebs qristianobamdeli qarTvelebi.

qristianobis miRebis Semdeg ki maTi Sexeduleba Seicvala. sulieri

gamarjveba da ara xorcieli, ai, ra miiCneva axla gmirobad.

warmarTi gmiri amirani iqamde uZleveli da daumarcxebeli,

xalxuri TqmulebiT, marcxdeba qristes mier. gmiria amiranis mama.

dedac warmarTul RvTaebad iTvleba. Zmobilebi badri da usupi _

Zlieri gmirebi, zeSTabunebrivi Tvisebebis mqoneni arian. `usups beWeb-

Sua mzis msgavsi niSani aqvs da badrs mTvaris msgavsi~. amiranic

`RvTaebrivi~ TvisebebiTaa dajildoebuli; oqros kbili da

sacrisodena Tvalebi aqvs. xasiaTiT ki `Savsa Rrubelsa saavdrod

gamzadebulsa~ hgavs. ukvdavi arsebaa _ sikvdili kidec rom indomos,

ar SeuZlia. amirans Ronec gmiruli aqvs. siCqare gaqanebuli xisa aqvs,

simarde zvavisa, Rone Tormet uRela xar-kameCisa, miwas umZims misi

tareba, devebs advilad xocavs, mzis mylapvel da cecxlis mfrqvevel

gveleSaps amarcxebs. ZaRlic araCveulebrivi hyavs _ orbis lekvi,

frTosani, `mas beWebze orbis frTebi aqvs~

amirani itacebs qals yamars. ivane javaxiSvilis mier elamitur

`RvTaeba~ lagamarad anu afroditad miCneuls (qarT. eris ist. I, gv.

194, 1979), am qals ded-mama caSi hyoloda. mama amindis Semcvleli da

wvimis momyvania, roca amirani Seeba, mis muzarads cecxlis

naperwklebi scvioda. misi sulis SeberviT ki amirani `Coqze daeca~.

mamis jaris adgilidan daZvrisas _ ca moiRrubla, wamowinwkla,

Semdeg ki kokispiruli wvima wamovida. Rrubeli jaris Crdilia.

amiranis masTan brZola mogvagonebs Targamosianebisa da

nebroTianebis SebrZolebas _

_ `iqmna maT Soris brZola sastiki _

romeli emsgavsa sastikebasa haerisasa,

rameTu mtveri ferxisa maTisa _

viTarca Rrubeli sqeli,

xma pirisa maTisa _

viTarca xma quxilisa

128

simZlavre isrisa maTisa _

viTarca texa mexisa

tyorcna qvisa maTisa _

viTarca setyva xSiri

da daTxeva sisxlisa maTisa

viTarca wvimisa Rvari~

amirani araCveulebrivi gmiria Zvel qarTvelTa warmodgeniT.

imdenad araCveulebrivi, rom gabeda da TviT RmerTs SeebrZola.

xalxuri fantaziiT da sarwmunoebriv-simboluri ganxatebiT, amirani

Tavis naTlias _ ieso qristes gaukadnierda da RmerTi `saWidaod~

gamoiwvia, rom gamoecada, vin ufro Ronieri iyo~ (am saxiT

warmarTuli qarTuli Teologia ejibreba axals, qristianuls).

avsulebTan da devebTan uZleveli, TavisTavad keTilSobili da

kacTmoyvare gmiri, RvTis mimarT gaamayebuli, daisaja. xalxuri

TqmulebiT, ieso qristem is miajaWva kavkasionis mwvervalze.

unda CavTvaloT, rom RmerTTan mebrZoli amiranis damarcxeba aris

simboluri saxe gmirul-warmarTuli epoqis dasrulebisa da dawyeba

axali sulieri epoqisa, qristianobisa, anu sulis zeimisa xorcze.

daTrgunva xorcis da ayvaveba sulis _ ai, ra moeTxoveba axali

sarwmunoebis mimdevrebs. qristes mier amiranis mijaWva simboluri

saxea aseve imisa, rom erovnuli TvalTaxedva Seicvala, axla

warsuli sxvagvarad analizdeba, momavali sxvagvarad ganiWvriteba.

gmiroba axla sulierebaa, sulieri epoqis erT-erTi mTavari sakiTxia

rkveva imisa, Tu ra aris sicocxle, cxovreba, ra aris sikvdili,

SeiZleba Tu ara sikvdilis damarcxeba, sicocxlis gamaradiuleba.

samagaliToa erTi ambavi: warmarT ufliswuls _ iodasafs _ umalaven,

rom arsebobs avadmyofoba, sibere, sikvdili, magram is axerxebs

gamovides mis irgvliv xelovnurad Seqmnil iluziur samyoflidan da

pirispir Sexvdes cxovrebas. Tavis sicocxleSi pirvelad naxavs

avadmyofs, mixrwnil moxucs. ikiTxavs mis Sesaxeb ra moelis am

kacso?~ _ upasuxes _ sikvdilio. `da rai ars sikvdili~? kiTxulobs

gaocebiT. `ganqardebis saxsenebeli amisi qveyniT~. iodasafi roca

Seityobs, rom igive sikvdili elis yovel adamians da TviT masac,

SeZrwundeba, auduRdeba guli. urva-tiriliT kiTxulobs, aris Tu ara

sadme qveyana, sadac adamianebi ar kvdebian. ufliswulis usasoobiT

Sewuxebuli aRmzrdelebi tiriliTve pasuxoben _ `ar aris casa qveSe

egeviTari qveyana, hoi Zeo mefisao, romelTa Sina ganeren kacni

salmobaTagan da sikvdilisagan~ (Zveli qarT. literaturis

qrestomaTia, t. I, 1946, gv. 280).

yovel adamians, mdidars Tu Raribs, gmirs Tu jabans, erTnairi

bolo aqvs _ sikvdili, gaqroba. amis gagebiT SeZrwunebul da

129

damwuxrebul ufliswuls avtori adarebs Tvalauxelel brmas, yrus,

utyvs, uZlursa da naklulevans. Tumca ki, garegnulad brwyinvales,

xorcielad mSveniers, axalgazrdasa da jansaRs. mis `gankurnebas~

inebebs udabnodan mosuli qristiani, garegnulad Raribi, Rataki da

xorcielad uZluri. misi Semxedvare ufliswuli cdilobs udabnoSi

mcxovrebi qristiani moRvaweebis daxmarebas. Txovs waiRos `safase~ _

fuli, raTa is Seewios Tavis udabnoel Zmebs. meudabnoe miugebs _

`viTar miscem safasesa moyvasTa CemTa, rameTu ukanaskneli maTi

umdidres ars Sensa?~

_ da rogor aris Sens ZmaTagan uglaxakesi Cemze mdidari, maSin,

roca TviTonve ambob, rom arafris mqoneni xarT?

_ imas mogaxsenebT, rom TqvenSi mdidari kidev zrunavs Tavis

qonebis gazrdisaTvis, amis gamo mudam SfoTavs, xan iqiT ecema, xan

aqeT, raTa kidev ufro meti Sekribos, xolo Cemi Zmebi arafrisaTvis

ar zrunaven _ arc saWmlisaTvis, arc SesamoselisaTvis, radgan

mdelos balaxisagan zomierad ikvebebian da mis gamo adideben RmerTs.

maT datovebuli aqvT qveyniuri simdidre da soflis amaoebani,

ixareben da iSveben suliT, rameTu moelian caTa sasufevels.

iodasafi Seityobs, rom arsebobs suli da arsebobs ukvdaveba

sulisa. mas aexileba Tvali, dainaxavs, Tu sad da rogor eZebos

ukvdaveba da moipovos igi. amis Semdeg eubneba Tavis mamas mefes _

`dainaxe umjobesi da Seitye, rom mokvdavi xar da Sens yovel

amqveyniur didebas sxvas dautoveb, radganac yvela kvdeba da maTi

sacxovrebeli, monagebi sxvebisa xdeba, `xolo Semdgomad JamTa

aRdgomad varT da miegebis kacad-kacadsa saqmeTa maTTaebr~ (iqve, gv.

296).

erTxel ixilavs CvenebiT samoTxis didebulebasa da simSvenieres,

angelozebi mis Sesaxeb auwyeben `es aris wmidaTa gansasvenebeli~.

ixilavs aseve jojoxeTis saSinelebas da satanjvels da mis Sesaxeb

Seityobs, rom is aris `misagebeli codvilTa~. swored jojoxeTis

saSinelebiT SeZrwunebuli iTmens da mis sacduneblad miyvanili

qalis siyvaruls ar pasuxobs, ufro meti, anTebs sanTels, cecxlis

als uSvers TiTs, xorci ewvis, is ki ambobs _ `Tu am mcire cecxls

ver gavuZleb, jojoxeTis saukunovan dauSretel cecxls rogorRa

gavuZleb, Tu am qalTan codvas ar gaveridebi?~.

daTrgunva xorcisa, galaReba sulisa _ saukuno sicocxlis

misaRebad _ ai, axali sarwmunoebrivi ideali. swored esaa axla

gmiroba.

aRniSnul Temas exmaureba `moTxroba abekuraisi~, romlis gmiri

(ukve ara Zveli, aramed axali mniSvnelobiT) aris `yviTel piriTa,

mZafriTa marxviTa, SromiTa da mRviZarebiTa~, romelic dedoflis

130

xorciel siyvaruls uaryofs, da nacvlad miiRebs satanjvels, is

ambobs: _ `gvemaA Cemi _ gansvenebaa sulisa CemisaA, satanjveli Cemi _

saSvebeli sulisa CemisaA~ (p. ingoroyva, dasax. naS. gv. 281). is iTmens

Tavisi sulis ukvdavebisaTvis, sulis gadarCenisaTvis. esaa axali

gmiroba.

qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac qristianobis miRebamde

aseuli wlebis manZilze gmirobis sxvagvari ideali hqonda, misi

tradiciebiTa da memkvidreobiT, ar unda yofiliyo advili axlis

miReba da gaTaviseba. xdeboda maTi urTierTSerwyma.

Zvelgmirul heroikulisa da axali sulieris Serwymis kargi

magaliTia wmida mefe vaxtangis cxovrebis momentebi. is amarcxebs

bumberaz goliaT bayaTars, romlis mSvildis sigrZe Tormeti

mtkavelia, isari ki eqvsi mtkaveli. misi mokvlis Semdeg is ambobs _

`ara ZaliTa CemiTa vZlie, aramed dambadeblisa CemisaTa, rameTu Zali

qristesi _ CemTana da jvari misi patiosani saWurvel Cemda~.

msgavsi suliskveTeba _ mxneoba RvTis SewevniT _ saukuneTa

manZilze gasdevda qarTvelobas, grigol bakurianis Ze werda:

`qarTvelni varT naTesaviT mxneni da mxedrobiT aRzrdilni~ _ da

amave dros _ misive sityviT _ `umankoni da gul-martivni~ (petriwonis

qarTuli monastris tipikoni, a. SaniZe, t. IX, gv. 103). imdenad, rom

`Cveni naTesavis umankoebisa da gul-martivobis~ gamo TviT deda

RvTismSobeli eSveleba qarTvelebs Sesaferis momentSi. magaliTad,

qarTvelebs garekvas upirebdnen _ saberZneTis erTi monastridan, amis

gamo deda RvTisa brZanebs, vinc qarTuli eniT metyvel adamianebs ar

Seiwynarebs _ Cemi mtrebi ariano: `anu ara uwyia, viTarmed mravalni

damkuidrebad arian mTasa amas maTisa enis metyvelni da cxovnebad

arian da romelni maT ara Seiwynareben, mter Cemda arian~ (cxovreba

ilarion qarTvelisa, qrestomaTia, 1946, gv. 172).

erTi saukunis Semdeg, kvlav deda RvTisa gamoecxada ucxoeTSi

mcxovreb momakvdav patara eqvTime mTawmindels, moxeda mis sneulebas

da uTxra _ `aRsdeg, nu geSinin da qarTulad xsnilad ubnobdi!~ (iqve,

gv. 183). da amis Semdeg qarTuli sityva, misgan viTarc wyarod

amodioda `uwmindes yovelTa qarTvelTasa~, gaamdidra wignTagan

didad naklovani qarTlis qveyana sulieri saunjiT.

asureli mamebi, grigol xanZTeli, ilarion qarTveli, ioane, eqvTime

da giorgi mTawmidelebi da mravali sxva sulieri moRvaweni iqcnen

qarTvelTa zneobriobis maswavleblebad, maT daiWires is adgili,

romelic adre qarTvelTa cnobierebaSi `gmirebs~ eWiraT.

17, VII, 1992 w. borjomi

131

თავი 2

qarTuli eklesia I-III saukuneSi

`ueWvelia, rom Cvens xalxs ori aTasi weliwadi ucxovria Tavisis cxovrebiTa

da TviTmoqmedebiTa~

ilia marTali

s a x e l w o d e b a d a m i m a r T u l e b a

q a r T u l i e k l e s i i s a

qarTul eklesias amJamad uwodeben ,,saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel

eklesias~, magram amasTanave uZvelesi droidan XVIII saukunis CaTvliT

mas ,,saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia~ ewodeboda. amis

damamtkicebeli magaliTebis moyvanamde unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos

samociqulo eklesia Tavisi arsebobis pirveli dRidan

marTlmadidebelia da marTlmadideblobisaTvis medgari mebrZoli.

wmida mefis daviT aRmaSeneblis dros mowveulma ruis-urbnisis

saeklesio krebam, romelmac erTgvarad Seajama Cveni eklesiis

132

cxovreba, aRniSna: `amisTvis Semokrba krebaA ... garna ara Tu

ubiwoebasa qarTvelTa sarwmunoebisasa biwi raAme Sehxeboda, nu

iyofin ese! ara gecruvneT Sen, siwmidiT mSobelo Cueno kaTolike

eklesiao, arca gangceT Sen, siqadulo Cueno marlTmadideblobao,

romlisa arca ganmcemel qmnil varT...~1

bizantiis imperators surda Seetyo giorgi mTawmindelisgan,

msoflios romeli eklesia iyo WeSmaritad marTlmadidebluri: `aw

vinaATgan kuerTxi mefobisa me mipyries, mnebavs, raATa yovelsa

mecnier viyo berZenTa da hromTasa, rameTu pirvel yovlisa

marTlmadideblobaO iZiebis mefeTagan, mauwye, viTar ars ese...~2

msoflio eklesiis mnaTobma giorgi mTawmindelma erTmaneTs

Seudara qarTuli, berZnuli, romisa da somxuri eklesiebi.

Tumca berZnuli eklesia giorgi mTawmindels imJamad

marTlmadideblobis burjad miaCnda, magram mefes ar daumala

simarTle da ganucxada: `hoA, mefeo, ... berZenTa Soris wvalebaO

Semovida pirvel da mravalgzis midrkes...!~3

wmida giorgi mTawmindelma imperators romis eklesiis

naklovanebis Sesaxeb ganucxada: romis eklesiaSi `xmeadiTa da

urwyoATa~ swiraven, xolo berZnebma da qarTvelebma daaweses, `raATa

moviRebdeT comsa saxed KorcTa qristesTa, xolo puris comsa saxed

sulisa gonierisa, da marilsa saxed gonebisa winaaRdgomad wvalebasa

uSjuloAsa apolinarisasa... xolo RYnosa Tana wyalsa urTavT saxed

sisxlisa da wylisa, romeli gardamoKda guerdsa mKsnelisasa,

viTarca ityYs. iovane oqropiri~.

ese igi, berZnuli eklesia axla marTlmadidebluria, magram winaT

masSi mravali mwvalebloba arsebobda, romis eklesiaSi ki winaT

mwvalebloba ar yofila, magram amJamad nakli aqvso _ usjulo

apolinaris wvaleba.

imperatori giorgi mTawmidels SeekiTxa somxuri sarwmunoebis

Sesaxebac, razedac Rirsma mamam upasuxa: `borotsa sarwmunoebasa

saxelca nu edebin~.4

giorgi mTawmidelma imperators upasuxa, rom msoflios eklesiaTa

Soris qarTuli eklesia yvelaze marTlmadidebluria, radganac man

ubiwod daicva mociqulTa swavla, rac arasodes SeubRalavs winaT

da icavs amJamadaco:

`xolo netarman man esreT maRlad da RmrTivbrwyinvaled

warmoTqua sarwmunoebaA marTali Cuen qarTvelTa naTesavisaO... da

hrqua mefesa: ese ars sarwmunoebaA marTali naTesavisa CuenisaA, da

raJams erTgzis gYcnobies, arRara midrekil varT marcxl, gina

marjul da arca mivdrkebiT, Tu RmerTsa undeso~.5

133

giorgi mTawmidels, romelic kargad icnobda msoflio

qristianobis yvela mimarTulebas, qarTuli eklesia miaCnda

WeSmaritad marTlmadideblur eklesiad, romelmac ubiwod da

Seucvlelad daicva mociqulTa swavla. amas, saukuneTa manZilze,

xSirad miuTiTebdnen Cveni eklesiis wminda mamebi.

bizantiis imperiis dacemam berZnuli eklesia daasusta. miuxedavad

amisa, am eklesiam Tavisi sarwmunoebrivi upiratesoba `romis

kaTolike~ eklesiis winaSe imiT gamoxata, rom XI s-is Semdeg

oficialurad Tavis Tavs `orTodoqsuli~ anu swori,

marTlmadidebluri eklesia uwoda. amis Semdeg berZnuli orientaciis

yvela axladdaarsebuli adgilobrivi avtokefaluri eklesia Tavis

Tavs orTodoqsuls, anu `marTlmadideblurs~ uwodebda. XX

saukuneSi qarTul eklesias `saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia~

ewoda, magram qarTuli eklesia aris ara axali eklesia, daarsebuli

XI saukunis Semdeg, aramed uZvelesi, mociqulTa mier daarsebuli

eklesia da mas ZvelTaganve `samociqulo eklesia~ ewodeboda, Tumca

Tavisi SinaarsiT yovelTvis marTlmadidebluri iyo XI saukunemdec

da Semdegac.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTSi, romelSic VII saukuneSi mowveul

msoflio saeklesio krebazea saubari, naTqvamia: `amis krebisa mier

brZanes esreT wmidisa eklesiisa saqarTvelosaTYs, romel ars wmida

mcxeTa, raTa iyos swor pativiTa viTarca wmidani samociqulo

kaTolike eklesiani, sapatriaqoni...~6 saqarTvelos samociqulo

eklesias mcxeTis sapatriarqo eklesiac ewodeboda, iseve rogorc

amJamad dedaqalaqis mixedviT ewodebaT sxva eklesiebs (aleqsandriis,

antioqiis, konstantinepolis, sofiis da sxv.).

Cvenamde moRweuli sabuTebis Tanaxmad, qarTul eklesias

`saqarTvelos kaTolike samociqulo eklesia~, `mcxeTis kaTolike

samociqulo eklesia~, anda simartivisTvis zogjer `sveticxovlis

kaTolike samociqulo eklesia~ ewodeboda. sityva, romelic gvxvdeba

am saxelwodebaSi _ `kaTolike~, berZnulia da qarTulad niSnavs

sayovelTaos. qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis Tanaxmad, eklesia mTel

dedamiwaze aris sayovelTao, erTiani anu `kaTolike~. asevea mocemuli

mrwamsSic. qarTvelebs Targmnis gareSe miuRiaT es sityva da amitomac

misi qarTuli Sesatyvisi amJamadac ar ixmareba.

XI saukunemde msoflio qristianobis or banakad `romis

kaTolikebad~ da `berZen marTlmadideblebad~ gayofamde erTian

msoflio eklesias, rogorc wesi, `kaTolike~ ewodeboda. qarTuli

eklesia, rogorc uZvelesi, mociqulTa moZRvrebis erTguli eklesia,

Tavis Tavs yovelTvis erTian msoflio, `sayovelTao~ anu `kaTolike~

eklesiis nawilad miiCnevda.

134

1346-1360 wlebis erT sabuTSi qarTul eklesias ase mimarTaven _ `ese

dawerili movaKsene wmidasa didebulsa kaTolike samociqulo

eklesiasa~.7

XVI saukunis sabuTSi Cveni eklesia asea saxeldebuli _ `q. wmidisa

da caTa mobaZavisa kaTolike samociqulosa sapatriaqosa eklesiisa

ZveliTganve saqonebelni da samwysoni~...8 aq CamoTvlilia qarTuli

samociqulo eklesiis qoneba.

1532 wlis Sewirulebis sabuTSi naTqvamia: `ese dawerili movaKsene...

udidebulessa wmidasa kaTolike samociqulosa saydarsa~...9 1556 wlis

sabuTSia _ `ese ukunisamdis gasaTavebeli wigni mogaKsene me,

mtbevarma saba, Tquen wmidasa kaTolike samociqulosa saydarsa~.10 XVI

saukunis kaxT episkoposebis erTgulebis wignSi nikoloz

kaTalikosisadmi naTqvamia _ `gkadreT da mogaxseneT Tquen, kaTolike

samociqulosa eklesias suetisacxovelsa...~11 nikoloz alaverdelis

erTgulebis wignSi naTqvamia _ `fici mogarTviT Cven, Tqvenda

kurTxevad mosrulman amba alaverdelman ColoyaSvilman Tqven,

kaTolike samociqulo saydarsa da svetsa cxovelsa da kvarTsa

sauflosa da mis saWeTmpyrobels kaTalikoz diasamiZes ioanes~.12

ese igi, qarTuli eklesiis meTauri zis samociqulo saydarze

sveticxovelSi.

1702 wlis saeklesio krebis ganCinebaSi naTqvamia: `Cven, meufebisa

mier samociqulosa kaTolike eklesiasa zedan dadginebulman

patronman mTavarefiskoposman qristefore, kaTalikozman evdemoz, amba

alaverdelman, patronman nikoloz ninowmidelman ioseb, sula

qarTvelTa da kaxT efiskopozTa... fici davdeviT...~.13 aqedan Cans, rom

saqarTvelos kaTalikosi dadgenili iyo saqarTvelos samociqulo

eklesiis meTaurad da swored es aris saxelwodeba qarTuli

eklesiisa. ZvelTaganve qarTuli eklesia marTlmadidebluri

mimarTulebisa iyo, da mas `saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia~

ewodeboda.

sasurvelia, aRdges qarTuli eklesiis Zveli saxelwodeba da mas

oficialurad ewodos `saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia~, miT umetes,

rom sagangebo aRniSvnis gareSec cnobilia Cveni eklesiis

marTlmadidebluri mimarTuleba. oficialur sabuTebSi,

saenciklopedio cnobarebsa Tu presaSi, qarTuli eklesia Tavisi

uZvelesi saxeliT unda ixseniebodes.

s a q a r T v e l o m o c i q u l T a

d r o s

135

Zvel saqarTveloSi ueWvel WeSmaritebad iyo aRiarebuli wmida

andriasa da sxva mociqulebis CvenSi moRvaweoba da qadageba.

axal droSi, gansakuTrebiT XX s-is dasawyisSi, wmida andrias

saqarTveloSi qadageba legendad gamocxadda. uarmyofelebs erT

Tavis argumentad isic miaCndaT, rom iberia umniSvnelo qveyana iyo,

romelsac ar SeeZlo mociqulTa yuradRebis mipyrobao.

sinamdvileSi, mociqulTa moRvaweobis epoqaSi, I s-is 30-iani

wlebidan II s-is 60-iani wlebis CaTvliT, iberia iyo Zlieri

saxelmwifo. amitomac romaeli istorikosebi tacitusi, dion kasiusi

da sxvebi xalisiT uTmobdnen TavianT TxzulebebSi adgils misi

sisxlsavse cxovrebis aRweras. Sua saukuneTa evropelebi antikuri

drois iberias ukeT icnobdnen, vidre TavianTi drois saqarTvelos.

I-II saukuneebSi sami saxelmwifo _ romi, iberia da parTia erTmaneTs

ecilebodnen vrcel miwebs amierkavkasiis samxreTiT. iberia imdenad

iyo gaZlierebuli, rom mas SeeZlo romaelTa daxmarebis gareSe

daemarcxebina parTiis saxelmwifo. iberiam ramdenjerme daamarcxa

kidec parTiis jari. amis gamo, roms eSinoda iberiis metismeti

gaZlierebisa.

imperatorma avgustusma, romlis drosac, wmida saxarebis Tanaxmad,

daibada Cveni ufali da macxovari ieso qriste (luka, 2, 1), safuZveli

daudo megobrul urTierTobas romis imperiasa da iberiis

saxelmwifos Soris. am TvalsazrisiT ,,sayuradReboa romis

imperatoris avgustusis cnoba, rodesac igi Tavisi mmarTvelobis

bolos, ajamebs ra Tavis moRvaweobas, maT Soris, vinc mis megobrobas

eZiebda, asaxelebs, sxvaTa Soris, albanelebis, iberielebis da

midielebis mefeebsac.~14

megobrobam romsa da iberias Soris, romelic grZeldeboda I-II

saukuneTa manZilze, gaaZliera da ganadida iberia.

Zvel istorikosTa cnobebs iberiis Sesaxeb adastureben

arqeologebic. maT mier mopovebuli masalis mixedviT Cans, rom

`importuli saqoneli vrceldeba ara marto iberiis did saqalaqo da

administraciul centrebSi (mcxeTa, ufliscixe, urbnisi, zRuderi,

gori, kldeeTi), aramed daba-soflebSic (niCbisi, zemo xandaki, ateni

da sxva). daba-soflebSi mravlad aris napovni am drois monetebic~,15

rac qveynis ekonomiuri aRmavlobis utyuari sabuTia. mcxeTaSi

(armazSi) napovni arqeologiuri ganZis simdidrem ivane javaxiSvils

aTqmevina, rom xelaxla iyo dasaweri saqarTvelos istoriis es

monakveTi. I-II saukuneebSi iberiaSi simdidris dagrovebis erT-erTi

wyaro iyo warmatebuli sagareo omebi, saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi Cabma

da megobruli urTierToba romis imperiasTan. imperatorebi iberiis

mefeebs ugzavnidnen uxv saCuqrebs, razedac imdroindeli

136

istorikosebi werdnen. `qarTlis Cabmas saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi

miuTiTebs I-III saukuneTa qarTlis arqeologiur masalaSi importuli

saqonlis siuxve. mis udides nawils Seadgens fufunebis sagnebi

(vercxlisa da minis WurWeli, samkaulebi da sxv.), ... qarTlTan

savaWro urTierToba uCanT egviptis saxelosno centrebs...

aRmosavleTis qveynebidan (Sua azia, indoeTi, arabeTi)

importirebulia Zvirfasi qvebi (lali, Zowi, firuzi da sxv.),

romelsac farTod iyenebdnen adgilobrivi oqromWedlebi, mravladaa

importirebuli romauli gliptikuri Zeglebi, siriuli minis

WurWeli. aRmoCenilia italiuri brinjaos WurWeli, italiuri

vercxlis Tasebi _ fialebi, romlebic armazisxevis samarovanzea

aRmoCenili da SesaniSnav mxatvrul nakeTobebs warmoadgenen da

SeiZleba diplomatiuri gziT, ZRvenis saxiT iyos Semosuli~.16

I-II saukuneebSi iberiis sazRvrebi icvleboda, magram ZiriTadad am

dros misi sazRvari dasavleTiT Sav zRvamde aRwevda, aRmosavleTiT

misi gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda albaneTi, samxreTiT _ somxeTi.

CrdiloeTiT alanebsa da sarmatebzec aRwevda misi gavlena.

pliniusi (23-79 ww.) aRwers Woroxis SesarTavTan mdebare q. afsars

(dRevandeli gonio) da dasZens, rom `am adgilebSi, `mTebs iqiT~ aris

iberia, xolo sanapiroze saxloben henioxebi, amprevetebi, lazebi~.17

cxadia, q. afsari da misi mimdebare sanapiro ar SeiZleboda iberiis

mefis Zalauflebis qveS yofiliyo, radganac es qalaqi romaelebs

eWiraT da iq romauli garnizoni idga, magram gonios zRvispira

viwro zolis uSualod momijnave mTebs iqiT ukve iberiis saxelmwifo

iyo.

arianes, romelmac imperator adrianes (131-137 ww.) dros imogzaura

Savi zRvispireTSi, am sanapiros erT-erT ubanze dasaxelebuli hyavs

Zidritebi, romlebic iberiis mefe farsmans emorCilebian... amrigad,

Zidritebs da maSasadame, iberias, eWira Savi zRvis piras ramdenime

aTeuli kilometri sigrZis monakveTi dRevandeli Woroxis SesarTavis

samxreTiT.18

`qarTuli tradicia samcxesa da aWaras qarTlis samefos erT-erT

saerisTavod Tvlis. farsman II-is dros igi iseve, rogorc mezobeli

klarjeTi, mtkiced Sedioda qarTlis samefoSi; masSi Sedioda aseve

argveTi, sadac amave tradiciis mixedviT, qarTlis calke

administraciuli erTeuli _ saerisTavo unda yofiliyo.19 es

ukanaskneli garemoeba, sxvaTa Soris, dasturdeba arqeologiuri

monacemebiTac.20 sof. borSi (Sorapnis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 7-8 km-ze)

mdidrul samarxSi aRmoCnda vercxlis Tasi, e. w. armazuli

damwerlobiT amokveTili warweriT, romelic ixseniebs `buzmihrs,

keTil pitiaxSs~. fiqroben, rom aRniSnuli buzmihri iberiis mefis

137

moxele unda yofiliyo lixsiqiTa mxareSi (`pitiaxSi~ — `mefis

nacvali~). zestafonidan 7 km-is manZilze sof. kldeeTSi gamovlinda

mdidari samarxebi, romlebic inventariT axlo dgas armazisxevis

samarxebis inventarTan..21 maSasadame, mociqulTa epoqaSi iberiis

samefos mtkiced aqvs fexi mokidebuli dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

lazikis garda dasavleT saqarTvelos yvela kuTxe iberiaSi Sedis.

lazeTi, Cans, romma Camoacila iberias, magram aq romaelTa

xelisufleba Zlieri ar yofila, amitomac romauli diplomatia

Tavisi devizis `gaTiSe da ibatones~ Tanaxmad lazebs uniSnavs mefes,

riTac xelovnurad cdilobs iberia _ lazikis gayofas. sinamdvileSi

ki, lazebis es `mefeebi~ iberiis mefis erisTavebi unda yofiliyvnen.

bunebrivi ar iqneboda, Tu vifiqrebdiT, rom iberia, romelsac

mociqulTa dros Zala Seswevda romaelTa daxmarebis gareSe parTia

daemarcxebina, Tavis Zalauflebas ver ganaxorcielebda lazebsa da

dasavleT saqarTveloze mTlianad. Cans, romaelTa gulis mogebis

mizniT iberiam scno lazikis samefo, magram, faqtobrivad, es `mefeebi~

iberiis mefis erisTavebi iyvnen, yovel SemTxvevaSi asea `qarTlis

cxovrebasa~ da sxva wyaroebSi dacul cnobebSi.

dasavleT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebis arqeologiuri

Seswavla dabejiTebiT adasturebs Zvel qarTul tradicias imis

Sesaxeb, rom aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mociqulTa epoqaSi

saerTo, erTiani kultura hqonda da kulturuli mTlianoba mTel

dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, egrisis CaTvliT, ueWvelia.

`mkvlevarTa yuradReba miiqcia iman, rom iberiis dedaqalaq

mcxeTaSi napovn ax.w.aR-is pirveli saukuneebis materialuri

kulturis, kerZod, saiuveliro xelovnebis SesaniSnav Zeglebs

paraleli moepoveba ara marto borisa da kldeeTis, aramed dasavleT

saqarTvelos araerT sxva punqtSi aRmoCenil masalaSic (sargveSSi,

kldeeTis maxloblad, ureki-zRvis sanapiroze, md. sufsis SesarTavis

axlos da sxv.). am safuZvelze zogierTi mkvlevari laparakobs ax.w.aR-

is pirvel saukuneebSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze erTiani

adgilobrivi kulturis batonobis gavrcelebaze... gansakuTrebiT

Zlieri unda yofiliyo aRmosavlur-qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis

gavlena dasavleT saqarTveloSi lazTa samefos Camoyalibebisa da

ganviTarebis procesze~.22

mociqulTa epoqaSi iberia aqtiur sagareo politikas eweoda

samxreTis mimarTulebiT. `iberiis mefeebi, ueWvelia, cdilobdnen

maqsimalurad gamoeyenebinaT xelsayreli sagareo politikuri

situacia Tavisi samefos sazRvrebis gasafarToeblad. am mxriv, isini

iseT warmatebas aRweven, rom I s-is 30-ian wlebSi ibrZvian ara marto

somxeTis sasargeblod adre dakarguli calkeuli samxreTis olqebis,

138

aramed saerTod mTeli somxeTis SemosaerTeblad~.23 iberia mTeli I-II

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ganagrZobda brZolas somxeTis

SemosaerTeblad da zogjer ierTebda kidec.

aRmosavleTiT iberia miiswrafoda albaneTze batonobisken da

aRwevda kidec amas. albaneTsa da iberias am dros, TiTqmis mudam

erTi sagareo-politikuri orientacia hqondaT. `aqamde mas mudam

iberiasTan erTad erT banakSi vxedavT... etyoba, albaneTi Tu misdami

politikur damokidebulebaSi ara, iberiis politikuri gavlenis qveS

mainc imyofeboda. magram farsmanis iberia, romelic somxeTis

dauflebasac ki cdilobda, bunebrivia, miiswrafoda sruli

batonobisaken agreTve albaneTze~.24

straboni (64 w. qristemde — 18 w. qristes Semdeg) werda. `xolo

albanTa da iberTa tomebs, romelTac ukaviaT upiratesad

moxsenebuli yeli, da romelsac kavkasiuri ewodebaT, aqvT mdidari

qveyana da gansakuTrebiT vargisi kargad dasasaxleblad. marTlac,

iberia kargad aris dasaxlebuli qalaqebiTac da soflebiTac~.25

iberiis sazogadoeba, strabonis Tanaxmad, dayofilia 4 socialur

jgufad, romelTac is `genoss~ uwodebs, xolo qarTulad gvarad

Targmnian. straboni imas ki ar werda, rom iberiaSi oTxi xalxi

cxovrobso, aramed oTxi socialuri jgufiao. aseve strabonis mier

aRwerili mTis iberebi da baris iberebi erTi xalxia, magram

cxovrebis sxvadasxva wesebi aqvT geografiuli garemos, saqmianobis

da mezoblad mcxovrebi xalxebis urTierTgavleniTac.

Tanaxmad wmida saxarebisa, ieso qristem Tavis mowafeebs misca

miTiTeba wasuliyvnen msoflios sxvadasxva xalxebSi da

gaevrcelebinaT qristianoba — `warvediT da moimowafeniT yovelni

warmarTni da naTel-scemdiT saxeliTa mamisaATa da ZisaATa da

sulisa wmidisaATa~ (maTe, 28, 19), anu axali qarTuliT — `wadiT da

aswavleT yvela xalxs...~ daaxloebiT 33 wels moiqca pavle mociquli

da qadagebda damaskoSi, 44-45 wlebSi is siriasa da kilikiaSi

moRvaweobda, 45 wels barnabasTan erTad mogzaurobs, rogorc

misioneri. 49 wlis gazafxulze Sedga ierusalimis kreba. amave wels

petre da pavle antioqiaSi imyofebian. amis Semdeg, SemodgomiT,

mociquli pavle meore samisionero mogzaurobaSi gaemgzavra, iyo

korinToSi. 53 wels mesame samisionero mogzaurobaSia. 54 wlis

SemodgomiT, efesoSia 57 wlis gazafxulamde. 58 wels ierusalimSia,

sadac daiWires. 60 wlis Semodgomaze gemiT gaemgzavra italiaSi. 64-65

wlebSi iyo pirveli didi devna qristianebisa, 67 wels awames wm.

petre da pavle. 66-67 ww. qristianebi gandevnes ierusalimidan. daiwyo

iudeis ajanyeba (iudeis omi). 69 wels titem alya Semoartya

ierusalims da dawva taZari. mociquli ioane gadasaxlda efesoSi. man

139

daaxl. 99-100 ww. Seadgina saxareba, xolo 95 wels _ gamocxadeba (42-45

ww. maTem Seadgina saxareba, 61-63 ww. _ lukam, 62-63 ww. _ markozma).

RvTismetyvelebi weren, rom 12 mociqulTagan petre romamde

qadagebda iudeasa da antioqiaSi. igi jvars acves romSi Tavqve

dakidebiT. andria, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, qadagebda skviTeTSi,

saberZneTsa da mcire aziaSi, jvars acves X-is formis jvarze;

mociquli iakobi qadagebda ierusalimsa da iudeaSi, mas ierusalimSi

44 wels Tavi mohkveTa herodem. mociquli ioane qadagebda mcire

aziasa da efesoSi, gadaasaxles kunZul patmosze 95 w., gardaicvala

bunebrivi sikvdiliT. mociquli iakobi qadagebda palestinasa da

egvipteSi, 63 wels gadmoagdes ierusalimis taZris saxuravidan. iuda

_ lebeosi (Tadeozi, alfesi), gadmocemis Tanaxmad, qadagebda

asureTsa da sparseTSi. sparseTSi awames. mociquli filipe frigiaSi

qadagebda, gardaicvala iqve. mociqul barTlomes qadagebis adgili

ucnobia, gadmocemiT, tyavi gaaZvres. mociquli maTe mezvere qadagebda

iudevelTa Soris da afrikaSi, awames eTiopiaSi. mociquli Toma

qadagebda siriaSi, sparseTsa da indoeTSi, locvisas isriT gangmires.

svimon kananelis qadagebis adgili ucnobia, gadmocemis Tanaxmad,

jvars acves. iuda iskariotelis nacvlad arCeuli mataTi mociqulis

qadagebis adgili ucnobia.26

rogorc aRniSnulidan Cans, mociqulebi imdroindeli msoflios im

qveynebSi qadagebdnen, romelnic ierusalimis garSemo iyvnen, kerZod,

romis imperiaSi, skviTeTSi, egviptesa da eTiopiaSi, sparseTsa da

asureTSi, frigiaSi, afrikaSi, indoeTSi. mociqulTa umetesoba

qadagebda mcire aziaSi, romelic ZiriTadad imperiaSi Sedioda.

kerZod, mociqulebi petre, andria, ioane mcire aziaSi qadagebdnen.

zemoT moyvanilidan ise Cans, TiTqosda mociqulebs kavkasiaSi ar

uqadagiaT, xolo garSemo yvela qveyanaSi skviTeTSi, mcire aziasa da

sparseTSi iqadages.

Zveli istorikosebi, romlebic aRwerdnen mociqulTa qadagebas, xom

ar miiCnevdnen amierkavkasias skviTeTis, mcire aziis, anda sparseTis

nawilad?

marTlac, somexi samRvdeloeba da somexi mecnierebi somxur

eklesias samociqulos uwodeben, somxuri eklesia daufuZnebia iq

moqadage mociqul Tadeozs, romelmac RvTismetyvelTa zemoT

moyvanili siis Tanaxmad iqadaga asureTsa da sparseTSi. amitomac

unda vifiqroT, rom an somxeTs miiCnevdnen sparseTis nawilad, anda

sparseTisaken mimaval gzaze man somxeTze gaiara da daafuZna somxuri

eklesia.

aseve savsebiT SesaZlebelia somxeTi mieCniaT mcire aziis nawilad,

sadac bevri mociquli qadagebda.

140

Zveli istorikosebi skviTeTs uwodebdnen vrcel geografiul

areals, romelic zogjer moicavda amierkavkasiasac, ris Sesaxebac

qvemoT vwerT. amitomac, roca weren, rom andriam skviTeTSi iqadagao,

SesaZlebelia, gulisxmoben amierkavkasias, kerZod, saqarTvelos.

aRsaniSnavia, rom gzebi sparseTisa da indoeTisken, aseve

skviTeTisken gadioda amierkavkasiaze.

gza mcire aziidan da antioqiidan, saidanac mociqulebi saerTod

miemgzavrebodnen aRmosavleTSi samisionerod, somxeTze gadioda.

`somxeTze gadioda umTavresi savaWro-satranzito gzebi, romlebic

erTmaneTs ukavSirebda aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs~.27

dasavleTidan sparseTisa da indoeTisken mimaval mociqulebs

somxeTze unda gaevloT. I-II saukuneebSi saqarTvelos mezobeli

somxeTis odesRac Zlieri saxelmwifo dasustebuli iyo. amiT

isargebla iberiam da Seudga sazRvrebis gafarToebas samxreTis

mimarTulebiT, risTvisac alanebTan megobruli urTierTobiTac

sargeblobda. I s-is 30-iani wlebidan iberia mTeli somxeTis

SemosaerTeblad ibrZvis. 35 wels iberebi mefis Zis, farsmanis,

meTaurobiT SeiWrnen somxeTSi da daikaves misi dedaqalaqi artaSati.

qarTvelTa mizans Seadgenda somxeTidan parTiis jaris gandevna.

`iberebma, tacitusis cnobiT, albanelebi da sarmatebi moixmes~.28

qarTvelebi, cxenosani jaris garda, Zlier qveiT jarsac flobdnen.

tacitusis cnobiT, parTelTa laSqari iberTa jarma daamarcxa,

`somxeTSi gamefda iberTa mefis miTridates Ze da misi momdevno mefis

farsmanis Zma miTridate~.29 Semdgom parTelTa mefem kvlav Semoutia

qarTvelebs, magram damarcxda. `amrigad, somxeTSi mefoba iberiel

ufliswuls miTridates darCa~. `romaelebi kargad xedavdnen iberiis

mmarTvelTa swrafvas daemorCilebinaT mTlianad somxeTi.

somxeTisaTvis brZola axla, faqtobrivad, sam saxelmwifos _ roms,

parTiasa da iberias Soris mimdinareobda. iberias, rogorc 35 wlis

ambebiT SeiZleba vimsjeloT, romis daxmarebis gareSec unari

Seswevda gaemarjva parTiaze~.29 `romSi, ueWvelia, SiSobdnen iberiis

metismet gaZlierebas...~30

imperatorma klavdiusma (41-54) miTridate kvlav somxeTis taxtis

dasakaveblad gamogzavna 47 wels. `sul ramodenime wlis Semdeg, 51

wels, iberiis mefe farsmani gadavida aSkara brZolaze Tavisi Zmis,

somxeTis mefis miTridates winaaRmdeg. saqme exeboda farsmanis cdas,

daufleboda somxeTis samefos... farsmanis iberia, romelic somxeTis

dauflebasac ki cdilobda, bunebrivia, miiswrafoda sruli

batonobisken, agreTve albaneTze~.31

qarTvelTa mefe farsmanma gadawyvita somxeTSi gaemefebina Tavisi

vaJi radamisti, xolo Tavisi Zma miTridate somxeTis taxtidan

141

Camoegdo. amiT farsmani somxeTs uSualod uerTebda Tavis samefos.

marTlac, qarTvelma ufliswulma radamistma didZali laSqriT

SeZlo somxeTis samefos SemoerTeba. somxeTi, faqtobrivad,

iberiasTan aRmoCnda SeerTebuli. `mezobel qveynebSi (siriaSi,

kapadokiaSi) mdgomi romauli laSqris sardlebi Seecadnen

daebrunebinaT romisaTvis somxeTi...~32

male farsmanma moakvlevina radamisti, romelic SeiZleba mamisTvis

samefos warTmevas lamobda. tacitusi wers, rom `radamisti iyo

SesaniSnavi fizikuri aRnagobisa da Zalis axalgazrda, romelsac

didi saxeli hqonda gavardnili rogorc Tavis xalxSi, ise

mezoblebSi~.33 Tu iberieli ufliswuli mezoblebSi ase

saxelganTqmuli iyo, cxadia, iberiaSi mimdinare ambebi mTel romis

imperiaSic cxovel interess aRZravda. `58 wels, rodesac romSi

mmarTvelad ukve neroni (54-66) ijda, aRmosavleTSi saomari moqmedebis

xelmZRvanelad gaigzavna gneius domicius korbuloni. iberebi am

dros romaelTa mokavSireebs Soris iyvnen... mokavSireebma miiRes

`somxeTis maT samflobeloebTan mosazRvre nawilebi~. maSasadame,34

wels iberias SeuerTda somxeTis is nawilebi, romlebic mas

esazRvrebodnen.

63 wels romsa da parTias Soris daido xelSekruleba somxeTTan

dakavSirebiT. `SesaZlebelia, romsa da parTias Soris somxeTis gamo

SeTanxmebis erT-erT mizezs warmoadgenda safrTxe, romelic

gamouCnda somxeTs iberiisa da maTi mokavSire alanebis mxriv~.35 am

xelSekrulebam gaamwvava iberiasa da somxeTs Soris brZola.

70-ian wlebSi iberebi da maTi mokavSireebi Sevidnen somxeTSi da

gaimarjves. am dros mefobda farsman I-is Ze miTridate.

1940 wels armazisxevSi aRmoCnda arameuli warwera. am warweraSi

laparakia iberTa mier mopovebuli gamarjvebis Sesaxeb da amasTan

dakavSirebiT armenia ixsenieba. `am laSqrobebma, romlebic

uciloblad, miuxedavad mose xorenelTan daculi xalxuri

tradiciisa, iberTa gamarjvebiT damTavrda, ueWvelia, didad

ganamtkica iberiis samefos da misi mmarTvelis — miTridates

avtoriteti~.36

75 wlisaTvis romaelebi armazis cixis galavans umagreben TavianT

megobar qarTvelTa mefes. `amas mowmobs mcxeTaSi napovni 75 wliT

daTariRebuli berZnuli warwera, Sedgenili vespasianes, tacitusisa

da domicianes saxeliT, sadac laparakia armazis cixis galavnis

gamagrebaze, romaelTa mier iberTa mefe miTridatesaTvis _ `keisrisa

da romaelTa megobrisaTvis~.37

rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, somxeTi, romelzedac gadioda

aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis damakavSirebeli gzebi, I saukuneSi,

142

politikurad, iberiis nawiladac ki SeiZleboda miCneuli yofiliyo.

sparseTsa da indoeTSi mimavali mociqulebi am gzas gverds ver

auvlidnen.

aseve skviTeTSi mimavali andria mociquli gzas ver auqcevda

iberias, radganac iberia gadioda ara marto Sav zRvaze, aramed

`kaspiis bWec~ mas eWira. amas mowmobs romSi napovni qarTvelTa mefis

miTridate III-is Zmis amazaspis saflavis qvis epitafia, sadac

naTqvamia: `mefis saxelovani Ze amazaspi, miTridate mefis Zma, romlis

mSobliuri miwac aris kaspiis bWesTan, iberi iberis Ze, aq marxia

wminda qalaqTan...~38

II saukunis dasawyisSi qarTvelTa samefos sazRvrebi Savi

zRvispiras rom gadioda, mowmobs ariane, romelic 131 wels

mogzaurobda Savi zRvis piras. misi cnobiT, am sanapiros erT-erT

ubanze saxlobdnen Zidritebi. isini qarTvelTa mefe farsmans

emorCilebian. II s-is 30-ian 50-ian wlebSi qarTlSi mefobda farsman

meore, romelsac farsman qveli ewoda.

`II s-is pirvel naxevarSi qarTli, rogorc Cans, kidev ufro

Zlierdeba. Tu misi sagareo-politikuri warmatebebis mixedviT

vimsjelebT, swored es unda yofiliyo antikuri xanis qarTlis

samefos yvelaze ufro didi Zlierebis xana~.39 `farsman II-is dros

qarTli, Cans, ukve yovelgvari SeniRbvis gareSe ebrZvis roms da

cdilobs mis gandevnas kolxeTidan da sxva mezobeli adgilebidan.

amasTanave, igi am saqmeSi rodi eZiebs parTiis mxardaWeras. qarTlis

mmarTvelebi, etyoba, Tamamad upirispirdebian romsa da parTias

erTdroulad. 134 wels farsman II-s, rogorc dion kasiusi

gvatyobinebs, mouwyvia alanTa didi Seseva romisa da parTiis

samflobeloebze. alanebi Tavs daesxnen albaneTsa da midias, agreTve,

armeniasa da kapadokias~.40

farsmani ise gaZlierda, rom `Tavi damoukideblad eWira~.

imperatori adriane yovelmxriv cdilobda gaeumjobesebina

urTierToba qarTvelTa mefesTan, magram farsmani ar midioda

daTmobaze. farsmanma qedmaRlurad uari Tqva imperatoris miwvevaze

da romSi ar Cavida. Tumca, sazogadod iberia da romis saxelmwifoebi

am dros megobar qveynebad iTvlebodnen. imperatoris biografi elius

spartiane wers, rom adrianem qarTvelTa mefes yvelaze meti, uricxvi

Zvirfasi saCuqari gaugzavna. `Tu gaviTvaliswinebT iberiasa da roms

Soris am dros arsebul daZabul urTierTobas, unda vifiqroT, rom

ariane iberiaSi SeiZleboda moxvedriliyo mxolod diplomatiuri

misiiT, e.i. rogorc imperatoris elCi. egebis is saCuqrebi,

romelzedac laparakobs elius spartiane, farsmans swored arianem

Caabara~.41

143

momdevno imperatoris, antonius piusis (133-161) dros farsman II

saqarTvelodan meuRliTa da didi amaliT gaemgzavra romSi, sadac

mas sazeimo Sexvedra mouwyves. dion kasiusis Tanaxmad, imperators

`gaufarToebia misi samflobelo~. Cans, ara marto scno iberiis ukve

arsebuli sazRvrebi, aramed daumata kidec sxva miwebi

SavzRvispireTsa da somxeTSi.

sapatio qarTvel stumars neba darTes msxverpli Seewira

kapitoliumSi. imperatori daswrebia farsmanis, misi Zisa da sxva

qarTveli didebulebis samxedro varjiSs.

romSi daidga farsmanis cxenosani qandakeba. farsmanis Casvla

romSi miRebul iqna rogorc imperatorisadmi pativiscema, Tanaxmad

antonius piusis biografis _ iulius kapitolinisa.

farsmanis vizits iseTi didi STabeWdileba mouxdenia romSi, rom

igi saqalaqo qronikas pirvel adgilze aRubeWdavs, rasac mowmobs

warwera marmarilos firfitaze, romelic romis Zvel navsadgurSi

aRmoCnda~.42

rogorc zemomoyvanilidan Cans, saqarTvelo mociqulTa epoqaSi I-II

saukuneebSi, mtkice da Zlieri qveyana iyo, gafarToebuli sazRvrebiT,

simdidriT saxelganTqmuli, ekonomiuri cxovrebiT dawinaurebuli,

maRalganviTarebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobiT.

mociqulTa epoqaSi saerTaSoriso savaWro gzebi saqarTveloze

gadioda. `axali welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuneebi saerTod

saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobaTa gansakuTrebuli aRmavlobis

xanaa, iberiac, ra Tqma unda, CaTreuli iyo am saerTaSoriso vaWrobis

oromtrialSi. qarTlis dedaqalaqi mcxeTa ara marto didi

strategiuli gzebis, aramed, sxvadasxva mxridan savaWro gzebis

gadakveTaze mdebareobda. aq iyrida Tavs somxeTidan, albaneTidan,

kolxeTidan da `CrdiloeTis momTabareTagan~ momdinare gzebi.

cnobili romauli ruka qarTlis samefos teritoriaze uCvenebs

araerT gzas, romlebic ueWvelia, amave dros savaWro magistralebs

warmoadgenda. erTi aseTi gza somxeTis dedaqalaq artaSatidan

sebastopolisSi (soxumi) midioda. gadadioda igi javaxeTsa da

samcxeze, qarTlis uZvelesi centrebis, wundasa da oZrxes maxloblad

(sadac, matianeTa Tanaxmad, gaiara mociqulma andria

pirvelwodebulma, mociqulebma mataTiam da simon kananelma _ ep. a.j.).

wundaSi am gzis erTi toti qarTlis Sida raionebisken uxvevda. meore

mxriv, dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimavali gza rodopolisidan

(vardcixe) uxvevda rogorc dasavleTiT (rionis gayolebiT

fazisisken), aseve aRmosavleTiT (iseve rionis da Semdgom yviriliT

sviris, Sorapnis gavliT aRm. saqarTveloSi). meore gza artaSatidan

qarTlSi modioda... ra Tqma unda, saerTo vaWrobis ferxulSi qarTli

144

Cabmuli iyo ara marto am gzebiT. samcxesa da javaxeTze gadioda

agreTve samxreT-dasavleTiT _ taosa da klarjeTs da kidev ufro

samxreTiT, mcire aziisken mimavali gzebi (riTac, rogorc `qarTlis

cxovrebidan~ Cans, isargebla andria mociqulma _ ep. a.j.). II s-is

avtori iberiis samosaxloTa Soris asaxelebs artanisas _ gviandel

artanujs~...43

romauli sagzao ruka _ `tabula peutingeriana~, romelzedac

aRniSnuli gzebia datanili, IV saukuneSia Sedgenili, `magram

mniSvnelovanwilad ufro Zvel, I-II ss. masalas emyareba~.44

andria pirvelwodebuli saqarTveloSi Semosula, rogorc am rukisa

da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobebis SedarebiT Cans, im gziT, romelic

oZrxedan gadadioda dasavleT saqarTveloSi da mTavrdeboda

sebastopolisSi (soxumSi). oZrxedan es gza, Cans, midioda ara marto

klarjeTsa da taoSi, aramed uerTdeboda trapezuntsac, saidanac

pirveli mogzaurobis dros Semovida mociquli andria, xolo sxva

mogzaurobis dros mas taos gziTac usargeblia. es mxareebi, aseve

dasavleT saqarTvelo Sorapnamde uSualod iberiis mefis xelqveiTi

qveynebi iyo.

mcxeTaSi Sedioda gza, romelic gamodioda somxeTis qalaq

artaSatidan. xolo mcire aziidan saqarTveloSi Semomavali gzebi

taoklarjeTisa da oZrxis gavliT dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadadioda

sebastopolisamde. cnobilia, rom andria mociquli moRvaweobda

mcire aziaSi, saidanac savaWro gziT Semovida kidec saqarTveloSi —

oZrxesa da sebastopolisSi. andria mociquls somxeTSi rom

emoRvawna, mas savaWro gza mcxeTaSi miiyvanda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom I-III saukuneTa saqarTvelos sidiade da

brwyinvaleba (rasac yovelwliurad adasturebs axal-axali

arqeologiuri aRmoCena mcxeTis midamoebSi da sxvagan), naklebad iyo

cnobili CvenSi. am mdgomareobas uTuod iman Seuwyo xeli, rom

`qarTlis cxovreba~ ar asaxavs amas, piriqiT, `qarTlis cxovrebis~

Tanaxmad, imdroindeli qarTli somxeTis zegavlenis qveS imyofeboda.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ analizi uflebas iZleva iTqvas, rom misi

`mefeTa ambavis~ erTi nawili dawerilia, xolo didi nawili

redaqtirebulia VI-VII saukuneebSi. am dros (VI s.) saqarTvelo ar iyo

Tavisufali qveyana, gauqmebuli iyo qarTuli saxelmwifo da CvenSi

sparseTi batonobda. sparseTi ki monofizitebs uWerda mxars da

amitom somxur eklesias abatonebda amierkavkasiis (da maT Soris

saqarTvelos) qristianebze, rac somxuri orientaciis wreebs

saSualebas miscemda esworebinaT ara marto qarTuli wmida werili

somxuri redaqciebis mixedviT, razedac migviTiTebs giorgi mcire

145

Tavis `giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebaSi~, aramed qarTuli istoriuli

qronikebi da matianeebic.

giorgi mcire wers _ `egreTve daRacaTu pirveliTganve guqondes

werilnica da sarwmunoebaO WeSmariti da marTali, garna... Soris

Cuensa daTesul iyvnes borotni igi Teslni somexTani, gularZnilni

da manqanani, da amis mier friad guevneboda, rameTu naTesavi Cueni

wrfel iyo da umanko, xolo igini reca mizeziTa wesierebisaATa, reca

cTunebad guazmnobdes da romelnime wignnica guaqundes maTgan

Targmnilni~.45 Targmnil an redaqtirebul `romelnime wignnSi~, Cans,

qarTuli matianeebic Sedioda.

Tanamedrove gamoCenili istorikosi g. meliqiSvili amCnevs

`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ mociqulTa epoqis Sesabamisi ambebis aRwerisas

armenofilur gavlenas, kerZod, wers. `aSkaraa, rom `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ monaTxrobs am laSqrobis Sesaxeb somxuri tradicia

udevs safuZvlad. amaze miuTiTebs aSkara armenofiluri tendencia,

romelic monaTxrobs wiTel zolad gasdevs~.46

`qarTlis cxovrebac~ I s. 70-80-iani wlebis ambebis gadmocemisas,

rogorc vTqviT, agreTve somxur tradicias eyrdnoba~.47

`qarTamis mefobis aRwerisas qarTuli wyaroebi kvlav Zveli

somxuri tradiciidan amodian...~.48

`yovel SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa, rom qarTuli wyaros moTxroba

damokidebulia somxur tradiciaze, romelic yovelmxriv arbilebs

somexTa mier gancdil marcxs iberiis mefe qarTamTan brZolaSi~.49

VI-VII saukuneebSi, roca xdeboda qarTuli wignebis armenofiluri

redaqtireba, Cveni qveynis mpyrobeli xosro I anuSirvani (551-579 ww.)

mfarvelobda somxur eklesias da aZlierebda mas. xosro II farvizic

(591-628 ww.) aZlierebda somxur eklesias. cnobilia, rom bizantiis

imperator herakle keisris iranSi laSqrobis dros `didebulebis

nawilma, romelic ukmayofilo iyo monofizitebTan Sahis

daaxloebiT, xosro II taxtidan Camoagdo da mokla~.50

sruliad marTalni Canan giorgi mcire da sxva Zveli qarTveli

moRvaweebi, roca weren qarTuli wignebis armenofiluri redaqtirebis

Sesaxeb.

amiT aris gamowveuli is, rom mociqulTa epoqis saqarTvelos

brwyinvaleba da sidiade ar asaxa `qarTlis cxovrebam~ da ucnobi

darCa Semdegi TaobebisaTvis. ase rom, mociqulTa epoqaSi, I-II

saukuneebSi saqarTvelo iyo maSindel msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli,

Zlieri saxelmwifo, romelzedac gadioda gzebi romis imperiidan

aRmosavleTisa da CrdiloeTis qveynebisken. aseT qveyanas mociqulebi

gverds ver auvlidnen TavianTi moRvaweobis dros.

146

w m i d a a n d r i a s a d a s x v a m o c i q u l e b i s

q a d a g e b a s a q a r T v e l o S i

`pirvelwodebuli andria, ZmaA Tavisa mociqulTaAsa petresi, vidre

Cvendamdeca moiwia da qadaga sacxorebeli qadagebaA saxarebisA

yovelsa queyanasa saqarTveloAsasa~,51 _ werda daviT aRmaSeneblis

dros mowveuli ruis-urbnisis saeklesio kreba, yvelaze

avtoritetuli kreba qarTuli eklesiis istoriaSi.

am krebis Tanaxmad, samwyso wmida andria mociqulisa iyo ara

romelime kuTxe, aramed mTliani saqarTvelo _ `yoveli queyana

saqarTveloAsa~.

giorgi mTawmidelic im Tvalsazrisisa iyo, rom saqarTvelos

patriarqi ganagebda andria mociqulis mier daarsebul eklesias da

amitomac ijda samociqulo taxtze. man antioqiis patriarqs

ganucxada:

`wmidao meufeo, Sen ityY, viTarmed Tavisa mis mociqulTaAsa petres

saydarsa vzio, xolo Cuen pirvelwodebulisa da Zmisa TYsisa

mwodebelisa nawilni varT da samwysoni da mis mier moqceulni da

ganaTlebulni. da erTi wmidaTa aTormetTa mociqulTagani _ simons

vityY kananelsa _ queyanasa Cuensa damarxul ars, afxazeTs, romelsa

nikofsi ewodebis. amaT wmidaTa mociqulTa ganaTlebulni varT~.52

andria mociquli macxovris upirvelesi mowafe iyo. ieso qristem

pirvelad mas mouwoda, Semdeg andriam Tavisi Zma petre daumowafa

moZRvars.

antioqiis eklesia wmida petres mier iyo daarsebuli da amitomac

miiCneoda, rom antioqiis patriarqi ijda petres saydarze. antioqiis

patriarqi fiqrobda, rom es maRali taxti mas uflebas aZlevda

ganecxadebina pretenzia qarTuli eklesiis damorCilebaze. wmida

giorgi mTawmidelma mas upasuxa _ `wmidao meufeo, Suenis esreT, rATa

wodebuli igi mwodebelsa mas daemorCilos, rameTu petresi jer ars,

raATa daemorCilos mwodebelsa TYssa da Zmasa andreas, da rATa

Tquen Cuen daguemorCilneT!~53

giorgi mTawmidelis msjeloba savsebiT logikuria. Tuki

damorCilebazea laparaki, maSin ufro samarTliani iqneba, Tu

umcrosi Zma ufross, wodebuli mwodebels daemorCileba, radganac

wmida andriam mouwoda Tavis Zmas petres da petre daemorCila mas,

amitomac wmida petres eklesia, antioqiis sapatriarqo, unda

daemorCilos wmida andrias eklesias _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqoso.

giorgi mcire saqarTvelos uwodebs andria mociqulisa da simon

kananelis samwysos. `esreT yoveli aRmosavli gananaTla da nawili

147

igi andrea mociqulisaO da simon kananelisaO kualad ganmtkica,

rameTu andrea mociqulman movlo qveyanaO Cueni, xolo simon

kananelman sruliad daimkYdra, rameTu nikofss arian nawilni misni

wmidani~.54

cnobili moRvawe efrem mcire berZnul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT

werda, rom qristes saxareba saqarTveloSi iqadaga ara marto

andriam, aramed mociqulma barTlomemac _ `iTqumis CuenTYsca

mimovslasa Sina wmida mociqulTasa _ andria pirvelwodebulisa mier

qadageba Soris avazgiasa, romel ars afxazeTi, da mier warvsla

oseTad, da kualad barTlomes mier mimovla CrdiloeTisa, romel ars

qarTli~.55

Cans, qarTul eklesiaSi damkvidrebuli Sexeduleba ramdenadme

gansxvavdeboda efrem mciris berZnuli wyaroebis Tvalsazrisisagan.

am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, andria mociqulma iqadaga mTlian

saqarTveloSi, xolo berZnuli wyaroebi, romliTac sargeblobda

efrem mcire, miuTiTebdnen, rom andriam iqadaga dasavleT

saqarTveloSi anu `afxazeTSi~.

saqarTveloSi aderkis mefobis pirvelsave wels iSva ufali Cveni

ieso qriste. uflis jvarcmas ierusalimSi saqarTvelodan

eswrebodnen elioz mcxeTeli da longinoz karsneli.

`aman aderki daipyra yoveli queyana qarTli da egrisi... xolo

pirvelsave welsa mefobisa misisasa iSva ufali Cueni ieso qriste,

beTlems uriastanisasa~. _ `da warvides aqaT elioz mcxeTeli da

longinoz karsneli. da mun daxudes juarcmasa uflisasa da maT

moiRes muniT kuarTi uflisa, viTarca weril ars ese gancxadebulad

moqcevasa qarTlisasa~.56 Cans, maT kvarTi Seisyides romaeli

jariskacebisagan, romelTac jvarcmuli iesos tansacmeli gainawiles.

dekanozi m. kelenjeriZe wers: `qristes sjulis pirvel

mqadageblebad saqarTveloSi qristes mociqulebi iTvlebian: andria,

svimon kananeli, mataTe da kapadokiaSic petre... istorikosebi or

banakad iyofian im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, iyvnen Tu ara mociqulebi

saqarTveloSi: zogni uaryofen am faqts, sxvebi ara... uarismyofelni

imiT asabuTeben TavianT azrs, rom pavle mociqulis meti arc erTi

mociquli ar yofila saqadageblad warmarTTa Soris da verc

iqnebodnen, radgan maT marto `winadacveTilTa~ Soris (e.i. ebraelTa)

hqondaT neba qadagebisao. am azris miReba SeuZlebelia Semdegi

sabuTebis ZaliT: 1. iseTi avtoritetebi Zveli qristianobis

istoriaSi, rogorebic arian prof. v. bolotovi da arqiep. sergi,

agreTve leipcigis prof. voogi da natalisi, uars ar hyofen

mociqulebis warmarTTa Soris qadagebas. 2. meore saukunis iseTi

msxvili mecnieri, rogoric iyo origeni, ambobs, andria skviTebSi

148

iyoo, mas emxrobian prokofi da evsevic. ukanasknels Tavis istoriaSi

(IV s.) mohyavs origenis sityvebi: `Tomam parTia miiRo, andriam skviTia,

ioanem asia da petrem ponto, galatia, biTinia da kapadukiao~. 3.

wyaroebSi mataTe mociqulze weria, eTiopiaSi qadagebdao. saukeTeso

mecnierni am eTiopias aRiarebdnen axal, Sina eTiopiad, saxeldobr,

kolxidad, samegrelod da skviTebis qveynad, rac sazRvravda

samegrelo-afxazeTs. gadaWriT asaxeleben kidev pontod, saca mdinare

fazisi (rioni) zRvas erTviso. 4. qriste marto ebraelTaTvis ar

mosula da arc mociqulebisaTvis ubrZanebia ebraelebze izruneT

mxolodo: piriqiT, aseTi mcneba daudva maT: `warvediT da

moimowafeniT yovelni ernio~... 5. Tuki mociqulebs marto ebraelTa

Soris qadageba evalebodaT. ratom gadmovida mociqulebze suliwmida

da riRasTvis aswavla ucxo enebi? TviTon mociqulebi ebraelebi

iyvnen da ebraelTa Soris ucxo enebi rad dasWirdebodaT? 6. filipe

diakonma eTiopieli saWurisi monaTla da petrem — romis asisTavi

korniliosi _ warmarTi mTeli ojaxiT da amas rogor gabedavdnen, Tu

marTla akrZaluli hqondaT warmarTTa Soris qadageba?..~57

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mociqulTa TiTqmis Tanamedrove, II

saukunis mecnieris, origenis azri, rom andria pirvelwodebulma

iqadaga skviTeTSi. saqme is aris, rom Zveli avtorebi `skviTeTs~

vrcel qveyanas uwodebdnen, romelSic zogjer iberiasa da kolxeTsac

aTavsebdnen, ris Sesaxebac ufro dawvrilebiT vwerT Semdgom TavSi.

origenis azri andrias skviTeTSi qadagebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba ise

gavigoT, rom andriam saqarTvelosa da mis mimdebare qveynebSi

iqadaga. maSin origenisa da Cveni matianeebis gadmocemani erTmaneTs

Tanxvdebian. origenis garda mociqul andrias qadagebas saqarTvelosa

da mosazRvre qveynebSi ixseniebdnen ipolite da doroTe tYreli

episkoposi, sofroni~.58

aderkis mefobis wlebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi

gamoTqves s. kakabaZem, s. gorgaZem, p. ingoroyvam da sxvebma. `rogorc

viciT, 67 wels ajanyebuli iudeis winaaRmdeg gagzavnil iqna

vespasiane flaviosi, 68 wels, neronis sikvdilis Semdeg vespasianes

imperatorad gamocxadebis Sedegad, romaelTa jars saTaveSi tite

flaviosi Caudga da 70 wels ierusalimi daangria. Tu aderki marTla

57 wels gardaicvala, maSin araviTar qronologiur Seusabamobas ar

unda warmoadgendes 70 wlis maxlobel xanaSi mis memkvidreTa mefoba.

magram am SemTxvevaSi naratiul wyaros Cvenebas win udgas iseTi

epigrafiuli Zegli, rogoricaa mcxeTis cnobili berZnuli warwera...

romelsac Cveulebriv aTariReben 75 wliT. igi gvamcnobs, rom samive

flaviosma keisarma (vespasianem, titem da domicianem), `... iberTa mefes

miTridates, mefe farsmanisa da iamasaspois Zes, keisris megobarsa da

149

romaelTa moyvaruls da xalxs es kedlebi ganumtkiceso~... g.

meliqiSvilis mixedviT, dion kasiosis miTridates mama igive aderkia,

romelsac `qarTlis cxovreba~ meaTe mefed asaxelebs. g. meliqiSvilis

mier aRdgenili antikuri xanis iberiis mefeTa qronologiur nusxaSi

meaTe mefe ki ase gamoiyureba: `10. miTridate (`aderok, aderni) _ Cveni

eris I saukunis dasawyisi, 30-iani wlebis Suamde~.59

macxovari Cveni ieso qriste, RvTismetyvelTa Tanaxmad, amaRlda 30

wlis 18 maiss, xuTSabaTs. amaRlebis win man akurTxa mociqulebi,

raTa maT mTel msoflioSi eqadagnaT.60 meaTe dRes, suliwmidis

mofenis Semdeg, mociqulebma iwyes gamgzavreba mTel msoflioSi.

andria ki gamoemarTa saqarTveloSi, sadac am dros mefobda aderki (g.

meliqiSvilis Tanaxmad, daaxloebiT 35 wlis CaTvliT). maSasadame,

andria mociquli saqarTveloSi mosula 30-35 wlebSi, amave dros mas

mouqcevia samxreT da dasavleT saqarTvelos mcxovrebni _ megrelebi

da klarjni, riTac mefe aderkis mrisxaneba gamouwvevia. andria

mociquli am pirveli mogzaurobis garda sxva drosac Camosula

saqarTveloSi, axla ukve sxva mociqulebTan erTad. am dros mefe

aderki cocxali aRar yofila. maSasadame, andria mociqulis

saqarTveloSi pirveli mogzauroba SeiZleba 30-35 wlebiT daTariRdes.

rogorc `qarTlis cxovrebis~ teqstidan Cans, safiqrebelia, rom

pirveli mogzaurobis dros andriam mxolod samxreTi saqarTvelo

moiara, romlis mcxovreblebsac mematiane TiTqosda `megrelebs~

uwodebs, xolo maT erisTavs _ klarjeTis erisTavs. aseTi ram

ucnaurad ar mogveCveneba, Tu gavixsenebT, rom tao-klarjeTs I

saukunisTvis n. mari `megrul-lazuri tomebiT~ dasaxlebul qveynad

miiCnevda. Tu es asea, maSin wmida andrias saqarTveloSi mimosvlis

teqsti Zvelad dawerili aRmoCndeba.

saqarTveloSi mesame mogzaurobis dros andria mociquls Tan

Camouyvania sxva mociqulebi _ simon kananeli da mociquli mataTia.

amis Sesaxeb wers epifane konstantinopoleli (VIII s.), romelic

iyenebda Zvel wyaroebs. epifane konstantinopolelis Tanaxmad,

mociquli simon kananeli dakrZalulia nikofsiaSi, rac eTanxmeba

`qarTlis cxovrebasa~ da Zvel qarTul tradicias.

150

epifane kviprelis (IV s.) Tanaxmad ki, saqarTveloSi meore

mociqulicaa dakrZaluli _ mociquli mataTa anu mataTia, romelic

mociqulad arCeul iqna nacvlad gamcemel iuda iskariotelisa.

`mataTiam... iqadaga saxareba meore eTiopiaSi (kolxeTSi), sadac aris

afsaris cixe-simagre da hvisis navsadguri. ... iqve gardaicvala da

damarxulia dRemde~.61

maSasadame, mociquli mataTia dakrZalulia cixe-simagre afsarSi.

sad mdebareobda da ras warmoadgenda afsari mociqulTa dros?^

`afsarSi, rogorc Cans, romaelTa yvelaze didi garnizoni idga,

xuTi kohorta. romaelTa samxedro Zalis aseTi koncentracia aq,

SeiZleba, gamowveuli iyo iberiasTan daWimuli urTierTobiT. iberias

am dros ekava afsaris samxreTiT mdebare sanapiro. saerTod, afsari

romaul xanaSi didi centri iyo. VI s-is avtoris, prokofi

bizantielis cnobiT, mis dros igi nangrevebad iyo qceuli. magram

adre es iyo xalxmravali qalaqi, didi galavniT Semovlebuli, iyo aq

Teatri, hipodromi da mravali sxva ram. arianem aq jamagiri dauriga

mebrZolebs, daaTvaliera TavdacviTi nagebobebi _ galavani, Txrili,

gasinja iaraRi, moinaxula avadmyofebi da Seamowma sursaTis (puris)

momaragebis mdgomareoba. gonioSi axlac miwis zemoT Cans antikuri

xanis simagris naSTebi. amas winaT aq Catarda mcire masStabis

arqeologiuri gaTxrebic, romelmac antikuri xanis didebul

nagebobaTa naSTebi da didZali antikuri keramika gamoavlina~.62

vin cxovrobda afsarSi (gonioSi), sadac qadagebda mociquli

mataTia da sadac daikrZala is? afsaris mimdebare zRvis sanapiro

dasaxlebuli yofila qarTvelebiT, kerZod, Zidritebis tomiT.

151

`sanapiroze cxovrobdnen (iberiis mefis) farsman II-is qveSevrdomni

Zidritebi. anonimis mixedviT, maT ekavaT teritoria md. arxabes

(araxve-susa) da afsaris (Woroxis) SesarTavebs Soris~.63

I saukunis dasawyisSi pliniusi `...axsenebs ra cixe afsars, igi

dasZens, rom am adgilebSi `mTebs iqiT~ aris iberia...~64

dRevandel saqarTveloSi dakrZaluli ori mociqulidan simon

kananelis saflavi amJamadac axal aTonSia, xolo mociquli mataTia

dakrZalulia gonios cixe-simagreSi, baTumTan axlos. am mociqulebis

saqarTveloSi dakrZalvis Sesaxeb (nikofsiasa da afsarSi) werdnen IV-

VIII saukuneTa istorikosebi, romlebic kidev ufro Zvel wyaroebs

iyenebdnen.

Zveli istorikosebi zRvis sanapiroze asaxeleben punqtebs, sadac

uqadagniaT mociqulebs _ kerZod, faziss, sebastopoliss da afsars.

am qalaqebSi Semdgom romauli garnizonebi Camdgaran _ `romaul cixe-

simagred gadaiqca agreTve qalaqi fazisi, flavius arianes 131 wlis

sainspeqcio mogzaurobis dros romauli garnizonebi idgnen

dioskuriaSi, fazissa da afsarSi, romelic md. Woroxis SesarTavTan,

dRevandel gonios adgilze imyofeboda.65

`kvipreli episkoposis epifanes sityviT, man icoda gadmocemidan,

rom netarma mociqulma andriam iqadaga did sebastopolisSi, sadac

aris afsaris cixe-simagre da hvisis navsadguri da mdinare fasisi,

sadac mosaxleobdnen iberielni, susanelni, fustelni da alanni~.66

maSasadame, IV saukunis avtori epifane kvipreli wers, rom didi

sebastopolisi, mdinare fazisis xeoba da afsaris teritoria

dasaxlebulia iberebiT, anu qarTvelebiT.

epifanes cnobiT, andria mociquli pirveli mogzaurobis dros

`mivida trapezuntSi, lazikis qalaqSi (efTvime mTawmidelis qarTuli

versiiT: `miiwia... qalaqad trapezuntad, romeli igi Sen ars sofelsa

megrelTasa~), aqedan is wavida iberiaSi. mas Semdeg, rac man

zRvispiris mcxovrebni mravalni gananaTlna, is Cavida ierusalimSi~.

meore mogzaurobis dros, hagiografis cnobiT, andria isev `moiwia

qalaqsa trapezunts~. mesame mogzaurobis dros _ gadmogvcems

hagiografi, _ andria da misni TanamoRvaweni mataTa da simon kananeli

mowafeebiTurT `Cavidnen iberiaSi da fasisSi~.67

mociqulebis mimosvlasTan dakavSirebiT xSirad gvxvdeba sami

punqti _ trapezunti, afsari da nafsaAs navsadguri.

p. ingoroyva wers: `dasaxelebuli sami punqti dasavleT

saqarTvelosi, _ trapezunti _ samxreT mxaridan, afsari _ Sua

mxaridan da nafsaAs navTsadguri (nikofsia) CrdiloeTi mxaridan _

niSandobliv amorCeuli aqvs ioane sabanis Zes, kerZod, imis gamo, rom

swored am punqtebTan iyo dakavSirebuli gadmocemebi qristianobis

152

gavrcelebis Sesaxeb dasavleT saqarTveloSi TviT mociqulTa mier.

samxreTiT mdebare trapezunti aris is punqti, sadac gadmocemiT,

iqadaga andria mociqulma da saidanac igi Semovida saqarTveloSi,

Sua mxareSi mdebare afsari aris is punqti, sadac gadmocemiT,

dasaflavebuli iyo andrias TanamoRvawe mociquli mataTa, CrdiloeT

mxareSi mdebare nafsaAs navsadguri (nikofsia) aris punqti, sadac

gadmocemiT dasaflavebuli iyo andrias meore TanamoRvawe, mociquli

simon kananeli~.68

garda andria mociqulisa, simon kananelisa da mataTia mociqulisa,

saqarTveloSi sxva mociqulebsac umoRvawiaT. kerZod, efrem mcire,

romelmac sagangebod daCxrika mis dros arsebuli yvela berZnuli

wyaro qarTuli eklesiis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT, am wyaroebze

dayrdnobiT werda, rom saqarTveloSi saxareba iqadaga mociqulma

barTlomem.

cnobebi mociqul barTlomes saqarTveloSi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb,

Cans, laTinur wyaroebSic yofila mocemuli, radganac amis Sesaxeb

arqanjelo lambertic werda.

`arqanjelo lamberti im azrs icavs, rom kolxeTsa da iberiaSi

qristianoba wm. andriam da wm. barTlomem gaavrceles. `darwmunebuli

unda viyoT, _ wers arqanjelo lamberti _ rom ori mociqulis

qadagebiT dainerga sarwmunoeba am qveyanaSi (e.i. saqarTveloSi), magram

SemdgomSi mRvdlebis uyoliobis Tu sxva mizezis gamo am mxareebs

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi moakldaT sarwmunoeba~.69

a. lamberti werda: `qarTlSi, samcxis provinciaSi aris erTi

eklesia, romelic miZRvnilia wm. barTlomesadmi. am ukanasknelma,

xalxuri gadmocemis Tanaxmad, Tavisi qadagebiT am mxareSi

qristianoba gaavrcela, am saepiskoposo eklesiis episkoposs iSxnels

uwodebdnen~.70

barTlomes garda saqarTveloSi Toma mociqulsac umoRvawnia,

rusul wyaroSi daculi cnobis Tanaxmad. es ar mogveCveneba

gasakvirad, Tu gavixsenebT, rom mociqulma Tomam iqadaga siriaSi,

sparseTsa da indoeTSi. mociqulTa epoqaSi iberia iyo sparseTis

(parTiis) uSualo mosazRvre qveyana, romelic ebrZoda parTias da

zogjer amarcxebda kidec. mociqulTa dros, 30-ian wlebSi, parTiis

mefe taxtze iberielTa jarma dasva: `35 wels parTiaSi mefis

winaaRmdeg ajanyeba moxda. ajanyebul parTel didebulTa TxovniT

tiberiusma parTiaSi gasamefeblad gagzavna parTiis samefo

sagvareulos wevri tiridati. misi gamefeba unda momxdariyo iberTa

meoxebiT~.71

153

XVI saukunis slavuri wyaro qarTul eklesias miiCnevs Toma

mociqulis mier daarsebulad. aq CamoTvlilia samociqulo saydrebi,

kerZod, `adgili wmida mociqul Tomasi aris iveriis saydari~.72

`mociqul petres ki kapadokiaSi, qarTvelTa Soris umoRvawnia~.73

marTlac, arsebobs azri, romlis Tanaxmadac mcire azia saerTod da

gansakuTrebiT ki kapadokia qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. maT

mociqulTa epoqaSi jer kidev SenarCunebuli hqondaT vinaoba da

qarTuli ena. mcire aziaSi mravali mociquli qadagebda, maT Soris

petre, pavle, ioane. cxadia, isini berZnebTan erTad qarTvelebsac

moaqcevdnen da monaTlavdnen, radganac swored qarTvelebi da

qarTveluri tomebi iyo maT dros mcire aziis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba.

unda davaskvnaT, rom qarTvelTa Soris qristianoba mociqulebma

gaavrceles. rogorc ukve iTqva, saqarTveloSi ramdenime mociqulma

iqadaga. ori mociquli saqarTveloSive ganisvenebs, kerZod, simon

kananeli da mataTa. qarTuli eklesia daamyara wm. mociqulma andriam,

radganac man xeli daasxa saqarTvelos pirvel episkoposs awyurSi da

dauarsa mas saepiskoposo kaTedra,74…romelSic mRvdlebi da diakvnebi

hyavda.

mociqul andrias mier daarsebuli qarTuli qristianuli mrevli,

romelsac Tavisi eklesia (saepiskoposo) hqonda, ucxoeTis romeli

eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda?

mociqulebis mier daarsebuli yvela eklesia, sadac ar unda

yofiliyo is, avtokefaluri iyo. qarTuli eklesiac I saukuneSi,

saerTo wesis Tanaxmad, avtokefaluri iqneboda. marTlac, vis unda

damorCileboda es eklesia? ierusalimi, saidanac qarTul matianeTa

Tanaxmad, mociquli andria movida, 70 wlisaTvis ukve dangreuli iyo

da iq qristianuli Temic ki aRar arsebobda. qristianobis centrebSic

(romsa da antioqiaSi) qristianoba idevneboda.

Tumca, aseT Ziebas azri ara aqvs, radganac yvela eklesia, yvela

qristianuli Temi im epoqaSi erTmaneTis mimarT damoukidebeli,

avtokefaluri iyo da isini mxolod mociqulebis avtoritets

aRiarebdnen. amitomac, qarTuli eklesia daarsebis droisTvis

avtokefaluri iyo.

w m i d a a n d r i a s m i m o s v l a

s a q a r T v e l o S i

`qarTlis cxovreba~75 gadmogvcems andria mociqulis Sesaxeb:

`amaRlebis Semdgom mociqulebma wili igdes, Tu vis romel qveyanaSi

154

unda eqadagna, maSin wmida RvTismSobels wilad xvda saqarTvelos

moqceva, mas eCvena Ze misi, ufali Cveni ieso qriste da uTxra: `hoi,

dedao, Cemo, me ar ugulebel-vyof yvela xalxze ufro sazepuro

qarTvel ers Seni meoxebiT, xolo Sen Sens xvedrebul saqarTveloSi

waravline andria pirvelwodebuli, Tan waratane Seni xati, romelic

Sens pirze dadebiT gamoisaxeba. Sens wilad is xati mkvidrobdes iq,

maT mcvelad ukunisamde.~

maSin yovladwmida RvTismSobelma uTxra andria mociquls: `Svilo

andria, didad uCans Cems suls, rom Cems wil qveyanaSi _

saqarTveloSi aravis uqadagnia Cemi Zis saxeli. roca me saqadageblad

gavemarTe Cems wilxvedr qveyanaSi, maSin gamomecxada saxieri Ze Cemi

da RmerTi da mibrZana, rom Sen waxvide da Tan warasveno saxe Cemi da

Cemi Zisa, raTa me viyo qarTvelTa cxovrebis ganmgebeli, xeli

aRvupyra da Sevewio maT, da aravin mterTagan mZle eqmnas maT~.

yovladwmidam moiTxova ficari, daido saxeze da gamoisaxa xati

RvTismSoblisa, romlis wiaRSic gamoxatuli iyo ganxorcielebuli

Cvili — yrma ieso — sityva RvTisa. es xati amJamadac awyuris

taZarSia. misca is mociqul andrias da uTxra — `madli da Sewevna

Cemgan Sobilisa uflisa TanaSemwe geyavn Sen, sadaca xYdode, da meca

TanaSemwe var qadagebasa magas, da didad Sevewio `Cemda xuedrebuls~.

andria mociquli pirvelad qalaq trapizonSi movida, romelic

megrelTa qveyanaSia, aq mcire Jami dahyo, aqedan Sevida qarTlis

qveyanaSi, romelsac didaWara ewodeba. daiwyo saxarebis qadageba.

mravali Wiri da gansacdeli moiTmina urwmunoebisgan. RvTisa da

wmida xatis SewevniT yovelive madlobiT moiTmina, sanam yvela ar

moaqcia da morwmuned gaxada. im adgilas, sadac yovladwmidas xati

daasvena, gamoCqefa friad didma da mSvenierma wyarom, romelic

dResac Seuwyvetlad amodis. Semoikribnen mis garSemo im qveynis

mkvidrni da naTeli sca yvelas saxeliTa mamisaTa da ZisaTa da

sulisa wmidisaTa.

daudgina iqaur qarTvelebs mRvdlebi da diakvnebi. daudo wesi da

sazRvari sarwmunoebisa. maT aaSenes RvTismSoblis saxelze eklesia.

am eklesiaSi mociqulma daasvena RvTismSoblis xatis piri, romelic

dRemde iqvea.

wamovida andria mociquli, gadmovlo mTa, romelsac rkinis jvari

ewodeba. Tqmulia, rom is jvari TviT netar andrias mier aris

aRmarTuli. mociqulma Caiara oZraxis xevi, mivida samcxis sazRvarTan

da daivana sofel zaden-goraSi. aq kerpTayvanismcemlebi cxovrobdnen.

iloca xatis mimarT da kerpebi daemxnen. wmida mociquli gaemarTa da

mivida sofel awyverSi, romelsac pirvelad sosangeTi ewodeboda,

xolo mis pirdapir mdebare adgils — saqrisi.

155

maSin mTavari iyo erTi qvrivi dedakaci — samZivari, romelsac

erTaderTi vaJi, misi imedi, imJamad mokvdomoda. idga tirili, vaeba da

glova.

im Rames cixidan ixiles didi naTeli RvTismSoblis xatisa.

gamTeniis Jams andrias miugzavnes kaci vinaobis gasagebad. misi pasuxi

auwyes mTavars — qvriv dedakacs: `arian ucxo kacebi, qadageben

CvenTvis ucnob RmerTs qveynis Semoqmedad, dambadeblad,

adamianTaTvis sicocxlis mimniWeblad da mkvdarTa aRmdgenelad.

hyavT maT mSvenieri xati, romelsac pativs scemen~. roca qvrivs moesma

sityva mkvdarTa aRdgomis Sesaxeb, gaukvirda da mcired nugeSi mieca.

mouxmo mociquls da gamohkiTxa. miugo wmida mociqulma — `movedi

wmida qalaq ierusalimidan, sadac ufals fexi daudgams —

golgoTasa da caTa msgavs beTlemidan, var mociquli uflisa Cvenisa

ieso qristesi, romelic wamisyofiT aRadgens mkvdrebs. mas vqadageb

RmerTad, uflad da yoveli dabadebulis mpyrobelad, vinc irwmunebs

mas da naTels iRebs saxeliTa mamisaTa da ZisaTa da sulisa

wmidisaTa, yovelive, rasac iTxovs sarwmunoebiT, miecema mas da

yoveli senisgan ganikurneba~.

es rom moesma dedakacs, davarda miwaze da cremliT uTxra

mociquls. `Seiwyale Cemi siqvrive da ubedureba, radganac emsaxurebi

mkvdrebis aRmadgenels, iloce Seni RmerTis mimarT da mianiWe Cems

Svils sicocxle. yovelives, rasac mibrZaneb, Segismen da urCobas ar

gagiwev, Tu Cems vaJs cocxals vixilav, rameTu mxolod es myavs da

sxva ara~.

wmida mociqulma miugo: `Tu irwmuneb ieso qristes, Zes RmrTisas,

WeSmarit RmerTs, romelic Cvens mier iqadageba, rac ar unda iTxovo

sarwmunoebiT, yovelive mogecema mis mier~.

dedakaci amis mosmenam sixaruliT aRavso da cremliT uTxra

mociquls: `hoi, WeSmarito RvTismsaxuro, WeSmaritad mwams da

vaRiareb ieso qristes, romelsac Sen qadageb, Seewie urwmunoebasa

Cemsa~.

mociqulma iqidan gaayvanina xalxi da mgosnebi da aravin datova

qvrivisa da Tavisi kacebis garda, aiRo yovladwmida RvTismSoblis

xati, daasvena sawolze, sadac yrma ido. daiwyo locva da vedreba

RvTis mimarT xelapyrobiT. locvis Semdeg mokida xeli yrmas,

rogorc Zilisgan, ise wamoayena da misca dedamiss. roca sxvebma naxes

es saswauli, Zalian gaukvirdaT.

roca dedakacma ixila Tavisi gacocxlebuli vaJi, sixaruliT

wamodga, davarda mociqulis fexebTan, cremliT Tayvani sca da madli

Seswira. iwama ufali ieso qriste, moinaTla es dedakaci Tavis vaJTan

da Tavis saxleulTan erTad. saswrafod miswera samcxis mTavrebs: `me,

156

qvrivi, gaxarebT Tqven did sixaruls mTeli xalxisa: movida CvenTan

erTi kaci ucxo qveynidan, romelic ucxo RmerTs qadagebs, da hyavs

mas xati zecisa, romelmac Cemi mkvdari vaJi gaacocxla. swrafad

modiT, raTa wesi da rjuli avirCioT da vcnoT, Tu romelia

umjobesi~.

roca mesxebma es sakvirveli ambavi ismines, swrafad Seikribnen

yoveli kuTxidan da Seiqmna friad didi simravle xalxisa ise, rom

aivso saqrisis veli, gaukvirda yvelas, roca ixiles qvrivis

mkvdreTiT aRdgomili Ze.

qalaqSi iyo sakerpo bomoni, romelSic emsaxurebodnen bilw

kerpebs, artemidasa da apolons. am saqmis mnaxveli sicruis mRvdlebi

(qurumebi kerpebisa) aRivsnen SuriT da winaaRmdegoba gauwies

mociquls. RvTismSoblis xatis saswauliT, RvTis nebiT, dailewa

kerpebi. kerpTa mRvdlebi sircxviliT aRivsnen da Sendoba iTxoves

mociqulisgan. mTelma xalxma madlobis xma aRmouteva da Tqves.

`didia qristianTa RmerTi, romelsac mociquli andria qadagebs~. da

yvelam irwmuna Cveni ufali ieso qriste da sixaruliT moinaTlnen

yvelani saxeliTa mamisaTa da ZisaTa da wmidisa sulisaTa.

mociqulma aswavla maT yoveli wesi rjulisa da sarwmunoebisa.

daudgina episkoposi, mRvdlebi da diakvnebi. didi Txovnis Semdeg

dautova mesxebs yovladwmida RvTismSoblis xati, romelic daasvenes

awyveris mcire ekvderSi, romelsac axla Zveli eklesia ewodeba.

mociquli andria gaemarTa saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi

saqadageblad. aderki mefem roca gaigo megrelebisgan rjulis

datoveba, gauwyra maT, gagzavna iq Tavisi erisTavebi da iZulebiT

kvlav warmarTobas daubruna megrelebi. damales xatebi da jvrebi.

Serisxa aderki mefem klarjeTis erisTavi andria mociqulis

mSvidobiT gantevebisaTvis.

andria mociqulma moiara saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxe, qadagebiT

Cavida taoSi, mdinare Woroxamde, movlo am mxaris yoveli kuTxe.

aqedan isini gaemgzavrnen Sida saqarTveloSi da miaRwies svaneTs.

svaneTSi mTavrad ijda dedakaci, romelmac irwmuna mociqulTa

qadageba. mociquli mataTa sxva mowafeebTan erTad darCa am mxareSi.

xolo andria mociquli simon kananelTan erTad gaemgzavra oseTSi,

mividnen qalaq fostaforSi, sadac saswauli hqmnes da mravali

moaqcies da gananaTles. aqedan isini Sevidnen afxazeTSi da

sebastopolSi mividnen, romelsac cxumi ewodeba. iqadages RvTis

sityva da mravali moaqcies. aq netarma andriam datova simon kananeli

sxva mowafeebTan erTad da Tavad jiqeTSi mivida, aq misi ar Seismines,

datova es mxare da wavida.

157

xolo simon kananelis saflavi aris nikofs qalaqSi, romelic aris

afxazeTsa da jiqeTs Soris, radganac iq aResrula simon kananeli~.76

i b e r i a s a d a k a v k a s i a s s k v i T e T i s

n a w i l a d a c m i i C n e v d n e n

sayovelTaod miRebulia gadmocema wmida andria mociqulis

skviTeTSi qadagebis Sesaxeb. axali aRTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani

gadmocemis sqolioebSi naCvenebia, rom wmida andriam iqadaga mcire

aziaSi, saberZneTsa da skviTeTSi. eWvmiutaneli faqtia, rom swored

iberiasa da mis momijnave qveynebs uwodebdnen xSirad skviTeTs

pirveli aTaswleulis naxevarSi. `skviTebi ewodebodaT pontospireTis

tomebsac (romlebSic Sedian: biZerebi, beqirebi, makronebi, filirebi,

mosinikebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi, paflatonebi, mariandinebi, biTvinebi).

amis mixedviT iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom `skviTebi~ krebiTi mcnebaa da

ara konkretuli tomis an tomebis saxeli~.,77 amis Sesaxeb weren Zveli

avtorebi, magaliTad, plutarqosi:78 `fasisi skviTeTis mdinarea, igi

qalaqs (e.i. q. fasiss) Camoudis~ (`fasisi~ dasavleT saqarTvelos

mdinare rionia, qalaq foTTan gamdinare). dionisos periegeti:

`skviTiis rCeuli tomebia: biZerebi, makronebi, mosinikebi, tibarenebi,

xalibebi~ (es is qarTuli tomebia, romelTa qveynebSic, `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, moRvaweobda wmida andria mociquli).

stefane bizantieli: `skviTuri tomebi arian afsilebi, sanigebi,

lazebi~ (es is qarTuli tomebia, romlebTanac andria mociquli,

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, misula mesxeTSi qadagebis Semdeg —

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, afxazeTsa da svaneTSi).

cece: `kolxebs, romelTac lazebs eZaxian... azieli skviTebica da

levkosirebic hqviaT, isini cxovroben aziis im nawilSi, romelic

mdinare fasisTanaa... iosipios ebraeli ambobs, rom alanebic skviTuri

tomiao~ (`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, andria mociquli dasavleT

saqarTvelodan gadavida oseTSi, anu alanTa qveyanaSi).

mecnierebi askvnian: `skviTia~ sqoliastebisaTvis did teritorias

moicavda Savi da kaspiis zRvebis midamoebSi~.79

kavkasionis mTebsac skviTeTis mTebs uwodebdnen. magaliTad, berZeni

poetis Teokrites (300-260) erT nawarmoebSi naxseneb kavkasiis mTebs

sqoliasti ganmartavs rogorc `skviTiis mTebs~.80 aseve wers

fsevdoplutarqosi (II s.) — `fazisi skviTiis mdinarea~.81

libaniosi (314-393) Tavis `progimnasmataSi~ kolxTa qveyanas uwodebs

`skviTTa qveyanas~, aiets `skviTTa mefes~, xolo medeas `skviTTa mefis

asuls~.82

158

`am droisaTvis Savi da kaspiis zRvis midamoebis mcxovrebi tomebi

(skviTuri da araskviTuri) zogadad skviTurad cxaddeba xolme~.83

ase rom, vrceli teritoria kavkasiis mTianeTisa, kaspiisa da Sav

zRvas Soris moqceuli saqarTvelo anu iberia, mezobel xalxebTan

erTad, skviTeTad da skviTebad arian wodebulni, ara marto

mociqulTa moRvaweobis epoqaSi, aramed mociqulTa Sesaxeb

gadmocemebis Caweris drosac, III-IV saukuneebSi. roca Zveli

istorikosebi weren andria mociqulis mier skviTeTSi qadagebis

Sesaxeb, aq pirvel rigSi igulisxmeba iberia da misi uSualo

mezobeli tomebi, xolo Semdeg SeiZleba igulisxmebodes alanebi da

mis CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi sarmatebi.

amitomac, roca evsebi kesarieli (260-340) wers, wmida andrias

skviTeTi xvda wilado, is gulisxmobs iberia-kavkasiasa da mis

xalxebs: `...Tomas, rogorc gadmocema gviambobs, parTia xvda wilad,

andrias skviTia, ioanes asia, xolo petre, rogorc Cans, uqadagebda

pontoSi...~84

`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ daculi cnobebi iberiaSi wmida andrias

moRvaweobis Sesaxeb zustad emTxveva Zvel istorikosTa cnobebs

skviTuri tomebis Sesaxeb, amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ cnobebi raRac uZveles wyaros eyrdnoba.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, wmida andria pirvelad movida

iberiis sazRvarTan qalaq trapizonSi (pontos diocezi). trapizonis

mimdebare qveyana dasaxlebuli yofila qarTveli tomiT,

`megrelebiT~, romelsac berZeni istorikosebi `makronebs~ uwodebdnen

da skviTebad miiCnevdnen. aqedan wmida andria Sevida iberiaSi.

`queyanasa qarTlisasa, romelsac didi aWara ewodebis~. berZen da

laTin istorikosTa Tanaxmad, es qveyana I saukuneSi farsman mefis

dros iberiis saxelmwifoSi Sedioda da iberTa erT-erTi tomiT

ZidritebiT iyo dasaxlebuli (amaTac skviTebs uwodebdnen). aq

eklesiuri qristianuli Temi dauarsebia wmida andrias: `daadginna

mRvdelni da diakonni~. amis Semdeg andria mociquli gadadis iberiis

sxva kuTxeSi _ mesxeTSi, romelic kolxeTTan axlos aris da somxeTs

esazRvreba. aq wmida andriam moaqcia am mxaris mmarTveli qali,

romelsac gaucocxla mkvdari Svili. mTavarma qalma da misma xalxma

aRiara qristianoba. es cnoba yovelmxriv eTanxmeba VIII saukunis

avtoris epifane konstantinopolelis cnobas, romelic, Tavis mxriv,

iyenebda epifane kviprels (IV s.). epifane konstantinopoleli wers:

mociqulebi `Cavidnen iberiaSi, xolo ramdenime dRis Semdeg sosaniaSi

(`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, `sosanigeTSi~), am tomis mamakacebs

mbrZaneblobdnen qalebi. advilad damyolia qalis buneba, da isinic

male damorCildnen~.85 aq igulisxmeba am kuTxis mTavari qalisa da

159

misi qveynis gaqristianeba, rasac `qarTlis cxovreba~ ufro

dalagebiT mogviTxrobs. am ori wyaros monacemebi erTmaneTs emTxveva.

qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalias uSualod exeba cnoba, daculi

`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~: andria mociqulma sosanigeTSi anu `susaniaSi~,

dRevandel awyurSi, daaarsa pirveli saepiskoposo iberiis samefoisa

da daadgina sosanigeTis (awyuris) pirveli episkoposi _ `daudgina

episkoposi, mRvdelni da diakonni...~86 amis Semdeg mociquli gadadis

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Sedis afxazeTsa da oseTSi (alaniaSi). yvela

am qveyanas `skviTeTs~ uwodebdnen zogadad.

epifane konstantinopoleli, romelic iyenebda Zvel wyaroebs

(klimenti romaelis, epifane kviprelis da evagre sicilielis

teqstebs), Tavis `andria mociqulis cxovrebaSi~ wers: `xolo epifane

kvipreli ambobs _ gadmocemis mixedviT _ rom netarma mociqulma

andriam damoZRvra skviTebi, sogdianebi da morsinebi did

sebastopolisSi, sadac aris afsarosis banaki da navsadguri isosi da

mdinare fasisi. iq cxovroben iberebi da susebi da fustebi da

alanebi~; `xolo andria wamovida asiisagan da movida trapezuntSi,

lazikis qalaqSi... iqidan wamovida da SeCerda iberiaSi, mas Semdeg,

rac man zRvis piras mcxovrebni mravalni gananaTlna, is Cavida

ierusalimSi~; xolo danarCenma mociqulebma moiares qalaqebi,

iqadages da saswaulebi moaxdines da Cavidnen iberiaSi da fasisSi...~87

mesame mogzaurobis dros, gadmogvcems istorikosi, andria da misi

TanamoRvaweni _ mataTia da simon kananeli mowafeebiTurT Cavidnen

iberiaSi da fasisSi: `ars jiqeTs nikofsiaSi saflavi, romelsac aqvs

warwera simon kananelisa~.88 xolo IV saukunis istorikosi epifane

kvipreli werda _ `mataTiam... iqadaga saxareba meore eTiopiaSi

(kolxeTSi), sadac aris afsaris cixe _ da hYsis navsadguri... iqve

gardaicvala da damarxulia dRemde~.89 ase rom, rogorc zemoTac

iTqva, IV-VIII saukuneTa istorikosebis Tanaxmad, mociqulebma araTu

iqadages saqarTveloSi, aramed ori mociquli _ simon kananeli da

mataTia mociquli iberiaSi, saqarTveloSive ganisveneben.

amaT garda, saqarTveloSi uqadagniaT mociqulebs barTlomes,

Tomasa da Tadeozs. amis Sesaxeb arsebobs sxvadasxva drois

istorikosTa cnobebi.

m o c i q u l T a m i e r d a a r s e b u l i p i r v e l i

a v t o k e f a l u r i e k l e s i e b i

wina TavSi aRniSnuli gvqonda, rom saqarTveloSi uqadagniaT

mociqulebs andrias, svimon kananels, mataTias, Tomas, barTlomesa da

160

Tadeozs. qarTuli eklesiis mRvdelmTavrebi didi Camolocvis, puris

kurTxevisa an sxva locvis dros valdebulni iyvnen da arian

moixsenion andria pirvelwodebuli, svimon kananeli, barTlome da

Tadeozi. teqstis nawili aseTi saxisaa: `...wmidaTa didebulTa da

yovladqebulTa mociqulTa andria pirvelwodebulisa da svimon

kananelisaTa, Tadeozisa da barTlomesiTa~... es imas niSnavs, rom

saukuneTa manZilze qarTuli oficialuri eklesia aRiarebda, rom

saqarTvelos ganmanaTleblebi arian locvis dros moxseniebuli es

mociqulebi.

saqarTvelo II-III saukuneebSic samisionero asparezi yofila (laTin

istorikosTa cnobebiT) da msoflio qristianuli centrebi

yuradRebas ar aklebdnen mas. erTi cnoba aseTia: `iberiis im nawilma,

romelic pontos zRvasTan mdebareobs da kolxidad iwodeba, saxareba

jer kidev imperator traianes dros mqadagebeli papis wmida

klimentis SemweobiT miiRo. wmida klimenti im mxareSi iyo

gadasaxlebuli~.90

irineosi ki Tvlida, rom qarTvelebma (iberebma), romlebic

iwodebian kolxebad (geografiuli adgilis mixedviT), qristianoba

jer kidev romis imperator traianemde (98-117) miiRes. imave cnobiT, im

qarTvelebma, romlebic kaspiis zRvisaken kavkasiis mTebTan cxovroben

(igulisxmeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba), qristianuli

sarwmunoeba ufro gvian miiRes. es cnoba savsebiT eTanxmeba `qarTlis

cxovrebas~, romlis monacemebiTac qarTvelTagan qristianoba

pirvelebma miiRes megrelebma (kolxebma) da klarjebma (samxreT-

dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba).

wmida iustine 150 wlis maxloblad amtkicebda, rom ar arsebobs

dedamiwaze iseTi kuTxe, TviT barbaros xalxTa Sorisac ki, sadac

xalxi jvarcmuli iesos saxels ar loculobdeso. aseTive azrs

gamoTqvams irineosic.91

`jer kidev III saukuneSi qristianobis aRiarebis Sesaxeb

gankarguleba gamosca imperatorma galienma 261 wels. msgavsadve

moiqca galienamde TiTqmis naxevari saukuniT adre iberiis mefe rev

marTali (gard. 213 wels). am mefes hqonia qristes siyvaruli da

mosmenili hqonia saxareba. amitomac is yofila mowyale da Semwe

yovelTa, Tumca warmarTadve darCenila. romSi warmarTuli

RvTaebisaTvis sisxliani msxverplis Sewirva mxolod mesame saukunis

imperatorebma akrZales. saqarTveloSi... SesaZlebeli gaxda misi

oficialurad akrZalva saxelmwifos masStabebiT. Zveli saistorio

wyaro am keTilSobilur saqciels rev marTals miawers~.92

161

iv. javaxiSvilis daskvniT, `qristianobis istoria aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi III saukunis damdegidan, an arada, Sua wlebidan mainc

iwyeba~.93

VIII saukunis wyaro _ `abo Tbilelis wameba~ _ wers, rom

qarTvelebi qristianebi yofilan II-III saukuneebidan da maSasadame, VIII

saukunis saqarTveloSi qristianobas ukve 500 wlis istoria hqonia.

zemoT moyvanilidan Cven unda davaskvnaT, rom pirveli qarTuli

eklesia daaarses TviT mociqulebma da amis Semdeg is uwyvetad

arsebobda. qristianoba I-II saukuneebSi ar iqca iberiis saxelmwifo

sarwmunoebad, iseve rogorc romis imperiaSi, radganac warmarTuli

sarwmunoeba kvlav Zlieri iyo.

qarTuli eklesia samociquloa, mociqulTa mier daarsebuli, magram

es ar aZlevs mas, rogorc sxva samociqulo eklesiebs, raime

upiratesobas sxva adgilobriv eklesiebTan SedarebiT, radganac

yvela arsebuli avtokefaluri eklesia, Tu ar warmoadgens pirdapir

gagrZelebas im eklesiebisa, romlebic mociqulebma daaarses,

warmoadgens mociqulTa mier daarsebuli eklesiebis totebs da

yvelam Tavisi ufleba memkvidreobiT miiRo mociqulebisgan. amitomac

yvela avtokefaluri eklesia Tanasworuflebiania erTmaneTis mimarT

imis miuxedavad, maT TavianTi avtokefalia mociqulebisgan miiRes

uSualod, Tu maT mier daarsebuli eklesiebis meSveobiT. mociqulebi

ar yofdnen dedamiwas avtokefaluri eklesiebis mixedviT.

avtokefaluri eklesiebi warmoiSvnen mociqulTa Semdegac. meore

mxriv, mociqulTa mier daarsebuli eklesiebi kargavdnen

avtokefalias an droebiT (magaliTad, ierusalimis, aTenis), an

samudamod. 18 eklesiidan, romelnic CamoTvlilni arian, rogorc

avtokefaluri eklesiebi mociqulTa dadgenilebebSi, mxolod 6-ma

SeinarCuna TavisTavadoba, _ wers profesori troicki.

marTlmadidebeli eklesia, miuxedavad imisa, rom is dayofilia

ramdenime TavisTavad anu avtokefalur eklesiad, Seadgens erT wmida

kaTolike da samociqulo eklesias. erTiani eklesiis mowyobis aseTi

saxe tradiciulia. I-II saukuneebSi mociqulTa mier daarsebuli

eklesiebi ar eqvemdebarebodnen miwier saerTo centrs da yovel

eklesias Tavisi saepiskoposo mmarTveloba hqonda. mTel dedamiwaze

gabneulma mociqulebma erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad (magram

mociqulTa erTobis saxeliT) daaarses eklesiebi. maTi mmarTveloba

gadasces episkoposebs, romlebic iseve damoukideblad moqmedebdnen

erTiani sayovelTao (krebiT, yovlismomcveli) eklesiis SigniT,

rogorc mociqulebi.

mociqulebs ekuTvnodaT miwieri eklesiis mTeli Zalaufleba da

amitomac maT daaarses pirveli avtokefaluri eklesiebi,94 romlebic

162

eTnikur-teritoriuli principiT yofilan mowyobilni, rasac

mociqulTa 34-e kanoni mowmobs. am kanonSi erovnul TavisTavad

eklesiebze da `TiToeuli naTesavis~ episkoposebzea saubari. 34-e

kanoni am episkoposis Tanatomelebs avaldebulebs `Tavad Seracxon

episkoposi TYsi~ da misi nebarTvis gareSe araferi gaakeTon. Tavis

mxriv, episkoposic valdebulia araferi moimoqmedos maTTan (Tavis

Tanatomel morwmuneebTan) SeTanxmebis gareSe, `rameTu esreT

erTneboba aResrulos da ididos RmerTi uflisa mier suliTa

wmidiTa~. arsebobs am kanonis komentari, romlis mixedviTac aq

saubaria ara erovnul-nacionalur eklesiebze, aramed im eTnikur

olqebze, romlebadac iyo dayofili romis saxelmwifo diokletianes

mier am saxelmwifos provinciebad dayofamde. marTalia, qristes

eklesiaSi ar aris arc elini, arc iudeveli, arc barbarosi, arc

skviTi, magram udidesi mniSvnelobis faqtia is, rom mociqulebma

eklesiis damaarseblis, ufal ieso qristes nebiT Seiswavles swored

sxvadasxva nacionalobaTa — maT Soris skviTTa da barbarosTa enebi

da daaarses maTi pirveli eklesiebi. am pirvel eklesiebs Seexeba

mociqulTa 34-e kanoni.

mociqulTa 34-e kanonidan Cans, rom: 1. sanam mTeli eklesia

mociqulTa swavlebis erTguli rCeboda, saerTo miwieri centri,

romelsac daeqvemdebarebodnen adgilobrivi eklesiebi, ar arsebobda

da arc SeiZleboda arsebuliyo. arc axal aRTqmaSi da arc

mociqulTa kanonebSi ar arsebobs mcireodeni miniSnebac ki amis

Sesaxeb. 34-e kanoni ambobs, rom adgilobrivi eklesiis yoveli saqme

sabolood wydeba mis episkoposTa mier, maTi pirveli episkoposis

meTaurobiT; 2. mociqulebma ara marto daaarses avtokefaluri

eklesiebi, aramed maTi avtokefaliis dacvazec izrunes. miTiTebuli

kanonidan Cans, rom yovelgvari saqme adgilobrivi eklesiisa wydeba

sxva eklesiis mxridan Carevis gareSe, TviT adgilobrivi eklesiis

mier pirveli episkoposis meTaurobiT.

amitomac III msoflio krebam daicva patara adgilobrivi kviprosis

eklesiis avtokefalia, roca antioqiis did eklesias surda misi

daqvemdebareba. am krebam me-8 kanonSi es mcdeloba daaxasiaTa rogorc

mociqulTa kanonebis sawinaaRmdego, Tavisuflebis Semlaxveli

qmedeba, rogorc sazogado vneba, romelsac mkurnaloba esaWiroeba,

raTa sxva vnebis mizezad ar gadaiqces. krebam gansazRvra, rom

kviprosis eklesias Zvel CveulebaTa mixedviT TviTve daedgina Tavisi

episkoposi. am msoflio krebis me-8 kanoni exeboda ara marto

kviprosis eklesias, aramed saerTod yvela adgilobriv eklesias. am

kanonis dacva yvelgan saWiro iyo. `igive iyos daculi sxva olqebSi

(ZvelqarTulad — `samTavroebSi~) da yvela eparqiaSi (e. i.

163

mitropoliebSi), rom aravin RvTismoSiS episkoposTagan ar

gaavrcelos Tavisi xelisufleba sxva eparqiaze, romelic manamde ar

iyo mis xelqveiT, xolo vinc ZaladobiT sxva eparqia daiqvemdebaros,

gaaTavisuflos~.

arsebobda azri, rom avtokefaliis ufleba aqvT mxolod im

eklesiebs, romelnic mociqulebma daaarses, xolo zogierTi eklesiis

avtokefalias eWvis qveS ayenebdnen im mosazrebiT, rom isini ar iyvnen

mociqulTa mier daarsebulni. magaliTad, s. troicki wers, rom papebi

leon didi da nikoloz I eWvis qveS ayenebdnen konstantinopolis

eklesiis avtokefalias mtkicebiT, rom is ar iyo mociqulebis mier

daarsebuli, zustad iseve, antioqiis eklesia amtkicebda, rom

qarTuli eklesia ar SeiZleba iyos avtokefaluri, radganac `aravin

mociqulTagan ar iyo saqarTveloSi~. papi grigori didi amtkicebda,

rom msoflio unda daiyos mociqul petres mier daarsebul sam

eklesias Soris _ romis, aleqsandriis da antioqiisa, amitomac

zogierTi eklesia cdilobda daekavSirebina Tavisi warmoSoba erT

romelime mociqulTan. qmnida legendebs: magaliTad,

konstantinopolis... ruseTisa da saqarTvelos eklesiebi TavianT

warmoSobas akavSireben andria mociqulis saxelTan.95

Cven kvlav gavimeorebT wina TavSi aRniSnuls: SeuZlebelia, rom

mociqulebs TavianTi moRvaweobisa da mTel msoflioSi qadagebis

dros gverdi aevloT im drois iseTi Zlieri saxelmwifosaTvis,

rogoric iyo iberia.

amitom unda davaskvnaT, rom qarTuli eklesia daarsebulia TviT

mociqulTa mier da qarTuli qristianuli Temebi saqarTveloSi

sakmao gavleniTac sargeblobdnen, rogorc amas mefe rev marTalis

reforma uCvenebs. CvenSi qristianuli eklesia da mrevli

(qristianuli Temebi) uwyvetad arsebobda I saukunidan IV saukunemde.

amas arqeologiuri masalac amtkicebs. magaliTad, arqeologebis mier

mikvleulia CvenSi jer kidev wmida ninomde qristianuli mosaxleobis

arsebobis damadasturebeli kvali, qristianuli samarxni (mcxeTis

sxvadasxva kuTxeSi) da II-III saukuneTa qristianuli eklesia

(nastakisSi). II-III saukuneTa qristianuli eklesiis da agreTve

imdroindeli qristianuli dakrZalvis wesis arseboba adasturebs im

azrs, rom saqarTveloSi qristianuli saeklesio organizacia

uwyvetad arsebobda I-II saukuneebidan (mociqulTa droidan) wmida

ninos qadagebamde (IV saukunemde).

a. boxoCaZe nastakisis velze qristianuli eklesiis arsebobis

Sesaxeb wers: `nastakisis velze ufro Zlieri dasaxlebac yofila

adreul Sua saukuneebSi, rasac naqalaqaris teritoriaze gaTxril

nagebobaTa naSTebi mowmobs. sacxovrebeli nagebobani mravali

164

oTaxisa da erTi didi darbazisgan Sedgeboda. amgvar nagebobebSi

erTi oTaxi mcire eklesias warmoadgenda — mkveTrad gamoyvanili

absidiTa da narTeqsiT. am periodSi qristianoba jer kidev ar aris

gamocxadebuli oficialur saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad, aralegalur

mdgomareobaSia da TavSefarebuli Cans sacxovrebel nagebobebSi. am

faqts ki didi mniSvneloba aqvs qarTlis samefoSi qristianuli

religiis istoriis Sesaswavlad~.96

q a r T u l i e k l e s i i s s a m w y s o

qarTuli eklesia msoflio sayovelTao eklesiis erT-erTi

adgilobrivi eklesiaa, amasTanave is erovnuli eklesiac aris, rac

ganpirobebulia imiT, rom istoriulad Tavis uflebamosilebas

qarTvel qristianebze axorcielebs. qarTuli eklesiis istoriis

kvlevisaTvis aucilebelia ganisazRvros misi samwysos raoba.

saeklesio istoriografiisaTvis cnobilia, rom CvenSi qristianoba

gaavrceles anu qarTuli erovnuli eklesia daafuZnes TviT

mociqulebma andria pirvelwodebulma, svimon kananelma, barTlomem,

mataTiam. qristianobis dafuZnebis Jams, anu TiTqmis 20 saukunis win

rogori saxisa iyo qarTul eklesiis samwyso, is erTmaneTisgan

sruliad daSorebul sxvadasxvaenovani kavkasiuri tomebisgan

Sedgeboda, Tu erTian xalxs warmoadgenda, romelsac hqonda erTobis

raime niSanTviseba.

165

`qarTlis cxovreba~ da sxva istoriuli qronikebi amtkiceben, rom

qarTuli eklesiis samwyso I-II saukuneebSi iyo erTiani xalxi —

qarTveli eri. am saukuneebamde ramdenime aswleuliT adre ukve

dawyebuli iyo diferenciacia erTiani, anu winare qarTuli enisa,

magram qristianobis miRebisas erTiani winare qarTuli enis daSlis

xarisxi didi ar iyo. marTalia, arsebobda fuZe qarTuli enis daSlis

Sedegad miRebuli tomobrivi enebi dialeqtebi e.w. qarTebisa da

megrelebisa, magram es dialeqtebi axlos idgnen erTmaneTTan, imdenad

axlos, rom SeiZleboda erTian enaze laparaki. xalxis aseTi

mdgomareoba ar aris umagaliTo. amis magaliTad SeiZleba slavebi

moviyvanoT. winare slavuri ena arsebobda VI-VII saukuneebamde.97

maleve slavebSi gavrcelda qristianoba, amitomac slavur enaze amis

Semdeg dawerili wmida wignebi gasagebi iyo TiTqmis yvela kuTxis

slavebisaTvis. —kievis ruseTs SeeZlo kirilesa da meTodes mier

bulgarelTaTvis IX saukuneSi Seqmnili Zvelslavuri anbanis

gamoyeneba, xolo bulgaruli wignebi formalurad `ucxoenobrivad~

miCneulni, sinamdvileSi ar moiTxovda gadaTargmnas.98 bulgaruli anu

Zveli slavuri ena savsebiT gasagebi iyo kievis ruseTisaTvis.

aRmosavleTis slavebSi `XIV saukuneSi Camoyalibda 3 didi eTn.

jgufi: rusebi, ukrainelebi da mogvianebiT belorusebi~.99

qristianobis miRebis dros slavebs hqondaT enobrivi erToba an ufro

sworad, enobrivi erTobis dayofa dialeqtebad da enebad sul

ramdenime aseuli wlis win iyo dawyebuli. Semdgom, mogvianebiT, Sua

saukuneebSi Zveli slavebi erovnul jgufebad daiSala. aseTsave

viTarebaSi iyvnen qarTvelebi qristianobis miRebis dros I-IV

saukuneebSi. am dros fuZe qarTuli enis daSla ramdenime saukunis

winaT iyo dawyebuli. anu, jer kidev arsebobda qarTuli enobrivi

erToba, romelic moicavda aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos. am

erTian qarTul enaze iTargmna wmida werili. qristianobis moci-

qulTa mier gavrcelebis epoqaSi qarTuli eklesiis samoqmedo

asparezi — samwyso jer kidev TiTqmis enobrivad dauSleli iyo.

meore magaliTad SeiZleba gamodges romanulenovani qveynebi.

qristianobis miRebis dros espanelebis, frangebis, italielebis da

sxva xalxebis winaprebis saeklesio enad miRebuli iqna laTinuri ena

radganac, maTi gaqristianebis epoqaSi is iyo saerTo saxalxo ena.

Semdgom saukuneebSi laTinurenovani xalxebi sxvadasxva erebad

Camoyalibdnen, romelTac mxolod saeklesio enobrivi erToba

hqondaT, qarTuli eklesiis samwyso qristianobis pirvel saukuneebSi

erTiani iyo rogorc enobrivad, ise eTnikurad, istoriiT da

teritoriiT. aseTia tradiciuli Tvalsazrisi gamoxatuli `qarTlis

cxovrebasa~, `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~, agreTve sxva istoriul-saeklesio

166

qronikebSi, romlebSic moyvanilia cnobebi qarTuli eklesiis

istoriis Sesaxeb.

didi ilias gansazRvriT, eri aris krebuli istoriiT SeduRebul

erTsul da erTxorc mkvidrTa.100

`erTsul da erTxorc mkvidrTa-Si~, cxadia, ilia gulisxmobda erTi

eTnikuri warmoSobisa (erTxorc) da erTi sulieri kulturis

(erTsul) mkvidr mosaxleobas.

e.i. eri aris erTi eTnikuri warmoSobis materialuri da sulieri

kavSiris mqone mkvidri mosaxleoba, romlis wevrebic, garda xorciel-

sulieri erTobisa, agreTve erTmaneTTan SeduRebul-SekavSirebulni

arian istoriiT (igulisxmeba antikuri da feodaluri epoqebi).

arnold Ciqobava wers: `eris raobas roca gansazRvraven, enis

erTobaze miuTiTeben. eris raobis es niSani yvelaze Zvelia

(teritoriis erToba, ekonomika, fsiqikuri wyoba am mxriv enas ver

Seedrebian)~.101

Cveni mizania, ganvsazRvroT, arsebobda Tu ara qarTveli xalxi,

qarTuli eklesiis momavali samwyso, erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos

— qarTlis samefos Seqmnis epoqaSi (qristemde IV-III saukuneebSi).

amisaTvis ganvsazRvravT, hqondaT Tu ara imdroindel qarTul tomebs

erisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi elementebi: saerTo ena, saerTo

teritoria, saerTo kulti — erTmorwmuneoba, rac fsiqikuri wyobis

erTobasa da sulieri kulturis erTianobaSi Sedis, saerTo kultura,

saerTo eTnikuri warmoSoba, ganuwyveteli istoriuli kavSiri da

saerTo ekonomiuri kavSiri.

a ) s a e r T o e n a

iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebisTvis cnobilia, rom uZveles

dros arsebobda qarTvel tomTaSorisi saerTo ena — fuZe ena.

qarTebs, megrel-Wanebs da svanebs erT dros hqoniaT saerTo fuZe ena,

romelic SemdegSi daiyo.

enobrivi erTobis daSlis dasawyisad miRebulia sxvadasxva

TariRebi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, es enobrivi erToba daSlila ara

sxvagan, aramed kavkasiaSi. saerTo enobrivi erTobis mqone~

qarTveluri jgufis adgilsamyofeli am droisaTvis mainc Tamamad

SeiZleba kavkasiis miwa-wyalze vivaraudoT~.102

`mkvlevarTa azriT, II aTaswleulis dasawyisisaTvis, unda

dawyebuliyo saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe enidan svanuris gamocalkevebis

procesi, xolo qarTul-zanuri enobrivi erTobis daSlis dasawyisi

Zv.w.aR-is VIII saukuniT unda daTariRdes...~103

167

`adreantikur xanaSive (Zv.w. VI-IVss.) unda Camoyalibebuliyo

gansxvaveba (eniT da sxv.) megrul-Wanur (zanur) da qarTis tomebs

Soris~.104

mecnierTa azriT, qristemde VIII saukuneSi qarTebsa da megrel-

Wanebs hqoniaT saerTo ena, xolo VI-IV saukuneebSi ukve arsebula

gansxvaveba. rogori saxis iyo es gansxvaveba?

`ra Tqma unda, enobrivi da sxva saxis gansxvaveba am dros bevrad

naklebi unda yofiliyo, vidre SemdegSi~.105 enobrivi gansxvaveba VI-IV

saukuneebSi qristemde qarTebis enasa da megrul-Wanebis enas Soris

`bevrad naklebi~, anu didi ar yofila. amis mizezi is iqneboda, rom

enobrivi erTobis daSlis procesi axali dawyebuli yofila.

dawyebula VIII saukuneSi (qristemde) da maleve, daaxloebiT IV-III

saukuneebSi (qristemde) yalibdeba erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo.

`qarTlis (iberiis) erTiani didi samefos warmoqmna dedaqalaqiT

mcxeTaSi, rogorc Cans, marTebuli iqneba, rom Zv.w.aR-is IV-III ss.

davukavSiroT~.106

cnobilia, rom erTiani saerTo qarTuli saxelmwifo `qarTlis

samefos~ saxelwodebiT Seiqmna egriselTa uSualo da aqtiuri

monawileobiT, kerZod, farnavazi ver Seqmnida `qarTlis samefos~, mas

rom ar mieRo egrisis mmarTvelis, qujis daxmareba. `farnavazi...

ukavSirdeba egrisis mmarTvel qujis~.107

saerTo qarTuli samefos Seqmnis Semdeg am samefoSi Sevida

mTliani egrisi, is `qarTlis samefos~ mkvidri nawili gaxda.

`SemodgomiT farnavazi mcxeTaSi cxovrobda, zamTarSi _ gaCianSi,

xolo zafxuls wundaSi atarebda. zogjer moinaxulebda klarjeTs

da egriss~.108

farnavazamde azoc hereT-egris-qarTlis mmarTveli _ `qarTlis

mefe~ yofila: `qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT azo... imorCilebs

qarTlTan erTad hereTs... das. saqarTvelos (egriss)~.109

cnobilia (`qarTlis cxovreba~ da Semdegdroindeli istorikosebi

amas xazgasmiT aRniSnaven), rom qarTuli ena farnavaz mefem

gamoacxada saxelmwifo enad. mas es RonisZieba cxovrebaSi mkacrad

gautarebia _ qarTlis samefoSi sxva ena qarTuli enis garda

oficialurad ar ixmareboda. am dros sxvaoba qarTebisa da

egriselebis metyvelebaSi TiTqmis ar arsebobda an dialeqtur doneze

iyo. ase rom, qarTuli ena egriselebisaTvis mSobliuri ena iyo.

qarTuli ena iyo kultis msaxurebis, qveynis kulturuli fenebis,

aristokratiis, saxelmwifo moxeleebis, zedafenis ena, e.i.

saliteraturo ena.

marTlac, mecnierTa azriT, `warsulSi iberiul-kavkasiur enebs meti

siaxlove axasiaTebdaT, vidre axla vxedavT. zedapirze sxvaoba Cans,

168

siRrmiseul fenaSi sxvaoba mcirdeba, saerTo matulobs. saerTo

Zvelia, gansxvaveba _ axali~.110

mecnierebis mier garkveulia, rom qristianobamde qarTvelebis yvela

toms hqonia saerTo rwmena, arsebula saerTo qarTuli warmarToba.

ivane javaxiSvilma gaarkvia, rom svaneTSi warmarTuli sawesCveulebo

kulti qarTul enaze sruldeboda da ara svanur enaze. `ferxulis

sityvebs meferxule svanebi qarTulad warmosTqvamdnen.~111 Semdegma

kvlevam aCvena, rom `am wesebis ZvelqarTul saxelebTan erTad

ferxulis qarTulad warmoTqmis Cveuleba, ueWvelia, Tavdapirveli

saerTo qarTuli wesis naSTi unda iyos~.112 warmarTul wesebs,

svaneTSi SemorCenils, hqonia qarTuli terminologia, xolo TviT es

wesebi qarTul enaze sruldeboda.

aseve yofila samegreloSic.

`iv. javaxiSvils saTanadod damtkicebuli aqvs, rom axalwlis

dResaswaulis Cveulebebis Tanaxmad, megreli mekvlec Tavis

warmosaTqmel sityvebs megrulad ki ara, swored qarTulad ambobs

xolme~.113

moyvanili faqtebi kidev erTxel amtkicebs im azrs, rom arsebobda

saerTo qarTuli ena — kultis msaxurebisa da sxvaTa Sesruleba

xdeboda am yvelasaTvis gasageb enaze, xolo SemdegSi (IV-III) es ena

iqca saxelmwifo enad.

ivane javaxiSvili sruliad samarTlianad daaskvnida miTiTebuli

da sxva monacemebis safuZvelze — `cxadi gaxdeba, rom aramcTu

sazogado qarTuli, yvela tomTaTvis, maT Soris megrelTa da

svanTaTvisac saerTo warmarToba arsebobda, aramed rom warmarTobis

saerTo terminologiac, saerTo enac qarTuli hqonda~.114

ase rom, erTiani saxelmwifos — `qarTlis samefos~ warmoqmnamde

(qristemde IV-III saukuneebSi) da, cxadia, mis Semdegac, yvela qarTul

toms — qarTebs — megrelebsa da svanebs — hqoniaT saerTo

mSobliuri qarTuli ena, e.w. saliteraturo ena.

enaTmecnierebi gamowvlilviTi analizis safuZvelze midian

daskvnamde, rom qarTuli saliteraturo enis formireba dawyebula

ara V saukuneSi, aramed bevrad ufro adre, SesaZloa, mexuTe

saukuneSi qristeSobamde.

enaTmecnieri l. leJava wers `... sarwmunod SeiZleba miviCnioT. rom

Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo enis formireba dawyebulia V s-ze

gacilebiT ufro (SesaZlebelia, aTi saukuniT) adre~.115

cnobili mecnieri iv. gigineiSvili werda:

`axali saliteraturo enis sabolood Camoyalibebas Svidasze meti

weli dasWirda, misi Camoyalibeba mxolod me-19 saukuneSi gaxda

SesaZlebeli da es enac ki ar iyo iseTi srulyofili normebis mqone

169

literaturuli ena, rogoric Zveli qarTuli iyo, miuxedavad imisa,

rom am enis normalizaciisa da srulyofisaTvis me-19 saukunis meore

naxevridan mokidebuli gacilebiT metad xelsayreli garemoeba da

pirobebi arsebobda, vidre Zvel saqarTveloSi. Tu axali

saliteraturo enis sabolood Camoyalibebas amdeni dro dasWirda,

cxadia, advili warmosadgenia, Tu ramdeni saukune dasWirdeboda

Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebasa da srulqmnas,

vidre is im doneze avidoda, rogorc saliteraturo ena, ra donezec

dgas `SuSanikis wamebis~, an oTxTavisa da bibliis qarTuli

Targmanebis ena~.116

V saukunemde qarTul saliteraturo enas ganviTarebis grZeli gza

unda gaevlo. `ase ganviTarebuli da unificirebuli saliteraturo

ena mxolod saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleboda Seqmniliyo.117

mecnieris SexedulebiT, mexuTe saukunemde bevrad ufro adre, jer

kidev mwerlobis warmoSobamde arsebobda saerTo-saxalxo ena. cxadia,

es saerTo saxalxo ena iyo saerTo qarTuli fuZe ena, romelic

farnavaz mefem saxelmwifo enad gamoacxada. enobrivi erTobis dros

es saerTo-saxalxo ena gamoiyeneboda yvela qarTuli tomis mier

kultis msaxurebisa da sxva miznebisTvis.

saerTo-saxalxo ena, romelic batonobda dialeqtebze da

imorCilebda maT, mwerlobis warmoSobamdec unda yofiliyo.

samwerlo enis arseboba ki damwerlobis warmoSobidan iwyeba, e.i. V

s-ze gacilebiT ufro adre, qristianobamdel epoqaSi~.118

davaskvniT, rom jer kidev IV-III saukuneebSi qarTlis samefoSi, anu

aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovreb xalxs ukve hqonia eris

raobis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi mTavari elementi — kultmsaxurebis

saerTo qarTuli ena, romelsac hqonda dialeqtebi, rogorc yvela

cocxal enas.

b ) s a e r T o t e r i t o r i a d a s a e r T o s a x e l m w i f o

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos

(`qarTlis samefos~) Seqmnamde qarTuli tomebi cxovrobdnen

kavkasiaSi. isini cxovrobdnen mWidrod erTmaneTis gverdiT,

erTmaneTis mezoblad. `qarTebis~, `svanebis~, da `megrel-lazebis~

garda amierkavkasiis centralur da dasavleT teritoriebze arc

erTi sxva araqarTuli tomi ar cxovrobda. qarTveli tomebi

teritoriulad gayofilni, erTmaneTisgan daSorebul-dacilebulni ar

yofilan, arc geografiuli dabrkolebiT da arc ucxo araqarTuli

tomebiT. maT saerTo warmoSobisa da sisxlismieri naTesaobis garda

170

aerTianebdaT saerTo qarTuli ena, saerTo sarwmunoeba. kavkasiaSive

da ara sxvagan momxdara maTi saerTo fuZe enis daSla, romelic

mimdinareobda TandaTanobiT mravali saukunis manZilze. saerTo fuZe

enis daSlamde Seqmnila erTiani saxelmwifo — `qarTlis samefo~. am

saxelmwifoSi Sediodnen rogorc qarTebi, aseve megrel-lazebi da

svanebi. Tumca, am dros es tomebi axlad iwyebdnen erTmaneTisgan

gaTiSvas. adre maT aerTianebdaT saerTo fuZe ena, saerTo warmoSoba,

xolo saxelmwifos warmoqmnis Semdeg maT, saerTo teritoriaze

mosaxle am tomebs, aerTianebdaT saerTo saxelmwifo.

cnobilia, rom qarTlis anu iberiis samefo sakmaod mdgradi

politikuri erTeuli iyo da is aerTianebda aRmosavleT da dasavleT

saqarTvelos rogorc qristes Sobamde, aseve mis Semdegac. amis

Sesaxeb daJinebiT migviTiTebs rogorc `qarTlis cxovreba~ da Zveli

qarTuli wyaroebi, aseve ucxouri wyaroebi da arqeologiuri

masalac. ra Tqma unda, arsebobda gamonaklisi zogierT saukunesa Tu

aTwleulSi, magram yovelTvis iberiis samefo kvlav ierTebda

dakargul nawilebs. arsebiTi da niSneuli iyo is, rom iberia TiTqmis

yovel saukuneSi, qristeSobamde III saukunidan, vidre qristes Semdeg

VIII saukunemde axerxebda rogorc dasavleTis, aseve aRmosavleTis

gaerTianebas. amitomac, dasavleT saqarTvelo, iseve rogorc

aRmosavleTi, politikurad ganixileboda rogorc iberia. ucxoeli

istorikosebi dasavleT saqarTvelos (iseve, rogorc aRmosavleTs)

uwyvetad VI-VIII saukuneebamde uwodebdnen iberias. ucxour wyaroTa

Cvenebis Tanaxmad, dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas iberebs

uwodebdnen. es gamowveuli iqneboda imiT, rom es tomebi politikurad

iberebi iyvnen, eTnikuradac iberebisagan (aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mosaxleobisgan) ar gansxvavdebodnen: saerTo hqondaT ena, kultura,

sarwmunoeba, saerTo warmoSoba — sisxliT naTesaoba. amitomac

dasavleTi saqarTveloc iberiaa, xolo mcxovrebni — iberebi.

dasamtkiceblad SeiZleba moviyvanoT Zveli cnobebi:

evsevi kesarieli wers — `megasTene (III sauk. Zv. w.) ambobs, rom

nabuqodonosorma... miaRwia... iberTa qveyanaSi, ajoba maT... erTi nawili

maTgani gadaaadgila man pontos zRvis marjvena mxareze, iq

daasaxla~.119 berZnebi antikur periodSi Savi zRvis sanapiroebis

aqtiur kolonizacias eweodnen, amitomac Zvelma samyarom Zalze

kargad icoda, Tu ras ewodeboda SavizRvispireTi, kavkasiis siRrme,

somxeTis CrdiloeTi da kaspiis zRva, saerTod, amierkavkasiis

geografia. evsevi kesarielis cnobiT, antikur samyaroSi

gavrcelebuli yofila Tvalsazrisi, rom Savi zRvis marjvena mxare,

e. i. kolxeTi qristemde III saukuneSi dasaxlebulia iberebiT.

`qarTlis cxovrebiTac~ am dros dasavleT saqarTvelo qarTlis

171

samefoSi Sedis. vanis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis xelmZRvaneli wers:

`Zv.w.aR-is IV-III saukuneebi iyo swored aRmosavluri qarTuli tomebis

da pirvel rigSi mesxTa farTod gansaxlebisa da politikuri

aqtivobis xana. amrigad, mesxuri, e.i. qarTis enovani (da dRevandeli

imerlebisa da gurulebis) winapari tomebis damkvidreba dRevandel

dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze Zv.w.aR-is III-II saukuneebidan

maincaa savaraudebeli. ... yovelive zemoTqmulis Semdeg TiTqos saeWvo

aRar unda iyos strabonis mier rionis dablobis garkveuli nawilis

`mosxTa qveyanad gamocxadeba...~120

`Zv.w.aR-is II saukunidan, rodesac qarTlis samefom samxreTiT bevri

olqi dakarga, dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleT raionebSi, rogorc

Cans, misi Zalaufleba kvlav ZalaSia~.121

Tuki qristemde II saukuneSi Zlier dasustebul iberias dasavleT

saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nawili ar daukargavs, cxadia, wina

saukuneebSi misi siZlieris dros mTel dasavleT saqarTveloze

eqneboda Zalaufleba.

`mar-abas-katina (I sauk. qristemde)... gadmogvcems abidenis sityvebs:

nabuqodonosori... Seesia iberebs... da maTi nawili daasaxla pontos

zRvis marjvena napirebze~.122

e.i. I saukuneSi qristemde, iseve rogorc adre, antikur samyaroSi

kvlav gavrcelebulia azri, rom iberebi SavizRvispireTSi, e.i.

kolxeTSi cxovroben.

`ax.w.aR-is I-II saukuneebSi qarTli gadaiqca Zlier saxelmwifod,

romelic amierkavkasiasa da mezobel mxareebSi politikur

hegemonobas lamobda~.123 ,,II s. aq ... Savi zRvis sanapiroze iberias

hqonda fexi mokidebuli~.124

moyvanili amonawerebidan Cans, rom qristemde IV saukuneSi Seqmnil

qarTvelTa samefoSi Sedioda dasavleTi saqarTvelo. qristemde III

saukuneSi es samefo kidev ufro Zlierdeba, da masSi, bunebrivia,

Sedioda dasavleTi saqarTvelo. II saukuneSi qristemde es samefo

sustdeba da kargavs Tavis samxreT provinciebs.

miuxedavad amisa, am samefoSi kvlav Sedioda dasavleTi

saqarTvelo. I-II saukuneebSi qristes Semdeg qarTvelTa samefo ise

Zlierdeba, rom hegemonobas cdilobs mTel amierkavkasiaSi. am

drosac, bunebrivia, mis SemadgenlobaSi darCa dasavleTi saqarTvelo.

III-IV saukunis avtori evsevi kesarieli (260-340 ww.) iberTa

sacxovriss Savi zRvispireTSi gansazRvravs.

sokrate sqolastikosi (IV-Vs.) wers: `...iberebi cxovroben evqsinis

pontosTan~.125

172

gelasi kesarieli (IV sauk.) ... mogviTxrobs: `imave xanebSi RmrTis

mcneba miiRes pontos gaswriv miwa-wyalze mcxovrebma iberebma da

lazebma...~126

rufinusis (gard. 410 w.) TxzulebaSi naTqvamia: `amave xanebSi iberTa

tommac, romelic cxovrobs pontos mxareSi, miiRo RvTis mcnebis

kanonebi da tyve qali...~127

`samive avtoris mixedviT, iberebi Savi zRvis sanapiro arealSi

arian moqceulni~.128

profesori robert blaixStaineri wers: `dasavleT saqarTvelos

romaul xanaSi ewodeba iberia~.129

am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa cnoba evagre pontoelis

Sesaxeb. `IV saukunis cnobili moazrovnisa da mwerlis evagri

pontoelis biografiaSi aRniSnulia, rom evagri warmoSobiT

pontoelia — iberTa qalaqis mcxovrebi, paladis Semdgom V saukunis

istorikosebi aRniSnaven, rom evagri tomiT iberia~.130

im dros pontoSi cxovrobdnen megrul-lazuri tomebi. swored am

laz-megrelebis zogadi saxelia iberebi (qarTebTan erTad). qarTebi

da megrelebi iseT gasaocar igiveobas, erTgvarovnebas, erovnul

erTobas amJRavnebdnen im dros, rom Tanamedrove istorikosebi

vardebian gamouval, uxerxul mdgomareobaSi da varaudoben: `... egrebi

Tavdapirvelad SeiZleba dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleT

raionebSi, argveTsa da mimdgom mxareebSi damkvidrebul qarT-mesxuri

tomebi iyvnen~. `... `egrisi~ da `megreli~ (`margali~) saxelebi...

aramegrul nawils unda rqmeoda~.131

sinamdvileSi egriselebi da megrelebi, cxadia, Tavidanve megrelebs

erqva, magram isini eTnikurad ise axlos iyvnen qarTebTan, rom

eTnikurad erT mTlians warmoadgendnen — erT erovnebas qmnidnen.

daskvna: yvela qarTul toms — qarTvel xalxs aqvs saerTo

teritoria da saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdeg maT am saerTo samSoblos

ewoda qarTli — iberia. qarTli erqva qveynis rogorc aRmosavleT,

aseve dasavleT nawils. iberebi arian am qveynis mcxovrebni, rogorc

aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi. iberebi ki qarTvelebi

arian.

g ) f s i q i u r i w y o b i s e r T o b a

I . s a e r T o k u l t i — e r T m o r w m u n e o b a

173

mecnierebis mier garkveulia, rom uZveles dros qristianobis

miRebamde didi xniT adre qarTvelebs (qarTebs, megrelebsa da

svanebs) hqoniaT saerTo sarwmunoeba — arsebula saerTo warmarToba

— erTi sarwmunoeba. amasTanave maTi sarwmunoeba yofila Zalze

daxvewili da damuSavebuli. SemuSavebuli yofila saerTo sakulto

terminologia. kultmsaxurebisTvis arsebobda saerTo ena.

kultmsaxureba erT enaze sruldeboda qarTvelTa qveynis sxvadasxva

kuTxeebsa da TemebSi.

qarTuli miTologia damuSavebuli da daxvewili yofila. amis

Sesaxeb wers S. nucubiZe _ wylis `RmerTi~ igrisi `Tavdapirvelad

mxolod adgilobrivi kolxideli RmerTi iyo da mxolod Semdeg,

qarTuli miTologiis mTliani damuSavebis Sedegad, saerTo-qarTul

panTeonSi Sevida~.132

`qarTveli tomebis uZveles rwmenaTa mimoxilvisas gairkva, rom ...

qarTvelebSiac sxvadasxva tomTaTvis damaxasiaTebel suraTs

vxvdebiT. rogorc irkveva, `Tavisi wili RmerTebi~ hyavdaT calke

Temebsa da sagvareuloebs... amasTanave, xalxuri gadmocemebi da

mdidari eTnografiuli masalebi gviCveneben, rom qarTvelebs hyavdaT

saerTo, didi (ufrosi) RmerTebica da satomo an satomTaSorisi

RvTaebebic... axla, SeiZleba iTqvas, kargad aris gamorkveuli, rom im

dros qarTul astralur panTeons sameuli meTaurobda pirveli

maTgani ufrosad miCneuli uzenaesi RmerTi iyo. meore _ qalRmerTi

mze an mzeqali, xolo mesame _ kviria~...133

garkveulia ara marto saerTo warmarTuli panTeonis `RmerTebi~

ierarqiis maRal safexurze, aramed momdevno safexurze mdgomi

`RmerTebi~.

,,ukve am droisaTvis qarTvelTa yvela RvTaeba anTropomorful

arsebad aris warmodgenili, amasTanave, irkveva, rom uzenaesi RmerTi

_ mTvare RmerTia, e.i. mama RmerTia. kargad aris gamorkveuli, rom

odesRac qarTul tomebs saTaviso saTemo RvTaebis garda yvelasaTvis

saerTo rwmena hqoniaT da saerTo qarTuli warmarTobac yofila. ...

kvirias TayvaniscemasTan dakavSirebul svanur wesebs wminda qarTuli

warmarTuli rwmenis anarekli aqvT daculi da TviT saTanado

ferxulis sityvebs meferxule svanebi qarTulad warmoTqvamdnen am

wesebis ZvelqarTul saxelebTan erTad, ferxulis qarTulad

warmoTqmis Cveuleba, ueWvelia, Tavdapirveli, saerTo qarTuli wesis

naSTi unda iyos ... megreli mekvlec Tavis warmosaTqmel sityvebs

megrulad ki ara, swored qarTulad ambobs xolme~. miTiTebuli da

kidev bevri sxva monacemi safuZvels aZlevda avtors daeskvna Semdegi:

`cxadi xdeba, rom aramc Tu sazogado qarTuli, yvela qarTvel

tomTaTvis, maT Soris megrelTa da svanTaTvisac saerTo warmarToba

174

arsebobda, aramed, rom warmarTobas saerTo terminologiac, saerTo

enac qarTuli hqonda~.134

antikuri xanisTvis qarTveluri tomebi ki ar daSorebulan

erTmaneTisgan, piriqiT, qarTvelTa konsolidacia gaZlierebula. amis

mizezi sxvebTan erTad, iqneboda saerTo qarTuli saxelmwifos

arseboba, saerTo sarwmunoebisa da agreTve saerTo saxelmwifo da

kultmsaxurebis enis arseboba.

`antikuri xanisaTvis, rodesac qarTvelTa konsolidaciis Semdgomi

gaZliereba SeiniSneboda, ar arsebobs safuZveli raime mniSvnelovani

cvlileba vigulisxmoT qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi~.135

cxadi xdeba, qarTvelebis mier qristianobis miRebamde qarTvelebs

hqoniaT saerTo _ yvela qarTul tomTaTvis erTi da igive

sarwmunoeba _ saerTo warmarToba.

qristianobac erTdroulad miiRes, rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve

dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

andria pirvelwodebulma iqadaga rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve

dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

wmida ninosac mouqcevia rogorc aRmosavleTi, aseve dasavleTi

saqarTvelo, amis Sesaxeb dabejiTebiT miuTiTeben berZen-romaeli

istorikosebi. gelasi kesarieli wers _ `imave xanebSi RmrTis mcneba

miiRes iberebma da lazebma... am udidesi sikeTis mizezi gaxda erTi

dedakaci, romelic maTTan iyo tyved~.136

rufinusis mixedviT, dasavleT saqarTvelos gamaqristianebeli

wmida ninoa. is wers: `amave xanebSi iberTa tommac, romelic cxovrobs

pontos mxareSi, miiRo RvTis mcnebis kanonebi da tyve qali~.137

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviTac asevea _ mirian mefe qristianobas

saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad acxadebs mTel iberiaSi anu rogorc

dasavleT, aseve aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi: `gardaicvala mirian mefe...

romelman naTelsca yovelTa iverielTa~.138

marTalia, dasavleT saqarTveloSi qristianoba ise sayovelTao ar

gamxdara, rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi, magram maleve

rogorc dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aseve aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTSic qristianoba sayovelTao sarwmunoebad gadaiqca. mTeli

qarTveli xalxi qristiani iyo.

daskvna: qristemde, IV-III saukuneebamde, erTiani qarTuli

saxelmwifos Seqmnamde ukve arsebula yvela qarTuli tomisTvis

saerTo sarwmunoeba _ saerTo qarTuli warmarToba (sxvaTa Soris,

Cans, aman asaxva hpova `moqcevaA qarTlisaASi~, romelSic aRwerilia,

rom qarTvelTa Zveli samSoblodan `arian-qarTlidan~ axal

samSobloSi gadmosaxlebulma qarTvelebma da qarTvelTa mefem Tan

wamoiyvanes TavianTi `RmerTebi~).

175

I I . q a r T u l i t o m e b i s

s a e r T o k u l t u r a

qarTvel tomTa saerTo kulturis arseboba yovelTvis ueWveli iyo.

es iyo erTiani eTnosis, erTi xalxis kultura. jer kidev saerTo

qarTuli saxelmwifos _ iberiis, anu qarTlis samefos warmoSobamde

didi xniT adre arsebuli cnobili kolxuri kulturac ki saerTo

qarTuli kultura iyo:

`kolxuri kultura `warmoadgenda jer kidev sustad

diferencirebuli qarTveli tomebis kulturas~.139 saerTo-qarTuli

(kolxuri) kulturis memkvidre iyo antikuri xanis kultura. amave

dros Camoyalibda erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo.

antikur xanaSi ara Tu Sesustda qarTuli eTnosis erTianoba,

piriqiT — `antikuri xanisaTvis... qarTvelTa konsolidaciis Semdgomi

gaZliereba SeiniSneba~.140

marTlac, `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da sxva ZvelqarTuli wyaroebis

mixedviT, am dros, antikurobis periodSive saqarTvelos mosaxleobas

ewodeba `naTesaviT qarTveli~. e.i. eriT, gvar-tomobiT qarTveli.

`qarTlis samefos~ yvela mkvidri, adgilobrivi mcxovrebi, im dros

`qarTvelad~ iTvleboda, miuxedavad imisa, qveynis aRmosavleT Tu

dasavleT nawilSi cxovrobda is.

daskvna: antikur xanaSi `qarTvelTa konsolidaciis~ dros, cxadia,

kulturac saerToa, amasve uCvenebs dasavleT saqarTvelos

arqeologiuri Seswavla.

d ) e k o n o m i k u r i k a v S i r i d a s a v l e T d a a R m o s a v l e T

s a q a r T v e l o s S o r i s

antikur epoqaSi, roca erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo Camoyalibda,

berZnebi Savi zRvis sanapiroebis aqtiur kolonizacias eweodnen. maT

mravali savaWro qalaqi — polisebi hqondaT. saqarTvelos

SavizRvispireTis antikuri qalaqebi ZiriTadad adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis qalaqebia. vanis da arqeopolisis gaTxrebi miuTiTebs,

Tu rogor Zlier ganviTarebuli savaWro qalaqebi iyvnen dasavleT

saqarTvelos qalaqebi. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiuri

Seswavla uCvenebs, rom ara marto mcxeTa, aramed sxva ZvelqarTuli

176

qalaqebic mZlavrad ganviTarebuli antikuri qalaqebi iyo. amis

Sesaxeb strabonic miuTiTebda. mcxeTa saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis

mqone savaWro gzajvaredinze mdebareobda. saerTaSoriso savaWro gza

mcxeTasa da mtkvris xeobas ukavSirebda rionsa da Sav zRvas. Tu ra

didi mniSvnelobisa iyo dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi saqarTvelos

damakavSirebeli saerTaSoriso savaWro-ekonomikuri gza, iqidanac

Cans, rom im dros mdinare fazisze strabonis Tanaxmad, 120 xidi

yofila gadebuli. xidebis aseTi kolosaluri raodenoba miuTiTebs

gzebis simravleze, e. i. vaWrobisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebaze.

mtkvarsa da rionze gamavali saerTaSoriso gza ekonomiurad

akavSirebda saqarTvelos kuTxeebs erTmaneTTan. dasavleT da

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mWidro ekonomikuri urTierTkavSiri hqonda

(im drois Sesabamisad).

e ) q a r T v e l e b i s s a e r T o w a r m o S o b a ,

s i s x l i T n a T e s a o b a

dabadebaSi moxseniebulia qarTvelTa saerTo winapari _ `ese Sobani

ZeTa noesni: sem, qam da iafeT. da iyvnes maTda Zeni Semdgomad wyliT

rRvnisa.

Zeni iafeTisni... Tobal da mosoq (dabadeba 10, 1-2).

I saukunis ganTqmuli istorikosi ioseb flabiosi, evstaTe

antioqieli (IV s.), Teodore kvireli episkoposi (IV s.), leon

gramatikosi (XI s.) weren, rom Tubal-Tobelebs maT dros iberebi

ewodebodaT. flabiosi meSex-mosoxs kapadokielTa winaprad miiCnevda.

Zveli qristiani avtorebi xSirad asaxeleben iberTa winaprebs, xolo

egriselTa winapars ar asaxeleben. es ar aris SemTxveviTi, saqme is

aris, rom am qristian avtorTa dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT, Savi zRvis

aRmosavleT sanapiroze cxovroben iberebi, dasavleT saqarTvelos

romaul xanaSi iberia ewodeba, magram Cven viciT, rom dasavleT

saqarTvelo _ egrisia, xolo mosaxleoba megrelebi. swored maT,

megrelebs uwodeben Zveli avtorebi iberebs, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mosaxleobasTan erTad da swored amitom ar asaxeleben egriselTa

winapars. miaCniaT, rom dasavleT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xalxs

ewodebaT iberebi da am erT xalxs erTi winapari hyavs _ bibliaSi

moxsenebuli Tobali.

`iberiis~ xalxi erTi xalxi iyo da iberebad iwodeboda _ amitomac

mas hyavda saerTo winapari _ Tobeli.

Tobelisagan warmoiSvnen iberebi _ `qarTebi~, `egriselebi~ da

`svanebi~ anu qarTvelebi. im drois egriselebi iseve iberebi arian,

177

rogorc `qarTebi~. lingvistebis azriTac, `iber~ fuZidanaa nawarmoebi

`egr~ fuZe, aqedan `egrisi~.

`iber fuZis Zveli saxeoba unda yofiliyo hber (Seadare, romaeli

mwerlebis TxzulebaSi dadasturebuli hiber)... hber fuZis

dublikatebia hver, hmer (iber-iver-imer), amaTgan _ hver _ nairsaxeobam

erT-erT dialeqtikur regionSi sxva fonetikuri ganviTareba ganicada

_ h gadavida g-Si (moxda e.w. aweva) da miviReT gver... ger... gur... erTi

mxriv, prefiqsis darTviT gamomuSavda eger/egr-is-i, m-egr-eli (meore

mxriv _ guria)~.141

XVIII saukunis bolos, 1790 wels, saqarTvelos gansakuTrebuli

daSlilobis dros Sedga dokumenti `iverielTa erTobis traqtati~,

romelSic, kerZod, naTqvamia: _ `vinaidgan yovelTave iverielTa

msaxlobelTa samefosa Sina qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da

guriisaTa aqvsT erTmorwmuneoba, arian Svilni erTisa kaTolike

eklesiisagan Sobilni da erTisa enisa mqonebelni, aqvsT

gavasxelobiTica siyvaruli viTarca sisxliT naTesavTa da moyvrobiT

SekrulTa urTierTTa Soris. amisaTvis Cven aRvsTqvamT mtkicesa amas

erTobasa...~.142 aq sainteresoa, rom qarTuli saukunovani tradiciuli

koncefciiT, romelmac asaxva hpova am dokumentSi _ iveria ewodeba

ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, aramed, dasavleT saqar-

Tvelosac. erTian saqarTvelos _ yoveli iveria ewodeba, mosaxleobas

_ yovelni iverielni, sxvadasxva provinciebs _ iveriis qveynebi.

gansakuTrebiT xazgasasmelia, rom ZvelqarTuli TvalsazrisiT,

iverielebi anu samegrelos, guriis, imereTis, kaxeTisa da qarTlis

mosaxleoba (msaxlobelni) arian sisxliT naTesavni, e.i. genetikurad

erTiani, erTi eTnikuri warmoSobis eri. sisxliT naTesaobis gamo

iverielebi anu megrelebi, gurulebi, imerlebi, kaxelebi da

qarTlelebi `urTierTTan SekrulSekavSirebulni arian moyvrobiT~,

anu `naTesauri~, erovnuli erToba aqvT. garda amisa, iverielebs

erTmaneTTan am dokumentis xelismomwerTa TvalsazrisiT, aerTianebT

saerTo ena _ iverielebi arian `erTisa enisa mqonebelni~ _

igulisxmeba qarTuli ena. iverielebs aqvT saerTo teritoria _

`yoveli iveria~, iverielebs dokumentis mixedviT, aqvT fsiqikuri

wyobis erToba _ erTmorwmuneoba, erTi eklesia.

vinaidan am dokumentis erT-erTi xelismomweri iyo saqarTvelos

kaTalikos-patriarqi anton I, unda vigulisxmoT, rom eklesiaSi

miRebuli TvalsazrisiT, eri ewodeboda (Tanamedrove sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT) erTi eTnikuri kavSiris mqone, anu sisxliT monaTesave

mosaxleobas, romelsac hqonda agreTve saerTo ena _ enobrivi erToba,

saerTo teritoria, fsiqikuri wyobis erToba _ saerTo sarwmunoeba.

qarTuli eklesiis da saero xelisuflebis TvalsazrisiT, iverielebs

178

anu qarTvelebs hqondaT CamoTvlili niSan-Tvisebebi, anu qmnidnen

erovnul erTobas. amitomac maT unda hqonodaT saxelmwifoebrivi

erTobac.

megrelebi, gurulebi, imerlebi, kaxelebi da qarTlelebi sisxliT

naTesavebad miiCneodnen da miiCnevian.

qarTebs, zanebsa da svanebs qarTuli eklesiis Camoyalibebis dros

(I-IV saukuneebSi) ufro meti erovnuli erToba hqondaT, vidre gvian

Sua saukuneebSi. amitomac Tavidanve qarTuli eklesiis samwysos

warmoadgenda erTiani qarTveli xalxi, romlis eTnikuri gansaxlebis

sazRvrebi moqceuli iyo Savi zRvidan da mdinare egriswylidan

(klisuridan) vidre somxeT-albaneTamde (merve saukunemde, xolo

Semdeg es sazRvrebi kidev ufro gavrcelda).

ismis meore sakiTxi _ ramdenad SesaZlebelia qarTveli xalxi

Camoyalibebuli yofiliyo I-IV saukuneebSi wmida andriasa da wmida

ninos qadagebebis dros. qarTuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, qarTveli xalxi

ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo pirveli qarTuli saxelmwifos daarsebis

dros, qristeSobamde IV-III saukuneebSi.

am Tvalsazriss eTanxmeba isic, rom swored am periodisaTvis

somexi xalxi ukve Camoyalibebuli yofila. s. eremianis Tanaxmad,

somexi xalxis Camoyalibeba damTavrda Zv.w.aR-is IV s-is damlevs.143

,,somexi xalxis Camoyalibebis bolo etapi Tanxvdeba Zv.w.aR-is VI s-Si

somxeTis saxelmwifos Seqmnas. man urartus saxelmwifos adgili

daikava.~144

cnobilia, rom Cveni Zveli istorikosebi haossa da qarTloss Zmebad

miiCnevdnen, amitomac isini qarTveli da somexi xalxebis

Camoyalibebis xanas erT epoqaSi aTavsebdnen.

q a r T u l i e k l e s i i s i u r i s d i q c i i s s a z R v r e b i

adgilobrivi eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebis gansazRvra Zneli

ar aris. IV msoflio krebam daakanona: saeklesio sazRvrebi unda

damTxveoda saxelmwifos sazRvrebs (ix. amonaweri uwmidesi sinodis

saJurnalo gansazRvrebidan. ruseTis sapatriarqo, 1943 w. 19 noemberi,

#12). cnobilia, rom msoflio saeklesio krebebi iRebdnen da

afuZnebdnen ara axal wesebs, aramed amtkicebdnen im kanonebs,

romelnic ukve arsebobdnen saeklesio praqtikaSi da wina drois

mamaTa mier iyvnen dakanonebulni.

b. lominaZe wers: `aRmosavleTis eklesia gansakuTrebulad

savaldebulod xdida samoqalaqo-saero dayofis gadaRebas

saeklesioSi, ase rom yovel cvlilebas saeroSi Sesabamisi

179

cvlilebebi unda mohyoloda saeklesioSi (qalkedonis IV, 13, 17 da

sxv.)~.145

mamaTa kanonebis Tanaxmad, qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis

sazRvari emTxveva saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazRvars. qarTuli

eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvris dadgenisTvis Cven unda

ganvsazRvroT qarTuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebi, romelTac gasdevda

eklesiis sazRvari.

` q a r T l i s ~ s a z R v r e b i d a q a r T v e l T a v i n a o b a

l e o n t i m r o v e l i s m i x e d v i T

leonti mrovelis mixedviT, qarTlis saxelmwifoSi Sedioda

rogorc aRmosavleTi, aseve dasavleT saqarTvelo.

qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, `daipyra aleqsandre yoveli qarTli ...

dauteva qarTls erisTavad azon~,146 `azon... daipyra qarTlsa zeda

egrisica~.147

ganZis povniT daimedebulma farnavazma, egrisis mTavars qujis

miswera — `viyvneT Cven Zma da vixmaroT Cven xuastagi igi orTave.

gamovuCndeT Cuen mtrad azon erisTavs~.

azons dapyrobili hqonda rogorc aRmosavleTi, aseve dasavleT

saqarTvelo. amitomac, gaxarebulma qujim miswera farnavazs —

`xuastagiTa SeniTa gangimravle spani Senni, vidre gamovCndeT mtrad

azonisa, maSin ganixaron yovelTa qarTvelTa...~

azon iyo `kaci Zneli da mesisxle~. is dapyrobil samegreloSic

`mowyvedda~ adgilobriv mosaxleobas, amitomac azonis damarcxebiT

megrelebic gaixarebdnen. am mizezis gamo, qujis farnavazisTvis

TiTqosda is ki ar unda miewera, rom `gamovCndeT mtrad azonisa da

ganixaron yovelTa qarTvelTao~, aramed unda miewera: gamovCndeT

mtrad azonisa, maSin ganixaron yovelTa qarTvelTa da megrelTao,

magram quji megrelebs ar axsenebs, Tumca, megrelebi dapyrobili

hyavda azons. ratom?

cxadia, quji megrelebs ar axsenebs imitom, rom maT gulisxmobs

`yovelTa qarTvelTaSi~.

Cans, farnavazis dros `yovelTa qarTvelTaSi~ igulisxmeboda ara

marto aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, aramed dasavleT

saqarTvelos mosaxleobac.

amis Semdeg farnavazi gadadis dasavleT saqarTveloSi, qujisTan.

qujim mas uTxra: `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa da Sen

gmarTebs ufloba Cemi~.

`Sen xar ufali Cveni da me var mona Seni~.148

180

ratom marTebs `qarTlis TavTa~ Svils samegrelos meTaurze

ufrosoba? ratom aris samegrelos meTauri mona qarTlis meTaurisa?

es imas niSnavs, rom qarTlis Tavi, anu qarTlis meTauri istoriulad

ganixileboda ara marto aRmosavleT, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos

meTauradac. aqedan Cans, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo politikurad

qarTlia, Tumca mas egrisi hqvia.

farnavazma `...daipyra yoveli qarTli TYnier klarjeTisa~ `Semdgom

movida klarjeTs da daipyra klarjeTi da warmovida mcxeTad~...149

farnavazis mier dapyrobil `yovel qarTlSi~ Sedis dasavleT

saqarTvelo, mdinare egriswylamde, radganac am mdinaremde dasavleT

saqarTvelos mTliani teritoria farnavazs dapyrobili hqonia, xolo

egriswyals iqiTa qveyana qarTlSi, anu farnavazis saxelmwifoSi ar

Sesula:

`xolo egriswyals qvemoT darCa berZenTa, rameTu mkYdrTa mis

adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa~.150 e.i. egriswyals `zemoTa~

qveyana, anu egriswylis marcxena sanapirosTan mimdebare qveyana aris

qarTli.

sad aris mdinare egriswyali? unda vifiqroT, rom is miedineboda

egrosis mier aSenebul qalaq egrisTan axlos.

`xolo aman egros aRaSena qalaqi da uwoda saxeli TYsi egrisi. aw

mas adgilsa hqYan bedia~.151

e.i. farnavazis saxelmwifoSi Sedis egrisi _ samegrelo da mTeli

dasavleT saqarTvelo, garda egriswyals iqiT mdebare qveynisa.

farnavazma `daipyra yoveli qarTli~ _ egrisi Sedis `yovel

qarTlSi~.

politikurad farnavazis mier Seqmnil saxelmwifos ewodeboda

`qarTli~ anu `yoveli qarTli~, Tumca, am qarTlSi Sedis `sxvadasxva

qveynebi~, maT Soris `egris-eguri~ da klarjeTi, magram erTian

saxelmwifos qarTlis samefo ewodeba.

farnavazma `yoveli qarTlis~ samefos mxedrebad anu jariskacebad

ucxoelebi aRar miiRo, aramed `qarTlosianni~ _ `ganamravla yovelni

mxedarni qarTlosianni~. farnavazis cxovrebis avtori imitom aqcevs

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas am ambavs, rom farnavazis wina

xelisuflebas ZiriTad samxedro Zalad mowveuli hyavda ucxoelebi _

araqarTvelebi.

azonma amcno spaTa misTa, viTarmed: `yovelman qarTvelTaganman,

romelman povos saWurveli, mokalT igi~, da hyofdes hromni igi esreT

qarTvelTa zeda~.152

e.i. azonis spa romaelTagan, ,,hromTagan~ yofila Sedgenili,

SemdegSi `aTasi mKedari rCeuli hromTa amaTgani... ganudges azons.~153

aseve azons ganudgnen qarTvelnic, gamodis, rom azonis spaSi _

181

jarSi, yofilan ucxoelnic da qarTvelnic, magram ZiriTadi Zala

ucxoelTa iyo.

farnavazis `yoveli qarTlis~ samefos SeqmnaSi monawileoba miiRes

rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, aseve dasavleT saqarTvelos

mosaxleobam.

farnavazi Tavisi ganZiT gadadis dasavleT saqarTveloSi da iq

qujis SemweobiT daiqiravebs jariskacebs, cxadia, adgilobriv

mcxovreblebs. quji eubneba egrisSi Casul farnavazs _ `nu Surob

xuastagsa Sensa, raTa ganvamravlneT spani~,154 e.i. Seni ganZiT jari

daviqiraoTo. marTlac, egrisSive `ganimravlnes spani. egrisiT Sekrbes

uricxuni spani~.155

farnavazis pirveli jari swored dasavleT saqarTveloSi, egrisSi

Sekrebili mxedrebisagan Sedgeboda da cxadia, qarTlis samefos

Seqmnis Semdegac samefos spaSi didi iqneboda egrisel mxedarTa

raodenoba. miuxedavad amisa, farnavazis cxovrebis avtori wers, rom

farnavazma `ganamravlna yovelni mxedarni qarTlosianni~.

aqedan cxadia, `qarTlosian~ mxedrebSi ZiriTadad igulisxmeba

egriseli mxedrebi, e.i. egriselic qarTlosianad miiCneva.

farnavaz `mefe iqmna yovlisa qarTlisa da egurisa~.156 `yoveli

qarTlis~ samefos SeqmnaSi Tanabrad miiRos monawileoba rogorc

dasavleTma, aseve aRmosavleTma saqarTvelom. qarTlis samefos Seqmna

daiwyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ egrisSi. azonisgan rogorc

aRmosavleTis, aseve dasavleT saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis Semdeg

iqmneba erTiani aRmosavlur-dasavluri qarTuli samefo yovelgvari

Sinagani winaaRmdegobis gareSe, piriqiT, Sinagani mondomebiT. quji

kvlav rCeba Tavisi qveynis, egrisis meTaurad, magram misi mefe ukve

aris farnavazi _ mefem `misca qujis queyana egriswyalsa da rions

Sua... egrisi da svaneTi da daamtkica igi erisTavad mun~.157

farnavazma dasavleT saqarTveloSi egrisis erisTavis garda dasva

margveTis erisTavi. mas dasavleT saqarTveloSi sul ori erisTavi

hyavda (am erisTavebis garda erisTavebi iyvnen: kaxeTisa, xunanisa,

samSvildisa, wundisa, oZrxisa da klarjeTisa. yvela am erisTavs

hyavda zedamxedveli erisTavi anu Sida qarTlis spaspeti, romelsac

emorCilebodnen).

`farnavazma aRaSena da ganavso qarTli~. cxadia, qarTlSi

igulisxmeba dasavleT saqarTvelos saerisTavoebic _ egrisisa da

margveTisa. farnavazi drodadro gadadioda dasavleT saqarTveloSi,

`JamiTi Jamad mivides egriss~, `moikiTxis megrelni da klarjni,

ganagis yoveli saqme daSlili~.158

farnavazi megrelTa da klarjTa mefea.

182

`iyo gansueneba da sixaruli yovelsa qarTlsa zeda, mefobisaTYs

farnavazissa da ityodes amas yovelni. `vhmadlobT suesa Cuensa,

rameTu mogueca Cuen mefe naTesavTagan mamaTa CuenTa da aRgYKada

xarki da Wiri ucxoTa naTesavTagan~.159

roca avtori wers, rom iyo sixaruli yovelsa qarTlsa zeda,

igulisxmeba mTeli saqarTvelo, dasavleTica da aRmosavleTic.

mTeli samefos mosaxleoba ambobs: `moguca Cuen mefe naTesavTagan

mamaTa CuenTa~. avtoris azriT, megrelTa, iseve rogorc samefos sxva

kuTxeTa mcxovrebTa TvalsazrisiT, mefe maTi erovnebisa aris, maTi

mamaTa Svilia, maTi naTesavia, anu maTi erovnebisaa. `aRgYKada xarki

da Wiri ucxoTa naTesavTagan~ _ ucxo naTesavi niSnavs ucxo ers, e.i.

qarTlis mosaxleoba erTi erisaa, erTi naTesavia, erTi mamaTa

Svilebia, xolo sxvaa ucxo naTesavi, ucxo eri. erovnuli identoba

gacnobierebulia.

farnavazi qarTlosis naTesavia, xolo `yoveli qarTlis~

mosaxleoba _ qarTlosiania, naTesaviT qarTvelia _ qarTlosis

naTesavia.

`farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlsa Sina qarTlosisa

naTesavTagani~.160 `ganavrco ena qarTuli da arRara izraxeboda sxua

ena qarTlsa Sina TYnier qarTulisa~.161

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, aleqsandre makedonelma `daipyra

yoveli qarTli da mosrna yovelni igi naTesavni aRreulni qarTls

myofni da ucxoni igi naTesavni mosrna... da dautevna naTesavni

qarTlosianni~.162

farnavazis mier erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis dros ucxoelebi

aRar cxovrobdnen qarTlSi. isini aleqsandres gauJletia. amis gamo

farnavazs gauadvildeboda erTiani saxelmwifo enis SemoReba, magram

rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, farnavazis saxelmwifos SeqmnaSi Tanabrad

monawileobda rogorc aRmosavleTi, ise dasavleT saqarTvelo.

saxelmwifoSi erTiani saxelmwifo qarTuli enis SemoRebas egrisSi

ukmayofileba ar gamouwvevia. mematiane aRniSnavs, rom egriselebi

iseve, rogorc sxva kuTxis mcxovrebni, kmayofilni da bednierni iyvnen

farnavazis mefobiT. amitom unda vifiqroT, rom megruli ena im dros

jer kidev ar iyo gamoyofili qarTuli enisgan, an masTan Zlier

axlos idga. marTlac, im eqvs enaTa Soris, romlebic TiTqosda

farnavazis reformamde mis samefoSi ixmareboda, megruli ena

dasaxelebuli ar aris.

farnavazis Semdgomi mefis, saurmagis, samefoSi Sedis dasavleTi

saqarTvelo. is saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, asaxlebs Crdilo kavkasiidan

gadmoyvanil mosaxleobas. `dasxna mTiuleTs didoeTidan, vidre

egrisamde, romel ars svaneTi~.163

183

VII mefe qarTlisa bartomi uSviloa, is iSvilebs qarTams, egrisis

erisTavis, qujis Zmiswuls. egriseli qarTami _ farnavaziania. swored

am mizezis gamo iSvila is bartomma. `ese qarTvelTa saTnoebisaTvis

eqmna bartoms, rameTu qarTvelTa didi saTnoeba aqunda farnavazianTa

mimarT~.164

TviTon bartomi iyo arSakuniani, iSvila qarTam farnavaziani (dedis

mxridan), romelic iyo egriseli _ megreli.

X mefe aderki. `aman aderki daipyra yoveli qveyana qarTli da

egrisi~.165 mTlian samefos ewodeba `yoveli qveyana~. Sedgeba qarTlisa

da egrisisgan. erTian samefos ki qarTlis samefo ewodeba. mis mefes

`qarTlis mefe~.

andria pirvelwodebulma iqadaga zemo qarTlsa da egrisSi. `xolo

viTarca esma mefesa aderkis megrelTagan sjulisa dateveba, ganuwyra

da waravlina erisTavni misni da iZulebiT kualadve moaqcivna

megrelni~...166

aderkis ekuTvnis dasavleT saqarTvelo. man Tavisi samefo orad

gauyo Tavis Svilebs. erT Svils _ bartoms ergo egrisi da mtkvris

CrdiloeTi qarTli.

qarTlis samefos sazRvrebi mtkiced iyo dadgenili da

gansazRvruli. qarTvel mefeTa mTavar movaleobas warmoadgenda

qarTlis sazRvrebis mtkiced dacva, xolo sazRvris darRvevis

SemTxvevaSi _ `sazRvris Ziebis~ aucilebloba. magaliTad, XII mefeni

farsman da kaos. maT dros somxeTis mefem `mouRo sazRvari

qarTlisasa qalaqi wunda~. `ver iZebnes mefeTa qarTlisaTa sazRvari

da mokudes mwuxarebasa Sina didsa~.167

mefeebis mier TavianTi samefos `sazRvris Zieba~ aucilebelia. aseve

iqceodnen XIII mefeni azork da armazel. amaT `ganizraxes Zieba

sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa~.168

aseve qarTvelTa da osTa laSqarma daamarcxa somexTa laSqari da

tyved Seipyres somexTa mefis Ze. osebs surdaT tyve mefiswulis

mokvla, xolo `qarTvelTa daicves cocxlebiT ZiebisaTvis sazRvarTa

maTTasa~. am dros qarTvelTa mudmivi brZola somxebis winaaRmdeg

gamowveuli iyo somexTagan mitacebuli `sazRvris ZiebiT~. marTlac,

sazavo molaparakebis dros somxebs gadasces datyvevebuli somexi

ufliswuli, xolo samagierod, `amisaTYs somexTa ukmosces sazRvari

qarTlisa qalaqi wunda da cixe demoTisa, javaxeTi da artaani~.169

`da aResrulnes arzok da armazeli nugeSiniscemulni didad,

rameTu simKniTa maTiTa ukumoixunes sazRvarni qarTlisani~.170

radganac qarTlis samefos saxelmwifos sazRvrebi mtkiced iyo

gansazRvruli da dadgenili, amitomac sazRvrebis SigniT moqceul

184

egrisze qarTlis statusis ganxorcielebas didi mniSvneloba

miecemoda.

XV mefe farsman qvelis samefoSic Sedis egrisi. farsman qvelis

mokvlis Semdeg misi samefo mirdatma daipyro. `daipyres qarTli

mirdat da erisTavman sparsTaman, xolo megrelni dadges

erTgulebasa farsmanis Zisasa~.

e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelo farsmanis Zes emxroba. dasavleT

saqarTvelos daxmarebiT man aRadgina mefoba qarTlSi. misi Svili

ukve mefea `yoveli qarTlis~ _ `mefobda ese farsman yovelsa

qarTlsa zeda~.171

XVIII mefis amazaspis dros CrdiloeTidan gadmovidnen osebi qveynis

dasapyrobad. `maSin amazasp mouwoda yovelTa erisTavTa qarTlisaTa.

da movides erisTavni aRmosavalisani: erisTavi kaxeTisa, erisTavi

xunanisa, erisTavi samSYldisa da Semokrbes mxedarni spaspetisani da

vidre moslvadmde dasavleTisa erisTavisa, movides ovsni~...172

qarTlis samefoSi Sedis `dasavleTis saerisTavoebi~. mematianis

mixedviT, `dasavleTis saerisTavoebSi~ Sedis dasavleT saqarTvelosa

da klarjeTis saerisTavoebi. mefe amazaspi Tavisi mesisxleobisaTvis

`moiZules... erman qarTlisaman~. amis gamo gandges erisTavni

dasavleTisani xuTni: orni erisTavni egrisisani, erTi oZrxisa, erTi

klarjeTisa da erTi wundisa~. marTlac, pirvelma mefem farsmanma

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, anu egrisSi dasva ori erisTavi — erTi

sakuTriv egrisisa da meore margveTisa. anu dasavleT saqarTvelo or

saerisTavod iyo gayofili. am saerisTavoebis meTaurebisa da agreTve

wundis, oZrxisa da klarjeTis erisTavebisaTvis SemdgomSi

daurqmeviaT `erisTavni dasavleTisani~. cxadia, mefe amazaspis

samefoSi Sedis egrisi. mefe amazaspis winaaRmdeg Sekruli koaliciis

jarebi swored dasavleT saqarTvelodan gadmovidnen Sida qarTlSi.

`gardamovles gza Takuerisa da movides erisTavTa Tana egrisaTa~.173

XXIV mefe miriani. `mefobda esreT mirian mcxeTiT gaRmarT qarTls,

somxiTs, rans, hereTs, movakans da egrs~.174

`da mefobda mirian mun qarTls, rans, hereTs da movakans da aqunda

egrisica vidre egriswylamde~.175

XXVII mefe varaz-baqari. `daipyres berZenTa Tuxarisi da yoveli

klarjeTi zRviTgan arsianamde da darCa varaz-baqars qarTli TYnier

klarjeTisa da hereTi da egrisi~. `qveyana maTi sazRvari qarTlisa

mosca varaz-baqarsave.~176

185

j u a n S e r i s T a n a x m a d e g r i s i ` q a r T l S i ~ S e m a v a l i

q v e y a n a a

juanSeri qarTlis mefe mirdats uwodebs qarTvelTa mefes. am XXXII

mefis devizia: `mtkiced da Seuryevelad vipyrneT sazRvarni

qarTlisani~.177 is aris mama vaxtang gorgaslisa.

mirdatis samefoSi Sedis dasavleT saqarTveloc _ egrisi. es iqidan

Cans, rom roca daoblebuli misi Zis, 10 wlis vaxtangis samefoSi

SemoiWrnen Crdilo kavkasiidan gadmosuli dampyroblebi, maT

daarbies centraluri qarTli, xolo ganapira provinciebi ar

daurbeviaT.

`viTar iqmna vaxtang wlisa aTisa, gardamovides ovsni spani

uricxuni da motyuenes qarTli... daurCes warutyuenvelad Kevni

qarTlisani: kaxeTi, klarjeTi da egrisi...~178

egrisi Sedis vaxtangis samefoSi _ `masve Jamsa gamovides berZenni

afxazeTiT, rameTu berZenTa hqonda egriswyals qvemoTi kerZi yoveli

da daipyres egriswyliTgan vidre cixe-gojadmde. maSin iqmna glova

da wuxili yovelTa qarTvelTa da ityodes. `...RmerTman... migucna Cuen

wartyuenvad ucxoTa naTesavTa da migYRo Cuen sazRvari berZenTagan,

viTarca miuRo varaz-baqars mefesa klarjeTi... viZioT... Cuen Suri

pirvel ovsTa zeda da Semdgoadmca vZebneT sazRvari qarTlisa

berZenTagan~. amas ityodes yovelni qarTvelni da iyvnes mwuxarebasa

Sina didsa~.

`vaxtang... mwuxare iyo... sazRvarTa mixumisagan~.179

oseTSi gamarjvebis Semdeg vaxtangi CrdiloeTis gziT Cadis

afxazeTSi. im dros afxazeTi, vidre mdinare egriswylamde, Sedioda

berZnebis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi, xolo vaxtangis pataraobis

dros berZnebs qarTlis samefos teritoriac hqondaT dapyrobili md.

egriswylidan cixe-gojamde. ase rom, berZnebs am teritoriaze

(afxazeTSi da dapyrobil egrisSi) TavianTi cixeebi hqondaT. oseTSi

gamarjvebulma vaxtangma `sam wel wartyuenna yoveli cixeni

afxazeTisani, vidre cixe-gojamde.~180 Cans, vaxtangs ara Tu qarTlis

saxelmwifo sazRvari aRudgenia, aramed kidec Setevaze gadasula da

berZnebis miwebi daulaSqravs sakuTriv afxazeTSi.

sakuTriv saberZneTSi (pontoSi) laSqrobisas vaxtang mefes

sizmarSi pirdebian, rom berZenTa keisarma `yoveli sazRvari

qarTlisa misgan ukmoRebuli mogces~,181 marTlac, male qarTlis

momavali kaTalikosi petre moelaparaka keisars, romelmac `yoveli,

romeli exilva Cuenebasa Sina, misca mas zeda neba vaxtangs~,182 e.i.

keisarma vaxtangs daubruna qarTlis samxreTiT dapyrobili

186

teritoriebi, `misca sazRvari qarTlisa~ _ klarjeTi. sparselebTan

omis win keisari eubneba vaxtangs: `...migce cixe Tuxarisi da

sazRvarni qarTlisani~.183

omis Semdeg vaxtang mefes `ukumosca keisarman sazRvari qarTlisa,

cixe Tuxarisi da klarjeTi yoveli~.184 am dros vaxtangs afxazeTSi

berZnebis kuTvnili teritoria egriswylidan CrdiloeTiT

dapyrobili aqvs, amitomac keisari urigdeba vaxtangs. `egriswyliTgan

vidre mdinaredmde mcirisa xazareTisa _ ese sazRvari ars

saberZneTisa aleqsandrobiTgan, romeli aw Sen migiRia mklaviTa

Cuengan. aw igi ukumoguec da odes wariyvanebde colsa Sensa, asulsa

Cemsa, maSin mogce misgan queyana da dauwera egriswyalsa da

klisurasa Sua queyana ziTvad, da sxva afxazeTi ukusca vaxtang

berZenTa~.185

e.i. qarTlisa da saberZneTis sazRvari aleqsandre makedonelidan

da farnavazidan moyolebuli gadioda mdinare egriswyalze. mefe

vaxtang gorgaslis cols mziTevSi ergo afxazeTis teritoria

mdinare egriswylidan vidre mdinare klisuramde (e.i. axlandel

mdinare RaliZga-egriswylidan md. kelasuramde). amis Semdeg saukuneTa

manZilze sazRvari qarTlis samefosa da bizantiis imperias Soris

gadioda md. klisuraze, xolo klisuras zeviT (misi marjvena

sanapiro kavkasiis mTebamde) afxazeTi Sedioda saberZneTis

saxelmwifoSi.

aqedan Cans, rom egrisi Sedioda qarTlSi, rom egrisi iyo qarTlis

anu iberiis erT-erTi provincia, rom iberia moicavda rogorc

aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqarTvelos.

mag: mefeebis mirisa da arCilis dros saberZneTis imperatori swers

Tavis erisTavs afxazeTSi: `yovladve sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa Cuengan

qmnil ars vneba... aramed keTilad pativscemdi mefeTa da erTa magaT

qarTlisaTa, da amieriTgan nuRara Kel-gewifebis vnebad maTda da

sazRvarTa maTTa egrisaTa~.186

e.i. keisari swers Tavis erisTavs afxazeTSi, rom Cven xSirad

varRvevT qarTlis sazRvrebs egrisSi, e.i. gadavdivarT mdinareebze

klisurasa da egriswyalze da vipyrobT qarTlis samefos kuTvnil

teritorias. amJamad ki qarTlis samefos dasustebisa da mahmadianTa

gaZlierebis gamo umjobesia da gibrZaneb, pativi sce qarTlis

mefeebsa da ers, maT ar miayeno vneba. aseve nu daarRvev qarTlis

samefos sazRvrebs egrisSi. qarTlis saxelmwifos sazRvrebi xSirad

ixseneba vaxtangis cxovrebis aRweraSi. mag., vaxtang mefem `...mosrna da

ganasxna yovelni cecxlismsaxurni sazRvarTagan qarTlisaTa~.187

istorikosebis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces im faqts,

rom vaxtang mefis mematiane egriss `qarTlis dasavleTs~ uwodebs:

187

vaxtangma `rqua Zesa TYssa daCis: `...Senda mimicemia gYrgYni mefobisa

Cemisa... sazRvari afxazeTisa, romeli mocemul ars egriswyalsa da

klisuras Sua. igi TYT ZmaTa SenTa dedisa ars, igi aqundes maT da

iyvnen Senda erisTavad...~188 e.i. pirveli ,,sparsi~ colisgan darCenil

Svils misca mefoba, xolo berZenisgan darCenilebs _ leonsa da

mirdats misca erisTavoba teritoriisa, romelic mziTvad ergo maT

dedas berZenTa keisrisgan _ miwa-wyali klisurasa da egriswyals

Soris. es teritoria geografiulad Sedioda afxazeTSi, xolo

politikurad Sevida qarTlis samefoSi vaxtangis mefobisas.

vaxtangis gardacvalebis Semdeg `dajda saydarsa missa Ze misi daCi,

xolo coli da orni Zeni vaxtangisni wariyvannes samTa maT erisTavTa

da daipyres dasavleTi qarTlisa, romeli misca vaxtang~.189

aqedan aSkarad Cans, rom `dasavleTi qarTlisas~ mematiane uwodebs

egriswyalsa da klisuras Soris moqceul teritorias. mematianis

azriT, egrisi, iseve rogorc kaxeTi da klarjeTi, qarTlis erT-erTi

xevia, anu erT-erTi provinciaa. `xolo aman daCi mefeman iwyo Senebad

qarTlisa, rameTu mooKrebul iyvnes yovelni Kevni qarTlisani, TYnier

kaxeTisa da klarjeTisa da egrisisa~.190 istorikosi gulisxmobs, rom

qarTlSi Sedis kaxeTi, klarjeTi da egrisi.

vaxtangis Svilis, leonis gardacvalebis Semdeg klisurasa da

egriswyals Soris moqceuli teritoriis erisTavad darCa mirdati.

`amas mirdats daevaWra Zma misi daCi: mefeman gaucvala queyana da

aRiRo mirdatisagan egriswyalsa da klisurasa Sua, mirdatis

deduli, sazRvari saberZneTisa, da misca nacvlad javaxeTi~.191

herakle bizantiis imperatoris dros VII s-is dasawyisSi kualad

wariRes berZenTa sazRvari qarTlisa: speri da bolo klarjeTisa,

zRYspiri~.192

zRvis piri ewodeboda SavizRvispireTs saerTod _ speridan

afxazeTamde, berZnebs miutacniaT mTeli SavizRvispireTi, speri,

klarjeTis bolo da kolxeTis zRvis piri, e.i. egrisis dasavleTi

nawili speridan afxazeTamde. mematiane egrisis am dapyrobil

teritorias qarTlis nawilad miiCnevs.

ivane javaxiSvili wers: `simarTles uaxlovdeba... juanSeris...

qarTlis sazRvrebis aRweriloba.~193 Tedo Jordanias azriT, juanSeri

`Tanamedrove unda iyos da TviTmxilveli moTxrobilisa~.

188

q a r T u l i e k l e s i i s i u r i s d i q c i i s d a s a v l e T i s

s a z R v r e b i v a x u S t i s m i x e d v i T

vaxuStis mixedviT, qarTlis saxelmwifo moicavda rogorc

aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos ara marto vaxtangis dros,

aramed wina saukuneebSic. vaxuSti, iseve rogorc vaxtang gorgaslis

sxva istorikosebi, wers: vaxtangis mcirewlovanebis dros mezobelma

saxelmwifoebma da tomebma Tavdasxmebi daiwyes. bizantiamac miitaca

saqarTvelos teritoria. `...mogzavna berZenTa mefeman markiani spani da

miixuna egrisisa cixegojamde zRYs kideni. maSin iyo urva didi

iveriasa Sina, vinaATgan mistacnes sazRvarni maTni da ara hyvaT

winamZRuari~...194 e.i. egrisi ganixileboda rogorc qarTlSi Semavali

teritoria, ise rogorc juanSerTan da leonti mrovelTan.

vaxuStis mixedviT, samegrelo saqarTveloSi Sedioda ukve farnavaz

mefis droidanve. farnavazma `...qujis misca queyana rionis dasavleTi

zRuamde da egrisis wylamde suaneTiT... meore erisTavi dasua

margueTisa Sorapans da misca mcire lixidam vidre zRuamde Rados

mTisa da rions SuaTi...~195

`yovel saqarTveloSi~ mematiane gulisxmobs, rogorc dasavleT,

aseve aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, wmida ninom `...naTelsca yovelTa

iverielTa.~196 e.i. wmida ninos mier qristianoba miuRia rogorc

aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas.

ocdameeqvse mefis mirdatis dros `...ganefina yovelsa saqarTvelosa

Sina nawili suetisa mis cxovelisa kurnebad maTda~.197

ase rom, moulodneli ar aris qarTvelebis wuxili iveriis

zRvispira teritoriebis bizantielTa mier aneqsiis gamo vaxtang

gorgaslis dros, radganac dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispira

teritoriebi uZveles droidanve Sedioda qarTlis saxelmwifoSi.

`saqarTvelos erTiani monarqiis periodSi (vidre XV saukunemde)

quTaisis `vakis~ erTi nawili, vaxuStis cnobiT, `qarTlis

mTavarepiskoposs~ ekuTvnoda... rogorc Cans, amaze adre, saqarTvelos

erTianobis xanaSi vaxtang gorgaslis dros `vake, margueTi da

Takueri~ mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, jer mTavarepiskoposis,

Semdeg kaTalikosisa. momdevno xanaSi mTavarepiskoposs mxolod `vake~

SerCa vidre XVI saukunemde.~198

dasavleT saqarTvelos `margueTisa da Takueris~, `egrisisa da

suanTa~ saerisTavoebSi, qristianuli mrevlis simciris gamo, mrevli

eqvemdebareboda mcxeTisa da niqozis episkoposebs, `vake~ teritoriis

189

mosaxleoba — qarTlis mTavarepiskoposs mcxeTaSi, xolo mTiani

teritoriis mosaxleoba niqozis episkoposs.

vaxtang gorgaslis epoqaSi qarTlis sakaTalikosos iurisdiqcia

vrceldeboda mTel qarTlis samefoze, politikur qarTlze, e.i.

rogorc dasavleT, aseve aRmosavleT saqarTveloze.

VI saukunis dasawyisSi sparseTma da bizantiam (romma) saqarTvelo

erTmaneTs Soris gaiyves 532 wels dadebuli saukuno zaviT. or

dampyrobels Soris saqarTvelosTvis (dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis)

daiwyo xangrZlivi omebi. am dros qarTuli eklesiis mdgomareoba

Zalze mZime iyo. politikuri qarTli ukve aRar arsebobda,

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo gauqmebuli iyo. amitomac, qarTuli eklesia

Tavis iurisdiqcias ukve veRar ganaxorcielebda qarTlze, rogorc

damoukidebel suverenul administraciul erTeulze. ukve yvelaferi

damokidebuli iqneboda sparseTsa da bizantiaze.

VII saukunis damdegs saqarTveloSi herakle keisris laSqrobam saqa-

rTvelos eklesia daaknina. herakle keisarma saqarTvelos CamoarTva

Savi zRvispira teritoriebi da ganaxorciela iq Tavisi aneqsia,

Semdeg maleve arabebis Semosevam saerTod daasusta qristianoba.

am mizezebma, upirveles yovlisa, qarTlis, rogorc erTiani

saxelmwifos gauqmebam, gamoiwvia lazikis qristianebis nawilis

gadasvla berZnul saepiskoposoebSi. qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis

aRdgenisTanave (dasavleT saqarTveloSi) qarTulenovani eklesia,

afxazeTis sakaTalikoso daarsda.

z o g i e r T i b e r Z e n i d a r o m a e l i i s t o r i k o s i s

T a n a x m a d , k o l x e T i i b e r i a S i S e m a v a l i

q v e y a n a a

qsenofonti wers: `aqedan isini mividnen... mdinare fasisTan... amis

Semdeg Cavidnen dablobSi, sadac maT winaaRmdeg darazmuliyvnen

xalibebi, taoxebi da fasianebi~.

`...fasianebisa da hesperitebis satrapi iyo tiribaZe~.

`radgan Cven gvaqvs xomaldebi, amitomac umjobesia gavcuroT

fasisisaken da davipyroT fasianTa qveyana. iq maSin aietis Camomavali

mefobda~.199

190

qsenofontma dabejiTebiT icis, rom fasisis xeobaSi cxovroben

fasianebi, xalibebi da taoxebi.

xalibebi da taoxebi `iberTa~ tomebi arian. miCneulia, rom mdinare

fasisi, sadac qsenofonts Sexvdnen taoxebi da xalibebi, aris mdinare

araqsi. marTalia, taoxebi da xalibebi mdinare araqszedac

cxovrobdnen, magram, Cans, isini qsenofonts mdinare WoroxTan

mcxovrebni uxilavs. amis Sesaxeb dabejiTebiT migviTiTebs ariane.

ariane, iseve rogorc qsenofonti, TviTve iyo namyofi kolxeTSi.

garda amisa, ariane miiCnevda qsenofonts did avtoritetad. amitomac

kargad icnobda qsenofontis istorias. ariane wers amazoni tomebis

Sesaxeb — `qsenofonti maT ar axsenebs, xolo fasianebs, kolxebs da

sxvebs is axsenebs, im barbaros tomebs, romelTac Sexvdnen elinebi an

maSin, rodesac trapezuntidan gamovidnen, an vidre trapezuntSi

Sevidodnen~.200

e.i. arianes mixedviT, fasianebs, taoxebs da xalibebs, anu barbaros

tomebs, qsenofonti Sexvda sadRac trapizonis midamoebSi, rogorc

Cans, trapizonis CrdiloeTiT, kerZod, mdinare fazissa, rionsa da

trapizons Soris. yovel SemTxvevaSi, es moxda trapizonis raionSi.

mdinare araqsi sruliad daSorebulia trapizonidan, araqss

trapizonamde aSorebs didi mdinaris xeoba _ Woroxisa. ariane

darwmunebulia, rom qsenofonts swored kolxeTSi mobinadre

barbarosi tomebi Sexvdnen. is pirdapir wers _ `fasianebi da kolxebi

da sxva barbarosebi~, xolo qsenofonti am kolxebs uwodebs kerZo

saxels _ `fasianebi, taoxebi da xalibebi~. aqedan unda davaskvnaT,

rom kolxeTSi qsenofontis dros cxovrobdnen iberTa tomebi _

191

taoxebi da xalibebi. Cans, kolxebi eTnikurad igive iyo, rac qarTebi,

ufro sworad, eTnikurad kolxebi da qarTebi erTi xalxi iyo,

erTgvarovani eTnikuri Semadgenlobisa. maT Soris ar iyo didi

diferenciacia, Tumca, Sedgebodnen aTeulobiT sxvadasxva tomisagan,

zogadad ki erTi xalxi iyo _ qarTveli xalxi.

qsenofontis jariskacebis mizania, Cavidnen kolxeTSi, gascuron

TavianTi xomaldebiT fasisisaken da daipyron fasianTa qveyana, sadac

aietis Camomavali mefobs. cxadia, mxedvelobaSia ara araqsi, aramed

Woroxi an rioni da amitomac SeiZleba Woroxis an rionis xeobaSic

cxovrobdnen xalibebi da taoxebi. `fasianebisa da hesperitebis

satrapi iyo tiribaZe~, _ wers istorikosi. vin arian hesperitebi? es

sityva hgavs herodotes saspeirebs. herodote wers _ `sparselebi

cxovroben aziaSi samxreTis zRvamde, romelsac ewodeba mewamuli, maT

CrdiloeTiT cxovroben midielebi, midielTa zemoT _ saspeirebi,

saspeirebs zemoT _ kolxebi, romlebic esazRvrebian CrdiloeTis

zRvas, rasac erTvis mdinare fazisi, es oTxi xalxi cxovrobs

teritoriaze, romelic gadaWimulia zRvidan zRvamde~.201

midielebi da sparselebi antikur epoqaSive erT xalxad iqcnen,

radganac erTi eTnikuri Semadgenlobisa iyvnen.

qsenofontis hesperitebisa da herodotes saspeirebis fuZe aris

speri. miCneulia, rom saspeirebi arian Semdegdroindeli iberebi.

hesperitebi igive saspeirebi an saspeirebis erT-erTi tomia, romelic

kolxeTSi fasianTa tomTan erTad cxovrobs.

fas (fs) Ziri qarTul metyvelebaSi gamoiyeneboda mdinaris

aRsaniSnavad _ fasisi, fSa, fse da a.S.

ariane wers, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriis erTi nawili

uSualod Sedioda iberiis samefoSi. qsenofontis dros jer kidev ar

arsebobda iberiis saxelmwifo, magram Cans, qarTebis tomebi dasavleT

saqarTveloSic cxovroben, xolo arianes dros ukve arsebobs

qarTlis samefo, romlis saxelmwifo sazRvrebi dasavleT

saqarTveloSi Sav zRvamde aRwevs.

`Semdegi tomebi gaviareT: trapezuntelebis mosazRvreni, rogorc

qsenofontic ambobs, arian kolxebi da toms, romelic uguladesia da

trapezuntelebis mosisxle mteri, qsenofonti drilebs uwodebs, me ki

vfiqrob, rom isini sanebi arian. eseni metad kargi meomrebi arian...

amaT gverdiT arian makronebi da henioxebi, maTi mefe anqialea.

makronebis da henioxebis mezoblebi Zidritebi arian, eseni farsmanis

qveSevrdomebi arian. Zidritebis gverdiT lazebi arian. lazebis mefe

malasaa, romelsac taxti Sengana aqvs miRebuli. lazebis mezoblebi

afsilebi arian, maTma mefem iulianem mefoba Seni mamisagan miiRo.

afsilebis mezoblebi abaskebi arian. abaskTa mefe resmagaa, amasac

192

taxti Sengana aqvs miRebuli. abaskTa mezoblebi sanigebi arian, maT

miwaze imyofeba sebastopolisi...~202

arianes monaTxrobidan aSkaraa, rom qarTlis samefos sazRvrebi Sav

zRvamde vrceldeba. garda amisa, aucileblad sagulisxmoa, rom romis

imperia sisxlxorceulad dainteresebuli iyo xelT egdo Savi zRvis

sanapiroebi. is ipyrobda SavizRvispira qveynebs da imorCilebda

tomebs. romis aseTi siZlieris drosac ki romis mier dasavleT

saqarTveloSi dapyrobil teritoriaSi iberiis saxelmwifo soliviT

aris SeWrili. garda amisa, roms ar emorCileba drilebis, anu sanebis

Zlieri tomi, romelic ganuwyvetliv Tavs esxmis romis teritorias

trapezuntSi. ariane imperators pirdeba, rom an daimorCilebs am

toms, anda gaaZevebs Tavisi qveynidan. Tu es tomi ar emorCileba roms,

unda vifiqroT, rom is kargad aris ganwyobili iberiis samefos

mimarT, romlisganac, albaT, Zlierdeba kidec. sanebis anu drilebis

mezoblebi arian makronebi da henioxebi. ariane ar wers, amaTi mefe

emorCileba Tu ara roms, unda vifiqroT, rom ar emorCileba.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ariane aucileblad asiamovnebda Tavis

imperators da miswerda, rom maTma mefeebma mefoba Tqvengan an Tqveni

mamisgan miiReso. unda vifiqroT, rom makronebisa da henioxebis

mefeebs kavSiri aqvT farsmanis iberiis saxelmwifosTan. `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ mixedviT, qarTlis samefos sazRvari dasavleT

saqarTveloSi gadioda mdinare egriswyalze. am mdinaremde

teritoriebi qarTlis samefos ekuTvnoda. egriswyalszemoTa qveynebi,

romelTac Semdgom ewoda sakuTriv afxazeTi, ar Sedioda qarTlis

samefoSi. romis imperias mouxerxebia qarTlis samefosTvis mxolod

erTi tomis _ lazebis qveynis CamoSoreba _ lazTa mefes, malasas,

arianes mixedviT, samefo taxti miuRia romis imperatorisgan. romis

imperias qarTlis samefosgan miutacnia mxolod es teritoria.

aqedanac Cans, Tu ra mtkice da Zlieri politikuri erTeuli yofila

qarTlis samefo, romelic Seqmnila farnavazis mier. TviT romis

imperiis drosac ki, es samefo axerxebda Sav zRvaze gasvlas. cxadia,

romis imperiis mier kavkasiaSi agresiis dawyebamde qarTlis samefo

SeZlebda dasavleT saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis daWeras. aqedanac

Cans `qarTlis cxovrebis~ simarTle. Tu egriswylis aRmosavleTiT

mcxovrebi tomebi afsilebi, abaskebi, sanigebi ar Sediodnen Zveli

qarTlis samefoSi, maSin arianes gancxadeba, rom am tomTa mefeebi

romisgan iReben taxts, gasakviri ar aris. T. yauxCiSvili iberiis

saxelmwifos siZlieris Sesaxeb wers (sxva momentTan dakavSirebiT):

...`ioseb flaviusis es cnoba mniSvnelovania qarTveli mefis

ganwyobilebisa da rolis gasarkvevad saerTaSoriso situaciaSi:

romis imperatori qrTamebiT ibirebs, ver ubrZanebs iberTa mefes

193

parTeli mefis winaaRmdeg moqmedebas, iberTa mefes SeuZlia ar

daeTanxmos romael imperators...~203

iberiis samefoSi Semavali ZidritTa tomi, arianes mixedviT, I

saukuneSi cxovrobs Savi zRvis sanapiroze, teritoriaze, romelic

moqceulia trapezuntis, rizesa da mdinare rions Soris, anu iq,

sadac amJamad cxovroben aWarlebi da gurulebi _ qarTebis tomebi.

qarTebis SavizRvispireTSi cxovrebas hqonda didi xnis istoria, Cans,

aqve uxilavs qsenofonts xalibebi da taoxebi.

SesaZlebelia, erTiani qarTveli xalxis diferenciaciis dros

SavizRvispireTSi mcxovrebi is tomebi, romlebic Sediodnen uSualod

qarTlis mefis qveSevrdomobis qveS _ Camoyalibdnen qarTebad, manamde

ki rogorc qarTebi, aseve kolxebi (igulisxmeba zanebi) erTian

eTnikur jgufs _ erT xalxs warmoadgendnen. rogorc aRniSnuli

gvqonda, amaze migviTiTebs is, rom Tumca egriselebi (igulisxmeba

zanebi) saxelganTqmuli da cnobili xalxi iyo, maT bibliis

Tavdapirvelma qristianma komentatorebma sakuTari eTnarqi ar

gamouZebnes, anu uZvelesi qristiani istorikosebi rogorc iberebs,

aseve egriselebs miiCnevdnen erTi eTnarqis STamomavlad. ufro

sworad, egriselebi erTiani iberi xalxis erT-erT tomad miaCndaT.

ioseb flaviusi wers: `noes Svilebs eyolaT vaJebi, romelTa

pativiscemiT [xalxma] saxelebi daarqva tomebs, romelTa miwac amaT

daiWires. iafTas, noes Svils hyavda Svidi vaJi... iafTas Svilebi iyvnen

iavanesi da madesi. madesisagan warmoiSva madeebis tomi, romelic

elinTagan medebad iwodebian, xolo iavanesisgan _ ionia da yvela

194

elinebi warmosdgebian. Teobelosma daasaxla Teobelebi, romelTac

amJamad iberebi hqviaT. mesxosma daafuZna mesxenebi, romelTac axla

kapadokielebi ewodebaT... Teiresma Teirebi daarqva xalxs, romelsac

marTavda, xolo elinebma maT Trakielebi gadaarqves~.204

berZnul-romauli samyaro, rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, dasavleT

saqarTvelos, iseve rogorc aRmosavleTs, iberias uwodebda. ioseb

flaviusic albaT iseve, rogorc sxvebi, kolxeTs anu dasavleT

saqarTvelos iberiis nawilad miiCnevda. is wers: `iavanesisagan _

ionia da yvela elinebi warmosdgebian~. qveyana ionia erTia, magram

dasaxlebulia berZeni xalxis sxvadasxva tomebiT, Tumca, berZeni anu

elini xalxi erTiani eria. aseve iberiac erTi qveyanaa, romelic erTi

xalxis sxvadasxva tomiTaa dasaxlebuli. ioseb flaviusi berZeni

xalxis sxvadasxva tomebs ar uZebnis sxvadasxva eTnarqebs, aramed

wers, rom ioniasa da yvela elin toms erTi eTnarqi hyavT. unda

vifiqroT, miaCndaT, rom iberiasa da misi xalxis yvela toms, maT

Soris zanebs erTi eTnarqi hyavT _ Teobelosi.

rogorc aRiniSna, gelasi kesarieli Savi zRvis piras mcxovrebad

aRwers iberielebs: `pontos gaswvriv myof qveyanaSi mcxovrebni iberni

da lazni~; rufinusi wers: `iberTa naTesavi, romelic pontos areSi

binadrobs~; aseve sokrate wers: `es iberni pontos zRvasTan

binadroben~, gelasi kvizikeli wers: `pontos gaswvriv mdebare qveynis

mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma~...205

iberieli xalxis tomebi erTad cxovroben dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

maT zogjer moixsenieben pirovnuli satomo saxeliT, xSirad ki maT

iberebs uwodeben (ara mxolod lazebs, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos

zRvispira mosaxleobas).

aRsaniSnavia, rom ucxoelebi dasavleT saqarTvelosa da

SavizRvispireTSi mcxovreb iberebs uwodeben `qvemo iberebs~, raTa

isini ganasxvaon `zemo iberebisagan~, romelnic aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi, anu rogorc isini uwodeben, `kaspiis zRvisken~

cxovrobdnen, aRsaniSnavia, rom zogjer piriqiTac uwodebdnen _

`qvemo iberebs~ _ aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas, `zemo

iberebs~ _ dasavleTisas. me-4 saukunis dasawyisSi wmida ninos

qristianoba gauvrcelebia mTel qarTvel erSi, rogorc aRmosavleT,

ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi, asea ara marto `qarTlis cxovrebis~,

aramed berZen da romael istorikosTa mixedviTac. am istorikosTa

monacemebi dabejiTebiT uwodeben wmida ninos lazTa da iberTa

gamaqristianebels. niko mari wmida ninos pirdapir uwodebs megrelTa

gamaqristianebels. wmida nino mTeli qarTveli eris

gamaqristianebelia.

195

`wmida ninos rCeviT, elCoba gaugzavniaT imperator konstantinesTan

da saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis

mRvdlebis gamogzavna uTxoviaT. amas aRniSnaven TavianT SromebSi

sxvadasxva avtorebi, maT Soris: Teodorite, sokrate, sozomeni,

rufinusi. `saeklesio analebSi~ moTxrobilia adrindel periodSi

saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis istoria: `zemoT ukve iTqva

imis Sesaxeb, rom iberiis im nawilma, romelic pontos zRvasTan

mdebareobs da kolxeTad iwodeba, saxareba jer kidev imperator

traianes dros mqadagebeli papi wm. klementis SemweobiT miiRo. es

ukanaskneli im mxareSi gadasaxlebaSi iyo, xolo ireneos mixedviT

cxadi xdeba, rom iberebma didi xniT adre miiRes qristianuli

sarwmunoeba, rac Seexeba qvemo iberielebs, im iberielebs, romlebic

kavkasiis mTebSi, kaspiis zRvis axlo cxovroben, Tvlian, rom maT

qristianoba imperator konstantines dros miiRes~.206

kolxeTi _ iberiaSi Semavali qveyanaa. istorikosi wers: _ `...iberiis

im nawilma, romelic pontos zRvasTan mdebareobs da kolxeTad

iwodeba...~ kolxeTis zogadi saxeli iberiaa, xolo kerZoobiTi _

kolxeTi. kolxeTis mcxovrebT iberielni ewodebaT. roca i. tabaRua

wers: `cxadi xdeba, rom iberebma didi xniT adre miiRes qristianuli

sarwmunoeba, rac Seexeba qvemo iberebs...~, `iberebSi~ gulisxmobs

kolxeTis mosaxleobas, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas

is uwodebs `qvemo iberebs~. qvemo iberebi kaspiis zRvisken cxovroben,

kavkasiis mTebSi, xolo iberebi (e.i. zemo iberebi) Sav zRvasTan

cxovroben _ kolxeTSi. orive iberiis (kolxeTisa da kaspiis iberiis)

mcxovrebT ewodebaT iberielebi. kolxebi iberieli xalxis nawilia.

evropeli istorikosebi ara marto I-IV saukuneebSi yofdnen iberias

or nawilad _ kolxeTad da kerZo iberiad _ aramed saSualo

saukuneebSic _ `mTels iberiaSi ori patriarqia, romlebsac

kaTalikosebs uwodeben. erTi maTgani qarTlis provinciaSia, xolo

meore — kolxeTSi, igive samegreloSi~.207

dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas rom iberielebs uwodebdnen,

kargad Cans evagre pontoelis _ iberielis (345-399) magaliTzec,

`daibada dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erT qalaqSi~. miuxedavad amisa,

mas iberiels uwodeben.

ucxoeli avtorebi lazebs miiCneven iberieli xalxis erT-erT

tomad. `...kaspiis karebTan sakmaod mWidrod dasaxlebul

iberielTaganma lazTa tomma qristianuli sarwmunoeba miiRo,~208 _

lazebi iberieli xalxis erT-erTi tomia, ufro sworad, lazebi

iberielTaganni, iberebi arian. avtori lazebs uwodebs ara kaspiis

karebTan dasaxlebul toms, aramed sazogadod iber xalxs. avtorma

icis, rom iberi xalxis ZiriTadi masa, umetesi ricxobrivi nawili

196

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi cxovrobs (e.i. kaspiis karebTan axlos),

xolo lazTa tomi am iberielebis erTi tomia.

Sua saukuneTa istorikosebic, roca arCeven Zveli drois

istorikosTa Txzulebebs, weren, rom kolxebi iberieli xalxis erTi

nawilia: `aseve baroniusic fiqrobs, rom evqsinis pontosTan ufro

axlo mcxovrebi iberebi anu kolxebi saxarebis SuqiT traianes dros

ganaTldnen~.209

dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ samegreloSi (anu iberiis zRvispira

mxareSi) swored wmida ninom rom gaavrcela qristianoba, adasturebs

es amonaweric: `amas adasturebs romauli martirologiis Semdegi

sityvebi: `pontos evqsinis gaRma mcxovreb iberebs aqvT xsenebis dRe

wm. qristiani mona qalisa, romelmac saswaulTa ZaliT konstantines

dros es tomi qristes sarwmunoebaze moaqcia~.210

arqanjelo lamberti, romelic cxovrobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi

da kargad icnobda Zvel saqarTvelosa da agreTve berZen romael

istorikosTa cnobebs iberiis Sesaxeb, iberiaSi Semaval kuTxeebad

miiCnevs imereTs. kolxeTs, gurias _ mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, ara

marto SuasaukuneebSi, aramed wmida ninos dros _ IV saukuneSi. misi

es codna efuZneba berZen-romael istorikosTa Sesabamisi monacemebis

analizs:

`vrceldeboda ra ganuxrelad RvTis WeSmariti kulti iberiaSi, man

yvela mxareSi SeaRwia, romelic saqarTvelos mefis gavlenis qveS iyo.

saxeldobr, qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, imereTSi, kolxeTSi, guriaSi, samcxeSi,

afxazeTSi...~211

ivane javaxiSvilis TvalsazrisiT, sruliad saqarTvelos erTsa da

imave dros miuRia qristianoba IV s-Si. is wers: `...qarTulma

saistorio mwerlobam da saeklesio wreebma wmida ninos da andria

mociqulis Sesaxeb cnobebi, rogorc davrwmundiT, mTeli, sruliad

saqarTvelos gaqristianebis ambad miiCnies~. mecnieri eTanxmeba am

qronologias: `qronologiuradac qristianobis gavrcelebis

dasawyisi aRmosavleTsa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi, rogorc etyoba,

erTsa da imave xans unda vigulisxmoT, am mxriv gansakuTrebiT

yuradRebis Rirsia gelasi kvizikelis moTxroba, mas iberTa moqcevis

ambavSi naTqvami aqvs: `amave dros pontos gaswvriv mdebare qveynis

mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma RmrTis sityva, romelic manamde maT

ar swamdaT, Seiwynares~-o. gamodis, rom aRmosavleTsa da dasavleT

saqarTvelos qristianoba erTsa da imave dros miuRia... `magram am

mosazrebas TiTqos ewinaaRmdegeba is, rom sxva cnobili istorikosebi

TavianT TxzulebebSi iZlevian iberTa gaqristianebis cnobebs, magram

lazTa amave dros gaqristianebis Sesaxeb cnobebs ar gvawvdian.

`...magram an. glass gamorkveuli aqvs, rom lazTa amave dros moqcevis

197

Sesaxeb cnoba ar moepoveba arc sokrates, arc sozomens, arc

Teodorite kYrels, arc nikifore kallistoss...~212

es avtorebi lazebs ar moixsenieben maTi pirovnuli satomo

saxeliT, radganac lazebi imave iberielebad miaCniaT, maTi

TvalsazrisiT, lazebi iberieli xalxis erT-erTi tomia, amitomac

roca weren _ pontos sanapiroze mcxovrebma iberebma qristianoba

miiReso, es niSnavs, rom mTelma iberebma lazebis CaTvliT miiRes

qristianoba. ase magaliTad, sokrate wers _ `es iberni pontos

zRvasTan binadroben...~ pontos zRvasTan ki swored lazebi

binadrobdnen, amitom es istorikosi swored lazebs uwodebs iberebs.

rufinusi wers _ `iberTa naTesavi, romelic pontos areSi binadrobs~.

es istorikosic lazebs iberieli xalxis erT-erT tomad miiCnevs.

amitomac maT ar axsenebs satomo saxeliT da gulisxmobs

iberielebSi.

420 wels istorikos paladi helenopolels, romelic mowafe iyo

evagre pontoelisa, mis Sesaxeb dauweria: `is iyo pontoeli, iberTa

qalaqidan~. mowafem, cxadia, kargad icoda Tavisi maswavleblis

sadauroba. evagres Tanamedrove istorikosi sozomenec aseve wers mis

Sesaxeb: `igi warmoSobiT iyo iberTa qalaqidan, romelic mdebareobs

egreT wodebuli evqsinis pontos sanapiroze~. mexuTe saukunis

istorikosi sokratec aseve wers: `evagre, mRvdlis Svili,

warmoSobili iberTa qalaqidan, romelic evqsinis pontosTan

mdebareobs~.213

mexuTe saukunis istorikosebi dabejiTebiT darwmunebulni arian,

rom iberia ewodeba qveyanas, romelic SavizRvispireTSi mdebareobs,

Zveli qarTveli istorikosebis msgavsad, romelnic SavizRvispireTs

`qarTlSi~ Semaval qveynad miiCnevdnen. mxolod XVI saukunis Semdgom

istorikosebs SeeparaT eWvi evagre pontoelis Sesaxeb sabuTis

sisworeSi, radganac Sua saukuneebis Semdgom `qarTli~ (anu iberia)

ukve aRar ewodeboda erTian saqarTvelos, aramed mxolod mis

aRmosavleT nawils.

mkvlevarTa aseTi daskvnebi msgavsia mose xorenelis cnobisa, rom

qarTveli xalxis Tavdapirveli samSoblo aris dasavleT

saqarTvelos zRvispireTi, saidanac maT gamravlebis gziT miaRwies

somxeTisa da albaneTis sazRvrebamde.

iv. javaxiSvili wers: `amgvarad, dakvirvebam dagvarwmuna, rom qarT-

megruli Stos tomebis sakuTar saxelebSi (qarTueli, karduxi) erTi

da imave qveynis saxeli gvxvdeba. igi aris qarTu anu kardu. raki am

qveynis saxeli orive Stos tomebis saxelwodebaSi moipoveba,

ueWvelia, igi qarTvelebis Tavdapirveli samSoblo unda yofiliyo. am

198

samSoblos xsovna mesame Stos warmomadgenels svanebsac aqvT

SerCenili~.

`karduxi, rogorc viciT, erT-erTi megrul-Wanuri Stois saxelia...

es karTu anu qarTu ganTqmuli qveyana qaldea ars...~214

Tuki karduxi, romlisganac warmodga sityva `qarTveli~, megrul-

Wanuri Stos saxelia, maSin qarTveli xalxis mosaxleoba dasavleT

saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi saeWvo ar unda iyos.

didi ilia WavWavaZe werda:

`istoriul WeSmaritebad cnobilia, rom egviptelTa `muSeni~,

dabadebis `mosoxni~ anu `mosxni~, exlandelni `mesxni~, herodotes

`tibarenni~, strabonis `tiberni~ da `kolxni~ Seadgenen qarTvel

naTesaobis ersa. radganac isic WeSmaritad cnobilia, rom

ZvelisZvelad am qarTvel naTesaobas sWeria mTeli sivrce Ralisis

mdinariTgan mcire aziaSi Savi zRvis piramde da mTeli aRmosavleTi

mxare am zRvisa da agreTve igi adgilebi, romelnic mtkvarsa da

araqss Sua mdebareoben. aSkaraa, rom visac am adgilebSi daCemeba ram

unda an qarTvelis kuTvnilebis gauqmeba moundeba, daamtkicos, rom

zemo dasaxelebulni erni qarTvelTa naTesaobisa arc iyvnen da arc

arian. swored ase moiqca Cveni guladi profesori da gveficeba, rom

`mosxebi da kolxebi~ qarTvelis naTesaobisani ar ariano da

araviTars sabuTs amisas ar iZleva ki es saocari moficari`... `me

patkanovis Segirdi varo, iZaxis TavmowonebiT b-ni mari... b-ni mari,

Tumca patkanovisamebr oinebSi jer Tavi ar uCenia... sxvafriv ki imis

gzaze damdgara~.215

ilias mrisxaneba gamoiwvia iman, rom zogierTma mecnierma usabuTod

ganacxada: dasavleT saqarTvelosa da mesxeTis mosaxleoba TiTqosda

VIII-X saukuneebamde ar Sedioda erTian qarTvel erSi, aramed

TiTqosda VIII-X saukuneebSi qarTuli eklesiis aqtiurobis wyalobiT

dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTuli ena gavrcelebula, xolo mesxeTSi

TiTqosda qalkedonituri somxuri mosaxleoba gaqarTvelebula. ilia

wers:

`yvelgan cnobilia, rom Woroxis xeoba Zvelad-Zvelidamve Seadgens

nawils zemoqarTlisas... emini, xudabaSovi, ericovi swored am

adgilebs gvecilebian da amtkiceben, rom mtkvris saTavis adgilebi,

mTeli Woroxis xeoba — did somxeTs ekuTvnodneno~.216 evropeli

mecnieri sen-marteni amtkicebs, rom... `igi seri mTebisa, romelic

Woroxisa, mtkvrisa, efratisa da araqsis wyalgamyrelia, mudam

sazRvari iyo qarTvelTa da somexTa Soris~.217 `gana aSkara ar aris,

rom am cuRlutur mecnierebiT swadianT qveyana daajeron, viTomc

istoriuli ufleba miuZRviT am adgilebSi binis dadebisa~.218

profesori patkanovi, niko maris maswavlebeli, `amgvaradve xels

199

iwvdis taoskarze, exlandel Woroxis xeobaze, imisda miuxedavad, rom

ucxo eris mematianeni, magaliTebr, konstantine porfirogeni (911-959

ww.) imowmeba, rom meaTe saukuneze winaT qarTvelT bagratidTa eWiraT

Woroxis xeoba da aqedan daipyres TviT arzrumi da sxva nawilebi

somxeTisao~.219

q a r T l i d a q a r T v e l i e r i s o m e x i i s t o r i k o s e b i s

m i x e d v i T

somxuri istoriografia msoflio mniSvnelobisaa. somxebi uSualod

emezoblebodnen saqarTvelos, amitomac kargad icodnen, Tu vis

ewodeboda qarTvelebi da sad cxovrobdnen isini. zogierTma somex

istorikosTagan icoda qarTuli ena da uSualod icnobda

saqarTvelos, amitomac maT azrs qarTvelebis, anu `vracebis~

sacxovrisis Sesaxeb didi mniSvneloba unda mieces.

somxur istoriografiaSi miRebulia, rom mose xoreneli V saukunis

istorikosia. rogorc `fiqroben, movses xorenaci dabadebuli unda

iyos daaxloebiT 410 wels~.220 mas 482 wlamde unda daewera `somxeTis

istoria~. `amJamad somxur istoriografiaSi uyoymanodaa miRebuli

`somxeTis istoriis~ V saukuniT daTariReba~.221

mkvlevaris daskvna aseTia — ... xorenaci sakmaod kargad icnobda

mezobel saqarTvelos...~222 icnobda qarTul warmarTul panTeons. p.

ingoroyvas azrs, rom `...mose xoreneli axlo icnobda qarTul

msoflios, man icoda qarTuli ena...~, nawilobriv eTanxmeba a.

abdalaZe. is wers: — `xorenacim qarTuli samyaros Sesaxeb bevri ram

icoda, es Cveni azriTac, sadao ar unda iyos~.223

mose xorenelma, romelmac bevri ram icoda qarTuli samyaros

Sesaxeb, romelic kargad icnobda mezobel saqarTvelos, cxadia, isic

kargad icoda, Tu sad saxloben qarTvelebi, Tu saidan sadamdea

gadaWimuli maTi eTnikuri gansaxlebis sazRvrebi.

mose xoreneli wers, rom qarTveli xalxis Tavdapirveli

sacxovrisi kavkasiaSi iyo dasavleTi saqarTvelo, xolo Semdgom

qarTvelebis sacxovrisi iyo da mis dros aris rogorc dasavleTi,

aseve aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo. mose xorenelis Txzulebidan kargad

Cans misi avtoris Tvalsazrisi, rom qarTvelebi cxovroben ara marto

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed Savi zRvispireTia (dasavleTi

saqarTvelo) maTi erovnuli gansaxlebis ZiriTadi teritoria.

qarTvelebi, misi gansazRvriT, cxovroben CrdiloeTis mTebisa da

pontos (Savi) zRvis midamoebSi. CrdiloeTis mTebi da pontos zRva

qarTvelTa naTesavs uWiravs. mose xoreneli CrdiloeTis mTebs

200

uwodebs kavkasiis mTebs. mose xorenelis mixedviT, somxeTis

CrdiloeTiT mdebare teritoriebi kavkasiis SavizRvispireTidan,

vidre gugarqis CaTvliT, qarTvelebiTaa dasaxlebuli da qarTvelebs

ekuTvnis. faqtobrivad, es aris is teritoria, romelsac Zveli

qarTveli istorikosebis gansazRvriT, moicavs qarTlis saxelmwifo

SavizRvispireTidan somxeT-albaneTamde.

SavizRvispireTSi da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qarTvelebis

saxlobas mose xoreneli Semdegi mizeziT gansazRvravs:

babilonis mefem nabuqodonosorma dasavleTiT mdebare iverielTa

qveynidan iverielebis nawili gadmoasaxla da pontos zRvis marjvena

mxares daasaxla kavkasiaSi. SemdgomSi aleqsandre makedonelma

darios III-is erT-erTi naxarari mihrdat I am iverielebs mTavrad

dausva. qristemde daaxloebiT II saukuneSi parTiis mefe arSakma

Tavisi Zma valarSaki somxeTSi gaamefa. mas sabrZaneblad garda

somxeTisa, CrdiloeTiTa da dasavleTiT mdebare qveynebi (mxareebi)

gadasca. CrdiloeTis mxareebis gamgeblad valarSakma daadgina

qarTvelebis mTavar mihrdat I-is erT-erTi STamomavali. CrdiloeTis

mxareebis gamgeblebs gugarelTa pitiaxSebi daerqvaT.

samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom somex mematianeebs, maT

Soris mose xorenelsac, gugarqi, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas somxeTis

samefos sapitiaxSod miiCneven, qarTul qveynebad esaxebad, xolo

gugarelebi _ qarTvelebad.224

mirdatianebi, anu mihrdat I-is STamomavlebi, mTavroben rogorc

SavizRvispireTis, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qarTvelebs.

gugarelTa da CrdiloeTis mTebis pitiaxS mihrdat II-is garda mose

xoreneli axsenebs mihrdat III-sac. is pontos zRvis ganmgebelia.

qristemde 189-160 wlebSi artaSes I-ma mihrdat III-s, qarTvelTa did

pitiaxSs miando CrdiloeTis mTebisa da pontos zRvis gamgebloba.

qarTvelTa did pitiaxSs mihrdat III-s, romelic CrdiloeTis

mTebisa da pontos zRvis ganmgebeli iyo, somexTa da parTelTa mefe

artaSes I-ma miaTxova Tavisi asuli, xolo Semdgomma mefem artaSes I-

is Zem tigranma berZnebTan omis dros miando mniSvnelovani cixe-

qalaqis maJaqis ganmgebloba, misi gansakuTrebuli strategiuli

mniSvnelobis gamo, da jarebis mxedarTmTavroba.

romaelTa mxedarTmTavarma pompeusma daamarcxa mihrdat III da tyved

Seipyro misi Ze mihrdat IV. mihrdat III gaiqca pontos mTebSi. is

pompeusma moawamvlina pontoeli pilates mamas. qalaqi maJaqi

pompeusma aiRo. romSi pompeusis dabrunebis Semdeg, misma nacvalma

tigrans gaugzavna Tavisi diswuli mihrdat IV. tigrani daeWvda, rom

is ar iyo misi diswuli, amitom ar misca arc kuTvnili qarTvelTa

qveyana da arc Tavisi samflobelo _ pontos mxareSi da qalaqi maJaqi.

201

`... aRar misca mas arc Tavisi samflobelos nawili da arc kuTvnili

qarTvelTa qveyana~.

mose xorenelis mixedviT, ase damTavrda mihrdatianebis mTavroba

qarTvelebze da qarTvelTa qveyanaze, samagierod, mihrdat IV-s romma

daumtkica pontos mxareni da qalaqi maJaqi. aq sainteresoa is, Tu

romeli qveyana miaCnia mose xorenels .qarTvelTa qveynad da romeli

qveyana miaCnia somxeTSi Semavalad. mose xoreneli raRac saerTos

xedavs qarTvelTa qveyanasa da ponto-kesaria-kabadokias Soris,

TiTqosda ponto-kesariasac qarTvelTa qveynad miiCnevs, magram is

mkacrad sazRvravs da wers, rom qarTveli mTavrebis kuTvnili qveyana

aris ara pontos mxareni da ponto-kesaria, aramed teritoria,

romelic iwyeba pontos zRvidan kavkasiis, anu CrdiloeTis mTebis

CaTvliT gugarqTan erTad. somxeTis CrdiloeTiT moTavsebuli es

teritoria kavkasiis SavizRvispireTidan vidre gugarqis CaTvliT

mihrdatianebis `kuTvnili~ teritoriaa _ radganac es qarTvelTa

qveyanaa, xolo sakuTriv pontos mxareni da kesaria mose xorenels

miaCnia somexTa mefis samflobelos nawilad, am mefis `Tavis

samflobelod~, sadac mniSvnelovani cixe-qalaqi maJaqi droebiT

omianobis gamo saganmgeblod gadasca somxeTis mxedarTmTavars,

qarTvelTa mTavars mirdat III-s, xolo mirdat IV-s ukve aRar gadasca.

Cans, mose xorenelma icis, rom pontos mxareebi, kesaria-kabadokia

qarTvelebiTaa dasaxlebuli, magram mainc es mxare qarTvelTa mefis

`sakuTar~ qveynad ar miaCnia, aramed somxebis teritoriad, xolo

qarTvelebis mkvidr sacxovrisad miaCnia somxeTis CrdiloeTiT

mdebare teritoria pontos zRvidan, anu kavkasiis SavizRvispireTidan

albaneT-somxeTamde.

mose xorenelis mihrdat III-is da miTridate pontos mefis cxovreba

marTlac hgavs erTmaneTs. oriveni tigranis mokavSireni arian, oriveni

pontos floben, sicocxles mowamvliT asruleben, amitomac SeiZleba

miTridates legenda mose xorenelma qarTvelTa mTavarze gaavrcela,

miT umetes, rom rogorc ponto-kapadokia, ise somxeTis CrdiloeTiT

mdebare qarTli _ qarTvelebis qveynebi iyo. magram miuxedavad amisa,

rogorc aRvniSneT, mose xorenelma dabejiTebiT icis, rom

qarTvelebis `sakuTari~ sacxovrisi qveyana aris ara pontos mxareebi,

e.i. somxeTis dasavleTiT mdebare qveyana, aramed somxeTis

CrdiloeTiT mdebare qveyana pontos zRvidan gugarqis CaTvliT. am

istorikosis mixedviT, swored aq, pontos zRvispirze, kavkasiaSi

daasaxla nabuqodonosorma datyvevebuli qarTveli-iverielebi,

pontos zRvis aRmosavleTiT (e.i. istoriul kolxeTSi) da ara pontos

mxareebSi (e.i. ponto-kesaria-kapadokiaSi). mose xoreneli pontos zRvis

aRmosavleTiT, CrdiloeTis mTebTan mimdebare qveyanas (kolxeTs)

202

qarTvelTa Tavdapirvel sacxovriss uwodebs da ganasxvavebs pontos

mxareebisgan.

mose xoreneli wers:

`...xolo kavkasiis mTis mopirdapire mxares, CrdiloeTis ganmgeblad

daadgina didi da Zlevamosili gvari, romlis ufalT gugarelTa

pitiaxSebi daerqvaT. isini iyvnen STamomavalni darehis naxararis

mihrdatisa, romelic wamoiyvana aleqsandrem da mTavrad dausva

nabuqodonosoris mier tyved moyvanil iverielTa modgmas, amis

Sesaxeb abidenosi ambobs: `Zlevamosilma nabuqodonosorma, romelic

herakleze ufro Ronieri iyo, Sehyara jari da miaRwia libielTa,

agreTve iverielTa qveynebs, Semusra da daimorCila isini. maTi erTi

nawili wamoasxa iqidan da pontos zRvis marjvena mxares daasaxla.

iveria qveynierebis dasavleT sazRvarze mdebareobs~.225

aqedan Cans, rom mose xorenels iverielTa sacxovrisad miaCnia

qveyana kavkasiis mTis wina mxares, pontos zRvidan gugarqis CaTvliT,

CrdiloeTis teritoriebi, es aris istoriuli iberia-qarTli

SavizRvispireTidan albaneT-somxeTamde.

pontos zRvis aRmosavleTi, kavkasiis SavizRvispireTi qarTvelTa

qveynad rom miaCnia mose xorenels, es misi istoriis sxva qveTavidanac

Cans: _ `artaSesma Tavisi asuli artaSama miaTxova vinme mihrdats,

qarTvelTa did pitiaxSs, romelic rogorc zemoT iTqva, aleqsandrem

iverielTa qveynidan moyvanil tyveebis xelisuflad daadgina. somexTa

mefem mihrdats miando CrdiloeTis mTebisa da pontos zRvis

ganmgebloba~.226

`CrdiloeTis mTebi da pontos zRva~ _ es aris teritoria kavkasiis

SavizRvispireTidan _ kolxeTidan _ vidre gugarqis CaTvliT _

istoriuli iberia-qarTli. sul sxvaa `pontos mxareebi~, sadac gaiqca

damarcxebuli mirdat III. es aris kesaria-kabadokia. pontos mxareebis

meTvalyureoba cixe-qalaq maJaqTan erTad CrdiloeTis mTebisa da

pontos zRvis gamgebel mirdat III-s miando misma colisZmam, somxeTis

mefe tigranma, droebiT, omianobis gamo.

cnoba kavkasiis Savi zRvis piras iberebis dasaxlebis Sesaxeb mose

xorenels auRia antikuri avtorebisgan _ `movsess es cnoba amouRia

evsevi kesarielis `qronikis~ Zveli somxuri Targmanidan, evsevi

kesariels, Tavis mxriv, Semounaxavs megasTenes cnoba. antikur

samyaroSi farTod yofila gavrcelebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom

aRmosavleTis (kavkasiis) iberebi dasavleTis iberiidan (espaneTidan)

gadmosaxldnen~.227 am SeniSvnidanac Cans, rom pontos zRvis piras

mcxovrebi iberebi cxovroben kavkasiaSi _ kolxeTSi, anu kavkasiis

SavizRvispireTSi da ara pontos mxareebSi, anu somxeTis dasavleTiT.

203

qarTvelebis sacxovrisis sakiTxSi mose xorenels eTanxmeba meore

somexi istorikosi _ uxtanesi. isic Savi zRvis piras mcxovreb xalxs

qarTvelebs (vracebs) uwodebs, xolo TviT qveyanas _ afxazeTs.

rogorc vTqviT, mose xoreneli qarTvelebis Tavdapirvel

samSoblod asaxelebs kolxeTs. da qarTvelebis sacxovriss

gansazRvravs kavkasiis SavizRvispireTidan gugarqis CaTvliT. ismis

kiTxva, ratom gansazRvra man dasavleT saqarTvelo vracebis

sacxovrisad, iq xom ara vracebi, aramed megrelebi saxloben (Cveni

Tanamedrove istorikosebis gansazRvriT)? am kiTxvas amJamindeli

istorikosebi upasuxeben, rom mose xorenelma aseTi cnoba (dasavleT

saqarTveloSi, zRvis piras qarTvelebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb) aiRo sxva

berZen-romaeli avtorebisgan, magram mose xoreneli kargad icnobda

qarTul samyaros, icnobda saqarTvelos, icoda misi miTologia da

religia, da nuTu saqarTvelos aseTma mcodne kacma ar icoda

qarTvelebis samSoblos sazRvrebi? anda momTxovni da kritikulad

moazrovne sxva somexi istorikosebi misi droisa da Semdgomi

Taobisa, romelnic aseve kargad icnobdnen saqarTvelos, qarTvel

xalxs, apatiebdnen xorenels aseT ucodinarobas? mose xoreneli

qarTvelebad miiCnevs rogorc megrelebs, aseve gugarqis mosaxleobas

_ gugarelebs, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos, aseve aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos ukiduresi aRmosavleTi nawilis mosaxleobas.

unda davaskvnaT, rom mose xoreneli, Zveli qarTveli da antikuri

epoqis berZen-romaeli istorikosebis msgavsad, qarTvelTa sacxovriss

gansazRvravs istoriul qarTlSi _ iberiaSi, romlis politikuri

sazRvrebi gadioda Sav zRvasa da hereTze. is kolxebs, megrelebs

erovnebiT qarTvelebad miiCnevs, msgavsad uxtanesisa.

uxtanesi pontos, anu SavizRvispira qveyanas afxazeTs uwodebs,

xolo afxazeTis mcxovrebT _ qarTvelebs. uxtanesis mixedviT,

vracebi anu qarTvelebi Tavdapirvelad dausaxlebiaT Savi zRvis

sanapiroze, Semdgom qarTveli xalxi gamravlebula mTels

SavizRvispireTSi, modebia mTel im mxares, aRorZinebula,

gavrcelebula da dasaxlebula aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod,

somexTa da albanTa sazRvramde. is wers:

`xolo pontos napirze rom dabanakda, is tomi aRorZinda,

gamravlda zRvis piras aqeT-iqiT, moedo im mxares da gavrcelda

somexTa da albanTa sazRvramde. Seiqmna friad mravali xalxi da im

qveyanas afxazeTi ewodeba...~228

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom afxazeTi upirveles yovlisa dasavleT

saqarTvelos ewodeba, e.i. uxtanesi qarTvelebs dasavleT

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebadac miiCnevs, magram istorikosi ..afxazeTs~

uwodebs ara mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed mTlian

204

saqarTvelos, istoriul `qarTls~, iberias _ pontos zRvidan vidre

albaneT-somxeTamde. Tbilissac afxazeTis qalaqad miiCnevs da

CamoTvlis kidec Tbilisis garSemo mdebare provinciebs _ `wanareTi,

javaxeTi, TrialeTi~. es provinciebic `afxazeTSi~ Sedian. afxazeTis

mosaxleobas ki uxtanesi uwodebs ara `afxazebs~ anda `megrelebs~,

aramed vracebs _ qarTvelebs _ `iTesles da gamravldnen da gaxda

tomi, romelsac Tavis pirvel qveyanaSi iverias uwodebdnen, aq ki

qarTvelni ewodebaT~.

uxtanesis mixedviT, mTliani saqarTvelos mosaxleobas Savi

zRvidan vidre albaneT-somxeTamde Seadgenen qarTvelebi. igi

megrelebsac qarTvelebad miiCnevs. erovnulad megrelebi qarTvelebi

arian, Tumca, SeiZleba maT satomo saxelic hqondeT. uxtanesi wers,

rom ara marto mis dros cxovrobs qarTveli xalxi

SavizRvispireTidan somxeT-albaneTis sazRvramde, aramed Zvel

drosac, jer kidev qristemde, aseve yofila. vracebi qristemde VI

saukuneSi dausaxlebiaT SavizRvispireTSi, Semdeg gamravlebulan da

somxeT-albaneTamde miuRweviaT. qarTvelebis qveyanas Savi zRvidan

albaneTamde afxazeTi hqvia.

mose xoreneli, rogorc aRniSnuli gvqonda, aseve miiCnevs:

`kavkasiis mTis win mdebare CrdiloeTis mxareTmpyrobelad awesebs

didsa da Zlier toms...~ mose xoreneli gulisxmobs qarTvel xalxs,

romelTa mTavars aqvs wodeba `gugarelTa pitiaxSisa~, xolo es

qarTvelebi anu iverielebi kavkasiis mTis win CrdiloeTSi gaCenilan

imis gamo, rom jer SavizRvispireTSi dasaxlebulan, xolo Semdgom

gamravlebulan `pontos zRvis marjvena napiridan~ aRmosavleTis

mimarTulebiT albaneTis sazRvramde.

uxtanesis TvalsazrisiT, dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas ara

marto mis epoqaSi, e.i. X saukuneSi, ewodeboda qarTvelebi, aramed

kirionis drosac, e.i. VI saukunis bolosa da VII-is dasawyisSi. is

wers, rom `maTi qveyana gayofili iyo sparselTa da berZenTa

mxared~229 da amis gamo maTi saeklesio politika sparsulic iyo da

imavdroulad berZnulico. marTlac, kirionis epoqaSi dasavleT

saqarTvelo berZnebis, xolo aRmosavleTi sparselebis gavlenis

sferoebs warmoadgendnen. miuxedavad amisa, am politikurad gayofil

mxareebSi erTi eri, erTi xalxi cxovrobs, romelsac erTi eklesia

aqvs da saeklesio da erovnuli politikac Sesabamisi aqvso.

qarTvelTa qveyana erTia, romelic or mxared iyo gayofili

dampyrobelTa mier. unda davaskvnaT, rom Zveli somexi istorikosebi,

ise rogorc berZen-romaeli da qarTveli istorikosebi qarTvelebs

anu iberebs uwodebdnen rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT

saqarTvelos mosaxleobas X-XI saukuneebze bevrad ufro adre.

205

` q a r T l i s c x o v r e b i s ~ s i m a r T l e

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tvalsazriss, rom erTiani qarTveli xalxi

(`qarTvelni~, `naTesaviT qarTvelni~) arsebobda qristemde III

saukuneSi, iberiis saxelmwifos Seqmnis dros, arapirdapir, magram

mainc amtkiceben XIX-XX saukunis istorikosTa gamokvlevebi.

mkvlevarTa mtkicebiT, qarTvelni anu iberni ewodeboda ara marto

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos centraluri nawilis mosaxleobas, aramed

dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

ukiduresi aRmosavleTis mosaxleobasac, magaliTad, cnobili

mecnieri ioseb yifSiZe iveriul enas megrul enas, xolo megrelebs

iverielebs uwodebs. aseTive dasaTaureba aqvs mis wignsac —

`gramatika megruli (iveriuli) enisa~. niko marsac miaCnda, rom

dasavleT saqarTveloSi iberielni cxovrobdnen da swored megrelebs

ewodebodaT iberni. `...n. mari amtkicebda, rom iberiad unda

aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo ki ar vigulisxmoT, rogorc Cveulebriv

miRebuli iyo, aramed dasavleTi saqarTvelo, saxeldobr, samegrelo

da megrelebi...~230 mas miaCnda, rom `am megrelTa tomis saxeli

berZnebma aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qarTvelebsac uwodes~.231

sxva azri aqvs gamoTqmuli s. kakabaZes. misi azriT, `is tomi,

romelsac berZnebi da romaelebi uwodebdnen iberielebs, qarTuli

gamoTqmiT iwodeba herebad~.232

`zemoTmoyvanili amonawerebidan irkveva, rom Tu prof. n. marma

iberni `megrelebad~... aqcia, s. kakabaZem igive iberni `herebad~...

gaxada~.233

k. kekeliZe, Cans, aerTianebs am or Tvalsazriss iberiis sazRvrebis

Sesaxeb. strabonis cnobis moyvanis Semdgom, k. kekeliZe s. kakabaZis

azrs imeorebs, rom SesaZlebelia iberebis aRmosavleTSi

gadmonacvleba II s-is gasuls momxdariyo~, `SeuqmniaT sakmaod Zlieri

samefo, romelsac klasikuri mwerlebi iberias uwodebdnen, somxebi ki

virqs, rac igive iberiaa~, `qarTveluri saxeli am samefoisa unda iyos

hereTi~.234 Cans, k. kekeliZe eTanxmeba berZen-romael istorikosTa

cnobebs, rom iberebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi mosaxleoben, magram

miaCnia, rom dasavleT saqarTvelodan es iberebi aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebulan II saukunis Semdeg. iv. javaxiSvili ar

amtkicebs, rom II saukunemde dasavleT saqarTvelos iberia ar

ewodeboda, magram miaCnia, rom strabonis Semdgom iberia aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos saxelia _ `strabonis droidan moyolebuli mainc yvela

206

berZeni da romaeli mwerlebis cnobebis wyalobiT sruli ueWvelobiT

irkveva, rom iberia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saxeli iyo...~235

oTx gamoCenil mecniers iberiisa da qarTvelTa Sesaxeb

erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi aqvT. n. mari

Tvlida, rom iberia _ samegreloa, kakabaZis mixedviT, iberia _

hereTia, iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, iberia _ aRmosavleTi

saqarTveloa, k. kekeliZis mixedviT ki, iberia aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos Crdilo nawilia _ hereTTan erTad, xolo `qarTli~ ki

Tbilisis samxreTiT mdebare nawils ewodeboda.

am oTxi mecnieris Tvalsazriss aerTianebs `qarTlis cxovreba~,

romlis mixedviTac, iberia anu qarTli ewodeboda rogorc dasavleT

saqarTvelos, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, xolo `qarTvelni~

ewodebaT rogorc megrelebs, aseve qarTebs. qarTveli eri erTiania,

qarTvelTa samSoblos qarTli anu iberia hqvia, romelzedac Tavis

iurisdiqcias axorcielebs qarTuli eklesia warmoqmnis droidan.

qarTlis samefos saxelmwifo sazRvari dasavleTSi gadis mdinare

egriswyalze da Sav zRvaze, xolo aRmosavleTSi albaneTTan.

Tanamedrove mecnierTa gamokvlevebma Tumca arapirdapir, magram mainc

daadastures `qarTlis cxovrebis~ uZvelesi cnoba, rom qarTli VIII

saukunemdec ewodeboda saqarTvelos daaxloebiT dRevandel

sazRvrebSi, xolo qarTvelni — erTian qarTvel ers, ueWvelad

megrelebis CaTvliT. amas adasturebs berZen-romael-somex

istorikosTa monacemebi, ris mixedviTac iberia dasavleT

saqarTvelos ewodeboda. magram Cven viciT, rom iberia ewodeba

aRmosavleT saqarTvelosac. rCeba erTi daskvna _ iberia ewodeba ara

marto aRmosavleT, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelosac, iberielni

cxovroben ara marto dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSic, radganac qarTveli (iberi) eri eTnikurad erTiania.

qarTveli eri qristianobamde kulturuladac rom erTiani yofila, es

gamorkveuli aqvs ivane javaxiSvils. is qristianobamdel megrelebs,

svanebs, Wanebs, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobasTan erTad

qarTvelebs uwodebda. ivane javaxiSvili darwmunebuli iyo, rom jer

kidev qristianobamde qarTveli eri rogorc eTnikurad, aseve

kulturulad erTiani eri iyo. is werda: `akad. n. mari misayvedurebs,

rom megrelebs, svanebs da afxazebs me qarTvelebs vuwodeb da

pontosa da frigiis erebi TiTqos qarTvelebadac ki miqcevia.

afxazebs me qarTvelTa monaTesaved vTvli, magram qarTvelebs ar

vuwodeb. rac Seexeba megrelebsa da svanebs da davumateb Wanebsac,

maT marTlac qarTvel tomebad vTvli da vuwodeb...~236

`qarTvel ers Tavisi mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebrivi da

samwerlo enac hqonda da abadia exlac, romelic, rogorc es TviT

207

akad. n. marsac kargad moexseneba da TviTonac ara erTxel

daudasturebia, megrelebisa da svanebisaTvisac erTaderTi

samwerlobo da kulturis ena iyo da aris exlac, romlis Seqmna-

SemuSavebaSic megrelebsa da svanebsac TavianTi wvlili aqvT

Setanili~.237

`qarTuli ena qarTlel-kaxel-imerel-gurulebisa da megrel-

svanebisTvis saerTo enaa, magram igi, rogorc winaT egonaT, TiTqos

qristianobis xanisa da garkveuli saxelmwifoebriobis Semoqmedebis

nayofia. arsebobda ki, .qristianobis winaT aseTi saerTo niadagi

qarTveli eris saerTo warmarTuli sarwmunoebrivi SemoqmedebisaTvis,

iyo Tu ara aseTi saerTo Semoqmedeba, erTi sityviT, arsebobda Tu

ara yvela qarTvel tomTaTvis, maT Soris megrelTa da svanTaTvisac

saerTo qarTuli warmarToba?~238

iv. javaxiSvilma gamoikvlia, rom jer kidev qristianobamde erTian

qarTvel ers, megrel-svanebis CaTvliT, hqonia ara marto eTnikuri

erToba, aramed hqonia saerTo qarTuli warmarTuli sarwmunoeba da,

rac mTavaria, saerTo saxelmwifo ena da kultmsaxurebis enac saerTo

yofila — qarTuli ena. jer kidev qristianobamde qarTveli eri

kulturul sarwmunoebrivadac erTiani yofila. es daskvnac savsebiT

eTanxmeba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesabamis monacemebs da adasturebs

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ simarTles.

iv. javaxiSvili wers — `aramc Tu sazogado qarTuli, yvela

qarTvel tomTaTvis, maT Soris megrelTa da svanTaTvisac, saerTo

warmarToba arsebobda, aramed rom am warmarTobas saerTo

terminologiac, saerTo enac qarTuli hqonia~.239

cxadia, Tuki warmarTobis dros megrelebisa da svanebis

kultmsaxurebis ena qarTuli iyo, qristianobis miRebis Semdegac

qarTuli iqneboda wirva-locvis ena. iv. javaxiSvils gamorkveuli

aqvs, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo IV saukuneSi gaqristianebula

aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan erTad. aqedan Cans, rom ukve IV

saukunedan qristianuli wirva-locvis ena samegrelosa da svaneTSi

aris qarTuli ena (qristianuli mrevlisaTvis). `gelasi kYzikelis

danarTi cnoba, rom iberebma da lazebma erTsa da imave dros miiRes

qristianoba, arsebiTad swori gamodis im mxriv, rom dasavleT

saqarTveloSic IV saukunis damdegidan qristianobas gza gakvleuli

unda hqonoda~,240 iv. javaxiSvilis gamokvlevas, rom dasavleT

saqarTvelom IV saukuneSi miiRo qristianoba, amtkicebs

arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba, kerZod, cixe-gojis gaTxrebi, sadac

aRmoCenil iqna IV saukunis saeklesio nagebobani, ramac saSualeba

misca mkvlevarebs gaekeTebinaT daskvna, rom dasavleTi saqarTvelo

gaqristianda ara VI saukuneSi, aramed bevrad ufro adre.241

208

iv. javaxiSvilis Tvalsazrisi dasavleT saqarTvelos

gaqristianebis Sesaxeb eTanxmeba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ monacemebs, rom

wmida ninos dros mirian mefem qristianoba saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad

gamoacxada mTel qarTlSi da ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi.

qarTli am dros iwyeboda mdinare egriswylidan da Savi zRvidan da

vrceldeboda albaneTamde. amitomac eklesia wmida ninos miiCnevs ara

marto aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ganmanaTleblad, aramed mTeli

qarTveli eris, e. i. megrelebisa da svanebis ganmanaTlebladac.

rogorc andria pirvelwodebuli ara marto megrelebisa da mesxebis

ganmanaTlebelia, romelTa Sorisac is moRvaweobda, aramed mTeli

qarTveli erisa, radganac rogorc andria mociqulis, aseve wmida

ninos dros erTiani qarTveli eri ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo, hqonda

erTiani saxelmwifo da kultmsaxurebis ena.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ simarTles, rom wmida nino mTeli qarTveli

eris ganmanaTlebelia, dabejiTebiT adasturebs berZen-romael

istorikosTa mtkicebani, rom wmida nino ganmanaTlebelia pirvel

yovlisa dasavleT saqarTvelosi da mTeli iberiisa, romlis nawilic

iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo. es istorikosebi TiTqmis Tanamedroveni

iyvnen wmida ninosi, misgan 50-100 wliT daSorebulni, romelTac wmida

ninosa da iberiis Sesaxeb sando wyaroebi hqondaT.

berZnul-laTinur `iberias~ Zvel qarTul istoriul geografiaSi

farnvazidan VIII saukunis Sua wlebamde Seesabameboda termini

`qarTli~ da is aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTvelos erTobliobas

aRniSnavda. amitomac `qarTlis cxovreba~ Tu `qarTlis moqceva~

gamoxatavda ara sakuTriv qarTlis mdgomareobas, aramed erTiani

saqarTvelosas, maT Soris egrisisac.

s a e r T o q a r T u l i , k o i n e e n a

amJamad miRebulia Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac ar arsebobda

saerTo ena, romelzedac laparakobdnen aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da

dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTvelebi.

`...Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tu aviRebT qveyanas mTlianad, ver Seiqmna

verc koine da verc lingva franka — erTic da meorec qarTlSi

arsebobda. dasavlur qarTulma tomebma Zveli qarTuli samwerlobo

eniT sargebloba ganviTarebuli Suasaukuneebidan daiwyes~.242

iv. javaxiSvili sruliad gansxvavebuli azrisaa amis Sesaxeb. misi

azriT, rogorc qarTebi, aseve megrelebi da svanebi jer kidev

qristianobis damkvidrebamde sakulto wesebsa da Cveulebebs

aRasrulebdnen saerTo enaze da es iyo qarTuli ena. is werda: `cxadi

gaxdeba, rom aramcTu sazogado qarTuli, yvela qarTvel tomTaTvis,

209

maT Soris megrelTa da svanTaTvisac saerTo warmarToba arsebobda,

aramed rom am warmarTobas saerTo terminologiac, saerTo enac

qarTuli hqonia~.

aqedan Cans, rom Tu yvela qarTvel toms rogorc aRmosavleT, ise

dasavleT saqarTveloSi saerTo ena hqonda, es ena koine ena iyo.

SeuZlebelia dasavlur qarTvel tomebs ar scodnodaT qarTuli

ena, im mizezis gamo, rom rogorc axali arqeologiuri Zieba

adasturebs, dasavleT saqarTvelos didi nawili uZveles dros

swored qarTulenovani tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli. o.

lorTqifaniZe wers: `amrigad, mesxuri, e.i. qarTis enovani (da

dRevandeli imerlebisa da gurulebis) winapari tomebis damkvidreba

dRevandel dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze Zv.w.aR-is III-II

saukuneebidan maincaa savaraudebeli~.243 rogorc mravalgzis aRiniSna,

straboni dasavleT saqarTvelos ukidures, TiTqmis zRvispira mxares

— rionis dablobis nawils — `mosxTa .qveyanas~ uwodebs. Zveli

istorikosebi lazebs (megrelebs) iberebs uwodebdnen. sokrate wers:

`iberni pontos zRvasTan binadroben~, rufinusi wers: `iberTa

naTesavi, romelic pontos areSi binadrobs~, evagre pontoeli, Tumca,

dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispira qalaqSi daibada, mas mainc

iberiels uwodeben. zRvispireTSi mcxovreb egrisis mosaxleobas

(megrelebs) uwodebdnen iberebs, cxadia, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi

mcxovreb iberebTan erTad. mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas

iberebs uwodebdnen, Tumca maT satomo saxelebic _ `lazebi~ an

`svanebi~ hqondaT. strabonma icis, rom `svanebi~ aris kerZo satomo

saxeli. zogadad svanebi iberebi arian, straboni svanebis Sesaxeb

wers: `zogierTebi maT iberebs uwodeben~.244

mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas, maT Soris lazebsa da

svanebsac, iberebs anu qarTvelebs uwodebdnen jer kidev CvenSi

qristianobis damkvidrebamde. bunebrivia, am erTian xalxs _

iberielebs _ saerTo enac hqondaT, risi niSnebi aRmoaCina kidec ivane

javaxiSvilma.

`qarTlis cxovreba~, `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~, yvela ZvelqarTuli

qronika Tu sabuTi dabejiTebiT miuTiTebs, rom vrcel teritorias

SavizRvispireTis mdinare egriswylidan vidre albaneTis sazRvramde

ewodeboda qarTli anu iberia, xolo mis mosaxleobas ganurCevlad

tomobrivi kuTvnilebisa, kaxeli iqneboda is Tu klarji, megreli Tu

svani, ewodeboda qarTveli, rom qarTuli ena am qveyanaSi erTaderT

saerTo-koine enad daakanona mefe farnavaz I-ma.

SemorCenilia xalxuri gadmocemebic ki saerTo qarTuli koine enis

arsebobis Sesaxeb. ai, kerZod, ra weria amis Sesaxeb wignSi

210

`osmaleTis yof. saqarTvelos da qarTvel mahmadianTa nawili

lazistani~.

liganis murRulis xeobaSi da sxvaganac, qarTvel mahmadianTa

Soris lazebze daSTenilia bevrnairi gardamocemani... naambobia TviT

lazel moxucebul xojiebisagan 1895 wels... lazebi, Wanebi da

megrelebi erTni vyofilvarT... samiv am saxelwodebis xalxis ena

yofila erTi _ lazuri, anu megruli, romeli enac maSin

gavrcelebuli iyo mTel Savi zRvis napirebzed. es ena lazebs garda

Turme qarTvelebsac kargad esmodaT. yoveli lazi Tavisuflad

elaparakeboda imerels, qarTvels da sxvebsac, radganac amaTac

esmodaT Turme maSin Cveni ena, amisTvis Zveli kacebi ityodnen

Semdegs. `...lazuri ena qarTvelebsac kargad esmodaT. lazebmac

icodnen qarTuli da ZvelaT Turme am oriv xalxSi TiTqmis yvela

sityvebi erTnairad ixmareboda, imitom esmodaT yvelaferi

erTmaneTis...~245 `ZvelaT yvelam icoda zepir, rom lazi, Wani, megreli

da qarTveli erTi Zmebi arian, erTi dedmamisSvilni da erTi enis

xalxio. dRes ase aRar gaxlavT~.246 `aris aseTi istoriuli

gadmocemac: lazel-Wanel-megrelebi scxovrobdnen Savi zRvis napiras

mdebare qalaqebSi da soflebSi. JamTa viTarebis wyalobiT lazeb-

Waneb-megrelebs daaviwydaT qarTuli enis xmareba da igini

gadasxvaferdnen qarTulis enisagan~.247

ras miuTiTebs asi wlis win Cawerili Tqmulebebi, Tu ara imas, rom

xalxis xsovnaSi darCenila mogoneba Zvel dros arsebuli koine enis

Sesaxeb. Zalze sayuradRebo aRsaniSnavi faqtia is, rom Tanamedrove

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba amzeurebs saerToqarTuli koine enis

arsebobis damadasturebel axal masalebs. am mxriv sainteresoa

mkvlevar z. Tandilavas aRmoCenebi lazur teqstebze muSaobisas. jer

kidev ivane javaxiSvili werda, rom arsebobda saerTo qarTuli

warmarTuli sarwmunoeba, romlis kultmsaxureba aResruleboda

saerTo qarTul enaze, amJamad ki aRmoCnda, rom kultmsaxurebisaTvis

saerTo teqstis poeturi sazomi iyo cxramarcvlianoba. es metruli

sistema saerTo iyo rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT

saqarTvelosaTvis. daviT gogoWuri wers: `...gaanalizebuli masalebis

mixedviT dgindeba, rom mTiblurebSi... SeniSnuli cxramarcvlianoba...

uZvelesi qarTuli miTologiuri teqstebis sazomia da rogorc

metruli sistema mTel warmarTul-sakulto Janrebs moicavs... xelTa

gvaqvs qristianobamdeli qarTuli leqsis uZvelesi sazomi, romelic

moicavs mTel sasuliero, warmarTul-ritualur teqstebs,

sayuradReboa, rom am bolo xans Cvengan damoukideblad egeve sazomi

lazur saritualo teqstebSic daadgina mkvlevarma z. Tandilavam~.248

211

axladaRmoCenili masalebi mkvlevarebs saSualebas aZlevs

ilaparakon `saerTo koine enis~ Sesaxeb.

xalxuri poeziis kvlevisas aRmoCnda, rom es poezia efuZneba ara

dialeqtebs, rogorc aqamde iyo aRiarebuli, aramed saerTo qarTul

koine enaze aris Seqmnili. amis Sesaxeb mkvlevari avTandil arabuli

wers:

`saqme is aris, rom xalxur poeziaSi dialeqtebis sxvaoba mkveTrad

aris nivelirebuli, xalxuri leqsebis enobrivi safuZveli dialeqti

ar aris ...xalxuri poezia ueWveli sabuTia imisa, rom istoriulad

Camoyalibebula saerTo xalxuri poeturi ena, romelic, marTalia,

detalebs adgilobrivi kuTxuri metyvelebidan Tamamad iRebs, roca

amis aucileblobaa, magram poeturi saTqmelis mTlian arqiteqturas

xsenebuli saerTo koine-eniT qmnis~.249

xalxur poezias CvenTvis Semounaxavs saerTo qarTuli koine enis

arsebobis damadasturebeli niSnebi.

am mxriv, saerTo qarTuli koine enis arsebobis mtkicebis uflebas

gvaZlevs megruli saweso simRera `mze Sinao~. ivane javaxiSvili

brZanebda, rom Zvelad samegreloSi axalwlis Sexvedris saweso

rituali aResruleboda qarTul enaze, `mzeSinaos~ saweso simRera

samegreloSi aResruleboda ara megrul, aramed qarTul enaze. es

simRera samegreloSi Sesulia ara aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan, aramed

mas megrul musikalur folklorSive moeZebneba ganviTarebuli

variantebi, amitomac es uZvelesi megruli simRera, ufro zustad

`saerTo-koine~, saerTo qarTuli, warmarTobisdroindeli simReraa.

`mze Sinaos~ megruli musikaluri varianti mniSvnelovania im mxriv,

rom igi saerTod dRemde cnobili `mze Sinaos~ musikaluri teqstebis

yvelaze uZvelesi nimuSia. rac, Tavis mxriv, megrul musikalur

folklorSi am simReris xnierebaze miuTiTebs. megruli `mze Sinao~

qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis intonaciur-harmoniuli ganviTarebis

erT-erTi uZvelesi safexuris amsaxvelia~.250

rogorc aRvniSneT, megruli `mze Sinao~ qarTul enaze sruldeba.

simReris Camweri wers _ `megruli `mze Sinao~ qarTul enaze

sruldeba: `mze Sinao, mze Sinao, mze Sin Semodio~. misi varianti,

romelic samegreloSi CavwereT, Semdegia, `mze Sina da mze Sinao, mzev

Sin Semodio, mzevSi mama Sin ar iyo, mzev Sin Semodio, sanadirod

wasula da irems mosWris Tavsao~. megrul enaze `mze Sinaos~ teqsts

dResdReobiT ver mivakvlieT. mTxrobelTa miTiTebiT, `mze Sinao~

samegreloSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan aris gavrcelebuli~.251 es

rom ase ar aris da `mze Sinao~ samegreloSi aRmosavleT

saqarTvelodan ar aris gavrcelebuli, imave mTxroblebis

aRniSvnidanac Cans: `am simReras ukanasknel xans asrulebdnen

212

religiur dResaswaulebSi ferxulis saxiT~. es ki mkvlevars

afiqrebinebs, rom `mze Sina da mze gareTas~ sagalobeli, romelic

mzis kults ukavSirdeba, Tavdapirvelad axaldabadebulis mimarT

wriuli ferxulis saxiT sruldeboda~.252

Tuki es simRera mzis kultisadmi, anu warmarTuli,

qristianobamdeli RvTaebisadmia miZRvnili, rogorRa SeuZlia

Tanamedrove mTxrobels gansazRvros, qristianobamde es simRera

samegreloSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan Sevida, Tu adgilobrivi,

saerTo qarTuli simRera iyo? amitomac mTxrobelis azrs, rom es

simRera samegreloSi garedan aris Sesuli, yuradReba ar unda

mieqces, miT umetes, rom megruli `mzeSinao~ safuZvlad dasdebia sxva

kuTxeTa amave simRerebs. mkvlevari wers: `megruli `mze Sinaos~

musikaluri teqsti Zalze axlos dgas gurul `mze Sina da mze

garesTan~.253 es ukanaskneli megrulis ganviTarebuli variantia.

es simRera warmarTobis dros samegreloSi qarTul enaze

aResruleboda. ivane javaxiSvilis daskvniT, warmarTobis dros

samegrelosa da svaneTSi kultmsaxureba da saweso ritualebi saerTo

qarTul enaze aResruleboda.

qarTuli saerTo koine enis arsebobis faqti dRemde Semounaxavs

xalxur poeziasa da uZveles simRerebs.

Tavi II

1. didi sjulis kanoni, gv. 549; 2. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli

literaturis Zeglebi, II, gv. 179; 3. iqve, gv. 179; 4. Zeglebi, II, gv. 180;

5. iqve, gv. 178; 6. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 232; 7. samarTlis Zeglebi,

III, gv. 181; 8. iqve, III, gv. 242; 9. iqve, gv. 253; 10. iqve, gv. 262; 11. iqve, gv.

343; 12. iqve, gv. 622; 13. samarTlis Zeglebi, III, gv. 633; 14. g.

meliqiSvili, saqarTvelo ax.w. I-III saukuneebSi, saqarTvelos istoriis

narkvevebi, t. 1. 1970, gv. 510; 15. narkvevebi, I, gv. 537; 16. iqve, gv. 536-537;

17. iqve, gv. 526; 18. narkvevebi, I, gv. 526; 19. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 24;

20. narkvevebi, I, gv. 526 21. iqve, gv. 527; 22. narkvevebi, I, gv. 528; 23. iqve,

gv. 511; 24. iqve, gv. 513; 25. straboni, geografia, gv. 126-127; 26. axali

aRTqma, rusul enaze gv. 547... rusulenovan ise, rogorc sxva

oficialur SromebSi, ar aris aRniSnuli, rom simon kananeli

saqarTveloSi qadagebda da aqve daikrZala. aseve, andria mociqulis

qadagebis adgilad dasaxelebulia ara saqarTvelo, aramed skviTeTi.

213

27. narkvevebi, I, gv. 509; 28. narkvevebi, I, gv. 511; 29. iqve, gv. 512; 30. iqve,

gv. 512; 31. iqve, gv. 513; 32. iqve, gv. 514; 33. iqve, gv. 515; 34. iqve, gv. 516; 35.

narkvevebi, I, gv. 516; 36. iqve, gv. 516; 37. iqve, gv. 520; 38. iqve, gv. 525; 39.

iqve, gv. 525; 40. narkvevebi, I, gv. 529; 41. iqve, gv. 530; 42. iqve, gv. 531; 43.

narkvevebi, gv. 536; 44. iqve, gv. 535; 45. Zeglebi, II, gv. 123; 46. narkvevebi,

I, gv. 518; 47. 2 narkvevebi, I, gv. 519; 48. narkvevebi, I, gv. 521; 49. iqve, gv.

522; 50. qse, 9, gv. 503, statia xosro; 51. didi sjulis kanoni, gv. 545; 52.

Zeglebi, II, gv. 154; 53. Zeglebi, II, gv. 154; 54. iqve, gv. 174; 55. qronikebi,

I, gv. 34; 56. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 35-36; 57. m. kelenjeriZe, mokle

istoria, gv. 5-8; 58. e. nikolaZe, eklesiis istoria, gv. 13; 59. d. abaSiZe,

qarTlis politikuri istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi, mnaTobi, 1987, 9, gv.

154-161; 60. axali aRTqma, briuseli, gv. 527; 61. p. ingoroyva, giorgi

merCule, gv. 224; 62. narkvevebi, I, gv. 549-550; 63. iqve, gv. 544; 64. iqve, gv.

526; 65. narkvevebi, I, gv. 549; 66. p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 224;

67. iqve, gv. 225; 68. iqve, gv. 211; 69. i. tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis

arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, I, gv. 56; 70. iqve, gv. 56; 71. narkvevebi, I, gv.

511; 72. k. kekeliZe, lit. istoria, I, gv. 40, SeniSvna 3; 73. m.

kelenjeriZe, mokle istoria, gv. 5; 74. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 41; 75.

qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 38-43, gadmoRebulia gamokrebiT Zveli

qarTuli enidan Cvens mier (mitr. a. j.); 76. qarTlis cxovreba, I gv. 37-

43; 77. berZeni mwerlebi, I, gv. 178; 78. berZeni mwerlebi, IV, gv. 37; 79.

berZeni mwerlebi, IV, gv. 37; 80. iqve, gv. 116; 81. iqve, gv. 119; 82. georgika,

I, gv. 68; 83. berZeni mwerlebi, IV, gv. 121; 84. georgika, I, gv. 29; 85.

georgika, VIII, gv. 112; 86. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 41; 87. georgika, VII,

gv. 115-117; 88. p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 225; 89. iqve, gv. 226; 90.

i. tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, I, gv. 171;

91. i. tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, I, gv.

171-172; 92. g. gozaliSvili, qarTlis moqcevis problema da bakuri, gv.

38; 93. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, I, gv. 221; 94. С.Троицкий,

О церковной автокефалии, ЖМП, 1950, №7 стр. 34; 95. С. Троицкий, О

церковной автокефалии, ЖМП, 1950, №7 стр. 37; 96. a. boxoCaZe, Zalisi da

nastakisi. _ gaz. komunisti, 1988, 28. VIII; 97. qse, 9, gv. 434, statia

slavuri enebi; 98. Историа русской литературы, стр. 34; 99. qse, 8, gv. 432;

100. i. WavWavaZe, Txuzulebani, 1984 gv. 716; 101. qarTuli sityvis

kulturis sakiTxebi, VI, gv. 37; 102. narkvevebi, I, gv. 339; 103. iqve, gv.

338; 104. iqve, gv. 422; 105. iqve, gv. 422; 106. narkvevebi, I, gv. 444; 107. iqve,

gv. 438; 108. iqve, gv. 439; 109. iqve, gv. 438; 110. iqve, gv. 207; 111. iqve, gv.

662; 112. narkvevebi, I, gv. 622; 113. iqve, gv. 662; 114. iqve, gv. 662; 115.

qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi, VI, gv. 26; 116. iqve, gv. 26; 117.

qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi, VI, gv. 26; 118. iqve, gv. 10; 119.

georgika, I, 1961, gv. 30; 120. o. lorTqifaniZe, ra saidumlos inaxavs

214

vani, gv. 113; 121. narkvevebi, I, gv. 473; 122. S. ZiZiguri, baskebi da

qarTvelebi, gv. 72-73; 123. narkvevebi, I, gv. 570; 124. iqve, gv. 555; 125.

georgika, I, gv. 230; 126. iqve, gv. 186; 127. iqve, gv. 201; 128. S. ZiZiguri,

baskebi da qarTvelebi, gv. 20; 129. S. ZiZiguri, baskebi da qarTvelebi,

gv. 19; 130. iqve, gv. 18; 131. narkvevebi, I, gv. 424; 132. narkvevebi, I, gv. 680;

133. iqve, gv. 661; 134. iqve, gv. 662; 135. iqve, gv. 662; 136. georgika, I, gv. 186;

137. iqve, gv. 201; 138. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 94; 139. narkvevebi, I, gv.

356; 140. iqve, gv. 662; 141. S. ZiZiguri, baskebi da qarTvelebi, gv. 38; 142.

qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, 1966, gv. 501; 143. sabWoTa

enciklopedia, statia ,,armiane~; 144. qse, 9, gv. 463; 145. b. lominaZe,

saqarTvelos sapatriarqo da misi avtokefalia, saRvTismetyvelo kr.,

1981, 12, gv. 82; 146. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 18; 147. iqve, gv. 19; 148.

qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 22; 149. iqve, gv. 23; 150. iqve, gv. 24; 151. iqve, gv. 5;

152. qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 20; 153. iqve, gv. 23; 154. iqve, gv. 22; 155. iqve,

gv. 23; 156. iqve, gv. 24; 157. qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 24; 158. iqve, gv. 25; 159.

iqve, gv. 26; 160. iqve, gv. 26; 161. iqve, gv. 16; 162. qarTlis cxovreba, gv.

18; 163. iqve, gv. 27; 164. iqve, gv. 32; 165. iqve, gv. 35; 166. iqve, gv. 42; 167.

qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 44; 168. iqve, gv. 45; 169. iqve, gv. 49; 170. iqve, gv.

50; 171. iqve, gv. 54; 172. iqve, gv. 55; 173. qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 57; 174.

iqve, gv. 65; 175. iqve, gv. 70; 176. iqve, gv. 137; 177. qarTlis cxovreba, I,

gv. 141; 178. iqve, gv. 145-146; 179. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 146; 180. iqve, gv.

157; 181. iqve, gv. 168; 182. iqve, gv. 170; 183. iqve, gv. 171; 184. iqve, gv. 177;

185. iqve, gv. 177; 186. qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 240; 187. iqve, gv. 178; 188.

iqve, gv. 203; 189. iqve, gv. 204-205; 190. qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 205; 191.

iqve, gv. 205; 192. iqve, gv. 206; 193. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, VIII, gv.

193; 194. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 101; 195. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 57;

196. iqve, gv. 94; 197. iqve, gv. 95; 198. b. lominaZe, saqarTvelos

sapatriarqo da misi avtokefalia, saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, 1981, #2,

5, gv. 13; 199. berZeni mwerlebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, V, gv. 124-125; 200.

iqve, gv. 124; 201. herodote, istoria, IV, 37; berZeni mwerlebi

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, V, gv. 45; 202. berZeni mwerlebi saqarTvelos

Sesaxeb, V, 1983, gv. 158-159; 203. berZeni mwerlebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,

V, gv. 56; 204. iqve, gv. 48; 205. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, gv. 244-245,

249; 206. i. tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, gv.

64-65; 207. i. tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi,

gv. 67; 208. iqve, gv. 68; 209. iqve, gv. 173; 210. iqve, gv. 174; 211. i. tabaRua,

saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, gv. 174; 212. iv.

javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 269; 213. matiane, gv. 5-6; 214. iv.

javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, I, gv. 403-404; 215. i. WavWavaZe,

Txuzulebani, gv. 734, 737; 216. iqve, gv. 724; 217. iqve, gv. 725; 218. iqve, gv.

725; 219. iqve, gv. 734; 220. mose xoreneli, somxeTis istoria, Sesavali,

215

gv. 4; 221. mose xoreneli, somxeTis istoria, Sesavali, gv. 8; 222. iqve,

gv. 29; 223. iqve, gv. 22; 224. mose xoreneli, somxeTis istoria, gv. 264,

SeniSvna; 225. mose xoreneli, somxeTis istoria, gv. 106-107; 226. mose

xoreneli, somxeTis istoria, gv. 111; 227. mose xoreneli, somxeTis

istoria, gv. 264, SeniSvna; 228. uxtanesi, ganyofisaTvis..., gv. 67; 229.

uxtanesi, ganyofisaTvis..., gv. 157; 230. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I,

gv. 231; 231. iqve, gv. 231; 232. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 234; 233.

iqve, gv. 235; 234. iqve, gv. 236-237; 235. iqve, gv. 243; 236. iv. javaxiSvili,

Txzulebani, I, gv. 152; 237. iqve, gv. 152; 238. iqve, gv. 154; 239. iv.

javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 156; 240. iqve, gv. 271; 241. n. lomouri,

noqalaqevis gaTxrebis mniSvneloba saqarTvelos istoriis

SeswavlisaTvis. _ kr. noqalaqevi arqeopolisi, gv. 26; 242. v. goilaZe,

saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da albaneTis istoriis sakiTxebi... kr.

`saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis istoriis sakiTxebi~, V, gv. 18; 243. o.

lorTqifaniZe, ra saidumlos inaxavs vani, gv. 113; 244. Д. Мусхелишвили,

Некоторые проблемы источниковедческой критики. _ macne, istoriis seria,

1986, #3, gv. 64; 245. osmaleTis, yof. saqarTvelos da qarTvel

mahmadianTa nawili lazistani, gv. 8-9; 246. iqve, gv. 11; 247. osmaleTis,

yof. saqarTvelos da qarTvel mahmadianTa nawili lazistani, gv. 11;

248. daviT gogoWuri, qarTuli leqsis saTaveebTan. _ ciskari, 1987, #1,

gv. 144-150; 249. a. arabuli, literaturuli saqarTvelo, 1986, 31. X; 250.

k. WiTanava, megruli saweso simRera `mze Sinao~, _ Studiebi, II, gv. 219;

251. iqve, gv. 217; 252. iqve, gv. 219; 253. iqve, gv. 216;

216

თავი 3

qarTuli eklesia IV saukuneSi

`am Cvens, RvTismSoblis wiladxdomils

qveyanas RvTismSoblisave locviT da kurTxeviT moevlina zegardmo STagonebuli

wmida qalwuli... mogvevlina wmida nino, gvamcno da gvaswava qristes rjuli...

qarTvelma am rjuls, am axals aRTqmas SeuerTa Zvelisagan yovelive is, rac ki ram Zvirfasia adamianisaTvis... SeuerTa mamuli

da erovneba. es sami erTmaneTis Rirsi sagani ise Caiwnen, ise Caiqsovnen erTmaneTSi, rom

rjulis dacva saqarTvelos miwa-wylis dacvad gardiqmna~.

ilia marTali

s a q a r T v e l o I V s a u k u n e S i

saqarTvelo I-II saukuneebSi, rogorc cnobilia, Zlieri saxelmwifo

iyo, romelic amierkavkasiasa da mezobel mxareebSi politikur

hegemonobas lamobda. qveynis gareT omebSi gamarjvebebma SesaZlebeli

gaxada simdidris dagroveba. saqarTvelo ekonomiurad mowinave qveyana

gaxda, xelosnobam, vaWrobam da saqalaqo cxovrebam maRal dones

miaRwia.

III saukuneSi saqarTvelos garemocva mniSvnelovnad Seicvala.

umTavresi iyo parTiis susti samefos nangrevebze sasanidebis Zlieri

saxelmwifos warmoqmna. aqamde Cveni qveynis mezobeli parTia

SedarebiT sust, faqtobrivad, naxevraddamoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis

gaerTianebas warmoadgenda. aq, 224-226 wlebSi, didi cvlilebebi moxda.

`Zveli arSakidebis dinastia daemxo da misi adgili axalma,

sasanidebis sparsulma sagvareulom daiWira. sasanidebma aRadgines

Zveli sparsuli sarwmunoeba, mazdeanoba da yovelnairad cdilobdnen

am sarwmunoebis gavrcelebas~.1 `...moxda iranul enebze molaparake

xalxebisa da tomebis konsolidacia. didad gaizarda iranis samxedro

Zliereba. amis Sedegad ZalTa Tanafardoba maxlobel aRmosavleTSi

217

arsebiTad Seicvala. sasaniduri irani Setevaze gadavida Tavisi

ZvelisZveli mtris, romis winaaRmdeg da did warmatebebsac miaRwia.

pirvelive sasanidma, ardaSirma (224-241) midiis, sakastanisa da

xorasnis Semdeg atropatena daipyro da somxeTs Seutia, xelT igdo

mesopotamia da alya Semoartya nizibins. kidev ufro didi warmatebebi

moipoves iranelebma Sabur I-is (241-272) dros. 260 wels maT daatyveves

imperatori publius licinius valeriane. iranelebma aiRes da

aaoxres imperiis aRmosavleTis umdidresi provinciebi da qalaqebi _

antioqia, tarsi, kesaria~.2 Sabur I-is warweridan Cans, rom misi

Tanamedrove qarTvelTa mefe amazaspi sparsul orientacias daadga.

iransa da iberias Soris arsebul megobrul urTierTobaze unda

miuTiTebdes mcxeTaSi napovni vercxlis Tasis warwera.

`mosazreba amazaspis iranuli orientaciis Sesaxeb Zveli qarTuli

wyaroebiTac dasturdeba. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT amazaspma

`Seiyuarna sparsni~.3 Tavisi mefobis dasasruls, amave wyaros

mixedviT, amazaspi qarTvelTa da maT dasaxmareblad moxmobil

sparselTa laSqriT ebrZvis berZnebs (e. i. romaelT) ... momxdar

brZolaSi `sparselebi da qarTvelebi~ damarcxdnen da TviT amazaspic

daiRupa~.4

marTlac, iranelTa Seteva romaelebma SeaCeres 80-ian wlebSi da

imperatorma karma (282-283) dalaSqra irani. 283 wels iransa da roms

Soris daido sazavo xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmad sparseTma

dakarga somxeTis didi nawili.

287 wels romaelma imperatorma diokletianem somxeTis taxtze

aiyvana Trdati (287-330). adre iranelebma moakvlevines Trdatis mama

xosrovi da Trdati romSi iyo ltolvili.

`296 wels Sahi nersehi SeiWra romis samflobeloebSi, maT Soris

somxeTSic. Tavdapirvelad iranelebma mniSvnelovan gamarjvebas

miaRwies keisar galerius maqsimianeze. am ukanasknelis dasaxmareblad

mesopotamiaSi imperatori dioklitiane mivida: TviT galeriusi 25000-

iani jariT somxeTSi Sevida da sastikad daamarcxa iranelebi.

daWrili nersehi gaWirvebiT gadarCa tyveobas~.5

298 wels daido nizibinis 40-wliani zavi. nizibinSi (mesopotamia)

dadebuli sazavo xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo Sevida romis

gavlenis sferoSi, romis proteqtoratis qveS, aseve somxeTic.

sparseTma 40 wlis vadiT scno romis upiratesoba saqarTvelosa da

somxeTze, marTlac, 338 wlamde romsa da irans Soris zavi ar

darRveula.

298-338 wlebSi zavis dros, roca saqarTvelo romis gavlenis

sferoSi iyo, CvenSi qristianoba saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad

gamocxadda. qarTveli eris cxovrebaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani

218

movlena _ qristianobis miReba, uTuod zavis dros 298-338 ww-Si moxda,

radganac 338 w-s Sahma Sabur II-m kvlav Seutia roms, kerZod, daiwyo

saomari moqmedeba romaelTa winaaRmdeg jer SuamdinareTSi, Semdeg ki

somxeTSi.6

`mas Semdeg, rac romis xelisufleba qristianobis devnidan mis

mfarvelobaze gadavida, misma metoqe iranma mkveTrad Secvala

qristianebisadmi damokidebuleba, mfarvelobis nacvlad man sastiki

devna-Seviwroeba daiwyo~.7 iqamde ki, rodesac romis imperiaSi

qristianoba sastikad idevneboda, romis metoqe irani, romelic Tavisi

saxelmwifoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinareobda, mfarvelobas uwevda

mas.

romSi qristianoba saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gamocxadda 313-326

wlebSi. 326 wlamde irani qristianebs ase Tu ise mfarvelobda, amis

Semdeg ki man qristianobis sastiki devna daiwyo, amitomac 338 wlis

Semdeg qarTvelTa mefes gauWirdeboda qristianobis aRiareba

sparselTa SiSiT. aqedan gamomdinare, im dros, roca sparseTi

qristianobas mfarvelobda da iberia iranis gavlenis sferoSi

Sedioda (280 wlamde), gacilebiT ufro advili iyo iberias mieRo

qristianoba, vidre 338 wlis Semdeg (marTlac, diubua de monpere

qarTlis moqcevis TariRad miiCnevs 276 wels).8

298 wlis zavis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos mefes samefo regaliebi

romaelebisgan unda mieRo, magram am droisTvis romaelebs Zveleburi

siZliere aRar gaaCndaT. amitom nizibinis SeTanxmeba mxolod imas

gulisxmobda, rom qarTli Zveleburad `kavSirSi~ imyofeboda romTan.

saerTod, III saukuneSi saqarTvelo ZiriTadad damoukidebel da

Zlier saxelmwifos warmoadgenda.

`III saukuneSic, kerZod, amazaspis dros, qarTli faqtobrivad

damoukidebel da Zlier saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. mogoneba

amazaspze, rogorc Zlier mmarTvelze, mkafiod Semoinaxa qarTulma

saistorio tradiciam. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ daculia gadmocema

amazaspze, rogorc farsman qvelis msgavs goliaTze~.9

338 wels, rodesac nizibinis zavis vada jer ar iyo bolomde

gasuli, iranma Seutia roms. daiwyo omi, romelic 25 wels gagrZelda

xanmokle SesvenebebiT. `ramdenad Seexo igi qarTls, an ra

monawileoba miiRo masSi qarTlma, ar viciT. safiqrebelia, rom

qarTli romaelTa mxareze iyo, Tumca, misi aqtiuri monawileoba

brZolaSi ara Cans~.10

IV saukunis berZeni istorikosi amiane marceline wers, rom imis

Semdeg, rac 360 wels iranelebma warmatebebs miaRwies, romaelebis

mier `tigrs gadaRmel mefeebTan da satrapebTan uxvi saCuqrebiTurT

elCebi iqnen gagzavnilni, raTa yvelasaTvis moewodebinaT da

219

CaegonebinaT, CvenTvis TanaegrZnoT da arafer motyuebas anda Ralats

cdiliyvnen. magram yvelaze ufro metad moqrTamul iqnen arSaki da

meribani, armeniisa da iberiis mefeebi, brwyinvaled Semkuli samosiT

da mravalnairi saCuqrebiT, radgan, Tu maSindel saeWvo viTarebaSi

sparselebs miudgebodnen, avnebdnen romis saqmeebs~.11 marcelines am

sityvebidan Cans, rom qarTli ganagrZobda romaelTa mokavSired

yofnas.

amiane marcelines `meribani~ qarTvelTa mefe miriani unda iyos.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobis Tanaxmad, miriani gardacvlila

qristianobis miRebidan ocdamexuTe wels, e.i. is SeiZleba cocxali

yofiliyo IV s-is 60-ian wlebSic.

363 wels romsa da irans Soris daido 30-wliani zavi. somxeTi irans

gadaeca. pirobis Tanaxmad, romi ar unda Careuliyo somxeTis

saqmeebSi da daxmareba ar unda gaewia misTvis. romma piroba Seasrula

da ar daexmara somxeTs, rodesac momdevno 364 wels iranelTa

laSqari somxeTSi SeiWra. iranis pirispir martodmarto darCenili

somxeTis mefe arSak II metismetad mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. aseT

dros saqarTvelo Tavis Tanamorwmune somxeTs yovelmxriv mieSvela,

jer qarTvelebis daxmarebiT arSaki ganerida misTvis Zalze

araxelsayrel situacias da Tavi saqarTvelos Seafara, xolo Semdeg

mose xorenelis sityviT, `arSaki dabrunda qarTlis jariT~.12

Cans, ganawyenebuli imiT, rom qarTvelebma gabedes somxeTis

daxmareba TviT 363 wlis zavis Semdegac ki, irani Semoesia

saqarTvelos.

`368 wels sparseTis mefe Saburi Semoesia qarTls, qarTlis mefe

saurmagi, romelsac romaelebis mxare eWira, gandevna da qarTlis

mefed saurmagis naTesavi, varazbakuri dasva. bolos da bolos

saurmagi da varazbakuri SeTanxmdnen da qarTli gaiyves: mtkvris

marcxniv mdebare nawilSi saurmagi mefobda, mtkvris marjvniv mdebare

nawilSi varazbakuri~.13

sparselebis SemoWra qarTlSi roms Seuracxyofad miuRia, amiane

marcelines sityviT.

iberiaSi sparsTa SemoWris pasuxad romaelebi Caerivnen

amierkavkasiis saqmeebSi. imperatorma valentma somxeTSi gaamefa

arSakis Svili papi, romelsac jari miaSvela.

369 wels papi somxeTSi gamefda. pasuxad iranelebma dalaSqres

somxeTi.

imperatorma jari miaSvela saqarTvelodan gandevnil saurmags,

rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, amis Semdeg iberia orad gaiyo. 371 wels

sparselebi somxeTSi SeiWrnen, magram somxebma, romaelebTan erTad

isini daamarcxes.

220

srulebiT icvleba saqarTvelosa da saerTod amierkavkasiis

politikuri viTareba 377 wlis Semdeg. romma datova amierkavkasia,

romelsac irani daepatrona.

`377 wels valentma iranTan omisTvis mzadeba daiwyo, magram am

dros evropidan movida ambavi vestguTebis ajanyebis Sesaxeb da

imperatori iZulebuli gaxda gaeyvana jari somxeTidan. safiqrebelia,

rom romaelebi datovebdnen qarTlsac. eWvi araa, Saburi Seecdeboda

gamoeyenebina aseTi xelsayreli viTareba, raTa qvemo qarTlidan

ganedevna romaelTagan dayenebuli saurmagi. araerTxel gamoTqmula

azri, TiTqos qarTlis gayofa or samefod karga xans gagrZelebula,

TviT V saukunis 40-ian wlebamdisac ki. magram, rogorc irkveva, es

azri swori ar unda iyos. iranelebma, Cans, qarTlis erTianoba ukve

IV saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos aRadgines~.14

saqarTvelos imdroindeli mefe varaz-baqari (asfaguri)

qristianobis moZule yofila. iranis ZlierebiT SeSinebulma varaz-

baqarma winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia iranis erisTavs, romelic `mefeTa

ambavis~ Tanaxmad, Sahma gamogzavna `qarTvelTa zeda xarkis dadebad~.

qarTli iranis moxarke gaxda IV saukunis 70-iani wlebis

dasasruls. `ramdenadac dResdReobiT cnobilia, es unda yofiliyo

qarTlis pirveli daxarkva~.

`amrigad, IV s-is 70-ian wlebSi iranelebma qarTlis samefo

mTlianad daimorCiles. Tavdapirvelad qarTlSi mosula iraneli

sardali, romelsac `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ matiane pitiaxSs, xolo

`mefeTa ambavi~ erisTavs uwodebs. xarksac, etyoba, is krefda.

SemdgomSi, iranelebs, rogorc Cans, es funqcia adgilobrivi

mmarTvelobisaTvis daukisrebiaT, Tavisi mudmivi moxele qarTlSi

iranelebs ara hyoliaT. mxolod gansakuTrebuli saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi agzavnidnen isini mxaris gamgebels — marzpans (aseTi iyo,

magaliTad, V s-is 30-ian wlebSi somexi didebuli vasak siuni)~.15

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, varaz-baqaris dros saqarTvelos

iranma Camoacila rani da movakani, xolo romis imperiaSi

(`saberZneTSi~) Sesula klarjeTi. saqarTveloSi darCenila qarTli,

hereTi da egrisi.

irans varaz-baqarma `misca rani da movakvani da ganukueTa xarki,

xolo erisTavman sparsTaman mosca cixe tfilisisa da warvida. da

mieriTgan iqmnes somexni da qarTvelni sparsTa moxarkeni. da amisa

Semdgomad gandges klarjni varaz-baqarisagan da mierTnes berZenTa

da daipyres berZenTa Tuxarisi da yoveli klarjeTi zRYTgan

arsianTamde~.16

221

sparseTis erisTavis Semosvlis dros mefe varaz-baqars kaxeTSi

Seufarebia Tavi da SeSinebuls ubrZanebia yvelasTvis daefaraT

TavianTi qristianoba — `ubrZana yovelTa, raTa damalnen juarni~.17

sparseTisTvis saqarTveloSi sruliad mouTmeneli iqneboda

qarTuli eklesiis kavSiri berZnul eklesiasTan, romelsac safuZveli

daedo wmida ninos dros. amiT unda iyos gamowveuli is, rom swored

am periodSi qarTuli eklesiis meTaurad iniSneba iob somexi, nerse

kaTalikosis yofili diakoni. saqme isaa, rom am momentamde aTiode

wliT adre somxurma eklesiam gawyvita ierarqiuli gavSiri berZnul

eklesiasTan. berZnul eklesiasTan somxurma eklesiam kavSiri gawyvita

mefe papis dros, sparseTis nebiT. amiT somxuri eklesia misaRebi

gaxda sparseTisaTvis. Tu rogori mouTmenlobiT devnida berZnul

eklesias da berZnulenovan qristianobas sparseTi IV s-is 80-90-ian

wlebSi, amis Sesaxeb wers mose xoreneli. saqarTveloSi gabatonebis

Semdeg, Cans, iranma qarTul eklesiaSi devna dauwyo berZnul

qristianobas da proberZnul orientacias.

1972 wlis `saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendris~ qarTuli eklesiis

mamamTavarTa siis Tanaxmad, iob, nerse kaTalikosis yofili diakoni,

mamaTmTavrobda 375-390 wlebSi. am dros qarTulenovani wirva-locva

unda damkvidrebuliyo berZnulis nacvlad, romelsac (berZnulenovan

RvTismsaxurebas) devnida sparseTi.

`varaz-bakuris Semdeg V saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi qarTlis samefo

taxtze ijda bakuri, romelic petre iberis asurul cxovrebaSi

moxseniebulia, rogorc petres papa dedis mxridan. bakuris dros

grZeldeboda iranelTa batonoba~.18

387 wels sazavo molaparakebis Tanaxmad, somxeTi iranma da romma

gaiyves. bizantias (roms) ergo somxeTis mcire nawili, oTxi mexuTedi

somxeTisa irans ergo. iranma mtkiced da didi xniT moikida fexi

somxeTSi.

saqarTvelos daubrunda Tavisi samxreTi miwebi, kerZod, e.w. didi

nawili gugarqis sapitiaxSosi, romelic mierTebuli hqonda somxeTs.

`am dros daiSala somxeTis erT-erTi udidesi olqi, gugarqis

sapitiaxSo. misi CrdiloeTi raionebi qarTlSi Sevida, samxreTis sami

raioni ki _ taSiri, kangarqi da aSoci, somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi

darCa. ramdenime saukunis Semdeg isinic SeuerTdnen qarTls. gugarqis

sapitiaxSo is gogarenea, romelic Zveli berZnuli cnobebis Tanaxmad

(straboni), somxeTma CamoaWra qarTls Zv.w.aR-is II saukuneSi~.19

`gugarqi jer kidev Zv.w.aR-is II s-Si waarTves somxebma iberias

(straboni). somxeTis samefoSi igi calke erTeulad, sapitiaxSod

Camoyalibda. amas, Cans, xels uwyobda isic, rom igi eTnikurad

222

gansxvavdeboda. gugarqs hqonda midrekileba, isev iberias

dahbruneboda. ase moxda kidevac~.20

erovnuli Semadgenlobis mxriv gugareTi, anu qvemo qarTli,

yovelTvis ZiriTadad qarTuli iyo. somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi yofnis

dros misi eTnikuri saxe arsebiTad ar Secvlila da kvlav qarTuli

darCa. amas, Cans, xeli iman Seuwyo, rom gugarqi somxeTSi calke

politikur erTeulad arsebobda saukuneTa manZilze da is erT

feodalur erTeuls warmoadgenda.

somexi mwerlebi saukuneTa manZilze yovelTvis aRniSnavdnen

gugarqis qarTulobas. magaliTad, `gugarqi moxseniebulia VII s-is

anonimur somxur geografiaSi. iq naTqvamia: gugarqi mdebareobs utis

dasavleTiT da Sedgeba cxra gavarisagan, romelic uWiravT

qarTvelebs: Zorofori, wobofori, kolbifori, taSiri, TrialeTi,

kangarqi, artahani, javaxqi, klarjqi...~21

VII s-is somxur geografiaSi gugarqis mosaxleobis `qarTvelebad

dasaxeleba, uflebas iZleva iTqvas, rom arasworia Teoria, romlis

mixedviTac TiTqosda VII s-Si gugarqSi qarTulenovani wirva-locvis

danergviT kirion kaTalikosma safuZveli daudo gugarqis somxuri

mosaxleobis `gaqarTvelebas~. cxadia, qarTvelebs `gaqarTveleba~ ar

esaWiroebodaT. sinamdvileSi gugarqSi sruliad sawinaaRmdego

procesebi mimdinareobda, kerZod, gugarqis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

armenizacia somxur politikur-kulturul-sarwmunoebriv arealSi

moxvedris Sedegad, ris SeCerebac scada kirion kaTalikosma

erovnuli wirva-locvis danergviT gugarqis eklesiebSi.

ar unda iyos swori Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac, gugarqi

qristemde meore saukunis Semdeg pirvelad mxolod IV s-Si daubrunda

saqarTvelos. uTuod I-II saukuneebSi saqarTvelos Zlierebis dros

gugarqi qarTlSi Sedioda, qarTls ekuTvnoda. mirian mefis drosac

is Cveni matianis Tanaxmadac qarTlSia. rogorc vTqviT, 387 wels

iranma da bizantiam somxeTi gainawila. somxeTis dasavleT nawilSi,

romelic bizantias ergo, mefoba gauqmda 391 wels, xolo iranis

kuTvnil aRmosavleT somxeTSi — 428 w.

`...am faqts somexi xalxis dayofa ar mohyolia, radgan am

droisaTvis somexi xalxi didi xnis Camoyalibebuli iyo~.22,23,24. aseve,

msgavsadve iyo qarTveli eric aRniSnul epoqaSi.

223

g z a q r i s t i a n o b i s a I s a u k u n i d a n w m i d a n i n o m d e

qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli aris Rirsi deda nino, romelmac

qristianul sarwmunoebaze moaqcia mTeli eri. mis drosve, qarTuli

saxelmwifos mzrunvelobiT da SemweobiT Seiqmna erTiani qarTuli

eklesia. SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva, Tu qarTveli xalxi moaqcies da

gaaqristianes TviT wmida mociqulebma, raRa saWiro iyo wmida ninos

qadageba? am kiTxvaze pasuxi, Cans, ZvelTaganve arsebobda, ramac asaxva

hpova ruis-urbnisis krebis ZeglisweraSi, sadac, kerZod, naTqvamia:

`pirvelwodebuli andria, ZmaA Tavisa mociqulTaAsa petresi, vidre

Cuendamdeca moiwia da qadaga sacxovrebeli qadagebaA saxarebisaA

yovelsa queyanasa saqarTveloAsasa da uricxuni simravleni erTani

ganaSorna sacTurisagan mrCobl eSmakeulebisa da erTisa RmrTisa da

qristes misisa TanaarsiT maTiT suliTurT rwmunebiT TayuaniscemaA

aswava, daRaTu umravlesman erman qarTlisaman simravlesa Sina

Jamisasa daiviwya qadagebaA igi mociqulisaA da sacTurisave mimarT

kerpTaAsa miaqcia. amaTisa qadagebisa nayofad aRmoecennes yovliT

kerZo yovlisa sofliasaAT simravleni Ruawlisa damdebelisa

qristes sikudilisa mimsgavsebulTa mowameTani, vinaATgan samasni

mciredTa sxuaTa Tana vidre mefed qadagebadmde didisa kostantinessa

Soris gardaKdes weliwadni, romeli-igi pirvelad qristiane iqmna

mefeTa Soris. da TYT mociqul da qadag sacxorebelisa qadagebisa da

naTelsa Tavisuflebisasa mimfenel qristeaneTa RmrTiv Suenieris

moqalaqeobisa. amisTave ukue JamTa srulad momxedna Cuenca,

aRmosavalman maRliT da dedakacisa visme mier tyueqmnilisa...~25

rogorc amonaweridan Cans, wminda ninos mier mTeli saqarTvelosa

da misi mefis gaqristianeba Zalze mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli romis

imperiaSi qristianobis saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gamocxadebasTan.

marTaliao, weren qarTveli mamebi, CvenSi qristianoba iqadages

mociqulebma da xalxis uricxvi simravle gaaqristianes, magram drom

da pirobebma xalxi kvlav kerpTayvanismcemlobas daubruna, xolo

darCenil qristianebs Soris gamoCndebodnen xolme mowameni,

romlebsac iseTive tanjviT klavdnen rogorc qristes, xolo imis

Semdeg, rac romis imperatori konstantine gaxda mefeTa Soris

pirveli qristiani mqadagebeli da mociqulTa swori, Cvenc mogvxeda

RmerTma da gamoagzavna tyve qali ninoo.

aRsaniSnavia, rom es wyaro ar uaryofs wmida ninomde qarTvel

qristianTa arsebobas. rogorc aRvniSneT, maT Soris gamorCeulebs

qristes mimsgavsebuli sikvdiliT hklavdnen, isini mowameni iyvneno.

224

efrem mciris Tanaxmadac, ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed TviT

saberZneTSi (imperiaSi) mociqulTa qadagebis Semdeg kvlav

kerpTayvanismcemloba aRorZinebula, magram cxadia, es imas ar niSnavs,

rom imperiaSi qristianuli Temebi da saepiskoposoebi ar arsebobda.

efremi wers: `iTqumis CuenTYsca, mimoslvasa Sina wmidaTa

mociqulTasa, andria pirvelwodebulisa mier qadagebaO... garna amaT

wmidaTa samociquloni moZRvrebisa TeslTa aneulni mravalJam

daipyrna RuarZlman mekerpeTaman. ara xolo Cuen Soris, aramed TYT

maT berZenTaca Soris vidre JamTadmde meored pavled zeciT

wodebulisa didisa kostantinesTa amis keTiladmsaxurisa mefisa

JamTa RmerTman, romelman didTa da mravalTeslTa tomTaTYs izruna,

arca Cuen mcireni dagYtevna uRuawad~...26

zemoT moyvanilis Tanaxmad, rogorc CvenSi, ise romis imperiaSi,

qristianoba TviT mociqulebma iqadages. magram `meore pavles~ —

imperator konstantines dromde xalxis didi nawili

kerpTayvanismcemlobisaken iyo moqceuli, am dros ki RmerTma izruna

`mravalTeslTa tomTaTvis~, maT Soris qarTvelebisaTvisac.

mociqulTa sworad `berZnebs~ gamouCina konstantine, xolo

qarTvelebs wmida nino. aseTia ZvelqarTuli koncefcia, romelic

wyaroebiT dasturdeba.

romis imperiasa da saqarTveloSi mociqulTa Semdeg qristianoba

ara marto arsebobda, aramed did gavlenas axdenda sazogadoebaze. III

saukunis dasawyisSi qarTvelTa mefe rev marTali qristes saxarebas

icnobda da misi mcnebebis Sesabamisad moqmedebda kidec.

`rogorc cnobilia, Tavdapirvelad qristianoba vrceldeboda

sazogadoebis dabal fenebSi~,27 rev mefemde qarTvelTa dabal fenebSi

qristianobas fexi mokidebuli unda hqonoda.

`amasTan mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT isic, rom Tumca qristianoba

saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad qarTlSi IV s-is 30-ian wlebSi gamocxadda,

ueWvelia, igi aq bevrad ufro adridan vrceldeboda. safiqrebelia,

rom qristianuli Temebi qarTlSi arsebobdnen ukve mesame saukunidan.

aseTi Temebi, cxadia, jer qalaqebSi Cndebodnen, gansakuTrebiT did

savaWro gzebze mdebare qalaqebSi da pirvel rigSi TviT qarTlis

dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi~.28

zemoT moyvanili kargad xsnis, Tu ratom ganxorcielda da ratom

miiRo xalxma mefe revis reforma, romelic qristes saxarebas

efuZneboda, (Cvili bavSvebis Sewirvis akrZalva). qristianobas xalxi

ukve Semzadebuli hyolia am reformisaTvis. SeiZleba xalxi

monaTluli ar iyo, magram saxarebas maT zneobasa da moralze

gavlena hqonia.

225

oficialur sarwmunoebad aRiarebamde romis imperiaSic ukve didi

mniSvneloba mieca qristianobas. jer kidev III saukuneSi qristianobis

aRiarebis Sesaxeb gankarguleba gamosca galienma, xolo Cveni mefe

rev marTali (gard. 243 w.) TiTqmis naxevari saukuniT adre msgavsadve

moiqca. mas smenili hqonda saxareba, amitomac is iyo `mowyale da

nugeSinismcemeli WirveulTa~,29 e.i. aRasrulebda qristes mcnebebs.

`qarTuli istoriuli tradicia qarTlSi pirveli qristianuli

Temebis Casaxvas gulisxmobs axali welTaRricxvis pirvelive

saukuneebidan da ukavSirebs mcxeTasa da mis midamoebSi mcxovreb

ebraelebs. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ daculi cnobebis Tanaxmad,

mcxeTeli ebraelebis erTi nawili qristianebad Canan. ukve ax.w.aR-is

pirvelsave saukuneSi (`da warvida elioz mcxeTeli da longinoz

karsneli da muniT daxudes juarcmasa uflisa~; `...xolo kuarTi igi

uflisa wiliT xuda mcxeTelTa~)30 `rogorc qarTuli wyaroebi, iseve

sxva xalxTa nawarmoebni gvawvdian cnobebs im pirTa Sesaxeb,

romlebmac andria mociqulis Semdeg iqadages qarTvelTa Soris

qristianuli sarwmunoeba. qarTvel wmidanTa cxovrebaSi, romelic

gamocemuli aqvs mixeil sabinins `saqarTvelos samoTxeSi~,

moxseniebulia vinme, saxelad xriso. man miiRo qristianoba

mociqulTagan da Tavis mxriv moaqcia da monaTla albaniaSi 19 kaci,

romlebic albaniis mefis datianosis brZanebiT qristes moZRvrebis

miRebis gamo cecxlSi dawves pirveli saukunis damlevs.31 `amas garda,

romaelebis mwerali baroniusi ambobs, rom qristianoba saqarTveloSi

iqadaga romis episkoposma klimentim, romelic romis imperatorma

traianem (98-117) gadaasaxla yirimSi. ...mouRwevia Cvenamdis cnobas, rom

II saukuneSi saqarTveloSi cxovrobda mwvalebeli markioni~.32

`sainteresoa, rom VIII saukunis cnobili qarTveli moRvawe iovane

sabanis Ze TxzulebaSi _ `wameba haboAsi, romeli iwama qarTls Sina,

qalaqsa tfiliss~ _ wers, rom qarTvelebi `xuTasis wlisa JamTa da

uwinarHsRa Sjuldebul yofil arian wmidiTa madliTa

naTlisRebisaATa~.33 amrigad, ioane sabanis Ze, akad. iv. javaxiSvilis

SefasebiT, `Tavisi drois misabaZi, samagaliTo istorikosi~, qarTlSi

mesame da uwinares saukuneebSi xedavs qristianuli religiis fesvebs.

`... Cven gvaqvs safuZveli, vifiqroT, rom qristianobis saxelmwifo

sarwmunoebad qcevamdis saqarTveloSic unda arsebuliyo (ra Tqma

unda, upiratesad qalaqebSi, mag. mcxeTaSi) adgilobrivi wvrili

qristianuli Temuri erTobani, daaxloebiT iseTive xasiaTis mqoneni,

rogoric hqondaT maT romis imperiis sxva provinciebSi~.34 `qristianTa

`Canasaxovani~ komunebi pirvelsave saukuneSi gvaqvs mcxeTas

sagulisxmebeli, Tundac `uflis kvarTis~, eliozisa da sidonias

226

cnobili gadmocemis mixedviT, sveticxovlis istorias rom edeba

safuZvlad~.35

imave azrs adgas p. ingoroyva. `qristianoba, _ wers igi, _

saqarTveloSi vrceldeba Cveni welTaRricxvis pirveli

saukuneebidanve, ra droidanac qristianoba moefina saqarTvelos

mezobel axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebs da romis imperiis provinciebs.

saistorio wyaroebis CvenebiT irkveva, rom qristianoba farTo

gavrcelebiT sargeblobda saqarTveloSi ukve me-3 saukuneSi~.36

bunebrivia, daismis kiTxva: ramdenad eTanxmeba werilobiTi wyaroebis

monacemebs samarxeuli Zeglebi? anu cnobilia, Tu ara didi mcxeTis

ax.w.aR-is I-II ss. samarovnebze samarxebi micvalebulTa gapatiosneba-

dakrZalvis qristianuli wesiT?

1978 wels mcxeTaSi, miwis samuSaoebis dros, dazianda gvianantikuri

xanis kulturuli fenebi, romelic Seiswavla mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedma

arqeologiurma eqspediciam (xelmZ. akad. a. afaqiZe). arqeologiuri

gaTxrisas sxva ZeglebTan erTad aRmoCnda ori Tixis filasamarxi,

msgavsi am tipis ukve cnobili samarxi nagebobebisa. erT-erT maTganSi

(#17) dakrZaluli iyo deda-Svili. orive micvalebuli dausvenebiaT

gulaRma, gaSotili, TaviT dasavleTisaken (e.i. qristianuli wesiT, ep.

a. j.). samarxSi aRmoCnda erTaderTi saneke beWedi zrdasruli

micvalebulisa. dakrZalulTa poza, damxroba, nivTieri masalis

simcire, saneke beWedi, sardionis beWdis Tvali — intalio,

romelzedac amokveTilia erT mxares mimarTuli ori — Tevzisa da

Ruzis gamosaxuleba, migvaniSnebs, rom samarxi qristianTaTvis

gaumarTavT. Ruzisa da Tevzis gamosaxuleba xSiria xelovnebis,

pirvel rigSi ki, winaqristianuli xanis gliptikis Zeglebze. `swored

warmarTuli xelovnebis es siuJetebi gamoiyena qristianulma

religiam Tavisi arsebobis sawyis xanaSi da sxva niSnebTan erTad

aqcia igi adreuli qristianobis simboloebad. axlad Casaxuli

religia amiTac cdilobda Tavi daeRwia warmarTTa mxriv

qristianebis devnisagan. qristianuli religiis Casaxva-ganviTarebis

epoqaSi, rodesac qristianobas mravlad hyavs rogorc aqtiuri

momxreni, ise mowinaaRmdegeni da igi iqceva imdroindeli

sazogadoebis sagangebo yuradRebis sagnad, bunebrivia, vifiqroT, rom

aq ganxiluli siuJeti adrindeli qristianobis simbolos

warmoadgenda da ara mxolod samkaulis Cveulebriv saxesxvaobas~.37

qristianuli samkvdro wesis zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebi, naxsenebi

filasamarxis garda, met-naklebad SeiniSneba didi mcxeTis

samarovnebze mikvleul-Seswavlil sxva sakrZalavebSic. kerZod,

qristianuli samkvdro wesebis metnaklebi dacviT gaupatiosnebiaT

micvalebulebi samTavros samarovanze 1938-1940 da 1976-1983 ww-Si

227

gaTxrili samarxebis erT nawilze,38 mcxeTa-qalaqSi, sveticxovlis

midamoebSi Seswavlili samarxebis erT jgufSi da sxva.39

yvela es sakrZalavi zogadad ax.w.aR-is II-III, ufro metad ki, III

saukunes ganekuTvneba.

amrigad, arqeologiuri da werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebis

SejerebiT irkveva, rom istoriuli didi mcxeTis moqalaqeTa

garkveuli nawili qristianul religias eziara mis (qristianobis)

oficialur aRiarebamde 100-150 wliT adre.40

Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom arqeologiuri monacemebi adastureben

qarTul da ucxour wyaroTa Cvenebebs, rom mociqulTa saqarTveloSi

qadagebas unayofod ar Cauvlia, Tavisi Sedegi gamouRia da qveyanaSi

qristianuli Temebi Seqmnila. ucxouri wyaroebi miuTiTeben, rom

qristianobas saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi avrceleben II-III saukuneebSi,

arqeologiuri monacemebiT ki saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi mcxeTac

qristianul orbitaSia moqceuli.

cxadia, qristianebs, romlebic II-III saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi

cxovrobdnen, esaWiroebodaT samRvdeloeba, monaTvla da ziareba

samRvdeloebis gareSe ar SeiZleboda. rogorc zemoT aRniSnuli iyo,

II-III saukuneebis sveticxovlis, samTavrosa da sxva samarovnebSi

qristianebi daukrZalavT, maT Soris bavSvebic. cxadia, yvela isini

monaTlulni iyvnen, amitomac, ueWvelia, II-III saukuneebSi CvenSi

samRvdeloeba da qristianuli mrevli arsebobda. es ki imas niSnavs,

rom II-III saukuneebSi CvenSi eklesia arsebobda. sainteresoa, rogori

principiT iyo mowyobili es eklesia (qristianuli Temebi)? pirvel

rigSi unda aRiniSnos, rom sxvadasxva qalaqsa Tu qalaqebis ubnebSi

arsebuli qristianuli Temebi ar iyvnen erTmaneTze daqvemdebarebuli.

erTiani mTeli qveynis momcveli qristianuli eklesia erTiani

centriT da erTiani mmarTvelobiT ar arsebobda, Tumca, radganac iyo

samRvdeloeba, episkoposebic iarsebebdnen. `qarTlis cxovreba~

kidevac wers, rom TviT andria mociqulma awyuris qristianul

mrevls Tavisi episkoposi gauCinao.41 cxadia, qristianoba da misi

samRvdeloeba devnili iyo. is farulad arsebobda, amitomac Zalze

susti iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom mociqulTa epoqaSi da mis Semdgomac

mRvdelmoqmedebas episkoposic asrulebda da mRvdels episkoposs

uwodebdnen. qarTuli saxelmwifos mier qristianobis oficialurad

aRiarebamde CvenSi rom arsebobdnen saepiskoposoebi, isic miuTiTebs,

rom biWvinTaSi qristianul Tems hyavda episkoposi da Tanac Zalian

gavleniani da saxelganTqmuli. I msoflio saeklesio krebaze 325

wels monawileobda biWvinTis episkoposi stratofile. 325 wlamde,

cxadia, es saepiskoposo iarsebebda da didi avtoritetic eqneboda

maSindel msoflio qristianobaSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mis

228

episkoposs ar miiwvevdnen nikeis msoflio krebaze, sadac Zalze

avtoritetuli mniSvnelobisa da wonis mRvdelmTavrebi iyvnen

miwveulebi.

agaTangelozis cnobis Tanaxmad, episkoposebi adreve iyvnen ara

marto dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic.

agaTangelozis cnobiT, nikeis krebis win sruliad iberiis

mitropolits ibr-z-xua rqmevia, dasavleT saqarTvelos episkoposs —

sofroniusi, xolo samxreT saqarTvelos (basianis) episkoposs —

evlaTiusi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mociqulTa mier daarsebuli eklesiebi

(qristianuli Temebi, saepiskoposoebi) I-II saukuneebSi erTmaneTisgan

damoukidebeli iyo da maT erTiani administraciuli centri ar

gaaCndaT. aseve iyo saqarTveloSic wmida ninos Semosvlamde.

saqarTveloSi arsebuli qristianuli Temebi, saepiskoposoebi

(biWvinTa da sxva), albaT, erTmaneTisgan damoukidebelni iyvnen.

qristianTa devnis saukuneebSi (I-III ss) qristianobis simtkicis erT-

erTi mizezi is iyo, rom mas ar gaaCnda administraciuli centri.

arsebobda asobiT da aTasobiT eklesia da qristianuli Temi

(igulisxmeba romis imperia), damoukidebelni erTmaneTis mimarT,

msgavsad ebrauli Temebisa. es asaxulia mociqulTa 34-e kanonSi,

romlis mixedviTac yovel Tems, yovel ers Tavisi episkoposi unda

hyavdes. yoveli Temis (eris, naTesavis) episkoposi am Temis wevrTaTvis

aRiarebulia pirvel kacad da meTaurad, misi ganzraxvis gareSe

araferi `nametnavis~ gakeTebis neba ara aqvT, magram Tavis mxriv

episkoposic valdebulia imoqmedos `yovelTa ganzraxviT~, raTa

`esreT erTnebobaO aResrulos da ididos RmerTi...~42

`mociqulTa 34-e kanoni, roca naTesavze, erze laparakobs,

mxedvelobaSi iRebs ara erovnebebs, aramed eTnikur olqebs,

romlebadac iyo dayofili romis saxelmwifo, mis dayofamde

diokletianes mier provinciebad~.43 albaT, imperiis msgavsad iyo

mowyobili qristianuli mrevli saqarTveloSi.

swored qristianuli Temebis arsebobam da siZlierem miiyvana

imperatori konstantine gadawyvetilebamde, rom saxelmwifo

sarwmunoebad eRiarebina qristianuli sarwmunoeba.

`imperator konstantines sarwmunoebrivi politika, kerZod, misi

qristianobisadmi damokidebuleba moulodneli da gansakuTrebuli

ram ar yofila. qristianobam 312 wlamde grZeli gza ganvlo, ramac

igi milanis ediqtamde miiyvana. qristianobam moipova oficialuri

arsebobis ufleba, romelsac Seupovari xangrZlivi brZoliT miaRwia.

es brZola gamovlinda romis xelisufalTa qristianobisadmi

damokidebulebis istoriaSi, romelic gvamcnobs, rom marcxsa da

229

devnilobasTan erTad, qristianoba drodadro did warmatebas

aRwevda... am mxriv sainteresoa romis imperatorTa, gansakuTrebiT ki

galienis politika. am ukanasknelis mier 260 wels qristianobis

Sesaxeb gamocemuli gankarguleba 312 wlis milanis ediqtis Soreuli

winaparia... uSualo winamorbedad ki galeriusis 311 wlis ediqti unda

CaiTvalos, romelzec konstantinec awers xels~.44

saqarTveloSi IV saukuneSi qristianobis saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad

gamocxadeba yofila ara moulodneli, Semotanili, anda Tavsmoxveuli

aqti, aramed efuZneboda qristianobis adgilobriv saukunovan

tradicias. `SeuZlebelia laparaki ama Tu im qveyanaSi qristianobis

ubralod SemoRebaze. gansakuTrebiT usafuZvloa azri romelime

saxelmwifoSi qristianobis Setanasa da mis iq gabatonebaze.

qristianobis gavrceleba mxolod misi propagandis, qadagebis Sedegi

ar SeiZleba iyos, rasakvirvelia, propagandis, qadagebis rolis

uaryofa ar SeiZleba... qristianobis qadageba romis imperiaSi

saukuneebis manZilze warmoebda~.45

zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, rom wmida nino ver SeZlebda mTeli

qarTveli xalxis gaqristianebas, saqarTveloSi wminda mociqulebsa

da sxva mqadageblebs qarTveli xalxi Semzadebuli rom ar hyoloda

qristianobis sajaro aRiarebisaTvis. am Tvalsazrisma asaxva hpova

kidec wmida ninos cxovrebaSi, sadac ufali ucxadebs wmida ninos,

rom saqarTveloSi `samkali friad ars, xolo muSaki mcire~. es imas

niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi mociqulTa mier daTesil saxarebis

marcvals saukuneTa manZilze xalxi Seumzadebia saerTo saxalxo

monaTvlisaTvis.

`qarTlis samefoSi qristianobis gavrceleba, arsebuli masalebis

(rogoricaa arqeologiuri, aseve naratiuli da epigrafikuli)

mixedviT, gvesaxeba Semdegnairad: ax.w.aR-is pirvel saukuneebSi,

SesaZloa, II saukunis dasawyisSi, qarTlis msxvil savaWro ekonomiur

centrSi, upirveles yovlisa ki mcxeTaSi, Cndebian pirveli

qristianebi, romlebic farulad iwyeben axali religiis qadagebas

iberiis samefoSi. axla Znelia dadgena imisa, Tu vin iyvnen es pirveli

misionerebi, specialurad movlenili Tu SemTxveviTi pirni, an iqneb

sulac, garkveul nawils qristes sjulis mqadageblebisa

warmoadgendnen adgilobrivni, romlebic qristianobas eziarnen

palestinaSi, iudeaSi an romis imperiis sxva provinciaSi, sadac

swored am droisaTvis isaxeba, yalibdeba, ebrZvis erTmaneTs da

warmarTul religiebs aTobiT qristianuli mimdinareoba. SesaZloa,

qristianuli ideebis erT-erT pirvel gamavrceleblebad gvevlineba

iberTa is laSqari, romelic qarTlis mefis miTridate III (g.

meliqiSvilis mixedviT) Zmis, amazaspis, meTaurobiT miemarTeba

230

romaelTa dasaxmareblad parTelTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi... dRes Cvens

xelT arsebuli monacemebiT qristianuli religia CvenSi Semovida

swored rogorc dabali fenebis religia, sazogadoebis farTo

fenebis religia... gavixsenoT cnobili faqti wmida ninos mcxeTaSi

mosvlisa da mis mier qadagebis dawyebisa. misioneri qali

Tavdapirvelad uars ambobs samefo karTan raime kontaqtze da iwyebs

moRvaweobas swored mosaxleobis farTo fenebSi. swored aqedan

gamodian isini, vinc `...mis Tana qadagebdes...~, eseni arian `...Svidni

dedani naTesavni uriaTani, asuli abiaTarisa da eqvsni sxvani da

samoTxisa mcvelni igi dedani da colqmarni, abiaTar mRvdeli, axali

pavle. vfiqrob, msgavsi suraTi unda yofiliyo wmida ninos mcxeTas

mosvlis wina xanaSic~.46

romel wels Semovida wmida nino saqarTveloSi da gaqristianda

mTeli qarTveli xalxi? es yovelTvis saintereso sakiTxi Zalze

damajereblad gaarkvia istorikosma vaxtang goilaZem. v. goilaZis

Tanaxmad, wmida nino saqarTveloSi Semovida 303 wels.

317-318 wels qarTlis samefo karma saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad aRiara

qristianoba, xolo 324-326 wels xalxi masiurad moinaTla.

v. goilaZe wers: `upirveles yovlisa, unda aRvniSno: cnobidan

aSkarad Cans, rom nino da misi Tanamgzavrebi saberZneTidan TavianTi

nebiT ki ar wamovidnen, gamoiqcnen, somxeTSi mosuli ninos

Tanamgzavrebi Trdatma sikvdiliT dasaja. rac Seexeba ltolvilTa

wamosvlis drod miTiTebuli merve wlis realobas, amis Taobaze

imperiaSi arsebuli politikuri viTareba unda gaviTvaliswinoT.

305 wlis 1-el maiss, diokletianes gadadgomis Semdeg, imperiis

aRmosavleT nawils galeriusi (gard. 311 w. maisSi) ganagebda. swored

man 311 wlis 30 aprils nikomidiaSi gamocemuli ediqtiT qristianTa

devna Sewyvita da maTi uflebebi aRadgina. galeriusis Semdeg

imperiis aRmosavleT nawils maqsimian daza da liciniusi ganagebdnen.

313 wlis ivnisSi siriisa da egviptis gamgeblis dazas damarcxebis

Semdeg liciniusi imperiis aRmosavleT nawilis erTpirovnuli

gamgebeli gaxda da am wels qristianTa Semwynareblobis ediqti

gamosca, magram misi politika qristianTa mimarT Tanmimdevruli ar

iyo.

konstantine didis gamgeblobaSi mxolod 324 wlis 18 seqtembers,

liciniusis saboloo damarcxebis Semdeg, gadavida romis imperiis

aRmosavleT nawili. ase rom, 324 wlis 18 seqtembramde konstantine

aRmosavleTis saqmeebSi ver Caereoda.

saeWvodaa miCneuli maqscensiusze gamarjvebis Semdeg konstantinesa

da liciniusis mier 313 wels milanSi gamocemuli ediqti qristianebis

uflebrivad warmarTebTan gaTanabrebis Sesaxeb. konstantinem mxolod

231

324 wels, liciniusze gamarjvebis Semdeg, gamosca ori ediqti. erTi

qristianebis uflebebis aRdgenas Seexeboda, meoriT ki warmarTebs

uflebaTa dacvas pirdeboda. araa swori ltolvilTa wamosvlis

TariRad miTiTebuli merve — 326 welic, am wels imperiaSi iseTi

araferi momxdara, imperiis teritoriidan qristianebi masiurad rom

gamoqceuliyvnen. piriqiT, Zveli saeklesio istorikosis zosimes

cnobiT, konstantine mxolod 326 wlidan dadga sabolood qristianTa

mxareze. meorec, am droisaTvis somxeTSi qristianoba ukve

saxelmwifo religiad iyo aRiarebuli da 326 wels aq mosul

ltolvilebs qristiani mefe sikvdiliT ar dasjida. aSkaraa,

imperiidan ltolviTa wamosvlis drod `cxovrebaSi~ miTiTebuli 326

weli arasworia Tu `ninos cxovrebis~ teqstSi araferia naTqvami,

imperiidan romeli imperatoris dros wamovidnen ltolvilebi,

`rifsimianTa wamebaSi~ maTi gamoqceva uSualod diokletianes

saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. amrigad, imperiidan qristianTa ltolvis

mizezad 303 wels diokletianes mier dawyebuli qristianTa devna

unda iqnas miCneuli, ris safuZvelzec ninos mcxeTaSi (aseve somexi

ltolvilebis vaRarSapatSi) mosvla 303 wliT unda daTariRdes~.47

Semdeg v. goilaZe ganagrZobs: `cxovrebis~ variantSi arsebuli

cnobiT, mcxeTaSi mosuli nino `sam wel ilocvida farulad~. 303-306

wlebSi misioneruli moRvaweoba ninos marTlac gauZneldeboda, Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom qristianTa devna imperiaSi diokletianes

gadadgomamde (305 w. 1-li maisi) mZvinvarebda da igi garkveulwilad

qarTlSic hpovebda asaxvas. 306 wlidan misioneruli moRvaweobisaTvis

ninos meti Tavisufleba miecemoda... Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis

erToblivi miTiTeba ninos mcxeTaSi mosvlidan 14-15 wlis Semdeg

gardacvalebis Sesaxeb, Cemi varaudiT, ninos mcxeTaSi Semosvlidan

qarTlis moqcevamde gasuli drois monakveTs unda aRniSnavdes ...

ueWvelia, rogorc somxuri 15, ise qarTuli wyaroebis 14-15 weli

drois im monakveTze migviTiTebs, romelic gavida ninos qarTlSi

Semosvlidan _ mis mier qarTlis moqcevamde ... radganac nino qarTlSi

303 wels Semovida, qarTlis samefo karis mier (aseve somxeTis)

qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRiareba 318 wliT unda

daTariRdes.

qarTlisa da somxeTis samefo karma da xalxma 318 wels ki aRiara

axali rwmena, magram, rogorc k. kekeliZe wers, `erTi saqmea moqceva,

gaqristianeba xalxisa ... sxva saqmea monaTvla ukve moqceuli xalxisa,

ritualis Sesruleba~. aseTi aqtisaTvis mxolod 324 wels,

konstantines mier gamocemuli ediqtis Semdeg Seiqmna xelsayreli

pirobebi. nikeis msoflio saeklesio krebis wina 324 wlis bolo

Tveebi yvelaze xelsayreli dro iyo somxeTisa da qarTlis

232

eklesiaTa meTaurebis oficialuri kurTxevisaTvis. Teofane

JamTaaRmwereli qarTlisa da somxeTis moqcevis Sesaxeb 324 wels

momxdar ambebTan erTad mogviTxrobs... amrigad, qarTlisa (aseve

egrisis) da somxeTis moqceva 318 wliT unda daTariRdes. aseT

daTariRebas mxars uWers mose xorenelis TxzulebaSi, rogorc Cans,

`ninos cxovrebidan~ da agaTangelozis `somexTa moqcevidan~

momdinare tradicia, romlis Tanaxmadac, miriani da Trdati

daaxloebiT erTad gaqristiandnen. somxuri wyaros am cnobas jer

kidev XIX saukuneSi miaqcia yuradReba iv. gvaramaZem da man qarTlis

moqceva 317 wliT daaTariRa~.48

Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom vaxuSti bagrationi, saqarTvelos

istoriis udidesi mkvlevari, qarTlis moqcevas aTariRebda 317 wliT.

d. baqraZe, iv. gvaramaZe iziarebdnen vaxuStiseul wels da qarTlis

moqcevas msgavsadve aTariRebdnen. `qarTlis moqcevis TariRad aseve

318 weli miaCnda p. ioselians, m. sabinins da r. camcievs. qarTlis

moqcevis vaxuStiseuli 317 weli gaiziares d. baqraZem da iv.

gvaramaZem~.49

qarTuli eklesiis meTauris episkopos ioanes xeldasxmis wlad v.

goilaZes miaCnia 324 weli. is fiqrobs, rom qarTuli eklesia aris ara

antioqiuri warmoSobisa, aramed kapadokiuri (pontos diocezi). is

wers: `aRniSnulTan erTad a. harnaki mcire aziis mTel mosaxleobas

IV saukunisaTvis TiTqmis mTlianad qristianad miiCnevs, misi

mtkicebiT, mcire aziaSi adreve daiwyo mosaxleobis eTnikur

Sedgenilobaze Seqmnili eklesiebis Camoyalibeba. im erovnul

eklesiaTa Soris, romlebmac antioqiis meurveobas daaRwies Tavi da

sakuTari samisionero moRvaweoba gaaCaRes, igi kapadokiis eklesiasac

asaxelebs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Zvel avtorTa mtkicebas kapadokiis

mosaxleobis qarTveluri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, maSin `cxovrebaSi~

ninos kapadokielad dasaxeleba met safuZvels gvaZlevs, ninos (aseve

sxva ltolvilebis) wamosvla kapadokiidan vivaraudoT

...~agaTangelozis Tanaxmad, somexTa ganmanaTlebeli grigoli

kapadokiaSi `izrdeboda wesiTa qristianesaATa~, iq eziara qristes

mcnebas da iqve, kapadokiis kesariis episkoposis leontis mier iqna

xeldasxmuli somexTa episkoposad ...p.gidulianovi leontis

episkoposobas 315/316-325 wlebiT gansazRvravs (326-341 ww. kesariis

episkoposad geronti Cans). ase rom, rogorc somexi xalxisa da samefo

ojaxis moqcevisas (318 w.), ise somexTa pirveli episkoposis grigolis

xeldasxmisas (324w.) kesariis saepiskoposo kaTedraze leonti

imyofeboda. kesariidan somxeTSi momaval grigolis leontis

davalebiT kapadokiis qalaq sebastiidan Tan gamoyva episkoposi petre

da sebastiidan wamoyvanil RvTismsaxurTa meSveobiT moaxdina somxuri

233

eklesiis organizacia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT kapadokiis mosaxleobis

qarTvelur warmomavlobas da im garemoebasac, rom kapadokiis

kesariis eklesiis iseTi saWeTmpyrobeli, rogoric basili didi

kesarielia (gard. 379 w.), qarTveli iyo (e. xinTibiZe, g. gozaliSvili

da sxv.), maSin unda vivaraudoT, rom am saepiskoposo kaTedras

adgilobrivi, qarTuli warmoSobis sasuliero pirebi ganagebdnen da

episkoposi leontic, romlis mier iqna xeldasxmuli somexTa

ganmanaTlebeli grigoli, qarTveli unda yofiliyo. grigol

ganmanaTleblis kesariaSi xeldasxmis Semdeg Zvel somex istorikosTa

miTiTebiT, somxuri eklesia kapadokiis eklesiaze damokidebuli

Seiqna. somxeTis eklesiis istoriis avtoris a. aninskis SeniSvniT,

kesariaSi xeldasxmis Semdeg grigoli somxeTis eklesiis

organizaciis dros kesariis deda eklesiis miTiTebiT

xelmZRvanelobda. bunebrivia, amitom moZRvreba da yvela saeklesio

wesi somxeTSi gadmoRebul iqna iseTive saxiT, rogorc kapadokiis

kesariaSi iyo, e.i. arianuli. nikeis krebaze leonti gadayenebul iqna.

axla rac Seexeba qarTlis pirveli episkoposis _ ioanes xeldasxmas,

iseve, rogorc somxeTisa da egrisis, qarTlis mosaxleobis moqcevis

saqmeSic kapadokielma misionerma Seasrula mTavari roli, magram,

rogorc Cans, kapadokiis eklesia yovelTvis ver axerxebda antioqiis

Zlieri eklesiisaTvis angariSi ar gaewia da Tavisi misionerebis mier

moqceuli qveynis meTauri TviTonve ekurTxebina... qarTlis eklesiis

meTauris xeldasxma 324 (ukidures SemTxvevaSi 325 wlis ivlisamde)

wels rom unda momxdariyo, amis damadastureblad zemomotanili

masalis garda mimaCnia `ninos cxovrebaSi~ arsebuli is cnoba,

romlis Tanaxmadac, ninos RmerTis aRiarebis Semdeg mirianma

eklesiis mSenebloba daiwyo da mxolod mSeneblobis damTavrebis

Semdeg SeuTvala konstantines — `sruliad mowyveda sparsTa da

mtkiced miReba siyvarulisa maTisa~, ris pasuxadac konstantinem

`warmogzavna mRdeli WeSmariti iovane episkoposad, mis Tana mRdelni

orni da diakonni samni~.50 rogorc `mirianis cxovrebaSia~ naTqvami, am

dros mirians konstantinem imperiaSi mZevlad myofi Zec ki daubruna

(sxvaTa Soris, Zveli qarTuli wyaros am cnobas mxars uWers V

saukunis bizantieli istorikosis — sozomenes miTiTeba, qarTlis

moqcevis Semdeg bizantiasa da qarTls Soris `samxedro kavSiris

dadebisa da megobrobis damyarebis~ Sesaxeb). wigni II, 7~.51

v. goilaZis msjeloba Zalze damajerebelia, amitomac unda aRdges

vaxuSti bagrationis mier gamorkveuli TariRi _ qarTlis moqceva 317-

318 wliT unda daTariRdes, xolo qarTuli eklesiis organizacia da

xalxis monaTvla 324-326 wlebiT. erTiani qarTuli eklesiis

iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi misi organizaciisa da Camoyalibebis dros IV

234

saukuneSi uTuod moicavda klarjeTs, hereTs, da, safiqrebelia,

gugarqsac. klarjeTs rom moicavda qarTuli eklesia, es mose

xorenelis Txzulebidanac Cans, romlis mixedviTac wmida ninom

iqadaga klarjeTidan vidre masquTebamde. masquTebis qveyana iyo

kaspiis zRvis pirze da qarTlsa da masquTebs Soris hereTi

mdebareobda. mose xorenelis azriT, wmida ninos masquTebamde, e.i.

hereTSic uqadagnia. xolo gugarqs rom moicavda qarTuli eklesia,

iqidan Cans, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, mefe miriansa da

somxeTis mefe Trdats Soris daido sazRvari, romelic gadioda

mtkvrisa da araqsis wyalmyof qedze. mdinareTa xeobani, romlebic

mtkvars uerTdebodnen, qarTvelebis samefoSi Sedioda. cnobilia, rom

gugarqze gamavali yvela mdinare mtkvars uerTdeba, amitomac

qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi mirianis dros gugarqic Sedioda.

m. CxartiSvili wers: `agaTangelozis mixedviT, grigolma iqadaga

klarjeTamde teritoriaze, xolo nunes (wminda ninos), xorenelis

mixedviT, Tavisi moRvaweoba swored klarjebiT dauwyia.

agaTangelozis miTiTebiT, grigols umoRvawia mTel masquTeTSi

(`masquTTa sazRvrebis bolomde~), xolo xoreneliT, nunes

masquTebamde uqadagia mxolod (`masquTTa sazRvrebamde~).

agaTangelozis miTiTebiT, grigolis moRvaweoba alanTa da kaspTa

samyofelSi ar gavrcelebula, mas alanTa karebamde da kaspTa

sazRvrebamde teritoriebi daumoZRvravs (`alanTa karamde, kaspTa

sazRvrebamde~), xolo nunes, xoreneliT, klarjeTidan masquTebamde

areali mouqcevia alanTa da kaspTa karis damatebiT (`alanTa da

kaspTa kariT~) ...Tu davukvirdebiT grigolis marSruts, davinaxavT,

rom igi qmnis garkveul mruds, romelic warmoadgens qarTuli

teritoriebis sasazRvro konturs. agaTangelozis cnobis mixedviT,

grigols gverdi auvlia zustad qarTuli miwebisaTvis, amitom

xorenelma, romelmac romeliRac wyarodan icoda, rom qarTvelTa

ganmanaTlebeli nune iyo, CaTvala, rom grigolis samisionero gzis

amgvari gansazRvriT, agaTangelozi miuTiTebda _ qarTuli miwebi

moaqcia nunem~.52

rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, somxuri wyaroebisaTvis cnobili

yofila, rom wmida ninos qadagebis Semdeg qarTuli eklesiis

iurisdiqciaSi Sevida qarTlis is teritoriebic, romlebsac

klarjeTi da hereTi ewodeboda. amitom qarTul eklesiaSi samxreT-

dasavleTis mxares Sedioda klarjeTi, aRmosavleTiT hereTi, xolo

samxreTis sazRvris Sesaxeb gvaqvs miTiTeba `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~.

cnobilia, rom iberia da somxeTi romis imperiis gavlenis sferoebSi

Sediodnen imperator konstantines dros, rasac aRiarebs `qarTlis

cxovreba~, romlis Tanaxmadac, romis am imperators ganuwesebia

235

sazRvari qarTlis samefosa da somxeTs Soris: `ganuCina sazRvari

mirians da Trdats esreT: romelTa queyanaTa mdinareni dian

samxreTiT da mierTvian rahxsa, ese queyanani Trdatis kerZad dayarna,

da romlisa queyanisa mdinareni CrdiloT dian da mierTvian mtkuarsa,

ese mirianis kerZad dayarna~.53

Sedioda Tu ara egrisi qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi mefe

mirianis dros? ZvelqarTuli tradiciiT (rogorc werilobiTi, ise

zepiri), egrisis ganmanaTlebeli iyo wmida nino da egrisi qarTul

eklesiaSi daarsebisTanave Sedioda. magaliTad, wmida ninos TiTqmis

Tanamedrove epoqaSi moRvawe berZen-laTini istorikosebi, romlebic

qarTlis moqcevidan 50-100 wlis Semdeg werdnen TavianT Sromebs,

yovelTvis aRniSnavdnen, rom qarTvelebi, romlebmac miiRes

qristianoba, cxovrobdnen pontos, anu Savi zRvis pirze (sadac

mdebareobda istoriuli egrisi). am avtorebs dabejiTebuli

mtkicebani miuTiTebs imas, rom egrisic im dros gaqristianda, roca

gaqristianda aRmosavleT saqarTvelo. es avtorebi egriselebs iseve

miiCnevdnen iberebad (qarTvelebad), rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

qarTvelebs. cnobili evagre pontoeli iberi iyo, warmoSobiT

SavizRvispireTidan-egrisidan. egrisi rom mirian mefis saxelmwifoSi

Sedioda, amis Sesaxeb weria `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ — `da mefobda

mirian mun qarTls, rans, hereTs da movakans, da aqunda egrisica

vidre egriswylamde~.54 TviT gvian saukuneebSic ki, roca egrisi da

lazeTi ukve aRar Sediodnen qarTlis samefoSi, mainc ukiduresi

samxreTis TurqeTis sazRvrebSi moqceuli ofis samitropolito

eklesiis Sesaxeb arsebobda gadmocema, rom es eklesia wmida ninos

mier iyo agebuli, xolo mTeli laziis samitropolito `qarTul

miwebze~ mdebareobda.55 `...1958 w. gamocemuli saqarTvelos istoriis

pirvel tomSi naTqvamia, rom egrisisaTvis qristianobas saxelmwifo

mniSvneloba mieca 523 wels. es TariRi rom mcdaria da qristianoba

dasavleT saqarTveloSi gacilebiT adrea miRebuli, amas sxva

monacemebTan erTad adreuli eklesiebis arsebobac adasturebs. am

bolo dros ki miRebulia azri, rom egrisis samefoSi qristianobis

gavrceleba IV saukuneSi ukve faqts warmoadgens~.56 `rogorc irkveva,

aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi, maSindel iberiasa da

egrisSi, qristianoba erTsa da imave dros, IV saukuneSi miuRiaT, igi

saxelmwifo religia gamxdara~.57

mecnierulma kvleva-Ziebam cxadi gaxada, rom dasavleT

saqarTveloSi (egrisSi) qristianoba IV saukuneSi iseve aRiarebul

sarwmunoebad iqca, rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, anu mTel

saqarTveloSi erTdroulad, wmida ninos epoqaSi, qristianobas

saxelmwifo mniSvneloba mieca. amasve adastureben qarTuli wyaroebi.

236

egrisi mefe mirianis saxelmwifoSi Sedioda da cxadia iq, iseve

rogorc sxva kuTxeebSi, wmida ninos RvawliT qristianoba gavrcelda.

qarTuli eklesia daarsebisTanave moicavda rogorc saqarTvelos

Sida mxareebs, agreTve egriss, klarjeTs, gugarqs da hereTs.

marTalia, gugarqi xelidan xelSi gadadioda da mkvidrad

daukavSirda deda-samSoblos IV saukunis 70-iani wlebidan, magram

mirian mefis drosac, Cans, is qarTlSi Sedioda.

saeklesio enis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi

qristianobis gavrcelebamde warmarTuli kultmsaxureba

aResruleboda qarTul enaze. rogorc ivane javaxiSvilma gaarkvia,

warmarTuli kultmsaxureba ara marto Sida saqarTveloSi

aResruleboda qarTul enaze, aramed TviT svaneTsa da samegreloSic

ki. mTel saqarTveloSi, romelic mefe mirianis dros iwyeboda

mdinare egriswyalTan da gadaSlili iyo masquTebis (kaspiis piras)

qveynamde, warmarTuli RvTismsaxureba qarTulenovani iyo. xolo wa-

rmarTuli panTeoni Zalze damuSavebuli da daxvewili yofila.

es garemoeba uTuod qristianul kultmsaxurebazec imoqmedebda. Tu

qarTveli warmarTebi TavianT `RmerTs~ adidebdnen qarTul enaze,

qristiani mRvdelmsaxurebic, qristianobis gavrcelebis mizniT,

Seecdebodnen qarTvelebisaTvis qarTul enazeve miewodebinaT

saxareba, aseve elocaT xalxisaTvis gasageb enaze.

miuxedavad amisa, Tavdapirvelad SesaZloa, CvenSi RvTismsaxureba

aResruleboda ara qarTul, aramed berZnul enaze, ris Sesaxebac

Tavis `qarTuli eklesiis istoriaSi~ azri hqonia gamoTqmuli mixeil

TamaraSvils. e. nikolaZe wers. `saqarTvelos eklesiis pirveli

samRvdeloeba energiulad Seudga qristianobis gavrcelebas da

ganmtkicebas qarTvelTa Soris. pirveli episkoposi, romelsac

saistorio wyaroni asaxeleben ioaned, amravlebda samRvdelo pirebs

da warmarTebis sakerpoebze eklesiebs aSenebda. ioanem saqarTvelos

eklesiaSi RvTismsaxurebis Sesasruleblad Semoitana berZnuli ena,

romelic Semdeg gandevnil iqna da mis magier daiwyes qarTuli enis

xmareba~.58

ueWvelia, radganac qristianobas qarTvelTa Soris fexi

mokidebuli hqonda ukve I saukunidanve da I saukunidan TiTqmis 300

wlis ganmavlobaSi, is, ase Tu ise, CvenSi arsebobda, uTuod rogorc

locvebi, ise saxarebisa da sxva wmida wignebis nawyvetebi zepiri

Targmnisas mainc qarTul enaze IV saukunisaTvis ukve gadmoRebuli

unda yofiliyo. amitom SeiZleba kultmsaxureba or enaze _

berZnulad da qarTulad aResruleboda CvenSi. xolo imis Semdeg, rac

380-ian wlebSi qarTli daipyro sparseTma, CvenSi iseve, rogorc

mTel sparseTis imperiaSi berZnuli saeklesio ena aikrZaleboda. mose

237

xoreneli wers, rom am dros sparselebi wvavdnen berZnul enaze

daweril yovelgvar saeklesio wigns, berZnul enaze laparakic ki

aikrZala. uTuod aseT dros sparselebi qarTlSi berZnul enas

akrZalavdnen da wirva-locvis enad aq mxolod qarTuli darCeboda,

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu berZnulis nacvlad sparselebma romelime sxva ena

ar danerges saeklesio msaxurebaSi. cnobilia, rom IV saukunis

bolos, roca jer kidev ar iyo Seqmnili somxuri anbani, somxeTSi

akrZaluli berZnulenovani wirva-locvis nacvlad, sparseTma aiZula

somexi samRvdeloeba mieRoT siriuli wignebi (wirva-locva) an

SeeqmnaT erovnuli.

politikuri TvalsazrisiT qristianobaSi ori mimarTuleba

arsebobda _ berZnuli qristianoba da siro-sparsuli qristianoba.

pirveli gavrcelebuli iyo romis imperiaSi da misi gavlenis areebSi,

xolo meore sparseTis imperiaSi. IV saukuneSi `...sakuTriv iranSic

sakmaod bevri qristiani iyo~.59 siro-sparsuli eklesia metoqeobas

uwevda berZnuls. sparseTis saxelmwifo mxars uWerda Tavis

qristianul eklesias. amitomac IV saukunis 80-ian wlebSi sparseTis

saxelmwifo yovelmxriv Seecdeboda qarTuli eklesia Camoecilebina

berZnuli saeklesio sferosgan da Seeyvana siro-sparsul saeklesio

sferoSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase moiqca 380-iani wlebidan somxuri

eklesiis mimarT. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT arsebul politikur viTarebas,

aseve qarTuli wyaroebis Cvenebas, rom qarTul eklesiaSi arsebuli

sarwmunoebis mdgomareoba berZnebis mier dawunebuli yofila V

saukunis Sua wlebSi _ `ver moawies saqme egre jerisaebr sjulisao~,60

rom mirian mefidan vaxtang gorgaslamde 157 wlis manZilze mxolod61

8 WeSmariti (e. i. berZnuli orientaciis) episkoposi yofila, `xolo

sxuani SemSlelni wesisani~, unda vifiqroT, rom somxuri eklesiis

msgavsad, qarTuli eklesiac sparseTma gamoiyvana berZnul-romaul

saeklesio sferodan da Seiyvana siro-sparsul saklesio sferoSi.

w m i n d a n i n o s c x o v r e b a 6 2

pirvelad vaxsenoT cxovreba wmidisa da netarisa dedisa Cvenisa da

yoveli qarTlis ganmanaTleblisa nino mociqulisa, romelic TviT

manve netarma mogviTxro aRsrulebis Jams da aRwera morwmune

dedofalma salome ujarmelma, mirian mefis Zis colma, asulma

Trdat somexTa mefisa.

wmida giorgi kapadokielis qristesTvis wamebis Jams, kapadukiaSi

mcxovrebi didebuli kaci zabiloni wavida qalaq romSi imperatoris

238

karze samsaxurisaTvis. am dros branjni ebrZodnen romaelebs.

zabilons, romelic romaelTa laSqarSi iyo, misca RmerTma

uZleveli Zali. gaaqcia branjni da Seipyro maTi mefe mTavrebTan

erTad. imperatorma gadawyvita maTi daxocva. maSin branjTa daiwyes

tirili da Seevedrnen zabilons: `jer mogveci Seni rjuli, Tqveni

RmerTis taZarSi Segviyvane da mere mogvkal, rameTu Sen Segvipyar da

Senve dagvexmare am saqmeSi~. zabilonma es saswrafod auwya

imperators da patriarqs. isini monaTles zabilonis xelTa qveS,

Seiyvanes RvTis taZarSi, aziares wmida saidumlos _ qristes sisxlsa

da xorcs.

diliT adgnen branjni, Caicves samkvdro samoseli, gavidnen kacTa

sasaklaoze, loculobdnen da madlobdnen RmerTs naTlisRebisaTvis:

`Cven sikvdilSic ukvdavebi varT, rameTu RmerTma am didebis Rirsni

gagvxada~. amis Semyure zabiloni mwared atirda, rameTu rogorc

cxvrebma, Tavi Tvisi warsakveTad moudriknes.

Sevida zabiloni imperatorTan da gamoiTxova samkvdrod

Sekazmulni. keisarma uTxra: `momiZRvnia SenTvis da rac ginda, is

uyavi~.

zabilonma branji tyveebi gaaTavisufla. isini evedrebodnen, raTa

wahyoloda maT qveyanaSi da gaeqristianebina mTeli maTi eri. ismina

da iTxova patriarqisgan mRvdelni, nebarTva miiRo mefisgan da gahyva.

branjTa aTi saerisTavo sixaruliT Seegeba Tavis mefes didi da

Rrma mdinaris piras. gahyo mefem xalxi da daayena mdinaris orive

napirze. ganibanes wyalSi, amovidnen erT adgilas da zabilonis

xelqveS moinaTlnen. aziara isini qristes saidumlos, dautova

mRvdeli da ganuwesa qristianobis yoveli wesi.

amis Semdeg, gamoemSvidoba da didi simdidriT dabrunda romSi. aq

ganizraxa da Tqva: `sjobs, wavide ierusalims da movaxmaro es

simdidre RvTis adgils~. Cavida ierusalimSi da gauyo Tavisi

monagebi glaxakebs. am dros iq patriarqi iyo iobenali. bavSvobaSive

daoblebuli da-Zma iobenali da sosana warmoSobiT zabilonis

mxrisani iyvnen. niaforma sara beTlemelma, romelsac emsaxureboda

sosana, uTxra patriarqs: `es zabiloni aris mama da ganmanaTlebeli

branjTa, RvTismoSiSi da brZeni kacia. mieci Seni da sosana colad~.

patriarqi daTanxmda da misca sosana colad zabilons. wavida

zabiloni Tavis samSoblo kapadokiaSi.

wminda nino, qarTlis moZRvari, maTgan iSva. is iyo dediserTa, sxva

Svili mis mSoblebs ar hyavdaT. roca nino Tormeti wlisa gaxda,

misma mSoblebma gayides yovelive, rac ebadaT, wavidnen ierusalims

da gauyves glaxakebs. ierusalimSi zabilonma miiRo kurTxeva

patriarqisagan da ganSorda Tavis cols. cremliT gamoeTxova Tavis

239

asuls, ninos da uTxra: `Sen, Cemo erTaderTo Svilo, gtoveb oblad

Cemgan da migandob zecaTa mamas, rameTu is aris obolTa mama,

yovelTa mzrdeli da qvrivTa ganmkiTxveli. nu geSinia, Svilo Cemo,

Seiyvare qriste mariam magdalinelis msgavsad da lazares debiviT.

Tu Senc maTsaviT Seiyvareb, aseve mogcems yovelives, rasac iTxov

misgan~. es rom Tqva, saukuno amboris-yofiT eambora da wavida

iordanes iqiT meudabnoe kacebTan.

xolo deda wmidisa ninosi patriarqis nebiT dadga glaxaki da

uZluri qalebis msaxurad.

wmida nino dvinel somex niaforTan msaxurobda ori weli da

gamohkiTxavda xolme qristes jvarcmas, daflvasa da aRdgomas,

rameTu misebr rjulis mcodne ierusalimSi aravin iyo, icoda Zveli

da axali aRTqma zedmiwevniT. auwya da uTxra: `vxedav, Svilo Cemo,

Sens Zalas, viTarca Zu lomisa, msgavsi xar dedali orbisa, romelic

haerSi mamalze ufro maRla adis da mis TvalSi mTeli xmeleTi Cans

mcire margalitis TvaliviT, saWmels ixilavs, dauSvebs frTebs da

mieteveba mas. aseve iyos Seni cxovreba suliwmidis winamZRvrobiT.

mogiTxrob yovelives: mokvdavma adamianebma ixiles warmarTebis

mosarjuleblad mosuli ukvdavi RmerTi, romelsac undoda qveynis

xsna: keTils uyofda ebraelebs, mkvdrebs aRadgenda, brmebs Tvals

uxelda, sneulebs kurnavda. SeSurdaT misi da SeiTqvnen, dagzavnes

macneni mTel qveyanaze yoveli mxridan ebraelebis mosawvevad da

auwyes maT: `aha, sacaa warvwymdebiT, modiT, SemokrbiT yovelni~.

maSin movidnen yvela mxridan uricxvi adamianebi, moses rjulis

swavlulni, win rom aRudgnen suliwmidas, jvars acves qriste da mis

samoselze wili iyares. samoseli CrdiloeTis qveynidan mosul

moqalaqeebs SexvdaT. dafles ebraelebma qriste da dabeWdes misi

saflavi, magram is aRdga, rogorc adreve Tqva. tiloni saflavSi

ipoves. diliT pontoeli pilates colma aiRo es tiloni, saswrafod

wavida pontoSi da qristes morwmune gaxda. qristes sudari ki ver

ipoves, magram Tqves, petrem ineba misi aReba da masve hqondeso. jvari

ki aqvea damarxuli, ierusalimSi, magram misi adgili aravin icis.

RmerTi inebebs da isic gamoCndeba~.

roca sara niaforisgan es moismina wmida ninom, madloba Seswira

RmerTs da kvlav hkiTxa: `sad aris CrdiloeTis qveyana, saidanac

mosul ebraelebs wilad xvdaT da waiRes samoseli uflisa Cvenisa

ieso qristesi?~ miugo da uTxra sara niaforma, rom aRmosavleTSi

aris qalaqi mcxeTa, qveyana qarTlisa, somxeTTan, mTieli

warmarTebisa.

im dReebSi wmida aRdgomis Tayvanissacemad efesodan movida erTi

dedakaci. hkiTxa mas sara niaforma: `elene dedofali kvlav

240

cdomilebasa da bnelSi imyofeba?~. xolo man upasuxa. `me var maTi

mxevali, mcodne yoveli maTi ganzraxvisa, cxadisa da dafarulisa, da

vici, rom aqvs mas didi wadili qristes rjulisa da

naTlisRebisTvis~.

es roca moismina, wmida ninom uTxra niafors: `warmgzavne elene

dedofalTan da iqneb miveaxlo mas sasaubrod qristes Sesaxeb~.

niaforma ninos wadili auwya patriarqs. patriarqma, wmida ninos

dedis Zmam, mouxmo Tavis diswuls, daayena is sakurTxevlis aRsavlis

karTan, daado xelebi mxrebze da SesTxova RmerTs: `ufalo RmerTo

saukuneTao, xelTa SenTa Sevvedreb Cems obol disSvils, warvavlen

Sens saqadageblad, raTa axaros maT Seni aRdgoma. iqmen, qriste

RmerTo, amis Tanamgzavri da moZRvari~.

gaemgzavrnen wmida nino da efeseli qali qalaq romSi. iq naxes

mefeebis naTesavi erTi dedofali, saxelad rifsime da misi dedamZuZu

gaiane, qalwulTa monasterSi. elodnen da surdaT ierusalimSi

naTlisReba qristes aRsarebisaTvis.

wmida nino rifsimesTan gadavida sacxovreblad. im weliwadsve

moinaTlnen rifsime, gaiane da maTi saxleuli ormocdaaTi suli,

umravlesma maTTagan wmida ninos xelqveS miiRo naTlisReba da

wavidnen TavianT monasterSi. maTTan iyo wmida nino ori weli.

im dReebSi keisarma TavisTvis lamazi sacolis mosaZebnad gagzavna

mZebnelni. maT qalwulTa monasterSi ixiles rifsime. gamohkiTxes

gvarovneba, radganac aravin iyo saxiT misi msgavsi. daxates ficarze

da gaugzavnes. moewona keisars, aRivso sixaruliT da brZana qorwili.

waravlina mociqulebi mTels Tavis sabrZanebelSi, raTa yvelani

ZRveniTa da didi sixaruliT Sekrebiliyvnen samefo qorwilSi.

roca netarma rifsimem, gaianem da sxva wmida da yovladqebulma

qalebma ixiles maTze moweuli gansacdeli, gaixsenes ubiwoebis

aRsareba da qebis Rirsi martoobiT cxovreba, iwyes tirili,

evedrebodnen RmerTs mowyalebas da erTobiT, urTierTganzraxviT,

farulad datoves qveyana, ormocdacametma sulma.

mividnen ltolvilebi somxeTis areebSi, dvinSi, somex mefeTa

sayofelSi. iq Sevidnen maranSi, romelic aSenebuli iyo Crdilo-

aRmosavleTiT. Tavs irCendnen xelsaqmiT.

xolo keisari aRivso mwuxarebiT, yvelgan gagzavna kacebi maT

mosaZebnad. keisris mociqulebi Trdat somexTa mefesTanac mividnen,

miarTves mas keisris wigni, romelSic ewera: `TviTmpyrobeli keisari

siyvaruliT mogikiTxav Cems Zmasa da Tanamosaydre Trdats. gauwyeb,

rom mravali vneba gvaqvs qristianTagan, sruliad Seuracxyofilia

Cveni samefo ufleba maTi krebulis mier da dawunebulia Cveni

xelmwifeba maTgan, rameTu isini vinme jvarcmul mkvdars emsaxurebian

241

da Zels Tayvanscemen, kacTa Zvlebs pativscemen, TavianTi sikvdili

uflis didebad miaCniaT. ar eSiniaT uriebis, uriebs ki jvarcmulis

eSiniaT. mefeebs agineben, RmerTebs Seuracxyofen, mzis, mTvarisa da

varskvlavebis naTlis Zala arafrad miaCniaT, aramed Seqmnilad

ityvian im jvarcmulis mier da ise moaqcies qveyana, rom colebi

qmrebs da qmrebi colebs Sordebian. Tumca mravali satanjveliT

amovwyvite, magram ufro gamravldnen. SemTxveva mqonda menaxa

maTTagan erTi axalgazrda qali da ganvizraxe misi colad moyvana,

xolo mas mefis guli sasurvelad ki ar miaCnda, aramed saZaglad.

arawmidad Semracxes, farulad gaiqcnen da Seni qveynis sazRvrebSi

Semovidnen. icode, Zmao Cemo, gamoiZie isini, roca ipovni, mohkal,

xolo maTgan Secdenil pirmSvenier rifsimes roca ipovni,

warmoavline. Tu Sen inebeb, SenTvis igule, rameTu aravinaa misi

msgavsi saberZneTSi. icocxle RmerTebis msaxurebiT~.

roca Trdatma es brZaneba waikiTxa keisrisa, mswrafl iwyo maTi

Zebna da ipova isini sawnaxlis saxlSi.

rifsimes xilvisas gulisTqmiT aRivso da didi sixaruliT gaixara

da ganizraxa misi colad moyvana, rac ar isurva rifsimem. maSin awama

is da dedamZuZu gaiane da sxva mravalni maTgan, zogierTebi

daimalnen da iltvodnen.

maSin wmida nino daimala vardis ekalTa Soris, romelic jer ar

hyvaoda im dros, roca aRmovidnen sulni wmidaTa mowameTani. ixila

wmida ninom wmida stefanes msgavsi diakoni, naTlis olariT

Camomavali, xelSi eWira sasakmevle, romelsac asdioda surnelebis

kvamli, cis damfarveli. masTan iyo simravle zecis erisa da maT

SeuerTdnen wmida mowameTa sulebi. roca es ixila wminda ninom,

SehRaRada ase: `ufalo, ufalo, rad damiteveb me aspitTa da iqedneTa

Soris~, maSin xma moesma zevidan, romelic ityoda: `aseve wagiyvanen,

roca eg ekali, romelic Sens garSemo aris, surnelovan vardis

furclad iqceva, adeq da CrdiloeTisken wadi, sadac samkali friad

aris da muSaki ki ar aris~.

242

da wavida iqidan wmida nino da mivida orbanTaSi, somxeTis

sazRvarze, iq daizamTra mravali gasaWiriT, da meoTxe Tves, romelic

aris ivnisi, wavida da moiwia javaxeTis mTebTan, sadac Sexvda

gamdinare did tbas, romelsac hqvia faravna, xolo roca iqiT gaixeda

da ixila CrdiloeTis mTebi, zafxulis am dReebSi savseni TovliT da

sastiki haeriT, SeZrwunda wmida nino da Tqva: `ufalo, ufalo, miiRe

suli Cemi Cemgan~.

dahyo iq ori dRe da iTxova sakvebi meTevzeTagan, am tbis

mebadurTagan. mwyemsebic iq iyvnen da Ramis samwysoSi cecxli enToT.

SesTxovdnen TavianT RmerTebs armazs da zadens, aRuTqvamdnen maT

Sesawirs, `odes mivideT mSvidobiTo~.

wmida ninom mcired icoda somxuri ena, rameTu niaforisgan iswavla.

mwyemsTa Soris somxurad molaparake ipova da hkiTxa: `romeli

soflidan xarT?~ man miugo da uTxra: `daba elarbinidan da

safurclidan da qinZarelni, rabatelni didisa qalaqisa mcxeTisa,

sadac RmerTni RmerToben da mefeni mefoben~. da hkiTxa, Tu `saiT

aris mcxeTa?~ xolo mwyemsma ase auwya, mdinare, romelic am tbidan

gaedineba, mcxeTaSi mivao.

daido wmida ninom lodi sasTumlad, dawva da daiZina am tbis

gardasadinelSi. ZilSi CvenebiT movida erTi kaci, zomieri simaRlisa

da naxevarTmosani. man misca wmida ninos beWdiT daluquli wigni da

uTxra: `miarTvi es mcxeTaSi warmarTTa mefes~. xolo wmida ninom

daiwyo tirili da vedreba. `ufalo, dedakaci var, ucxo da umecari

da arc vici maTi ena, rogor mivide ucxo qveyanaSi, ucxo erSi?~ maSin

kacma gauxsna wigni da misca wasakiTxad, dawerili iyo laTinurad da

243

beWedi iyo ieso qristesi. am wignSi ewera 10 sityva: 1. sadac iqadageba

es saxareba, iq iTqmeba am dedakacis Sesaxeb; 2. arc mamakaceba aris da

arc dedakaceba, aramed Tqven yovelni erTi xarT~ 3. wadiT da

moimowafeniT yovelni warmarTni da naTelscemdiT maT saxeliTa

mamisaTa da ZisaTa da wmidisa sulisaTa; 4. naTeli gamobrwyinda

warmarTebze didebad erisa Senisa israelisa; 5. sadac sasufevlis es

saxareba iqadageba, munca iTqmodes yovelsa sofelsa; 6. vinc Tqven

mogismenT da SegiwynarebT, me Semiwynarebs da vinc me Semiwynarebs,

Cems momavlinebels Seiwynarebs, 7. friad uyvarda mariami ufals,

rameTu maradis ismenda mis WeSmarit sityvas; 8. nu geSiniaT maTi,

romelnic Tqvens xorcs moklaven, maT sulis mokvla ar SeuZliaT; 9.

uTxra mariam magdalinels iesom. `wadi, dedakaco, da axare daTa da

ZmaTa CemTa~; 10. qadagebdeT saxeliTa mamisaTa da ZisaTa da sulisa

wmidisaTa;

roca es sityvebi waikiTxa wmida ninom, iwyo vedreba RvTis mimarT

da gulisxma-hyo, rom zecidan iyo es Cveneba, Tvalni miapyro zecas da

meore dRisTvis iTxova Sewevna.

amis Semdeg gahyva tbis mdinares da iwyo misi dineba dasavleTis

mxares. Seudga ficxel, Znel gzas, mravali Wiri naxa, mxecebis SiSi,

sanam ar miaRwia adgils, sadac wyalma aRmosavleTiT iwyo dineba.

amis Semdeg daiwyo misi lxena, rameTu ipova iq mogzauri, romelTanac

erTad miaRwia qarTlis sanaxebs, qalaqs, romelsac urbnisi ewodeba,

sadac ixila ucxo xalxi, RmerTTa msaxuri. cecxls, qvebs, xeebs

RmerTad Tayvanscemdnen, risTvisac suli daumwuxrda, Sevida

ebraelebis baginSi ebrauli enisaTvis, dahyo iq erTi Tve da qveyanas

ecnoboda.

erT dRes daiZra didZali xalxi, am qalaqidan warmavalni did

samefo qalaqSi, mcxeTaSi, savaWrod da RmerT armazisTvis zvarakis

Sesawirad. wahyva wmida nino maT. roca qalaqSi mividnen, dadgnen

mogvTa xidTan. cecxlismsaxur am eris Secdomis xilvisas stiroda

wmida nino maT warwymedasa da Tavis ucxoobas.

meore dRes gaisma sayvirT xma, gamovida uricxvi xalxi viTarca

yvavilni velisani da xmauri ismoda saSineli. mefe jer kidev ar iyo

gamosuli. roca movida dro, daiwes sirbili da imaleboda yoveli

kaci, SiSisgan safarvelSi Serbodnen da aha, myisve gamovida nana

dedofali da nel-nela mosdevda eri. Seamkes yoveli quCa

sxvadasxvaferi samosliT. iwyo mTelma erma mefis qeba. maSin gamovida

mefe sazareli da TvalSeudgami xilviT, wmida ninom hkiTxa erT

ebrael qals: `ra aris es?~ man upasuxa: `RmerTi RmerTTa armazi

uxmobs, romlis gareSec sxva kerpebi ararani arian~. myisve wavida

244

wmida nino armazis saxilvelad da `aRivsnen mTebi droSebiT da

xalxiT, viTarca velni yvaviliTa~.

xolo wmida ninom Seaswro armazis cixeSi da dadga kerpis

maxloblad, zRudis napralTan. xedavda miuwvdomel da eniT uTqmel

sakvirvelebas, Tu rogor eSinodaT mefes, mTavrebs da mTel ers maT

winaSe aRmarTuli kerpebisa. ixila wmida ninom, rom idga erTi

spilenZis kaci, tans oqros jaWvi emosa, Tavze oqros Cafxuti exura,

samxreebic oqrosive hqonda da moWedili iyo Zvirfasi TvlebiT. xelT

xmali epyra viTarca elva da iqnevda. Tu vinme Seexeboda,

sasikvdilod gaiwireboda. ambobdnen: `vaime, ar davaklo dideba am

did RmerTs armazs, an ar Sevcde ebraelebisa da mogvebis mosmeniT,

romelnic ityvian raRac ucxo RmerTis Sesaxeb, ar mipovos raime biwi

armazma da ar mces Tavisi maxvili, romlisac yvelas eSinia~. da

SiSiT Tayvaniscemdnen mas.

da aseve iyo mis marjvniv oqros kerpi, saxeli misi gaci da mas

marcxniv edga vercxlis kerpi, saxeli misi gaim, romelnic RmerTebad

miaCnda qarTlis ers.

maSin tiroda da oxravda netari nino RvTis mimarT am CrdiloeTis

qveynis SecdomisaTvis, rom naTeli maTTvis dafaruli iyo da bneli

uflobda maT. mefeni da mTavarni cocxlad STaenTqa jojoxeTs,

daetovebinaT dambadebeli, qvasa da xes, spilenZsa da gamoWedil

rvals RmerTad Tayvans cemdnen.

aRixilna zecad da Tqva: `ufalo erTi wmida samebisagani kacad

iqmen da acxovne yoveli sofeli, nu ugulebelyof amaT, rameTu kaci-

adamiani Seni xati aris, moxede wyalobiT am ers, Serisxe soflis

mpyrobeli, bneleTis mTavari uCino sulebi. miCvene me, ufalo RmerTo

mamisa da dedisa Cemisao, mxevalsa Sensa, raTa ixilon yovelTa

kideTa qveynisaTa macxovareba Seni, raTa CrdiloeTi samxreTTan

erTad ixarebdes da yovelma enam (yvela erma) mxolod Sen gces

Tayvani Seni Zis ieso qristes mier, romelsac Svenis madloba da

didebismetyveleba~.

rogorc ki daasrula es locva wmida ninom, Tvalis erT

wamisyofaSi amovarda dasavleTis qari, gaisma sazareli quxilis xma,

gamoCnda swrafi Rrublebi saSineli niSniT, moitana dasavleTis

niavma myrali da Zlier cudi, mware suni. es rom ixila eris

simravlem, iltvoda yoveli kaci da qali qalaqisa da soflebisaken,

miecaT dro, rom yovel kacs Seeswro Tavis sayofelSi da swrafad

moiwia es risxvis Rrubeli, mwared sastiki da mxolod kerpebis

sayofel adgilze moiRo litris63 toli setyva. daamsxvria es kerpebi

da Semusra, daarRvia zRudeni sastikma qarma da kldeTa napralebSi

245

Caamxo, xolo wmida nino darCa mSvidobiT im adgilas, sadac

pirvelad iyo Sesuli.

meore dRes gamovida mirian mefe da yoveli eri. eZebdnen maT

RmerTebs da ver ipovnes, ris gamoc SeeSindaT da SeZrwundnen,

iglovdnen da ambobdnen: `qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujan da Cveni

RmerTi armazi mtrebi arian, aman erTxel masze zRva miaqcia da axla

man Suri iZia, mis mier moxda es~. xolo sxvebi ambobdnen: `romeli

RmerTis ZaliTac Trdat mefe gareul Rorad iqca da imave RmerTis

ZaliT kvlav kacadve iqmna, im RmerTma moaxdina es. rameTu sxva

RmerTi uZluria aseTis qmnad~. amas ambobdnen imitom, rom Trdat

mefis Rorad da mere kacad gadaqcevis Semdeg, qristes qeba-dideba

qarTlSi aRar iTqmoda farulad, rameTu RvTis madlma aRmosavleTSi

mofena daiwyo.

risxvis dRes, sastiki qaris dacxromis Semdeg, gamovida wmida nino

kldis napralidan, ipova bivrilis Tvali, aiRo da wavida kldis

qimisaken, sadac idga Zveli cixe. iq idga akakis xe mSvenieri, maRali

da rtomravali, sadac iyo bartam mefis sagrili da gansasvenebeli.

mivida am xis Ziras, gaakeTa qristes jvris niSani da eqvs dRes aq

iloca. madlobda RmerTs da evedreboda, raTa moexeda wyalobiT

Secdomili erisTvis, exsna eSmakisagan. iyo meeqvse dRe im Tvisa, roca

emanuilma Taboris mTaze mamis xati uCvena mociqulebis da

winaswarmetyvelebis meTaurebs.

maSin movida erTi sefeqali, saxelad SroSana da ixila is xis qveS,

gaukvirda, moiyvana berZnulad metyveli qali, hkiTxa misi gza, xolo

wminda ninom auwya da uTxra yoveli gza da saqme Tavisi, garda dedis

Zmebisa, rameTu tyved gaacno Tavi.

maSin Seewyala SroSanas ucxoebisTvis, aevso cremliT Tvalni da

daaZala samefo saxlSi wahyoloda, xolo wminda ninom ar ineba

wasvla masTan da wavida SroSana.

amis Semdeg mesame dRes Camovida mtkvarze da gaemarTa mefis baRSi,

sadac amJamad aris sveti igi RvTiT aRmarTuli da sakaTalikoso

eklesia. roca mivida baRis karTan, ixila mcire saxli baRis mcvelia.

Sevida wmida nino. ijda iq dedakaci, saxelad anastos. roca

dedakacma ixila nino adga, moexvia da Seitkbo, rogorc nacnobma,

dabana xelebi, scxo zeTi, miarTva puri da Rvino. dahyo masTan wmida

ninom cxra Tve.

anastos da misi qmari uSviloebi iyvnen da wuxdnen uSvilobisaTvis.

wmida ninos eCvena: movida kaci naTlisferi da Tqva: Sedi am baRSi,

xeze aSvebuli vazia _ babilo, naZvTa qveS. aiRe miwa am adgilidan,

SeaWame magaT da eyolebaT Svili~. hyo ase wmida ninom da uTxra:

`dausabamo RvTis Zis, qristes ZaliT, romelic Tanamosaydre aris

246

mamisa da sulisa wmidisa da romelic Seni xsnisaTvis gankacda, jvars

ecva, daefla, aRdga mesame dRes, amaRlda zecad, dajda mamis

gverdiT, kvlav mova didebiT gansasjelad cocxlebisa da mkvdrebisa,

man mogces Sen gulisxmis-yofa~. da auwya yoveli gza WeSmariti.

maSin col-qmarma aRiara qriste da daemowafnen farulad. wmida

ninom qalaqis zRudis gareT ipovna mayvlis buCqi, sadac axla aris

zemo eklesiis sakurTxeveli, saepiskoposo. da is Seqmna Tavis

sayoflad. Seqmna nasxlevisagan jvari da aRmarTa am buCqis qveS.

marad loculobda dRe da Rame daucxromlad. da emsaxureboda es

col-qmari. ukvirdaT misi Rvawli, locva da mRviZareba.

da mravalgzis midiodnen uriaTa ubanSi ebrauli enisa da uflis

kvarTis gamoZiebisaTvis, romlis Sesaxebac ierusalimSi moismina

niaforisgan, rom `kvarTi uflisa mcxeTel ebraelebs wauRiaTo~.

amisaTvis gamoeZiebda uriebTan, rom gaego raime kvarTis Sesaxeb.

da ipova erTi ebraeli mRvdeli, saxeliT abiaTari da uqadaga mas

da mis asuls sidonias Cveni uflis ieso qristes saxareba. irwmunes

da daemowafnen isini da sxva eqvsi ebraeli qali. da naTlisRebis

gareSe aiRes wmida ninos swavlis uReli. rameTu ara ipoveboda

mRvdeli, romelic naTelsscemda da farulad iyvnen misi mowafeni.

kurnavda da qristes ZaliT sakvirvelebebs hyofda: mravali

ganrRveuli gankurna.

ase imyofeboda qalaq mcxeTaSi sam wels. am dros SeiWrnen mirian

mefe da misi Zmiswuli, sparsTa mefe, saberZneTSi, xolo konstantine

berZenTa mefem qristes ZaliT da jvris winamZRvrobiT gandevna es

mefeebi da maTi mravali molaSqre mosra.

T q m u l i a b i a T a r m R v d e l i s a , r o m e l i c d a e m o w a f a

w m i d a s a d a n e t a r n i n o s

`me, abiaTar mRvdeli, wilisyriT vmRvdelobdi im weliwads, roca

wmida da netari nino movida mcxeTaSi. maSin momivida werili

antioqiidan, ebraeli mRvdlebisgan, romelSic ewera: `samad gahyo

RmerTma israelis samefo. Cveni winaswarmetyvelebi dacxrnen,

aRsrulda yovelive da ganvibnieniT yvela qveyanaSi. romaelebma

daipyres Cveni qveyana. vtirodiT erTurTs, rameTu ganvarisxeT

Semoqmedi RmerTi. axla ki ganixile moses wigni da is sityva,

romelic dagviwera Cven: `romeli ityYs queyanasa zeda RmrTad Tavsa

TYssa, Zelsa damoekiden~. an rom avcdenodiT ieso nazarevelis

sikvdils! rameTu vxedavT, roca Cveni winapari mamebi Sescodebdnen

xolme RmerTs da daiviwyebdnen mas, maSin tyveobasa da gansacdelSi

247

xvdebodnen, xolo roca moiqceodnen da SesTxovdnen, maSin srulad

ganSordebodnen Wirs. es Svidgzis viciT werilidan. xolo axla,

radganac Cvenma mamebma xeli Seaxes im mwiri dedakacis Zes da mokles

is, aiRo RmerTma xeli wyalobisa Cvengan da gahyo Cveni samefo,

gangvaSora mis wminda taZars da ugulebelyo Cveni eri sruliad, da

imis Semdeg gavida 300 weli da metic, aRar Seismina Cveni vedreba da

unda vifiqroT, rom zeciT iyo is kaci~.

amis Semdeg viwye gamokiTxva ninosgan qristes Sesaxeb, Tu vin iyo

is da ra mizeziT iqmna Ze RvTisa kacad. maSin aRaRo piri wmida ninom,

rogorc aRmomdinare wyarom da iwyo sityva saukuniTgan. Cvens wignebs

zepir aRmoityoda, gonebadakarguls gonier-gvyofda, ZmaTa CvenTa

Segvabralebda da rjulis cvalebas dagvajerebda, sanam ar virwmune

misi sityva. ieso qriste-Ze RvTisa, misi vneba da aRdgoma. misi

saSineli meored mosvla da warmarTTa molodini. me da Cemi Svili

misi gansawmedelis sapkureblis miRebis Rirsi SeviqmeniT, im wylis

embazisa, romelsac natrobda daviT da ver eRirsa. da mesma me axlisa

rjulisa, sagaloblisa, romelsac natrobda daviT. Rirs viqmeniT

RvTis Zis-qristes sisxlisa da xorcis ziarebisa, tkbil ars gemos-

xilva qveynis codvaTaTvis Sewiruli kravisa. da ase inebe, ufalo,

gansvla Cemi xorcidan. da kvlav mravali saswauli ixila Cemma

Tvalebma wmida ninos mier aRsrulebuli Cvens dReebSi.

T q m u l i m i s i v e , a b i a T a r

m R v d e l i s a , k v a r T i s a T v i s u f l i s a C v e n i s a i e s o

q r i s t e s i

`me, abiaTar mRvdeli, mogiTxrobT im ambavs, romelic meuwya da Cemi

yuriT movismine mamisa da dedisagan da wignidanac vici, rameTu maTac

mSoblebisa da papebisagan moTxrobiT da smeniT icodnen, rom roca

herode mefobda ierusalims, maSin gvesma. `ierusalimi sparselebma

daipyreso~, ris gamoc iqmna glova da wuxili qarTveli ebraelebisa,

mcxeTis mkvidrTa, bodeli mRvdlebisa, kodiswyaroeli mwignobrebisa,

sobis kananelTa TargmanTa — eseni yvelani moemzadnen

saltolvelad, xolo ramdenime dRis Semdeg movida xma nugeSiscemisa,

rom `sparselebi dasapyrobad ki ar movidnen ierusalimSi, aramed

iaraRis nacvlad mohqondaT samefo oqro, muri — avadmyofobis

mswrafl mkurnali, da gundruki saamo surnelebisa. da eZebdnen vinme

248

axalSobil yrmas, daviTis Zes. ipoves erTi, mwiri dedakacisagan

Sobili udrood da uadgilo adgilas. da eseni am yrmis

TayvaniscemisTvis movidnen da mas Seswires ZRveni igi~. es rom gaiges,

iqmna didi sixaruli yovelTa zeda huriaTa qarTvelTa.

amis Semdeg, roca gavida 30 weli, maSin mowera ana mRvdelma

ierusalimidan Cvens mamaTamamas _ eliozs, rom is, romlisTvisac

sparsTa mefeebi ZRveniT movidnen, gaizarda, ukve asakSia da Tavis

Tavs uwodebs RvTis Zes. modiT yvelani mis sikvdilze, raTa

aResrulos moses mcneba~. da wavida aqedan elioz mRvdeli, Cemi

mamaTa mama, moxucebuli kaci da hyavda mas deda elia mRvdlis

tomisgan da erTi da. evedreboda eliozs dedamisi ase: `wadi, Svilo,

mefis mowodebiT da rjulis wesis Tanaxmad, xolo rasac isini

ganizraxaven, nu SeuerTdebi cnobierad, rameTu igi aris sityva wina-

swarmetyvelTa da igavi brZenTa~. wavidnen elioz mcxeTeli da

longinoz karsneli da iq daeswrnen uflis jvarcmas.

xolo roca damsWvales ufali da kveriT dahkres samsWvals, aq

eliozis dedas moesma, ikivla da Tqva. `mSvidobiT, mefobao huriaTao,

rameTu mohkaliT Tqveni macxovari da iqmeniT Semoqmedis mkvleli.

vai, Cems Tavs, amaze win rad ar movkvdi, rom Cems yurebs ar

moesminaT~. da ase Seisvena (gardaicvala).

xolo uflis kvarTi wilad xvdaT mcxeTelebs. wamoiRo eliozma da

moitana mcxeTas. da moegeba misi dai cremliani. moexvia yelze Tavis

Zmas, gamoarTva iesos samoseli, miikra mkerdze da suli ganuteva am

sami tkiviliT. qristes sikvdilisaTvis, dedisa da ZmisTvis, romelic

eziara uflis sisxls.

maSin am sakvirvelebam didad SeaSfoTa mcxeTa, gaukvirda TviT did

aderki mefes, xalxis simravlesa da mTavrebs. moewona aderki mefes es

samoseli, magram sakvirvelebisgan zardacemuli da SeSinebuli iyo.

ar ineba gamoReba mkvdris xelidan, romelsac magrad da surviliT

Caekra samoseli. eliozma damarxa Tavisi da, mas xelT hqonda

samoseli uflisa. es adgili sad aris, ufalma icis.

mravali wlis Semdeg aderki mefis Zmiswulma armazaelma moiZia es

samoseli ebraelebTan da ver ipova, rameTu auwyes yoveli, rac iyo.

aravin icis, sad aris es adgili, ician mxolod, rom aris libanidan

Camotanili da mcxeTas darguli da gazrdili naZvis maxloblad~.

mravalgzis brZana dedaman Cvenma wmida ninom, rom mogveZia es

samoseli, magram masac uTxres: `es is adgilia, sadac kacTa ena ar

dadumdeba RvTis sagaloblad~.

da esec meuwya mamaCemisgan, rom aris sxvac: saRmrTo ZaliT

Semosili ormagi xaleni eliasi am qalaqSi~. eliozis saxli iyo

qalaqis dasavleTiT, mogvTa xids iqiT.

249

im dReebSi mravalgzis ixila Cvenma wmida ninom, TiTqosda

modiodnen cis frinvelebi Savi ferisani, Sevidodnen mdinareSi,

ganibandnen, ganspetakdebodnen da aRvidodnen baRSi, maRlari vazis

(babilo) yurZens SeWamdnen, yvavilebs moZovdnen da ase surviliT

wmida ninosTan mividodnen, TiTqosda misi iyo is baRi,

Semoudgebodnen mSvenieri JiviliT garSemo. es uTxra wmida ninom

Tavis mowafe sidonias, abiaTaris asuls, xolo sidoniam uTxra wmida

ninos: `ucxov da tyveTa mxsnelo tyveo, ici, rom Sens mier movida es

axali dro, Sens mier ismis is Zveli ambavi, mamaTa CvenTa naqmari:

sisxlis daTxeva im zeciuri kacisa, rac safuZvlad daedo ebraelebis

sircxvils, mTel qveyanaze kidiTkidemde ganbneva, maTi mefobis

dacema, wmida taZris warTmeva, ucxo eris mowodeba maTi didebis

maTTvis misacemad~. ierusalim, ierusalim, ierusalim, rogor

gagiSlia frTebi da Semoikreb Seni frTebis qveS ciskiduris yvela

ers. aha, aqac mosula es dedakaci, romelic Secvlis am qveynis yovel

wess~. da uTxra wmida ninos _ `es Seni Cveneba is aris, rom es adgili

Sens mier iqceva samoTxed~.

saberZneTidan mefe konstantines mier damarcxebuli mirian mefis

mosvlamde wmida ninom gancxadebulad daiwyo qristes rjulis

qadageba, gamoaCina vazis nasxlevis jvari da miT iqmoda did

sakvirvelebas: wamlis gareSe ganrRveuli gankurna jvris SexebiT.

masTan erTad qadagebdnen misi mowafeebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad

farulad daemowafnen — Svidi ebraeli qali: sidonia, abiaTaris

asuli da sxva eqvsi, baRis mcveli col-qmari da abiaTar mRvdeli _

axali pavle, romelic uSiSrad da daucxromlad qadagebda qristes

rjuls. is didi mcodne iyo Zveli rjulisa. axali rjuli iswavla

wmida ninosgan da ninoze ufro metad uxsnida yovel kacs WeSmarit

rjuls.

maSin aRiZrnen ebraelebi da surdaT qviT CaeqolaT abiaTari, xolo

man, mefem, miavlina msaxuri da gadaarCina abiaTari sikvdils, rameTu

mirian mefes hqonda survili qristes rjulisa. mas esmoda qristes

rjulis saswauli saberZneTsa da somxeTSi da ar abrkolebda wmida

ninos da misi mowafeebis qadagebas. magram ebrZoda eSmaki, uCino

mteri, da ar aRiarebda qristes aRmsareblobas, xolo nana dedofali

ufro gulficxeli iyo da Seuracxyofda maT qadagebas.

wmida nino loculobda daucxromlad Tavis sayudelSi, mayvlis

qveS. gaocebulni iyvnen misi locviTa da mRviZarebiT. eucxoebodaT es

saqme. daiwyes misi gamokiTxva, is auwyebda Zvel da axal wignebs,

ganabrZnobda ugunurebs da ugulisxmoebs da maT gulSi nergavda

qristes siyvaruls.

250

da ase iyo sam wels, gancxadebulad qadagebda qristes da mravali

daimowafa. maSin iyo erTi ymawvili, mZimed sneuli. mimohqonda igi

dedamiss kardakar, raTa epovna vinme mcodne kurnebisa. magram ver

ipova mkurnali da uTxres: aRaraferi eSveleba mag ymas. es qali iyo

warmarTi da gulficxi. sZagda qristianuli sjuli, uSlida sxvebsac

wmida ninosTan misvlas, magram roca sasowarkveTilebas mieca sxva

mkurnalTagan, mivida wmida ninosTan, davarda mis winaSe da

evedreboda yrmis gankurnebas. maSin uTxra wmida ninom: `kurnebas,

romelic adamianisgan aris, me ar vyof, xolo RmerTma Cemma _ qristem

gankurnos es yrma, romelic yvelasgan ganwirulia~.

kilikze loculobda xolme wmida nino, masze daadebina yrma da

daiwyo RmerTis mimarT vedreba. maSinve ganikurna is yrma,

gamojanmrTelebuli misca dedamiss. xolo yrmis dedam aRiara qriste

da Tqva: `ar aris sxva RmerTi, garda qristesi, romelsac qadagebs

nino~, da daemowafa wmida ninos, Seudga mis kvals da adidebda

RmerTs.

nana dedofalic Zlier dasneulda. veravin gankurna igi, Tumca,

yvela xelovanma mkurnalma scada Tavisi wamlebi. uRononi da

sasowarkveTilni iyvnen. auwyes dedofals, rom `romaeli tyve

dedakacis locviT, romelsac nino hqvia, mravalni sneulni

ganikurnen~. maSin ubrZana Tavis msaxurebs, raTa moeyvanaT nino.

mividnen dedoflis msaxurebi da ipoves nino mayvlis buCqis qveS,

meeqvse Jams64 loculobda. uTxres dedoflis brZaneba, xolo wmida

ninom uTxra: `ara maqvs brZaneba (neba), rom mivide iq, sadac Cveni

Sveba ar aris, TviTon dedofali movides Cems sayofelSi da

WeSmaritad ganikurneba qristes ZaliT~. msaxurebma uTxres wmida

ninos naTqvami dedofals. maSin dedofalma brZana: `SemimzadeT

sawoli da mimiyvaneT masTan~. sawoliT waiyvanes msaxurebma, misma Zem

revim da eris simravlem.

roca mividnen wmida ninos samyofelTan, dades dedofali sagebel

kilikze. daiwyo wmida ninom locva da vedreba RvTis mimarT.

moiRo jvari, romelic hqonda, Seaxo Tavze, fexebsa da mxrebze

jvrissaxed da maSinve ganikurna da adga gamojanmrTelebuli, irwmuna

qriste da Tqva: `ar aris sxva RmerTi, qristes garda, romelsac

qadagebs es tyve dedakaci~. da im droidan gaixada is megobrad da

Tavis Sinaurad. marad hkiTxavda da gamowvlilviT gamoeZiebda

qristes rjuls. aswavlidnen wmida nino, abiaTari _ axali pavle da

misi asuli sidonia. morwmune gaxda dedofali da cno WeSmariti

RmerTi.

gamohkiTxa mefem dedofals, Tu rogor ganikurna meyseulad.

mouTxro dedofalma, rac iqmna masze, Tu rogor ganikurna wamlis

251

gareSe locviT da jvrisSexebiT. am saswaulis mxilveli eris

simravle amowmebda dedoflis sityvebs.

maSin gankvirda mirian mefe, daiwyo gamoZieba qristes rjulisa,

mravalgzis hkiTxa uriayofil abiaTar mRvdels Zveli da axali

rjuli. nebroTis wignSic, romelic hqonda mirian mefes, ipova erTi

adgili: godolis aSenebis dros zecidan gaisma xma nebroTis mimarT:

`me var miqael, RmerTis mier dadgenili aRmosavleTis mTavrad. gadi

mag qalaqidan, rameTu RmerTi faravs mag qalaqs. ukanasknel Jams mova

meufe cisa, romlis xilvac Sen gnebavs. misi SiSi ganaqarvebs

amqveyniur sitkbos. mefeni mefobas datoveben da siglaxakes dauwyeben

Zebnas. is gixilavs WirSi da gixsnis Sen~. maSin gulisxma-yo mirianma,

rom Zveli da axali wignebi emowmebodnen da nebroTis wignic

amtkicebda. da mas gauCnda survili qristes rjulisa, magram ebrZoda

uCino mteri da abrkolebda qristes aRiarebisgan, gulSi imeds

itovebda kerpebisas da cecxlisas.

mudam evedreboda dedofali qristes aRsarebisaTvis. dedoflis

moqcevis Semdeg mefe ori weli orgulobda. am dros wmida nino ers

aswavlida daucxromlad, magram aravis eubneboda: `vin var da saidan

movedi~, aramed tyves uwodebda Tavis Tavs.

amis Semdeg sparseli mTavari mogvi saxelad xuara, dasneulda da

sikvdilis pirs iyo. is iyo mirian mefis naTesavi. Seevedrnen wmida

ninos nana dedofali da mefe. mefe mis saqmes cota eWviT uyurebda,

amitomac uTxra wmida ninos: `romeli ZaliT mkurnalob Sen? an

armazis asuli xar, an zadenis Svili. ucxoeTidan moxvedi, amaT

Seevedre da mogces wyaloba, moganiWes kurnebis Zala, raTa gearseba

ucxo qveyanaSi. didebul arian ukunisamde. xolo Sen iyavi CvenTan,

rogorc Cveni Svili, am qalaqSi pativcemuli. magram nu iqadageb

romaelTa Secdomil rjuls da nurc ityvi, rameTu es didi da

soflis mpyrobeli RmerTebi, mzis momfeneli, wvimis momcemeli da

yoveli sulieri arsebis gamomzrdeli qarTlis RmerTebi armazi da

zadeni, yovelive dafarulis gamomeZiebelni, Cveni mamebis Zveli

RmerTebi gaci da gaim — isini unda swamdeT adamianebs. Tu gankurnav

am mTavars — gagamdidreb da mcxeTis mkvidr-moqalaqeobas mogcem,

dagayeneb armazis msaxurad. marTalia, maSin haeriTa da setyviT

Seimusrnen, magram is adgili uZlevelia. es qarTvelTa armazi da

qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujan maradi mtrebi arian. aman masze zRva

miaqcia da man ki aseTi urva moawia, rogoradac aris qveynis

mpyrobelTa Cveuleba, da SenTvis sakmarisi iyos es brZaneba~. miugo

netarma ninom: `qristes saxeliT da misi dedis vedrebiT moavlinos

Senze RmerTma — cisa da qveynis Semoqmedma, yoveli dabadebulis

dambadebelma, Tavisi mravalmowyalebisgan madlis erTi naperwkali,

252

raTa icno da gulisxma-hyo cis simaRle da mzis naTeli, zRvis

siRrme da qveynis sivrce. icode, mefev, vin mosavs cas RrubliT da

quxs haerSi, iZvris qveyana misi simZafriT. aris mexTa texa da mis

kvalze cecxli aRegzneba misi guliswyromiT. icode, rom RmerTi

aris caSi. Tavad is uxilavia yovelive dabadebulisgan, garda misi

Zisa, romelic misgan gamovida da qveynad movida rogorc kaci,

romelmac aRasrula yovelive, risTvisac iyo mosuli da aRvida

zecaSi mamasTan da ixila dausabamo, romelic maRlaa da mdabalTa

xedavs. male mogxedavs RmerTi, rameTu aris am qalaqSi erTi

saswauli: samoseli RmerTis Zisa da Tqves, elias xalenic aq ariso

da mravali saswaulia, romelsac RmerTi gamoaCens. axla ki me Sens

mTavars ganvkurnav qriste RmerTis ZaliT da misi vnebis jvriT,

rogorc dedofali ganvkurne senisgan~.

da mihgvares mas is mTavari, movida dedofalic baRSi naZvis qveS,

daayena aRmosavleTiT, aawevina xelebi da aTqmevina samgzis:

`ganveSorebi Sengan, eSmako, da Sevudgebi qristesa RmerTis Zesa~.

tiroda nino da SesTxovda RmerTs, Sewevnoda am kacs. mowafeebi

masTan iyvnen iq erTi dRe da ori Rame. da swrafad gavida misgan

suli boroti da daemowafnen ninos TavianTi saxliT da eriT da

adidebdnen RmerTs.

T q m u l i s i d o n i a d e d a k a c i s a , r o m e l m a c

i x i l a d a a R w e r a . . .

erT zafxulis dRes, 20 ivliss, SabaTs, gavida mefe muxranisaken

sanadirod. am dros uCino mterma — eSmakma, gulSi Caugdo kerpebisa

da cecxlis siyvaruli. gaixsena msaxureba kerpebisa da isurva

maxviliT amowyveta yvela qristianisa. uTxra mefem Tavis oTx

Tanamzraxvels: `Rirsni varT, rom Cvenma RmerTma boroti gviyos,

radganac aRar vemsaxurebiT mas da mivuSviT Tavis nebaze grZneuli

qristiani mqadageblebi TavianTi rjulis saqadageblad Cvens

qveyanaSi. isini grZneulebiT akeTeben sakvirvelebas. axla aseTia Cemi

ganzraxva, borotad gavwyvitoT yvela Tayvanismcemeli jvarcmulisa,

da umetesad vemsaxuroT qarTlis mpyrobel RmerTebs, vamxiloT

dedofali nana, Cemi coli. movananiebinoT da davatovebinoT

jvarcmulis rjuli. Tu ar damemorCileba, daviviwyeb mis siyvaruls

da sxvebTan erTad wavrwymidav masac~. daeTanxmnen misi

Tanamzraxvelebi, radganac maTac am saqmis Sesruleba mxurvaled

undodaT, adreve surdaT, magram ver acxadebdnen.

253

xolo mefem movlo sanaxebi muxranisa, avida TxoTis maRal mTaze,

raTa moexila kaspi da ufliscixe. ganvida mTis Txemze. Sua

samxrobisas dabnelda mze mTaze da iqmna rogorc Rame, bneli, ukuni.

daipyro sibnelem areni da adgilni. ganSordnen erTmaneTs Wirisa da

urvis gamo. darCa mefe marto, iareboda mTaTa da maRranTa

SeSinebuli da SeZrwunebuli. dadga erT adgilas, gadaewura imedi

Tavis sicocxlisa da roca movida cnobaze, ganizraxa gulSi: `aha,

SevTxove Cems RmerTebs da ver vpove lxineba. axla juarcmuls,

romelsac qadagebs wmida nino da kurnavs misiT, ar SeuZlia Cemi xsna

am Wirisagan? rameTu cocxlad var jojoxeTSi da ar vici mTeli

qveyana daiqca, Tu mxolod CemTvis iqmna es. axla Tu marto CemTvis

aris es Wiri, ninos RmerTo, ganminaTle es bneli da miCvene Cemi

samyofeli da vaRiareb Sens saxels, aRvmarTav jvris Zels da Tayvans

vcem mas. avaSeneb CemTvis salocvel saxls da viqnebi morCili ninosi

romaelTa rjulze~.

yovelive es rom warmoTqva, ganaTda da gamobrwyinda mze.

CamoqveiTda cxenidan mefe, dadga imave adgilas, ganipyrna xelni

aRmosavleTiT da Tqva: `Sen xar RmerTi yovelTa zeda RmerTTa da

ufali yovelTa zeda ufalTa, RmerTi, romelsac nino ityvis.

saqebelia Seni saxeli yoveli dabadebulisgan cis qveS da qveyanaze,

rameTu Sen mixseni Wirisgan da ganminaTle bneli. aha, vcnob. rameTu

ginda Cemi xsna, lxena da SenTan miaxleba. kurTxeulo ufalo, am

adgilas aRvmarTav Zelis jvars, romliTac idideba Seni saxeli da

moixsenieba es saswaulebrivi saqme ukunisamde~.

daiswavla es adgili da wamovida. ixiles naTeli da SeuerTda

gabneuli xalxi. mefe ki RaRadebda. `mieciT ninos RmerTs dideba,

rameTu is aris saukuniTgan RmerTi da mxolod mas Svenis dideba

ukunisamde~.

nana dedofali da yoveli eri gavida mefis misagebeblad, rameTu

esmaT pirvelad daRupva, xolo Semdeg mSvidobiT mosvla, miegebnen

qinZarasa da RarTaSi. xolo netari nino loculobda mwuxrs

mayvlovanSi misi Cveulebisamebr. Cven masTan viyaviT ormocdaaTi

suli. roca movida mefe, iZvroda qalaqi da maRali xmiT RaRadebda

mefe: `sad aris is ucxo dedakaci, romelic aris dedaCemi da misi

RmerTi Cemi mxsnelia~. da roca uTxres: `aq, mayvlovanSia da

loculobs~, mivida TviT mefe da mTeli laSqari, Camoxda mefe

cxenidan da uTxra ninos: `axla Rirsi var Seni RmerTis da Cemi

mxsnelis saxelis aRiarebisa~. wmida ninom aswavla, aRmosavleTiT eca

Tayvani da eRiarebina qriste Ze RvTisa.

maSin grgvinavda da tiroda yoveli kaci, roca xedavdnen mefesa da

dedofals cremlovanT. meore dRes mirian mefem waravlina mociquli

254

saberZneTSi konstantine berZenTa mefis winaSe. masve gaatana ninos

wigni elene dedofalTan. da auwyes yovelive saswauli mirianisa

qristesmieri, romelic mcxeTaSi moxda da iTxoves saswrafod

mRvdelni naTlisRebisTvis. xolo wmida nino da misi mowafeebi

uqadagebdnen ers dRe da Rame daucxromlad da uCvenebdnen WeSmarit

gzas.

T q m u l i m i s i v e e k l e s i i s a R S e n e b i s a T v i s

roca mefe da mTeli eri qristianobas daewafa mRvdlebis

mosvlamde, uTxra mefem wmida ninos: `msurs saswrafod avaSeno RvTis

saxli, sad avaSeno?~ uTxra wmida ninom: `sadac mefeTa goneba

mtkicea~. uTxra mas mefem: `miyvars me Seni mayvlovani, iq mnebavs Cemi

gonebiT, magram ase ar vyof da ar moveridebi samefo baRs, am naZvTa

simaRles, am babilos nayofierebasa da yvavilTa surnelebas, rameTu

Cveneba, romelic ixile Sen, SavfrTiani frinvelebis ganbana wyliT,

brwyinvaled ganspetakeba da dasxdoma maTi am baRis xeebze, maTi

tkbilxmovaneba, — WeSmaritad, es xorcieli warmavali baRi

Segvecvleba saukuno samoTxed. aq aRvaSenoT RvTis saxli, Cven

salocvelad, saberZneTidan mRvdlebis mosvlamdeo~.

saswrafod moiRo Zali. aswavlida xuroebs, mohkveTes is naZvi da am

naZvisgan Seamzada eklesiis Svidi sveti. ZelebiT aaSenes kedeli da

aRmarTes eqvsi sveti TavianT adgilebze, xolo udidesi svetis

aRmarTva. romelic sakvirveli iyo saxilvelad da gamzadebuli iyo

Sua eklesiis Sesadgmelad, ver SeZles. auwyes mefes, rom adgilidanac

ver daZres es sveti. maSin movida mefe eris simravliT, moitanes

mravalRone manqanebi. simarjviTa da xalxis simravlis ZaliT

Seecadnen aRmarTvas da ver SeZles. gakvirvebuli iyo mefe da xalxi

da ambobdnen: `ra aris es?~ roca mosaRamovda: wavida mefe Tavis

saxlSi, friad Sewuxebuli, xolo wmida nino da Tormeti misi mowafe

qali dadgnen svetTan. xolo sanatreli igi godebda am svetze da

adenda Tavis cremls.

SuaRamisas gadmoiqca orive mTa — armazi da zadeni, TiTqos

CamoirRvnen da daayenes orive wyali: da mtkvarma gadmoxeTqa da

mihqonda qalaqi. gaisma sazareli tyebisa da godebis xma. da agreTve

aragvi gardamoxda cixeze da Seiqmna sazareli grgvinva. SeeSindaT

qalebs da iltvodnen. xolo wmida nino RaRadebda: `nu geSiniaT, dano

Cemno, mTani aqve arian, wyalni aqve dian, da xalxs, yvelas sZinavs.

xolo es TiTqosda mTebi rom daiZrnen, marTali Cvenebaa, rameTu

urwmunoebis mTani dairRvnen qarTlSi, xolo wyali rom dadga,

255

kerpebisadmi Sewiruli yrmebis sisxli Sewyda. xolo tyebis xma

eSmakTa simravle aris, rameTu igloven Tavsa Tvissa, romelnic am

adgilebidan gaiqcnen ZaliTa maRlisa da qristes jvariT. iloceT

RvTis mimarT~. da maSinve dacxra is xma da iyo arara.

da dadga wmida nino, ganipyro xelni da daiwyo locva RmrTis

mimarT da ambobda: `raTa ar dabrkoldes es saqme, romlisTvisac

warmarTulia mefe~. da kvlav, mamlis yivilamde qalaqis samive kars

dasca zari Zlierma laSqarma. dalewes karni da aRivso qalaqi

sparsTa laSqriT, da gaisma xma SiSismomgvreli, yivili da kvla, da

aRivso yoveli adgili sisxliT da movida simravle maxviliT da

SeZaxilebiT. SiSisgan xorci dadneboda da ganilia suli maTi.

tirodnen TavianT naTesavebs. ismoda Zlieri xma: `mefe sparsTa, mefeT-

mefe xuaran-xuara brZanebs: yoveli ebraeli ganarineT pirisagan

maxvilisa~. es rom momesma, SevorguldiT me da aTnive CemTan myofni,

da moaxloebulni iyvnen maxvilosanni Cvens garemos, scemdnen da

klavdnen.

da gaisma Zlieri xma _ `mirian mefe mokleso~. gaixeda mxne moRvawem

da Tqva: `es, romelic yivis, vici, axla didad gaWirvebulia da

vmadlob RmerTs, rom es niSani aris maTi warwymedisa, qarTlisa

cxovrebisa da am adgilis didebisa~, da gvanugeSebda, rogorc

xelovani moZRvari, WeSmariti moZRvari da mociquli qristesi.

miubrunda am momaval xalxs da uTxra: `sad arian mefeni sparsTani

xuara da xuaran-xuara? sabastaniT guSin gamoxvediT, viTom male

moxvediT da didi laSqari xarT, Zlierad daleweT es qalaqi da

maxvili daeciT. qarsa da niavs gahyeviT bneliT CrdiloeTisken, mTaTa

da kedarTa. aha, movida, romlisganac Tqven iltviT~. da ganZra xeli

jvrissaxed da meyseulad uCino iqmna yoveli da dadumda garemo.

qalebi Sehnatrodnen mas da adidebdnen RmerTs.

ciskrisJams mierula yvela qals, xolo me, sidonia, mRviZare viyav.

is idga xelganpyrobiT da aha, netars, zed moadga erTi Wabuki

sruliad naTliT Semkobili, Seblardnili cecxlis zewriT da Tqva

raRac sami sityva. xolo is daeca miwaze. Wabukma xeli mohkida svets,

aRmarTa da waiRo maRla. me gakvirvebuli miveaxle mas da vuTxari:

`dedofalo, ra aris es?~ xolo man mipasuxa: `moidrike Tavi qveynad~

da tirili daiwyo. mcire xnis Semdeg adga da amayena, ganvSordiT am

adgils. da qalebmac ixiles es sveti, cecxlis saxiT Camodioda.

miuaxlovda Tavis xarisxs — monakveTi naZvis Zirs.

riJraJisas adga mefe, urvisgan Sewuxebuli. gaxeda baRs da

dawyebul eklesias. ixila naTeli, rogorc elva aRweuli caSi misi

baRidan. sirbiliT da mkvircxlad modioda misi saxlis simravle da

qalaqis xalxi masTan erTad. maT sakvirveleba ixiles — naTeliT

256

gabrwyinvebuli sveti Camodioda Tavis adgilze TiTqosda zecidan. da

dadga Tavis xarisxze da daemyara mas kacTagan xelis Seuxeblad.

netari iyo is Jami, rameTu am dros SiSiTa da sixaruliT aRivso

qalaqi mcxeTa. dioda cremlTa mdinareni mefeTa, mTavarTa da mTeli

erisa. sulTqmiT adidebdnen RmerTs da natrobdnen netar ninos, da im

dRes didi saswaulebi xdeboda.

pirvelad movida erTi ebraeli, Sobidan brma, mieaxla svets, aexila

maSinve Tvalebi. adidebda RmerTs. meored yrma sefewuli moiyvanes,

amazaspani, rva wlisa. sawoliT moitana dedamisma. sarwmunoebiT dado

sawoli naTlis svetis win. evedreboda ninos: `moxede, dedofalo,

sikvdils miaxloebul am Cems Zes, rameTu vici, RmerTi RmerTTa is

aris, romelsac Sen emsaxurebi da Cven gviqadageb~. maSin wmida ninom

Seaxo xelis svets, daado yrmas da Tqva: `gwamdes ieso qriste, Ze

RmrTisa, yvela kacis sicocxlisaTvis am qveynad xorcielad mosuli,

ganikurne amieridan da adidebde mas, visma Zalamac gangkurna~. da

uceb aRdga yrma, rogorc utkivneli. daeca SiSi mefesa da xalxs.

sneulebi modiodnen da ganikurnebodnen, sanam mefem ar Seqmna

saburveli Zelisa svetis garSemo da dafara xedvisgan. aseve exeboda

xalxi mis sarTuls da ikurneboda. swrafad daiwyo mefem da

ganasrula eklesia baRSi.

roca mirian mefis mociqulebma miaRwies berZenTa mefis

konstantines winaSe, mouTxres yovelive rac iqmna. maSin aRivso

sixaruliT mefe da dedamisi elene dedofali: pirvelad imisTvis,

rameTu madli RvTisa moefineboda yvela adgils da maT xelqveS

naTels-iRebda yoveli qarTli. xolo Semdgom uxarodaT, rameTu

darwmundnen, rom mirian mefe srulebiT CamoSorda sparselebs da

mtkiced miiRo maTi siyvaruli. adidebdnen da hmadlobdnen RmerTs.

gamogzavnes mRvdeli WeSmariti iovane episkoposad da masTan ori

mRvdeli da sami diakoni. miswera mirians konstantine mefem wigni

locvisa da kurTxevisa, RmerTis madlobisa. gamogzavnes jvari da

macxovris xati da masTan didi simdidre. xolo elene dedofalma

mowera wigni qebisa da nugeSiniscemisa.

movidnen iovane episkoposi, masTan erTad mRvdlebi, diakvnebi da

mociqulebi mcxeTaSi. aRivsnen sixaruliT mefe, dedofali da mTeli

maTi xalxi, rameTu survili hqonda yvelas naTlisRebisa. maSin

swrafad gaugzavna mefe mirianma brZaneba yvela erisTavs, spasalarebs

da yovel samefo pirs mis winaSe misasvlelad. swrafadve movidnen

yvelani qalaqSi. maSin naTeliRo mefem wmida ninos xelqveS, Semdeg

dedofalma, maTma Svilebma mRvdlebisa da diakvnebis xelqveS. Semdeg

akurTxes mdinare mtkvari. episkoposma Seamzada erTi adgili, mogvTa

xidTan, mogvTa karis siaxloves, sadac iyo elioz mRvdlis saxli, iq

257

naTels-cemda TiToeul warCinebuls, da ewoda am adgils mTavarTa

sanaTlo. xolo mis qvemoT mdinarisve piras organ, ori mRvdeli da

diakvnebi naTelscemdnen xalxs. awydeboda xalxi erTmaneTs da

evedrebodnen mRvdlebs, raTa pirvelad is moenaTla. ase eswrafoda

naTlisRebas yvela.

aseTi saxiT naTel-iRo mTelma xalxma da qarTlis simravlem. ar

moinaTlnen mxolod kavkasieli mTiulebi da arc movidnen am naTlis

mofenaze, aramed darCnen sibneleSi ramdenime xans. da mcxeTeli

ebraelebic ar moinaTlnen, barnabianebi (barnabas saxli) moinaTlnen

da WeSmarit qristianebad iqcnen. amisTvis mefis winaSe didni gaxdnen,

uboZa maT daba, romelsac hqvia cixedidi. aseve ar moinaTla ferozi,

siZe mirian mefisa, romelsac hqonda mirian mefisgan micemuli rani

bardavamde. arc misma erma miiRo naTeli, aramed mxolod xorcielad

emsaxurebodnen mefes.

maSin gagzavna mirian mefem episkoposi iovane da masTan erTad erTi

warCinebuli konstantine mefesTan da iTxova nawili Zelisa

cxovrebisa, romelic imJamad aRmoeCina RvTismoyvare elene dedofals.

iTxova mravali mRvdeli, raTa mievlinebina yovel qalaqsa da

adgilze da moenaTlaT xalxi, rom monaTluliyo qarTlis yoveli

suli. aseve iTxova qviTxuroni eklesiebis aSenebisTvis. roca mividnen

konstantine mefis winaSe, sixaruliT uboZa nawili Zelisa cxovrebisa

da is ficari, romelzedac iyo damsWvaluli uflis fexebi, agreTve

samsWvalni xelebisa. warmogzavna mRvdelni da xuroni friad

mravalni, rameTu konstantine mefem misi mefobisas aaSena wmida

eklesiebi. misca ganZi episkopos iovanes da ubrZana: `sadac saWirod

miiCnev qarTlSi, iq aRaSene eklesiebi Cems saxelze da es simdidre

daamkvidre qarTlis qalaqebSi~.

da wamovida episkoposi da masTan erTad mirianis mociquli,

mividnen im adgilas, romelsac hqvia eruSeTi. datova iq xuroebi

eklesiis asaSeneblad, datova ganZi, uflis samsWvalni da wamovida.

da agreTve wundaSi datova xuroebi da ganZi, eklesiis dawyebisas

wamovida, movida manglisSi, aqac daiwyo eklesiis Seneba da datova

uflis ficari.

maSin Sewuxda imisTvis mirian mefe, rom pirvelad samefo qalaqSi

ar movidnen, aramed sxva qalaqebsa da adgilebSi daiwyes eklesiis

Seneba da datoves nawilebi. mivida wmida nino mefesTan da uTxra: `nu

swuxar, mefeo, rameTu ase sjobia, sadac mividnen, daTeses RvTis

saxeli. aris am qalaqSi samoseli uflisa~.

maSin moiyvana mefem abiaTar mRvdeli da masTan erTad mravali

ebraeli da gamoikiTxa maTgan uflis kvarTisaTvis, xolo maT

mouTxres yovelive, romelic zemoT weria. maSin aRapyro xeli mirian

258

mefem da Tqva: `kurTxeul xar, Sen ufalo, ieso qriste, Zeo RvTisa

cxovelisao, rameTu Tavidanve gindoda Cveni xsna eSmakisagan da misi

bneli adgilisagan, amisTvis Seni wminda samoseli warmoec wminda

qalaq ierusalimidan, Seni RvTaebis armcodne ebraelebisgan da

mogvec Cven, ucxo ers~.

mefe da mTeli qalaqi ganmtkicdeboda qristianobaSi. daiwyes

xuroebma zRudis gareT eklesiis Seneba, wminda ninos sayofel

mayvlovanSi, sadac axla aris saepiskoposo eklesia. maSin Tqva wminda

ninom: `kurTxeul ars ufali ieso qriste da mama uflisa Cvenisa ieso

qristesi. romelmac moavlina wminda sityva misi zecis simaRlidan,

Zlieri taxtisgan gadmosuli qveynad, mdablad Sobili daviTis

Teslisgan, dedakacisgan mxolodSobilisa wmindisa da ubiwoisa. Cveni

cxovrebis mizezi, romelmac cis qveS yvelaferi gaanaTla da

morwmuneni acxovna, romelic iSva rogorc kaci, naTeli yovelTa, mama

RmerTis xati da viTarca vinme sulis msaxurma naTel iRo wylisagan

da sulisagan da jvars ecva, daefla da aRdga mesame dRes, da aRxda

simaRlesa mamisa Tana, da kvlav mova didebiT, romelsac Svenis

yovelive dideba, pativi da Tayvaniscema mamiT da suliT wmidiT~.

a R m a r T e b i s a T v i s p a t i o s n i s a j v r i s a

qarTlis moqcevis dros idga erTi xe kldis borcvze, Seuval

adgilas, es xe iyo friad mSvenieri. da sakvirveleba am xisgan is iyo,

rom isarcemuli nadiri, romelic mividoda da SeWamda am xis

foTols an Tesls, aRar mokvdeboda, Tundac sasikvdilod daWrili

yofiliyo. es Zlier akvirvebda pirvel warmarTebs. auwyes episkopos

iovanes am xis Sesaxeb. xolo episkoposma Tqva: `aha, WeSmaritad, es

qveyana Tavdapirveladvea Senaxuli RvTisgan Tavis msaxurad, rameTu

RmerTisgan aRmocenda es xe, am droisaTvis Senaxuli, rameTu axla

moefina RmerTis madli qarTls, da am xisgan jer ars patiosani

jvris Seqmna, romelsac Tayvans scems qarTlis mTeli simravle~.

da wavidnen rev, Ze mefisa, episkoposi da xalxis simravle.

mohkveTes es xe da Tavis rtoebianad wamoiRes da mohqonda aT aTeul

kacs, zeze rtoebiT da foTlebiTurT, Semoitanes qalaqSi, zamTris

dros, roca sxva yoveli xe xmeli iyo, xolo es foToldaucveneli,

surnelovani da saxilvelad mSvenieri. da Zirze daayenes eklesiis

karebTan, samxreTiT, sadac uberavda neli niavi da Slida mis

foTlebs, Zravda mis rtoebs da misi xilva mSvenieri iyo, rogorc

gvsmenia _ alvis xisa.

259

es xe mohkveTes 25 marts, paraskevs, da idga ase 37 dRe. da ar

Seicvala feri misma foTlebma, idga Tavis Zirze, wyaros TavTan,

vidre ar Seimosa yvela xe foTliT, xolo nayofis gamomRebeli xeebi

_ yvaviliT.

maSin, 1-el maiss, Seqmnes jvari, 7 maiss aRmarTa mefis xelis

dadebiT qalaqis mTelma xalxma, da aha, zecidan Camovida cecxlis

jvari da rogorc varskvlavT-gvirgvini daadga eklesias ganTiadamde.

gariJraJisas misgan gamovida ori varskvlavi, erTi wavida

aRmosavleTiT da erTi dasavleTiT. da is TviTon

(varskvlavgvirgvini) aseve brwyinvaled nel-nela gadavida aragvze da

dadga kldis borcvze, zemo mxares, im wyaros siaxloves, romelic

wmida ninos cremlebma aRmoacena da iqidan amaRlda zecad. da ase

mravalgzis ixila mTelma xalxma macxovareba RvTisa Cvenisa. maSin

gamohkiTxes wmida ninos, Tu ra aris, rom erTi brwyinvale varskvlavi

aRmosavleTiT midis, meore ki dasavleTiT, da Tqva man. `ganavlineT

kaci maRal mTebze aRmosavleTiT kaxeTis mTamde da dasavleTiT am

qalaqis sanaxebamde, roca gamobrwyindebian is mTiebi, naxon, Tu sad

dadgebian da iq aRemarTos jvrebi ieso qristesi~.

maSin hyo mefem egre. es dRe iyo paraskevi da SabaTi Tendeboda.

moxda igive saswauli, rogorc pirvelad. meore dRes movidnen

dasavleTSi gagzavnilebi, romelnic idgnen qvabTa Tavze da mouTxres

mefes, rom `gamovida is varskvlavi, amaRlda da miiwia TxoTis mTaze,

kaspis gadasasvlelTan, dadga erT adgils da srulebiT gauCinarda~.

aseve movidnen kaxeTis mTidan da Tqves: `vixileT varskvlavi

Cvensken momavali da daadgra daba bods kuxeTisas~. maSin ubrZana

netarma ninom: `waiReT ori jvari, da aRmarTeT erTi TxoTs, sadac

gagimxila RmerTma Tavisi Zala da erTi miec salomes qristes

mxevals, aRmarTos ujarmis qalaqSi, rameTu bodSi aris eris

simravle. bodis daba iqneba RvTis saTno adgili~. hyves egre, rogorc

brZana dedofalma. xolo zeciuri saswaulis CvenebiT es patiosani

jvari mcxeTaSi datoves.

mividnen borcvis qveS, wyarosTan aTies Rame, iloces RmerTis

mimarT, netari nino cremliT azavebda wyaros, da iyo kurnebani da

didi saswaulebi. meore dRes avidnen kldeze, movida netari nino

borcvze, davarda qvebze, tiroda, da masTan erTad mefeebi, mTavrebi

da yoveli simravle erisa, ise rom mTebi eqos aZlevdnen. da daado

xeli qvas da uTxra episkoposs: `modi, rameTu Senda jer ars, da

daswere jvari am qvas~. da man hyo egre da iq aRimarTa is jvari

didebiT mefeTagan, daiCoqa uricxvma xalxma da Tayvanisces jvars da

aRiares jvarcmuli WeSmaritad Zed RvTisa cxovelisa, da irwmunes

samebiT didebuli RmerTi.

260

xolo didi mTavrebi ar ganSordnen wmida eklesias, naTlis svets

da cocxal jvars, rameTu hxedavdnen uzomo saswaulebs da

miuTxrobel kurnebebs. aRdgomis dResaswaulis kvira dRes mirian

mefem da mTelma mcxeTam Seswires Sesawiravi da es dRe ganawesa

jvris msaxurebad, aRdgomis dResaswauli, yovelma qarTlma

dRevandlamde. ramdenime dRis Semdeg suli wmidis mofenidan ixiles

saswauli didad saSineli, oTxSabaT dRes naTlis sveti jvris saxiT

daadga am jvars da Tormeti varskvlavi mis garSemo gvirgvinis saxiT.

xolo is borcvi akmevda surnelebas. xedavdnen am saswauls yovelni

da mravali uRmerToTagani moiqca da moinaTla im dRes. xolo

qristianebi kidev ufro morwmuneni gaxdnen da adidebdnen RmerTs.

mere kvlav ixiles jvris sxva saswauli _ mzeze Svidjer

ubrwyinvalesi naTeli daadga jvars Tavze da RvTis angelozebi

aRvidodnen da gardamovidodnen masze, viTarca RumelSi naperwklebi.

xolo is borcvi Zlier iZroda. am saswaulis dacxromisas Zvrac

wydeboda. ixiles es saswauli, gaukvirda yvelas, ufro da umetesad

adidebdnen RmerTs. am saswauls xalxi xedavda SiSiT da ZrwoliT.

modiodnen gulmodgined Tayvanissacemad.

am dros mefis Zes, revs, hyavda sasikvdilod sneuli patara Svili.

marto is hyavda. moiyvana da dado jvris winaSe da cremliT Tqva: `Tu

miboZeb am yrmas cocxals, avaSeneb luskumas (budes) Sens sayofelad~.

maSinve ganikurna is yrma, gacocxlda da gankurnebuli waiyvana. mere

movida Tavisi aRnaTqvamis aRsasruleblad da misca madli didi

sixaruliT da gulmodgined aaSena mcxeTis jvris luskuma revma,

mefis Zem. yovelwliurad modioda da aRasrulebda aRnaTqvam

msxverpls. mis Semdeg ufro modiodnen uZlurni da sneulni da

ikurnebodnen, sixaruliT adidebdnen wminda jvars. iyo erTi, orive

TvaliT brma, Wabuki. ijda is qristes jvris win da meSvide dRis

Semdeg aexila Tvalebi, xedavda da adidebda RmerTs. mere iyo vinme

dedakaci, ukeTuri sulisgan marad gvemuli rva wlis manZilze, ise,

rom Zali da goneba warTmeuli hqonda, Tavis samosels xevda. roca

moiyvanes da patiosan jvars amTxvies, meTormete dRis Semdeg

ganikurna da Tavisi fexiT wavida, adidebda RmerTs da Tayvansscemda

patiosan jvars. iyo aseve erTi mcire yrma, uceb daeca da mokvda.

aiRo dedamisma da dado jvris win mkvdari, dilidan saRamomde

dedamisi tiriliT loculobda jvris win, sxvebi eubnebodnen: `waiRe,

dedakaco, da damarxe, rameTu mkvdaria, nuRar aCereb~. xolo man ar

warikveTa sasoeba, aramed ufro da umetesad sawyaloblad tiroda da

loculobda. xolo saRamo Jams yrma mosulierda, Tvali aaxila da

meSvide dRis Semdeg ganikurna. gacocxlebuli waiyvana yrma dedamisma

da adidebda RmerTs. xolo roca ixiles saswaulebi da kurnebani

261

yovlad wmindisa jvrisa, mravali uSvilo midioda, iTxovdnen

Svilierebas da mravalSvilianebi xdebodnen, Sesawiravebs da madls

aZlevdnen. ara marto mosulebi iRebdnen kurnebas, aramed isinic,

romelnic Soridan loculobdnen, maSinve misi SewevniT iRebdnen

madls da madlobis Sesawiravad modiodnen.

mravalni uRmerTonic ki, WirSi Cacvenilni, rogorc ki SesTxovdnen

wmida jvars, maSinve SordebodaT Wiri da modiodnen jvris

samTxvevad, saswrafod inaTlebodnen da adidebdnen patiosan jvars.

patiosani jvris ZaliT ikurnebodnen piradi satanjvelisgan,

modiodnen savedreblad da ikurnebian dRevandel dRemde da adideben

mamas, Zes da suli wmindas.

w i g n i , r o m e l i c m i s w e r a r o m i s p a t r i a r q m a d a

b r a n j T a m e f e m n i n o s , m e f e m i r i a n s d a q a r T l i s e r s

am dReebSi mouvida wigni romis patriarqisagan wmida ninos, mefes

da qarTlis mTels ers. moavlina branji diakoni qebis Sesasxmelad

da kurTxevis misacemad, netari ninosgan locvis wasaRebad da misi

madlis saziareblad.

mas hqonda aseve branjTa mefis wigni wmida ninosTan, rameTu

mamamisisgan mieRo naTeli branjTa qveyanas. gagebuli hqondaT

ierusalimsa da konstantinepolSi es yovelive, rom simarTlis mze

moefina qarTlis qveyanas. amisTvis sanatreli wigni moewera, raTa

euwyebina misTvis saswaulebi svetisa da mayvlovanis kurnebis Zala.

yovelive moismina da ixila branjma diakonma, rac momxdariyo

mcxeTaSi da gakvirvebuli adidebda RmerTs. waiRo wignebi da wavida.

maSin uTxra mefem wmida ninos da episkoposs: `mnebavs, raTa

iZulebiT, maxviliT movaqcioT mTiulebi da Cemi siZe ferozi,

davumonoT isini RvTis Zes da vaTayvanoT patiosan jvars~. maSin

uTxres: `ara brZanebul ars uflisgan maxvilis aReba, aramed

saxarebiT da patiosani jvriT vuCvenoT WeSmariti gza, mimyvani

saukuno cxovrebasTan. RvTis madlma gananaTlos sibnele maT

gulebSi~. da wavidnen wmida nino, episkoposi iovane da maT gaatana

mefem erTi erisTavi. movidnen da dadgnen wobens, mouxmes mTiulebs,

pirutyvis saxis kacebs, WarTalelebs, fxovelebs, wilknelebs da

gudamayrelebs. uqadages maT qristianTa WeSmariti rjuli, saukuno

cxovrebasTan mimyvani, xolo maT ar inebes naTlisReba. maSin mefis

262

erisTavma mcired warmarTa maxvili maTze da ZleviT Semusra maTi

kerpebi.

iqidan gadavidnen da JaleTs dadgnen, uqadages erwo-TianeTelebs.

maT Seiwynares da naTel-iRes, xolo fxovelebma datoves TavianTi

qveyana da gadavidnen TuSeTSi. sxva mTiulTa umravlesoba ar moiqca,

daumZima maT xarki mefem, roca ar inebes naTlisReba, xolo

ukanasknel Jams, maTi nawili moaqcia abibos nekreselma episkoposma

da zogierTni maTganni darCnen warmaTobaSive dRemde.

xolo wmida nino wavida ranisken ferozis mosaqcevad. mivida

kuxeTSi, daba bodSi da dahyo iq ramdenime dRe. modiodnen masTan

kaxeTidan. aRiara misi swavla eris simravlem. dasneulda iq. gaigo es

rev, mefis Zem da misma colma salomem, romelnic cxovrobdnen

ujarmaSi, mividnen ninosTan. acnobes mefesa da dedofals, maT

gagzavnes episkoposi iovane ninos wamosayvanad. magram wmida nino ar

daemorCila, maSin wavida TviT mefe da xalxis simravle.

xedavda xalxi mis saxes rogorc zecis angelozis pirs. mis

samosels bolo nawilebs aclidnen, iRebdnen da sarwmunoebiT

emTxveodnen. garSemo msxdom yvela dedofals TvalTagan cremli

dioda moRvawe moZRvrisa da sneulTa xelovani mkurnalis ganSorebis

gamo.

salome ujarmeli da peroJavri sivnieli, maTTan erisTavebi da

mTavrebi, hkiTxavdnen: `Tu vina xar an saidan moxvedi am qveyanaSi

Cvens macxovrad? sad aRizarde, dedofalo, gvauwye Cven Seni saqme.

ratom ambob tyve varo, tyveTa mxsnelo da sanatrelo, rameTu Sengan

gviswavlia, rom iyvnen winaswarmetyvelebi RvTis Zis uwinares,

Semdgom Tormeti mociquli, sxva samocdaaTni. CvenSi aravin moavlina

RmerTma Sens garda da rogor ityvi, tyve varo da rogora xar ucxo~.

maSin daiwyo sityvis Tqma wminda ninom da Tqva: `sarwmunoebis

asulno, Cemo maxlobelo dedoflebo, gxedavT Tqven rogorc im

pirvel qristian qalebs, gnebavT Cemi gzis cnoba, glaxaki mxevlisa.

axla gauwyebT, rom misulia Cemi suli Cems xorcTan da meZineba me

dedaCemis ZiliT saukunod, magram aiReT Tqveni sawerlebi da dawereT

Cemi glaxaki da udebi cxovreba, raTa icodnen Tqvenma Svilebma

Tqveni sarwmunoeba, Cemi Sewynareba, RvTis saswaulebi, romelnic

uxilavT~.

maSin swrafad aiRes sawerlebi salome ujarmelma da peroJavri

sivnielma. daiwyo sityvis Tqma wminda ninom da isini werdnen.

mouTxro yovelive, rac Cven zemoT davwereT, cxovreba am wmindisa da

netarisa da Sehvedra mefes iakob mRvdeli, raTa iovanes Semdeg iyos

is episkoposi. maSin iovane episkoposma swira da aziara wmida nino

qristes sisxliT da xorciT. Seavedra Tavisi suli cis meufes, misi

263

qarTlSi mosvlidan meToTxmete wels, qristes amaRlebidan samas

ocdaTvramet wels dasabamidan welTa xuTiaTas rvaas ocdaTvramets.

SeiZra orive qalaqi, mcxeTa da ujarma, da yoveli qarTli ninos

micvalebisas. iq mividnen da damarxes ZleviT Semosili misi gvami

imave adgilas _ kuxeTs, daba bodSi, rameTu iq iTxova TviT mefisgan

daflva. simdablisaTvis qmna es, radganac es adgili saxelganTqmuli

ar iyo. mwuxare iyo mefe da yvela warCinebuli iq misi daflvis gamo,

magram mcnebisa da anderZis asrulebisTvis dafles iq. roca

aResrula es yovelive, RvTiT ganbrZnobilma mirian mefem ganamtkica

wminda samebis da yovelives dambadebeli RvTis sarwmunoebaze yoveli

qarTli da hereTi. maSin konstantine mefem gamogzavna mZevali _

mirianis Ze baqari didi ganZiT da moswera ase: `me, konstantine mefe,

TviTmpyrobeli, caTa meufis axali mona, pirvelad eSmakisagan

datyvevebuli da mere gamoxsnili dambadeblis mier, gwer Sen, RvTiv

ganbrZnobils da CemsaviT axalnerg morwmune mefe mirians. iyos

SenTan mSvidoba da sixaruli, vinaidan ican sameba erTarseba, RmerTi

dausabamo yovlisa dambadebeli, aRar minda me Sengan mZevali, aramed

sakmarisia Cvens Soris Suamdgomlad qriste, Ze RmrTisa, JamTa

upirveles Sobili, romelic gankacda Cveni xsnisaTvis, da misi

patiosani jvari, romelic mocemuli gvaqvs sawinamZRvrod mis guliT

mosavebs. dambadebeli RvTis SuamdgomlobiT viyoT Cven ZmebiviT,

siyvaruliT. Seni Svili SenTvisve mominiWebia, ixile da gaixare da

RmerTisgan movlinebuli mSvidobis angelozi iyos SenTan maradis.

dambadebelma RmerTma gandevnos Seni sazRvrebidan eSmaki~.

movidnen mirian mefis Ze baqari da mefe konstantines mociquli

mcxeTaSi. aRivsnen sixaruliT mirian mefe da dedofali nana da

adidebdnen RmerTs.

maSin mirian mefem ganasrula saepiskoposo eklesiac, aRasrula misi

wlisTavis dResaswauli mravali didebiT. mirian mefis moqcevidan

ocdamexuTe wels mokvda misi Ze, revi, siZe Trdat somexTa mefisa,

romelsac mamis sicocxleSive mieca mefoba.

dafles Tavis mier aSenebul akldamaSi. imave wels dasneulda

mirian mefe da aResrula. moiyvana Tavisi Ze baqari da coli nana da

uTxra nanas: ...aha, me waval, saidanac movedi, vmadlob mravalmowyale

RmerTs, cisa da qveynis dambadebels, romelmac eSmakisgan

datyvevebuli mixsna jojoxeTis pirisgan da Rirsmyo marjveniT missa.

`Sen, nana, Tu SeZleb, Cemi sikvdilis Semdeg gayavi Cveni samefo

ganZi orad da wariRe ninos, Cveni ganmanaTleblis samarxs, droTa

cvalebadobiT rom ar Seicvalos is adgili ukunisamde, radgan Tumca

mefeTa sajdomia, magram mwiria~.

264

aseve Seevedra episkoposebs, raTa adidon dideba im adgilisa,

rameTu Rirs ars pativiscemisa. moayvanina wminda ninos jvari,

romelic Tavdapirvelad hqonda, Camohkida samefo gvirgvini jvarze,

moiyvana Ze misi baqari, mis Tavze gamosaxa jvris saxe, aiRo gvirgvini

jvridan da daadga Zes Tavze. aResrula mirian mefe da daefla zemo

eklesiaSi saSualo svetis samxreTiT, CrdiloeTis mxrisaken. am

svetSia nawili RvTiv aRmarTuli svetisa. meore wels mokvda nana

dedofali da daefla imave svetis dasavleTiT, sadac mirian mefe iyo

damarxuli.

q a r T l i s m o q c e v i s w y a r o e b i

uZvelesi qarTuli wyaro, romelic mogviTxrobs qarTlis moqcevis

Sesaxeb, aris `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~. specialistebs ara aqvT erTiani

azri am Txzulebis Sedgenilobisa da daweris TariRze.

`moqcevaA qarTlisaA~ Sedgeba ori nawilisagan. pirveli nawili

aris istoriuli qronikebis nakrebi. am nawilSi SesaZlebelia

gamoiyos fenebi, rac adasturebs, rom is saukuneTa manZilze ivseboda.

masSi SedarebiT kargad aRwerilia ambebi VII saukunis bolomde,

ufro zustad 681 wlamde — VI msoflio saeklesio krebamde,

radganac kaTalikosebi orive redaqciis (a, b, redaqciebi)65 Tanaxmad,

colosnebi arian, xolo VI krebam episkoposTa colosnoba akrZala.

`moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ meore nawili aris wmida ninos cxovrebis

saeklesio sakiTxavi. es cxovreba ikiTxeboda eklesiaSi da

gankuTvnili iyo mrevlisTvis (an monastris berebisTvis) xmamaRla

sakiTxavad. amitomac mas win uZRvis wignis mkiTxvelis (medaviTnis)

Txovna mRvdlisadmi: _ `gvakurTxen mamao~.

rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, `moqcevaAs~ pirveli nawili — istoriuli

qronikebi, dawerilia sxvadasxva dros da Sekrebilia am wignSi

erTad. mis `mefeTa siaSi~ mefeTa saqmianoba qristemde III-I saukuneebSi

da I-II saukuneebSi SedarebiT dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili, im gagebiT,

rom am drois mefeebis saqmianobaca da qveyanaSi maT dros momxdari

ambebic aris CamoTvlili, xolo II saukunis nawilisa da III saukunis

mefeTa mxolod saxelebia Camowerili, ufro sworad, miwerilia wina

qronikaze. es uCvenebs, rom marTali iyo pavle ingoroyva, roca

`moqcevaAs~ am nawils qarTvelTa gaqristianebamde Sedgenilad

Tvlida.

warmarT mefeTa sias mosdevs pirveli qristiani mefis cxovrebis

dawvrilebiTi aRwera da wmida ninos moRvaweoba mis dros. Semdeg

erTvis IV-V saukunis mefeTa qronikebi. VI saukunis ambebi da VII

saukunis dasawyisi (herakle keisris moqmedeba sparseTsa da

265

saqarTveloSi) SedarebiT srulia. amis Semdeg mxolod CamoTvlilia

saxelebi kaTalikosTa da zogierTi erisTavisa (VIII-IX saukuneebi,

aSot kurapalatis CaTvliT), maTi cxovrebis movlenebis yovelgvari

aRniSvnis gareSe. Camowerilia kaTalikosebis mxolod saxelebi.

mwerals saTqmeli mravlad eqneboda, Tundac aSot kurapalatis

cxovrebis Sesaxeb, magram `moqcevaAs~ ZiriTadi nawilis avtori ar

aris aSotis Tanamedrove. `moqcevaAs~ ZiriTadi nawili dawerilia VII

saukunis 30-ian wlebamde drodadro, `JamiTi-Jamad~. rogorc vTqviT, am

da wina saukuneTa mTavarepiskoposebisa da kaTalikosebis cxovreba

SedarebiT aRnusxulia, xolo VIII-IX saukuneebis kaTalikosebi ki

mxolod CamoTvlilia. saerTod `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~ qronika rom

aris, es dasturdeba imiT, rom igi mTavrdeba sityvebiT: `xolo amisa

Semdgomad vinca Seicvalebodis kaTalikozTagani, iwerebodis~.66

`moqcevaAs~ II nawili (`Tavi b~), rogorc vTqviT, eklesiaSi xmamaRla

sakiTxavi wminda ninos cxovrebaa. is SeiZleba dawerili iyos

nebismier dros, damoukideblad wina nawilisagan. IV saukunidan IX

saukunemde. `wminda ninos cxovrebis~ am teqsts istorikosi m.

CxartiSvili uwodebs `vrcel redaqcias~, xolo `moqcevaAs~ I nawilSi

(qronikebSi) moTavsebul wminda ninos ambavs `mcire redaqcias~. m.

CxartiSvili wers _ `...vrcel `ninos cxovrebas~ mogonebaTa krebulis

saxe aqvs. ninos biografiis sxvadasxva moments igoneben TviT nino da

misi mowafeebi Tu TanamoRvaweni (ebraeli qali sidonia, mamamisi

abiaTari, saberZneTidan Camosuli mRvdeli iakobi, mefe miriani)...

vrcel `ninos cxovrebaSi~, rogorc wesi, yvela faqts Tavisi

mxilveli da mTxrobeli hyavs. erTaderT gamonakliss warmoadgens

Sesavali, romliTac ixsneba krebuli. aq aRwerili movlenebis

gadmomcemi pirovneba dasaxelebuli ar aris. krebulis gagebisaTvis

es nawili umniSvnelovanesia. swored aqedan viciT, rom Cvens xelT

arsebuli Zegli qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblis Sesaxeb TviTmxilvelTa

mogonebebis Canawerebis krebulia. qarTlis istoriaSi ninos rolis

lakonurad gansazRvris Semdeg aq yuradReba aqvs miqceuli im

xalxmraval Tavyrilobas, romelic sasikvdilod dasneulebul

ninosTan gamosaTxovrad Semdgara daba bodSi. am dros uTxoviaT

ninosTvis moeTxro Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. ninos naambobi

CauweriaT salomesa da peroJavrs.

rogorc vxedavT, Sesavali krebulis masalebiT igi aSkarad sxva

araferia, Tu ara avtoris mogoneba, Semdgenlis winaTqma... magram

`moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ Seqmnisas vrceli `ninos cxovrebis~ istoriul

qronikasTan mierTebam gamoiwvia am dasawyisis mokveca da avtoris

Sesaxeb pirdapiri cnobac amitom daikarga... avtori jer gvamcnobs,

rom ninos naambobi erTdroulad orma pirma Caiwera, xolo Semdeg,

266

Tavebis saTaurSi martooden salomes aRniSvniT, gvizustebs, Tu

konkretulad romelia Semqmneli warmodgenili ori variantidan...

miTiTebuli garemoeba swored salomes avtorobas migvaniSnebs...

salomes avtoroba ar Cans moulodnel, konteqstidan amovardnil

faqtad... Tu zemoT moxsenebul gamosaTxovar Tavyrilobaze

SevaCerebT yuradRebas, ar SeiZleba TvalSi ar mogvxvdes, rom ninos

pirvel rigSi ekiTxeba xolme, danarCenebi ki mis naTqvams imeoreben.

iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom kreba mas mihyavs, misi aseTi aqtiuroba ki

logikuria: aRniSnuli RonisZieba xom uJarmeli dedoflis

samflobeloSi — bodSi mimdinareobs. aq ufliswulis meuRlea

diasaxlisi, mas Sehferis umaspinZlos qal ganmanaTlebels... qarTlis

pirveli qristiani mefis Zis coli (salome) IV saukunis moRvawea,

xolo Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis sami didi specialisti _ n. mari, iv.

javaxiSvili, k. kekeliZe `ninos cxovrebis~ aRniSnul redaqcias gviani

xaniT aTariRebdnen... SesaZlebelia, `ninos cxovrebis~ vrceli

redaqcia iyos IV saukunis Zegli?

1897 wels n. marma gamoTqva varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom `ninos

cxovrebis~ vrceli redaqcia ar unda iyos IX saukuneze adrindeli

Zegli. n. mars es argumentacia aSkarad sakmarisad ar eCveneboda. es

Cans ara marto iqidan, rom zemoT motanil daskvnas varaudis forma

aqvs, aramed iqidanac, rom 1906 wels gamoqveynebul sxva naSromSi

`ninos cxovrebis~ vrceli redaqciis TariRTan dakavSirebiT man

miuTiTa ara sakuTari zemoT aRniSnuli Sroma, aramed 1900 wels

gamosuli iv. javaxiSvilis `andria mociqulisa da wminda ninos

moRvaweoba saqarTveloSi~... rac Seexeba iv. javaxiSvils, mas zemoT

dasaxelebul werilSi araviTari sagangebo msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu

ratom maincdamainc aRniSnul saukuneebs unda ganekuTvnebodes es

Zegli, mocemuli ara aqvs. Tavis `Zvel qarTul saistorio

mwerlobaSi~ ki `ninos cxovrebis~ vrceli redaqciis TariRze

saubrisas n. maris naSromi da is argumenti aqvs miTiTebuli, romelic

Tavis droze n. marma sakmarisad ar miiCnia da arc moiSvelia amis

gamo. vrceli `ninos cxovrebis~ gviani xaniT damaTariRebel erT-erT

sabuTad k. kekeliZes miaCnia is garemoeba, rom TxzulebaSi naxmaria

martis weliwadi, romelic misi miTiTebiT, IX saukunis naxevarSi

Semovida CvenSi... k. kekeliZis sxva naSromidan ki vigebT, rom Turme,

imis garkvevas, Tu rodis Semovida CvenSi martis weliwadi, mkvlevari

axdens TviT vrceli `ninos cxovrebis~ saSualebiT, imis daSvebiT,

rom igi IX saukunis Zeglia... zemoT Tqmulic aSkaras xdis, rom

qarTuli wyaroebis mimarT hiperkritikuli damokidebulebis

pirobebSi `ninos cxovrebis~ vrceli redaqciis gviani saukuneebiT

daTariReba xdeboda faqtebze ZaldatanebiT. rogorc msjelobaSi

267

logikuri wris Semcvlelni n. maris, iv. javaxiSvilis, k. kekeliZis

mtkicebani ar SeiZleba miRebul iqnas argumentebad gansaxilveli

Zeglis TariRis garkvevisas. dRes specialistTa nawilis mier vrceli

`ninos cxovrebis~ gvian xanaSi Seqmnis Sesaxeb Tvalsazrisis

gaziareba emyareba mxolod da mxolod dasaxelebul mkvlevarTa

avtoritets da ara raime gamtkicebul sabuTs.

amgvarad, ara gvaqvs araviTari safuZveli ar davujeroT

Txzulebisve miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom igi meoTxe saukunis Zeglia.

aqedan gamomdinare, salome uJarmelis avtorobasac araferi eRobeba

win. wyaroTmcodneobaSi miRebuli wyaros `udanaSaulobis

prezumfciis~ principis Tanaxmad, Cveni Zieba aq unda Sewydes. wyaros

`ar evaleba~ gvimtkicos, rom sworia. Tu ver vamCnevT, rom misi

monacemi yalbia, maSasadame, igi miRebul unda iqnas, rogorc

WeSmariti... Txzulebis avtoria qarTlis pirveli qristiani mefis

mirianis Zis meuRle salome uJarmeli... IV s-is II naxevarSi bizantiaSi

imyofeboda salomes SviliSvili, maSin jer kidev ufliswuli,

SemdgomSi qarTlis mefe bakur Trdatis Ze. man cnobil bizantiel

istorikosebs — gelasi kesarielsa da rufinuss uambo qarTvelTa

gaqristianebis istoria. es monaTxrobi `ninos cxovrebis~ Taviseburi

modifikaciaa... is garemoeba, rom bakuris mier gadmocemul istorias

literaturulad daxvewili forma aqvs da agreTve is, rom orive

istorikosTan saubarSi man arsebiTad erTisa da imaves ganmeoreba

SeZlo, migvaniSnebs, bakuri saxeldaxelod ki ar Txzavs iberTa

moqcevis istorias, aramed winaswar mofiqrebul sagangebod

SemuSavebul ambavs hyveba... qarTlis gaqristianeba, rogorc es ukve

naCvenebia specialur literaturaSi, iyo ara stiqiuri movlena,

aramed politikuri aqti. werilobiTi fiqsaciis gareSe mas ar hqonda

araviTari mniSvneloba, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arc arsebobda, amitom

SeuZlebelia vaRiarebdeT imas, rom qarTlSi qristianobis

saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebas IV saukuneSi hqonda adgili da

amave dros vamtkicebdeT, rom cnobebi am faqtis Sesaxeb mxolod IX

saukuneSi Caiweres. esec rom ara, rogor SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rom

V saukuneSi `rigiT~ wmindans SuSaniks saqarTveloSi eZRvneboda

specialuri Txzuleba, qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblis `mociqulTa

sworis~ ninos cxovreba ki aRwerili ar iyo!.. roca aseTi ndobiT

ekidebian gelasi da rufinusi bakuris naambobs qarTvelTa

gaqristianebis Sesaxeb, xom ar iTvaliswineben imas, rom qarTveli

ufliswuli emyareba didedis Canawers, romelic qarTvelTa moqcevis

istoriis sakiTxebSi marTlac `mecnier iyo yovelsave WeSmaritad~,

`friadsarwmunoc~ amitom xom ar aris bakuri?~67

268

`uZvelesi wyaro, romelSic moxsenebuli yofila qarTvelTa

moqcevis ambavi, aris IV s-is berZeni istorikosis (gardaicvala 395 w.)

gelasi kesarielis `saeklesio istoria~, samwuxarod, es Txzuleba

dResdReobiT dakargulad iTvleba da CvenTvis cnobili ar aris.

magram mermindel avtorebs SemounaxavT TavianT SromebSi misi

cnobebi. maT Soris uZvelesia romaeli saeklesio istorikosi

rufinusi. rufinusi gelasi kesarielis umcrosi Tanamedrove iyo

(gardaicvala 410 w.). mas uTargmnia da Tavis TxzulebaSi Seutania

gelasi kesarielis cnoba qarTvelTa moqcevis Sesaxeb. rufinusze

dayrdnobiT moTxrobili aqvs iberTa gaqristianebis ambavi V sauk. be-

rZen istorikoss sokrates (dab. 380 w.) Tavis `saeklesio istoriaSi~.

iberTa gaqristianebis ambavi gadmocemuli aqvs V s-is meore berZen

istorikoss Teodorite kvirels (daib. 390 w.) `saeklesio istoriaSi~,

romelic mas dauweria daaxloebiT 449 wels... qarTlis moqcevis

ambavi aseve aqvs gadmocemuli kidev erT berZen saeklesio istorikoss

sozomens. sozomens Tavisi wigni dauweria 444 wlis maxloblad...

sozomens uSualod rufinusiT usargeblia.68 V saukunis berZeni

istorikosi gelasi kvizikelic gelasi kesarieliT sargeblobda.

gelasi kesarielis istoria, romliTac sargeblobdnen SemdegSi

berZen-romaeli istorikosebi, daiwera IV saukunis bolos, sul raRac

naxevari saukunis Semdeg qarTlis gaqristianebidan. uaRresad

sayuradReboa gelasi kesarielis cnoba, rom mas qarTvelTa

gaqristianebis ambavi gaugia iberTa samefo saxlis erT-erTi

warmomadgenlis, bakurisagan.69

bakur ufliswuls gelasisaTvis gadaucia Semdegi: `iberebTan

moxvda vinme qristiani tyve qali. igi qadagebda qristianobas da

qristes Zalis daxmarebiT kurnavda avadmyofebs. ase ganukurnavs mas

mZimed daavadebuli iberTa dedofalic. amas didi STabeWdileba

mouxdenia iberTa mefeze, magram mas jer kidev ver gadauwyvetia

qristianobis miReba. cota xnis Semdeg mefe sanadirod wasula,

uecrad iseTi burusi Camowolila, rom mefe Tavis mxleblebs

daSorebia da martod darCenils gza veRar gaugnia. SeSinebul mefes

daxmarebisaTvis miumarTavs tyve qalis RmerTisaTvis. burusi maSinve

gafantula da isev naTeli dRe damdgara. Sin dabrunebulma mefem

TavisTan ixmo tyve qali da dawvrilebiT gamohkiTxa yovelive misi

sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb. amis Semdeg dauwyiaT eklesiis mSenebloba.

mSeneblobis dros xalxSi rwmenis gansamtkiceblad RmerTma saswauli

moavlina: erT-erTi sveti mSeneblebma verafriT ver daayenes Tavis

adgilas. RamiT tyve qalis vedrebis Semdeg es sveti Sveulad gaCerda

haerSi Tavisi adgilis zemoT. rodesac diliT xalxi isev Segrovda,

sveti TavisiT daeSva safuZvelze. eklesiis aSenebis Semdeg imperator

269

konstantines gaugzavnes elCoba TxovniT: gamoegzavna

mRvdelmsaxurebi eklesiis kurTxevisa da xalxis mosanaTlavad.

konstantines es Txovna sixaruliT ausrulebia~.70

rogorc zemoT moyvanili teqstidan Cans, gelasi gadmogvcems

`moqcevaA qarTlisaASi~ Sesuli wmida ninos cxovrebis ramdenadme

Semoklebul Sinaarss. amitomac m. CxartiSvili marTalia, roca

fiqrobs, rom bakurma gelasis gadasca salome ujarmelis mier

dawerili `cxovrebis~ arsi.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom V saukuneSi TiTqmis yvla cnobili

istorikosi _ rufinusi, sokrate, Teodorite kvireli, sozomeni,

gelasi kvizikeli da agreTve mose xoreneli weren wmida ninosa da

qarTvelTa gaqristianebis Sesaxeb, xolo Cveni Tanamedrove qarTveli

istorikosebi, romlebic `qarTuli wyaroebis mimarT hiperkritikulad

arian ganwyobilni,~ amtkiceben, rom qarTvelebma wmida ninos Sesaxeb

cnobebi mxolod IX saukuneSi Seagroves, `legendac wmida ninos

Sesaxeb~ swored maSin SeTxzes. marTlac, rogorc ukve iTqva zemoT, V

saukuneSi qarTvelebma wmida SuSanikis Rvawli aRweres da nuTu

wmida ninos cxovrebas ar aRwerdnen im dros, roca yvela mezobeli

xalxis istorikosebi wmida ninos cxovrebas aRwerdnen?

unda davaskvnaT, rom uZvelesi qarTuli wyaro, romelic

mogviTxrobs qarTvelTa gaqristianebas, dawerilia IV saukuneSi

salome ujarmelis mier. es gaarkvia m. CxartiSvilma.

`moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ qronikebSi (I nawilSi) aris cnobebi qarTuli

eklesiis meTaurebis Sesaxeb IV saukunidan IX saukunemde. Cven

moviyvanT amonawerebs maT Sesaxeb wignidan: `Zveli qarTuli

agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi,~ I, 1964, gv. 81-97.

q a r T u l i e k l e s i i s

m e T a u r e b i ( ` m o q c e v a A q a r T l i s a A ~ )

varianti a da varianti b71

270

q a r T u l i e k l e s i i s

u f l e b r i v i m d g o m a r e o b i s S e s a x e b

CvenSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa imis Sesaxeb, Tu vis eqvemdebareboda

qarTuli eklesia Seqmnis droidan. erTi, ufro gavrcelebuli

azriT miRebulia, rom qarTuli eklesia IV saukunis dasawyisSi

antioqiis iurisdiqciaSi Sevida, meore, amJamad miRebuli azriT,

qarTuli eklesia konstantinopols daeqvemdebara. magaliTad, Cveni

enciklopedia wers qarTuli eklesiis Sesaxeb — `eklesia V

saukunemde ierarqiulad eqvemdebareboda jer konstantinopols,

Semdeg antioqiis sapatriarqoebs~.72

aseTi Tvalsazrisi ar iTvaliswinebs eklesiaTa Soris arsebul

realur urTierTdamokidebulebas, romelic arsebobda

gansaxilvel dros. ai, ras wers amis Sesaxeb g. narsiZe:

`zogierT samecniero naSromSi gamoTqmulia Tvalsazrisi, rom

saqarTvelos eklesia Tavdapirvelad konstantinopolis episkoposs

emorCileboda. es Sexeduleba ar aris swori, radgan ar

iTvaliswinebs saeklesio ierarqiis ganviTarebis periodebs. nikeis I

saeklesio krebis dadgenilebiT, imdroindeli msoflio sam

kaTedras gaunawilda (ukve arsebuli tradiciis Sesabamisad): roms,

antioqias da aleqsandrias. TiToeuli am qalaqis mTavarepiskoposi

Tanabrad iyo miCneuli. romis mTavarepiskoposi ganagebda

dasavleTs, aleqsandriisa _ afrikas, xolo antioqiis _ mTel

aRmosavleTs. nikeis krebaze (325 w.) bizantiis Sesaxeb araferi iyo

naTqvami im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom konstantinopoli jer kidev

ar iyo imperiis dedaqalaqi. is dedaqalaqi gaxda mxolod 5 wlis

Semdeg, magram amis Semdegac konstantinopolis episkoposi

eqvemdebareboda herakliis episkoposs da Sedioda Trakiis

diocezSi. mxolod ax.w.aR-is 381 wlidan _ konstantinopolis II

msoflio saeklesio krebidan _ daiwyes konstantinepolisaTvis

uflebaTa miniWeba, xolo diocezi da sapatriarqo uflebebi mas

mxolod qalkedonis IV msoflio saeklesio krebis (451 w.)

dadgenilebis 28-e muxliT daumtkicda. e.i. saqarTvelo IV saukunis

20-30-ian wlebSi konstantinepols ver daeqvemdebareboda, radgan

amgvari daqvemdebareba I saeklesio krebis dadgenilebiT

271

akrZaluli iyo. saqarTvelos daqvemdebareba mxolod antioqiis

mTavarepiskoposisadmi iyo SesaZlebeli. TviT konstantinopolis

episkoposis gamgeblobis zona ar scildeboda sakuTar qalaqs,

romelic antioqiis diocezSi Sedioda.~73

savsebiT samarTliania g. narsiZe, rodesac wers, rom qarTuli

eklesia misi daarsebis dros konstantinopols ver

daeqvemdebareboda, radganac: 1. TviTon konstantinopolis

episkoposi sxvaze iyo daqvemdebarebuli: herakliis episkoposze

Trakiis diocezSi; 2. aseT daqvemdebarebas maSin arsebuli

saeklesio kanoni krZalavda; 3. qarTuli eklesiis daarsebis dros,

rac uTuod 326 wlamde moxda, konstantinopoli jer kidev ar

arsebobda. is 330 wels daarsda, magram g. narsiZe ar aris swori,

roca wers, rom nikeis I saeklesio krebis dadgenilebiT

imdroindeli msoflio sam kaTedras gaunawildao~. es sakiTxi

RvTismetyvelTa mier kargadaa damuSavebuli. amis Sesaxeb cnobili

kanonistis profesor troickis azris moyvanamde unda iTqvas

Semdegi: Sua saukuneebSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos Serwymam

bizantiis magaliTze gamoiwvia is, rom bizantiis imperia

eklesiurad pretenzias acxadebda mTel msoflioze. am dros

warmoiSva Teoria e.w. `pentarqiis~ Sesaxeb, TiTqosda mTeli

msoflio 5 saimperio sapatriarqos Soris ganawilda msoflio

krebebis mier. imperiaSi arsebobda 5 sapatriarqo: romis,

konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiis da ierusalimis.

TiTqosda am sapatriarqoebs mTeli msoflio gaunawildaT. ai, ras

upasuxebs amis Sesaxeb `pentarqiis~ Teoriis damcvels profesori s.

troicki, aRiarebuli da marTlmadideblur samyaroSi

saxelganTqmuli kanonisti: _ `avtori cdilobs aRadginos Sua

saukuneTa bizantiuri Teoria pentarqiisa, romlis mixedviT

TiTqosda msoflio krebebma xuT sapatriarqoTa Soris gahyo

msoflio. magram rogor SeiZleba iTqvas, rom I-ma msoflio krebam

gahyo msoflio 5 patriarqs Soris, maSin roca sapatriarqoebi

saerTod ar arsebobda, ara marto I msoflio krebis dros, aramed

kidev did xans mis Semdeg, roca konstantinopolis eklesia

daqvemdebarebuli iyo herakliis mitropolitze, xolo

ierusalimisa Seadgenda erT eparqias kesariis mitropolitisas,

roca eklesiebi yvela romauli provinciisa (isini iyvnen

daaxloebiT 100), balsamonis cnobiT (II msoflio krebis meore

kanonis ganmarteba, aTen. s. int. 11. 171), avtokefalurni iyvnen da

mxolod mniSvnelovani qalaqebis eklesiebma gaaerTianes TavianTi

Zalauflebis qveS ramdenime provincia, rasac sanqcia misca I-ma

msoflio krebam. pentarqiis gageba ar hqonia arc II msoflio

272

krebas, romelmac Tavisi me-2 kanoniT daamtkica avtokefalia yvela

diocezis eklesiebisa, aseTi iyo aTze meti... kerZod, daadastura

TavisTavadoba asiis, pontosa da Trakiis diocezuri eklesiebisa

da gauTanabra isini aleqsandriisa da antioqiis eklesiebs, xolo

konstantinopolis eklesias misca mxolod pativis upiratesoba da

ara Zalaufleba. Zvel msoflio krebaTa aqtebis saukeTeso

Tanamedrove mcodne eduard Svarci ambobs konstantinopolis

eklesiis Sesaxeb, rom 380 wels is iyo `mxolod mcire

marTlmadidebluri Temi (îáùèíà) da rom oqropiri mxolod

`cdilobda~ Seeqmna Tavisi kaTedrisTvis raRac msgavsi saeklesio

provinciisa~. ucxo iyo pentarqiis fiqri IV msoflio krebisTvisac,

mis kanonebSi laparakia mxolod sami diocezis konstantinopolis

saydarze daqvemdebarebis Sesaxeb, xolo aqtebSi — teritoriebis

gayofis Sesaxeb antioqiasa da ierusalimis eklesiaTa Soris.

mxolod VI msoflio krebis 36-e kanonSia saubari `xuTi saydris~

Sesaxeb, Tumca kanoni maT ar uwodebs sapatriarqoebs, magram iq

sityvac ki ar aris daZruli mTeli msoflios gayofis Sesaxeb am

saydrebs Soris, aramed mxolod dgindeba maTi rangi, radganac 36-e

kanonSi CamoTvlili yvela eklesia imyofeboda erT berZnul-

romaul imperiaSi, romlis gareTac arsebobda sxva avtokefaluri

eklesiebic _ siro-sparsuli, qarTuli, somxuri. TviT berZnul-

romaul imperiaSic imyofeboda kviprosis avtokefaluri eklesia,

romlis konstantinopolis eklesiisgan damoukidebloba daamtkica

amave VI msoflio krebis 39-e kanonma. agreTve arsebobdnen

avtokefaluri eklesiebi karTagenis da I iustinianisa...

sinamdvileSi konstantinopolis eklesiam ise, rogorc yvela

avtokefalurma eklesiam SeiZleba avtokefalia mianiWos mxolod

Tavis sakuTar nawils. visgan miiRo konstantinopolis eklesiam

gansakuTrebuli ufleba, mianiWos avtokefalia (msoflios sxva

eklesiebs), avtori ar ambobs, radganac aseTi ufleba mas arasodes

miuRia. mravali avtokefaluri eklesia arsebobda maSin, roca

TviTon konstantinopolis eklesias ar gaaCnda avtokefalia, aramed

damokidebuli iyo herakliis mitropolitze, araviTari saerTo

konstantinopolis patriarqs ar gaaCnda kviprosis, karTagenis, I

iustinianis, qarTul, siro-sparsul, somxur eklesiebis

avtokefaliebTan~.74

arasworia azri, TiTqos qarTuli eklesia V saukunemde

ierarqiulad eqvemdebareboda ucxoeTs, ucxoeTis sapatriarqoebs.

jer kidev 451 wlamde sapatriarqoebi saerTod ar arsebobdnen, miT

umetes, IV saukunis dasawyisSi konstantinopolis episkoposs

patriarqi ar ewodeboda. garda amisa, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, I-ma

273

msoflio krebam 325 wels `msoflio sam kaTedras~ ki ar gaunawila,

aramed sanqcia misca arsebul faqts, rom imperiis didi qalaqebis

episkoposebs Tavisi Zalaufleba ukve gavrcelebuli hqondaT

ramdenime Tavis garSemo arsebul provinciaze. krebam am qalaqebis

episkoposebs ar CamoarTva es provinciebi, aramed cno es ukve

arsebuli iuridiuli faqti. laparakia ara mTel msoflios

ganawilebaze, aramed didi qalaqebis irgvliv arsebul

provinciebze.

saerTod unda iTqvas, rom rogorc I, ise II msoflio krebis

droisTvis `msoflios ganawilebis~ problema ar arsebobda. aseTi

gageba mxolod imis Semdeg gaCnda, rac imperiis dedaqalaqebis

eklesiebi gadaiqcnen sapatriarqoebad da am sapatriarqoebma

imperiis teritoria erTmaneTs Soris gainawiles, e.i. ufro gvian,

gansakuTrebiT ki iustinianes epoqaSi (VI s.) da mis Semdeg.

zemoT moyvanilidan gamomdinare azri, rom qarTuli eklesia

antioqiis episkoposs daeqvemdebara imis gamo, rom msoflios

ganawilebis dros aRmosavleTi antioqias Sexvdao, asaxavs ara IV

s-Si arsebul viTarebas, aramed Camoyalibebulia Semdgom

saukuneebSi, `pentarqiis~ Teoriis Camoyalibebis periodSi,

gansakuTrebiT 451 wlis msoflio krebis Semdeg.

antioqiis Zlier eklesias IV saukuneSi CrdiloeTiT

esazRvreboda pontos diocezis aseve Zlieri eklesia, romelic

uSualod emijneboda saqarTvelos. 381 wels II msoflio krebam me-2

kanoniT daamtkica yvela diocezis eklesiebis avtokefalia, maT

Soris pontosi, da gauTanabra is antioqiis eklesias.

pontos Zlieri eklesia IV saukuneSi ar dauSvebda, rom

antioqias, mis Tanabar eklesias, iurisdiqcia gaevrcelebina pontos

uSualod mosazRvre, mezobel saqarTveloze, imis gamo, rom

antioqiasa da saqarTvelos Soris swored pontos vrceli diocezi

(mcire azia) iyo gadaWimuli (pontos diocezi faqtobrivad mTel

mcire azias moicavda). qarTuli wyaroebi erTxmad miuTiTeben, rom

qarTuli eklesiis dafuZnebaSi monawileoba miiRo antioqiis

episkoposma. es faqti SeiZleba aixsnas imiT, rom 330 wels,

konstantinopolis daarsebamde, qalaqi antioqia, faqtobrivad iyo

dedaqalaqi romis imperiis aRmosavleT nawilisa, amitomac rodesac

qalaq romSi imperatorTan Cavidnen wmida ninos mier gagzavnili

elCebi da survili gamoTqves qarTuli eklesiis daarsebisa,

imperatorma antioqiis episkoposs daavala am misiis Sesruleba.

saqme is iyo, rom imis Semdeg, rac imperatorma diokletianem

imperia ramdenime nawilad dahyo, imperiis aRmosavleTis

yovelgvari saqme, samxedro Tu samoqalaqo, unda gadaWriliyo ara

274

romSi, aramed aRmosavleTSive misi sagangebo mmarTvelis mier.

aRmosavleTis saeklesio saqmeebic aseve aRmosavleTis mmarTvels

daekisra. amitomac episkoposs, romelic antioqiaSi ijda, daevala

daxmareboda qarTvelebs saeklesio saqmis mowyobaSi.

`diokletianem (284-305) daawesa e.w. `tetrarqia~ _ `oTxis

mmarTveloba~, ris safuZvelzec romis imperias marTavda ori

imperatori da ori keisari. imperatori diokletiane da keisari

galeriusi ganagebdnen imperiis aRmosavleT nawils, maqsimiane da

konstancius xlori _ dasavleTs~.75

qarTuli eklesiis saqmis gadaWra aRmosavleTSi mjdom mTavari

qalaqis episkoposs daekisra, IV s-is dasawyisSi. amitomac savsebiT

SesaZlebelia, imperatoris sagangebo davalebiT antioqiis

episkoposi saqarTveloSi Camosuliyo IV s-is dasawyisSi, magram es

srulebiT ar iZleva uflebas, gakeTdes daskvna, rom amis Semdeg

qarTuli eklesia antioqiis eklesias daeqvemdebara. isic unda

iTqvas, rom qarTuli eklesiis dafuZnebis dros imperiis

dedaqalaqi konstantinopoli rom yofiliyo, qarTuli eklesiis

organizaciis saqmeSi daxmarebis gaweva daevaleboda ara antioqiis

episkoposs, aramed dedaqalaqisas (saubaria ara ierarqiul

daqvemdebarebaze, aramed eklesiis organizaciaSi daxmarebis

gawevaze).

mainc romeli eklesiis iurisdiqciis qveS imyofeboda qarTuli

eklesia IV saukuneSi — antioqiis, ierusalimis Tu

konstantinopolis?

amJamad da winaTac, es sakiTxi yovelTvis sadavo iyo. mecnierebis

erTi nawili asaxelebs antioqias, meore konstantinopols, mesame

ierusalims, imis gamo, rom arc erT Cvenamde moRweul sabuTSi

mtkiced ar aris dadgenili es sakiTxi, ufro metic, sabuTebi ar

iZlevian amis dadgenis saSualebas. vfiqrob, unda vilaparakoT ara

sabuTebis naklovanebis Sesaxeb, aramed sabuTebis mimarT midgoma

unda Seicvalos.

Tu Cven am sakiTxs mivudgebiT im TvalsazrisiT, romelic jer

kidev XII saukuneSi gamoTqva cnobilma kanonistma balsamonma,

sabuTebis naklovanebis Sesaxeb aRar vimsjelebT.

balsamoni wers, rom IV saukuneSi romis imperiaSi avtokefaluri

iyo yvela provinciis eklesia. IV saukuneSi imperia dayofili iyo

provinciebad, arsebobda 100-ze meti provincia. balsamonis azriT,

im dros 100-ze meti avtokefaluri eklesia arsebobda mxolod

romis imperiaSi, radganac yvela provinciis mitropolia

avtokefaluri iyo da mitropolitebi xeldasxmulni iyvnen Tavisive

provinciis saeklesio krebis mier.

275

T. balsamoni me-2 msoflio krebis me-2 kanonis ganmartebisas

rCevas iZleva: `miaqcie yuradReba, rom am kanonis Tanaxmad,

provinciebis yvela mitropoliti avtokefaluri iyo da

xeldasxmulni iyo Tavisi krebis mier~.76

amrigad, balsamonis Tanaxmad, IV saukuneSi imperiaSi arsebuli

yvela provinciis eklesia avtokefaluri iyo. igive iTqmis

diocezTa eklesiebzec. msxvili administraciuli erTeuli —

diocezic Tavis mxriv provinciebad iyo dayofili. IV

saukunisaTvis imperiaSi 12 administraciuli erTeul-diocezi

yofila, xolo TiToeul am diocezSi 16-mde provincia Sedioda.77

cnobilia, rom diokletianem (284-305) administraciul nawilebad

dayo imperia — `uzarmazari imperiis erTpirovnuli marTva Wirda,

amitom diokletianem saxelmwifo jer orad gayo, meore naxevris

mmarTvelad airCia Tavisi axlobeli maqsenciusi da mas

`avgustusis~ tituli mianiWa, xolo Semdeg imperiis TiToeuli

naxevari orad gayo da am gamonayof olqebs saTaveSi Cauyena ori

keisari. amrigad, imperia oTx nawilad gaiyo (tetrarqatis sistema).

konstantine I-ma (306-337) aRadgina imperiis erTianoba, magram

SeinarCuna saxelmwifos teritoriuli dayofa 4 provinciad,

romelTagan TiToeuli 12 diocezad iyofoda. konstantines

droidan imperatoris xelisuflebis Zlier dasayrdenad iqca

qristianoba~.78

b. lominaZem aRniSna, rom IV saukunisaTvis provinciebSi

arsebuli eklesiebi avtokefalurni iyvnen. provinciaTa eklesiebis

(anu eparqiebis) avtokefaluroba imiT gamoixateboda, rom

provinciis saeklesio kreba irCevda da adgenda meTaur episkoposs

(mitropolits), garedan Caurevlad. imperiaSi provinciaTa didi

ricxvis gamo avtokefaluri eklesiebis ricxvic didi iyo. ukve IV

saukuneSive daiwyo da V saukuneSi, faqtobrivad, TiTqmis

dasrulda avtokefaluri eklesiebis gaerTianeba jer diocezebis

eklesiebSi, xolo Semdeg sapatriarqoebSi. amitomac IV saukuneSi

arsebuli 100 avtokefaluri eklesiis nacvlad V saukunis Sua

wlebSi imperiaSi 6 avtokefaluri eklesiaRa darCa. es procesi —

avtokefaluri eklesiebis gauqmeba da msxvili sapatriarqoebis

daarseba TandaTan xdeboda.

`IV-V saukuneebSi, patriarqatis Camoyalibebis periodSi, gaCnda

miswrafeba, moespoT mitropolitebis avtokefalia da diocezis

meTaur `upirveles~, `uwarCinebules~ mitropolitebs (momaval

patriarqebs) mieRoT eparqiis `Tavis~, `mitropolitis~ dadgenis

ufleba. magram vidre patriarqatis sistema sabolood gaimarjvebda

(qalkedonis 451 wlis IV msoflio krebis kan. 28) da vidre yvela

276

mitropoliis avtokefalia gauqmebuli ar iyo, msoflio saeklesio

krebebi sakmaod iZleodnen mitropoliebis avtokefaliis SenarC-

unebis garantias (nikeis I, kan. 7; efesos, kan. 8), amitomac jer kidev

ar iyo Zneli sadavod qceuli avtokefalia isev Zveli

avtokefaliis sasargeblod gadaWriliyo (kviprosis magaliTi 431

wels efesos krebaze).79

manamde ki, mitropoliebis avtokefaliis mospobamde, rogorc

aRniSnuli iyo, `bizantiaSi saeklesio provinciis (igive eparqiis)

meTaurs (aerTianebda eparqiaSi Semaval episkoposebs) ewodeboda

`Tavi~, `pirveli~, aseve `Tavis~ mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda

`mitropolitic~ (miRebuli iyo, rom saeparqio (provinciis)

eklesiis `Tavad~ aucilebliv is episkoposi unda daesvaT, romelic

samoqalaqo administraciis (provinciis) dedaqalaqSi (metropolis)

ijda, mas dedaqalaqeli — ewodeboda da amas garda Tavisi

sakuTari gansagebeli hqonda, rogorc erT-erT episkoposTagans

(antioqiis kr., kan 9). episkoposTa `Tavs~ bizantiaSi adgenda TviT

saeklesio olqis (eparqiis) episkoposTa kreba, garedan Caurevlad

(mociqulTa, kan.34; nikeis I, kan.6; antioqiis, kan. 9; efesos, kan.8).80

amitom saeklesio mitropoliebi (eparqiebi) warmoadgendnen

avtokefalur eklesiebs (balsamonis komentari konstantinopolis II

ms. krebis me-2 kanonis Sesaxeb:81 marTlac, IV saukuneSi saxelmwifos

yvela olqis, anu provinciis eklesiebis avtokefalurobas

adastureben ara marto IV saukuneSi mowveuli krebebis kanonebi

(mag. nikeisa da efesosi), aramed Semdeg saukuneTa kanonistebic (mag.

balsamoni). amitomac amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba daisvas aseTi

kiTxva: Tu IV saukuneSi imperiaSi yvela olqis eklesia avt-

okefaluri iyo, ratom ar unda yofiliyo IV saukuneSive

daarsebuli qarTuli eklesia avtokefaluri da ratom unda

yofiliyo qarTuli eklesia daqvemdebarebuli ucxoeTis sxva

eklesiaze?

CvenSi dabejiTebiT miRebulia, rom qarTuli eklesia

ierarqiulad eqvemdebareboda konstantinopolis anda antioqiis

eklesiebs. magram aseTi daqvemdebareba xom ewinaaRmdegeboda mamaTa

kanonebs? nuTu msoflio eklesia dauSvebda kanonebis darRvevas

qarTuli eklesiis mimarT? kanoni ki, rogorc iTqva, aseTi iyo:

`episkoposTa `Tavs~ bizantiaSi adgenda TviT saeklesio olqis

(eparqiis) episkoposTa kreba, garedan Caurevlad (mociqulTa, kan. 34,

antioqiis, kan. 9, nikeis I, kan. 6, efesos, kan. 8)~82 SeuZlebelia

qarTuli eklesiis mimarT IV saukunis TiTqmis yvela krebis

kanonebi daerRviaT.

277

IV saukuneSi saqarTvelo iyo ara romis imperiaSi Semavali

provincia, aramed damoukidebeli saxelmwifo. saqarTvelo imperiis

provinciac rom yofiliyo, maSinac ki qarTuli eklesia

avtokefaluri unda yofiliyo imperiis sxva provinciaTa

eklesiebis msgavsad, magram, saqarTvelo rogorc vTqviT,

damoukidebeli saxelmwifo iyo. amitomac, miT umetes, misi eklesia

avtokefaluri unda yofiliyo. miuRebeli da mouTmeneli iqneboda

IV saukuneSi arsebuli saeklesio kanonebis darRveviT

damoukidebeli saxelmwifos _ saqarTvelos eklesia

daqvemdebareboda imperiis romelime provinciis eklesias.

riT gamoixateboda IV saukuneSi eklesiis avtokefalia? imiT, rom

am eklesiis meTaurs saeklesio olqSive (provinciaSi) adgendnen

garedan Caurevlad. qarTuli wyaroebic adastureben IV saukuneSive

qarTuli eklesiis meTaurebis saqarTveloSive dadgenis faqts,

qarTvel mefeTa da gavleniani wreebis mier CvenSi `ismebodnen~

eklesiis meTaurebi, garedan Caurevlad. wmida nino evedreboda mefe

mirians, rom episkoposad `daesva iakobi~.

qarTuli eklesiis meore episkoposi iakobi mefe mirianis nebiT

dajda eklesiis meTaurad. am episkopos iakobis sikvdilis Semdeg

qarTvelTa mefem episkoposad `dasva~ elia. `...mokuda episkoposi

iakob, da dasua mis wil elia~.83 elias sikvdilis Semdeg aqve,

saqarTveloSive, axal episkoposad `dasves~ svimoni _ `...mokuda

elia episkoposi, da dasues sYmon~.84 aseve saqarTveloSive mRvdeli

miqaeli `daadgines episkoposad~. es mRvdeli saberZneTidan yofila

Camosuli, magram episkoposi ki ar yofila, aramed mRvdeli,

episkoposad is saqarTveloSive `daadgines~ _ `moiyvana mRdeli

WeSmariti saberZneTiT, saxeliT miqael da daadgina igi

episkoposad...~85 da ase Semdeg. episkoposebs aqve, saqarTveloSive,

`adgenen~ an `svamen~ Sesabamisi wreebi.

am dros, Cans, im saeklesio kanons eyrdnobian, romlis

Tanaxmadac eklesiis meTaur episkoposs irCevs da adgens saeklesio

kreba, romelSic adgilobrivi episkoposebi monawileoben

xelisuflebis nebarTviT. antioqiis 344 wels mowveulma krebam

daakanona ukee arsebuli wesi, romlis Tanaxmadac eklesiis

meTaurad episkoposTa Soris unda SeerCiaT dedaqalaqis episkoposi

(antioqiis krebis kan. 9); am meTaurs anu `Tavs~ adgenda TviT

saeklesio olqis episkoposebis kreba.

am kanonis Tanaxmad, qarTuli eklesiis `Tavi~ IV saukuneSive

unda aerCia qarTuli eklesiis episkoposebis krebas, mefis anda

Sesabamisi administraciis nebarTviT da es `Tavi~ aucileblad

unda yofiliyo dedaqalaqis — mcxeTis episkoposi. marTlac, Cveni

278

wyaroebi swored amas miuTiTeben, rom mefe yovelTvis qarTuli

eklesiis meTaurad `svams~ mcxeTis episkoposs. amiT imdroindeli

saeklesio kanonebi daculi iyo.

imisTvis, rom saqarTveloSive aerCiaT eklesiis meTauri da

daesvaT is Tavis saydarze, saWiro iyo episkoposTa krebis

gadawyvetileba, anu saWiro iyo, rom saqarTveloSive im dros ori

an meti episkoposi mainc yofiliyo.

iyo, Tu ara saqarTveloSi IV saukuneSi ramdenime episkoposi?

diax, iyo. Cven gvaqvs wyaro, romlis Tanaxmadac, ukve mirian mefis

sikvdilis droisTvis (IV saukunis 60-ian wlebSi) saqarTveloSi iyo

ramdenime episkoposi, magram agreTve arsebobs XX saukunis

mecnierTa varaudi, rom im dros saqarTveloSi erTi episkoposi

unda yofiliyo. es varaudi ar efuZneba raime wyaros, amitomac Cven

unda vendoT im Zvel qarTul wyaros, romelic wers, rom mefe

mirianma sikvdilis Jams `...davedra episkoposTa, raTa adidon

dideba mis adgilisa~86 _ wmida ninos saflavisa.

mirianma Tavisi ukanaskneli neba ganucxada ramdenime episkoposs,

imJamad myof episkoposebs, `episkoposTao~ _ weria wyaroSi. swored

es `episkoposni~ TavianT krebaze irCevdnen qarTuli eklesiis

meTaurs, xolo mefe `svamda~ mas.

krebis Catareba, arCeva da dasma ar iyo ucxo imdroindeli

qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis. garkveuli wreebi TviT mefes

irCevdnen da svamdnen taxtze. magaliTad, mefe mirianis Zmiswuli

Trdati mefed `dasves~ qarTvelma warCinebulebma _ `maSin

warCinebulTa qarTlisaTa zraxva yves da dasues mefed simamri

varaz-baqarisi, Ze revisi, Zmiswuli mirianisi, kaci moxucebuli,

saxeliT Trdati...~87

aseve mefe arCil I aznaurTa krebam `dasva~ mefed. `SeiTqunes

aznaurni qarTlisani... dasues mefed arCil~88

unda vifiqroT, rom radganac imdroindeli qarTuli

sazogadoebisaTvis Sekreba da meTauris gamorCeva uCveulo ar

yofila, qarTveli episkoposebic TavianT krebaze gamoirCevdnen

eklesiis meTaurs, rogorc amas moiTxovda zemoT miTiTebuli

msoflio saeklesio kanonebi.

qarTul eklesiaSi ramdenime episkoposi yofila ara marto mefe

mirianis dros, rasac miuTiTebs matiane, aramed mis Semdegac,

magaliTad, vaxtang gorgasals, roca is sparseTidan dabrunda,

miegebnen qarTveli episkoposebi, ara saeklesio reformis Semdeg,

aramed reformamde _ `warmovida vaxtang qarTlad, da miegeba Ze

misi daCi da mis Tana yovelni spasalarni da maT Tana

episkoposni~.89

279

cnobilia, rom saeklesio reformis Semdeg vaxtangma episkoposTa

ricxvi gaadida, magram matianis cnoba, rom am reformamdec qarTul

eklesiaSi iyo araerTi episkoposi, Zalze mniSvnelovania. TviT

vaxtangis siWabukis drosac qarTul eklesiaSi ori gamorCeuli da

didi avtoritetis episkoposi yofila. matiane wers: `da ganmzada

mefeman saxli erTi da dajda saydarTa zeda maRalTa, xolo

juanSer spaspeti da ornive episkoposni dasxdes saydarTave, da

sxuani yovelni erisTavni dasxdes selebiTa...~90 vaxtangis saeklesio

reformamdec (V saukunis I naxevarSi) Cvens eklesiaSi mravali

episkoposi yofila.91

Tumca, naxsenebi `ori episkoposis~ Sesaxeb sxvadasxva azria

gamoTqmuli, magram rogorc TviT konteqstidan Cans, erTi

episkoposi iyo berZnuli saeklesio orientaciisa, xolo meore

siro-sparsuli saeklesio orientaciisa, amitomac axlo mdgomi

qristian maniqevelTa mimdinareobasTan. Tu gavixsenebT, rom

maniqevelizmi warmoadgenda garkveulwilad

cecxlTayvanismcemlobisa da qristianobis sinTezs,92 maSin gasagebi

gaxdeba, rogorc aRniSnavda p. ingoroyva, ratom uwodebdnen am

qristian episkoposs mwvalebels `sparsels~.

jer kidev vaxtang gorgaslis reformamde qarTul eklesiaSi rom

mravali episkoposi iyo, amas miuTiTebs isic, rom qarTuli

eklesiis meTaurs im dros hqonda tituli `mTavarepiskoposi~, e.i.

ufrosi, mTavari, pirveli episkoposi, es igivea, rac `episkoposTa

Tavi~.

`moqcevaA qarTlisaA~ Cveni uZvelesi matiane, romelsac VII

saukunes miaweren, Tumca masSi wina saukuneTa fenebic aris,

qarTuli eklesiis yvela meTaurs, garda pirvelisa,

mTavarepiskoposs uwodebs. `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~ ganasxvavebs

episkopossa da mTavarepiskoposs da, Cans, realurad asaxavs

eklesiaSi arsebul viTarebas. magaliTad, is pirvel meTaurs

qarTuli eklesiisas `episkoposs~ uwodebs garkveul dromde, misi

moRvaweobis pirvel xanebSi, xolo Semdgom mas ukve

`mTavarepiskoposs~ uwodebs. aseve mTavarepiskoposs uwodebs mis

Semdeg yvela episkoposs, romelnic meTaurobdnen qarTul eklesias,

V saukunis 70-wlebamde (kaTalikosobis dawesebamde).

`moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ orive redaqcia (a da b),93 qarTuli

eklesiis pirvel meTaurs, saberZneTidan Camosul iovanes

`episkoposs~ uwodebs _ `da mosca mefeman iovane episkoposi da

orni mRdelni da erTi diakoni~ (gv. 86, a), `xolo mefeman

(konstantinem) waravlinna episkoposi iovane da orni mRdelni da

erTi diakoni.. (gv.86, b). magram imis Semdeg, rac mefe mirianis

280

wyalobiT qarTuli eklesia gaZlierda, xalxi masiurad

gaqristianda da qveyanaSi eklesiebis Seneba daiwyes, iovane ukve

mTavarepikoposis xarisxSia moxsenebuli _ `...aRivso urviTa (mefe)...,

vidre ara iswava mTavarepiskoposisgan~ (gv. 87, b).

ioanes Semdgom meTaurs qarTuli eklesiisas, aseve

mTavarepiskoposs uwodebs matianis orive redaqcia.

`dajda mefed bakur Ze revisi, da mokvda ioane ebiskoposi da

dajda iakob mRvdeli igi muniTve mosruli, mTavarepiskoposad~ (gv.

91, a). `dajda mefed bakur, Ze revisi da mokuda ioaneca episkoposi

da mis wil dajda mRdeli, romeli eneba ninos mTavarepiskoposad~

(gv. 91,b);

moqcevaA qarTlisaA da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobebi erTmaneTs

avseben. Tu `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, mefe mirianis

gardacvalebis dros Cvens eklesiaSi ukve ramdenime episkoposi iyo,

`moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ Tanaxmad, am episkoposebis meTaurs ukve aqvs

tituli `mTavarepiskoposisa~.

`dajda mefed ZmaA misi Trdat da mTavarebiskoposi iyo nerse

somexTa kaTalikozisa diakoni iob~ (gv. 91, a); `dajda ZmaA misi

Trdat, maSin mTavarepiskoposi iyo nerse~ (iqve, b).

varaz baqaris drosac, rodesac sparselebma daipyres

saqarTvelo, mTavarepiskoposi kvlav iobi yofila — `da

mTavarebiskoposi iyo igive iob, da maSin movida qram xuar borzard

sparsTa mefisa pitiaxSi tfilisad qalaqad — cixed da qarTli

missa xarksa Sedga...~ (gv. 92, a)

bakuris mefobis dros ukve elia mTavarepiskoposobda _ `mefobda

bakur, ZH Trdatisi da mTavarebiskoposi iyo elia~ (gv. 92, a,b),

xolo farsmanis mefobisas mTavarepiskoposobda svimon — `mefobda

farsman diswuli Trdatisi da mTavarebiskoposi iyo sYmon~ (gv. 92,

a,b).

arCilis mefobis dros oTxi mTavarepiskoposi gardaicvala —

mefobda arCil da mTavarebiskoposi iyo iona ... misve arCilis ze

oTxni mTavarepiskoposni gardaicvalnes~ (gv. 92, a).

mefe mirdatis dros mTavarepiskoposi glonoqori

mTavarepiskoposic yofila da erisTavic. xolo vaxtang gorgaslis

dros kaTalikosobis dawesebamde mTavarepiskoposobdnen ioveli da

miqaeli.

`da mere mefobda mirdat da mTavarepiskoposi iyo glonoqor da

ese mTavarebiskoposi erisTvadca iyo barazbod pitiaxSisagan

qarTls da hereTs. da misa Semdgomad mefobda didi vaxtang

gorgasali da mTavarebiskoposi iyo iovel. maSin wariyvanes vaxtang

sparsTa da Semdgomad raodenisame Jamisa moiqca da

281

mTavarebiskoposi iyo miqael~ (gv. 92-93, a); miqaelis Semdeg qarTuli

eklesiis meTauris tituli iyo ara `mTavarepiskoposi~, aramed

`kaTalikosi~.

rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, matianeTa Tanaxmad,

kaTalikosobis dawesebamde IV da V saukuneebSi qarTul eklesiaSi

iyo mravali episkoposi, amitomac, upirveles episkoposs ewodeboda

`mTavarepiskoposi~. mTavarepiskoposis kaTedra mcxeTaSi

(dedaqalaqSi) iyo da arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad, is samoqalaqo

mTavrobis nebiT unda `damjdariyo~ saydarze, qarTuli eklesiis

meTauri ucxoeTidan ki ar CamohyavdaT, aramed saqarTveloSive

irCevdnen Tanamdebobaze da aZlevdnen Sesabamis wodebas, Tumca is

erovnebiT SeiZleba araqarTveli anda dabal xarisxSi myofi

Camosuliyo saqarTveloSi. magaliTad, miqaeli ubralo mRvdeli

iyo, roca saberZneTidan Camoiyvanes. is saqarTveloSive akurTxes

da dasves mTavarepiskoposis taxtze, xolo iobi diakvnis xarisxSi

myofi Camovida saqarTveloSi. is aseve saqarTveloSi iRebs axal,

maRal tituls.

SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: Tu qarTuli eklesia IV saukuneSi iseve

avtokefaluri iyo, rogorc imperiis provinciaTa eklesiebi, maSin

ratom gamogzavna qarTuli eklesiis pirveli episkoposi romis

imperatorma konstantinem? `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da `moqcevaA

qarTlisaAs~ cnobebis Tanaxmad, qarTuli eklesiis formirebisas,

xalxis monaTvlisa da damoZRvrisaTvis saWiro iyo ucxoeli

samRvdeloebis daxmareba, magram SemdegSi qarTuli eklesia, cxadia,

iseve unda mowyobiliyo, rogorc mTel maSindel romis imperiaSi

iyo mowyobili sxva eklesiebi, kerZod, yoveli provinciis eklesia

avtokefaluri iyo da maTi meTauri provinciis samRvdeloebis

mierve irCeoda. aRsaniSnavia, rom provincias, anu olqs

ZvelqarTulad ewodeboda `samTavro~ da did sjulis kanonSi IV

saukunis krebebis kanonebis gadmocemis dros sityva `samTavro~

mravaljer ixmareba.

II msoflio kreba, romelic 381 wels iqna mowveuli, imperiis

aRmosavleTSi asaxelebs ramdenime avtokefalur eklesias, maT

Soris antioqiisas, asiisas, pontosas, Trakiisas da wers:

`TiToeulsa samTavrosa krebaA mis samTavroAsaA ganagebs nikeas

gansazRvrebulisa kanonisaebr~. (II msoflio krebis me-2 kanoni).

rogorc aRvniSneT, `samTavro~ ZvelqarTulad ewodeboda romaul

`provincias~ da am provinciaSi arsebul eklesiasac. am kanonis

Tanaxmad, TiToeuli olqis (provinciis, `samTavros~) eklesia (anu

eparqia) imarTeba am olqis saeklesio krebis mier. II msoflio kreba

meore kanonSive asaxelebs imperiis gareT arsebul eklesiebsac,

282

romelnic mamaTa mier damtkicebuli Cveulebisamebr unda

imarTebodeso. aq igulisxmeba, pirvel rigSi, amave kanonSi

moxsenebuli nikeis krebis kanonebi, romelnic cnobdnen da icavdnen

arsebuli saeklesio samTavroebis, anu imperiis gareT myofi

(`barbarozebrTa warmarTTa Soris myofTa~)94 eklesiebis

avtokefalias.

swored aseve esmoda es kanoni udides kanonist balsamonsac da

aseve wers cnobili kanonisti s. troicki amis Sesaxeb: `meore

kanoni meore msoflio krebisa, swored im krebisa, romelmac

gansazRvra swavla erTiani eklesiis Sesaxeb, saerTod ukrZalavs

yvela adgilobriv eklesias, gaavrcelos Tavisi iurisdiqcia Tavisi

sazRvrebis iqiT... istoria mowmobs, rom im krebis dros

TavisTavadni, avtokefalurni iyvnen eklesiebi, Tu romis yvela

provinciaSi ara (provincia iyo 100-mde), yovel SemTxvevaSi yvela

ToTxmetive diocezSi romis imperiisa... roca zogierTi didi

eklesia Seecada daeqvemdebarebina sxva patara adgilobrivi

eklesiebi, maSin mociqulTa kanonebis erTgulebam da RvTis suliT

ganaTlebul msoflio episkoposTa krebam aRkveTa aseTi cdebi.

roca antioqiis didi eklesia Seecada daeqvemdebarebina kviprosis

patara eklesia, III msoflio krebam merve kanoniT aseTi cda

daaxasiaTa, rogorc `saqme, romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda eklesiisa da

mociqulTa kanonebs (igulisxmeba mociqulTa 35-e kanoni)~.95

`balsamoni meore msoflio krebis epoqaSi avtokefalurebs

uwodebs provinciaTa yvela mitropolits.~96

`arsebobs mravali magaliTi ramdenime avtokefaluri eklesiis

erT eklesiad gaerTianebisa, magaliTad, IV saukunis pirvel

naxevarSi yvela provinciaTa da mitropoliaTa eklesiebi (isini

iyvnen daaxloebiT 100-mde,) balsamonis mowmobiT (aTenis sint. II,

173) iyvnen avtokefalurebi. amasobaSi meore msoflio krebis

droisaTvis mitropoliebi gaerTiandnen did eklesiebSi —

egzarqatebSi, saxelmwifo diocezebis paralelurad, romelnic

iyvnen ToTxmeti, rac daadastura krebam Tavisi meore kanoniT,

xolo Semdeg dedaqalaqis eklesiebma, Tavidan romisam, xolo misi

magaliTisamebr konstantinepolisam, gaaerTianes TavianTi

Zalauflebis qveS ramdenime diocezi, ase rom VI saukuneSi

berZenTa imperiaSi aRmoCnda sul eqvsi avtokefaluri eklesia,

aseTi gaerTianebebi axal droSic xdeboda. 1920 wels gaerTianda

sami avtokefaluri eklesia...~97

rogorc zemoT moyvanili ganmartebidan Cans, IV saukunis

dasawyisSi romis imperiaSi avtokefaluri eklesiebis ricxvi 100-

mde aRwevda, im mizezis gamo, rom romis yvela provinciis eklesia

283

avtokefaluri iyo. Semdgom, amave saukuneSi mimdinareobda Serwyma-

SeerTeba avtokefaluri eklesiebisa imperiaSi arsebul diocezTa

paralelurad, radganac imperiaSi iyo 14 diocezi, aseve 381

wlisaTvis imperiaSi aRmoCnda 14 avtokefaluri eklesia.

avtokefalur eklesiaTa Serwyma-gaerTianebis procesi Semdgomac

grZeldeboda, gansakuTrebiT V saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. axla

ukve imperiis mTavari qalaqebis eklesiebi Tavis garSemo

aerTianebdnen ramdenime diocezis avtokefalur eklesias. ase

gaerTianda qalaq romis eklesiaSi ramdenime diocezi, xolo 451

wels krebam qalaq konstantinopolis eklesias dauqvemdebara sami

diocezis — asiis, pontos da Trakiis diocezTa avtokefaluri

eklesiebi. amitomac, V saukunis bolosaTvis imperiaSi

avtokefalur eklesiaTa ricxvi Zlier Semcirda, da VI saukuneSi,

rogorc iTqva, ukve eqvsi avtokefaluri eklesia arsebobda mTel

imperiaSi.

VI saukunisaTvis avtokefalia dakarges iseTma Zvelma

eklesiebmac, romelTagan zogierTni TviT mociqulTa mier iyo

daarsebuli. TviT ierusalimis eklesiamac ki dakarga avtokefalia

da kesaria-palestinis episkoposis xelqveiT imyofeboda. IV

msoflio krebam misi avtokefalia mTlianad aRadgina. aseve, s.

troickis Tanaxmad, mociqulTa mier daarsebulma aTenis eklesiamac

avtokefalia dakarga da mxolod mravali aseuli wlis Semdeg

aRidgina igi.

riT gamoixateba eklesiis avtokefalia? s. troicki kiTxvas ase

upasuxebs: `TviT avtoritetuli ganmmarteblebi kanonebisa

avtokefaliis arss xedaven swored xeldasxmaSi, rom mocemuli

eklesiis episkoposebs SeuZliaT xeli daasxan, anu akurTxon

TavianTi eklesiis axali episkoposebi.

ar eqvemdebarebian arc erT patriarqs eklesiebi bulgareTisa,

kviprosisa da iberiisa (e.i. qarTuli), radganac mRvdelmTavrebi am

eklesiebisa Cveulebriv iReben xirotonias Tavisive

episkoposebisagan~, _ wers Tavis alfabetur sintagmaSi maTeos

blastari.98

yovelive zemoT moyvanilidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom 320-ian

wlebSi organizebuli qarTuli eklesia usaTuod iseve unda

mowyobiliyo, rogorc imperiaSi arsebuli sxva eklesiebi. imperiaSi

ki yvela provinciis anu administraciuli erTeulis eklesia

avtokefaluri iyo. saqarTvelo romis provincia ar yofila, is iyo

imperiis gareT arsebuli saxelmwifo. Tuki imperiaSi yovel

administraciul erTeuls hqonda Tavisi avtokefaluri eklesia,

284

bunebrivia, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos eklesiac avtokefaluri unda

yofiliyo.

qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalias safrTxe emuqreboda ara IV

saukuneSi, aramed V da VI saukuneebSi, radganac jer kidev IV

saukuneSi dawyebuli provinciebis eklesiebis avtokefaliis

gauqmeba V saukuneSi TiTqmis dasrulda, xolo VI saukuneSi ukve

dakanonebuli iyo. rogorc vTqviT, imperia dayofili iyo 12-14

diocezad, Zalze msxvil administraciul erTeulebad, erT

diocezSi Sedioda 16-mde provincia. II msoflio krebis droisTvis,

provinciaTa eklesiebis SeerTebis Semdeg, imperiaSi mxolod

diocezTa eklesiebi iyvnen avtokefalurni. saqarTvelos eklesia ar

SeiZleboda romelime diocezis eklesias SeeerTebina, radganac

saqarTvelo iyo TavisTavadi da damoukidebeli saxelmwifo,

amitomac provinciaTa eklesiebis Serwyma qarTuli eklesiis

avtokefaliaze araviTar gavlenas ar moaxdenda. V saukunis Sua

wlebisaTvis ki savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo, imperiis romelime

dedaqalaqs pretenzia ganecxadebina qarTul eklesiaze. saqme is

iyo, rom ukve V saukunisaTvis imperiis mTavari qalaqebis

eklesiebma SeierTes TavianT garSemo myofi diocezebi. am dros

didi qalaqebis (romis, antioqiis, konstantinopolis. aleqsandriis,

ierusalimis) xelqveiT aRmoCnda mTeli imperia, maT moipoves

agreTve gavlena imperiis gareT arsebul teritoriebze. magaliTad,

pontos diocezi Tavisi misioneruli moRvaweobis wyalobiT

gavlenas avrcelebda imperiis gareT mcxovreb xalxebze,

axladmoqceul qristianebze. pontos diocezi 451 wlis msoflio

krebam dauqvemdebara konstantinopols, amitomac pontos diocezis

gavlenis qveS myofi imperiis gareTa qristianebic konstantinopols

daeqvemdebarnen. aseve antioqiac Tavisi misioneruli moRvaweobis

gamo gavlenas ZvelTaganve avrcelebda axladmoqceul

barbarosebze (imperiaSi an imperiis gareT mcxovreb araberZnul

xalxebze): swored V saukunidan gaCnda miswrafeba imperiis

dedaqalaqisa da sxva sapatriarqoebisa, rom TavianT iurisdiqciaSi

moeqciaT sxva eklesiebi. amitomac, qarTuli eklesia SeiZleboda

avtokefaluri yofiliyo IV saukuneSi, xolo V saukuneSi misi

avtokefalia sadavod gaexadaT, ecadaT moespoT qarTuli eklesiis

damoukidebloba.

Cven unda vifiqroT, rom IV saukuneSi qarTuli eklesia iseve

damoukidebeli iyo, rogorc imperiaSi arsebuli provinciebisa da

diocezebis eklesiebi.

SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva, Tu IV saukuneSi arsebobda avtokefalur

eklesiaTa didi raodenoba, ratom gamoiwvia winaaRmdegoba mefe

285

papis mier somxuri eklesiis avtokefaliis gamocxadebam 370-ian

wlebSi?

cnobilia, rom kanonikuri samarTlis korifem basili didma

gaaprotesta da anaTemas gadasca somxuri eklesiis es moqmedeba.

saqme is iyo, rom am droisaTvis ukve provinciaTa eklesiebi

gaerTianebuli iyo diocezebSi. basili didi iyo pontos diocezis

egzarqosi. somexTa is nawili, romelmac avtokefalia gamoacxada,

administraciulad pontos diocezSi Sedioda, e.i.

administraciulad iyo ara damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, aramed

Sedioda romis imperiaSi, kerZod ki, pontos diocezSi. mTel

pontos diocezze ki Tavis iurisdiqcias axorcielebda am

diocezis eklesia da misi egzarqosi basili didi. amitomac iyo is

winaaRmdegi, mis diocezSi mcxovreb xalxs mieRo avtokefalia. es

mas miaCnda diocezis saeklesio ganxeTqilebad. jer kidev nikeis I

msoflio krebis (325 w.) me-9 kanonis Tanaxmad, SeizRuda

avtokefalur eklesiaTa uflebebi saolqo mitropolitis

sasargeblod, `TiToeuli samTavros episkoposebi unda

emorCilebodnen dedaqalaqis episkoposs (mitropolits)~. am kanonis

Tanaxmadac, pontos diocezis yvela episkoposi diocezis egzarqos

basili dids unda daqvemdebareboda da avtokefalia,

damoukidebloba ar unda gamoecxadebina. es somex episkoposebsac

Seexeba, romelTac mefe papis dros somexTa eklesiis avtokefalia

gamoacxades.

es kanoni (I msoflio krebis kan. 9) saqarTvelos saxelmwifos

dedaqalaqis, mcxeTis episkoposs uqvemdebarebda am saxelmwifos

yvela qristians.

dedaqalaqis episkoposs Seexeba agreTve sardikiis me-6 kanoni,

romelic ambobs: `Tu arCeul unda iqnas dedaqalaqis episkoposi

(mitropoliti), saWiroa maxlobeli episkoposebis mowveva~. Cveni

eklesiis mimarT es imas niSnavs, rom mcxeTis arqiepiskoposis

kurTxevis dros saWiro iyo maxlobeli eklesiebis episkoposebis

mowveva an maTi Tanxmoba. CvenTvis mezobeli eklesiebi iyvnen

antioqia, somxeTi, ponto, konstantinopoli. Cans, maTac

ekiTxebodnen, am kanonis Tanaxmad, axali episkoposis kurTxevis

Tanxmobas.

dedaqalaqis episkoposs Seexeba, agreTve, qalkedonis krebis me-12

kanoni, `ramdeni qalaqic samefo sabuTebiT dedaqalaqis pativiTaa

damtkicebuli, hqondeT maT es pativi~. es, pirvel rigSi, Seexeboda

imperiis aRmosavleT nawilis mTavar qalaqebs, magram, cxadia,

ganzogaddeboda saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis, mcxeTis

arqiepiskoposzec. am kanoniT miiCneva, rom dedaqalaqis episkoposi

286

aris mitropoliti, avtokefaluri eklesiis meTauri. amitomac

damoukidebelia saqarTvelos saxelmwifos dedaqalaqis meTauric,

romelsac marTlac hqonda `mTavarepiskoposis~ maRali tituli. s.

troicki wers, rom mTavarepiskoposis tituli, rogorc wesi, hqonda

avtokefaluri eklesiis meTaurs. `IV-VIII saukuneebSi tituli

arqiepiskoposisa niSnavda ierarqs, romelsac hqonda ufro meti

Zalaufleba, vidre mitropolitis Zalaufleba iyo da, rogorc

wesi, miekuTvneboda avtokefaluri eklesiis meTaurs~.99

rogorc aRvniSneT, `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ Tanaxmad, ukve IV

saukunis I naxevridanve qarTuli eklesiis meTaurs

`mTavarepiskoposis~ tituli hqonda, is avtokefalur eklesias edga

saTaveSi.

Tavi III

1. s. janaSia, Sromebi, V, gv. 67; 2. n. janaSia, istoriul

wyaroTmcodneobiTi narkvevebi, gv. 3-4; 3. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 57. 4.

narkvevebi, I, gv. 568; 5. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 4; 6. iqve, gv. 23; 7.

saqarTvelos istoria, gv. 45; 8. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 18, SeniSvna; 9.

narkvevebi, I, gv. 568; 10. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 23; 11. georgika, I, gv. 101-

102; 12. georgika, I, gv. 24-25; 13. s. janaSia, Sromebi, V, gv. 85; 14. n. janaSia,

narkvevebi, gv. 27; 15. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 27-28; 16. qarTlis cxovreba,

I, gv. 136-137; 17. iqve, gv. 136; 18. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 28; 19. iqve, gv. 29;

20. iqve, gv. 298; 21. iqve, gv. 88; 22. v. goilaZe, saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da

albaneTis istoriis sakiTxebi... kr. `saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis

istoriis sakiTxebi~, V, gv. 18; 23. ix. didi sabWoTa enciklopedia, statia

_ `armiane~; 24. qse, 9, gv. 463, statia, somxeTi; 25. didi sjulis kanoni, gv.

545; 26. efrem mcire, uwyeba..., gv. 4; 27. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 13; 28. iqve,

gv. 20; 29. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 68-69; 30. T. bibiluri, qristianuli

religiis sawyisebi saqarTveloSi, `mnaTobi~, 1987, #6, gv. 142; 31. sabinini,

saqarTvelos samoTxe, gv. 624, 625; 32. ev. nikolaZe, eklesiis istoria, gv.

23-24; 33. Zeglebi, I, gv. 50; 34. s. janaSia, I, gv. 213; 35. g. lomTaTiZe,

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kultura da yofa, gv. 60, Sen. 206; 36. p.

ingoroyva, t. II, gv. 277; 37. T. surgulaZe, T. bibiluri, m. ZnelaZe,

adreuli qristianobis simbolo mcxeTidan, saq. ssr. mecnierebaTa

akademiis moambe, 101 3, 1981. gv. 741-742; 38. T. bibiluri, saintereso

samarxeuli kompleqsi mcxeTidan (Zeglis megobari), 62, 1983, gv. 39-43; 39. T.

bibiluri, Tixis filasamarxi antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi (disertacia,

xelnaweri); 40. T. bibiluri, qristianuli religiis sawyisebi

saqarTveloSi, `mnaTobi~, 1987, #6, gv. 144; 41. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 41;

42. didi sjulis kanoni, gv. 219; 43. Троицкий, О церковной автокефалии,

287

ЖМП, №7, стр. 44; 44. g. gozaliSvili, qarTlis moqcevis problema da

bakuri, 1974, gv. 15; 45. g. gozaliSvili, qarTlis moqcevis problema da

bakuri, 1974, gv. 21; 46. T. bibiluri, qristianuli religiis sawyisebi

saqarTveloSi, gv. 144-145; 47. v. goilaZe, wminda ninos qarTlSi

Semosvlisa da qarTlis moqcevis daTariRebisaTvis, mnaTobi, 1986, #2, gv.

153-154; 48. iqve, gv. 155-162; 49. v. goilaZe, wminda ninos qarTlSi

Semosvlisa da qarTlis moqcevis daTariRebisaTvis, mnaTobi, 1986, #2, gv.

150; 50. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 115; 51. v. goilaZe, wminda ninos qarTlSi

Semosvlisa da qarTlis moqcevis daTariRebisaTvis, mnaTobi, 1986, # 8, gv.

152, 160-162; 52. m. CxartiSvili, qarTuli hagiografiis wyaroTmcodneobiTi

Seswavlis problemebi; `cxovreba wmidisa ninosi~, 1987, gv. 25-26; 53.

qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 70; 54. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 70; 55. p.

ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 262, SeniSvna I; 56. narkvevebi, t.II, gv. 181,

186; 57. T. kapanaZe, noqalaqevis bazilikebi, kr. noqalaqevi _ arqeopolisi,

gv. 120-121; 58. e. nikolaZe, eklesiis istoria, gv. 35; 59. n. janaSia,

narkvevebi, gv. 17; 60. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 197; 61. iqve, gv. 159; 62.

`moqceva mirian mefisa da mis Tana yovlisa qarTlisa wmidisa da

netarisa dedisa Cvenisa nino mociqulisa mier~, qarTlis cxovreba~, gv.

72-130; 63. litra _ wonis erTeuli Zvelad; 64. mveqvse Jami — naSuadRevis

saTqmeli locva; 65. Zeglebi, I, gv. 81-163; 66. Zeglebi, II, gv. 97-98; 67. m.

CxartiSvili, `ninos cxovrebis~ vrceli redaqciis atribucia, `mnaTobi~,

1987, # 5, gv. 149-154; 68. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 114; 69. georgika, I, gv. 194;

70. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 10-11; 71. varianti a) igulisxmeba ,,moqcevaiA

qarTlisaAs~ Satberduli redaqcia, varianti b) WeliSuri redaqcia

(Zegl. I. 1964, gv. 81); 72. qse, `saq ssr~, gv. 346; 73. g. narsiZe, daviTis

qvajvari. _ mnaTobi, 1987, # 4, gv. 164; 74. С. Троицкий, По поводу неудачной

защиты ложной теории, ЖМП, №7; 75. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 4, SeniSvna; 76.

С. Троицкий, О церковной автокефалии, ЖМП, 1950, №7, стр. 39; 77. СЭС, с. 393.

ст. Диоцез; 78. qse, 8, gv. 436, statia romi; 79. b. lominaZe, saqarTvelos

sapatriarqo da misi avtokefalia, saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, 1981, 12, gv.

71; 80. didi sjulis kanoni, gv. 219, 232, 249, 266; 81. "В древности все

митрополиты епархии были независимы (автокефальцы) и рукополагаемы были

своими собственными соборами" Правила святьх вселенских с толкованиями, ч. I,

Москва. 1877, стр. 85-87; 82. didi sjulis kanoni, gv. 219, 232, 249, 266; 83.

qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 137; 84. iqve, gv. 137; 85. iqve, gv. 145; 86. qarTlis

cxovreba, gv. 129; 87. iqve, gv. 137; 88. iqve, gv. 140; 89. iqve, gv. 196; 90.

qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 147; 91. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 45; 92. qse, 6, gv.

411; 93. Zeglebi, I, gv. 86-91; 94. didi sjulis kanoni, gv. 261; 95. С. Троицкий,

О церковной автокефалии, ЖМП, №7, стр. 35; 96. iqve, gv. 36; 97. iqve, gv. 39; 98.

aTenis sintagma, VI, gv. 258; 99. С. Троицкий, О церковной автокефалии, ЖМП,

1950, №7, стр. 51;

288

თავი 4

qarTuli eklesia V saukuneSi

`did-bunebovan kacTa da saxelovan gmirTa

magaliTebiT istoria swurTnis ersa, zrdis, da didebulni saqmeni kidev guls

ukeTeben moqmedebisaTvis, aqezeben, amxneveben, Tu nametnavad is magaliTebi eris

sakuTaris istoriisani arian.~

ilia marTali

q v e y n i s z o g a d i m d g o m a r e o b a V s a u k u n e S i

V saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelo ukve daxarkuli qveyana iyo

sparselTa mier. marTalia, sparselebma ver SeZles qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmeba, magram daufaravad cdilobdnen

qarTvelebis asimilacias. pirvel rigSi, maT surdaT qarTvelebs

mieRoT sparsuli sarwmunoeba _ cecxlTayvanismcemloba. isini

ebrZodnen da krZalavdnen qarTul erovnul wes-Cveulebebs da

tradiciebs. qristianoba im droisaTvis ukve qarTul erovnul

sarwmunoebad iyo qceuli da qarTvelebs qristianuli wes-

Cveulebebi hqondaT. maTi moSliT sparselebs imedi hqondaT, rom

qarTvelebis erovnul saxes moSlidnen da sparsuls

dauaxlovebdnen.

garda amisa, sparselebi qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas, anu

mefobas Zirs uTxridnen. maT V saukuneSi SeZles somxeTsa da

albaneTSi mefobis gauqmeba, magram saqarTveloSi es ver moaxerxes,

cxadia, im mizezis gamo, rom qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba Zlieri

iyo da misi mospoba advili ar iyo. sparselebs imedi hqondaT, rom

TviT saqarTveloSi moZebnidnen im Zalebs, romelnic

SeebrZolebodnen qarTvel mefeebs da mospobdnen mefobas. qarTveli

289

mTavrebi da didi aznaurebi sparselebis daxmarebiT saqarTvelos

mefes ebrZodnen.1 marTlac, VI saukunis dasawyisSi mefobis gauqmeba

mTavrebisa da didi aznaurebis meoxebiT momxdara. VI saukuneSi

mefobis gauqmebis Semdeg `qarTlis mTavrebi da didi aznaurebi ki

Tavs kargad grZnobdnen. mefobis mospoba qarTlSi xom umTavresad

maTi saqme iyo. Zveli qarTveli mematiane amtkicebs, rom mas Semdeg,

rac vaxtangis STamomavlobas mefis ufleba waarTves, qarTlSi

ukve aznaurebi gabatondneno. marTlac, didi aznaurebi advilad

Seuxmatkbildnen sparselebs da exmarebodnen maT qveynis marTva-

gamgeobaSi. samagierod, sparselebic maT Tavis wyalobas ar akl-

ebdnen, msxvil Tanamdebobebsa da jildoebs urigebdnen da zogjer

memkvidreobiTac umtkicebdnen micemul moxeleobas.~2

Tuki sparselebi cbierebiTa da veragobiT cdilobdnen

qarTvelTa gatexas, bizantiis,3 anu `berZnebis~ damokidebuleba

sruliad sxvagvari iyo saqarTvelos mimarT. bizantiam IV saukunis

bolos CamoaWra qarTul saxelmwifos samxreTis teritoriebis

didi nawili, uSualod miuerTa imperias, xolo V saukunis pirvel

naxevarSi dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nawili miitaca.

Tuki sparselebi, ase Tu ise, erovnul institutebs (mag., qarTul

saxelmwifos, qarTul eklesias) xels ar axlebdnen da mxolod

daxarkviT kmayofildebodnen, bizantia mitacebul qarTul miwebze

saerTod auqmebda yovelgvar qarTul instituts, amitomac

qarTvelebisaTvis araqristiani sparselebis batonoba ufro

mosaTmeni iyo, vidre qristiani berZnebis moqmedebaa. swored aman

hpova asaxva `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~, sadac naTqvamia, rom roca

bizantielebma dasavleT saqarTvelos miwebi miitaces, mTel

saqarTveloSi didi urva da wuxili Seiqmna da yoveli qarTveli

didad glovobdao: `masve Jamsa gamovides berZenni... da daipyres

egris-wyliTgan vidre cixe-gojadmde, maSin iqmna glova da wuxili

yovelTa zeda qarTvelTa da ityodes... samarTlad moawia RmerTman

Cuen zeda ese risxva, rameTu migucna Cuen wartyuenvad ucxoTa

naTesavTa da migYRo Cuen sazRvari berZenTagan, viTarca miuRo

varaz-baqars mefesa klarjeTi...~4

yoveli qarTvelis glova, mematianeebis mier aRwerili, SeiZleba

iTqvas, erTaderTi SemTxvevaa qarTveli eris mravalsaukunovani

istoriis manZilze. qarTvelebis saerTo glova imiT iyo

gamowveuli, rom bizantia mitacebul qarTul miwebs swrafad

rTavda imperiis sisxlsavse cxovrebaSi da swrafadve kulturulad

`aberZnebda~ qarTul mosaxleobas. Tuki qarTvelebs sparselTa

winaaRmdeg farad hqondaT qristianuli sarwmunoeba, berZnuli

asimilaciisgan maT araferi ar ifaravda. miuxedavad amisa,

290

radganac saqarTvelos didi da umTavresi nawili sparsTa gavlenis

qveS imyofeboda, mTavari safrTxe mainc sparselebisgan modioda. am

dros ki, rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTvelTa damcveli swored berZnuli

orientacia da qristianobis is saxe iyo, romelsac im dros

bizantiaSi aRiarebdnen. vaxtang gorgasali berZnuli orientaciisa

iyo da sikvdilis win anderZic datova, rom qarTvelebs `berZenTa

siyvaruli~ ar mietovebinaT, Tumca `berZnebs~ SeebrZola kidec da

saqarTvelos daubruna maTgan mitacebuli teritoriebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom im dros, V saukuneSi, arsebobda ori

gansxvavebuli mimarTuleba qristianobaSi. erT mimarTulebas

bizantia mfarvelobda da aRiarebda, xolo meore mimarTulebas

sparseTis saxelmwifo mfarvelobda. qristianobis im mimarTulebas,

romelsac sparseTi mfarvelobda, s. janaSia `sparsul~

qristianobas uwodebs. ase magaliTad. is wers: `pirvel

kaTalikosad vaxtangma diofizitobis momxre piri daniSna da amiT

`sparsul~ qristianobas, monofizitobas, aSkara brZola

gamoucxada.~5

ar iqneboda swori, Tu warmovidgendiT, rom sparseTi

qristianobis yovel mimarTulebas ebrZoda. sparseTi mxolod im

mimarTulebas, qristianobis im frTas ebrZoda, romelic im

momentSi romis (bizantiis) imperiaSi iyo aRiarebuli. TviTon

sparseTSi mravali qristiani cxovrobda da sparselebis arcTu

mcire nawili qristiani iyo, maT hqondaT TavianTi eklesia da

TavianTi saeklesio ierarqia, xolo sparseTis imperiaSi mcxovrebi

xalxebi, magaliTad, sirielebi da somxebi qristianebi iyvnen,

romelTa eklesiebic sparseTisaTvis misaRebi iyo.

sparseTis samefo karma, roca mixvda, rom mazdeanobis

gavrceleba arcTu advili iyo da qristiani xalxebi ar daTmobdnen

TavianT sarwmunoebas, Secvala sarwmunoebrivi politika. im mizniT,

raTa mis imperiaSi mcxovrebi qristianebi bizantiuri gavlenis qveS

ar yofiliyvnen, sparseTma ineba, rom isini moqceuliyvnen

iranofilurad ganwyobili qristianuli eklesiebis gavlenisa da

kontrolis sferoSi. aseTebi iyvnen antibizantiurad ganwyobili

siriuli da sparsuli eklesiebi. `mis Semdeg, rac daeca somex

mefeTa taxti (428 w.), somxeTSi sparsTa xelisuflebam fexi mtkiced

moikida, bizantiis imperiisadmi dapirispirebuli iranis Sahis kari

im xanebSi mxars uWerda siriuli kulturis gavlenis gavrcelebas

berZnulis sawinaaRmdegod, siriul kulturas somxeTSi, isedac

Rrmad hqonda fesvebi gamdgari da mTavrobis mfarvelobis

pirobebSi mas kidev ufro gaeSala frTebi~.6 sparselni siriul

qristianobas mfarvelobdnen bizantielTa sapirispirod.

291

aRsaniSnavia, rom am droisaTvis siriuli qristianobis centri

antioqia iyo. V saukunis Semdeg, ki siriuli eklesia orad gaiyo:

dasavleTi siriuli eklesia, romelic siria libans moicavda, da

aRmosavleTi siriuli eklesia, romelic Crdilo mesopotamias da

irans moicavda.7

sparseTis (qaldeuri) qristianebi (mogvianebiT nestorianebi)

odesRac Tavis Tavs nestorianebs ar uwodebdnen. es saxeli maT

uwodes berZnebma da monofizitebma. moxerxebuli erovnuli baza

berZnuli eklesiisagan ganSorebisaTvis siriulenovani

eretikosebisaTvis iyo sparseTi. maTi ganmanaTlebeli iyo

sasazRvro edesis skola.

sparseTis qristianebma 410 wlis krebaze gamoacxades TavianTi

avtokefalia Tavisi kaTalikosis meTaurobiT. adre isini

cdilobdnen antioqiis gaTavisuflebas berZeni patriarqisagan. 423

wlis krebam aukrZala am eklesiis wevrebs yovelgvari kavSiri

antioqiis patriarqTan~8 (isini antioqiis marTlmadideblur

eklesias `melqiturs~ uwodebdnen, rac qarTulad `samefos~

niSnavs).

siriuli eklesiis (romelic Semdeg iakobitebad da

nestorianebad gaiyo) centri antioqia iyo. antioqiaSi uamravi

qristianuli sarwmunoebrivi mimarTuleba arsebobda. V saukuneSi

antioqiis eklesia dayofili iyo mraval iurisdiqciad. IV saukunis

bolos, a. kartaSevis Tanaxmad, kidev axali iurisdiqcia

warmoqmnila: `antioqia am dros ukve dayofili iyo sam

iurisdiqciad, axla warmoiqmna meoTxe. aq arsebobda: 1. meletis

iurisdiqcia. 2. evzois iurisdiqcia (arianulis magvari). 3. pavlinis

iurisdiqcia. 4. apolinaris (375 wlisaTvis) iurisdiqcia~.9

ase rom, V saukunisaTvis qristianobaSi arsebobda sparsofiluri

frTa, romelic mkveTrad gamoxatuli antiberZnuli mimarTulebisa

iyo. TviT sparseTSic ki avtokefaluri eklesia arsebobda,

romelsac kaTalikosi marTavda. Tu V saukunis dasawyisSi

sparsofiluri iyo siriisa da sparseTis eklesiebi, am saukunis

bolosTvis somxeTis eklesiac ZiriTadad sparsofiluri da

sparseTis saxelmwifosTvis misaRebi eklesia iyo.

cxadia, aseTi mdgomareoba gavlenas moaxdenda sparseTis

gavlenis sferoSi arsebul saqarTvelos sazogadoebaze.

saqarTveloSi V saukunisaTvis uTuod arsebobdnen rogorc

berZnuli (elinofiluri), aseve sparsofiluri qristianuli

saeklesio dajgufebani. swored amitom saqarTvelos mefe sagangebo

da Zalze daZabul mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. rogorc aRvniSneT,

sparseTis survili iyo saerTod moespo qarTuli

292

saxelmwifoebrioba, amitomac mTavrebsa da did aznaurebs xels

uwyobda amaSi. garda amisa, qveyanaSi arsebuli sparsofiluri

saeklesio wreebi, sparsTagan daxmarebis moimedeni, albaT, swored

sparseTis politikis ganxorcielebisaTvis zrunavdnen. Tavis mxriv,

bizantiac aqtiurad ereoda saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv

cxovrebaSi da dausjelad ar tovebda sparsofilebis gavlenis

gafarToebas. magaliTad, roca mefe varaz-baqaris dros bizantiam

miitaca klarjeTi da vaxtangis dros egrisis nawili, qarTvelebi

ambobdnen: `...ara keTilad vipyarT sjuli qristesi da wesi iovanes

mcnebisa, samarTlad moawia RmerTman Cuen zeda ese risxva, rameTu

migucna Cuen wartyuenvad ucxoTa naTesavTa da migveRo Cuen

sazRvari berZenTagan, viTarca miuRo varaz-baqars mefesa klarjeTi

da igi codviTa varaz-baqarisiTa moiwia, rameTu ver keTilad epyra

sjuli qristesi~.10

qarTveli mefeebi, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, erTdroulad

an orive dampyrobels _ sparseTsa da saberZneTs _ ebrZodnen, anda

brZnulad iyenebdnen winaaRmdegobas am saxelmwifoTa Soris da xan

berZnebs ebrZodnen sparselTa ZaliT, xan ki sparselebs berZenTa

ZaliT.

398-400 wlebSi mefobda farsmani. `mefeTa ambavis~ Tanaxmad,

farsmans xarkis gadaxdac ki Seuwyvetia iranelebisaTvis, meore

mxriv, TiTqosda bizantielebsac ebrZoda.11

Semdgomi mefe mirdati `mter eqmna berZenTa da sparsTa.

berZenTagan eZiebda klarjeTs, sazRvarsa qarTlisasa, xolo

sparsTa ara miscemda xarksa~.12 sparselebma is daamarcxes.

V saukunis 20-ian wlebSi gamefda arCili. juanSeris Tanaxmad, am

arCilma `moirTo Zali saberZneTiT da warZRuanebiTa juarisaTa

iwyo brZolad sparsTa~. cecxlis msaxurni ganudevnia, eklesiebi

moukazmia, sinamdvileSi ki, n. janaSias azriT, qarTli am dros

irans emorCileboda.

V saukunis 40-iani wlebidan iranma daiwyo axali, metad aqtiuri

da agresiuli politikis gatareba, romlis mizani iyo moespo

qarTlis Sinagani damoukidebloba da gadaeqcia is (da

amierkavkasia) iranis provinciad.

iranelebma gadawyvites qarTlis (da amierkavkasiis) izolacia

arairanuli (berZnul-romauli) samyarosagan.13

`sainteresoa, rom iranelebs kavSiris gabma mouxerxebiaT

qristianul eklesiasTanac ki, romelsac isini saerTod ebrZodnen.

amas uadvilebdaT is garemoeba, rom am dros qristianul eklesiaSi

uamravi sxvadasxva mimdinareoba arsebobda, romlebic erTmaneTis

mimarT uaRresad mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobilni. orTodoqsalur

293

eklesias konstantinopoli mfarvelobda, magram mas uZlieresi

opozicia hyavda ZiriTadad aRmosavleTSi. iranelebi mxars

uWerdnen opozicionerebs, romlebsac orTodoqsebisa da maSasadame,

maT ukan mdgomi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg iyenebdnen.14

`am periodSi qarTlsa da amierkavkasiis sxva qveynebSi

mimdinareobs feodalizaciis procesi, romelic gulisxmobs

gaafTrebul brZolas centralur xelisuflebasa (mefes) da

centridanul Zalebs (feodalebs) Soris. feodalTa mizani iyo

memkvidreobiT daemtkicebinaT is miwebi da Tanamdebobebi, romlebic

maT eWiraT. amasTan, isini cdilobdnen maqsimalurad SeezRudaT

mefis uflebebi maT xelqveiT arsebul miwebze. mefe ki imisTvis

ibrZoda, rom Tavisi gamgeblobidan ar gaeSva es miwebi, sruli

Zalaufleba SeenarCunebina mTeli samefos miwa-wyalze da yovel

Tanamdebobaze daniSvna mxolod misi surviliT momxdariyo.

iranelebi iyenebdnen am winaaRmdegobas da feodalebs hpirdebodnen

maTTvis sasurveli privilegiebis damtkicebas. yovelive

zemoaRniSnuli saSualebas aZlevda iranelebs amierkavkasiis

qveynebis saeklesio cxovrebaSic Careuliyvnen. pirvelwyaroebSi

kargad aris asaxuli, Tu rogor ereodnen isini somxuri eklesiis

saqmeebSi (magaliTad, V saukunis 20-iani wlebidan somxeTis

eklesiis meTaurs, kaTalikoss Sahi niSnavda Tavisi survilis

mixedviT). Cans, iranelebs qarTlSic daumyarebiaT kavSiri

garkveul saeklesio wreebTan. am mxriv yuradRebas ipyrobs

`moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ matianis cnoba, romlis Tanaxmadac, arCilis

Zis, mirdatis dros qarTlis mTavarepiskoposi glonoqori

`erisTvadca~ iyo barazbod pitiaxSisagan qarTls da hereTs~.15

bunebrivi iqneboda, rom glonoqorisTvis iranelebs daekisrebinaT

ara marto erisTavoba, aramed romelime sxva mniSvnelovani saero

funqcia. magaliTad, Cven viciT, rom swored am periodSi

iranelebis mier daniSnuli somxeTis kaTalikosebi cxovel

monawileobas iRebdnen iranelebisaTvis xarkis akrefaSi. asea, Tu

ise, rogorc n. janaSia aRniSnavs, `iranelebis mier qarTlis

eklesiasTan kavSiris gabma arsebiTad niSnavda adgilobrivi

aznaurebis garkveul fenasTan kavSiris damyarebas~.16

`roca zogi aznauri gamdidrda da gaZlierda, mas ukve mefis

morCileba aRar surda. garda amisa, aznaurebs mefisgan mamulebi

hqondaT miRebuli samsaxuris pirobiT. mefe am mamulebs Tavis

sakuTrebad Tvlida. aznaurebs ki maTi daTmoba enanebodaT da

sabolood miCemeba surdaT. gaCaRda brZola mefesa da did aznaur-

mTavrebs Soris. amiT isargebles sparselebma, mefis ukmayofilo

aznaurebTan kavSiri gaabes da isini Tavis mxareze gadaibires~.17

294

qarTuli eklesia V saukuneSi udides miwismflobelad gadaiqca da

iseTive interesebi gauCnda, rogorc sxva miwismflobelebs, es Cans

rogorc `qarTlis cxovrebidan~, ise `moqcevaA qarTlisaAdan~.

`episkoposebad am dros ukve warCinebulebs, aznaurebs vxedavT. am

episkoposebs axla Tavisi mefe iseve moZulebuli hyavdaT, rogorc

mTavrebsa da sxva did aznaurebs. eklesias V saukuneSi ukve didi

mamulebi hqonda. am mamulebis gamo qarTlis mefesa da

samRvdeloebas Soris iseTive brZola gaCaRda, rogoric mefesa da

sxva did aznaurebs Soris iyo. amitom dauaxlovda erTmaneTs

sparselebi da qarTlis samRvdeloeba. TandaTan qarTlis

mTavarepiskoposi da episkoposebis umravlesoba sparselebis mxares

gadavida iseve, rogorc mezobel somxeTSi. samagierod sparselebi

Tavis momxre episkoposebs uxvad ajildoebdnen. iyo iseTi

SemTxvevac, roca qarTlis mTavarepiskoposi erisTavadac ki iyo

daniSnuli sparselebis mier. ase daiwyo qarTlis mTavrebisa da

episkoposebis brZola sparselebTan xelixel CakidebiT qarTlis

mefis winaaRmdeg~.18

`qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da sxva wyaroebSi gadmocemuli miqael

mTavarepiskoposisa da vaxtang mefis brZola uTuod adasturebs s.

janaSiasa da n. janaSias zemoT moyvanil Tvalsazriss. `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, vaxtang gorgasali pirdapir eubneba miqaels,

rom mas saeklesio simdidre aqvs dagrovili da am simdidris

dakargvisa eSinia, _ `vecxlismoyuare xar Sen, rameTu Senca

meguadruce xar qristesi~.19

`meguadruce~ niSnavs molares, simdidris damgrovebelsa da

Semnaxvels. swored am dagrovili simdidris dakargvis eSinoda

miqaels. umTavres simdidred im dros miwa iTvleboda. miwa

aznaurebsa da sxva feodalebs, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, mefisgan

hqondaT miRebuli. miwis sabolood misakuTrebis survili iyo

mizezi mefesa da aznaurTa Soris gaCaRebuli omisa. somxeTSi 428

wels adgilobrivi feodalebis SemweobiT sparselebma mefoba

gaauqmes. aseve momxdara qarTlSic VI saukunis dasawyisSi. aqac

didma aznaurebma sparselTa daxmarebiT mefoba gaauqmes. qarTuli

matiane aRniSnavs kidec amas: `xolo vinaATgan moaklda mefoba

SvilTa gorgaslisaTa, miT JamiTgan epyra ufleba qarTlisa

aznaurTa vidre amaTadmde, aramed daesrula ufleba qarTlisa

aznaurTa borotTa saqmeTa maTgan~.20 sparsma xelisufalma qarTlSi

mefobis gauqmebis Semdeg. `...uwyo zraxvad erisTavTa qarTlisaTa:

aRuTqua keTili didi da dauwera saerisTaoTa maTTa mamuloba

SviliTi-Svilamde, da esreT waribirna liqniTa da gandges

erisTavni da TYs-TYsad xarksa miscemdes qasre ambarvezsa~.21

295

ara marto sparselebi emxrobodnen qarTvel didaznaur-

erisTavebs qarTvel mefeTa winaaRmdeg omSi, aramed berZnebic. isini

erisTavebs saxeloebs da mamulebs utovebdnen memkvidreobis

uflebiT, maSin roca qarTvel mefeTa dros maT Tanamdebobebi da

miwebi samsaxuris pirobiT hqondaT micemuli da Tanamdebobidan

gadayenebis dros miwebsac kargavdnen. axla ki maTi Tanamdeboba

memkvidreobiT Svilebsa da SviliSvilebs gadaecemoda:

`esreT ra ucalo iqmnes sparsni, maSin SeiTqunes yovelni

erisTavni qarTlisani, zemoni da qvemoni, da wargzavnes mociquli

winaSe berZenTa mefisa da iTxoves, raTa ...iyvnen erisTavni igi TYs-

TYssa saerisTaosa Seucvalebelad~.22

Tu aqamde, qarTvel mefeTa dros, qarTuli eklesiis meTauri

mefis mier `ismeboda~ da kaTalikosis sikvdilis Semdeg mis adgils

sul sxva gvaris adamiani iWerda, amis Semdeg kaTalikosis

Tanamdebobac memkvidreobiTi gaxda. mcxeTaSi VI saukuneSi or

ojaxs kaTalikosis Tanamdeboba memkvidreobiT miuRia da

kaTalikosobas am ojaxis wevrebi iRebdnen. amis Sesaxeb `moqcevaA

qarTlisaA~ wers: _ Semdgomad mefobda farsman sxua da kaTalikozi

iyo dasabia. mkYdri mcxeTeli. da aqaATgan orTa saxlTa aRiRes

kaTalikozoba mcxeTelTa mkYdrTa~.23

rogorc Cans, zemomoyvanili gvaZlevs uflebas iTqvas, rom

eklesia iyo mdidari miwismflobeli, romlis meTaurebsac erisTav-

aznaurTa msgavsad surdaT (da miaRwies kidec) mieRoT

memkvidreobiTi Tanamdebobebi. gaafTrebuli brZolebi centralur

xelisuflebasa (mefesa) da centridanul Zalebs (feodalebs)

Soris, romelic mimdinareobda V saukunis manZilze, damTavrda

centraluri xelisuflebis damarcxebiTa da mefobis mospobiT.

uTuod, zemoaRniSnuli iyo mizezi vaxtang gorgaslisa da miqael

mTavarepiskoposis SebrZolebisa da ara sarwmunoebrivi gansxvaveba.

iv. javaxiSvili fiqrobda, rom vaxtang mefe monofiziti iyo, xolo

miqaeli qalkedoniti, ris gamoc konfliqtur

urTierTdamokidebulebaSi imyofebodnen. es swori ar unda iyos,

vaxtang gorgasali monofiziti ar yofila. is iyo qalkedoniti

marTlmadidebeli, ise rogorc miqael mTavarepiskoposi. arc

sapirispiro azria swori _ miqaeli monofiziti ar yofila, aramed

samagaliTo qalkedoniti iyo.24 mefesa da mTavarepiskoposs Soris

konfliqti arsebobda swored zemoaRwerili winaaRmdegobis gamo

centralur xelisuflebasa da aznaur erisTav-feodalebs Soris.

iqamde, naxevari saukuniT adre, V saukunis ormociani wlebis

dasawyisSi Sahma iezdigerd II-m (438-457) Tavis qveSevrdom qveynebs,

296

maT Soris qarTlsac, ubrZana cxenosani jari gaegzavnaT Sua

aziaSi, sadac iranelebi quSanebs ebrZodnen.

Sahis brZanebiT amierkavkasiaSi Catarda aRwera: gadamxdelTa

kategoriaSi iranelebma axla qristianuli eklesiac Seiyvanes.

amjerad iranelebma gadamwyveti brZola gamoucxades qristianul

eklesiasac. amierkavkasiisa da bizantiis religiis erTianoba

miuRebeli iyo iranisTvis. Sahi Seecada mazdeanoba gaevrcelebina.

man somxeTSi gaagzavna brZaneba mazdeanobis miRebis moTxovniT.

somxebma uari SeuTvales. maSin Sahma qarTlis, somxeTisa da

albaneTis Tavkacebi saswrafod TavisTan daibara. V s-is somexi

istorikosis lazar farpecis sityviT, `qarTvelTa qveynidan

(wavidnen) bdeSxi aSuSa da qveynis sxva tanuterebi~.25 Casulebs

Sahma kategoriulad mosTxova mazdeanobis miReba. sxva gamosavali

rom ar Canda, samive qveynis Tavkacebma gadawyvites

daTanxmebuliyvnen Sahis moTxovnas, magram samSobloSi

dabrunebisTanave isev qristianoba mieRoT, razedac fici misces

erTmaneTs... rogorc etyoba, Sahs eWvi Sehparvia maT

gulwrfelobaSi. qarTlis pitiaxSi arSuSa da somxeTis marzpanis

vasak siunis ori vaJi mas TavisTan dautovebia. amierkavkasiel

didebulebs iranelebma Tan gamoayoles mogvebi, romelTac unda

daexuraT eklesiebi, aRmoefxvraT qristianoba. mxolod somxebs 700-

ze meti mogvi mihyveboda. somxeTSi mogvebis moqmedebam `gamoiwvia

saerTo-saxalxo ajanyeba iranelebis winaaRmdeg (450 w.). male

ajanyeba moedo albaneTsac. 451 wels iranelebma SeZles misi

CaxSoba... iranelebi mainc iZulebuli gaxdnen ajanyebulTa winaSe

rig daTmobebze wasuliyvnen... iranelebma uari Tqves amierkavkasiis

xalxTa asimilaciis politikaze, aRadgines sarwmunoebrivi

Tavisufleba, Seamsubuqes samxedro begara da gadasaxadebi...

miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTls ajanyebaSi monawileoba ar miuRia,

ajanyebas gavlena unda moexdina iranis politikaze qarTlis

mimarTac~.26

uTuod amis Sedegi iyo, rom qarTvelebma amis Semdeg gabedes da

qarTuli eklesiis meTaurad saberZneTidan Camoiyvanes mRvdeli da

is mTavarepiskoposad dasves. vaxtang gorgaslis dedam sagduxtma

`moiyvana mRdeli WeSmariti saberZneTiT, saxeliT miqael da

daadgina igi episkoposad zemosa eklesiasa~.27

451 wlis ajanyebamde (romlis Semdegac sparseTi eklesiebisa da

qristianobis mimarT damTmobi gaxda) SeuZlebeli iyo saberZneTidan

mowveul proberZnuli orientaciis pirs eklesia emarTa. marTlac,

436-448 wlebSi qarTul eklesias marTavda proiraneli, sparsofili

mobidani, romelsac Cveni mematiane `naTesaviT sparss~ uwodebs.

297

`moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ Tanaxmad ki, vaxtang gorgaslis mamis,

mirdatis dros, V saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, qarTuli eklesiis

meTauri iyo sparsofili, sparsTa mier qarTl-albaneTis erisTavad

daniSnuli glonoqori.

somxeT-albaneTis ajanyebis Semdeg sparseTma eklesiis mimarT

politika Searbila. aman ki SesaZlebeli gaxada proberZnuli

orientaciis miqaeli daeyenebinaT qarTuli eklesiis saTaveSi.

463 wels iranelebma daamarcxes albanelebi da mefoba gaauqmes

albaneTSi. iranis Sahis perozis (459-484) dros irans omi hqonda

Sua aziaSi. aq perozi damarcxda da tyved Cavarda. gaTavisufleba

man SeZlo uzarmazari gamosasyidis gadaxdiT. 60-iani wlebis Sua

xanebSi kavkasionis qedi gadmolaxes hunebma, daarbies qarTli da

somxeTi. juanSeri maT osebs uwodebs, romelTac moaoxres qarTli

da moitaces vaxtang mefis da miranduxti. vaxtangs mdgomareoba

garTulebuli hqonda qveynis SigniT, iranelTa gamTiSveli

politikis wyalobiT zogierTi umaRlesi didebuli srulebiT ar

epueboda mefes,28 magaliTad, varsqen pitiaxSi. iranelebi xels

uwyobdnen brZolas TviT samefo saxlSic. samefo saxlis ori Sto

_ baqarisa da revis STamomavlebi erTmaneTs ebrZodnen. vaxtangi

baqar mirianis Zis Stos ekuTvnoda. vaxtangs mniSvnelovani

opozicia hyolia eklesiaSi. `...am periodSi mravldeba sxvadasxva

religiuri mimdinareoba da seqta. brZola maT Soris Seurigebeli

iyo. gabatonebuli iyvnen diofizitebi, romelTa mTavar

mowinaaRmdeged monofizitebi gamodiodnen. qarTlSi gavrceleba

miuRia nestorianobasac, romelsac am periodSi mxars uWerdnen

iranelebi~.29

s. janaSia wers: _ `raki qristianobis mospoba da mazdeanobis

sayovelTaod gavrceleba sparselebma ver moaxerxes, maT politika

gamocvales. am dros qristianebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebad iyvnen

dayofilni, romelnic erTmaneTs ebrZodnen. es brZola

sazogadoebrivsa da erovnul niadagze iyo warmomdgari, magram

garegnulad igi sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxebis garSemo warmoebda.

sabolood romis saxelmwifoSi diofizitobam gaimarjva.

diofizitobas mxars uWerda romis mTavroba.

am garemoebas CaebRauWa axla sparseTis mTavroba, romelsac

undoda esargebla qristianebis Sinauri SfoTiTa da brZoliT

Tavisi sakuTari interesebisaTvis. axla sparseTis mTavroba mxars

uWerda iseT qristianobas, romelsac ebrZoda sparseTis mteri _

romis mTavroba. Tu qristianobis daTmoba ar gsurT, maSin iseTi

qristianoba mainc unda miiRoT, romelic romis mefis

sarwmunoebisagan gansxvavdebao _ ase moiTxovda axla sparseTis

298

Sahi Tavisi qristiani qveSevrdomebisagan... am xerxiT sparselebma

Tavis mxareze gadaiyvanes umaRlesi samRvdeloeba da didi

aznaurebi somxeTSi, qarTlsa da albaneTSi. episkoposebad am dros

ukve warCinebulebs, aznaurebs vxedavT. am episkoposebs axla Tavisi

mefe iseve moZulebuli hyavdaT, rogorc mTavrebsa da sxva did

aznaurebs.30 juanSeris mixedviT, iranelebs vaxtangi wauyvaniaT

saomrad Sua aziaSi da indoeTSi, `vaxtangis sparseTidan dabruneba

SeiZleba daidos 60-iani wlebis bolosaTvis... Cans, swored am dr-

oidan iwyeba vaxtangis ZiriTadi saqmianoba, romlis mTavari xazebi

iyo brZola saxelmwifos centralizaciisa da qveynis

damoukideblobisaTvis. es xazebi mWidrod iyo gadaxlarTuli

erTmaneTTan, radgan centraluri Zalebi Tavis brZolaSi

mniSvnelovan wilad iyenebdnen iranelebs, romelnic Tavis mxriv

eyrdnobodnen am Zalebs. Tavisi saqmianoba vaxtangma, da savsebiT

gonivruladac, daiwyo brZoliT qveynis Sinagani simtkicis

SeqmnisaTvis. pirveli ieriSi man miitana eklesiaze, romlis

reorganizaciac dausaxavs miznad~.31

iv. javaxiSvili wers: `is garemoeba, rom dakrulva da eklesiidan

gaZeveba anu, albaT, gankveTa mefis garda spasac ewia, ueWvelia,

imis momaswavebeli unda iyos, rom uTanxmoeba maSin marto mefis

moqmedebis gamo ki ar unda iyos Camovardnili, aramed spas, e. i.

maRal samxedro wres da raindobasac edeboda brali. maSasadame,

vaxtang gorgasalis gegma da moqmedeba marto misi piradi

ganzraxva ar unda yofiliyo, aramed, rogorc etyoba, am mowinave

samxedro wrisac.

amgvarad irkveva, rom kaTalikosebis dawesebasa da axal

episkoposTa daniSvnasTan dakavSirebul uTanxmobaSi or

mopirdapire banakTan unda gvqondes saqme. erTi mxriT, yofila

vaxtangi, `spa~ da petre da samuel episkopozebi danarCeni 12

saepiskopozo piriTurT, meore mxriT, miqael mTavarepiskopozi

Tavisi TanamoazreebiTurT.32

`erTi ki cxadia, amdeni episkoposis erTad kurTxeva aSkarad

migviTiTebs imaze, rom vaxtangi qarTlis eklesiis raRac did

reorganizacias isaxavda miznad. amasTan, rogorc irkveva, es

reorganizacia ufro politikuri xasiaTisa unda yofiliyo, vidre

saeklesio.

kaTalikosobis dawesebiT, samefo xelisufleba, ueWvelia, met

gavlenas iZenda mRvdelmTavarze, romlis arCevaSi mefes meti xma

eZleoda. da bolos, vaxtangma moicila mTavarepiskoposi, romelic,

etyoba, mis mowinaaRmdegeTa banaks ekuTvnoda. axlad daniSnuli

episkoposebis simravle (Tormeti episkoposi) gviCvenebs, rom

299

vaxtangma, erTi mxriv, Secvala zogi episkoposi, cxadia, miqaelis

momxre da meore mxriv, daawesa axali saepiskoposoebi. yuradRebas

iqcevs is garemoeba, rom axalxeldasxmul episkoposTagan xuTi

kaxeT-hereT-kuxeTSi unda mjdariyo. rogorc irkveva, vaxtangi

gansakuTrebiT yuradRebas aqcevda Tavisi domenis, kaxeT-kuxeT-

hereTis ganmtkicebas, radgan savsebiT gasagebi mizeziT, mas surda

sruli baton-patroni gamxdariyo Tavis ZiriTad dasayrden miwa-

wyalze~.33

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa n. janaSias azri imis Sesaxeb, rom

qarTul eklesiaSi kaTalikosobis dawesebamde yofila ara

erTaderTi saepiskoposo, rogorc amJamad fiqrobs zogierTi

istorikosi, aramed mravali saepiskoposo da ukve arsebuli

saepiskoposos zogierTi meTauri vaxtangs Seucvlia kaTalikosobis

dawesebis dros. vaxtangma Secvala misi politikis mowinaaRmdege

episkoposebi. `amave mizniT iqneboda axali episkoposi daniSnuli

rusTavSi. unda vifiqroT, rom man Secvala Zveli, vaxtangis

mowinaaRmdege mRvdelmTavari. marTlac, aq Cven saqme unda gvqondes

swored episkoposis SecvlasTan da ara saepiskoposos daarsebasTan.

SeuZlebelia, aseT did saerisTavo centrSi, samefo sagvareulos

erT-erTi Stos rezidenciaSi, rusTavSi, manamde episkoposi ar

mjdariyo. am dros qarTlSi sul ocamde saepiskoposo yofila:

mcxeTis, samTavisis, ruisis, niqozis, wilknis, Tbilisis, manglisis,

bolnisis, curtavis, Weremis, rusTavis, ninowmindis, xornabujis,

bodbis, CelTis, awyveris, wundis, axizis, eruSeTis da sxva~.34

maSasadame, jer kidev kaTalikosobis dawesebamde, qarTul

eklesiaSi mravali saepiskoposo yofila. am Tvalsazrisis

gamoTqmisas n. janaSia eyrdnoboda iv. javaxiSvilis, s. janaSias, s.

kakabaZis, k. kekeliZis, z. aleqsiZis Sromebs.35

`kaTalikosobis dawesebis TariRis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom 472

wels `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ jer kidev ixsenieba episkoposTa Tavi,

magram ukve 506 wlis saeklesio krebis sabuTebSi qarTlis

mRvdelmTavars kaTalikosi ewodeba. wyaroebis erTmxrivi mowmobiT

kaTalikosobis daweseba uSualod mohyolia vaxtangis dabrunebas

iranidan. amitom safiqrebelia, rom es unda momxdariyo V saukunis

70-ian wlebSi~.36 kaTalikosobis dawesebiT vaxtangma eklesia

daumorCila saxelmwifos. 482 wels vaxtangma omi daiwyo sp-

arselebis winaaRmdeg. 484 wels vaxtangma varsqeni moakvlevina da

amiT Tavidan moiSora sparselebis momxre aznaurTa meTauri.

manamde ki vaxtangma aaSena axali qalaqebi, cixe-simagreebi, gaamagra

isini. xelT igdo kavkasionis gadasasvlelebi da gaamagra. kavkasiis

gadaRma mcxovreb hunebTan gamarTa molaparakeba da pirobac miiRo

300

maTgan, rom sparselebTan omis dros jars miaSvelebdnen. `am

ambavis gagonebaze somxebs gauxardaT da imedi moecaT, qarTvelebi

da Cven erTad sparselebs rogorme vZlevTo. magram erTma somexma

naxararma Tavisi TanamoZmeebi daabezRa da sparseTis marzpans maTi

moqmedebis gegma Seatyobina. amis Semdeg sparselebi mzadebas

Seudgnen~.37

iranelebma ori didi laSqari gamoagzavnes. qarTvelebs hunebis

maSveli jari ar mouvidaT, aseve somxebic. vahan mamikonianis

sityviT `...somxebs Soris ar iyo erTianoba da mosalodneli iyo

Ralati~,38 rogorc SemdgomSi aRmoCnda, vahanis SiSi ar iyo

moklebuli realur safuZvels.39

`...moRalateebma Tavisi danapirebi Seasrules, miatoves brZolis

veli, arev-dareva Seitanes mebrZolTa rigebSi da bolos, mTeli

laSqari Sedrka da gaiqca. iranelebi daedevnen gaqceulebs, bevri

daxoces, bevric tyved Caigdes, magram Tavisi gamarjveba mainc ver

miiyvanes bolomde...~40

iranelTa sardals mouvida brZaneba, `qarTlis mefe vaxtangi an

Seepyra, an moekla, anda qveynidan ganedevna~.41 iranelTa sardali

Sevida qarTlSi, sadac Sekriba adgilobrivi didebulebi, romlebic

Tavidanve mxars ar uWerdnen vaxtangs, maT SeuerTdnen isinic, vinc

gorgasals SemdgomSi ganudgnen... vaxtangma Tavi Seafara egriss.

am dros iranidan movida perozisa da iranelTa jaris daRupvis

ambavi... iranelebi uaRresad mZime viTarebaSi aRmoCndnen, aman

aiZula isini mTel rig mniSvnelovan daTmobaze wasuliyvnen...

ajanyebul somexTa moTxovniT, iranelebma piroba dades SeewyvitaT

qristianobis devna, ar daerRviaT adgilobrivi tradiciebi... 485

wels ajanyebulTa meTauri vahan mamikoniani somxeTis marzpanad

daniSnes. iranelebi albanelebis mimarTac wasulan daTmobaze,

kerZod, iq mefoba aRudgeniaT~.42 sparseTma Sewyvita qristianTa

devna mTel amierkavkasiaSi. qarTvel mefeTa taxti ganmtkicda.

Tundac is, rom albaneTSic ki, sadac mefoba gauqmebuli iyo,

mefoba aRdga, miuTiTebs qarTuli samefo taxtis ganmtkicebas.

es iyo vaxtang gorgaslis gamarjveba. vaxtangi, cxadia, amis

Semdeg SeebrZoleboda Sinaur mtrebs da gaimarjvebda maTzec. mas

`spa~ edga mxarSi.

vaxtangma SeZlo reformebis Catareba eklesiaSi. Secvala da

daniSna axali episkoposebi, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani, albaT

isaa, rom vaxtangma SeZlo saqarTvelos gaerTianeba.

d. musxeliSvili wers:

`gorgaslis epoqis Tanadrouli bizantiuri da somxuri

wyaroebis analizis safuZvelze Cven SevecadeT dagvesabuTebina,

301

rom leonti mrovelis mowmoba Seesabameba sinamdviles da rom

qarTlis mefem vaxtang gorgasalma namdvilad gaaerTiana

dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo V saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi

da egrisis yofili mmarTveli Tavis erisTavad gaxada... Cven ar

gamovricxavT SesaZleblobas msgavsi politikuri situaciis

arsebobisa farnavazis dros~.43

vaxtangis dros SesaZlebeli gaxda qarTvelebs daubrkoleblad

eRiarebinaT qristianoba (sparselTagan amis gamo SiSi aRar

hqondaT) da saqarTvelos daubrunda mterTagan mitacebuli

nawilebi. es, cxadia, vaxtangs xalxis usayvarles gmirad xdida.

`saerTod, mermindel qarTvel istorikosebs vaxtang gorgaslis

mTeli cxovreba-moRvaweoba umTavresad aseTi sarwmunoebisa da

qristianobisaTvis warmoebul brZolad aqvT dasuraTebuli. TviT

vaxtang gorgaslis sikvdilsac ki juanSeri qristianobisaTvis

wamebad sTvlida. misi sityviT, qarTveli `morwmune eri hnatrida

mefesa, rameTu qristesTvis moiklao~.44 `arseni kaTalikozis

sityviT, mefe vaxtangi maRali tanis kaci yofila. mefis samxedro

iaraRi da samoseli, Turme, arsenis drosac ki inaxeboda. igi

ambobs: vaxtang mefe iyo `hasakiTa umetes yovelTa kacTa, rameTu

aTormeti brWali kacisa iyo simaRle misi da awca romel ars

abjari da samoseli misi, misgan ufros sacnaur ars~ mefis

goliaTuri simaRleo~.45

vaxtangi gardaicvala 502-506 wlebSi. s. gorgaZe vaxtangis

gardacvalebas 503 welze debda, misive Tanaxmad, vaxtangi unda

dabadebuliyo 443 wels. iv. javaxiSvili vaxtangis gardacvalebas

502 wlis SemdgomiT aTariRebda.46

v a x t a n g g o r g a s l i s c x o v r e b a 4 7

mefe mirdatis datyvevebis Semdeg, sparselebma daipyres

saqarTvelo, Sebilwes eklesiebi. qarTvelebma damales jvrebi da

yovel eklesiaSi cecxlismsaxurma sparselebma aRagznes cecxli.

qarTvel mefeTa ojaxi kaxeTis xevSi darCa. sami wlis Semdeg

aRmosavleTidan mtris Semosevis gamo sparsTa mefem

saqarTvelosaTvis ver moicala. maSin SeiTqvnen aznaurebi, dasves

mcxeTaSi mefed mefe Trdatis Ze arCili, romelic mefe mirdatis

Zmiswuli iyo. arCilma moiyvana coli saberZneTidan. man ganacxada

sparsTa mtroba. gamoaCina jvrebi da mokazma eklesiebi. mosres da

ganasxes cecxlmsaxurni saqarTvelos sazRvrebidan. mefes mouvida

maSveli Zala saberZneTidan da jvris warZRvanebiT daiwyo sparsTa

302

winaaRmdeg brZola. sparsTa mefis erisTavma, romelic erisTavobda

ransa, movakansa da qarTlSi arCilis gamefebamde, Sekriba spa

ranisa, movakanisa, adarbadaganisa da gaemarTa arCilis winaaRmdeg.

arCil mefe dauxvda ranisa da qarTlis sazRvarze – mdinare

berdrujze. patiosani jvris ZaliT daamarcxa, daxoca da daatyveva

mteri, Sevida ranSi da movida qarTlSi gamarjvebuli. ganavlina

qadagi sruliad saqarTveloSi. auwya yvelas `ara Cveni ZaliT, arc

simxniT, arc sibrZniT, arc spis simravliT vZlieT mters, aramed

Cveni uflis, RvTis Zis, ieso qristes ZaliT, romelmac mogvca

winamZRvrad da saWurvelad jvari misi patiosani. axla yovelma

qarTvelma adideT sameba erTarseba, RmerTi dausabamo, yovlis

dambadebeli. SewireT madloba da mtkice iyos Tqveni guli wmida

samebis sarwmunoebaze~. da yovelTa qarTvelTa Seswires madloba

RmrTis mimarT da ganaaxles eklesiebi. arCil mefem aaSena

mcxeTaSi stefanwmidis eklesia, aragvis karze.

arCils hyavda Ze, romelsac uwoda mirdati. morwmune da

RvTismsaxuri, mamis msgavsad. umetesad ebrZoda sparselebs,

Sedioda da aoxrebda ransa da movakans, radganac im dros sparsTa

mefe ebrZoda indoelebs, sindebsa da abaSebs da ar SeeZlo didi

spis saqarTveloSi gamogzavna, xolo ranis, movakanisa da

adarbadaganis spas qarTvelebi amarcxebdnen, Sediodnen da

ipyrobdnen ransa da movakans.

im dros ranis erisTavi iyo barzabodi, is winaaRmdegobas ver

uwevda qarTvelebs da amagrebda cixe-qalaqebs, xolo ranSi Sesuli

qarTvelebi SebrZolebisas mis laSqars mudam amarcxebdnen.

barzabods hyavda asuli qmnulkeTili da mSvenieri, romelsac

erqva sagduxti. es qali Seuyvarda mirdats da qalis

siyvarulisTvis ineba mSvidobis Camogdeba ransa da qarTls Soris.

mirdats SerTes sagduxti, isini samSvildis saerisTavoSi

cxovrobdnen arCilis mefobis dros. am sagduxt dedofalma

gamoikiTxa qristes rjuli. misma qmarma mohgvara sjulis mcodne

kacebi, uTargmnes sagduxts Cveni uflis, ieso qristes saxareba da

auwyes mas, rom WeSmariti RmerTi aris qriste, romelic Cveni

xsnisaTvis gankacda.

sagduxt dedofalma gulisxma-hyo da icno WeSmariti rjuli,

datova cecxlismsaxureba, moinaTla da Seiqna morwmune da aRaSena

samSvildis sioni.

arCilis dros gardaicvala sami episkoposi: iona, grigoli da

basili. basilis Semdgom arCilma dasva episkoposi, romelsac erqva

mobidani. is iyo `naTesaviT~ sparseli, aCvenebda

marTlmadideblobas, sinamdvileSi ki iyo urjulo mogvi da

303

SemSleli wesTa. ver igrZno arCil mefem misi urjuloeba.

mobidanic ar acxadebda Tavis rjuls, aramed farulad werda

sacdur wignebs, romelnic Semdgom dawva WeSmaritma episkoposma

miqaelma, romelic ganikveTa vaxtang mefis mimarT kadnieri

qcevisTvis.

arCilis Semdeg gamefda misi Ze mirdati. dedofalma sagduxtma

Sva asuli, uwodes saxeli xuaranZe. oTxi wlis Semdeg Sva Ze da

uwoda mas saxeli sparsulad varan-xuasro-Tang, xolo qarTulad

vaxtang. vaxtangi aRsazrdelad moiTxova didi vedrebiT spaspetma

saurmagma, misca mas mefem, rameTu wesi iyo, rom mefeTa Svilebi

warCinebulTa ojaxebSi unda aRzrdiliyvnen. meeqvse wels

sagduxtma Sva asuli, romelsac miranduxti uwodes. mas kaspis

spasalari zrdida qalaq kaspSi. amis Semdeg meore wels mokvda

mirdat mefe da darCa vaxtang Svidi wlis yrma.

sagduxt dedofals SeeSinda, rom mamamis barzabods Suri ar eZia

Tavisi qveynis mooxrebisTvis, qarTlSi ar SemoWriliyo da ar

warewymida qristes rjuli. wavida bardavSi, Seevedra mamamiss,

muxlmodrekilma, Tavmoxdilma da ZuZuebamoyrilma cremliT iTxova

Sewyaleba. evedreboda ar exsenebina namoqmedari qmrisa da

mamamTilisa, Seendo rjulis datoveba, ar aeZulebina qristes

rjulis datoveba, rameTu igi aris WeSmariti RmerTi, da

evedreboda, raTa misi Svili Tavis mamulSi daetovebina da misi

mouravi yofiliyo sparsTa mefis winaSe.

maSin barzabodma, gamzadebulma qarTvelTa borotis yofisTvis,

Seiwyala Tavisi asuli, aRasrula yoveli misi Txovna, xolo

rjulisTvis ase Tqva: `iZulebiT arc erT qarTvels qristes

rjuls ar davagdebineb, magram gavagzavni Tqvens qalaqebSi

cecxlis msaxurebs da iyvnen iq Cveni rjulis episkoposebi, romeli

qarTvelic Tavisi nebiT airCevs Cvens rjuls, mas nu daabrkolebT~.

sagduxt dedofali SiSis gamo daeTanxma. maSin barzabodma

mcxeTaSi gamogzavna cecxlismsaxurebi da maTi episkoposi

binqarani. isini dasxdnen mogvTas. barzabodis sikvdilis Semdeg,

mis nacvlad sparsTa mefem daadgina varaz-bakuri, Zma sagduxt

dedoflisa. mefem gardacvlili spaspetis, saurmagis nacvlad

daadgina sxva spaspeti, romelsac erqva juanSeri.

binqaran, cecxlis msaxurTa episkoposi, qarTvelebs aswavlida

Tavis rjuls. man warCinebulTagani veravin Seacdina, magram

wvrili eridan mravali miaqcia cecxlismsaxurebaze. da Seeria

qarTlis wvril ers cecxlmsaxureba. amisaTvis mwuxare iyo

sagduxt dedofali. magram sparsTa mZlavrobis gamo verafers

bedavda. maSin moiyvana saberZneTidan WeSmariti mRvdeli, saxelad

304

miqaeli da daadgina igi zemo eklesiis episkoposad. rameTu mobidan

episkoposi gardacvlili iyo. es miqael episkoposi winaRudga

binqaran macdurs da yovel qarTvels aswavlida WeSmarit rjuls.

aman Tavis rjulze daayena yoveli warCinebuli qarTveli da eris

umravlesobac. magram wvrili eris mcire nawili cecxlmsaxurebaze

miiqca. maSin, roca vaxtangi aTi wlis gaxda, gadmovida osebis

uricxvi spa.48 maT motyvevnes qarTli mtkvris Tavidan xunanamde,

magram cixe-qalaqebi ver aiRes, kaspis garda. qalaqi kaspi Semusres

da sami wlis miranduxti, vaxtangis da waiyvanes. am dros darCaT

warutyvevnelad xevni qarTlisani: kaxeTi, klarjeTi da egrisi.

Cavles rani da movakani, isic wartyvevnes da darubandis kariT

dabrundnen oseTSi.

im dros Semovidnen berZnebi afxazeTidan, rameTu berZnebs eWiraT

egriswylis qvemo qveyana da daipyres berZnebma egriswylidan vidre

cixe-gojamde.

maSin Seiqna glova da wuxili yovelTa qarTvelTa da ityodnen:

`ganvamravleT codva RvTis mimarT da ara keTilad vipyariT sjuli

qristesi da wesi iovanes mcnebisa. samarTlianad moawia RmerTma es

risxva Cvenze, rameTu migvca Cven warsatyvevnelad ucxo ers da

Cveni sazRvari miitaces berZnebma, ise, rogorc mefe varaz-baqaris

dros klarjeTi. is varaz-baqaris codviT moiwia, rameTu keTilad

ver ipyra qristes rjuli. xolo es ara Cveni mefeebis codvisagan

iqmna, aramed eris codvisagan, axla Cveni mefe yrma aris da ara

305

gvyavs winamZRvari, romelic qristes sasoebiT da jvris

winamZRolobiT wargviZRveboda win. magram unda viZioT Cven Suri

pirvelad osebze da Semdgom unda moviZioT berZenTagan mitacebuli

qarTlis sazRvari~.49 amas ambobda yoveli qarTveli da iyvnen did

mwuxarebaSi.

vaxtangi izrdeboda da swavlobda miqael episkoposisgan uflis

yovel mcnebas. siyrmidanve Seiyvara qristes rjuli, qarTlis

yovel mefeze ufro metad. magram wuxda imis gamo, rom qarTli

datyvevebuli iyo cecxlmsaxurebis mier, xolo qarTlis sazRvrebi

ki mitacebuli. magram sparsTa mZlavrobis gamo ver acxadebda.

roca vaxtangi TxuTmeti wlis gaxda, mouxmo qarTlis yvela

warCinebuls. yvelani Semoikribnen qalaqSi. mefem gaamzada erTi

saxli da dajda maRal saydarze (e.i. taxtze), spaspeti juanSeri da

orive episkoposi agreTve saydrebze dasxdnen, xolo sxva yoveli

erisTavi selebze dasxdnen. aTasisTavebi, asisTavebi da eri fexze

idga.

mefem, viTarca moxucebulma da brZenma, da rogorc

filosofosTa Soris aRzrdilma, warmoTqva sityva. mouwoda osebze

SurisZiebisken. es rom sparsTa da berZenTa mefeTagan mogvsvloda,

moviTmendiT, magram imis moTmena, rac Cven mogvawies osebma, ar

SeiZleba, sikvdili sjobs CvenTvisao.

juanSer spaspetma grZeli sityviT mimarTa mefes da uTxra, Tumca

sibrZniT, ZaliT, simxniT da agebulebiT srulyofili xar, magram

mxedrobisTvis arasrulwlovani xar. gamoarCie erTi vinme

CvenTagani spis winamZRvrad, xolo Sen iyav Sin da ganage mefoba,

Sen rom omis dros iZlio, qveyana warwymdeba, radganac qveyanaze

Seni nacvali sxva aravin ariso.

vaxtang mefe ar daeTanxma da TviTve ineba jaris winamZRvroba.

Semoikriba saqarTvelos spa — asi aTasi mxedari da samoci aTasi

qveiTi. gamogzavna agreTve varazbakurma Tavisi spa — Tormeti

aTasi mxedari. SeuerTdnen mas kavkasieli mefeebi ormocdaaTi

aTasi mxedriT, da waremarTa RvTis saxeliT, ganvlo darialanis

kari da, roca Sevida oseTSi, iyo Teqvsmeti wlis.

306

oseTis mefeebma Sekribes TavianTi spa, miiRes agreTve

xazareTidan Zalebi da daxvdnen vaxtangs mdinareze, romelic

darialans gaivlis da Cadis oseTis velze. am mdinaresac aragvi

(Tergi) hqvia, rameTu erTi mTidan gamodis orive: qarTlis aragvi

da oseTis aragvi. orive jarma mdinaris aqeT da iqiT daibanaka.

pirvel Svid dRes mdinareze erTmaneTs bumberazebi ebrZodnen.

ibrZoda erTi xazari goliaTi, saxelad Tarxani. man qarTveli

saxelganTqmuli mebrZoli daamarcxa, romlis msgavsi jarSi aravin

iyo. meore dRes TviT vaxtangi gavida mis winaaRmdeg. Tarxanma

uTxra, me goliaTebs da gamocdil gmirebs vebrZvi da ara

ymawvilebs, magram SenTvis Tavs davimdablebo. mokla is vaxtangma

oroliT. meore dRes gamovida sabrZolvelad bayaTar osi. gamovlo

man mdinare da isrebs esroda vaxtangs. magram vaxtangi Tavisi

gonebis simaxviliT, Tvalis sificxiTa da taiWis sikiskasiT

iridebda isrebs, rameTu Soridanve xedavda momaval isars,

xldeboda da simarjviT mieaxleboda. amier da imier spaTagan iyo

cema bukebisa da dafdafebisa. iZroda xmisagan mTa da borcvi.

mohkla xmliT vaxtangma bayaTari.

qarTvelTa jari gaemzada saomrad: win dadgnen cxen-Torosani da

jaWv-Cabalaxosani meomrebi. maT ukan qveiTni, xolo qveiTTa ukan

mxedrebi. Zlieri brZolis Semdeg osebi iZlivnen da gaiqcnen.

mravali daatyveves.

daimorCila vaxtangma osebi da yivCaRebi50 da Seqmna karni

oseTisani, romelsac Cven darialisad vuwodebT, aRaSena masze

maRalni godolni. da maxlobeli mTielebi mcvelebad daudgina.

307

yivCaRebs da osebs iq gadmosvla aRar SeuZliaT qarTvelTa mefis

brZanebis gareSe.

vaxtangi Sevida paWanikeTSi, rameTu maSin paWanikeTi oseTs

esazRvreboda da iqve iyo jiqeTi. mravali drois Semdeg paWanikebi

da jiqebi Turqebma am adgilebidan gandevnes. paWanikebi

dasavleTiT wavidnen, xolo jiqebi damkvidrdnen afxazeTis bolos.

vaxtangma gamoixsna Tavisi da miranduxti tyveobisagan da

gamogzavna is saqarTveloSi darialis gziT, xolo TviTon

qarTvelTa didi spiT wavida afxazeTSi. im dros berZenTa mefe

moucleli iyo sparselebTan brZolis gamo, amitomac ar SeeZlo

vaxtangis winaaRmdeg afxazeTSi Tavisi spis gamogzavna. vaxtangma

aiRo afxazeTis yvela cixe sam weliwadSi, vidre cixe-gojamde.51

vaxtangi dabrunda sameufo qalaq mcxeTaSi. qalaqis mosaxleoba,

qalebi da kacebi, fexqveS ufendnen naWrebsa da samosels, Tavze

ayridnen dramasa da drahkans, aRuwevneli xmiT Seasxamdnen qebas,

rameTu arc erT mefes aseTi Zlieri wyoba-SebrZolebis xelovneba

ar hqonia.

gaugzavna vaxtangma sparsTa mefes Zvirfasi ZRveni binqaran

episkoposis xeliT da iTxova sparsTa mefisagan asuli colad,

romelsac erqva balenduxti. sparsTa mefem misca Tavisi asuli da

mziTvad somxeTi da yoveli kavkasieli mefe. miswera wigni vaxtangs

da mouxmo berZenTa keisris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.

308

Sekriba vaxtangma Tavisi da kavkasieli mefeebis spa — orasi

aTasi kaci. SeuerTda mas ranis erisTavi, misi dedis Zma varaz-

bakuri ardabadaganis, ranisa da movakanis orasi aTasi mxedriT.

im dros vaxtangi iyo ocdaori wlis, yvela kacze maRali, saxiT

umSvenieresi, ZaliT Zlieri, iseTi, rom aRWurvili, fexiT irems

eweoda da rqiT iWerda da agreTve SeWurvil cxens mxrebiT aiRebda

da mcxeTidan armazis cixeSi adioda.

vaxtangi da misi debi iyvnen STamomavlebi baqar mirianis Zisa.

xolo miriani da grigoli iyvnen rev mirianis Zis STamomavlebi.

maT kuxeTi hqondaT da rusTav-qalaqSi cxovrobdnen, magram

Semcirebulni iyvnen erTmaneTis kvliT.

mirian mefidan vaxtang mefemde gardasuli iyo Taoba rva, xolo

mefeni aTni. gasuli iyo 157 weliwadi, xolo episkoposi WeSmarit

wesze mdgomi gardacvlili iyo rva, xolo sxvebi wesis SemSlelebi

iyvnen.

vaxtangi gaemarTa saberZneTisken. Sevida somxeTSi, mas aq

SeuerTdnen somxeTis erisTavebi. cixe-qalaqi, romelsac karnu

qalaqi ewodeba, ver aiRes, radganac sami maRali zRude hqonda.

datova iq sabrZolvelad mxedroba da TviTon Sevida pontoSi.

gzaze sami qalaqi moaoxra: anZoreTi, ekleci da steri. Semoadga

laSqari pontos zRvispireTis did qalaqs da laSqarma TiTqmis

konstantines qalaqamde miaRwia. sparselebi eklesiis msaxurebs

hklavdnen. vaxtang mefem amcno somxebis spas, agreTve sparselebs,

ar moeklaT samRvdeloeba, aramed daetyvevebinaT. vaxtangma

warmoTqva sityva da uTxra maT: roca mirian mefe sparsT mefes

Semohyva aq berZenTa winaaRmdeg saomrad, aseve uyofdnen moweseebsa

da eklesiis msaxurebs, amitomac damarcxdnen. im droidan berZnebma

Cven, qarTvelebs, wagvarTves miwebi pontos (Savi) zRvis

aRmosavleTiT, da erTmaneTs SeebrZolnen anZianZorSi, sadac

amJamad aris saflavi didi moZRvrisa grigolisa da aqedan

ukuiqcnen Cveni mefeebio.

309

vaxtangma somxeTis spas Seaxsena TavianTi eklesiis istoria da

yvelas mouTxro Sinaarsi nebroTis im wignisa, romelic

dafarulad hqondaT qarTvel mefeebs. yvelas ubrZana, araferi

evnoT eklesiebisa da RvTismsaxurebisaTvis. vaxtangma amcno yvela

damalul moweses (samRvdeloebs), gamosuliyvnen samalavidan.

tyveebi gaaTavisufla. gamovidnen mRvdlebi, diakvnebi da mowese

monazvnebi samalavebidan. maTTan iyo ori kaci: petre mRvdeli,

grigol RvTismetyvelis erT-erTi mowafe, romelic mis saflavze

mRvdelobda da samoel monazoni. isini warudgnen vaxtangs tyveTa

da eklesiebis ganTavisuflebisaTvis madlobis Sesawirad. vaxtangma

petre mRvdeli da samoel monazoni TavisTan daitova. uTxra mas

petrem: `eklesiani xorcTani ufro metia RvTis winaSe, vidre qvis

eklesiebi. qvis eklesiebi rodesme dairRvevian da amave qvebiT

kvlav aRaSeneben, xolo eklesiani xorcTani roca dairRvevian,

veravin SeZlebs maT gankurnebas, verc mkurnali da verc mefe, da

Sen ramdeni marTali kaci dagicia! me msurs Seni aRdgineba, raTa

ar iyo im kacTa msgavsi, romelnic marjveniT ageben, xolo

marcxeniT arRveven da arc iseTi, romelnic piriT akurTxeben da

guliT swyevlian da agineben. aramed iyo rogorc keTilxsenebuli

mefeebi, romlebmac daipyres sofeli da arc sasufevels

ganSorebian. me mnebavs, raTa Sens mier aRgznebuli es cecxli Senve

daSrito da iyo megobari keisrisa, rogorc dRemde iyavi

sparselebisa. berZnebi arian naTesavni RmrTisani~.

310

miugo mefem: `mnebavs, rom am Rames Tqveni locvis ZaliT meCvenos

Cemi da keisris Sekreba da rom Cvens Soris siyvarulis damyarebaze

unda iyos msjeloba, raTa vcna me, rom qristes surs CemTan Seni

amgvari laparaki~.

petrem iTxova dro locvisTvis da wavida.

mefem iloca da dawva. Tvalis mirulvisas warmoudga mas wmida

nino da uTxra: `adeq, mefev, da mokrZalebiT win miegebe SenTan

momaval or mefes — zecisas da qveynisas~. mivida vaxtangi da

ixila ori taxti: erTze ijda Wabuki gvirgvinosani saWurvliT,

meoreze moxucebuli mjdomare spetaki zewriT, mas Tavze edga ara

oqros, aramed naTlis gvirgvini da mis fexTiT ijda nino. da

vaxtangis marjvena xeli eWira petre mRvdels, xolo marcxena

samoels. uTxra samoelma: Tayvani eci pirvelad zecis did mTavars

grigols. mivida da Tayvani sca da uTxra grigolma: `es ra

boroteba Caidine, kaco, rameTu moaoxre Cemi banaki da mxecebs

SeaWame Cemi sacxovari. ukeTu ara eg orni, romelnic gverdiT

gidganan da es saTno dedakaci, romelic marad iRvwvis mariamTan

erTad TqvenTvis _ Surs vigebdi Senianebisgan, romelnic cecxls

sasoeben da ara yovelTa ganmanaTlebel brwyinvalebas~. da

gauwoda xeli da eambora xelze vaxtangi. man mokida xeli naTlis

gvirgvins da iseTive gvirgvini misca vaxtangs da uTxra: `daadgi eg

petres~. da aiRo petrem Tavis gvirgvinze udaresi gvirgvini da

daadga samoel monazons.

uTxra ninom vaxtangs: `axla midi mefesTan da miiRe Seni

saboZvari~. mivida mefesTan, eambornen erTmaneTs da adgili misca

taxtze Tavis gverdiT. misca beWedi Tavisi xelidan, romelsac

hqonda friad naTeli Tvali da Tqva keisarma: `Tu gnebavs

gvirgvini, aRuTqvi mas, vinc Cvens win dgas, rom SeebrZolebi mis

mtrebs, da miiRe misgan gvirgvini~. moixeda vaxtangma da ixila

jvari, romelsac frTebze hqonda gvirgvini, jvris xilvam

SeaZrwuna da dadumda. aRdga wmida nino, gaixeda petresa da

samoelisken da erTxmad Tqves: `Cven varT Tavsmdebi, rom yvelaze

ufro metad Seasrulebs~, da mihyo xeli keisarma, da aiRo

gvirgvini jvarisagan da daadga vaxtangs.

ukan gamosvlisas Seexmiana episkoposi samgzis: `vaxtang, vaxtang,

vaxtang! umetesad morwmune iqnebi Sen sparsTa Soris~. meored:

`aSendebian Sengan eklesiebi da ganewesebian episkoposebi da

episkoposTa mTavari~. da mesamed: `wamebis gvirgvinsac miiReb~.

gamovida vaxtangi da uxmo ZilSive petresa da samoels, da

mouTxrobda ZilSive Cvenebas, xolo isini uxsnidnen: `taxtze,

romelic ixile, naTlis gvirgvinosani, aris didi moZRvari

311

grigoli da rac momeca misi gvirgvinisgan, is iyo, rom mimeca

episkoposTa mTavroba, xolo rac miveci Cveni gvirgvinisgan Cems

moyvass, is aris, rom Cemgan miecema episkoposoba. xolo oqros

gvirgvinosani iyo keisari. beWedi, romelic mogca, is aris, rom

Tavis asuls mogcems colad da yoveli sazRvari qarTlisa, misgan

mitacebuli, mogces. xolo gvirgvini, romelic jvarisgan mogeca, is

aris, rom did Rvawls gadaixdi jvris SewevniT. xolo Cveni

moZRvari samgzis rom Segexmiana, sami simdidre moiTxova SenTvis

RmerTisgan: raTa Sens mier qarTlis WeSmariteba daemtkicos

kaTalikosebisgan da episkoposebisgan, sZlev Sens mtrebs Sens

aRsrulebamde, xolo aRsrulebisas wamebis gvirgvins miiReb

brZolisas da mtrebs xelSi ar Cauvardebi. yovelive aRsruldeba

Sens siberemde da dauZlurebamde~.

gaRviZebisas vaxtangma madloba Seswira RmerTs da mouxmo

petresa da samoels. maTac RamiT igive Cveneba naxes. petres uTxra:

`aravin aris Cven Soris WeSmariti morwmune, romelic danerga

Cvenma mamam mirianma anda Trdatma, dediT naTesavma Cemma. amaT

yovelTa sarwmunoeba vici, romelic savse aris sacduriT~.52 petre

mociqulad gagzavna keisarTan. vaxtangma meore dRes Seityo, rom

sparseTidan dabrunebuli berZenTa spa konstantinopolSi Sevida.

man mouxmo meTaurebs da uTxra: `berZnebs mravalricxovani spa

hyavT, brZolisas marjveni arian, aseve zRvazedac. meSinia, ar

movidnen zRviT, gza ar mogviWran da ar amogvxocon, rogorc bakSi

Semwyvdeuli. avyaroT laSqari da zRvis samxreTiT davibanakoT,

raTa gvqondes gza Wirisa da lxinisa~. moxsnes qalaqis alya da

daibanakes iqidan xuTi dRis savalze, speris siaxloves. madloba

Seswires vaxtangs sikvdils miwevnilma qalaqebma. petre mivida

keisarTan da mouTxro yovelive. keisarma friad gaixara da

yovelive, rac ixila vaxtangma CvenebaSi, misca. petres piriT

SeuTvala vaxtangs, rom misi mefobis Tanasworad CaTvlida. xolo

orTaves laSqari sparselebs daamarcxebda, roca vaxtangi da igi

(keisari) gaerTiandebodnen. keisarma zRviT gamoagzavna 500

xomaldi, 500-500 jariskaciT. isini unda misuliyvnen vaxtangTan da

ubrZolvelad unda damdgariyvnen. TviTon keisari gamoemarTa

pontos gziT 800000 kaciT, da roca movida zRviT mosuli spa,

sparselebs undodaT maT winaaRmdeg brZola, xolo vaxtang mefe

aCerebda sparselebs da ar miuSva sabrZolvelad.

keisris mociqulebma vaxtangs saidumlod moarTves jvari,

gvirgvini da Sesamoseli. aRuTqva keisarma vaxtangs, rom ukanve

miscemda Tuxariss da qarTlis sazRvrebs. vaxtangma keisars amcno:

`rac ar Svenis Sens RvTismoyvarebas, sxvas nu aiZuleb, rameTu

312

Ralati patiosani kacis xeloba ar aris. Tu axla Sen mogcem

dasamarcxeblad sparselebs, Cemi saxeli xom gacruvdeba? Semdgom

ki, roca Cveni saqme gadawydeba, ufro umjobesad mogemxrobi

sparselTa winaaRmdeg~. vaxtangma keisars urCia, Tavi Seekavebina

SebrZolebisgan. berZnebis laSqari moiwevda, xolo vaxtangi

aCerebda Tavisianebs da uSlida berZnebTan SebrZolebas. miiWra

masTan sparsTa erisTavi, dedis Zma misi da uTxra vaxtangs risxviT:

`mamaSenis deda berZeni iyo, gZlia Sen misma bunebam da siyvaruli

gaqvs im jvarcmuli momkvdari kacisa. gnebavs, rom berZenTa xelSi

Cagvyaro~. vaxtangma mas uTxra: `aha, Sen da aha, berZnebi, ixilav Sen

im momkvdari kacis Zalas~.

gavidnen sparselebi, somxebi da darubandis mefe berZnebTan

sabrZolvelad. mefe vaxtangi da qarTvelebi ar ibrZodnen, idgnen

da uyurebdnen. damarcxdnen aRmosavlelebi, mokles omSi vaxtangis

dedis Zma, sparsTa erisTavi. amis Semdeg, keisris nebis gareSe,

berZenTa spasalari SeebrZola qarTvelebs. vaxtangma is pirispir

SebrZolebisas mokla. omSi daiRupa 43000 qarTveli, maT gaimarjves.

vaxtangma amis Semdeg gaaTavisufla datyvevebuli 780000 qali da

kaci. gaugzavna isini keisars da amiT nugeSini-sca berZeni

spasalaris mokvlisaTvis, romelic keisris naTesavi iyo. keisarma

friad gaixara da Sexvda vaxtangs. hyves urTierTaRTqma da fici,

niSnobis saqme moagvares. ukumisca keisarma vaxtangs qarTlis

sazRvari cixe Tuxarisi da mTliani klarjeTi,53

gamoikiTxa keisarma saberZneTis sazRvari afxazeTSi da Tqva ase:

`egriswylidan vidre mcire xazareTis mdinaremde54 — es aris

sazRvari saberZneTisa aleqsandre makedonelis droidan, romelic

Sen Cvengan waiRe Seni mklavis ZaliT. axla ukanve mogveci es Cveni

qveyana da, roca waiyvan Cems asuls colad, maSin misgan mogcem

amave qveyanas~. da mosca mziTvad Tavis qaliSvils qveyana,

moqceuli egriswyalsa da klisuras Soris, da sxva afxazeTi ukanve

misca vaxtangma berZnebs.55

da wamovida vaxtangi klarjeTis gziT, gaiara Tuxarisi, moewona

da es saxeli daarqva, Sua klarjeTSi, artanujSi daadgina

erisTavi da ubrZana cixis aSeneba. agreTve, ubrZana, gamoenaxa iq

samonastro adgili da aeSenebina eklesia. artavaz erisTavma aaSena

iq artanujis cixe. da iqve aaSenes monasteri (artanujis xevSi),

msgavsi maT mier saberZneTSi nanaxi monastrebisa. garda amisa,

aaSena opizis monasteri da sami eklesia: daba merisa, Sindobisa da

axizisa, agreTve ganaaxla axizis cixe.

mcxeTaSi misul vaxtangs eri didi sixaruliT Sexvda. roca

sparsTa mefem cno, rom vaxtangi berZnebs miemxro, ukanve gabrunda

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sparseTSi da iq mokvda. mefed misi Ze dajda da mis momwifebamde

gavida sami weli.

vaxtangis colma Sva tyupebi, Ze da asuli. da mokvda mSobiarobis

dros balenduxt dedofali, sparsTa mefis asuli. vaxtangma uwoda

Tavis Zes daCi. maSin vaxtangma ver moicala saberZneTidan keisris

asulis colad moyvanisaTvis da verc kaTalikosis moyvanisaTvis,

radganac moeloda sparsTa SemoWras, amagrebda cixeebsa da

qalaqebs. hkazmavda da amzadebda sabrZolvelad mxedrebs. maSin

Seagdo sapyrobileSi binqaran macduri, cecxlis msaxurTa

episkoposi, mospo da gayara cecxlismsaxurni sazRvargareT.

sami wlis Semdeg sparsTa mefe gamoemarTa vaxtang mefesTan

sabrZolvelad. vaxtangma amcno berZenTa mefes: `aha, is dRe,

romelic aRgiTqvi, rom sparselebs Semovamwyvdevdi Sens xelSi.

moviyvane isini qarTlis Sua sazRvarze, maTTan aris 300000

jariskaci. sparsTa mefe fiqrobda Tavisi spis gamravlebas

somxeTisa da kavkasiis mefeebisagan, magram maT ver gabedes masTan

SeerTeba, rameTu zogierT maTgans jvarcmulis sasoeba hqonda.

zogierTi ki eSmakma Seacdina (darubandeli mefeebi SeuerTdnen). me

aRvasrule Cemi aRTqma, romelic aRmiTqvams: rameTu, sadac ki

vipove cecxlis saxli, davavse fsliT, maTi mogvebi da mzirebi

satanjvels miveci. macduri binqaran Sevagde sapyrobileSi da

sikvdilis SiSiT gaipara da gaiqca. swored man moiyvana sparselebi

qarTlSi da davsvi episkoposad miqaeli, sarwmuno kaci. xolo

binqarani, roca mouaxlovda qarTlis sazRvars, mokvda. axla

saswrafod gamoemarTos Cvenken Seni spa, raTa aq dasces jvris

yvela mteri, da Sen gaTavisufldebi yvela mtrisagan, xolo Tu

Cven gvZleven sparselebi, Semovlen Sens sazRvrebSi~.

314

keisari xazareTSi iyo wasuli, amitom ver SeZlo qarTlSi

mosvla. vaxtangma gaaZliera qalaqebis cixeebi da urCeulesi

mebrZolebi, 100000 mxedari da 100000 qveiTi TavisTan daitova.

daibanaka diRmidan `qarTlis karamde~ (armazamde), da sparselebma

daibanakes `cxenis terfis~ (didubesTan) qvemoT. sparselebi da

qarTvelebi erTmaneTs ebrZodnen armazsa da mcxeTaSi Tbilisis

fonamde.

vaxtang mefes exura oqros Cabalaxi, romlis wina mxares

gamosaxuli iyo mgeli da ukan lomi. romel mxaresac qarTvelebi

marcxdebodnen, iqiT miemarTeboda da spobda sparselebis spas,

rogorc lomi kanjars. sparselebi ver uZlebdnen mis brZolas,

daimaxsovres is, romelsac mgeli da lomi hqonda gamoxatuli da

roca vaxtangs ixilavdnen, ambobdnen: `dur az gorgasal~, anu

`moerideT mglis Tavso~. amis Semdeg saxelad ewoda mefes

gorgasali. oTx Tves gagrZelda brZola. movida keisrisgan

dasaxmareblad 80000 mxedari. keisris brZanebiT, Tu vaxtangs

dasWirdeboda, unda daxmareboda berZeni mxedarTmTavari leoni

Tavisi jariT.

berZenTa laSqari javaxeTSi iyo Semosuli, roca Seityo sparsTa

mefem maTi Semosvla. daiwyo molaparakeba vaxtangTan: `risTvis

vwyvetT erTmaneTs? Zmebi varT, davdgeT Cveni mamebis siyvarulze da

TiToeuli Cvengani Tavis saTno suls emsaxuros~. daTanxmda

vaxtangi sparsTa SemonaTvals da mociqulis piriT uTxra: `Cems

RmerTad iyos qriste, xolo Sen giwodeb mamas da ufals~.

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sparsTa mefem Seiwynara vaxtangis sityva da gaugzavna ZRvnad

anTrakis gvirgvini. Sexvda erTmaneTs ori mefe. dades aRTqma, rom

Tav-Tavis rjulzeve darCebodnen. uZRvna vaxtangma sparsTa mefes

mravali saCuqari da Txova, rom mSvidoba yofiliyo massa da

keisars Soris: `mnebavs, raTa iyos mSvidoba Sen Soris da keisrisa~.

sparselebma mSvidobis nacvlad moiTxoves im miwebis dabruneba,

romelnic berZnebs sparselebisgan hqondaT mitacebuli. daTanxmda

am winadadebas berZenTa mxare.

berZnebi da sparselebi dazavdnen, ganaCines sazRvrebi, misces

berZnebs jaziri da filistimi ierusalimTan erTad da sparsTa

mefem Tqva: `qalaqi rjulisa Tqvenisa aris ierusalimi~.

sparsTa mefem jazirisa da filistimis gacemis sanacvlod,

vaxtangs sTxova, mieTxovebina colad Tavisi da da, agreTve,

gahyoloda saomrad abaSTa, elabelTa da hindoTa winaaRmdeg. misca

vaxtangma sparsTa mefes colad Tavisi da miranduxti, romelic

osebisgan iyo datyvevebuli da gamoixsna vaxtangma. moiyvana Tavisi

Ze daCi, romelic iyo xuTi wlisa. daadga gvirgvini da datova

mefed da datova masTan Tavisi Svidi warCinebuli: pirvelad

juanSer spaspeti, Sida qarTlis da yovelTa erisTavTa mpyrobeli

da demetre erisTavi kaxeTisa da kuxeTisa, grigol hereTis

erisTavi, nersarani, xunanis erisTavi, adarnase samSvildis

erisTavi, samnaRiri, Siga egrisisa da svaneTis erisTavi, bakuri,

margvisa da Takveris erisTavi. waiyvana Tan artavazi, klarjeTis

erisTavi, nasar, wundis erisTavi da bivritiani, oZrxis erisTavi da

didi ejibi saurmagi. maTTan aTi aTasi rCeuli mxedari. vaxtangs

Seevedrnen deda da misi da xuaranZe, raTa Tan waeyvanaT

ierusalimSi salocavad. waiyvana isini. Sevidnen ierusalimSi,

iloces wmida aRdgomis taZarSi, moiloces yoveli wmida adgili,

Sewires didi Sesawiravi da wavidnen qalaq antioqiaSi, sadac maT

eloda xosro. aq sparsTa mefes keisrisgan miarTves miuwvdomeli

ZRveni, aseve vaxtangs ganZi. Seikriba iq vaxtangis brZanebis qveS

50000 mxedari qarTveli, berZeni da somexi. aqedan wavidnen

sparseTSi. baRdadSi gadaixades sparsTa mefisa da vaxtangis dis

qorwili. qorwilis Semdeg deda da da wavidnen qalaq urhaSi,

sadac unda dalodebodnen vaxtangs.

pirvelad vaxtangma da sparselTa laSqarma wartyvevnes

jorjaneTi da iq daemkvidrnen sparselebi. sami weli ibrZoles

indoeTSi. indoeTis qveynebis umravlesoba wartyvevnes. wamoiRes

xarki. aqedan Sevidnen sindeTSi, romlis mefe iyo mxne da goliaTi.

mokles aq saurmagi, vaxtangma Seutia sindelebs da maT Seaswres

qalaqis kedlebSi. maSin sindTa mefe gadmodga qalaqis karze da

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xmamaRla uTxra vaxtangs: `vaxtang mefeo, msgavsi xar Sen im

ugunuri yvavisa, romelmac ipova arwivisagan dawylulebuli da

daglejili qori, romelsac afrena ar SeeZlo da sikvdils iyo

miaxlovebuli. yvavma ar qmna ise, rogorc aris yvavebis wesi,

rameTu yvavi roca ixilavs qors, iwyebs xmamaRla yivils, Seasmens

sxvebs da yvavebis simravle daesxmeba qors, raTa gaagdon TavianT

samyofelidan da uSiSrad gaataron TavianTi dReebi, rameTu

pirutyvebmac ician TavianTi Tavis sargebeli.

ar qmna yvavma ase, aramed Seiwyala is qori. datova gamosakvebad

Tavis budeSi, marad aWmevda mkalsa da gvels, rameTu sxvisi

Sepyroba ar SeeZlo da miT acocxlebda qors. roca qors frTebi

gaezarda, Tqva Tavis gonebaSi: `ai, mravali dRis manZilze

varsebobdi mkalisa da gvelis WamiT da ar momeca me Cemi dedisa

da mamis Zala, rameTu mkaliT ver gavZlierdebi, rom SevZlo

frinvelTa miweva da maTi WamiT arseboba. sjobs, Sevipyro is yvavi,

Cemi gamzrdeli, SevWamo da ori dRe davisveno: momecema Zala da

daviwyeb wesisamebr nadirobas, msgavsad Cemi winaprebisa~. aRasrula

es. Seipyro yvavi da SeWama. amis Semdeg daiwyo nadiroba did da

swraf frinvelebze. ar Seaqes yvavi Tavisi mowyalebisTvis, aramed

ugunurad da Tavismkvlelad CaTvales. arc qors daayvedres

uwyaloeba da keTilisuxsenebloba, rameTu es aris gvari da wesi

qorisa. ganileoda da mokvdeboda mkalis WamiT. qmna wesisamebr da

aicila sikvdili. xolo yvavi wesisamebr ar moiqca da mokvda.

sparselebi, romlebic (dRemde da dReis Semdeg ukunisamde)

jvarismsaxurTa mtrebi arian, amJamad, uRonobis gamo, liqniT

siyvaruls gaCveneben da rogorc ki dro miecemaT, keTils aRar

gaixseneben da uwyaloni iqmnebian. es bevrjer viciT wignebidan.

roca ixile sparselebi, Cems mier dakninebuli, ar gaixare, RmerTs

madloba ar Sewire, ar aRagzne mtrebi sparselebis winaaRmdeg da

ar Seewie sparseTis mtrebs, es ar gaakeTe, aramed dagitovebia Seni

mamaTa sayofeli, saqristianos did spas winamZRvrob, ori wlis gza

gamogivlia da sparselebs aZliereb, raTa gaZlierdnen, moaRwion

da wargwymidon Sen da Seni qveyana, romelsac daipyrobs

jvarismsaxurebis warsawymedelad. mefe xar TviTmpyrobeli da

axovani, Seni nebiT migicemia Tavi Seni mtrebis monad da rogor ar

giwodo ugunuri?~

vaxtangma uTxra: `Sen gegona sibrZniT Tqvi, magram Seni sityvebi

arian cru. Txunela, romelsac ar asxia Tvalebi da mzis

brwyinvaleba da velTa mSveniereba ar icis, Tu ra aris,

Tavdajerebuli cxovrobs miwis qveS da hgonia, rom yoveli

cocxali arsebis cxovrebac asevea mowyobili. Txunelas msgavsad

317

Senc brma xar gonebis TvaliT da yru gonebis yuriT, ar xedav da

ar gesmis sulieri cxovreba da arc survili gaqvs mixvide saukuno

cxovrebamde da dausrulebel naTlamde, mis gonebiT miuwvdomel

didebamde. da arc icnob Sen yovelives Semoqmed RmerTs, romlis

mier Seiqmna yovelive.

am qveyanaSi movedi ara am soflis didebisTvis da ara sparsTa

mefis msaxurebisTvis, aramed dausabamo RmerTis msaxurebisTvis.

rameTu Cemi aq mosvliT pirvel rigSi gamovixseni ierusalimi —

wmida qalaqi, sadac dadgmula fexi Cveni uflisa ieso qristesi, iq

aRasrula yovelive Cveni sulebis xsnisTvis, da amis Semdeg yoveli

saqristiano davixseni mooxrebisgan, rameTu sparsTa mefes

miniWebuli hqonda Jami mTeli saqristianos motyvevnisaTvis. me Cemi

ZaliT da qristes SewevniT davixseni qristianebi didi Wirisgan am

Jams da amis Semdeg RmerTma icis.

Sen aqeb qors, romelmac Tavisi gamzrdeli yvavi SeWama, aqeb mis

naqmnars, xolo Cveni buneba aseTia, rom Cveni

keTilismyofelisaTvis davdvaT Cveni suli, raTa movigoT madli

RvTisagan da vpovoT cxovreba saukuno da Tu movkvdebiT,

ukvdavnive viqnebiT da sikvdilis mier saukuno cxovrebaSi

gardavicvlebiT~.

maSin Tqva sindTa mefem: `gamodi CemTan sabrZolvelad, raTa Cems

mier gardaicvalo dRes sikvdilis Semdeg saukuno cxovrebaSi~.

Tqva vaxtangma. `axlandeli sikvdili ar miCns sixarulad, rameTu

codvili var da RmerTis mcneba srulad ar aRmisrulebia. Cemi

codvebi srulad ar aRmixocia sinanuliT, magram qristes ZaliT ar

meSinia sikvdilis, rameTu is aris Cemi mfarveli da daculi var

srulebiT, mravalmowyale RmerTi, Cemi xeliT mogklavs Sen, mis

mgmobels da Seni suli wava garesknelis bnelSi da uSret

cecxlSi~. SeebrZolnen erTmaneTs. daamarcxa vaxtangma da ar

mokla, aramed aiRo misgan xarki da mZevlebi.

amis Semdeg sparsTa mefem da vaxtangma daamarcxes abaSni.

sparsTa mefem abaSTa naxevari ahyara da sxva qveynebSi adgil-adgil

daasaxla. eseni arian qurTebi, romlebic warmotyuena vaxtan mefem

abaSTagan.

merve wels ukan dabrunda vaxtangi da mivida qalaq urahSi, sadac

mSvidobiT daxvdnen deda da daA misi. gagzavna berZenTa mefesTan

mociquli colis wamosayvanad da agreTve petre kaTalikosisa da

samoel episkoposisaTvis. Semovida vaxtangi qarTlSi da miegebnen

mas misi Ze daCi, yvela spasalari da maTTan erTad episkoposebi.

roca gaigo episkoposma,56 rom vaxtangma gagzavna mociqulni

kaTalikosisa da episkoposebis mosayvanad, daumZimda es da iwyo

318

amboxi da mizezoba. miugzavna mefes kaci da uTxra: `Sen

dagitovebia qriste da cecxls esav~, vaxtangma SeuTvala: `qristes

ZaliT Sevedi da qristes ZaliTve gamovedi simarTliT, ubralo

var, icis RmerTma, magram gavagzavne mociquli kaTalikosisa da

episkoposis mosayvanad~. roca es moismina episkoposma da

daidastura, ifiqra, SfoTiT daebrkolebina es saqme da maTi

mosvla. dawyevla mefe da yoveli spa misi. mefem Tqva: `marTalia,

Cven udanaSauloni varT, magram simdable jer ars Cvengan~. da

mivida mefe, CamoqveiTda, raTa mTxveoda episkoposis fexebs. gaZra

fexi, qoSis qusli pirSi Caartya da mefes kbili Caumtvria. xolo

mefem Tqva: `es aris ampartavnobis silaRe da eSmakis sacduri. Tu

Cveni codvebis simravlem aRgZra, neba ara gaqvs borotebis

gakeTebisa, aramed unda Seundo, rogorc ityvis saxareba: `ara

daSrito patruqi mgzebare, arca gantexo lerwami daCeCqili~. Sen

ggonia, rom Seni siveragiT Cven qristes siyvaruls uarvyofT. Seni

saqme maSin gamoCnda cxadad, roca mogesma Senze umTavresis

saqarTveloSi moyvana da aRegzne boroti SuriT, rogorc iuda

petres mimarT, rameTu Sen xar rogorc iuda, xolo eklesia aris

rogorc petre. vercxlis moyvare xar Sen, rameTu Senc qristes

megvadruce57 xar. axla gaggzavni konstantinopolis patriarqTan da

rogorc wesia, gangikiTxavs~. gagzavna despanebTan erTad da

gagzavna Tavisi kbilic da SeuTvala, rom kaTalikosi da Tormeti

episkoposi saswrafod gamoegzavna. maT Soris petre kaTalikosad

da samoeli episkoposad, da sxvebi, romelnic surda.

roca moiyvanes miqael episkoposi konstantinopolSi, uTxra mas

patriarqma: `radganac Sens mier daiTxia sisxli, aRara xar Rirsi

episkoposobisa, xolo mefis kadrebisaTvis gekuTvnis sikvdili.

naTqvamia: `daemorCileT Tqvens mefeebs, rameTu xmali ubralod ar

abiaT, is RmerTis mier mTavrobs, rogorc lomi cxvrebs Soris~. da

eqsoriaSi gagzavnes miqael episkoposi mRviZarTa monasterSi.

gagzavna petre mRvdeli da samoel monazoni antioqiaSi. da

misweres antioqiis patriarqs mefem da konstantinopolis

patriarqma ase: `Tavdapirvelad, romaeli qalis ninos mier qarTlis

moqcevis dasabamisas, aqedan iq mivlenil iqna episkoposi. magram

Semdeg, radganac sparselebsa da berZnebs Soris SfoTi iyo, ver

moawyes es saqme wesisamebr. amasTanave, Cven viciT, rom qarTli,

aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeTi mag wmida saydrisani arian, rogorc

ganaweses mociqulebma saxarebaSi, romelic uwinares unda

davicvaT~. da antioqiels misweres yoveli saqme didi vaxtang

mefisa, rom `is episkoposi, romelic maT mier iyo dadginebuli,

ukuvadgineT, da CaTvaleT qarTli axalnergad.58 axla es ori, maT

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mier moTxovilni, akurTxe da agreTve sxva Tormeti, visac isurveb,

isini akurTxe. Semdeg ki CvenTan gamogzavne, raTa Cven ganZiTa da

saxmari nivTebiT gavamgzavroT~. da antioqielma patriarqma akurTxa

Tormeti episkoposi da petre kaTalikosad.

mividnen konstantinopolSi, misca mefem didZali ganZi da Tavisi

asuli elene, vaxtangis sacole. sazRvarze maT Seegeba mefe.

mcxeTaSi vaxtang mefem aaSena mociqulTa eklesia sveticxoveli.

am taZarSi samxreTiT im adgilas, sadac iyo sionis didi eklesia,

dasva petre kaTalikosad. xolo samueli mcxeTaSive dasva

episkoposad `saepiskoposoSi~.59 da dasva sxva episkoposebidan erTi

episkoposi klarjeTs, axizis eklesiaSi, erTi eruSeTs artanSi;

erTi javaxeTs _ wundaSi, erTi manglisSi, erTi bolnisSi; erTi

rusTavSi; erTi ninowmindaSi _ ujarmis karTan, romelic

gorgasalma aaSena. erTi missave aSenebul WeremSi da iq daaarsa

qalaqi misganve aSenebul or eklesias Soris; erTi CeleTSi (`Sua

sofelSi~), erTi xornabujSi da erTi agarakSi, romelic xunanis

pirdapiraa.

amis Semdeg aaSena erTi eklesia niqozSi cecxlis sagzebelTan

da dasva iq episkoposi, sadac daflulia wmida raJdenis gvami,

romelic sparsTa mier iwama.

es raJdeni iyo mamamZuZu vaxtangis colisa (romelic pirvelad

moiyvana, sparsTa mefis asuli), gaqristianda is da Seiqna didad

morwmune, xolo brZolisas Zlieri. Seipyres sparselebma da

aiZulebdnen, rom uareyo qriste, xolo am wmindanma aRiara

waruvali dideba da iwama qristesTvis.

hyavda vaxtangs berZeni colisgan sami Ze da ori asuli. man

Tavisi pirveli colis Zes, Tavis pirmSo daCis misca qalaqebi

Weremi, nekresi da kambeCovani, romelic aris xornabuji, da mTeli

qveyana mtkvris aRmosavleTiT. TviT vaxtangi dajda ujarmaSi da

aaSena is uzomo naSenebiT. da Tavisi daA xuaranZe misca somxeTis

pitiaxSs bakurs da ramdenime xnis Semdeg mokvda sparsTa mefe

xosro da mis wil dajda Ze misi xosro. am dros gaZlierebulni

iyvnen sparselebi (vaxtangis meoxebiT yvela mteri damorCilebuli

hyavdaT) da gamoemarTa sparsTa mefe berZnebis winaaRmdeg

sabrZolvelad. mociquli gamougzavna gorgasals da SeuTvala,

gaewia winamZRoloba berZenTa winaaRmdeg omSi da mieca asuli

colad.

maSin vaxtangi miweuli iyo 60 wels da Tqva: `uTxariT mefe

xosros: pirvelad ganemzados CvenTan sabrZolvelad da Semdeg

Sevides saberZneTSi~.

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gagzavna qadagi, raTa daetovebinaT is soflebi da qalaqebi,

romlebic Zlierni ar iyvnen da Sesuliyvnen kavkasiasa da kaxeTSi,

rameTu kaxeTi tye iyo da mtris mier Seuvali. mefe daCi da misi

diswuli gadavidnen kaxeTSi da dadgnen lopotis xevSi, kldiT

mozRudul qveyanaSi (da iyvnen im qveynis adamianebi cecxlisa da

wylis msaxurebi da is xevi, vidre nosramde, xalxiT iyo savse).

Sevidnen gorgaslis coli da Svilni _ ujarmis xevSi. wina cixeSi

TviTon dadga, masTan iyvnen juanSeri da adarnase. xolo mcxeTaSi

demetre, nerse da bivritiani. gaugzavna mociquli keisars.

movida xosro mefe da Semusra qalaqi kambeCovani, Wermis cixe da

veliscixe. mividnen kaxeTSi da daibanakes iorze. Seibnen, ibrZodnen

sami dRe. orive mxridan uricxvi spa daeca. maSin vaxtangma uxmo

petre kaTalikoss da uTxra: `icode, rom gvebrZvian ara xarkis

micemisaTvis, aramed qristes datevebisTvis. me ganzraxuli maqvs

ase: saukuno cxovrebisaTvis umjobesi aris qristes saxelze

sikvdili, raTa aRTqmuli sasufeveli gvqondes maTTan, romelTac

uTxra: `romelic wariwymeds Tavis Tavs CemTvis, is ipovis mas~.

uTxra mas petre kaTalikosma: `Tu ar ibrZoleb samkvdro-

sasicocxlod, maSin ara marto saqarTvelo gairyvneba mtris mier,

aramed ierusalimic, romelic aris mSobeli naTlis Svilebisa~.

uTxra mas mefem: `dadeqi wmida raJdenis eklesiaSi, romelic aris

ujarmis rabatSi. veWvob, rom ujarmis garSemo yvela qalaqi

iZlios, rameTu mtkice da Zlieri zRudeebi aq avageT~. hyo ase

kaTalikosma da yvela wminda episkoposi iq Seikriba.

vaxtangis laSqarSi iyo 240000 mebrZoli, xolo sparselebisaSi

— 740000. gahyo vaxtangma laSqari samad. da kldis mxridan

miagzavna qveiTi. erT mxares miavlina pitiaxSebi da spaspeti, da

sadac sparsTa mefe iyo, iq TviT vaxtangi mivida 100000 meomriT.

ciskarze vaxtangi daesxa sparselebs da uTxra Tavisianebs:

`yoveli kaci, romelic sikvdils gadaurCeba da mtris Tavs an xels

ar gamoitans brZolidan, Cvens mier mokvdeba~.

ciskris miwurvisas daesxa da mivida mefis palatamde. Sevida

mefis karavSi. mefem Seaswro cxenze. Ze misi bartam mokla da

mohkveTa Tavi. maSin iq erTma sparselma sca isari vaxtangs mkerdSi.

brZola gagrZelda SuadRemde. sZlia vaxtangma sparselebs da

mokla 120000 maTgani. vaxtangis spaSi mokvda 28000-mde. aiyara iqidan

sparsTa mefe da Cadga rusTavSi. daumZimda wyluli vaxtangs,

rameTu filtvamde iyo isari miweuli. da wavida ujarmaSi, xolo

qarTlis spasalarebi adgilsave darCnen.

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cnes sparselebma, rom daumZimda vaxtangs wyluli, moaoxres

tfilisi da armazi (qarTli), xolo mcxeTa ver daipyres, magram

zRudis gareT moaoxres.

xolo berZenTa mefe, vaxtangis simamri, mokvda da dajda mefed

zenoni, misi Ze. is movida sperSi, qarTlSi rom Sesuliyo, da roca

gaigo vaxtang mefis daWris Sesaxeb, dadga karnu qalaqSi. iq movida

xosro da Seibnen. ver sZlies erTmaneTs, radgan orTaves spa

daexoca.

vaxtangma Seityo, rom kvdeboda, miuxmo kaTalikoss da Tavis

cols, Zeebsa da yvela warCinebuls da Tqva: `me mivdivar Cemi

RmerTis winaSe, da vmadlob mis saxels, rom ar damaklo me mis

siwmindeebs. axla mcnebas mogcemT Tqven, rom mtkiced dadgeT

sarwmunoebaze, eZiebdeT qristesTvis sikvdils mis saxelze, raTa

waruvali dideba moigoT~.

da uTxra yvela warCinebuls: `Tqven, saqarTvelos mkvidrno,

moixseneT Cemi sikeTe, rameTu pirvelad Cemi saxlidan miiReT

saukuno naTeli da Cven saxls nu SeuracxyofT da berZenTa

siyvaruls nu dautevebT~. da uTxra Tavis Zes daCis: `Sen xar Cemi

pirmSo Svili, SenTvis momicia Cemi mefobis gvirgvini. Seni Zmebis

nawilad mimicia taSiskaridan da wundidan, vidre somxeTamde da

saberZneTamde, xolo afxazeTis sazRvari, egriswyalsa da

klisuras Sua, Seni Zmebis dedis aris~.60

da mouxmo wundis erisTavs, klarjeTis erisTavs artavazs da

oZrxis erisTavs bivritians da maT Caabara Tavisi coli elene da

misi Svilebi, romelTac erqvaT leoni da mirdati. da samive

erisTavs Seavedra cremliT.

mTeli xalxisa da warCinebulebisTvis es iyo sasjelis dRe.

TavSi icemdnen da iyridnen nacars, yvelani natrobdnen sikvdils.

xmamaRali tirilisa da godebisgan qveyana iZroda. morwmune xalxi

Senatroda mefes, rameTu qristesTvis moikla. da mokvda vaxtang,

dafles mcxeTas, sakaTalikoso eklesiaSi, svetTan, romelSic aris

RvTivaRmarTuli svetisgan dapyrobiT. saflavze gamosaxulia misi

xati, misi simaRlis Tanaswori. xolo amJamad Semonaxuli misi

abjari da samoseli ufro naTlad warmogvidgens mas.

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da dajda mis taxtze misi Ze daCi. xolo coli da vaxtangis ori

Ze waiyvana samma erisTavma, daiWires qarTlis dasavleTi, romelic

misca maT vaxtangma. zafxulobiT qalaq wundaSi iyvnen da

zamTrobiT oZrxeSi. maT ewodaT ara mefeebi, aramed erisTavTa

mTavrebi da iyvnen mefe daCis morCilebis qveS.

mefe daCim daiwyo qarTlis Seneba, rameTu mooxrebuli iyo xevi

qarTlisa, garda kaxeTis, klarjeTisa da egrisis xevebisa.

ganasrula Tbilisis zRudeebi, rogorc brZana vaxtangma da is

Seqmna samefo saxlad.

mokvda petre kaTalikosi da dajda samoel. da mefem mas

miaTvala mcxeTa, rameTu ase brZana vaxtangma. amanve mefe daCim

kaxeTis mTiulebs SesTavaza qristes aRiareba, xolo maT ar inebes

da gandgnen yovelni napatelni.61

vaxtangis berZeni colis Svilebidan mokvda leoni da darCa

mxolod mirdati. am mirdats daevaWra misi Zma daCi: mefem gaucvala

qveyana. mefem aiRo is qveyana, romelic moqceuli iyo egriswyalsa

da klisuras Soris. es iyo mirdatis deduleTi sazRvari

saberZneTis samflobeloebTan. mis nacvlad misca javaxeTi

faravnidan mtkvramde. daiWira mirdatma qveyana faravnidan da

taSiskaridan, vidre speris zRvamde da iq erisTavobda da morCili

iyo mefe daCis. man aaSena wyarosTavis eklesia. mokvda daCi. daCis

Semdeg, gamefda misi Ze bakuri. bakuris sikvdilis Semdeg, dajda

misi Ze farsmani. mokvda kaTalikosi samoeli da dajda

kaTalikosad TavfeCagi. misi sikvdilis Semdeg dajda kaTalikosad

Cermag.

323

vaxtangis Semdgom aqamde es mefeebi mSvidobiT iyvnen. am

farsmanis mefobisas movidnen sparselebi, moaoxres qarTli da

rani. qarTvelTa mefem iTxova sparsTa mefisgan, ar moeoxrebina

eklesiebi da daeWira qarTli qristes rjulze.

im dros berZnebi mouclelebi iyvnen. TavianTi qveynis

dasavleTSi mtrebs ebrZodnen. ar SeeZloT qarTvelTa Sewevna da

sparsTa winaaRmdeg gamosvla. maSin sparsTa mefem Seismina misi

vedreba da daicva eklesiebi. farsmanma samagierod dauwera

morCilebisa da msaxurebis aRTqma. da wavida sparsTa mefe.

amis Semdeg gaiyvnen vaxtang mefis naTesavebi. daCis Svilebi

sparselebs emorCilebodnen, farsmanis sikvdilis Semdeg, dajda

mefed misi Zmiswuli, romelsac farsmanive erqva.

is iyo morwmune da Seamko eklesiebi.

iTxoves iustinianesgan62 qarTvelebma, raTa kaTalikosebad TviT

qarTvelebi damsxdariyvnen, rameTu kaTalikosebi saberZneTidan

modiodnen. iustinianem dawera Tanxmobis wigni da dabeWda Tavisi

beWdiT, raTa kaTalikosebad qarTvelebi damsxdariyvnen da

hqonodaT maT ufleba yvela eklesiaze da yvela mRvdelmTavarze.

`mokvda kaTalikosi Cermag da farsman mefem dasva saba. amis

Semdeg aRar moyavdaT kaTalikosi saberZneTidan, aramed qarTvelebi

sxdebodnen, warCinebulTa naTesavebi~.

324

` v e r m o a w i e s s a q m e e s e j e r i s a e b r s j u l i s a . . . ~

(proiranuli saeklesio dajgufebani vaxtang gorgaslis reformamde)

IV saukunis bolodan V saukunis 70-ian wlebamde, vaxtang

gorgaslis reformamde, ucxour wyaroebSi qarTuli eklesiis

Sesaxeb cnobebi daculi ar aris. qarTuli wyaroebi ki

amdroindeli qarTuli eklesiis mdgomareobas uaryofiTad da

kritikulad afaseben. `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ Tanaxmad, qarTlis

moqcevidan kaTalikosobis dawesebamde, anu mirian mefidan vaxtang

gorgaslamde gasuli iyo 170 weli.63 am periodSi, romelsac kidev

ufro azustebs `qarTlis cxovreba~, rva episkoposma daicva

`WeSmariti wesi~, xolo sxvebi iyvnen `SemSlelni wesisani~. `mirian

mefiTgan vidre vaxtang mefisadmde gardacvalebul iyo naTesavi

rva da mefeni aTni da weliwadi 157, xolo episkoposni wessa zeda

WeSmaritsa gardacvalebulni rvani, xolo sxuani SemSlelni

wesisani~.64

Tanaxmad matianisa, qarTul eklesiaSi raRac saeklesio wesi ver

daucavT. qarTuli eklesiis pirveli meTauris _ episkopos iovanes

Semdeg, vidre petre kaTalikosamde sul 12 meTauri Seicvala

eklesiisa. aqedan mesamedi `wesisSemSleli~ yofila, rac

aRniSnulia vaxtang gorgaslis matianeSi. es imas niSnavs, rom

swored vaxtangis dros iyvnen qarTuli eklesiis wina istoriis

mimarT kritikulad ganwyobilni.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom vaxtangis dros ara marto

saeklesio moRvaweni afasebdnen uaryofiTad qarTuli eklesiis

Sinagan mdgomareobas, aramed TviT xalxic ki.

ai, rogor glovobs xalxi Tavis ubedurebas:

`arakeTilad vipyarT sjuli qristesi da wesi iovanes mcnebisa~.

vis gulisxmobda xalxi `iovaneSi~, romlis `mcnebac~ ar daucavT?

erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom aq saxarebiseuli romelime

iovane igulisxmeba (ioane naTlismcemeli an mociquli ioane),

magram konteqstidan Cans, rom es ase araa (marTlac, sxvagvarad

SeuZlebelia). `iovaneSi~, romlis mcnebis wesic ar daucavT,

igulisxmeba mxolod pirveli meTauri Cveni eklesiisa, episkoposi

325

ioane, romelic saberZneTidan iyo Camosuli da romlis drosac

qarTuli eklesia berZnuli saeklesio orientaciisa iyo. Cvens

samecniero literaturaSi garkveulia, rom es ioane nikeis krebis

erTguli iyo.

`nikeis krebaze damswre antiarianuli mrwamsis episkoposTa

Soris erT-erTi wamyvani figura `evstaTi didi~ (rogorc mas

Teodorite uwodebs), antioqiis kaTedras 324 an 325-330 wlebSi

ganagebda da mis mier qarTlis eklesiis meTaurad ioanes

xeldasxma am wlebSi unda momxdariyo... cxadia, evstaTis mier

xeldasxmuli ioane episkoposi qarTlSi nikeis rwmenas

danergavda~.65

amitomac, daarsebisTanave qarTuli eklesia swori

sarwmunoebrivi mimarTulebisa yofila, anu qarTuli eklesia

aRiarebda qristianobis im mimarTulebas, romelic maSindel romis

imperiaSi (saberZneTSi) iyo aRiarebuli. qarTuli eklesia nikeis

rwmenis erTguli iyo Semdeg saukuneebSic, arasodes ar Seucvlia

es rwmena, rasac adastureben rogorc giorgi mTawmindelis epoqis,

ise sxva epoqaTa moRvaweni, magram, rogorc Cans, nikeis krebis

erTguli qarTuli eklesia gansaxilvel epoqaSi, 380-iani wlebidan

470-ian wlebamde, berZnuli saeklesio orientaciisa ar yofila.

cxadia, sxvaa sarwmunoebrivi mimarTuleba da sxvaa saeklesio

(administraciuli) orientacia. magaliTad, Tumca somxuri eklesia

amave epoqaSi (380-iani wlebis Semdeg) nikeis krebis erTguli iyo,

magram igi ixreboda siriulsparsuli saeklesio wiaRisken, ufro ki

erovnul damoukidebel saeklesio politikas icavda. somxeTis

eklesia Camoscilda berZnul saeklesio wiaRs, magram, rogorc

aRvniSneT, nikeis krebis erTguli iyo (igulisxmeba 380-450-iani

wlebi).

qarTuli eklesiis pirveli meTauri iovane, rogorc cnobilia,

romis imperiidan (anu rogorc qarTvelebi uwodebdnen,

`saberZneTidan~) iyo gamogzavnili da am episkoposma daaarsa

(organizaciuli TvalsazrisiT) erTiani qarTuli eklesia. meore

meTauric qarTuli eklesiisa saberZneTidan Camosuli piri iyo.

matianeTa Tanaxmad, ukve mesame meTauri, romelic swored

gansaxilvel periodSi, kerZod, 375-390 wlebSi moRvaweobda,66 ar iyo

saberZneTidan Camosuli da arc raime uSualo kavSiri (ierarqiul-

administraciuli) hqonia saberZneTTan (igulisxmeba

mTavarepiskoposi iobi). aseve, vaxtang gorgaslis saeklesio

reformamde, kaTalikosobis dawesebamde, Cans, episkoposTa

(eklesiis meTaurTa) mxolod Zalze mcire nawili yofila

saberZneTidan Camosuli. es garemoeba uTuod mizezi gaxdeboda

326

imisa, rom qarTul eklesiaSi ver daicavdnen pirveli episkoposis,

iovanes `mcnebis wess~, rac, albaT, imiT gamoixateboda, rom iovanes

dros arsebuli proberZnuli orientacia ar daicveboda.

marTlac, 380-iani wlebis Semdeg, politikuri mizezebis gamo,

SeuZlebeli iyo qarTul eklesias proberZnuli orientacia daecva.

am dros qarTli, somxeTi da amierkavkasiis ZiriTadi nawili

sparseTis moxarke qveynebi iyvnen, sadac sparseTi sastikad devnida

proberZnul, rogorc saeklesio, ise politikur orientacias.

Tavis mxriv, saberZneTisaTvis srulebiT mouTmeneli iqneboda

qarTuli eklesiis araberZnuli orientacia. saqarTveloSi

arsebuli mdgomareobis gamo saberZneTi (bizantia) sastikad sjida

saqarTvelos. jer kidev vaxtang gorgaslis bavSvobaSi is

SemoWrila CvenSi da saqarTvelosTvis CamouSorebia dasavleT

saqarTvelos nawili, xolo ufro adre samxreT saqarTvelos

nawili. es nawilebi saberZneTs uSualod Tavis imperiisaTvis

miuerTebia. berZenTa aseT moqmedebas ase ganmartavda qarTveli

xalxi: `masve Jamsa gamovides berZenni afxazeTiT, rameTu berZenTa

hqonda egriswylis qvemoTi kerZo yoveli, da daipyres egrisis

wyliTgan vidre cixe-gojamde. maSin iqmna glova da wuxili

yovelTa zeda qarTvelTa da ityodis: `ganvamravleT codva

RmrTisa mimarT. da arakeTilad vipyarT sjuli qristesi da wesi

iovanes mcnebisa. samarTlad moawia RmerTman Cuen zeda ese risxva.

rameTu miguca Cuen wartyuenad ucxoTa naTesavTa da migYRo Cuen

sazRvari berZenTagan, viTarca miuRo varaz-baqars mefesa

klarjeTi~.67

Cveni matianis Tanaxmad, am epoqaSi qarTuli eklesiis

orientaciiT Zalze ukmayofilo yofila bizantiis imperatori.

bizantiis imperatorsa da konstantinopolis patriarqs gaugzavniaT

aseTi werili antioqiis patriarqisTvis: `pirvelad, dasabamsa

qarTlis moqcevisasa dedakacisa hromaelisa ninos mier, ganivlina

aqaT episkoposi, rameTu Soris sparsTa da berZenTa SfoTi iyo, da

miT ver moawies saqme ese jerisaebr sjulisa~...68 am werilis azri

ase SeiZleba gavigoT: qarTuli eklesiis Camoyalibebisas, IV

saukuneSi, qarTuli eklesiis orientacia proberZnuli iyo,

radganac aq episkoposi imperiidan Camovida, xolo Semdeg imis gamo,

rom sparseTsa da bizantias Soris `SfoTi~, omianoba iyo, qarTul

eklesiaSi mdgomareoba `ver moawies jerisaebr sjulisa~. aseTia

azri bizantiis saxelmwifo da saeklesio meTaurebisa qarTuli

eklesiis mimarT (reformebis Catarebamde).

327

am werilis gagrZelebidan Cans, rom `rjulis wesis~ darRvevad,

bizantiel xelisuflebs miaCndaT is, rom qarTuli eklesia

damoukidebeli iyo bizantiuri eklesiisgan.

konstantinopolidan antioqiis patriarqs qarTuli eklesiis

damoukideblobis mizezad moaxsenes zemomoyvanili politikuri

mdgomareoba _ `SfoTi berZenTa da sparselTa Soris~, xolo Semdeg

auwyeben, rom mociqulTa ganwesebis Tanaxmad, radganac

aRmosavleTisa da CrdiloeTis qveynebis eklesiebi antioqiis

sapatriarqo saydars unda eqvemdebarebodes, amitomac qarTuli

eklesiac Seni gavlenis sferoSi unda Sediodeso.

`...rameTu Cuen uwyiT, viTarmed qarTli da aRmosavleTi da

Crdilo magis wmidisa saydrisani arian, viTarca ganaweses

mociqulTa saxarebasa Sina, romel ars uwinaresoba~.69

unda aRiniSnos, rom es qarTuli wyaro zustad asaxavs im

saeklesio politikas, romelic V saukunis bizantiaSi arsebobda,

gansakuTrebiT, 451 wlis qalkedonis krebis Semdeg, kerZod,

gaZlierebuli bizantiuri sapatriarqoebi ierTebdnen mezobel

eklesiebsa da diocezebs.

Cans, bizantiaSi cdilan, arc qarTuli eklesia yofiliyo

gamonaklisi.

ganvixiloT saqarTvelosa da qarTuli eklesiis mdgomareoba 370-

iani wlebidan ufro dawvrilebiT.

IV saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos, amierkavkasia da misi mimdebare

qveynebi, romlebic aqamde romis gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda,

sparseTis gavlenis qveS moeqca. 377 wels romma, vestguTebis

ajanyebis gamo, gaiyvana Tavisi jari somxeTidan, rac, faqtobrivad,

safuZveli gaxda imisa, rom somxeTi, iberia da misi mimdebare

qveynebi sparseTma daimorCila da daxarka. qarTlis mefe varaz-

baqarma romaelebis daxmarebis gareSe ver gabeda Sebmoda

saqarTveloSi SemoWril sparselTa laSqars. mas uimedod CauTvlia

Crdilokavkasieli tomebis gadmoyvanac sparselebTan saomrad da

Tavi Seufarebia kaxeTSi, xolo mosaxleobisTvis rCeva miucia,

qristianuli niSnebis daufaravi CvenebiT ar gaeRizianebinaT

sparselebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom im droisaTvis saqarTvelos

mosaxleobis yvela fena, rogorc ubralo xalxi, ise mmarTveli

zeda fena, Tavdadebuli qristiani yofila, da isini iTxovdnen oms

sparselebTan, magram mefem sxvagvarad gadawyvita: varaz-baqaris

dros qristianobaze `...moqceul iyo qarTli da didsa

sarwmunoebasa Sina iyvnes aznaurni da yoveli eri qarTlisa... amis

ze gamogzavna sparsTa mefeman erisTavi spiTa didiTa somexTa da

qarTvelTa zeda xarkis dadebad... ukujda igi Kevsa kaxeTisasa, da

328

aRaSena cixe xidars da ganamagrna cixe-qalaqni, da ubrZana

yovelTa, raTa damalnen juarni. da movides sparsni pirvelad

somxiTs da moaoKres somxiTi da Semovides qarTls. da aRaSena

erisTavman sparsTaman tfilisis karTa Soris cixed mcxeTisad.

maSin varaz-baqar ezraxa SevrdomiT da iTxova mSYdoba... da

ganukveTa xarki, xolo erisTavman sparsTaman mosca cixe tfilisisa

da warvida. da mieriTgan iqmnnes somexni da qarTvelni sparsTa

moxarkeni~70

saqarTvelos samefo sparselTa moxarke qveynad iqca.

`amrigad, IV saukunis 70-ian wlebSi iranelebma qarTlis samefo

mTlianad daimorCiles. Tavdapirvelad qarTlSi mosula iraneli

sardali, romelsac `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ matiane pitiaxSs, xolo

`mefeTa ambavi~ erisTavs uwodebs. xarksac, etyoba, igive krefda.

Semdgom iranelebs, rogorc Cans, es funqcia adgilobrivi

mmarTvelobisaTvis daukisrebiaT... varaz-bakuris Semdeg, IV

saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi, qarTlis samefo taxtze ijda bakuri...

bakuris dros grZeldeboda iranelTa batonoba... metad didi

mniSvneloba hqonda qarTlisaTvis sazavo xelSekrulebas

bizantielebsa da iranelebs Soris, romelic daido 387 wels,

ramdenime wlis molaparakebis Semdeg. zavis pirobebis Tanaxmad,

somxeTis ramdenime ganapira olqi somxeTs saerTod Camoscilda,

darCenili nawili ki _ Sua qveyana, bizantielebma da iranelebma

gaiyves. am qveynis oTxi mexuTedi ergo irans, danarCeni _

bizantias~.71 aRsaniSnavia, rom sparselebs qristianuli eklesiis

mimarT Taviseburi midgoma hqondaT. qristianoba TviT sparseTSic

gavrcelebuli iyo da sparsuli eklesia Tavisi saepiskoposoebiT

warmatebiT moqmedebda sparseTis imperiaSi, iseve rogorc am

imperiaSi arsebuli siriuli, somxuri da sxva eklesiebi

(igulisxmeba IV-V saukuneebi).

marTalia, sparseTisTvis politikuri TvalsazrisiT qristianoba

misaRebi ar iyo, magram igi qristianobaSi ebrZoda mxolod

proberZnul mimarTulebasa da saeklesio orientacias. sparseTi

Tavis imperiaSi yvelafers akeTebda, raTa moespo ara eklesiebi,

aramed eklesiebSi arsebuli proberZnuli orientacia.

sparseTisaTvis miuRebeli iyo saberZneTidan Camosuli

samRvdeloeba, berZnuli saeklesio wignebi da berZnuli enac ki.

mose xoreneli aRniSnavs sparselTa antiberZnul moqmedebas

somxur eklesiaSi. unda iTqvas, rom sparseTi cdilobda berZnuli

gavlenis aRmofxvras ara marto somxur eklesiaSi, aramed Tavis

imperiaSi arsebul yvela eklesiaSi. kerZod, sparseTs surda

berZnulenovani wirva-locvisa da RvTismsaxurebis nacvlad somxur

329

eklesiaSi daenerga siriulenovani RvTismsaxureba, radganac

gansaxilvel epoqaSi jer kidev ar arsebobda somxuri anbani da

somxurenovani wignebi. berZnuli enis nacvlad aswavlidnen

sparsul enasa da wera-kiTxvas.

sparseTis xelisufali somxeTSi `ra wignsac ki waawydeboda, igi

wvavda, brZana, rom eswavlaT sparsuli da ara berZnuli wera-

kiTxva, aravis hqonda ufleba elaparaka berZnulad anda eTargmna

am enidan. amas TiTqos imitom Svreboda, rom somxebs jer kidev ar

gaaCndaT anbani da berZnulad asrulebdnen RvTismsaxurebas~.72

bizantiuri gavlenis Semcirebis mizniT, sparseTi sastikad

sdevnida ara marto proberZnul saeklesio orientacias, aramed

berZnul kulturasac. imis gamo, rom somxur eklesiaSi siriul

kulturas adreve hqonda gavlena mopovebuli, sparseTma ineba, rom

somxuri eklesiidan (da aseve amierkavkasiis sxva eklesiebidan)

gandevnili berZnuli kulturis nacvlad daenerga siriuli

kultura. `ebrZoda ra bizantiis gavlenis gavrcelebas somxeTSi,

iranis xelisufleba, amave dros, garkveuli politikuri

mosazrebiT, mxars uWerda siriuli kulturis gabatonebas somexTa

qveyanaSi~, _ wers a. abdalaZe.73

sparseTisTvis srulebiT mouTmeneli iyo eklesiaTa raime

administraciul-ierarqiuli kavSiri berZnul eklesiasTan.

jer kidev somxeTis mefis papis (367-374) dros somxuri eklesia

ierarqiulad CamoSorda berZnuls sparselebis gulis mogebis

mizniT, risTvisac imperatorma Teodosim sastikad dasaja papi. mose

xoreneli wers, rom papma gamoZebna sahaki da `daadgina is nersesis

magier kesariis did arqiepiskoposTan SeuTanxmeblad~.74 am dros

somxuri eklesia gaTavisuflda berZnuli eklesiis ierarqiuli

kavSirisagan. 387 wlis Semdeg, sparseTsa da bizantias Soris

gayofil somxeTis nawilebSi eklesiaTa mdgomareoba

sxvadasxvagvarad warimarTa. rogorc vTqviT, sparseTis somxeTSi

gandevnili berZnulenovani wirva-locvis magier dainerga jer

siriuli da maleve somxuri wirva-locva. saqme is iyo, rom somxebma

SeZles SeeqmnaT somxuri anbani da umalve Targmnes somxur enaze

saeklesio wignebi. sparseTi xels uwyobda nebismierenovan

RvTismsaxurebis Catarebas berZnulis nacvlad, amitomac

aRmosavleT somxeTSi somxurenovani wirva-locva da maStocis

somxuri anbani swrafad gavrcelda. dasavleT somxeTSi ki,

romelic bizantiis imperiaSi Sedioda, bizantiis xelisufleba

yovelmxriv krZalavda da aferxebda somxuri anbanisa da

somxurenovani wirva-locvis gavrcelebas. 391 wels somxeTis

bizantiur nawilSi mefoba gauqmda, magram somexma samRvdeloebam

330

gamoiCina simtkice da konstantinopolma male neba darTo somxur

eklesias dasavleT somxeTSic gavrcelebuliyo somxurenovani

RvTismsaxureba. bizantias Zalze aSfoTebda, rom somxuri eklesia

prosparsul da prosiriul orientacias daadga. amitomac,

mTlianad rom ar daekarga gavlena somxur eklesiaze, bizantiam,

faqtobrivad, cno avtokefalia somxuri eklesiisa da dasavleT

somxeTis eklesiis meTauris Rirseba gauTanabra kesariis

arqiepiskoposis Rirsebas, gamouyo mas Tanxebi, neba darTo somxuri

damwerlobis gavrcelebisa bizantiur somxeTSi.75 ase miswera man

kidec somxuri eklesiis meTaurs, romlis rezidenciac sparsul

(aRmosavleT) somxeTSi imyofeboda: `Zalian gamtyunebdiT Tqven,

rameTu metismetad gadaixareT warmarTi mefeebisken... gansakuTrebiT

imisaTvis gadanaSaulebdiT, rom ugulebelyaviT Cveni qalaqis

swavlulni da viRac asurelebTan cdilobdiT sibrZnis povnas. amis

gamo moviwoneT Cveni msaxurebis moqmedeba mag mxareSi, romelTac

abuCad aigdes Tqveni amgvari moZRvreba...~76 `warmarT~ mefeebs

sparsel mefeebs uwodebdnen.

Tu zemomoyvanils SevusabamebT `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobebs,

savsebiT dasajerebeli mogveCveneba Cveni matianis monaTxrobi, rom

qarTlis mefis varaz-baqaris dros berZnebma dasajes es

prosparsuli orientaciis mefe swored sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxebis

gamo: mis saxelmwifos samxreTiT mdebare klarjeTis provincia

CamoaWres. xalxis azri aseTi iyo: `migucna Cuen wartyuevnad

ucxoTa naTesavTa da migYRo Cuen sazRvari berZenTagan, viTarca

miuRo varaz-baqars mefesa klarjeTi da igi codviTa varaz-

baqarisiTa moiwia, rameTu ver keTilad epyra sjuli qristesi~.77

aseve wers xorenelic _ prosparsuli orientaciis gamo bizantia

ara marto sjida da devnida, aramed abuCad igdebda somxur

eklesias _ `...moviwoneT Cveni msaxurebis moqmedeba mag mxareSi,

romelTac abuCad aigdes Tqveni amgvari moZRvreba~.

bizantia sjida prosparsul qristianobas, xolo sparseTi sjida

proberZnul qristianobas.

cnobilia, rom qarTuli eklesia Tavisi Sinagani bunebiT

proberZnuli orientaciisa iyo, amis gamo sparsTagan isjeboda

kidec, ris Sesaxebac wmida raJdenis cxovrebaSi naTqvamia: `aRdges

sparsni qristeaneTa zeda... rameTu didi iyo maSin brZolaAO da

daucxromeli mtrobaAOqristeaneTa zeda da ufroAsad berZenTa

mimarT, xolo Cuen qarTvelTa momarT amisaTYs, rameTu eZYneboda

Cueni berZenTa mimarT siyvaruli da erTobaA da ese iyo nebaA maTi,

raATa Cuenca maTTana mter veqmneT berZenTa~.78 marTalia, es exeba V

331

saukunis Sua wlebs, magram sparseTi swored aseT antiberZnul

saeklesio orientacias adga IV-V da VI saukuneebSi.

aseTi politikuri situaciis dros, 380-iani wlebis Semdeg, roca

qarTli daxarkuli iyo sparsTa mier, qarTul da berZnul

eklesiaTa Soris raime ierarqiul urTierTdamokidebulebaze da,

miT umetes, berZeni arqiepiskoposis saqarTveloSi Camosvlaze

msjeloba SeuZlebelia. sparseTi, romelic ara Tu pirovnebas,

aramed berZnul enaze laparaksac ki krZalavda, nebas ar darTavda

berZen ierarqs saqarTveloSi Camosuliyo da emoRvawa. am periodis

zogierTi qarTveli mefe antiberZnulad iyo ganwyobili. maTi aseTi

ganwyoba gamoiwvia iman, rom bizantiam miitaca qarTuli qveynebi.

gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis mefe mirdatze, romelic farsman mefis

(398-400ww.) Semdeg ganagebda qarTul saxelmwifos V saukunis

dasawyisSi.

mirdatma ganagrZo farsmanis politika da is `mter eqmna berZenTa

da sparsTa. berZenTagan eZiebda klarjeTs, sazRvarsa qarTlisasa,

xolo sparsTa ara miscemda xarksa~.79

mirdatis dros SeuZlebelia qarTul eklesias raime kavSiri

hqonoda berZnul eklesiasTan (igulisxmeba ara sarwmunoebrivi

erTianoba, aramed ierarqiul-administraciuli kavSiri), radganac

araberZnuli orientaciis mefe mirdati mtrobda da ebrZoda

berZnebs. am dros Zalze dazaralebula qarTuli eklesia, is

qveyanaSi Semosul sparselebs `gauryvniaT~. mefe mirdati

`...Seipyres sparsTa, movides qarTlad, daipyres qarTli da

ganryvnnes eklesiani~.80

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am dros ganmeorda ociode wlis win

momxdari ambavi, roca varaz-bakuris dros qarTlSi Semovida

sparseli pitiaxSi, iobis mTavarepiskoposobisas _ `da

mTavarepiskoposi iyo igive iob. da maSin movida qram xuar borzard

sparsTa mefisa pitiaxSi...~81 es iobi saberZneTidan ki ar yofila

Camosuli, aramed iyo `nerse kaTalikosisa diakoni~ (ase uwodebs

iobs rogorc `qarTlis cxovreba~, ise `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~).

sparsTa am laSqrobis dros Znelia qarTul eklesiasa da berZnuls

Soris raime organizaciul-ierarqiul kavSirze laparaki. uTuod

sparsTa nebiT qarTuli eklesia iseTive damoukidebel da erovnul

organizaciad gadaiqca, rogorc gadaiqca somxuri eklesia am

periodSi. sparseTi, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, ver iTmenda Tavis

imperiaSi arsebuli eklesiebis kavSirs berZnul eklesiasTan.

mdgomareoba ar Secvlila arc mefe arCilis dros, Tumca,

`qarTlis cxovreba~ sxvagvarad aRwers mis cxovrebas. `mirdatis

Semdeg, IV saukunis ocian wlebSi, samefo taxtze damjdara

332

arCili... `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ matianis mixedviT, arCilis

mefobaSi, safiqrebelia, igive mdgomareobaa, rac wina periodSi iyo.

aq naxsenebi ar aris am periodSi momxdari raime mniSvnelovani

movlena... samagierod, juanSerTan `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ arCilis

mefoba maJoruli tonalobiTaa gadmocemuli, arCilmao `ganacxada

mtroba sparsTa, gamoaCina juarni da mokazmna eklesiani, mosrna da

ganasxna yovelni cecxlismsaxurni sazRvarTagan qarTlisaTa,

moirTo Zali saberZneTiT da warZRuanebiTa juarisaTa iwyo

brZolad sparsTa~... juanSeris es cnobebi realur viTarebas ar

asaxavs. sinamdvileSi, qarTli am periodSic irans emorCileboda,

da, albaT, ZiriTadad cdilobda daecva Tavisi kulturuli

TviTmyofadoba. aseTive politikas atarebda, rogorc Cans, arCilis

memkvidre mirdati, romlis mefoba 30-40-ian wlebze unda modiodes.

magram qarTlis brZolas iranuli uRlisagan gasaTavisufleblad

am periodSi raime xelSesaxebi Sedegi ar mohyolia~.82

rogorc mefe arCilis, ise mirdatis dros sparseTi Zalze

gaZlierebuli iyo. 428 wels sparselebma somxeTSi mefoba saerTod

gaauqmes da `sparsul somxeTs ganagebda sparsi mmarTveli _

marzapani, somex naxararebs CamoarTves saxelmwifo Tanamdebobani~.83

aseT dros, cxadia, kidev ufro damTmobi da loialuri

gaxdeboda qarTuli saxelmwifo sparseTis mimarT, ar

gaaRizianebda sparseTs da Seecdeboda eklesiidan saerTod

aRmoefxvra proberZnuli orientaciis yovelgvari niSani.

V s-is 40-ian wlebSi iranis axali, metad agresiuli politika

gamoricxavda qarTuli eklesiis ierarqiul kavSirs berZnulTan.

sworad aRiniSneba, rom aq garda sparseTis xelisuflebis nebisa,

moqmedebda agreTve obieqturi faqtori, es iyo qveynis

feodalizaciis procesi.

V saukunis Sua wlebisaTvis erTmaneTs daupirispirda samefo

xelisufleba da adgilobrivi aznaurebi, romelnic ukve feodal

miwismflobelebad iyvnen qceulni. eklesiac aseve msxvili

miwismflobeli iyo. mefe ibrZoda imisaTvis, rom Tavisi

gamgeblobidan ar gaeSva es miwebi, samagierod feodalebi

cdilobdnen maqsimalurad SeezRudaT mefe. am planSi srulebiT

gasagebi xdeba konfliqti vaxtang gorgasalsa da mTavarepiskopos

miqaels Soris. aseTi mdgomareobis dros vaxtang gorgaslis

gasaocari sibrZne imaSi mdgomareobda, rom man SeZlo

aznaurebisaTvis (feodalebisaTvis) CamoerTva saxelmwifo

Tanamdebobebi da daeyo qveyana samxedro-administraciul

erTeulebad _ saerisTavoebad. TiToeul am erTeuls marTavda

erisTavi. erisTavebi, Tavis mxriv, uSualod eqvemdebarebodnen

333

mxedarTmTavars _ spaspets, jarebis ufross. aznaur-feodalTa

xelisufleba amiT maqsimalurad SeizRuda, isini TavianTi kuTxis

mmarTvelobis saqmeSic ki uSualod veRar Caereodnen. yovel saqmes

am kuTxeSi erisTavi wyvetda. erisTavi ki iniSneboda spaspetis mier,

spaspeti ki mefis mier (`spaspeti~ swored im `spas~ meTaurobda,

romelic mefesTan erTad dawyevla miqael mTavarepiskoposma).

vaxtang gorgasalma aseTive procesi Caatara eklesiaSic,

saxelmwifos kontrolisagan gasuli eklesia dauqvemdebara

saxelmwifos imave saSualebiT, romliTac aznaurebi daimorCila,

kerZod, `spiT~. amitomac daiwyevla `spa~ mefesTan erTad.

unda vifiqroT, rom V saukunis Sua wlebisaTvis saqarTveloSi

moqmedebda ara marto proiranulad, aramed proberZnuladac

ganwyobili samRvdeloeba, magram samRvdeloebis orive dasisTvis

mefis Zlieri, makontrolebeli da mmarTveli xelisufleba

miuRebeli iyo. amitomac proberZnulad ganwyobili

mTavarepiskoposi miqaelic ki konfliqtur damokidebulebaSia

mefesTan.

b. mWedliSvili wers: `vaxtang gorgasalis mefobis dros,

juanSerisave mixedviT, SeiniSneba saeklesio dasTan uTanxmoeba.

cnobilia, rom ukve IV saukunis dasawyisidan. irani cdilobs

amierkavkasiaSi poziciebis ganmtkicebas da erT-erT qmediT iaraRad

qristianul religiasac iyenebs. magaliTad, somxeTSi, dRidan

daarsebisa, qristianul eklesias xelmZRvanelobdnen iranis mefeTa

xeldasxmuli mTavarepiskoposebi anu kaTalikosebi. qarTli,

romelsac bizantia mfarvelobda, ukeTes pirobebSi iyo da

winaaRmdegobasac uwevda iranis moZalebas, magram zogierT

SemTxvevaSi, irani, rogorc es vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebidanac

Cans, mainc aRwevda mizans da qarTls Tavis politikas axvevda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom am ambebis TiTqmis Tanamedrove prokopi

kesarieli aRniSnavda _ `iberebi qristianebi arian da am

sarwmunoebis wesebs yvela imaTze ukeT icaven, romelTac Cven

vicnobT~ (georgika, II, 1934 w. gv. 21), qarTlSi mainc SeiniSneba

saeklesio dajgufeba, romelic sxvadasxva niSniT SeiZleba swored

proiranuli yofiliyo~.84 prosparsuli orientaciis

mTavarepiskoposTa Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCevian glonoqori

da mobidani. qarTuli eklesiis meTaurebi mWidro kavSirSi arian

spars xelisuflebasTan da maT mierve arian kidec daniSnulni.

glonoqori garda imisa, rom eklesias meTaurobda, agreTve

sparselTa saero xelisufali, erisTavic yofila ara marto

qarTlSi, aramed hereTSic, `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ Tanaxmad: `da

merme mefobda mirdat da mTavarebiskoposi iyo glonoqor, da ese

334

mTavarebiskoposi erisTavadca iyo barzabod pitiaxSisagan qarTls

da hereTs~.85

qarTuli eklesiis meTauri mobidani (436-448), Tumca `aCuenebda

igi marTlmadideblobasa, xolo iyo vinme mogY usjulo da

SemSleli wesTa~.86

albaT, SeuZlebeli iyo qarTul eklesias raime ierarqiuli

kavSiri hqonoda berZnul eklesiasTan glonoqorisa da mobidanis

dros, radganac erTi sparselTa erisTavi iyo, xolo meore aSkarad

gamoxatuli prosparsuli orientaciis mqone, wesis SemSleli. am

dros qarTuli eklesia avtokefaluri, anu berZnuli eklesiisagan

damoukidebelia, radganac mobidani saberZneTidan ki ar

gamogzavnes, aramed TviT qarTvelTa mefe arCilma dasva eklesiis

meTaurad: `amis arCilis ze gardaicvalnes samni episkoposni: iona,

grigoli da basili. da basilisa Semdgomad amanve arCil dasva

episkoposi, romelsa erqua mobidan. ese iyo naTesavad sparsi da

aCuenebda igi marTlmadideblobasa. xolo iyo vinme mogY usjulo

da SemSleli wesTa. da ver ugrZna arCil mefeman da Zeman misman

usjuloeba mobidanisi, aramed hgonebdes morwmuned. da verca

gannacxadebda qadagebasa sjulisa misisasa SiSisagan mefisa da

erisa, aramed farulad werda wignebsa yovlisa sacTurebisasa,

romeli Semdgomad missa dawua yoveli werili misi WeSmaritman

episkoposman miqael, romeli ganikueTa kadrebisaTYs vaxtang

mefisa~.87

aq yuradReba unda mieqces, rom Semdegdroindeli mematiane

`mogus~ anu cecxlTayvanismcemels uwodebs qristianuli eklesiis

meTaurs. xom ar unda vigulisxmoT, rom Semdegdroindeli

moRvaweni `moguebs~ anu cecxlTayvanismcemlebs uwodebdnen

prosparsuli orientaciis, anda romelime qristianuli (vTqvaT,

maniqeur-qristianuli) mimdinareobis saeklesio pirebs? Tu

CavTvliT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi matianeSi aRniSnuli `mogYs~ anda

cecxlTayvanismcemlis qveS unda vigulisxmoT qristiani

episkoposi, maSin, iqneb, dagveSva, rom `cecxlismsaxurTa episkoposi

binqarani~ iyo ara `cecxlTayvanismcemeli~ am sityvis pirdapiri

gagebiT, aramed prosparsuli orientaciis mqone saeklesio piri,

iseTive `mogY~, rogorc mobidani?

matianeSi aRniSnulia, rom ranis sparselma erisTavma `barzabod

warmogzavna cecxlismsaxurni mcxeTas da maT zeda episkoposad

binqaran, da dasxdes moguTas~.88 aq TiTqosda srulebiT aSkaraa,

rom binqarani cecxlismsaxurTa episkoposia, magram ratom aqvs mas

qristianuli wodeba `episkoposi~? garda amisa, sxva qarTul

matianeSi, `moqcevaA qarTlisaASi~, aRniSnulia, rom ran-qarTlis

335

pitiaxSma barzabodma qarTl-ranis erisTavad daniSna glonoqori.

SeiZleba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ `binqaran~ igivea, rac, `moqcevaA

qarTlisaAs~ `glonoqori~, marTlac, orives ran-qarTlis erisTavi

barzabodi agzavnis saqarTveloSi. qaragmebi binqaran _ `bnqrn~ da

glonoqor _ `glnqr~ erTmaneTs Zalian hgavs, orive qaragmaSi

meordeba erTi da igive Tanxmovnebi _ `nqr~, SeiZleba qaragmebi

mematianeebma sxvadasxvagvarad gaxsnes. orive es episkoposi vaxtang

gorgaslis epoqaSi moRvaweobs —`da merme mefobda mirdat da

mTavarebiskoposi iyo glonoqor da ese mTavarebiskoposi

erisTvadca iyo barzabod pitiaxSisagan qarTls da hereTs. da misa

Semdgomad mefobda didi vaxtang gorgasali...~89

`maSin barzabod warmogzavna... episkoposad binqaran... da Seeria

qarTlis wurilsa ersa cecxlismsaxureba. amisTYs mwuxare iyo

sagduxt dedofali, aramed mZlavrebisagan sparsTasa veras

ikadrebda. maSin moiyvana mRdeli WeSmariti saberZneTiT, saxeliT

miqael da daadgina igi episkoposad zemosa eklesiasa, rameTu

mobidan episkoposi gardacvalebul iyo. da ese miqael episkoposi

winaaRudga binqaran macTursa, rameTu aswavebda yovelTa

qarTvelTa sjulsa WeSmaritsa. aman ipyrna sarwmunoebasa zeda

yovelni warCinebulni da erica umravlesi, aramed mciredni vinme

wurilisa erisaganni miiqces cecxlismsaxurebasa...~90

orive episkoposs, rogorc miqaels, ise binqarans, sapatio

mdgomareoba eWiraT mefis karze. amas miuTiTebs samefo darbazobis

dros orive episkoposis taxtze, `saydarze~ jdoma. aRsaniSnavia,

rom am darbazobis dros taxtebze mxolod mefe, spaspeti da es

ori episkoposi isxdnen. _ `ganmzada mefeman saxli erTi da dajda

saydarTa zeda maRalTa, xolo juanSer spaspeti da ornive

episkoposi dasxdes saydarTave da sxuani yovelni erisTavni

dasxdes selebiTa, da aTasisTavni da asisTavni da yoveli eri

warmodges ze~. uTuod, V saukunis I naxevarSi qarTlSi arsebobda

ori saeklesio frTa _ proberZnuli da prosparsuli orientaciisa.

qarTveli mefeebi xan erT mimdinareobas uWerdnen mxars, xan ki

meores, magaliTad, mefeebis varaz-baqaris, mirdatis da sxvebis

damokidebuleba proberZnulad ganwyobili samRvdeloebis mimarT,

cxadia, ise keTilganwyobili ar iqneboda, rogorc berZnebis

moyvaruli mefeebis arCilisa, vaxtang gorgaslisa da misi dedis

sagduxtisa.

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom proberZnuli orientaciis samRvdeloebis

centri iyo mcxeTis samTavro _ `zemo eklesia~, xolo prosparsul

samRvdeloebas, albaT, mcxeTaSive sxvagan hqonda centri (mogvTas).

336

saberZneTidan Camoyvanili `mRvdeli WeSmariti~ miqaeli sagduxt

dedofalma `daadgina episkoposad zemosa eklesiasa~.

am miqaelze matianeSi naTqvamia, rom is `aswavebda yovelTa

qarTvelTa sjulsa WeSmaritsa...~, is iyo `WeSmariti mRvdeli~. Cans,

proberZnuli orientaciis samRvdeloebas uwodebda mematiane

`WeSmarits~. amitomac, roca igive mematiane ambobs, rom mirian

mefidan vaxtang gorgaslamde episkoposebi `wessa zeda WeSmaritsa

gardacvalebulni~ iyvnen rvanio, Cans, `WeSmaritis~ qveS swored

proberZnuli orientaciis episkoposebs Tvlida.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTul eklesiaSi proberZnuli

orientacia sakmaod Zlieri iyo, es sakmarisad ar miuCnevia

bizantias da vaxtang gorgaslis siymawvilisas, rogorc aRniSnuli

iyo, miutacnia saqarTvelos miwa-wyali egriswylidan cixe-gojamde

_ `ara keTilad pyrobisaTvis qristianuli sjulisa da iovanes

mcnebisa~. `iovanes mcnebaSi~ swored proberZnuli orientacia

igulisxmeba.

rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, qarTul eklesiaSi Seqmnili

mdgomareobis mizezad bizantiis imperators da konstantinopolis

patriarqs miuCneviaT sparsTa da berZenTa Soris `SfoTi~, omianoba.

am ganuwyveteli omis gamo `ver moawies saqme ese jerisaebr

sjulisa~,91 _ weren isini.

unda davaskvnaT: IV saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolodan V saukunis

60-70-ian wlebamde, qarTli iranis mier daxarkuli da zogjer

dapyrobili qveyana iyo. am dros sparseTi nebas ar miscemda

qarTvel samRvdeloebas ierarqiuli kavSiri hqonoda berZnul

eklesiasTan. amitomac am epoqaSi qarTuli eklesia berZnuli

eklesiisagan damoukidebeli unda yofiliyo.

s a e k l e s i o - s a r w m u n o e b r i v i v i T a r e b a s a q a r T v e l o s

s a k a T a l i k o s o s d a a r s e b i s a s

V saukuneSi mowveul iqna ori msoflio saeklesio kreba. orive

kreba, ase Tu ise, Seexo eklesiaTa avtokefaliis

(damoukideblobis) sakiTxs. unda aRiniSnos, rom am krebaTa

gadawyvetilebebi kargad uCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleboda

Sexeduleba eklesiaTa avtokefaliis Sesaxeb am saukuneSi.

magaliTad, Tu efesos 431 wlis krebam sagangebo kanoni miuZRvna

saerTod eklesiaTa avtokefaliis mtkiced da upirobod dacvis

337

aucileblobas, kerZod ki, daicva kviprosis patara eklesiis

Tavisufleba, qalkedonis 451 wlis krebam gauqmebulad scno sami

eklesiis (asiis, pontosa da Trakiis) TavisTavadoba

konstantinopolis sasargeblod.

imperator Teodosi mciris (408-450) mowveviT 431 wels efesoSi

Catarda mesame msoflio kreba, kirile aleqsandrielis

TavmjdomareobiT. krebam ganixila konstantinopolis

arqiepiskoposis nestoris wvaleba. nestori, romelic krebaze ar

gamocxadda, daamxes, xolo misi moZRvreba eretikulad gamocxadda.

krebaze sxva sakiTxebis gverdiT gairCa kviproseli episkoposis

riginosis saCivari ioane antioqiel episkoposze. miuxedavad imisa,

rom kviprosis eklesia ZvelTaganve avtokefaluri eklesia iyo,

antioqiis eklesia Seecada daemorCilebina igi. kviprosis eklesia

mociqulTa droidan TavisTavadi eklesia iyo da mas ZvelTaganve

damoukidebeli episkoposi marTavda, romelic am kunZulis

episkoposTa mier iyo arCeuli. amgvari qmedeba iyo kanonikuri aqti,

ganmtkicebuli nikeis krebis im dadgenilebiT, romlis mixedviTac,

yvela eklesias (saeklesio `samTavroebs~ anu provinciaTa da

diocezTa eklesiebs) SenarCunebuli hqonda sakuTari upiratesoba

marTva-gamgeobis mxriv.

IV saukuneSi, nikeis krebis garda, sxva adgilobrivma krebebmac

gamosces sagangebo kanonebi eklesiaTa (igulisxmeba patara

eklesiebi) avtokefaliis dacvis mizniT. 381 wlis II msoflio

338

krebamac gamosca amgvari kanoni _ me-2 kanonma II msoflio krebisa,

(swored im krebisa, romelmac Camoayaliba marTlmadidebluri

swavleba erTiani eklesiis Sesaxeb), saerTod aukrZala yvela

adgilobriv eklesias gaevrcelebina Tavisi iurisdiqcia Tavisi

sazRvrebis gareT... istoria cxadyofs, rom am krebis dros

TviTmyofadi, avtokefalurni iyvnen eklesiebi, romis imperiis yvela

provinciaSi (daaxloebiT 100) Tu ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, imperiis

14-ve diocezSi~.92

II msoflio krebam me-2 kanonSi daasaxela kidec zogierTi

avtokefaluri eklesia _ aleqsandriisa, antioqiisa, asiisa, pontosa

da Trakiisa maTi sazRvrebiT.93

`magram bizantiis imperiis farglebSi Semavali erovnuli

eklesiebis saepiskoposoebidan yvela ver axerxebda

damoukideblobis SenarCunebas. maT ar Sveloda dasaxelebul

krebaTa dadgenilebani, Tavi damoukideblad egrZnoT. imperiis

farglebSi moqceul eklesiaTa Soris adridanve damyarda

urTierToba, romelic dafuZnebuli iyo ama Tu im eklesiis

SedarebiT siZliereze da am qalaqTa politikur mniSvnelobaze, am

qalaqis94 qristianuli Temis saerTo saeklesio avtoritetze. am

pirobebis gamo pirvelobda imperiis aRmosavleT nawilSi antioqiis

episkoposi. Tumca, nikeis krebis dadgenilebaTa Semdeg es

pirveloba mxolod pativis gamomxatveli unda yofiliyo da ara

realuri Zalauflebisa~.95

431 wels mowveulma III msoflio krebam, eklesiaTa avtokefaliis

dasacavad, sagangebo kanoni im mizezis gamo gamosca, rom am

droisaTvis (ise, rogorc wina saukuneSi) zogierTi didi eklesia

cdilobda daemorCilebina sxva patara adgilobrivi eklesiebi. s.

troicki wers, _ `roca zogierTi didi eklesia Seecada

daemorCilebina sxva patara adgilobrivi eklesiebi, mociqulTa

swavlis erTgulma da RvTis suliT ganaTlebulma msoflios

episkoposTa krebam aRkveTa aseTi mcdelobani. roca didi antioqiis

eklesias surda daemorCilebina patara kviprosis eklesia, III

msoflio krebam, Tavis me-8 kanonSi, daaxasiaTa aseTi mcdeloba,

rogorc `saqme gareSe wesTa saeklesioTa da kanonisa wmidaTa

mamaTaAsa (Cans, igulisxmeba mociqulTa 35-e kanoni), ganaxlebuli

(e.i. warmoqmnili) da Tavisuflebisa yovelTaAsa ganmryuneli~,

rogorc sazogado avadmyofoba, romelsac esaWiroeba Zlieri

mkurnaloba, radganac SeuZlia didi zianis motana, _ `sazogado

vneba, udidesisa moqene kurnebisa, viTarca udidesTa savnebelTa

mizezi~, daadgina: `zedamdgomelebs kviprosis wmida eklesiebisas,

dae, hqondeT Tavisufleba iZulebis gareSe, wmida mamaTa kanonebisa

339

da Zveli Cueulebis Tanaxmad, TviTonve daadginon Tavisive

RvTismoSiSi episkoposebi.96

magram kreba ar Semoifargla kviprosis eklesiis sakiTxis

gadawyvetiT, aramed gamoitana saerTo kategoriuli gansazRvreba

yvela eklesiis avtokefaliis xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb: `romeli-ese

sxuaTaca gansagebelTa (e.i. olqTa) da yovliT kerZoTa samTavroTa

(e.i. mitropolia, eparqia) Sina dacvul iyavn ucvaleblad. vinaAca

numca vin RvTismoyuareTa episkoposTagani miitacebs sxuasa

samTavrosa, romeli pirveliTganve da zemoATgan (e.i. Tavidanve) ara

mis queSe da missa uwinaresTa saydris mpyrobelTa queSe

ganwesebul iyos (e.i. mis an mis win myofi episkoposis xel qveS ar

iyo), aramed ukueTu vinme miitaca da Kelmwifebasa TYssa queSe yo

iZulebiT, kualad ganaTavisuflenin igi~.

Semdeg kreba iZleva dasabuTebas Tavisi dadgenilebisa: `raATa

arca kanonsa mamaTasa gardaKden, arca saxesa Sina mRvdelobisasa

zuaobaA soflioAsa mTavrobis moyvareobisaA ipoos, arca

warvwymidoT TavisuflebaA mcired-mcired damviwyebelTa misTa,

romeli TYsiTa sisxliTa moguaniWa Cuen ufalman Cuenman iesu

qristeman, ganmanTavisuflebelman yovelTa kacTaman~.97

amis Semdeg kreba akeTebs saerTo daskvnas, uCvenebs praqtikul

zomas yvela eklesiis avtokefaliis uzrunvelyofisaTvis da

dasasrul, acxadebs arakanonierad yovelgvar dadgenilebas

momavalSi, romelic sawinaaRmdego iqneba am dadgenilebisa: `sTnda

wmida da msofliosa krebas, rom yvela samTavrom (eparqiam) wmidad

unda daicvas misadmi Tavidanve miniWebuli ufleba, ZvelTaganve

ganmtkicebuli Cveuleba. TiToeulma mitropolitma waiRos am

dadgenilebis asli. xolo Tu vinme am gansazReruli kanonis

sawinaaRmdego wess SemoiRebs, mas daumtkiceblad Tvlis wmida

msoflio kreba~.98

qalkedonis 451 wels Catarebuli IV msoflio kreba garkveuli

TvalsazrisiT (igulisxmeba eklesiebis avtokefaliis dacva)

gansxvavdeboda 431 wels Catarebuli efesos III msoflio krebisagan.

da es gansxvaveba TvalSi sacemi iyo. marTalia, 451 wlis krebas

raime sagangebo kanoni ar gamoucia da amiT ar SeuzRudavs

eklesiaTa avtokefalia, magram man uCvena magaliTi imiT, rom

konstantinopolis eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Seiyvana sami eklesia _

asiis, pontosa da Trakiis da amiT oficialurad scno am eklesiaTa

avtokefaliis gauqmeba.

asiis, pontosa da Trakiis eklesiebi uZvelesi avtokefaluri

eklesiebi iyvnen da isini didi xniT adre arsebobdnen

konstantinopolis eklesiis daarsebamde. cnobilia, rom II msoflio

340

krebam Tavis II kanonSi moixsenia sazRvrebi am avtokefaluri

eklesiebisa, IV msoflio krebam ki, rogorc aRvniSneT, am

eklesiaTa avtokefalia saerTod gaauqma.

Tu III msoflio kreba Tavis me-8 kanonSi miiCnevda, rom yoveli

mitropolia (eparqia, samTavro) `ZvelTaganve ganmtkicebuli

Cveulebis Tanaxmad~ avtokefaluri, srulebiT damoukidebeli

eklesia iyo, rac miiCneoda `Tavidanve miniWebul uflebad~, VI

msoflio krebam (681) Tavis 36-e kanoniT daadgina xuTi mTavari

avtokefaluri eklesiis rangi. es imas niSnavs, rom V-VII

saukuneebSi Seicvala Sexeduleba eklesiaTa avtokefaliis Sesaxeb.

safuZveli Caeyara Semdgom saukuneebSi gavrcelebul Teorias

`pentarqiis~ Sesaxeb, anu msoflios ganawilebis Sesaxeb xuT

avtokefalur eklesias Soris. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi

Teoria IV msoflio krebas ar Camouyalibebia da ar gamoucia raime

kanoni msoflios 5 eklesias Soris ganawilebis Sesaxeb. aseve 36-e

kanonSi VI msoflio krebam ubralod CamoTvala im dros rom-

bizantiis imperiaSi arsebuli 5 mTavari eklesia. niSnavda Tu ara

es imas, rom am krebam CamoTvlil 5 mTavar eklesias msoflio

gaunawila? ar niSnavda, radganac amave VI krebam Tavis 39-e kanonSi

daadastura kviprosis eklesiis avtokefalia. e.i. kreba Tvlida, rom

savaldebulo ar aris avtokefaluri eklesiebis ricxvi

ganisazRvros mxolod xuTi eklesiiT, aramed SeiZleba am ricxvis

gazrda.

am sakiTxze (msoflios 5 sapatriarqos Soris ganawilebis

Teoriaze) imitom SevCerdiT, rom Zveladac da amJamadac TeologTa

erTi nawili iyenebs am Teorias didi sapatriarqoebis

sasargeblod.

antioqia aRmosavleTSi upirvelesi eklesia iyo, romelic Tavis

gavlenas TiTqmis mTel aRmosavleTze avrcelebda. es faqti

srulebiT mouTmeneli iyo imperiis axali dedaqalaqis

konstantinopolis eklesiisaTvis. Tu antioqia udidesi eklesia iyo,

konstantinopolis episkoposi IV saukunisaTvis, SeiZleba iTqvas,

diocezis gareSe iyo.

konstantinopolis daarsebamde antioqia imperiis umTavresi

qalaqi iyo aRmosavleTSi, amitomac misi eklesia gaZlierda.

imis Semdeg, roca 330 wels umniSvnelo qalaqi bizantioni

imperiis axal dedaqalaqad gamocxadda da konstantinopoli ewoda,

`dRis wesrigSi dadga, `axali romis~ episkopossac Rirseuli

adgili daekavebina imperiis episkoposTa Soris. marTlac, 381 wels

konstantinopolSi gamarTulma II msoflio krebam, imperiis

aRmosavleTSi mdebare eklesiaTa Soris konstantinopolis

341

episkoposs pirveli adgili miakuTvna. Semdeg es daadastura

IVkrebis 28-e kanonma, iustinianes 131-e novelam da trulis krebis

36-e kanonma. II msoflio krebis me-3 kanoni, romis episkoposis

Semdeg, konstantinopolis episkoposs yvelaze maRla ayenebs, Tumca,

kanonma konstantinopolis episkoposis iurisdiqcias arc erTi

olqi ar dauqvemdebara.~99

romis episkoposis Semdeg aqamde aleqsandriisa da antioqiis

episkoposebs ayenebdnen, amitomac II krebis gansazRvreba —

`konstantinopolis episkoposs, dae, hqondes upiratesoba Rirsebisa

romis episkoposis Semdeg, radganac konstantinopoli axali romia~,

konstantinopols amaRlebda aleqsandriasTan SedarebiT da

mcirdeboda aqamde aRmosavleTSi pirvelobis mqone antioqiac —

`aq aqcenti aris ara romTan brZolaze, aramed aleqsandriasTan

SedarebiT amaRlebaze. magram amiT usityvod mcirdeboda agreTve

mTel aRmosavleTSi pirvelobis mqone antioqia.~100

miuxedavad amisa, `konstantinopolis episkoposi diocezis gareSe

rCeboda, mxolod 451 wels qalkedonis IV msoflio krebaze miiRo

konstantinopolis patriarqma anatolim (449-458) antioqiis patriarq

maqsimedan (451-455) aziis yvela olqi skutridan galatiamde~.101

a. kartaSevi, cnobili kanonisti, vfiqrob, mkacrad wers:

konstantinopolis episkoposs hqonda umciresi eparqia erTi

dedaqalaqis sazRvrebSi da formalurad damokidebuli iyo aseve

mcire herakliis mitropolitze... (maS, rogorRa SeeZlo

gaevrcelebina mas Tavisi iurisdiqcia qarTul eklesiaze? e.a.j)

konstantinopols ar gaaCnda araviTari saeklesio warsuli,

araviTari damsaxureba eklesiisa da marTlmadideblobis winaSe,

garda erTi gamaRizianebeli pretenziisa, yofiliyo daupatiJebeli

meTauri eklesiisa — saxelmwifo xelisuflebis iaraRi... TavianTi

episkoposebis sasamarTloTi ukmayofilo wvrili eri (samRvdeloni

da berebi) miedineboda imperiis dedaqalaq konstantinopolSi

(imperatorTan) da sadavo saqmes asaCivrebdnen mis karze, am qalaqis

(konstantinopolis) ierarqis SuamdgomlobiT... amitomac am ierarqis

mniSvneloba... avtomaturad amaRlda mTel eklesiaze, rogorc

eklesiis gasaxelmwifoebriobis Sedegi... konstantinopolis

episkoposs qalaqis garda ar hqonda Tavisi saeparqio teritoriac

ki... garkveuli xnis Semdeg konstantinopolma miierTa mTeli

diocezebi: Trakia (aRmosavleTis ilirikia), biTvinia, ponto, asia

mohyvnen misi dawolis orbitaSi da misces mas teritoria mTeli

sapatriarqosaTvis. aseTi uneburi avtomaturi dapyroba, aseTi

araeklesiuri `imperializmi~ konstantinopolis eklesiis

342

xelisuflebisa ar SeiZleboda dausjeli darCeniliyo mis mier

STanTqmulTa da ganawyenebulTa mxridan~.102

konstantinopolis eklesiis sazRvrebis gazrdam Seamcira

antioqiis eklesiis sazRvrebi. ierusalimis sapatriarqos

warmoqmnam V saukuneSi kidev ufro Seamcira antioqiis eklesiis

gavlenis sfero. V saukunemde ierusalimis episkoposi

ganixileboda qalaq kesaria-palestinis episkoposis xelqveiT.

`V saukunis damdegs, qristianTa TvalSi, ierusalimisa da wmida

miwis didi mniSvnelobis gamo, ierusalimis eklesia romis,

aleqsandriisa da antioqiis eklesiaTa msgavsad, mociqulTa

Tanaswor eklesiad iqna cnobili... magram samwysos gareSe da

mxolod 451 wels qalkedonis msoflio saeklesio krebaze maqsime

antioqielma ierusalimis episkopos iubenals (422-458) dauTmo

palestina.~103

451 wlis msoflio krebis 26 oqtombris sxdomaze gadaWril iqna

sakiTxi antioqiisa da ierusalimis sapatriarqoebs Soris

sazRvrisa... ierusalimis sazRvrebi gafarTovda antioqiis xarjze.

antioqias darCa e.w. ori finikia (libani da siria) da

ganusazRvreli arabeTi, xolo ierusalimma miiRo `sami palestina~

sami samitropolito centriT: kesaria (zRvasTan), skviTopolisi

(samxreTi palestina) da petra (iordaniis gaRma).

31 oqtombris sxdomaze ixileboda sakiTxi konstantinopolis

sapatriarqosi. `daadgines, dakanondes Seqmnili praqtika, roca

episkoposebi konstantinopolis mezobeli diocezebi Trakiisa

(evropul mxareSi), pontosa da asiisa (mcire aziaSi) TiTqmis ar

ganisjebodnen TavianTi mitropolitis mier, aramed umjobesad

miiCnevdnen, mieRoT imperatoris karis samarTali, xolo is

gadascemda dedaqalaqis arqiepiskoposis sasamarTlos.104 amrigad, am

sami diocezis prestiJi TiTqosda Caylapa mTlianad

konstantinopolma. e.i. dedaqalaqis episkoposi dasva konstantine

didma Zveli herakliis mitropoliis im teritoriaze, romelic

axal dedaqalaqs ekuTvnoda da romelsac axla ukve sami diocezi

miekuTvna ise, rom ar Sexebia antioqiis, ierusalimis da

aleqsandriis gavlenis sazRvrebs.105 amis winaaRmdeg arafris

gakeTeba ar SeiZleboda, radganac ukve iyo faqtiuri mdgomareoba,

me-9 da me-17 kanonebSi es asaxulia, xolo axalma mdgomareobam

asaxva hpova 28-kanonSi (pontos diocezSi Sediodnen ankirisa da

kapadokiis kesariis episkoposebi). 28-e kanoni uaryo papma da

arasodes ucvnia romis eklesias, amitomac imperiis aRmosavleTis

520-ma episkoposma werili gaugzavna paps, sadac sTxoven: `Cven

davamtkiceT Zveli Cveuleba, romlis ZaliTac konstantinopolis

343

episkoposi svamda mitropolitebs asiis, pontosa da Trakiis

diocezebSi, es gavakeTeT ara konstantinopolis kaTedris

privilegiisaTvis, aramed samitropolito qalaqebSi simSvidisaTvis.

Cven davamtkiceT II msoflio krebis kanoni, romelic garantias

aZlevs konstantinopols me-2 adgilisa, Tqveni samociqulo

kaTedris Semdeg~.106

`pontos did diocezSi, romelic gadaWimuli iyo bosforidan

evfratamde, ar iyo erTi saerTod aRiarebuli administraciuli

centri, erTni miiCnevdnen kesaria-kapadokias, meoreni _ ankiras,

mesameni uqvemdebarebdnen TavisTavs konstantinopols. amitomac,

mcire aziaSi gamoCndnen olqebi da qalaqebi, romelTac

TavianTTvis moxerxebulad da sasargeblod miiCnies, miemarTaT

pirdapir dedaqalaqisaTvis, aseTia biTinia, rogorc nawili pontos

diocezisa. biTiniaSi Semavali qalaqi qalkedoni iqca

konstantinopolis gareubnad. saerTod, mTeli mcire aziis

episkoposebi yovelTvis dedaqalaqSi iyvnen, mis arqiepiskoposTan,

kaTedrasTan, TaTbirobdnen mis mimdinare ambebze, aqve

gadmohqondaT TavianTi kamaTi da adgilobrivi saqmeebi. amitom man

asaxva hpova IV msoflio krebis me-9 da me-17 kanonebSi, romlis

Tanaxmadac, aRmosavleTSi TavianTi diocezebis (olqebis) krebebis

gadawyvetilebiT ukmayofiloTaTvis umaRlesi saapelacio

instancia iyo konstantinopolis saydari (kaTedra), magram es

exeboda aRmosavleTis mxolod im nawils, romelic ar Sedioda

sxvis sapatriarqoebSi. krebas ar ufiqria aseTi saapelacio ufleba

dedaqalaqisa sxva sapatriarqoebzedac gaevrcelebina arc

egvipteze, arc siriaze, arc ilirikiaze evropaSi~.107

papma zemoT moyvanil werilze upasuxa: a) konstantinopolis

aRzevebis motivi saeroa da ara eklesiuri, xom SeiZleba

dedaqalaqi sxvagan yofiliyo? magaliTad, samefo kari axla

ravenaSia, ravena gavuTanabroT roms? b) amiT dairRva kanonikuri

ufleba antioqiisa da aleqsandriisa, rogorc samociqulo

kaTedrebisa. g) dairRva mitropoliebis Rirseba nikeis krebis me-6

kanonis Tanaxmad. d) 381 wlis krebis me-3 kanonze miTiTeba

miuRebelia, radganac am krebas ar cnobs romi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom papisgan IV krebis dadgenilebis damtkiceba

(28-e kanonis gamo) ar miiRo, imperatorma markianem mainc daamtkica

qalkedonis krebis es dadgenileba. Semdeg is papmac daamtkica. 28-e

kanonze dadumda, TiTqosda arc arsebuliyo. aRmosavleTSi es

kanoni ZalaSi Sevida.108 konstantinopolma, marTalia, miiRo sami

eklesia 451 wels, magram es imas ar niSnavda, rom man moipova

msoflios sxva sapatriarqoebze zedgomis ufleba. kanonisti ioane

344

zonara (XII s-is II naxevari) qalkedonis me-17 kanonis ganmartebaSi

wers, rom konstantinopolis patriarqs ar SeeZlo siriis an

palestinis, finikiis an egviptis mitropolitTa saqme gaerCia maTi

survilis gareSe.109

`me-12 saukunis komentatori ioane zonara qalkedonis me-17

kanonis ganmartebisas uaryofs konstantinopolis sapatriarqos

msaxuris aleqsi aristines ganmartebas. TiTqosda am krebis me-9

kanoni aZlevs konstantinopolis patriarqs uflebas gaasamarTlos

yvela sxva sapatriarqoebis mitropolitebi.~110

TviT konstantinopolis eklesiis oficialuri kanonikuri

krebuli — piladioni, kerZod, wers. `konstantinopolis patriarqs

ara aqvs ufleba imoqmedos sxva sapatriarqoTa sazRvrebSi da

diocezebSi, arsebuli kanonebiT mas ara aqvs ufleba mTeli

msoflio eklesiis saboloo apelaciuri instanciisa...~111

cnobilia, rom vaxtang gorgasalma mTavarepiskoposi miqaeli,

romelmac mefes Seuracxyofa miayena, dasasjelad gagzavna

konstantinopolSi, imperiis dedaqalaqSi. vaxtangma uTxra miqaels

_ `migavlino Sen patriarqisa konstantinopoled da viTarca jer

iyos, gangikiTxos.~112 amitomac qalkedonis krebis me-9 kanonTan

dakavSirebiT SeiZleba daisvas aseTi kiTxva: _ xom ar daicva

vaxtang gorgasalma me-9 kanonis moTxovna, romelSic, kerZod,

naTqvamia: `Tu romelime sasuliero pirs samarTlebrivi saqme

hqondes sxva sasuliero pirTan, gverds nu auvlis Tavis episkoposs

da samoqalaqo samsjavros winaSe nu wardgeba... Tu samTavros

mitropolitTan episkoposs an sasuliero pirs hqondes

samarTlebrivi saqme, im mxaris egzarqoss (patriarqs), an

konstantinopolis sameufo saydars mimarTon da mis winaSe

ganisajon.~

rogor unda moqceuliyo gorgasali im situaciaSi, rodesac

saeklesio `samTavros~ meTaurma dawyevla igi da kbili Caumtvria?

Tu is fizikurad dasjida da gauswordeboda, amiT ukmayofilo

darCeboda qristiani mosaxleoba, romelic qveynis umravlesobas

Seadgenda. qristianTa momdureba sparseTTan saomari mdgomareobis

dros ar ivargebda. SeiZleba amitomac vaxtangma gaixsena

qalkedonis krebis is kanoni (me-9), romelic mouwodebda, rom

saeklesio piris samarTlebrivi saqme gaerCia ara samoqalaqo

samsjavros, aramed im mxaris egzarxoss (patriarqs), anda es

sasuliero piri gaegzavnaT konstantinopolSi, raTa iqaur

patriarqs ganesaja.

radganac mTavarepiskoposi miqaeli TviTon iyo saqarTvelos

eklesiis meTauri, amitomac misi gansja konstantinopolis saydars

345

miandes. vaxtang gorgasalma daicva moTxovna qalkedonis krebis me-

9 kanonisa da amiT moigo qristianTa guli.

marTalia, zonara savsebiT samarTlianad wers, rom

`konstantinopolis patriarqs ara aqvs xelisufleba imoqmedos sxva

sapatriarqoTa sazRvrebSi da diocezebSi~ da amitomac vaxtangi ar

iyo valdebuli miqaeli konstantinopolSi gaegzavna, magram

saqarTveloSi Seqmnili politikuri situacia (saWiro iyo

qristianTa darazmva sparselebTan sabrZolvelad, vaxtangi

apirebda sparselebTan brZolisaTvis mieca sarwmunoebrivi xasiaTi)

moiTxovda did sifrTxiles amgvar sakiTxebSi. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom vaxtangma Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyena qalkedonis krebis es

dadgenileba da garTulebis gareSe moiSora urCi mRvdelmTavari.

garda amisa, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, saqarTvelos uSualo

mosazRvrisa da mezoblis pontos (kesaria-kapadokiis) vrceli

diocezis umaRlesi samRvdeloeba Tavis problemebsa da sakiTxebs

am droisaTvis wyvetda ara Tavis eklesiaSi (diocezSi), aramed

konstantinopolSi. esec SeiZleboda vaxtangisTvis magaliTi da

impulsis mimcemi yofiliyo.

amitomac, vaxtangis moqmedebidan (miqaelis konstantinopolSi

gagzavnis gamo) ar SeiZleba iseTi daskvnis gamotana, TiTqosda im

droisaTvis konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda qarTuli

eklesia.

pontos, asiisa da Trakiis diocezebis (`gansagebelTa~)

episkoposebi qalkedonis krebis droisaTvis, TiTqmis mudam, Tavis

Cveulebriv da yoveldRiur sakiTxebsac ki konstantinopoleli

episkoposis karze wyvetdnen (es eklesiebi uSualod emijnebodnen

imperiis dedaqalaqs). amitomac, wmida msoflio krebam

mizanSewonilad miiCnia iuridiulad daekanonebina ukve arsebuli

faqti. samive eklesia oficialurad SeuerTda konstantinopolis

saydars da daarsda axali konstantinopolis sapatriarqo. amis

Sesaxeb 28-e kanoni wers: `pontos, asiis da Trakiis gansagebelTa

mitropolitebma da am mxareebSi myofma araberZnuli mosaxleobis

episkoposebmac xeldasxma miiRon konstantinopolis didi

eklesiisagan... mitropoliti zemoxsenebuli mxareebisa, rogorc

iTqva, xeldasxmuli unda iyos konstantinopolis arqiepiskoposis

mier, oRond Cveulebisamebr erTxmad unda iyos arCeuli winaswar

da Semdeg warudges xeldasxmisaTvis konstantinopolis

arqiepiskoposs.~113

rogorc zemomoyvanilidan (III da IV msoflio krebebis

gadawyvetilebebis Sedarebidan) Cans, V saukuneSi ar iyo

xelsayreli pirobebi avtokefaluri eklesiis SeqmnisTvis. am

346

saukunis dasawyisSi, marTalia, icaven da sagangebo kanonebs scemen

ukve arsebuli avtokefaluri eklesiebis Tavisuflebis

dacvisaTvis, magram V saukunis Sua wlebSi uqmdeba sami eklesiis

Tavisufleba, Zlierdeba da TiTqmis mTavrdeba procesi imperiis

ganawilebisa 5 did sapatriarqos Soris (es procesi VI saukunis

dasawyisSi damTavrda), amitomac, SeiZleba gamoiTqvas varaudi, rom

konstantinopoli, romelmac im periodSi miuerTa Tavis

iurisdiqcias saqarTvelos uSualo mosazRvre ponto-kesaria-

kapadokiis eklesia, qarTul eklesias mianiWebda ara avtokefalias,

aramed pontos msgavsad Tavis saydars miuerTebda qarTul

eklesias. da Tu im dros konstantinopolma qarTuli eklesia Tavis

iurisdiqciaSi ar Seiyvana, mxolod im mizezis gamo, rom mas es ar

SeeZlo (marTlac, rogor SeeZlo sparseTis saxelmwifos

sazRvrebSi moqceuli qarTuli eklesia bizantias Tavis

iurisdiqciaSi Seeyvana? es politikurad SeuZlebeli iyo).

antioqiis iurisdiqciaSi ki qalkedonis krebamde qarTuli

eklesia ar yofila (ix. qvemoT).

qarTuli eklesiis mdgomareobis axsnisaTvis V saukuneSi, albaT,

gamodgeba somxuri eklesia, romelic qarTuli eklesiis msgavsad,

sparseTis sazRvrebSi iyo moqceuli.

somxeTi da saqarTvelo V saukuneSi TiTqmis Tanabar

mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen _ orive sparsTa qveSevrdomi qveynebi

iyo. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi kidev arsebobda

erovnuli saxelmwifoebrioba, xolo somxeTSi sparselebma mefoba

428 wels gaauqmes. am mdgomareobis gamo sparseTi aqtiurad ereoda

saqarTvelosa da somxeTis saeklesio saqmeebSi. jer kidev somxeTSi

mefobis gauqmebamde, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, 420-iani wlebisTvis

somxeTis kaTalikosebs iranis Sahi niSnavda. igive iTqmis qarTuli

eklesiis Sesaxebac _ V saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli eklesiis

meTauri glonoqori (`moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ Tanaxmad) sparseli

xelisuflis mier qarTl-albaneTis erisTavadac iyo daniSnuli,

xolo mTavarepiskoposi mobidani (436-448) aSkarad gamoxatuli

prosparsuli orientaciis matarebeli iyo, mas `naTesaviT sparssac~

ki uwodebdnen. amitom SeuZlebelia da warmoudgenelic kia, 451

wlamde mainc (somxeTis cnobil ajanyebamde, romlis Semdegac

irani wavida daTmobaze da aRadgines sarwmunoebrivi Tavisufleba),

qarTul eklesias organizaciuli kavSiri hqonoda bizantiis

imperiis eklesiebTan da romelime bizantiuri eklesiis

iurisdiqciaSi yofiliyo. aseT kavSirs irani ar dauSvebda

(igulisxmeba organizaciuli da ara sarwmunoebrivi kavSiri). es

imas ar niSnavs, rom CvenSi im dros ar iyo proberZnuli saeklesio

347

frTa, iseve rogorc prosparsuli orientaciisa.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom qarTveli mefeebi aRniSnul dros

rogorc bizantiis, ise sparseTis mimarT mtrulad iyvnen

ganwyobilni. magaliTad, mefe farsmani, romelmac irans xarki

Seuwyvita da bizantias ebrZoda. aseve mefe mirdati, romelic

iransac ebrZoda da bizantiasac. iranelebi yovelTvis amarcxebdnen

maT winaaRmdeg ganwyobil qarTvel mefeebs da qarTls kvlav

imorCilebdnen. swored am dros isini qarTul eklesiaSic sakuTar

wesrigs amyarebdnen. rogorc aRiniSna, glonoqors, qarTuli

eklesiis meTaurs, sparselebma qarTl-hereTis erisTavis funqciac

mianiWes. e.i. qarTuli eklesiis meTaurs mianiWes is funqcia,

romelic qarTvelTa mefes ekuTvnoda. eklesia da samefo

xelisufleba erTmaneTs daupirispires. V saukunis reformamdeli

ierarqebi _ glonoqori, mobidani da miqaeli (452-467) — qarTvelTa

mefis winaaRmdeg arian ganwyobilni da ibrZvian kidec yoveli

saSualebiT mefis winaaRmdeg (mag. miqaeli). arc is aris

dasaviwyebeli, rom sparseTi qarTlis erisTavebs aqezebda

qarTvelTa mefis winaaRmdeg. erisTavebi mefes ebrZodnen, maT

surdaT sakargavi Tanamdeboba da mamuli memkvidreobiT

daemtkicebinaT, rasac marTlac miaRwies VI saukunis dasawyisSi,

mefobis gauqmebis Semdeg.

`erisTavi~ glonoqoric, rogorc sparsTagan daniSnuli,

qarTveli erisTavebis gverdiT unda mdgariyo mefis

xelisuflebasTan brZolisas.

somexi episkoposi g. sarqisiani Tavis wignSi, romelic Seexeba V

saukuneSi somxuri eklesiis mdgomareobas, gadmoscems: `rac Seexeba

qveynis saSinao mdgomareobas, arc aq iyo simSvide, mefesa da

msxvil naxararebs Soris politikuri brZola warmoebda.

naxararebi qveynis decentralizaciisaTvis ibrZodnen. sparselebi im

mTavrebs emxrobodnen, romelnic qveynis centralizaciis

winaaRmdegni iyvnen da somxuri eklesiis im liderebs emyarebodnen,

romelnic siriul tradicias uWerdnen mxars... (387-90w.) somxeTis

gayofis Semdeg sparselebi yovelmxriv xels uwyobdnen somxeTSi

siriuli kulturis gavrcelebas... berZnuli ena da kultura

somxeTSi sastikad iyo akrZaluli... sparselni siriul

qristianobas mfarvelobdnen bizantielTa sapirispirod.~114

arseni safareli kargad aRwers somxuri eklesiisa da

sparselebis urTierTobas V saukuneSi — `sparseTma somxeTi

daipyro... maSin gamoZebnes Rone somxebma, SeuTanxmdnen sparseTs,

rom misi moxarke gaxdebodnen. daarwmunes sparsTa mefe didi ficiT

da TavisdebiT, rom kavSirs gawyvetdnen berZnebTan da

348

SeuerTdebodnen maT. Zlier gaixara sparsTa mefem da somxebs

somxeTi daubruna saCuqrebTan erTad. ramdenime xans somxebi

mSvidobiT cxovrobdnen marTali sarwmunoebiT anu berZnuli

rjuliT~.115

uTuod arseni safareli aq gulisxmobs somxeTis kaTalikos

sahakis (397-448) dros. sahaki 51 weli kaTalikosobda, mis dros

eklesiasa da erSi simSvide iyo. es iyo somxeTis `oqros saukune~.

arseni safarelis mixedviT, am dros somxebs berZnebTan kavSiri

gawyvetili aqvT, magram maT, amave dros, aqvT `berZnuli rjuli~.

e.i. somxeTsa da mis eklesias bizantiasTan gawyvetili aqvs

politikur-ierarqiuli kavSiri, magram sarwmunoebrivi erToba ki

daculi aqvs.

`nestorianebma didZali oqrosa da qrTamis micemiT sTxoves

sparsTa mefes, raTa maTTvis mieca neba somxeTi moeqciaT

nestorianul rjulze. gandrikes mefis guli da daarwmunes imaSi,

rom `raJams ipovnian somxebi saberZneTTan erTobis saSualebas, ar

moeridebian Sendami mocemul ficsa da siyvarulze Tavisdebas.

berZnebi da somxebi SeerTebuli ZaliT usiamovnebas mogayeneben,

amitomac Seucvale somxebs rjuli, amiT berZnebsa da somxebs

Soris saukuno siyvaruls mospobo~. amis Semdeg peroz sparsTa

mefem (457-484) aiZula somxebi mieRoT nestorianoba, magram somxebma

uaryves mefis es ganzraxva, ganucxades mefis mociquls _ Cven Cveni

sarwmunoeba gvirCevnia ara marto Cvens qveyanas, aramed Cven Tavsa

da Svilebso~.116 – Tu rogori Sinagani winaaRmdegoba iyo am

`mSvidobian~ drosac ki, kargad Cans somexi kaTalikosebis

magaliTze. iranis Sahma gaafrTxila kidec sahaki, rom misi

probizantiuri saeklesio politika somexi eris ganadgurebis

mizezi gaxdeboda.

`sahaks orgzis mouwia qtesifonis samefo karze mosvla

proberZnul orientaciaSi dadanaSaulebis gamo da orivejer Tavi

gaimarTla. miuxedavad imisa, rom sahaki garegnulad iranofili

iyo, rac udavod arsebuli politikuri viTarebiT iyo

Sepirobebuli, sinamdvileSi sahaki elinofili iyo. elinofilobac

iseve, rogorc iranofiloba, mas somxeTis interesebisaTvis

esaWiroeboda.~117

423 wels somxeTis iranofilurma dasma gadawyvita daemxo da

taxtidan Camoegdo mefe, romelic elinofilad miiCneoda (mas mxars

uWerda sahaki). iranofilma naxararebma Sahs mimarTes. Sahis

brZanebiT daemxo sahakic da somexTa mefe artaSesic.

sahakis Semdeg kaTalikosad iyo siriuli (anu prosparsuli)

orientaciis sarmaki. is antioqiuri (anu siriuli) eklesiis

349

orientaciisa iyo, rac imas niSnavda, rom konstantinopolis

tradicias mxars ar uWerda. misi momdevno ori kaTalikosis dros

bizantiasTan, e.i. konstantinopolTan saeklesio kavSiri gawyda. maT

Semdeg kaTalikosad, Sahis TanxmobiTa da naxararTa surviliT,

meored dajda sahaki. rogorc aRvniSneT, `Sahma mkacrad

gaafrTxila kaTalikosi, rom misi probizantiuri saeklesio

politika somexTa ganadgurebis mizezi gaxdeboda.~ somxeTSi `kvlav

ganaxlda ori qristianuli tradiciis brZola~118 (e.i.

konstantinopoluri da siriuli (antioqiuri) saeklesio

tradiciebisa). pirveli probizantiur, xolo meore prosparsul

orientaciad miiCneoda. `sahakis brZnuli politikis wyalobiT

siriulma tradiciam marcxi ganicada~.119 proiranuli orientaciis

dasi siriis eklesiis gavlenis qveS imyofeboda.

msgavsad somxuri eklesiisa, qarTul eklesiasac im dros

prosparsuli orientaciis mTavarepiskoposebi marTavdnen _

glonoqori da mobidani. sahakis Semdeg kaTalikosi iosebi (hosef)

bizantiuri orientaciisa iyo. msgavsadve am iosebis dros, qarTuli

eklesiis meTauri gaxda bizantiuri orientaciisave

mTavarepiskoposi miqaeli (452-467).

aqedan is daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT, rom saqarTveloSi, iseve,

rogorc somxeTSi ori saeklesio tradicia _ proiranuli da

probizantiuri erTmaneTs ebrZvian. xelisuflebas xan erTi

eufleba da xan meore...

iosebis probizantiuri politikis gamo `somxeTis saeklesio

urTierTobis gaRrmaveba bizantiasTan iranisaTvis saSiSi xdeboda,

somexTa Seviwroeba ukve 452 wlidan daiwyo.~120 mSvidoba mxolod 483

wlidan damyarda, rodesac somexTa marzpanad vahan mamikoniani

ganaCines. swored misi mmarTvelobis dros (485-505) somxeTis

eklesiaSi Seudgnen qalkedonis krebis gadawyvetilebebis

ganxilvas~.121

iosebis Semdeg TiTqmis yvela kaTalikosi siriul (prosparsul)

saeklesio politikas atarebda. xolo vahan mamikonianis Semdeg,

arseni safarelis Tanaxmad, sparsTa saxelmwifom da somxurma

eklesiam kavSiric ki Sehkres.

iosebis Semdegi kaTalikosi somxuri eklesiisa melite

manazkerteli (454-456) `siriuli eklesiis warmomadgeneli da misi

orientaciis gamtarebeli iyo~,122 kaTalikosi movses manazkerteli

(456-461) `prosparsuli saeklesio politikis gamtareblad

gamodioda~123 `...siriuli eklesiis momxre adamianis somexTa

sakaTalikoso saydarze dasma iranis xelisuflebis meoxebiT unda

momxdariyo~;124 kaTalikosi giuti — berZnuli eklesiis mimdevari

350

iyo, xolo kaTalikosi mandakuni mis sapirispiro politikas icavda:

`mandakuni giutis Semdgom iyo kaTalikosi da, bunebrivia,

cdilobda, ar daeSva misi Secdomebi. im dros, roca somxeTSi

SedarebiT mSvidoba sufevda, mandakuni ar aZlevda sababs

iranelebs somxeTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad~.125

aRmosavleTis qristianul eklesiaSi (rogorc siria-palestinaSi,

aseve somxeTSi) ori saeklesio tradicia _ konstantinopolisa da

siria-antioqiisa ebrZoda erTmaneTs. unda vifiqroT, rom aseve iyo

saqarTveloSic.

antioqia siriaSi mdebareobda. konstantinopolis daarsebamde is

iyo imperiis politikuri, kulturuli da religiuri centri. iq iyo

imperiis mTeli aRmosavleTis samoqalaqo da samxedro

mmarTveloba. is qristianobis upirvelesi centri iyo romTan da

aleqsandriasTan erTad. romi Tu dasavleTis qristianul centrad

iTvleboda, aleqsandria egviptis (afrikis), antioqia aRmosavleTis

eklesiebis centrad miiCneoda. es imas ar niSnavs, rom ierarqiulad

aRmosavleTis yvela eklesia antioqias emorCileboda, aq ufro

igulisxmeba sarwmunoebriv-eklesiuri kavSiri. marTalia, IX

saukuneSi basili sofoneli werda, rom `antioqiis sapatriarqo

saydari iberiamde da abasgiamde, armeniamde da Sida udabnoebamde,

xorasansa, sparselebamde da midielebamde vrceldebodao,126 magram

IX saukunis avtori sworad ar asaxavs im viTarebas, romelic

arsebobda IV-V saukuneebSi, radganac pontosa da Trakiis

diocezebi, qalkedonis 451 wlis krebamdec ar emorCilebodnen

antioqias, aramed avtokefalurni iyvnen da konstantinopolTan

hqondaT kavSiri, xolo am krebam es diocezebi saerTod miuerTa

konstantinopolis saydars.

basili sofonelis cnobidan Cans, rom saqarTvelos eklesiebi

(iberiamde, anu qarTlis sakaTalikosomde da abasgiamde, anu

afxazeTis sakaTalikosomde) mis dros da masze adre ar Sediodnen

antioqiaSi. misi cnobidanve Cans, rom antioqias ar eqvemdebarebian

arc somxeTi da arc sparseli qristianebi.

am cnobiT, pontosa da asiis mrevli antioqias eqvemdebareboda,

magram qalkedonis krebis Semdeg daiwyo antioqiis episkoposTa

mrevlis Semcireba. saerTod, rac ufro Zlierdeboda

konstantinopolis sapatriarqo, miT ufro mcirdeboda antioqiis

mniSvneloba. konstantinopolma antioqias CamoaSora politikur-

administraciuli mniSvneloba. konstantinopolis daarsebis Semdeg

antioqiam dakarga mniSvneloba, rogorc aRmosavleTis umTavresma

saeklesio centrma. magram antioqia ar urigdeboda

konstantinopolis aRzevebasa da Tavis damcrobas, amitomac

351

ibrZoda kidec amis winaaRmdeg, rac Tavis gamoxatvas hpovebda

saeklesio cxovrebaSic.

jer kidev qalkedonis krebamde arsebuli antioqiis

saRvTismetyvelo skola upirispirdeboda imperiis sxva

saRvTismetyvelo skolebs (mag. aleqsandriisas).

nestori, romelic konstantinopolis patriarqi gaxda 428 wels,

antioqiis skolis warmomadgeneli iyo, ise, rogorc misi

maswavlebeli Teodore mofsuesteli. antioqiis skolis

warmomadgeneli iyo barsuma _ nestorianobis damcveli. `449 wels

e. w. `yaCaRur~ monofizitur krebaze igi icavda nestorianobas.

roca bizantiis imperiaSi nestorianobis damarcxebis Semdeg

nestorianuli eklesiis centrma sparseTSi gadainacvla, barsuma

sparseTis mefeTa agenti gaxda. perozis mefobis dros (459-484)

barsumam SeZlo misi mowinaaRmdege sparseTis qristianuli

eklesiis kaTalikos babovais damxoba da nestorianobis

gamocxadeba sparseTis eklesiis oficialur sarwmunoebad, rac

miRebul iqna beT-lapatis sparseTis eklesiis krebaze (484 w.).

krebas Tavad barsuma winamZRvrobda. barsumas mier daarsebuli

nizibinis Teologiuri skola, iseve, rogorc mTeli sparsuli

nestorianuli eklesia, faqtiurad antibizantiurad ganwyobil

emigrantTa organizaciad gadaiqca~.127

antioqiuri skolis centrma sparseTSi (q. nizibinSi) gadainacvla

(q. edesidan).

V saukuneSi antiantioqiuri centri iyo konstantinopoli.128

aRmosavleTis qristianebi or banakad iyvnen dayofili, sxvebTan

erTad arsebobdnen antioqiuri (siriuli) orientaciis qristianebi

da konstantinopoluri (bizantiur-berZnuli) orientaciis

qristianebi.

siriasTan (antioqia) kavSiri iranofilobas niSnavda, radganac

siriul eklesias mxars irani uWerda, xolo konstantinopolTan

kavSiri elinofilobas, radganac mas mxars bizantiis imperatori

uWerda.

qalkedonis krebamdec ase iyo da mis Semdegac.

malxasiancis SexedulebiT, siriuli tradiciis momxreT

antiqalkedonuri pozicia ekavaT, xolo berZnuli eklesiis

mimdevrebs _ qalkedonuri.129

antioqiuri skola Sedgeboda rogorc berZnebisagan, aseve

sirielebisgan, magram saerTod proiranuli da

antikonstantinopoluri iyo.

`III-IV saukuneebSi sirieli misionerebi udides rols

asrulebdnen somxuri eklesiis istoriaSi, somex swavlulTa did

352

nawils qristianuli ganaTleba q. edesaSi hqonda miRebuli,

romelic antioqiis skolas ekuTvnoda~.130 antioqiur skolasa da

somxur Teologebs urTierToba hqondaT. marTalia, amis Sesaxeb

wyaroebi arafers amboben 431 wlis efesos krebamde, magram g.

sarqisiani amtkicebs, rom nestoris antioqiel maswavlebels

Teodore mofsuetels, maStocisaTvis miuweria sami epistole

zoroastrizmis winaaRmdeg.131

sayuradReboa inokenti maronies cnoba, romlis Tanaxmad, mas

Semdeg, rac nestoris moZRvreba aikrZala, misma mimdevrebma xeli

mohkides nestoris maswavleblis Teodores Sromebis siriul,

sparsul da somxur enebze Targmnas. inokentis am cnobidan Cans,

rom somxeTSi yofilan Teodores moZRvrebis mimdevrebi, romelnic

mis Txzulebebs Targmnidnen da avrcelebdnen. Tumca, am moZraobis

centri antioqiis skola unda yofiliyo.~132

`savaraudoa, rom Teodores somxeTSi mxars uWerda proiranuli

orientaciis dasi, romelic siriis eklesiis gavlenis qveS

imyofeboda...~133

somxeTSi nestorianobis gavrcelebis mcdelobis Sesaxeb arseni

safarelic miuTiTebda.

antioqiasTan kavSiris Sesaxeb SeiZleba daisvas aseTi kiTxva,

ratom miuTiTeben dabejiTebiT qarTuli wyaroebi qarTuli

eklesiis antioqiasTan kavSiris Sesaxeb? romel saeklesio dasTan

hqonda qarTul eklesias antioqiaSi kavSiri,

antikonstantinopolur saeklesio mimdinareobasTan, romelic

umravlesobas warmoadgenda, Tu e.w. `melqitebTan~, romlebic

konstantinopols uWerdnen mxars?

qarTveli istorikosebi balsamonis cnobaze dayrdnobiT

fiqroben, rom qarTulma eklesiam avtokefalia miiRo antioqiis

patriarq petres dros. petre mkawvrali (knafeusi) meTaurobda

antiqalkedonur opozicias. is iyo monofizitobisTvis

Tavdadebuli mebrZoli. samjer avida antioqiis sapatriarqo taxtze

da samjerve Camoagdes. imperatorma leon I-ma (457-474) gagzavna

gadasaxlebaSi, gzidan gaipara, Cavida konstantinopolSi da

gamarTlda, magram gagzavnes `akumitebTan~ (monasterSi), 474 wels

imperator leon I-is sikvdilis Semdeg, zenonma is ar

gaaTavisufla, magram roca vasiliskma (475-476) gandevna zenoni,

petre mkawvrali 475 wels xelaxla avida antioqiis kaTedraze,

meore wels zenonma Camoagdo taxtidan vasiliski da petre

gadaasaxla. axali patriarqi antioqiisa, stefane, monofizitebma

mokles wirvisas. kaTedra erTxans vakanturi iyo.

353

konstantinopolis imperatori zenoni (474-491) da patriarqi akaki

qalkedonizmis droSiT ibrZodnen da xedavdnen monofizitebis

reaqcias egvipteSi, siriasa da palestinaSi. amitomac saWirod

miiCnies religiuri daTmoba _ gamosces `henotikoni~. petre

mkawvrali daabrunes gadasaxlebidan da igi meoTxed gaxda

patriarqi. man miiRo `henotikoni~. manve SemoiRo monofizituri

formula samwmidaobis galobaSi `jvarcmulo jvarze~.

konstantinopolis patriarqi akaki Tavis Tavs Tvlida mTeli

imperiis eklesiis meTaurad mas Semdeg, rac miiRo ufleba pontos,

Trakiisa da asiis eklesiebze. ereoda iliriisa (evropaSi) da

antioqiis saqmeebSic ki. antioqiisa da aleqsandriis patriarqebi

misi nebiT iniSnebodnen.134

aseT viTarebaSi, roca konstantinopolis patriarqs Tavisi Tavi

miaCnda mTeli msoflio eklesiis meTaurad, roca is cdilobda

antioqiis sapatriarqos ara gazrdas, aramed misi gavlenis

sferoebis Semcirebas da ereoda antioqiis saqmeebSi, gaugebari

xdeba vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebaSi daculi cnoba, romlis

Tanaxmadac, qarTuli eklesiis momavali meTaurebi

konstantinopolis patriarqma sakurTxeblad gaugzavna antioqiis

patriarqs, Tumca aqedan im varaudis gamotanac SeiZleba, rom aseT

viTarebaSi konstantinopolels SeeZlo kidec daevalebina

antioqielisaTvis am saqmis Sesruleba.

vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebaSi daculia werili, romelic

TiTqosda konstantinopolis patriarqma gaugzavna anitioqiis

patriarqs. am werilis Tanaxmad, konstantinopoli `aRmosavleTsa~

da `CrdiloeTs~ miiCnevs antioqiis sapatriarqoSi Semaval

teritoriebad.

magram aRmosavleTSi konstantinopoli iurisdiqcias

axorcielebda mcire aziaze (pontosa da asiis miwebze), aseve

CrdiloeTis miwebi (igulisxmeba momavali ruseTisa da slavebis

eklesiebis teritoriebi) Sedioda da Sevida kidec ara antioqiis,

aramed konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi, amitomac es werili

sinamdviles ar asaxavs. CrdiloeTis mTeli teritoriebi

konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda TiTqmis XVI-XVII

saukuneebamde. `miuweres antioqiisa patriaqsa mefeman da patriaqman

kostantinepolelman esreT, viTarmed: `qarTli da aRmosavleTi da

Crdilo magis wmidisa saydrisani arian, viTarca ganaweses

mociqulTa saxarebasa Sina, romel ars uwinaresoba.~135

unda aRiniSnos, rom mociqulebs msoflio eklesia ar gauyviaT

did eklesiaTa Soris, piriqiT, isini yoveli saeklesio Temis

avtokefalias icavdnen136 amitomac qarTlis cxovrebaSi

354

moTavsebuli es werili asaxavs ara realur viTarebas, aramed

gamarTlebaa im mdgomareobisa, romelSic, albaT, eklesia

imyofeboda am `CanarTi~ werilis Sedgenis dros.

sxvaTa Soris, amave werilidan Cans isic, rom qarTuli eklesia

wina epoqaSi ar Sedioda antioqiis iurisdiqciaSi, rasac uZebnian

gamarTlebas da weren, rom `rameTu Soris sparsTa da berZenTa

SfoTi iyo da miT ver moawies saqme ese jerisaebr sjulisa~.137

TiTqosda `sjuli~ moiTxovda, rom qarTli, CrdiloeTi da

aRmosavleTi antioqias damorCileboda.

v. goilaZe msjelobs, rom qarTlis pirveli kaTalikosi petre

vaxtang gorgasalma gaicno bizantiis imperiis winaaRmdeg spars-

qarTvelTa laSqrobisas 453-456 wels. am dros petre mRvdeli iyo

kapadokia-qalkedonSi. male vaxtangi sparselebTan erTad

aRmosavleTSi salaSqrod wavida. 468 wels iranidan momavalma

vaxtangma `...waravlina mociquli warmoyvanebad colisa misisa da

petresTYs kaTalikosisa da samoel episkoposisa~, Tan imperators

sTxova qarTlis kaTalikosad petre daemtkicebinaT. Tavis mxriv,

imperatorma petre da samoeli antioqiis patriarqTan gagzavna

kurTxevis misaRebad, `rameTu... qarTli da aRmosavleTi da Crdilo

magis wmidisa saydrisani arian, viTarca ganaweses mociqulTa~.138

roca qarTlSi gamosagzavni sasuliero pirebi antioqiaSi Cavidnen,

qarTli diofizituri qveyana iyo.139 petre-samoelisa da danarCeni 12

sasuliero piris kurTxeva da qarTuli eklesiisTvis

damoukideblobis micema antioqiis patriarqs ubrZana imperatorma,

magram am dros antioqiaSi mimdinareobda saeklesio omi

diofizitTa da monofizitTa Soris. V saukunis 70-iani wlebisTvis

siriis dedaqalaq antioqiaSi monofizitebma TandaTan upiratesoba

moipoves. maT meTaurobda petre mkawvrali (fuloni), romelic 470-

71 wels antioqiis patriarqi gaxda. imperatori leon I (457-474)

qalkedonis rwmenis damkvidrebisaTvis ibrZoda. igi emuqreboda

petre fulons, Tu ar Seicvlida Sexedulebas, ZaliT

daatovebinebda kaTedras da gadaasaxlebda. aseT dros petres ar

SeeZlo ar Seesrulebina imperatoris brZaneba qarTveli

kaTalikosis kurTxevis Sesaxeb. imperatoris muqaris gamo petre

fuloni gaiqca. Semdeg v. goilaZe gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom

qarTveli qalkedoniti samRvdeloeba, momavali kaTalikosi da

episkoposebi ar ekurTxebodnen monofiziti petres xeliT, aramed

ekurTxebodnen misi xeliT im dros, roca petre fulonma miiRo

`henotikoni~. antioqiis mosaxleoba saerTod monofizitobas

emxroboda, amitom imperatori da konstantinopolis patriarqi

akaki (472-489) iZulebulni gaxdnen monofizitebTan Semrigebluri

355

pozicia daekavebinaT. 482 wels monofizitebs `henotikoni~

(`erTobis formula~) SesTavazes. monofizitebma, maT Soris petre

fulonmac, miiRo es henotikoni, romelic ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo

siriis, egviptis, libiisa da sxva eklesiebisadmi.

antioqiis kaTedra imperator zenonis nebarTviT petre fulonma

daibruna da v. goilaZis azriT, amis Semdeg petre fulonma

akurTxa petre kaTalikosi da qarTul eklesias mianiWa

avtokefalia _ `qarTlis moqcevidan 170 wlis Tavze, rogorc amas

qarTuli wyaroebi amtkiceben _ 487-488 wels es saqme (qarTuli

eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis miniWeba) antioqiis adgilobrivma

saeklesio krebam petre fulonis TavmjdomareobiT dadebiTad

gadawyvita~.140

rogorc v. goilaZis zemoT moyvanili msjelobidan Cans, qarTuli

eklesia da is berZeni samRvdeloeba, romelnic saqarTveloSi

samoRvaweod antioqiaSi unda kurTxeuliyvnen, aRniSnul dros

mtkice diofiziti qalkedonitebi iyvnen da amitomac patriarqis

xeldasxmas ar miiRebdneno. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, qarTuli

eklesia aRniSnul dros, V saukunis meore naxevarSi, marTlac

qalkedonituri qveyana iyo, TviT konstantinopolic ki im dros

Zalze xSirad monofizituri gavlenis qveS iyo. zogierTi

imperatoric ki uaryofda qalkedonis krebas. imperatorma

vasiliskma uaryo qalkedonis kreba. imperiis aRmosavleTic

monofizitebis xelSi iyo. aleqsandriaSi, siriasa da palestinaSi

saerTod xalxi monofizitobis mxareze iyo da qalkedonitebs

devnidnen. TviT imperiis dedaqalaq konstantinopolSi

monofizitebis gavlena izrdeboda. 488 wlisTvis gamoCnda

monofizitTa Soris saxelganTqmuli monazoni (beri) severiusi,

romelic maiumSi, Razis maxloblad, aRikveca, sadac erTgulebdnen

petre iberis tradiciebs. man henotikoni miiRo, maiumis berebi

henotikons uWerdnen mxars.141

512 wels konstantinopolSi, TviT wmida sofias taZarSi Seitanes

monofizituri galoba samwmidaobisa _ `romelic CvenTvis jvars

ecvi~.142 qalaqSi daiwyo brZolebi morwmune qalkedonitTa da

monofizitTa Soris. 513 wels qalaqSi Sevida dunais jarebi 60000

jariskaciT wesrigis dasamyareblad (moiTxovdnen monofizitTa

liderebis gandevnas). 518 wels gardaicvala imperatori anastasi.

senatma daasaxela iustine I. iustine imperatorma monofizituri

galoba akrZala. mowveul iqna kreba, konstantinopoli kvlav

SeuerTda roms. imperator iustiniane didis (527-565) zeobis pirvel

wlebSi dedaqalaqSi gaizarda monofizituri midrekileba.

miwisZvris Semdeg xalxi sajarod yviroda `avgustus, dawvi

356

qalkedonis krebis tomosi~, imperatorma garkveulwilad dauTmo

monofizitebs. iustinianes surda erTiani msoflio qristianuli

imperiis Seqmna. misi meuRlis, Teodoras gardacvalebis Semdeg,

romelic monofizitebs mfarvelobda, iustiniane swor gzas

daadga.143

rogorc zemomoyvanilidan Cans, TviT imperiis dedaqalaqic ki

mtkice qalkedonitur gezs ar icavda da zogjer TviT dedaqalaqis

quCebSic ki monofizitebi da diofizitebi erTmaneTs ebrZodnen.

mTavar taZarSi monofizituri galoba iyo dakanonebuli. aseT

situaciaSi Znelia mtkiceba imisa, rom monofizitebi saerTod ar

arsebobdnen saqarTveloSi. qarTuli wyaroebi Zalze kargad weren

amis Sesaxeb, xazs usvamen, rom qarTul eklesiaSi iyo iseTive

sarwmunoebrivi mimarTuleba, rogoric iyo `saberZneTSi~. es ise

unda gavigoT, rom roca `saberZneTis~ eklesia mtkiced icavda

qalkedonitobas, qarTuli eklesiac am dros mtkiced icavda

qalkedonitobas, da piriqiT. am wyarodan gamomdinare, Tu

`saberZneTSi~ monofizitebi da diofizitebi V saukunis II naxevarsa

da VI saukunis dasawyisSi erTad arian da Tanaarseboben, qarTul

eklesiaSic msgavsi viTarebaa, saqarTveloSic arseboben rogorc

qalkedonituri, ise monofizituri mimarTulebani. Tumca, SeiZleba

saqarTveloSi aseT erTmaneTTan daundobel brZolas adgili ar

hqonoda, piriqiT, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom qalkedonitebi da

monofizitebi erTiani ZaliT ebrZodnen saqarTveloSi arsebul

warmarTobasa da cecxlTayvanismcemlobas.

rogorc iTqva, somxur eklesiaSi arsebobda siriuli (anu

prosparsuli) da konstantinopoluri (proberZnuli) mimarTuleba.

male erTi frTa miemxro monofizitebs, xolo meore qalkedonitebs.

cnobilia, rom somxeTSi siriul-monofiziturma mimarTulebam

gaimarjva, xolo saqarTveloSi piriqiT, berZnul-qalkedoniturma.

Tu rogori rwmena da qristologia hqondaT qarTvelebs

aRniSnul periodSi, amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs VI saukunis dasawyisSi

sparseli qristianebisadmi somxeTidan gagzavnili ori epistole.144

CvenSi miiCneoda, rom 506 wlis kreba iyo monofizituri, romelmac

uaryo qalkedonitoba — `dvinis 506 wlis krebasTan dakavSirebiT

dRes Cvens istoriografiaSi Camoyalibebulia sami ZiriTadi

debuleba: 1. 506 wlis krebaze qarTli oficialurad miemxro

monofizitobas da ase darCa VII s-is damdegs qarTvelebsa da

somxebs Soris momxdar saeklesio ganxeTqilebamde. 2. dvinis

saeklesio krebam, SesaZloa, daadastura kavkasiis eklesiebis

organizaciuli centris Camoyalibeba dvinis sakaTalikosos

357

primatobiT. 3. aRniSnuli ideologiur-organizaciuli cvlilebebi

iranis saxelmwifos gavleniT moxda~.145

z. aleqsiZe aRniSnul epistoleTa, sxva masalebisa da wyaroebis

gamowvlilviTi analizis Semdeg daaskvnis: `kavkasiis eklesiebma

Tavisi damokidebuleba msoflio eklesiaSi mimdinare dogmaturi

kamaTisadmi pirvelad dvinis 506 wlis saerTo krebaze gamoTqves,

rogorc Cans, krebam miiRo zenonis `henotikoni~ da mxari dauWira

bizantiis keisarTa diofizitebisa da monofizitTa Serigebis

politikas, amis Semdeg, VI s-is Sua xanebamde qarTuli da somxuri

wyaroebi garkveuls arafers amboben maTi eklesiebis mrwamsis

Sesaxeb. wyaroebis aseTi siCume iribad unda mowmobdes, rom

kavkasiis eklesiebis poziciaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ar

momxdara, an kidev rac ufro savaraudoa, momxdari cvlileba

sagangebo saeklesio krebas ar gauformebia.~146

maSasadame, sinamdvileSi saqme SeiZleba ase iyos: 506 wlis krebam

miiRo henotikoni da antinestorianuli gadawyvetileba. sparseli

nestorianebi im droisaTvis acxadeben, rom maTac igive sarwmunoeba

aqvT, rac somxebs, qarTvelebs da berZnebso (`...ra mrwamss

aRiarebdnen qarTvelebi, somxebi da albanelebi: sparseTSi

nestorianebs xma gaevrcelebinaT, rom esenic nestoris mimdevrebi

ariano~, `nestorianebi samefo xelisuflebas arwmunebdnen, rom

mezobel qveynebSic igive sarwmunoebis aRsarebaa gavrcelebuli,

rasac isini qadageben~).147 sparsel nestorianTa aseT Tvalsazriss

sastikad uaryofs babgen somexTa kaTalikosi. ismis kiTxva, ratom

miiCnevdnen nestorianebi berZnebs, somxebs, qarTvelebsa da

albanelebs Tanamorwmuneebad? nestorianTa azriT, qalkedonis

kreba iyo nestorianTa kreba. SecdomiT nestorianebi qalkedonis

krebis gadawyvetilebebs nestorianebisadmi daTmobad Tvlidnen,

radganac qalkedonis kreba qristeSi or bunebas aRiarebda

(Seurevnelad da ganuyofelad), aseve nestorianebic ieso qristeSi

or bunebas aRiarebdnen (erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad, maTi

azriT, mama RmerTis logosi kacSi imyofeboda, rogorc taZarSi).

qalkedonis krebam nestorianebi gaaxara, Cans, imis gamo, rom

rogorc arseni safareli araerTgzis aRniSnavs, qarTuli eklesia

mudam berZnul eklesiaSi miRebul qristologias aRiarebda, xolo

saberZneTi am droisaTvis, ase Tu ise, qalkedonur qveyanad

miiCneoda. nestorianebi somxeT-albaneTis qristianebs

Tanamorwmuneebad Tvlidnen.

babgeni Tavis I epistoleSi, kerZod, wers: `mwvaleblebi amboben...

rom berZnebs, somxebs, qarTvelebsa da albanelebs igive sjuli da

sarwmunoeba aqvT, rac Cvena gvaqvso. es SevityveT maTgan imis

358

Sesaxeb, Tu ras amboben nestorianebi.~148 da iqve ganagrZobs _

,,radgan isurveT, rom am saqmeTa Sesaxeb Cvengan SegetyoT,

gacnobebT: berZnebs, Cven, somxebs, qarTvelebsa da albanelebs es

RmerTis gmoba ar Segviwynarebia da arc veziarebiT, aramed

SevaCvenebT, radgan ase amboben da aswavlian.~149

maSasadame, rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, sparseli

nestorianebi berZenTa, somexTa, qarTvelTa da albanelTa

nestorianobas im mizezis gamo amtkicebdnen, rom isini

qalkedonitebad, anda qalkedonuri orientaciis mqone qristianebad

miaCndaT. ismis kiTxva, icnobdnen Tu ara saerTod qalkedonis

krebis gadawyvetilebebs somxeTsa da saqarTveloSi, anda

eTanxmebodnen Tu ara mas?

zaza aleqsiZem savsebiT damajereblad gaarkvia aRniSnul

epistoleebze dayrdnobiT, rom `...pirvel epistoleSi somxuri

sarwmunoebis aRsareba nikeis sarwmunoebis simbolos farglebidan

ar gamodis da arianelTa sawinaaRmdego formuliT mTavrdeba.

meoreSi ukve Cans antinestorianuli msjeloba samebis `damatebis~

Sesaxeb da momarjvebulia efesos krebis avtoriteti. Znelia Tavi

gaiTavisuflo eWvisgan, rom dvinis 506 wlis krebis monawileebs

jer kidev ar hqondaT naTeli warmodgena V s-is manZilze msoflio

eklesiaSi mimdinare nestorianuli da monofizituri cilobis

Sesaxeb, isini jer kidev nikea-konstantinopolis dogmatikis doneze

imyofebodnen. meore epistoles Sedgenisas mdgomareoba arsebiTad

gansxvavdeba. somxeTis eklesiis mesveurebi ukeT arian garkveuli

Tanadroul religiur situaciaSi da mxars, Tumca jer kidev

Semrigeblur doneze, magram mainc ufro monofizitobas uWeren...

asea, Tu ise, qarTuli da albanuri eklesiebi meore epistolesTan

ar arian dakavSirebuli da maTi mrwamsis Sesaxeb mxolod pirveli

epistoleTi SeiZleba msjeloba. xolo pirveli epistoles mixedviT

dvinis 506 wlis kreba qalkedonianobis sakiTxs ar ixilavda.~150

ramdenadme gansxvavebulia g. sarqisianis Tvalsazrisi:

`...somxebma marTla araferi icodnen qalkedonis krebis Sesaxeb?

g. sarqisiani uaryofs am mosazrebas. saxeldobr, mas mohyavs ori

cnoba: a) ioane mandakunis `damtkiceba~ da b) movses xorenacis

traqtati. upirveles yovlisa, sayuradReboa ioane mandakunis

traqtatis saxelwodeba: `damtkiceba, rom vaRiaroT ufali ori

bunebisa Tu erTi bunebisa~, rac araorazrovnad miuTiTebs, rom

aRniSnul traqtatSi is ZiriTadi sakiTxia dasmuli, romelsac

centraluri adgili epyra qalkedonis krebaze. ufro sayuradReboa

movses xorenacis traqtatSi Semonaxuli cnobebi, romelSiac

timoTe eluris `qalkedonis krebis gadawyvetilebaTa uaryofis~

359

somxuri Targmanis gavlena igrZnoba... Targmani 480-484 ww. Soris

unda iyos Sesrulebuli. g. sarqisianic am Tvalsazrisisaken ixreba

da Targmans V s-is II naxevarSi saberZneTis kulturuli

centrebidan somxeTs dabrunebul swavlulTa meore Taobas, e.w.

`mTargmnelTa~ moRvaweobas miawers. Semoinaxa cnobebi, romelTa

mixedviTac somxebma Tavdapirvelad miiRes qalkedonis krebis

doqtrina, Semdeg ki VI s-is Sua xanebSi siriel monofizitTa

zegavleniT monofizitizms daubrundnen. lazar farpeci vardan

mamikonianisadmi wargzavnil epistoleSi wers, rom somxebma

icodnen qalkedonis saeklesio krebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnul

epistoleSi farpeci anaTemas ugzavnis sxva mwvalebelTa Soris

evtiqisac, radgan Tavad farpeci kiriles qristologiis mimdevari

iyo da am niSniT igi qalkedonis mowinaaRmdegeTa banaks

miekuTvneba. g. sarqisianis azriT, SeuZlebelia qalkedonis krebis

Sesaxeb araferi scodnoda somex mTargmnelTa meore Taobas,

romelic bizantiasa da aleqsandrias iyo wasuli, magram ratom ar

ixsenieba somxur wyaroebSi qalkedonis saeklesio kreba? g.

sarqisians amis pirvel mizezad arsebuli politikuri viTareba

miaCnia. imperator zenonis `henotikoni~ qalkedonis krebis

miCqmalvas cdilobda da am pirobebSi Zneli iyo somxuri eklesiis

mesveurTaTvis qalkedonis krebis anaTema. es unda iyos somxur

wyaroTa dumilis erTi mizezi. meore mizezi ufro mniSvnelovania.

radgan nestorianebi `henotikons~ ebrZodnen, somxebi nestorianobas

qalkedonizmSi urevdnen, rac nestorianobisa da qalkedonizmis

antimonofizitobiT iyo Sepirobebuli~.151

rogorc z. aleqsiZem gaarkvia, `...dvinis 506 wlis kreba

qalkedonianobis sakiTxs ar ixilavda~, swored am krebas eswreboda

qarTuli eklesiis warmomadgeneli. am krebis mier gacemul babgen

kaTalikosis I epistoleSi qarTuli eklesiis qristologiacaa

gadmocemuli, is ki antiqalkedonuri ar yofila. maSasadame,

qarTul eklesias ise, rogorc somxur da albanur eklesiebs, 506-

wlis krebaze qalkedonitoba ar daugmia (krebas qalkedonianobis

sakiTxi arc ganuxilavs).

z. aleqsiZe wers: `Tu dvinSi Sekrebili episkoposebi arc

nestorianobis sakiTxs ganixilavdnen da arc qalkedonianobisa, maS

ra unda yofiliyo krebis samsjelo sakiTxi? rogorc Cans,

marTali unda iyvnen is specialistebi, romlebic varaudoben, rom

506 wlis krebaze amierkavkasiis eklesiebma miiRes zenonis

Semrigebluri `henotikoni~ (482 w.), romelic krZalavda qristes

bunebis Sesaxeb kamaTs da nikea-konstantinopolis sarwmunoebis

simbolos doneze rCeboda.~152 aRsaniSnavia, rom dvinis krebas ar

360

miuRia monofizituri mrwamsi. 506 wlis kreba `monofizitobis

sruli gamarjvebis~ kreba ar yofila, rogorc miaCndaT adre.153

piriqiT, `dvinis 506 wlis kreba mTels axlo aRmosavleTis

qristianul eklesiaSi diofizitTa da monofizitTa Semarigebeli

RonisZiebebis erT-erTi gamovlena iyo...~154

`msoflio eklesiaSi mimdinare polemikam kavkasiaSi SemoaRwia

mxolod VI s-is damdegs. manamde somxebi, qarTvelebi da

albanelebi ar iyvnen arc monofizitebi da arc qalkedonitebi.

dvinis 506 wlis kreba mowveul iqna anastasi keisris religiuri

politikis pirvel periodSi, rodesac igi zenonis Semrigebluri

`henotikonis~ poziciaze idga da garegnulad mainc kidev ufro

loialurad iyo ganwyobili qalkedonianTa mimarT, vidre misi

winapari keisris taxtze. aseve `henotikonis~ doneze

gansazRvrulad, an kidev ufro loialurad unda miviCnioT dvinis

506 wlis krebis mier aRiarebuli sarwmunoebis simbolo. yovel

SemTxvevaSi, babgenis pirvel epistoleSi, romelic erTaderTi

sando wyaroa dvinis I krebis monawileTa aRsarebis warmosadgenad,

monofizituri mrwamsis niSanwyalic ar moipoveba. dvinis I krebis

monawile eklesiebs aSkarad antinestorianuli pozicia ukaviaT...

babgenis meore epistole dawerilia krebis Semdeg da mxolod

somexTa mxridan... mas ukve emCneva `henotikonis~ memarcxene gaazreba

da sirieli monofizitebis Zlieri gavlena... qarTul eklesias

babgenis meore epistolesTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs da ra

pozicia daikava man SedarebiT gvian qristes bunebis sakiTxSi,

calke sakvlevia.~155 rogorc aRiniSna, Tavis II epistoleSi somexTa

kaTalikosma dagmo qalkedonis kreba, radganac am krebas

nestorianebi Tavis sasargeblod miiCnevdnen (am epistolesTan

qarTul eklesias kavSiri ar hqonia).

kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom im momentSi qalkedonis krebis

dagmoba ar niSnavda monofizitobis aRiarebas. 506 wels krebam

miiRo henotikoni, es imas niSnavs, rom somxebma da krebis sxva

monawileebma (qarTvelebma da albanelebma) monofizitoba ki ar

miiRes, aramed miiRes raRac saSualo Semrigebluri platforma

monofizitobasa da qalkedonitobas Soris, da amave dros, dagmes

nestorianoba, rac Tavis mxriv niSnavda qalkedonis nestorianuli

gagebis gmobasac.

zemoT moyvanili epistoleebidan Cans, Tu ra didi avtoritetiT

sargeblobs somxuri eklesia sparseTis imperiaSi. is, SeiZleba

iTqvas, sparseTis qristianTa Soris umTavresi avtoritetis mqone

saeklesio centria, romelsac TviT sparseli qristianebi uweven

361

angariSs. ram gamoiwvia somxuri eklesiis aseTi amaRleba sparseTis

saxelmwifoSi? amis Sesaxeb arseni safareli wers:

`amis Semdeg gavida ramdenime Jami, mokvda vahan mamkueni (505 w.)

...mis Semdeg erovnebiT sparselebma miiRes marzpanoba. maT

Seuracxyves saqristiano wesi da eklesiaTa gangeba moispo. somex

aznaurTa xelisufleba daeca marzpanis mier da kaTalikosebi da

episkoposebi ganidriknen simarTlisagan. maT sparselebisgan miiRes

ufleba win aRdgomodnen aznaurTa xelisuflebas. ufleba miecaT

mosaxleobisgan TviTve moekribaT xarki da gadaexadaT

sparselebisTvis, radganac episkoposebsa da qorepiskoposebs

miandves somxeTi, rogorc sparsTa mefobis morCilebs. zogierTma

kaTalikosma da episkoposma sparseTis mefeebi iSviles da TavianTi

Zeebi uwodes kavad (488-531) da xosro (531-579) mefeebs. amiT miaRwies

imas, rom samTavro msajuleba TviT miitaces da kanonis

samarTlisamebr ar iqceodnen. eklesiis sakuTreba miiTvises da

flangavdnen eriskacTa saCveneblad. sparsTa uRmerTo mefis

saTnoebisaTvis somxeTis episkoposebi da monasterTa mamasaxlisebi

RvTis gasarisxebel amao fufunebaze fiqrobdnen. da mere aznaurni

da erisaganni maTi mibaZviT ganSordnen yovelgvar kanonebs, wmida

nersesa da wmida sahakis mier ganwesebulT. dairRva yoveli

sulieri sikeTis Cveuleba da wesi, da borotebam daimkvidra

dRevandel dRemde. somxuri saepiskoposoebi gadaiqcnen

qedismosaxrel adgilad. mividodnen xolme aznaurebi saepiskoposo

karze da maT episkoposebi ar iRebdnen. Sercxvenili ukanve

brundebodnen, rogorc marzpanis karidan. es didi Seuracxyofa

mouTmeneli iyo.~156

rogorc arseni safareli wers, somxuri eklesia yovelmxriv

misaRebi eklesia iyo sparseTis mefeebisTvis. Sahi kavadi, romlis

drosac dvinis kreba Catarda 506 wels, somexi kaTalikosebis

`Svilobili~ da `Ze~ iyo.

aRsaniSnavia, rom arseni safarelis Tanaxmad, somxurma eklesiam

monofizitoba miiRo ara 506 wlis krebaze, aramed VI saukunis 50-

ian wlebSi nerse kaTalikosis dros. manamde, arseni safarelis

Tanaxmad, somxur eklesias igive rwmena hqonda, rac berZnul

eklesias da qarTul eklesiasac, amis gamo `mSvidad iyo~ (e.i.

saeklesio kavSiri (sarwmunoebrivi) gawyvetili ar hqonda somxur

eklesiasTan).

arseni safarelis Tvalsazrisi, rom VI saukunis dasawyisSi (Sua

wlebamde) somxur eklesias oficialurad ar hqonda miRebuli

monofizituri mrwamsi, eTanxmeba sxva wyaroTa monacemebs. arseni

wers: `sparsTa mefem raRac manqanebiT Seicvala Sexeduleba

362

somexTa sarwmunoebis mimarT (igulisxmeba xosro I (531-579) da

ganucxada somxebs, ganyofodnen da ganSorebodnen berZnul

sarwmunoebas (e.i. marTalia, somexi samRvdeloeba uzneod iqceoda,

magram maTi sarwmunoeba kvlav berZnuli iyo). mefem miuvlina maT

mociquli da ganucxada: `erTi orTagan gamoarCieT, an miiReT

asurelTa sarwmunoeba, melqitebis garda, romelTac berZnuli

sarwmunoeba aqvT, anda datoveT Tqveni qveyana da wadiT. somxebi

Zlier Sewuxdnen, maT arc sarwmunoebis Secvla surdaT da arc

qveynis datoveba. Seiqmna didi fiqri da bWoba maT Soris sakmao

xnis manZilze. mere am saqmis gadawyveta miandes nerse kaTalikoss

(548-552), romelsac mijini erqva... somxebma mwuxarebiT amcnes

sparsTa mefes, rom miiRebdnen iakobis rjuls (monofizitur

rwmenas, romelic ufro axlos idga berZnulTan, vidre sxva

seqtebi)... mefe dakmayofilda da miuvlina somxebs cxra iakobiti

boroti moZRvari, cbieri melebis msgavsni. maT garyvnes somxeTi,

namoRvawari wmida grigolis cremliT da SromiT, da hyves kreba

qalaq dvinSi, miiRes xaCecari da gandgnen marTali (berZnuli) da

WeSmariti sarwmunoebisagan. amis gamo isini mowyvetil iqnen

didebul kaTolike da samociqulo msoflio eklesiisagan, iqve

ganaweses arajori, dvins, da Tqves, es aris pirveli dRe Cveni

sarwmunoebisao. somxuri welTaRricxva iwyeba dvinis am krebiT (551

wels). boroti borots daumates da ar eziarnen qalkedonis krebas

da RvTispirisagan gavardnen~.157

arseni safarelis Tanaxmad, somxebma qalkedonis kreba

oficialurad dagmes ara 506 wels, aramed 551 wels. amave wels

miiRes maT xaCecari, e.i. monofizitoba. qarTuli da somxuri

eklesiebi erTmaneTs daSordnen (arseni safarelis Tanaxmad,

swored amis gamo) 551 wels da ara 607-608 wlebSi. amis gamo yoveli

qarTli, meoTxe somxeTi ganeyenen somexTagan mRvdelobis

xeldasxmas, xolo herni da sivnielni erT periodSi ganSordnen da

Semdeg kvlav Seerivnen~.158

arseni safarelis Tvalsazrisi, SeiZleba iTqvas, gaziarebulia:

`bolo xanebSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom qarTul eklesias

monofizitoba Tavis oficialur ideologiad arasodes ucvnia,

Tumca, igi VI s-is ganmavlobaSi Semrigeblur platformaze idga da

Tavis samwysoSi hyavda monofiziti episkoposebi da mrevlic~.159

rogorc aRvniSneT, antioqiis patriarqi petre fuloni, romlis

mierac, zogierTi qarTveli istorikosis Tanaxmad, _ qarTulma

eklesiam miiRo avtokefalia, monofizitTa erT-erTi eresiarqi iyo.

`monofizitobis istoriaSi Semdegi safexuri Seqmna antioqiis

patriarqma petre mkawvrelma (fulonma), romelmac `samwmindaobis~

363

galobaSi Ze RmrTisas mimarT Seitana gamoTqma _ `romelic CvenTvis

jvars ecvi~, es formula mowinaaRmdegeebma gaiges, rogorc RvTis

jvarcmulad gamocxadeba da amitomac mis mimdevrebs

`Teofaqsitebi~ (somxebs _ `xaCecarebi~) uwodes.

kvlav davubrundeT sakiTxs V saukuneSi qarTvelTa sarwmunoebis,

kerZod, mefe vaxtang gorgaslisa da miqael qarTlis kaTalikosis

aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb. z. aleqsiZe juanSerisa da sxva wyaroebis

analizis Semdgom wers: `aSkaraa, rom berZnebi da qarTvelebi

juanSers calke gamouyvia da maT marTlmadideblebad Tvlis.

juanSeris TvalSi ki marTlmadidebloba mxolod qalkedonitoba

SeiZleba iyos. amasTanave, 472 wlamde, rogorc qarTlSi

kaTalikosobis dawesebas aTariReben, bizantiis oficialuri kursi

qalkedonuri iyo. maSasadame, araviTari sayrdeni juanSerTan

vaxtang gorgaslis monofizitobis samtkiceblad ar moipoveba. ar

aris agreTve savaraudo, rom vaxtangi sparseTSi salaSqrod yofnis

dros gadaixreboda monofizitobisaken, vinaidan am xanebSi

sparseTi mxars uWerda nestorianobas da ara monofizitobas. ase,

rom, miqael episkoposis braldeba vaxtang gorgaslisadmi

(`dagitovebies qriste da cecxlsa esav~ unda pirdapiri

mniSvnelobiT (ukeT — ciliswamebad) gavigoT da masSi romelime

qristianuli seqtis mimdevrobas ver davinaxavT.~160

aseve iTqmis miqael kaTalikosis Sesaxebac:

`...legenda vinme petres qarTlSi Caqolvis Sesaxeb ukavSirdeba

petre antioqielsa da miqael qarTlis mTavarepiskoposs... petre

mkawvralis mkvleli miqaeli ki, legendis mixedviT, aqtiuri

antimonofiziti da qalkedoniti moRvawea. amgvarad, ara gvaqvs

araviTari safuZveli mis monofizitad CasaTvlelad~.161

`tradicia ki vaxtang gorgasalsa da miqaels marTlmadideblebad

miiCnevs~.162 sruli ufleba gvaqvs davaskvnaT, rom ra sarwmunoebrivi

aRmsareblobisac iyo saqarTvelos mefe da kaTalikosi, imasve

aRiarebda sruliad saqarTveloc. magram iyo Tu ara vaxtang

gorgasali sruliad saqarTvelos mefe? z. aleqsiZe Sesabamisi

wyaroebis analizis Sedegad adasturebs, rom vaxtang gorgasali

gamaerTianebeli iyo sruliad saqarTvelosi:

`V saukunis bolo oTxi aTwleuli qarTlis samefosaTvis iyo

did politikur warmatebaTa wlebi: vaxtang gorgaslis meTaurobiT

qarTlma gaaerTiana aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi saqarTvelo,

TiTqmis imave sazRvrebSi, romelic Semdgom ufro myarad gakeTda

mxolod XI-XII saukuneebSi~.163

Tuki vaxtangis dros gaerTianda sruliad saqarTvelo da is

qarTlis samefos farglebSi moeqca, unda vifiqroT, rom qarTulma

364

eklesiam Tavisi iurisdiqciis sferoSi moaqcia dasavleTi

saqarTveloc, radganac qalkedonis krebis Tanaxmad, eklesiis

iurisdiqciis sazRvari unda damTxveoda saxelmwifo-

administraciul sazRvrebs. qarTlis eklesia erTian qarTul

eklesiad unda qceuliyo vaxtangis saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweobis

(saqarTvelos gaerTianebis) Sedegad da radganac mefe da

kaTalikosi qalkedonitebi iyvnen, erTiani qarTuli eklesiac amave

mrwamsis matarebeli unda yofiliyo. qarTuli eklesia, Cveni Zveli

istorikosebis SexedulebiT, mudam im sarwmunoebriv mimarTulebas

aRiarebda, romelic imavdroulad berZnul eklesiaSi iyo

miRebuli.

`475 wels bizantiis imperatoris taxti, mcire xniT xelSi Caigdo

uzurpatorma basiliskma, romlis antiqalkedonur RonisZiebebSi

pirveli adgili ekava gadayenebuli monofiziti ierarqebis

uflebebSi aRdgenas. ase avida petre fuloni antioqiis saydarze

xelmeored, Tumca, misi zeoba xanmokle gamodga. 476 wels zenon

keisarma basiliski Camoagdo taxtidan da bizantiis imperatoris

gvirgvini daibruna. zenonis moRvaweobis pirveli periodis

damaxasiaTebelia aqtiuri proqalkedonuri politika. man

dauyovnebliv aRadgina eklesiebSi basiliskamdeli mdgomareoba,

rasac cxadia, antioqiaSi qalkedonitebis gamarjveba da petres

damxoba mohyva Sedegad. mesamed da sabolood petres antioqiis

saydari ekava 485-488 wlebSi.~164 `472-489 wlebSi konstantinopolis

patriarqia akakiusi, romelmac sastiki winaaRmdegoba gauwia

uzurpator basiliskis promonofizitur politikas da misi

Camogdebis erT-erTi mTavari faqtori gaxda.~165

rogorc zemoaRwerilidan Cans, araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs

imisa, rom qarTuli eklesia V saukuneSi, sakaTalikosos daarsebis

epoqaSi, miviCnioT monofizituri qristologiis mqoned, ufro

metic, arc 506 wlis dvinis qarTvel-somex-albanelTa gaerTianebul

krebas uRiarebia monofizitoba. miCneulia, rom TviT somxuri

eklesiac ki mxolod 551 wlidan unda CaiTvalos monofiziturad.

`kavkasiologiaSi gavrcelebulia Sexeduleba, rom 451 wlidan VII

saukunis damdegamde qarTuli eklesiis oficialuri mrwamsi

monofizitoba iyo da somxur eklesiasTan ideologiuri erTianoba

am bazaze xorcieldeboda. SuSanikis kultis orive eklesiaSi

arseboba TiTqos am Tezisis damadasturebeli unda yofiliyo,

magram igive faqti am Teziss uaryofs kidec. ratom ar waSala

qarTulma qalkedonurma eklesiam Tavisi Zveli monofizitobis

kvali da ratom ar aiRo xeli somxur eklesiasTan saerTo

wmidanebze? saqme is aris, rom qalkedonuri istoriografiis

365

SexedulebiT, dvinis sakaTalikosom monofizitoba miiRo mxolod

551 wlis dvinis adgilobriv II saeklesio krebaze. manamde igi

dasabamidan marTlmadidebluri iyo qarTlis eklesiasTan erTad,

amitom aris, rom qarTuli da saerTod qalkedonuri eklesia

scnobs yvela im saeklesio moRvawesa da wmindans, romlebic

somxeTSi 551 wlamde moRvaweobdnen.~166

dvinis 506 wlis saerTo krebis Semrigebluri gansazRvrebani

qarTulma da somxurma eklesiebma sxvadasxvagvarad gaiges: Cans,

pirvelma masSi memarjvene qalkedonitoba dainaxa, xolo meorem —

memarjvene monofizitoba. Semdegi periodi am eklesiebis istoriaSi

iyo poziciebis sul ukeT gansazRvris xana, rac VI s-is II naxevris

dasawyisSi somexTa mxridan sagangebo saeklesio krebiT da

ukiduresad memarcxene monofizitobis (ivlianitobis) aRiarebiT

damTavrda. qarTls, rogorc Cans, aseTi kreba ar mouwyvia, radgan

Tavis mrwamssa da saweso ritualSi mas radikaluri cvlileba ar

mouxdenia... amrigad, VI s-is II naxevris manZilze qarTli, albaneTi

da sivnieTi mxars qalkedonitobas uWerdnen, Tumca, aqtiur

antimonofizitur ganwyobilebasac ar amJRavnebdnen. monofizitoba

`naracios~ mixedviT, scnes mxolod taSiris, Zoraforis, gardmanisa

da arcaxis xevebis somxurenovanma Temebma~.167

s a q a r T v e l o s s a k a T a l i k o s o s d a a r s e b a

cnobilia, romis imperator konstantinemde qristianoba

saxelmwifo religia ar yofila. amitomac, SeiZleba iTqvas,

qristianuli Temebi TavisuflebiT sargeblobdnen, im

TvalsazrisiT, rom saxelmwifo ar karnaxobda qristianul

eklesias, Tu ra saxis unda yofiliyo misi administraciuli

struqtura. amis gamo IV saukunemde qristianuli Temi, mociqulTa

34-e kanonis Tanaxmad, unda daqvemdebareboda am Temis

mTavarepiskoposs, Temebis mTavarepiskoposebi ki erTmaneTis mimarT

damoukidebelni iyvnen.

mTavarepiskoposs irCevda Temis (`naTesavis~) samRvdeloebis kreba,

amitomac yoveli saeklesio Temi da saepiskoposo Tavisufali,

TavisTavadi da avtokefaluri iyo.

srulebiT Seicvala mdgomareoba saxelmwifos mier qristianobis

aRiarebisa da am religiis gasaxelmwifoebriobis Semdeg. am

droisaTvis, IV saukunis dasawyisSi, rogorc cnobilia, romis

imperiaSi dawesda `tetrarqia~, `oTxis mmarTveloba~.

administraciuli mmarTvelobis TvalsazrisiT, imperia calkeul

366

nawilebad daiyo. imperias marTavda ori imperatori da ori keisari.

imperiaSi arsebobda udidesi qalaqebi: romi, antioqia, aleqsandria,

agreTve sxva didi qalaqebi, romlebSic kuTxeTa da provinciaTa

mmarTvelebi isxdnen. am mdgomareobam gamoiwvia did qalaqebSi

msxdomi episkoposebis gaZliereba, gamdidreba, maTi avtoritetisa

da gavlenis gazrda. dedaqalaqebis episkoposebi moqmedebdnen am

qalaqis saero mmarTvelTan TanxmobiT. saero mmarTveli

dainteresebuli iyo mis qalaqSi mjdomi episkoposis avtoritetisa

da gavlenis gazrdiT. amis gamo, ukve IV saukunis dasawyisidanve

mimdinareobs procesi, romelsac SeiZleba davarqvaT mcire

TviTmyofad eklesiaTa gauqmebisa da didi eklesiebis gavlenis

sferoebis gazrdis procesi. ukve IV saukuneSi mowveuli msoflio

krebebi, marTalia, adastureben patara eklesiebis avtokefalias,

magram aseve adastureben mTavari qalaqebis episkoposebis gavlenis

sferoebis gafarToebas. am mizezis gamo imperiis aRmosavleTis

mTavarma qalaqma antioqiam Tavisi gavlenis sferoSi Seiyvana mis

mezoblad mdebare avtokefaluri eklesiebi, aleqsandriam ki

egviptis episkoposebi. es procesi grZeldeboda mTeli IV saukunis

ganmavlobaSi da sabolood dasrulda 451 wlis IV msoflio krebis

droisaTvis.

IV saukunisaTvis, rogorc mravalgzis aRiniSna aRmoCnda, rom 330

wels daarsebul konstantinopolis episkoposs normaluri sididis

eparqiac ki ar gaaCnda, xolo antioqiisa da aleqsandriis

episkoposebi gavlenas avrcelebdnen maT garSemo mdebare

teritoriebze. am mdgomareobas dedaqalaqis (konstantinopolis)

episkoposebi ver urigdebodnen. a. kartaSevi wers, rom konstantine

didis mier dasmuli konstantinopolis episkoposi Tavis

iurisdiqcias mxolod am qalaqis teritoriaze avrcelebda, xolo,

Tavis mxriv, es teritoriac herakliis samitropolitoSi Sedioda.168

konstantinopolis garSemo arsebobda Zlieri avtokefaluri

eklesiebi: pontos diocezisa, asiis diocezisa da Trakiis

diocezisa. maTi avtokefalia jer kidev II msoflio krebam

daadastura.

imperiaSi iyo 100-ze meti provincia.

s. troicki balsamonze dayrdnobiT werda, rom IV saukunisaTvis

imperiaSi avtokefaluri iyo yvela provinciis eklesia, anu

imperiaSi 100-ze meti avtokefaluri eklesia arsebobda, magram amave

dros mimdinareobda provinciebis avtokefaluri eklesiebis

Serwyma-SeerTebis procesi diocezis eklesiebSi. swored erTi

aseTi iyo Cveni mezobeli pontos diocezi, iq arsebobda ramdenime

provincia da am provinciaTa eklesiebi.

367

saqarTvelos uSualod mosazRvre pontos diocezSi, romelic

qristianobis erT-erTi Zlieri burji iyo mTel maSindel

msoflioSi, episkoposebi erTmaneTisgan damoukidebelni iyvnen da

TviTmmarTveloba hqondaT saeklesio sakiTxSi (igulisxmeba IV

saukune). marTalia, aq liderobda ponto-kesariis episkoposi,

magram man ver SeZlo gadaqceuliyo sayovelTao, ufros

episkoposad Tavis diocezSi. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, a. kartaSevi

amis Sesaxeb wers: `pontos did diocezSi, romelic gadaWimuli iyo

bosforidan evfratamde, ar iyo erTi saerTod aRiarebuli

administraciuli centri. erTni miiCnevdnen kesaria-kapadokias,

meoreni _ ankvirias, mesameni uqvemdebarebdnen Tavis Tavs

konstantinopols. amitomac, mcire aziaSi gamoCndnen olqebi da

qalaqebi, romelTac miiCnies TavianTTvis moxerxebulad da

sasargeblod, miemarTaT pirdapir dedaqalaqisTvis. aseTia biTinia,

rogorc nawili pontos diocezisa. biTiniaSi Semavali qalaqi

qalkedoni konstantinopolis gareubani gaxda. saerTod mTeli

mcire aziis episkoposebi, rogorc aRiniSna, yovelTvis dedaqalaqSi

iyvnen, mis arqiepiskoposTan, kaTedrasTan TaTbirobdnen iq

mimdinare ambebze, aqve gadmohqondaT TavianTi kamaTi da

adgilobrivi saqmeebi. amitomac, man asaxva hpova IV msoflio krebis

me-9 da me-17 kanonebSi, romelTa Tanaxmadac aRmosavleTSi TavianTi

diocezebis (olqebis) krebebis gadawyvetilebiT ukmayofiloTaTvis

umaRlesi saapelacio instancia iyo konstantinopolis saydari,

magram es exeboda aRmosavleTis mxolod im nawils, romelic ar

Sedioda sxva sapatriarqoebSi~.169

zemoT moyvanili magaliTiT gvindoda gveCvenebina, Tu rogor

gaerTiandnen Cveni mezobeli pontos eklesiis manamde TavisTavadi

saepiskoposoebi erTi qalaqis episkoposis xelqveiT.

konstantinopolis patriarqis xelqveiT pontos garda, sxva

diocezTa episkoposebic gaerTiandnen. es mimdinareobda V saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi, 451 wlamde, qalkedonis krebamde. am krebam es

faqti daakanona 28-e kanoniT.

saerTod, V saukune iyo TavisTavadi saepiskoposoebis did

sapatriarqoebsa da sakaTalikosoebSi gaerTianebis saukune. 451

wlis krebam daaarsa ierusalimis axali sapatriarqo, romelSic

Sevida saepiskoposoebi palestinisa (kesaria palestinisa da sxv.).

qalkedonis krebis Semdeg, TavisTavadi damoukidebeli mravali

eklesiis (eparqiebi, diocezTa eklesiebi) erTi sayovelTao

episkoposis xelqveiT gaerTianebis Sedegad, bizantiaSi sul

ramdenime didi eklesia aRmoCnda. konstantinopolis saydars

daeqvemdebara Cveni mezobeli mcire aziis saepiskoposoebi (aseve

368

evropaSi Trakiisa), ierusalimis saydars _ palestinisa,

aleqsandriis saydars _ egviptisa, xolo antioqias ki is

saepiskoposoebi, romlebic imperiis aRmosavleTSi imyofebodnen da

ar Sediodnen arc erT zemoT xsenebul sxva sapatriarqoSi

(kviprosis gamoklebiT).

msgavsi gaerTianebis procesi mimdinareobda imperiis gareTac.

sparseTis qristianuli saepiskoposoebi gaerTiandnen sparseTis

kaTalikosis xelqveiT. somexi saepiskoposoebis centralizacia

erTian sakaTalikosoSi cota ufro adre daiwyo da am droisTvis

(V s.) dasrulebuli iyo.

saqarTvelos sakaTalikosos Camoyalibebac, amave dros, V

saukuneSi moxda da msgavsi xerxiT. saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc

Cvens mezobel pontos diocezSi, mravali saepiskoposo arsebobda

sakaTalikosos daarsebamde. saeklesio kanonebis Tanaxmad

(mociqulTa 34-e da sxva), es saepiskoposoebi TavisTavadni iyvnen.

saqarTvelos yovel administraciul erTeulSi (saerisTavoebSi Tu

sapitiaxSoSi) arsebobda saepiskoposoebi. s. janaSia qarTvelTa

gaqristianebis aRweris Semdeg wers, Tu rogor moewyo qarTuli

eklesia (igulisxmeba vaxtang gorgaslamde, IV s. da V s-is

dasawyisi). `qristianul organizacias, qristianebis krebuls,

berZnuli sityviT `eklesiiT~ aRniSnavdnen. SemdegSi qarTulad

`eklesia~ daerqva im Senobasac, sadac qristianebis krebuli Tavs

iyrida locvisaTvis. raki qarTlSi qristianoba saxelmwifoebriv

sarwmunoebad gadaiqca, qarTlis eklesiamac iseTive wyobileba

miiRo, rogoric hqonda TviT qarTlis samefos. ase xdeboda sxva

qveynebSic. calke saerisTavoebis saeklesio saqmeebs ganagebdnen

episkoposebi, romelnic emorCilebodnen qarTlis, anu mcxeTis

mTavarepiskoposs. episkoposebs eqvemdebarebodnen xucebi anu

mRvdlebi. male qristianuli samRvdeloeba qarTlSi

mravalricxovani gaxda...~170

s. janaSias Tanaxmad, CvenSi vaxtang gorgaslamde imdenive

saepiskoposo yofila, ramdeni saerisTavoc iyo qarTlis samefoSi,

Tumca, b. mWedliSvilis mixedviT, episkoposebis ricxvi gacilebiT

meti SeiZleboda yofiliyo: `gaqristianebul saxelmwifoSi yvela

qalaqsa Tu mniSvnelovan dabas Tavisi episkoposi unda hyoloda,

zogan oric. sxvagvarad qristianuli qveynis statusi da eklesiis

struqtura warmoudgenelia. amasTan, Cven qvemoT vnaxavT, rom

saqarTveloSi V s-is bolos 30-ze meti episkoposi moRvaweobda.

juanSeri CamoTvlis, sad dasva vaxtangma episkoposebi... am siis

mixedviT, sakuTriv qarTlSi mxolod ori episkoposi Cans, mcxeTisa

da niqozis. Tbilisic ki, romelic TiTqosda vaxtangma daaarsa,

369

eklesiis mesveuris gareSe aRmoCnda. garda amisa, ra vuyoT sxva

Zvel qalaqebs: ufliscixes, armazcixes, kasps, nekress, tyetba-

gulgulas, ujarma-kawareTs, gaCian-curtavs, samSvildesa da sxva

CvenTvis ucnob qalaqebsa da dabebs.

amdenad, juanSeris episkoposTa sia asaxavs mxolod vaxtangis

mier dasmul episkoposTa raodenobas da ara eparqiebis ricxvs.

Tavis droze iv. javaxiSvilmac miaqcia juanSeris cnobebis

Seusabamisobas yuradReba da aRniSna: juanSeris sityvebidan iseTi

daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba, TiTqos mas mxolod imaTi dasaxeleba

sdomebodes, romelnic antioqiis patriarqma akurTxa. magram maSin

marto juanSeris am cnobaze damyareba SeuZlebelia...

maSasadame, iv. javaxiSvili gamohyofda `uZveles xanas~, romelic

vaxtang gorgaslamdels gulisxmobs. am `uZveles xanaSi~

mTavarepiskoposebi xelmZRvanelobdnen qarTul eklesias. `mTavar~

an `Tavi episkoposTaAs~, TavisTavad igulisxmeba, hyavdaT

xelqveiTi, rangiT dabali eparqiis episkoposebi, e.i. gorgaslamdec

yofilan episkoposebi... saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSi

vkiTxulobT, rom IV saukuneSi `sapitiaxSo da saerisTavo

centrebSi episkoposebic isxdnen~. ase rom, `aseTi centrebis ricxvs

emTxveoda saepiskoposo saydarTa saTvalavic. ukve V s-is Sua

wlebSi qarTlSi iricxeboda 30-iode saepiskoposo olqi~ (saq.

istoria, I, 1958). avtorebi am wignisa arian: n. berZeniSvili, v.

dondua, m. dumbaZe, g. meliqiSvili, S. mesxia, p. ratiani.

analogiuri Sexedulebisaa m. lorTqifaniZe, romelic Tvlis:

`rogorc aRniSnulia, am episkoposebis dadgineba ar unda niSnavdes

yvelgan axali saepiskoposoebis daarsebas. amaTgan nawili marTlac

axlad daarsebulia. aseTi unda iyos: ninowmindis kaTedra, Weremis,

niqozis, xolo rig SemTxvevebSi Zveli episkoposebi, romelnic,

albaT, miqaelis dasisani iyvnen, axlebiTaa Secvlili. udavoa, rom

amaT garda sxva saepiskoposoebic arsebobda qarTlis samefoSi,

magram juanSeris siaSi isini ver moxvdnen, radgan Cans, vaxtangs aq

cvlileba ar mouxdenia.~171

sakiTxisaTvis sainteresoa agreTve juanSeris Txrobis is

nawilic, romelic udavod win uswrebs gorgaslis reformebs.

indoeTSi laSqrobidan dabrunebul vaxtangs `moegeba Ze misi daCi

da mis Tana episkoposni. da viTarca cna episkoposman (miqael),

viTarmed waravlina mefeman mociquli moyvanebad kaTalikosisa da

episkoposTa, daumZimda mas zeda~. maSasadame, vaxtang gorgasals es-

esaa daupirebia kaTalikosisa da episkoposebis axali jgufis

mowveva, xolo masTan Sesaxvedrad mosuli arian Zveli

episkoposebi... leonti mrovelis mixedviT, IV saukunis dasawyisSi,

370

mefe mirianma sikvdilis win `davedra episkoposTa~ edidebinaT

wmida ninos saflavze aSenebuli eklesia.

wmida ninos `cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, igi damarxes daba bods da

eklesia aRuSenes da episkoposi ganaCines mas zeda~.

SeiZleboda am sakiTxis garCeva amiTac dagvemTavrebina, magram

moviSvelioT qristianuli samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli suraTic.

cnobilia, rom iq, sadac qristianobam fexi moikida, TiToeul

qalaqs ganagebda episkoposi. imis miuxedavad, rom siriaSi eklesiis

ierarqiuli da kanonikuri ganviTareba sustad mimdinareobda da

mwyobri organizaciac ar arsebobda, mainc ukve III-IV ss-Si,

TiToeuli organizacia eqvemdebareboda eklesias da maSasadame,

episkoposs.172

iranis mezobel olqebSi da TviTon iranSic (mesenaSi, suzaSi,

rev-artaSirSi, baxreinSi) 225 w. (!) ukve dafuZnebuli iyo

qristianuli saepiskoposoebi~.173

V saukunis somexi istorikosi lazar farpeci aRniSnavs, rom

iranis mefis iezdigerdis dros (399-421) `somxeTis yvela gavaridan

Seikribnen wminda episkoposni~.174

aRarafers vambobT TviT bizantiis qristianuli centrebis

Sesaxeb, radgan suraTi TavisTavad naTelia. prokofi kesarielis

zemoT motanili daxasiaTebac175 `xom gaumarTlebeli iqneboda, Tu

qarTvelebi saeklesio ierarqiis Camoyalibebas mxolod V saukunis

II naxevarSi moifiqrebdnen~.176

n. janaSia, b. mWedliSvili da, Cans, m. lorTqifaniZec fiqroben,

rom vaxtang gorgaslis mier kaTalikosobis dawesebamde CvenSi

arsebobda episkoposTa dasebi, romelTagan erTi dasi mefes

emxroboda, meore dasi ki mefis mowinaaRmdege iyo.

n. janaSia wers: `axlad daniSnuli episkoposebis simravle

(Tormeti episkoposi) gviCvenebs, rom vaxtangma, erTi mxriv, daawesa

axali saepiskoposoebi... amave mizniT iqneboda axali episkoposi

daniSnuli rusTavSi. unda vifiqroT, rom man Secvala Zveli,

vaxtangis mowinaaRmdege mRvdelmTavari, marTlac, aq Cven saqme

unda gvqondes swored episkoposis SecvlasTan da ara

saepiskoposos daarsebasTan. SeuZlebelia aseT did saerisTavo

centrSi, samefo sagvareulos erT-erTi Stos rezidenciaSi,

rusTavSi, manamde episkoposi ar mjdariyo~.177 rogorc zemoT

moyvanilidan Cans, sruliad aSkaraa, rom CvenSi kaTalikosobis

dawesebamde arsebobdnen saepiskoposoebi da maTi sazRvrebi

emTxveoda saero-administraciuli olqebis sazRvrebs, anu

saepiskoposos sazRvari saerisTavos sazRvars emTxveoda. romeli

saerisTavoebic emorCilebodnen saqarTvelos mefes, im

371

saerisTavoTa saepiskoposoebi daemorCilnen sataxto qalaqis,

mcxeTis, sayovelTao episkoposs.

eklesia CvenSi iseve iyo mowyobili, rogorc sxva qristianul

qveynebSi, rogorc amas iTvaliswinebda msoflio krebaTa kanonebi.

qristianobis saxelmwifos mier aRiarebamde saeklesio TemSi

(eri, `naTesavi~) arsebobda ramdenime episkoposi. es episkoposebi,

mociqulTa 34-e kanonis Tanaxmad, valdebulni iyvnen

damorCilebodnen maT mierve gamorCeul, pirvelobis mqone `Tav~

episkoposs: `TiToeulisa naTesavisa episkoposTa uKms... raATa

pirvelad da Tavad maTda Seeracxos episkoposi TYsi da araras

iqmodin nametnavsa TYnier ganzraxvisa misisa~...178

saxelmwifos mier qristianobis aRiarebis Semdeg, romis imperiaSi

saepiskoposos sazRvari TandaTan daemTxva administraciuli

erTeulis (provinciis) sazRvars. rogorc didi sjuliskanonidan

Cans, romis administraciul erTeuls (provincias) qarTulad

ewodeboda samTavro. 325 wlis nikeis krebidan Cans, rom samTavroSi

(anu provinciaSi) iyo ara erTi episkoposi, aramed ramdenime. am

krebis me-4 kanonis Tanaxmad, samTavros hyavs episkoposTa Tavi anu

mitropoliti. samTavros mitropolitis TanxmobiT axal episkoposs

daadgenda am samTavros yvela episkoposi, anda ukidures

SemTxvevaSi, sami mainc. am kanonidanac Cans, rom saeklesio

samTavro, anu romis provinciis eklesia, avtokefaluri da

damoukidebeli iyo sxva, mis gareT arsebuli eklesiebisagan.

qarTul sinamdvileSi — saqarTvelos samefoSi saerisTavo iyo

daaxloebiT iseTive administraciuli erTeuli, rogoric iyo

romis imperiaSi provincia (Zveli qarTuliT `samTavro~). amitomac

unda vifiqroT, qarTul saerisTavoebSi iyo ara erTi, aramed

ramdenime episkoposi da maT Soris erT-erTi iyo `Tavi

episkoposTa~, magaliTad gugarqSi, SeiZleba CvenSi saerisTavos

saepiskopososac iseTive TavisTavadoba hqonda, rogorc romis

provinciisas.

romis imperiaSi provinciaTa eklesiebis avtokefalia TandaTan

SeizRuda, didma qalaqebma (romma, aleqsandriam, antioqiam) SeZles

maT garSemo myofi saepiskoposoebis daqvemdebareba. es ukve

arsebuli faqti nikeis msoflio krebamac daadastura Tavisi me-6

kanoniT. 344 wels mowveuli antioqiis adgilobrivi kreba me-9

kanoniT avaldebulebs samTavros episkoposebs, daemorCilon Tavisi

dedaqalaqis episkoposs.

`...vinaATgan dedaqalaqad miiswrafian yovelni mqonebelni

romelTave saqmeTani, romlisTYs guTnda, raATa pativiTaca uaRres

iyos igi...~179

372

dedaqalaqis episkoposi zrunavs mTel samTavroze, radganac

dedaqalaqSi yvela miiswrafis, visac saqme aqvs. amitomac is

pativiTac upiratesi iyoso da mis gareSe sxva episkoposebma

araferi moimoqmedono, _ ambobs es kanoni.

am mdgomareobam gazarda ara marto samTavroTa dedaqalaqebis

episkoposebis avtoriteti, aramed imperiis mTavari qalaqebis

(antioqia da sxva) episkoposTa avtoritetic, radganac am qalaqebSi

isxdnen an imperatori, anda qveynis vrceli mxareebis mmarTvelebi.

amave kanonis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSic unda gazrdiliyo ara

marto avtoriteti dedaqalaqis, mcxeTis episkoposisa, aramed mas

pativiT upiratesobac unda miniWeboda. mis gareSe sxva episkoposebs

raime qmedebis neba ara hqondaT.

marTlac, qarTuli eklesiis meTaurs kaTalikosobis dawesebamde

hqonda tituli `mTavarepiskoposisa~ da, Cans, iTvleboda kidec

episkoposTa Tavad im teritoriaze, romelic Sedioda qarTveli

mefis gamgeblobaSi, magram cnobilia, rom mTeli samxreT

dasavleTi saqarTvelo _ klarjeTi IV s-is 80-ian wlebSi miitaca

bizantiam da is CamoSorebuli iyo saqarTvelos. cxadia,

klarjeTSi mcxeTis mTavarepiskoposis gavlena am dros ar

xorcieldeboda, aseve zRvispireTis vrceli teritoria

egriswylidan cixegojamde berZnebma miitaces. aqac mcxeTis

mTavarepiskoposi Tavis gavlenas ver axorcielebda.

garda amisa, qarTul eklesiaSi arsebobda prosparsuli da

elinofiluri dasebi. unda vifiqroT, rom es iwvevda ierarqiul

ganxeTqilebas. sparseTis momijnave gugarqisa da kaxeT-hereTis

episkoposebi, albaT, prosparsuli orientaciisani iyvnen, xolo im

dros saqarTvelos farglebs gareT myofi klarjeTis episkoposebi,

albaT, uSualod eqvemdebarebodnen kesaria-kapadokiis (pontos)

mRvdelmTavars. am kuTxeTa saepiskoposoebSi saWiro gaxdeboda

mefis erTguli, anu proqarTuli orientaciis episkoposebis dasma

da Zvelebis Secvla vaxtang gorgaslis mier saqarTvelos

gaerTianebis Semdeg.

marTlac, TiTqmis yvela (umetesi) episkoposi vaxtangma dasva

swored klarjeTSi, gugarqSi, kaxeTsa da hereTSi, kerZod, `dasua

erTi episkoposad klarjeTs, eklesiasa axizisasa~, `erTi artans,

eruSeTs~ _ ueWvelad eruSeTi _ artaani, istoriuli klarjeTis

nawili, mitacebuli iyo berZenTa mier, `erTi ki javaxeTs-wundas~ _

SeiZleba es ar iyo mitacebuli berZenTa mier, magram sazRvarze

mdebareobda da berZnuli gavlena aq didi iqneboda. `erTi

mangliss, erTi agaraks, erTi bolniss~ _ bolnisi, agaraki da

manglisic gugarqSi an gugarqTan mdebareobdnen da sparseTTan

373

siaxlovis gamo prosparsuli orientacia aq ufro metad aris

savaraudo. arc is aris dasaviwyebeli, rom es mxare arcTu didi

xnis dabrunebuli iyo saqarTvelos mefis mflobelobaSi. `erTi

Werems, erTi CeleTs, erTi xornabujs~ _ kaxeTis es qalaqebi

sparseTis siaxloves mdebareobda, im mxriv, rom kaxeTs

aRmosavleTidan ranis sparsTa pitiaxSis teritoria sazRvravda.

cnobilia, rom mTavarepiskoposi miqaeli saberZneTidan

Camoiyvanes mRvdlis xarisxSi. amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom is iyo

proberZnuli saeklesio orientaciis mqone. Tu es ase iyo, maSin

miuxedavad misi mTavarepiskosobisa, prosparsuli orientaciis

episkoposebi Seecdebodnen, mas ar damorCilebodnen da eklesiaSi

ganxeTqileba iqneboda.

cnobilia, rom vaxtang gorgaslamde qarTuli saxelmwifo Zalze

dasustebuli iyo. es, uTuod, gavlenas iqoniebda eklesiaze,

gaaZlierebda centridanul Zalebs, miT umetes, rom swored am

dros qveynis feodalizacia mimdinareobda, rac gulisxmobda

miwismflobeli feodalebis brZolas centrisgan

damoukideblobisaTvis.

imis Semdeg, rac vaxtangma gaaerTiana saqarTvelo, SemouerTa mas

uzarmazari teritoriebi _ klarjeTi da zRvispireTi, romlebic

moicavdnen mTel samxreT saqarTvelosa da miwebs cixe-gojidan

klisuramde, vaxtangs aRar daakmayofilebda eklesiaSi

centridanuli Zalebis arseboba, is Secvlida ara marto

prosparsuli orientaciis episkoposebs, aramed im episkoposebsac,

romelnic mefisgan damoukideblobisaTvis ibrZodnen, dagrovili

simdidris (miwebis) da xelisuflebis (Tanamdebobis)

SenarCunebisaTvis.

vaxtangma ineba Caetarebina reforma eklesiaSi, qveynis

gaerTianebam da saxelmwifos gaZlierebam moiTxova eklesiis

centralizacia. vaxtangisTvis saeklesio reformis dros magaliTs

warmoadgenda ara marto bizantiis eklesiebi, sadac swored am

epoqaSi vaxtangis Tvalwin sxvadasxva saepiskoposoTa da

samitropolitoTa (diocezTa) gaerTianebis gziT Seiqmna

konstantinopolisa da ierusalimis sapatriarqoebi, aramed

aRmosavleTis eklesiebic. aRmosavleTSic am dros

sakaTalikosoebis Camoyalibebis procesi axali damTavrebuli iyo

(sparseTSi, somxeTSi).

rogori damokidebuleba arsebobda bizantiaSi saxelmwifosa da

eklesias Soris? bizantiaSi eklesia arsebobda saxelmwifos mkacri

kontrolis qveS saxelmwifos interesebidan gamomdinare. aseve iyo

sparseTis saxelmwifoSic. sparseTs daqvemdebarebuli sxvadasxva

374

qveynis qristianuli eklesiebis meTaurebs TviT Sahi niSnavda

(magaliTad, somxeTisas V saukuneSi). saqarTveloSi ki, Tumca

vaxtang gorgasalma gaaerTiana saxelmwifo da mas axali

teritoriebi SeuerTa, eklesiis meTauri miqaeli ar apirebda

damorCileboda mas, mefis reformebi misTvis miuRebeli iyo (V s-is

dasawyisSi ki, mTavarepiskoposi glonoqori sparsTa mier

erisTavadac iyo daniSnuli).

bizantiasa da sparseTSi im dros sxva suraTi iyo: Tu rogor

imarTeboda rom-berZenTa imperiaSi saxelmwifos mier ara Tu

romelime adgilobrivi eklesia, aramed msoflio saeklesio krebac

(e.i. kanonmdebeli organo) ki, amis Sesaxeb wers arqiepiskoposi

lolii (iurevski):

`1. msoflio ekumenuri (da ara kaTolike-sayovelTao) kreba

imperatorisa da saxelmwifos krebaa, mas ama Tu im olqis

mitropoliti ki ar iwvevs, aramed imperatori (Tundac mounaTlavi,

rogoric iyo, magaliTad, konstantine didi, romelmac saTave

daudo msoflio krebebs); 2. krebas eswrebian ara TavianT

samitropolitoebSi arCeuli episkoposebi, aramed imperatoris

xelisuflebis Sexedulebisamebr daniSnulni da gamoZaxebulni, ris

gamoc 3. yvela adgilobrivi eklesiis episkoposis daswreba ar iyo

savaldebulo (me-3 msoflio krebaze ar iyo karTagenis 500-ze meti

episkoposidan arc erTi); 4. krebis yvela gansazRvreba (aqti), kanoni

da sarwmunoebis dogmati ZalaSi Sedioda, avtoritetsa da

qmediTobas iZenda imperatoris mier maTi damtkicebis Semdeg; 5.

amitom msoflio ekumenuri krebis dadgenilebaTa yvela

mowinaaRmdege ganixileboda imperatoris gankargulebis

mowinaaRmdeged da amis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo kanonebis Tanaxmad

isjeboda; 6. saxelmwifo saxsrebiT kmayofildeboda (imperatoris

gankargulebis Sesabamisad) krebis monawileTa samgzavro da sxva

Sesanaxi xarjebi. 7. adgili (qalaqi) krebisaTvis miTiTebuli iyo

imperatoris mier da episkoposebisaTvis saWiro Senobasac mTavroba

gamoyofda~.180

rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, TviT saeklesio kanonmdebeli

organo msoflio krebebic ki imperatoris mier imarTeboda

bizantiis imperiaSi, aseve somxeTSic. marTalia, V saukuneSi aq

sparselebma mefoba gaauqmes, magram misi arsebobis dros

kaTalikosi sahaki mefis momxre da erTguli iyo.

saqarTveloSi ki vaxtangs eklesiaSi mZime mdgomareoba daxvda.

eklesia ara Tu eqvemdebareboda qarTvel xelmwifes, aramed

rogorc aRiniSna, qarTuli eklesiis meTaurma miqaelma fexze

samTxvevad misul mefes fexis kvriT kbili Caamtvria.

375

`vecxlismoyuare xar Sen~, _ uTxra amis Semdeg vaxtangma miqaels,

`da meguadruce qristesi~181 (e.i. eklesia gamdidrebisa da piradi

gamorCenisaTvis gnebavso).

Cans, miqaelis Tavxedobis erT-erTi mizezi aris SiSi imisa, rom

simdidre ar dakargos (amitomac aris `vecxlismoyvare, meguadruce

molare). `qarTlis cxovrebis~ am cnobas exmianeba n. janaSia. is

wers: `mxedvelobaSi misaRebia isic, rom am droisaTvis, sxva

qristianuli qveynebis msgavsad, qarTuli eklesiac udides

miwaTmflobelad gadaiqca da iseTive interesebi gauCnda, rogorc

sxva miwaTmflobelebs... mefe ki imisaTvis ibrZoda, rom Tavisi

gamgeblobidan ar gaeSva es miwebi, sruli Zalaufleba

SeenarCunebina mTeli samefos miwa-wyalze da yovel Tanamdebobaze

daniSvna mxolod misi surviliT momxdariyo. iranelebi iyenebdnen

am winaaRmdegobas...~182

simdidrisa da miwebis dagroveba mefis nebis sawinaaRmdegod

unda yofiliyo erTi mizezTagani winaaRmdegobisa mefesa da

eklesiis meTaurTa Soris. TavisTavad es mizezi sruliad sakmarisi

iyo imisTvis, rom mefes ezruna eklesiaSi reorganizaciisaTvis,

raTa mas eklesia damorCileboda iseve, rogorc bizantiis

sapatriarqoebi emorCileboda imperators, xolo sparseTSi ki

sparsTa, somexTa kaTalikosebi da siriuli eklesiebis meTaurebi

emorCilebodnen Sahs. magram yofila meore, kidev ufro didi da

TiTqmis miutevebeli mizezi imisa, rom mefes efiqra eklesiaSi

kardinaluri reformis Catarebis saWiroebis Sesaxeb: `iranelebs

kavSiris gabma mouxerxebiaT qristianul eklesiasTanac ki~,

rogorc wers n. janaSia. `orTodoqsalur eklesias

konstantinopoli mfarvelobda, magram mas uZlieresi opozicia

hyavda ZiriTadad aRmosavleTSi. iranelebi mxars uWerdnen

opozicionerebs, romlebsac orTodoqsebisa da maT ukan mdgomi

saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg iyenebdnen~.183

qarTvel orTodoqsebs vaxtang gorgasali mfarvelobda.

cnobilia, rom is proberZnuli saeklesio orientaciisa iyo, Cans,

swored imitom, rom irani eklesias iyenebda orTodoqsebisa da maT

ukan mdgomi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg. e.i. irani qarTuli eklesiis

meTaurebs (prosparsuli orientaciis episkoposebs) qarTuli

saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg iyenebda. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseve iyo

somxeTSic.

aseTi mdgomareobis dros, gasakviri aRar mogveCveneba qarTuli

eklesiis meTauris miqaelis Tavxedoba. marTalia, SeiZleba miqaeli

proberZnuli orientaciisa iyo, magram man icoda, rom vaxtangis

sawinaaRmdego moqmedebisTvis sparseTi kmayofili darCeboda da

376

prosparsuli orientaciis episkoposebsac miimxrobda. `vaxtang

gorgaslis mefobis dros, juanSerisve mixedviT, SeiniSneba

saeklesio dasTan uTanxmoeba. cnobilia, rom ukve IV saukunis

dasawyisidan irani cdilobs amierkavkasiaSi poziciebis

ganmtkicebas da erT-erT qmediT iaraRad qristianul religiasac

iyenebs. magaliTad, somxeTSi, dRidan daarsebisa qristianul

eklesias xelmZRvanelobdnen iranis mefeTa xelTdasxmuli

mTavarepiskoposebi, anu kaTalikosebi. qarTli, romelsac bizantia

mfarvelobda, ukeTes pirobebSi iyo da winaaRmdegobasac uwevda

iranis moZalebas, magram zogierT SemTxvevaSi, irani, rogorc es

vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebidanac Cans, mainc aRwevda mizans da

qarTls Tavis politikas axvevda~.184

amitomac SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu pirdapir ara, arapirdapir

mainc miqaelis Tavxedobas sparseTi aqezebda, xolo miqaelis

Tavdajereba (fexze samTxvevad misul mefes uSiSrad kbili

Caamtvria qoSis kvriT!) imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom mis xelSi

simdidre da qveynis miwebis didi nawili iyo Tavmoyrili (rac

qveynis feodalizaciis procesiT iyo gamowveuli).

misi xelisufleba mefis xelisuflebas ar Camouvardeboda. aq

SeiZleba gavixsenoT arseni safarelis naTqvami, rom sparselebma

xelisufleba CamoarTves erisTavebs (aznaurebs) da gadasces

samRvdeloebas.

marTlac, samRvdeloeba da eklesia ise Zlieria, rom vaxtangma

ver gabeda Tavxedi mTavarepiskoposis fizikuri dasja, Tumca,

uZvelesi qarTuli wyaros Tanaxmad, misi mrisxaneba ganuzomeli

iyo: _ `Semdgomad missa mefobda vaxtang gorgasali, da

mTavarepiskoposi iyo iovel. maSin wariyvanes vaxtang sparsTa. da

Semdgomad raodenisame Jamisa moiqca da mTavarepiskoposi iyo

miqael. aman miamTxYa ferKi gorgasalsa, romlisame mizezisaTYs da

ganaZo eklesiisagan. maSin mefe aRivso guliswyromiTa mravliTa da

eqca feri pirisa misisaA da ganizraxvida mravalTa borotTa

damKobad qristeanobisa. aramed RmerTman, romelsa aravisi hnebavs

warwymedaA, miuvlina gulsa missa keTili ganzraxvaA~.185

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, miqaelma mefis fizikuri

Seuracxyofis Semdeg mefe da misi spa eklesiidan mokveTa.

Cans, Tu mefe miqaels SeuracxyofisTvis samagiero sasjels

daadebda, amiT aimxedrebda qristianul mosaxleobasa da miqaelis

momxre episkoposebs. aseT situaciaSi mefe qristianobis mtrad

gamocxaddeboda, amitom wers matiane `qristianobis damxoba

ganizraxao~. matianedan TiTqosda isic Cans, rom mefe eklesiaSi

reformis Catarebas apirebs ara samRvdeloebaze da episkoposebze

377

dayrdnobiT, aramed spis (laSqris) daxmarebiT. amitom laSqaric

daiwyevla miqaelis mier.

rogorc aRiniSna, saeklesio kanonebze186 dayrdnobiT da Seqmnili

saerTaSoriso mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT vaxtangma umtkivneulod

moiSora miqaeli, ise, rom ar gauRizianebia qristianuli

mosaxleoba. gansasjelad gagzavna konstantinopolSi.

amis gamo konstantinopolidan imperators werili miuweria

antioqiis patriarqisaTvis: `...da miuweres yoveli saqme didisa

vaxtang mefisa, viTarmed: `episkoposi igi, romeli maT mier

dadginebul iyo, ukuvadgineT, da dRes icodeT axalnergad

WeSmaritad qarTli~.187 e.i. amJamado, weria iq, Cven qarTvelebis mier

dadgenili episkoposi ukuvadgineT da amis Semdeg axladmoqceulad

unda CavTvaloT qarTlio, e.i. proberZnuli orientaciis mqonedo.

sainteresoa, rom am werilis Tanaxmad, miqaeli episkoposad

ekurTxa saqarTveloSi da qarTvelebis mier iqna dadgenili Tavis

kaTedraze _ `maT mier dadginebuli ukuvadgineTo~. antioqiis

patriarqma Tormeti episkoposi gamoagzavna qarTlSi. Cans, vaxtangma

Secvala prosparsuli orientaciis episkoposebi da maT adgilas

dasva proberZnuli orientaciis episkoposebi, aseve Secvala

episkoposebi, romelnic Tavisi simdidrisa da gavlenis gamo mefis

xelisuflebas ar cnobdnen da mefes ar eqvemdebarebodnen.

`da antioqielman patriarqman akurTxna Tormeti episkoposni da

petre kaTalikosad... xolo mcxeTas mefeman vaxtang aRaSena eklesia

mociqulTa sueti cxoveli, da upyra suetsa Sina samxriT adgilsa

mas, sada-igi dacemul iyo eklesia, romel ars sioni didi, da mun

Sina dasues petre kaTalikosad da samoel episkoposad mcxeTasave

saepiskopososa. da dasua erTi episkoposad klarjeTs, eklesiasa

axizisasa, erTi artans eruSeTs, erTi javaxeTs, wundas, erTi

mangliss, erTi bolniss, erTi rusTavs, erTi ninowmindas, erTi

ujarmis karsa, romeli gorgasalsa aReSena, erTi Werems, missave

aRSenebulsa da mun qmna qalaqi erTi Soris orTave eklesiaTa,

romeli-igi manve aRaSena, erTi CeleTs, romeli sofelsa Sua

aRaSena, erTi xornabujs da erTi agaraks, romel ars xunans

gamarTebiT. Semdgomad missa aRaSena eklesia niqozisa sagzebelsa

Tana cecxlisasa da dasva episkoposi~.188

vaxtang gorgaslis mier saqarTvelos sakaTalikosos

daarsebasTan dakavSirebiT unda davaskvnaT:

V saukuneSi qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis qveS myofi

teritoriebi gaizarda, rac imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom vaxtang

gorgaslis dros bizantiam saqarTvelos daubruna mitacebuli

378

klarjeTi (samxreT saqarTvelo) da zRvispireTi (cixe-gojidan

klisuramde).

cnobilia, rom V saukuneSi qalkedonis krebis droisaTvis

gamsxvilda zogierTi eklesia, magaliTad, Seiqmna ierusalimis

sapatriarqo, pontos, asiisa da Trakiis diocezebi Sevida

konstantinopolis patriarqis iurisdiqciaSi. msgavsadve, swored am

epoqaSi, saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da vrceli erovnuli

teritoriebis dabrunebis Semdeg vaxtang gorgasalma ineba, rom

qarTuli eklesia mowyobiliyo rogorc erTiani centralizebuli

samamamTavro eklesia. e.i. dedaqalaqis (mcxeTis) episkoposi

saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis gaxda sayovelTao episkoposi, anu

kaTalikosi (berZnuli sityvidan _ `kaTolos~ _ sayovelTao). am

epoqis TiTqmis Tanadroul saistorio qronika `moqcevaA

qarTlisaASi~ pirvel kaTalikos petres mamamTavari ewodeba.

`aqaTgan iwyes kaTalikosTa mamadmTavrobad. pirveli kaTalikozi

iyo petre, vaxtang mefisa ze~.189

b. lominaZe wers: `uflebrivi mdgomareobiT qarTlis kaTalikosi

miaCndaT bizantiaSi im dros moqmedi patriarqebis tolad~.190

ismis kiTxva, ramdenad Seesabameba simarTles qarTul matianeebSi

gadmocemuli cnobebi vaxtang gorgaslis mier saqarTvelos

gaerTianebis Sesaxeb, Sevida Tu ara vaxtangis saxelmwifoSi

dasavleTi da samxreTi saqarTvelo? vaxtang gorgasali mxolod

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefe iyo, Tu erTiani saqarTvelosi?

d. musxeliSvili, rogorc aRiniSna, wers: `leonti mrovelis

istoriuli koncefciis Tanaxmad, rogorc cnobilia, V saukunis

meore naxevris gamoCenili politikuri moRvawe vaxtang gorgasali

iyo gamaerTianebeli dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelosi.

istorikosis am cnobas, romelic iv. javaxiSvilis gamokvlevebis

Semdeg CaTvlili iyo legendarulad, zogierTi istorikosi

miiCnevs savsebiT realurad. epoqis Tanadrouli bizantiuri da

somxuri wyaroebis analizis safuZvelze Cven SevecadeT

dagvesabuTebina, rom leonti mrovelis mowmoba Seesabameba

sinamdviles da rom qarTlis mefem vaxtang gorgasalma namdvilad

gaaerTiana dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo V s-is 60-70-ian

wlebSi da egrisis yofili mmarTveli Tavis erisTavad gaxada... Cven

ar gamovricxavT SesaZleblobas msgavsi politikuri situaciis

arsebobisa farnavazis dros~.191

vaxtangis mier daarsebuli saqarTvelos sakaTalikosos

sazRvrebi, cxadia, emTxveoda saxelmwifos sazRvrebs da qarTuli

eklesia Tavis iurisdiqcias SavizRvispireTSic axorcielebda.

379

cnobilia, rom Zveli qarTuli matianeebi, istoriuli qronikebi

da istorikosebi mudam dabejiTebiT miiCnevdnen, rom iberia, anu

qarTli ewodeboda vrcel teritorias, romelic gadaWimuli iyo

Savi zRvidan albaneTamde da somxeTamde, rom qarTli ewodeboda

ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, aramed dasavleT

saqarTvelosac da misi dasavleTi sazRvari iwyeboda

SavizRvispireTSi jer mdinare egriswylidan, xolo Semdgom

mdinare klisuridan. es istoriuli koncefcia Cveni Tanamedrove

istorikosebis mier ratomRac miCneul iqna XI s-Si

Camoyalibebulad, TiTqosda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, `qarTlis~,

sxva kuTxeebze hegemonobis dros. magram iyo Tu ara XI s-Si

`qarTli~ saqarTvelos hegemoni?

d. musxeliSvili amasTan dakavSirebiT wers: `X s-is dasawyisidan

(904 w.), Tu IX s-is 70-ian wlebidan ara, swored qarTli

warmoadgens dasavleT saqarTvelos e.w. afxazeTis samefos erT-erT

saerisTavos. politikuri hegemonia ara mxolod X s-Si, aramed

mTeli XI s-is ganmavlobaSic (ufro zustad 1122 wlamde) ekuTvnoda

dasavleT saqarTvelos. Sesabamisad, arc XI s-saTvis... da arc IX-X

ss-ze adre... araviTari `istoriuli koncefcia~, an `politikuri

ideologia~, an `Teoria~, romlis Tanaxmadac, `saqarTvelo

ganixileboda ZvelTaganve erTianad~ da `qarTli mis saTaveSi

mdgomad~, SeuZlebelia Camoyalibebuliyo. swored amitom Cven

uarvyofdiT imis SesaZleblobas, rom leonti mrovelis

politikuri koncefcia SeiZleboda SemuSavebuliyo misi

Tanadrouli politikuri situaciis gavleniT... marTlac, mecxre

saukuneSi gamoricxulia iseTi politikuri situaciis warmoqmna,

romelsac SeeZlo ganepirobebina qarTlis meTaurobiT aRmosavleT

da dasavleT saqarTvelos erTianobis politikuri koncefciis

warmoqmna. qarTlSi jer kidev arabebi batonobdnen da es provincia

warmoadgenda arabTa, kaxeTis mflobelTa, qarTvel da somex

bagratidebs Soris gauTavebeli samxedro Setakebebis sarbiels.

dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb TiTqmis araferi ismoda, magram

Zalze niSandoblivia, rom swored IX s-Si iwyeba dasavleT

saqarTvelos (`afxazTa~) mefeebis samxedro reidebi qarTlSi...

aravin uaryofs, rom `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~-s qronikaluri nawilis,

saboloo redaqcia Seiqmna IX s-Si. m. CxartiSvili, romelmac

specialurad Seiswavla es nawili, VII s-is Sua wlebsac ki Tvlis

am qronikis ara Seqmnis, aramed morigi redaqtirebis drod. yovel

SemTxvevaSi, CvenTvis saintereso cnoba qarTlis samefos uZveles

sazRvarTa Sesaxeb ueWvelad unda mivakuTvnoT am qronikis yvelaze

adreul redaqcias da yvelaze Zvel wyaroebs. amaSi eWvi ar

380

epareboda s. janaSias, is Tvlida, rom `yvelaze bunebrivia~,

warmoqmna cneba `qarTlisa~, romelic Tavis TavSi Seicavda

dasavleT saqarTvelosac (egrissac), vivaraudoT ara IX s-Si,

aramed swored VII s-is I naxevarSi. s. janaSia varaudobda, rom es

iyo sruliad saqarTvelos saeklesio-sakulto, an saeklesio-

organizaciuli erToba. aseTi varaudi Cven xelovnurad gveCveneba,

radgan `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ cnoba ueWvelad iTvaliswinebs

sruliad gansazRvrul (Camoyalibebul) politikur koncefcias...

epoqis Tanadrouli bizantiuri da somxuri wyaroebis analizis

safuZvelze Cven SevecadeT dagvemtkicebina, rom leonti mrovelis

cnoba Seesabameba sinamdviles da rom qarTlis mefe vaxtang

gorgasalma namdvilad gaaerTiana dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi

saqarTvelo V saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi da egrisis yofili

mmarTveli Tavis erisTavad gaixada. amgvarad, Cven SevecadeT

mogvesinja is realur-istoriuli niadagi, romelzedac SeiZleboda

dafuZnebuliyo dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ZirZveli

erTianobis politikuri koncefcia, romelic XI saukunis

istorikoss leonti mrovels ekuTvnis. roca vaxtang gorgaslis

epoqas vvaraudobdiT leonti mrovelis politikuri koncefciis

Seqmnis safuZvlad, Cven ar gamovricxavdiT msgavsi politikuri

situaciis arsebobas farnavazis dros.~192

farnavazis Tanamedrove istorikosi megasTene III saukuneSi

qristeSobamde werda, rom iberebi cxovroben Savi zRvis

sanapiroze. es aris mowmoba imisa, rom farnavazisdroindeli

berZnuli samyaro SavizRvispireTSi mcxovreb egriselebs da sxva

qarTul tomebs iberebad miiCnevda, swored iseve, rogorc qarTveli

Zveli istorikosebi miiCnevdnen megrelebs, klarjebsa da sxva

kuTxis mcxovreblebs qarTvelebad.

`III saukuneSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde mosxebis mTeli qveyana (e.i.

aWarac) miekuTvneboda qarTls (iberias). sxvaTa Soris, amis

dasadastureblad gamodgeba farnavazis Tanamedrovis, Cvens

welTaRricxvamde III saukunis dasawyisis istorikos megasTenis

cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom iberebi cxovroben `pontos marjvena

napirzeo~. es pirdapiri mowmoba erTmniSvnelovnad gulisxmobs, rom

swored III saukunis dasawyisSi Cv.w.aR-mde qarTlis samefo

samxreTdasavleTiT gadioda zRvaze da Sesabamisad, unda vifiqroT,

masSi Sedioda aWara da klarjeTi~.193

Cveni azriT, megasTenes cnobaSi, rom iberebi Savi zRvis napirze

cxovroben, unda vigulisxmoT ara marto aWara da klarjeTi,

aramed egrisic. Savi zRvis piras mcxovreb iberebSi uTuod

egriselebic igulisxmeba. Cans, swored amis Sesaxeb unda

381

miuTiTebdes sxva berZeni istorikosi dionisios periegeti,

romelic iberebs aseve SavizRvispireTSi mcxovrebad miiCnevs,

oRond jiqebisa da henioxebis mezoblad. miiCneven, rom dionisios

periegeti cxovrobda imperatorebis avgustosis da neronis dros

(SeiZleba saukuniT adre an gvian).

dionisios periegeti Tavis `dedamiwis aRwerilobaSi~ pirdapir

wers, rom iberebi cxovroben SavizRvispireTSi, gulisxmobs ara

samxreTSi, mdinare WoroxTan, aramed CrdiloeTSi.

`...ai, amdenni cxovroben mdinare istrosis irgvliv. axla ki

mixede evropis danarCen sazRvars, romelic sammagi napiriT aris

gadaWimuli aRmosavleTisaken, aqedan erTia iberTa, meore

panelinTa da mesame vaJkac avsonTa. magram es aris saocar iberTa

ukanaskneli mezobeli okeanisken, dasavleTisaken~.194

aqedan Cans, rom iberebis sacxovrisi aris Sav zRvasTan,

`istrosTan~. Cans, igulisxmeba SavizRvispireTis Crdilo

aRmosavleTi. am cnobas exmianeba imave istorikosis sxva cnoba, rom

iberebi arian mezoblebi `kamaritebisa~. rusi komentatoris

Tanaxmad, kamaritebis `saxelwodeba warmoqmnilia Taviseburi zRvis

navebis, `kamarebisagan~. strabonis aRweriT am navebis mflobelebi

iyvnen aqeelebi, zigebi da henioxebi, romlebic, rogorc Cans, unda

gavaigiveoT dionisesTan xsenebul `kamaritebTan~.195

dionise periegeti, iseve rogorc sxva Zveli avtorebi (maT Soris

Zveli qarTveli istorikosebi), miiCnevs, rom roca iberebi

(qarTvelebi) movidnen saqarTveloSi, maT aq sxva xalxi daxvdaT,

romelTac sZlies qarTvelebma. fasisis Semdego, _ wers is _

`misgan Crdilo aRmosavleTisaken mdebareobs yeli kaspiis da

evqsinis zRvas Soris. masze cxovrobs iberTa aRmosavluri tomi,

romelic odesRac pirenedan movida aRmosavleTSi da

hirkanielebTan sastiki brZola hqonda~.196

axali arqeologiuri monacemebi miuTiTebs, rom kolxeTi

qarTvelebis sacxovrisia adreantikur epoqaSive.

`ukanasknel dros Zalze saintereso faqtebi gamovlinda

arqeologiuri gamokvlevebiT adreantikur kolxeTSi (dasavleT

saqarTveloSi). axlaxan gamoqveynda statia arqeolog g.

gamyreliZisa, romelSic Sekrebilia, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTeli

arqeologiuri masala CvenTvis saintereso epoqisa am regionSi...

rogorc cnobili xdeba, arqeologiuri Seswavla dasavleT

saqarTvelosi aCvenebs, rom IV saukunis meore naxevridan (Cven

welTaRricxvamde) TvalsaCino xdeba materialuri kulturis

gansxvaveba zRvispira zolisa da Sida kolxeTisa. es aixsneba

axali Zlieri talRiT, romelic qarTlidan (iberiidan) modioda da

382

romelic gamoixateba damarxvis axali wesiT, axali, aRmosavleT

qarTuli formiT da teqnikiT, keramikis gaformebisa da

arqiteqturis axali formebiT. aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs amasTan

kavSirSi vanis qalaqis gaTxrebSi aRmoCenil `armazuli~

damwerlobis fragmentebs Zv.w.aR-iT II-I ss. fenebSi, romelic Semdeg

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos axasiaTebda~.197

dasavleT saqarTvelo rom farnavazis samefoSi Sedioda, amis

Sesaxeb wers uZvelesi qarTuli wyaro `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~.

iberiaSi Sedioda ara marto egrisi, aramed svaneTic.

`rogori winaaRmdegobac ar unda gamoiwvios g. gamyreliZis

zemoTmoyvanilma mosazrebam, arqeologiuri masala IV-III ss. Cvens

welTaRricxvamde dasavleT saqarTvelodan ueWvelad mxars uWers

ZvelqarTul mematianeTa mowmobas da, yovel SemTxvevaSi, arafriT

ar gamoricxavs dasavleT saqarTvelos didi nawilis kuTvnilebas

iberiis samefosadmi.

sxvaTa Soris, am konteqstSi, Cven Zalze sainteresod gveCveneba

strabonis mowmoba, romelic ZvelqarTul tom svanebze

moTxrobisas, gvacnobebs, rom `zogierTebi maT iberielebs

uwodeben~ (XI, _ 18). es mowmoba daumsaxureblad aris ignorirebuli

istorikosebis mier. SeiZleba, Seicavs informacias iberebis

(qarTebi) gardasuli xangrZlivi batonobis Sesaxeb svaneTSi.

amasTan dakavSirebiT ar meCveneba zedmetad gavixsenoT, rom

Semdgom, adre bizantiur epoqaSi, Cven gvaqvs ueWveli faqti, roca

`svanebi lazebTan konfliqtis dros dasaxmareblad iwveven iberebs

(da sparselebs).~198

yovelive zemoT moyvaniliT mxolod imis daskvna SeiZleba, rom

qarTvelTa samefoSi vaxtang gorgaslamde da mis drosac Sedioda

mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo (aWara, egrisi, svaneTi da, cxadia,

argveTi). amitomac IV saukuneSive erTiani qarTuli eklesiis

Camoyalibebis dros mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi saeklesio ena

iyo qarTuli ena, berZnul enasTan erTad, iseve rogorc

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis gorgaslis

epoqaze. vaxtangma gaaerTiana saqarTvelo da Seqmna saqarTvelos

sakaTalikoso. da Tu es namdvilad ase iyo, maSin ueWvelia, wirva-

locvisa da mRvdelmsaxurebis ena dasavleT saqarTveloSi

(egrisSi, svaneTSi da sxvagan) iyo qarTuli ena, berZnulTan erTad.

Cven matianeSi TvalnaTliv Cans, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos erT

nawilSi berZnuli ena, rogorc erTaderTi saeklesio ena, SeiZleba

danergiliyo VII saukunis dasawyisSi, imis Semdeg, rac zRvispira

vrceli teritoriebi herakle keisarma saqarTvelos samefos

CamoaWra. argveTi da misi momijnave teritoriebi ar Sedioda

383

bizantiis imperiaSi, amitomac aq Zveleburadve qarTulenovani

wirva-locva tardeboda. d. musxeliSvili wers: `Cven, Cveni mxridan,

aseve vTvlidiT, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos gansazRvruli nawili

(istoriuli provincia imereTis marjvena sanapiro) VII-IX

saukuneebSi SeiZleba emorCileboda qarTlis kaTalikosis

iurisdiqcias da, Sesabamisad, saeklesio msaxureba aq sruldeboda

qarTul enaze~.199

cxadia, vaxtang gorgaslis dros, roca man mTeli saqarTvelo

gaaerTiana mis saxelmwifoSi, saeklesio ena iyo qarTuli ena,

radganac saeklesio kanonTa Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos sakaTalikosos

Tavisi iurisdiqcia mTel saxelmwifoSi unda ganexorcielebina.

ara marto dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed samxreT

saqarTveloSi, klarjeTsa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ukidures

kuTxeebSi _ hereTsa da gugareTSi vaxtang gorgaslis dros

saeklesio ena iyo qarTuli ena, radganac wesis Tanaxmad, yvela am

mxareze saqarTvelos sakaTalikosos unda ganexorcielebina Tavisi

iurisdiqcia.

ivane javaxiSvili wers, rom gugarqi vaxtangis samefoSi Sedioda:

`mexuTe saukuneSiac, magaliTad, vaxtang gorgasalis mefobaSi

gugareTi winandeburad iberiis samefos sazRvrebSi Sedioda, magram

marto politikurad ki ara, aramed saeklesio weswyobilebis

mxrivac igi saqarTvelos ganuyofel nawils Seadgenda: rogorc me-

6 saukunis damdegs momxdar saeklesio krebis monawile

mRvdelmTavarTa siidan Cans, bolnisis, curtavis da rusTavis

saepiskoposoebi mcxeTis kaTalikoss eqvemdebarebodnen.

gugareTis saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebis simtkice da misi

ganuyreli kuTvnileba SemdegSi momxdarma ubedurebamac

gamoaaSkarava, rodesac sparsTa mier daaxloebiT 537 wels

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mefoba ZalmomreobiT mospobil iqna da

qveyanas TviT sparsTa Sahebi daepatronen, aseT ukidures

gaWirvebisa da politikuri bedis ukuRmarTobis drosac gugareTi

saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi Sedioda. meSvide saukunis damdegsac,

roca qarTvelTa da somexTa Soris sarwmunoebrivi uTanxmoeba da

mtroba Camovarda, romelic am ori eklesiis sruli ganxeTqilebiT

da ganSorebiT damTavrda, igi kvlavindeburad qarTul eklesias

ekuTvnoda. saqarTvelos am politikuri dakninebisa da gansacdelis

xanaSic rom gugareTi marTlac kvlav saqarTvelos ekuTvnoda,

sulierad da politikurad masTan iyo mWidrod dakavSirebuli,

amas TviT somxurive meSvide saukuneSi Sedgenili saistorio

geografiac cxadad amtkicebs. aq pirdapir naTqvamia, rom es qveyana

am dros qarTvelebis xelSi iyo~.200

384

marTlac, VII saukunis somxuri geografia wers, rom gugarqi

mTlianad da misi yoveli gavari dasaxlebuli iyo mxolod

qarTvelebiT, aq araviTari miniSneba ar aris gugarqSi romelime

sxva eris cxovrebis Sesaxeb.

`VII saukunis anonimur somxur geografiaSi naTqvamia: `gugarqi

mdebareobs utis dasavleTiT da Sedgeba cxra gavarisagan,

romlebic uWiravT qarTvelebs: Zorofori, wobofori, kolbofori,

taSiri, TrialeTi, kangarqi, artahani, javaxqi, klarjqi...~201

vaxtang gorgaslis drosac gugarqi dasaxlebulia qarTvelebiT,

gugarqi qarTvelTa qveyanaa V saukunis somexi istorikosis lazar

farpecis cnobiT. is, wers: `qarTvelTa qveynidan wavidnen bdeSxi

aSuSa da qveynis sxva tanuterebi~.202 `qarTvelTa qveyanaSi swored

gugareTis sapitiaxSo igulisxmeba.

gugarqi qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli qveyana iyo iqamdec, magram

xSirad somxeTis saxelmwifos sazRvrebis SigniT eqceoda, amitomac

Tavisi mezobeli albaneTis `utis~ provinciis msgavsad ganicdida

armenizacias. gugarqis qarTvelebi iTvisebdnen somxur kulturasa

da somxur enas.

`gugarqi jer kidev II saukuneSi Zv.w.aR-iT waarTves somxebma

iberias (straboni). somxeTis samefoSi igi calke erTeulad,

sapitiaxSod Camoyalibda. amas, Cans, xels uwyobda isic, rom igi

eTnikurad gansxvavdeboda. gugarqs hqonda midrekileba isev iberias

dabruneboda. asec moxda kidevac 387 wels~.203

iv. javaxiSvili wers: `strabonis drosac I saukunis dasasruls

qristes welTaRricxvamde da I saukunis damdegs qristes Semdeg es

kuTxe jer kidev somexTa xelSi yofila. magram 35 wlidan qristes

Semdeg moyolebuli, rodesac tacitis sityviT, iberiis mefeebi

imdenad Zlierni iyvnen, rom somxeTSi SemoWril sparselebs

ebrZodnen, da roca TviT somxeTSic ki qarTveli ufliswuli

gamefda, cxadia, mdgomareoba TvalsaCinod unda Secvliliyo.

SesaZlebelia, amave dros qarTvelebs somexTa mier miTvisebuli

gugareTic ukan daebrunebinaT. amas is megobruli ganwyobilebac

gvafiqrebinebs, romelic aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefeebs romis

keisrebTan hqondaT~.204

saukuneTa manZilze qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli gugarqi somxeTis

saxelmwifos xelT iyo. amitomac es kuTxe, albaneTis msgavsad,

armenizaciis process ver aicilebda. rogorc VI, ise VII

saukuneebSi gugarqi qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda,

rasac ver urigdeboda aqauri Temis episkoposi monofiziti mose,

romelic cdilobda Tavisi samwyso gamoeyvana qarTuli eklesiis

iurisdiqciidan da Seeyvana somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi.

385

xelsayreli politikuri situaciis dadgomisTanave, kirion

qarTlis kaTalikosma gugarqSi aRadgina qarTulenovani

RvTismsaxureba. kirionis am moqmedebam safuZveli daudo ara

somxebis `gaqarTvelebas~, rogorc miiCnevs zogierTi qarTveli

istorikosi,205 aramed `somxurenovani~ qarTuli mosaxleobisaTvis

aRdga vaxtang gorgaslis dros arsebuli qarTulenovani wirva-

locva.

vaxtang gorgaslis mier daarsebuli saqarTvelos sakaTalikosos

aRmosavleTi sazRvari hereTsac moicavda. jer kidev wmida ninom,

`moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ Tanaxmad, iqadaga albaneTis zogierT

kuTxeSi: `moqcevaA qarTlisaASi~ naTqvamia: `da nino STavida kxoeTa

da dadga kawareTs da monaTlna kxoelni da sojni eriTurT maTiT

da gardavida kaxeTa da dadga qcel dabas da moiyvanna kaxni

mTavarni da monaTlna~.206

mose xorenelis Tanaxmad, wmida ninom iqadaga albaneTSi vidre

masquTebamde, romelic kaspiis zRvispireTSi mdebareobda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom aRmosavleTSi am mogzaurobis dros wmida nino

dasneulda da amis gamo is ukanve gamoemgzavra mcxeTaSi, magram

mcxeTaSi misvla ver SeZlo da gzaSi, daba bodSi gardaicvala.

swored asea aRwerili uZveles qronikaSi _ `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~:

`da dasneulda da warmoemarTa mcxeTad da viTarca moiwia kxoeTs

da dabasa, romelsa hqrYan bodini, veRara eZlo slvad...~207

`moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ cnobebi wmida ninos Sesaxeb sando unda

iyos, radganac es cnobebi, e.i. zemoT moyvanili ambavi, Cawerili

Cans IV saukunis bolos, qarTvelTa mefis Trdatis dros, radganac

am qronikisaTvis (wmida ninos Sesaxeb CanawerisaTvis) ukanaskneli

qarTveli mefe aris Trdati. aq wmida ninos Sesaxeb naTqvamia:

`gardavida erwud da dadga JaleTs, dabasa, edems, da naTel-sca

erwu-TianelTa. da yuarelTa esma ese da gardakrbes ToSeTa,

romelni ukanaAsknel ipovnes; Trdat mefeman moiyvanna da

monaTlna~.208

aqedan aSkaraa, qronikis am adgilis CanawerisaTvis ukanaskneli,

misi Tanamedrove, mefe aris Trdati (393-405 ww.).

386

saqarTvelos sakaTalikosos sazRvrebi vaxtang gorgaslis dros

vrclad yofila gadaWimuli da is, qalkedonis me-17 da sxva

kanonebis Sesabamisad, emTxveoda saero-samoqalaqo, anu

saxelmwifos sazRvrebs. amitomac is Tavis iurisdiqcias

axorcielebda dasavleT saqarTvelos mTel miwa-wyalze (maT Soris

egrisze), romlis sazRvari mdinare klisurze gadioda.

aRmosavleTSi ki sakaTalikosos iurisdiqciaSi qarTl-kaxeTTan

erTad Sedioda klarjeTi, gugareTi da hereTi. am dros mTeli

sakaTalikosos sazRvrebSi wirva-locvisa da RvTismsaxurebis ena

iyo qarTuli.

vaxtang gorgasalma Tavisi saeklesio reformis Semdeg SeZlo

eklesia saxelmwifos kontrolisaTvis daeqvemdebarebina, msgavsad

bizantiisa da sparseTisa. amis Semdeg eklesiis ierarqTa didi

avtoriteti da Zalaufleba aRar upirispirdeboda xelmwifis

interesebs.

vaxtang gorgasalma saqarTvelos daubruna berZenTa mier

mitacebuli teritoriebi samxreT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi. man

araTu aRadgina qarTlis samefos Zveli sazRvrebi, aramed Sehmata

mas axali teritoria, moqceuli mdinareebs egriswyalsa da

klisuras Soris. gazarda da gaafarTova eklesiis sazRvrebi,

moawyo is, rogorc `samamamTavro~ eklesia-sakaTalikoso.

T e o r i e b i q a r T u l i e k l e s i i s a v t o k e f a l i i s

S e s a x e b

387

qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb saukuneTa manZilze

gamoTqmuli iyo ori gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi. pirvelis

mixedviT, qarTuli eklesia daafuZna ierusalimidan Camosulma

wmida mociqulma andria pirvelwodebulma da amitomac is

avtokefaluri iyo dafuZnebisTanave, I-II saukuneebidanve, iseve,

rogorc yvela sxva mociqulis mier im droisaTvis daarsebuli

eklesiebi msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi.

aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi, rom qarTuli eklesia daarsebisTanave

avtokefaluri iyo, saqarTveloSi gabatonebuli iyo Sua

saukuneebSi da Tavisi gansakuTrebuli gamoxatuleba hpova wmida

giorgi mTawmidelis pasuxSi antioqiis patriarqTan kamaTis dros,

1054-1056 wlebSi. Tvalsazriss andria pirvelwodebulisa da sxva

mociqulebis, agreTve II-III saukuneebSi romis imperiidan Camosuli

qristiani misionerebis mier saqarTveloSi qristianobis

gavrcelebisa da maT mier eklesiis dafuZnebis Sesaxeb mxars uWers

qarTuli, berZnuli, laTinuri da sxva wyaroebi. II-III saukuneebSi

ki, TiTqmis IV saukunis miwurulamde, im drois msoflio eklesiaSi

arsebuli kanonebis Tanaxmad, yoveli saepiskoposo da saeklesio

`samTavro~ avtokefaluri iyo, gansakuTrebiT ki imperiis sazRvrebs

gareT `barbarosTa~ qveynebSi arsebuli saeklesio `samTavroebi~ da

saepiskoposoebi.

meore Tvalsazriss _ V-XI saukuneebSi qarTuli eklesiisaTvis

avtokefaliis miniWebis Sesaxeb _ Zalze susti sabuTebi aqvs. b.

lominaZe wers: `qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis dasabuTebisas

istoriul cnobaTa simciris gamo Zveli da Tanamedrove

mkvlevarebi umTavresad amodian vaxtang gorgaslis droindeli

saqarTvelos sagareo da saSinao politikuri viTarebidan, romelic

qveynis mesaWes SesaZleblobas aZlevda eZia eklesiuri

damoukidebloba da mieRwia misTvis~.209

Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac qarTul eklesias avtokefalia

mieniWa V-XI ss-Si, ZiriTadad efuZneba qarTveli moRvawis, efrem

mciris Txzulebas, aseve balsamonis erTi cnobis Tavisebur

gagebas. ivane javaxiSvilma sagangebod gamoikvlia qarTuli

eklesiis uflebrivi damokidebulebisa da TviTmwysobis da wesebis

Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebi da gamoTqva aseTi azri:

`prof. n. mari, ueWvelia, marTalia agreTve, rodesac amtkicebs,

rom qarTuli eklesiis antioqiis patriarqisagan uflebrivi

damokidebulebis Sesaxeb araviTari Zveli sando cnobebi ar

moipoveba. magram amis Tqma gadaWriT mxolod IX-XI ss-is Sesaxeb

SeiZleba, uZveles xanisaTvis ki jer metad mcire wyaroebia

388

mkvlevaris xelT, rom am sakiTxis ase Tu ise gadaWris ufleba

hqondes~.210

rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, ivane javaxiSvilis azriT,

uZveles dros (IX saukunemde mainc) qarTuli eklesiis antioqiis

patriarqze uflebrivi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb Zveli sando

cnobebi ar moipoveba da amitomac Znelia dabejiTebiT mtkiceba

imisa, rom qarTuli eklesia antioqiis eklesiis iurisdiqciis qveS

imyofeboda (magram aqtiuri urTierToba hqonda am eklesiasTan).

iv. javaxiSvilis Tanaxmad, qarTuli eklesia arc ierusalimisa da

arc somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciis qveS ar yofila.

`amasTanave n. marisagan wamoyenebuli debulebisaTvisac, rom

qarTuli eklesia uflebrivad ierusalimis sapatriarqosagan unda

yofiliyo damokidebuli, VII saukunis damdegis kYrion kaTalikosis

epistolis garda, romelSiac mxolod ierusalimis mamamTavris

avtoritetia gamoyenebuli dogmaturi uTanxmoebis gadasawyvetad

da Tanac aRniSnulia, rom grigol ganmanaTlebelma ierusalimis

aRsareba moitana, sxva araviTari sabuTi ar arsebobs. wmida ninos

Satberduli cxovrebis cnoba, rogorc cnobilia, mermindelsa da

tendenciur CanarTsa da natyuar SenaTxzsac warmoadgens. amitom

misi damowmeba ar SeiZleba. amnairad, arc ierusalimis

patriarqisgan damokidebulebis damadasturebeli, ueWveli

dasayrdeni cnoba ar moipoveba. maSasadame, gvrCeba mxolod

debuleba qarTuli eklesiis uZveles xanaSi dvinis kaTalikosisgan

damokidebulebis Sesaxeb, romelic asuruli VI s-is Zeglis

cnobazea damyarebuli. viTarca Zveli cnoba, igi gansakuTrebuli

yuradRebis Rirsia... asuruli CanarTi cnobis sazRvrebi unda ufro

mWidrod SemoizRudos: igi ar SeiZleba 450 wlis uwinaresi iyos,

aramed V s-is me-2 naxevrisa. maSasadame, asuruli CanarTi nawyveti

srulebiT somxur-qarTul-albanuri eklesiebis uZveles xanas ar

ekuTvnis da aq araviTari cnoba ar moipoveba kavkasiis xuTi

qristiani erisaTvis saerTo kaTalikosis Sesaxeb. am cnobiT, arc

qarTuli eklesiis dvinis kaTalikosisagan damokidebulebis

debuleba marTldeba.~211

iv. javaxiSvilis zemoT moyvanili azrebidan Cans, rom I-IV

saukuneebSi da V saukunis Sua wlebamde (vaxtang gorgaslis

saeklesio reformamde) ar arsebobs damadasturebuli sabuTebi

qarTuli eklesiis ierarqiuli daqvemdebarebisa antioqiis,

ierusalimis an somxuri eklesiebisadmi.

iv. javaxiSvili wers: `qarTuli eklesiis somexTa

kaTalikosisagan uflebrivi damokidebulebis damcvelebs sabuTad,

rogorc gamoirkva, mxolod ori cnoba moepovebaT: uZvelesi

389

xanisaTvis agaTangelos-faustosisa da VI s-is damlevisaTvis ioane

kaTalikosisa da uxtanesisa. faustosis cnoba damoukidebel

mowmobas ar warmoadgens, aramed imave agaTangelosis Txzulebazea

damyarebuli da grigol ganmanaTleblis cxovrebis arabulis

msgavsi redaqcia unda hqondes mas safuZvlad, romelSiac grigoli

somxebis garda qarTvelTa, albanelTa, afxazTa, TviT durZukTa da

masquTTa gamaqristianebladac aris gamoyvanili. swored am orsave

cnobaSi moxsenebuli `masquTni~ saukeTesod amJRavneben faustosis

mowmobis am wyarosa da sadaurobas. agaTangelosis saxeliT

cnobili nawarmoebi ki, rogorc aRniSnuli gvqonda, saxelnatyuar

VI saukunis tendenciur Txzulebas warmoadgens, romelSiac

istoriuli sinamdvilis niSanwyalic ki ar aris. am cnobas iseTive

Rirebuleba aqvs, ra Rirebulebisacaa amave agaTangelosis cnoba

grigolis mTeli kavkasiis ganmanaTleblobis Sesaxeb. cxadia, aseT

mowmobaze damyareba ar SeiZleba.

axla gansaxilvelia ioane kaTalikosisa da uxtanesis cnobebi

kYrionis Sesaxeb... sabednierod, Tanamedrove mkvlevars sruli

saSualeba aqvs ioane kaTalikosisa da uxtanesis am cnobaTa

siswore Seamowmos im miwer-moweris wyalobiT, romelic

`epistoleTa wignSia~ daculi. swored am werilidan Cans, rom

somexTa eklesiis mesaWe patriarqis wodebulebis mqonebeli ar

yofila... sxvanairad arc SeiZleba yofiliyo, radgan TviT msoflio

eklesiis patriarqebic ki VII saukunemde TavianT Tavs iSviaTad Tu

uwodebdnen patriarqs, aramed mxolod VIII-IX saukuneebSi xdeba es

saxeli Cveulebriv wodebulebad... kYrion kaTalikosi rom marTlac

somexTa kaTalikosisagan yofiliyo xeldasxmuli da nakurTxi,

rogorc ioane kaTalikosi da uxtanesi amboben, warmoudgenelia,

rom es garemoeba mainc somexTa eklesiis mmarTveli wreebis

warmomadgenlebs an mxolod TviT abraams gamwvavebuli kamaTisa da

miwer-moweris dros mainc ar wamoeyvedrebinoT, Cveni nakurTxi xar

da aseTi umaduroba ki gamoiCineo. amasTanave kYrioni rom somexTa

kaTalikosisgan ierarqiul-uflebrivad damokidebuli yofiliyo,

abraam kaTalikosis moqmedebac qarTvelTa kaTalikosis winaaRmdeg

sxvanairi iqneboda. abraams SeeZlo kYrioni gadayenebulad

gamoecxadebina. araferi amis msgavsi ki abraamis ukanasknel

mrgvlivmosavlel epistoleSi ar aris da eg garemoebac

kaTalikosis uflebrivad damokidebulebis debulebas metad

saTuoda xdis~.212

rogorc ukve aRniSnuli iyo, vaxtang gorgaslis mier

kaTalikosobis dawesebamde qarTuli eklesia ierarqiulad

msoflios arc erT sxva eklesiaze damokidebuli ar yofila.

390

Semdgom saukuneebSi ki, kerZod, VI-X saukuneebSi ramdenime

mezobelma eklesiam moiwadina da moindoma qarTuli eklesia Tavisi

ierarqiuli daqvemdebarebis qveS myofad warmoedgina. kerZod,

rogorc berZnebi, ise somxebi zogadad werdnen daaxloebiT ase:

marTalia, qarTuli eklesia amJamad avtokefaluria, magram winaT

is Cveni eklesiis ierarqiuli daqvemdebarebis qveS imyofebodao.

asea es rogorc somxur (`epistoleTa wigni~), iseve berZnul-

bizantiur zogierT wyaroSi (mag. `antioqiur xronoRrafSi~).

msoflio eklesia im droisaTvis or ideologiur banakad _

aRmosavlur-somxur-monofizitur da berZnul-qalkedonitur banakad

iyo gayofili, orive erTmaneTis moqiSpe banaki cdilobda

pretenzia ganecxadebina qarTul eklesiaze.

qarTuli eklesia somxurze ierarqiulad damokidebuli rom ar

yofila arc I-V da arc VI-X saukuneebSi, es gamoarkvia iv.

javaxiSvilma. berZnuli sapatriarqoebi VI-X saukuneebSi Seecadnen

qarTuli eklesia ierarqiulad maTze damokidebulad warmoesaxaT,

rasac, kerZod, asaxva upovia antioqiaSi Sedgenil `xronoRrafSi~,

romelic Tavis wyarod gamoiyena efrem mcirem da amiT safuZveli

daudo Semdeg saukuneebSi mraval mcdar Sexedulebas.

efrem mcirem qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb gamoTqva

Tvalsazrisi, romelic imeorebda berZnuli wyaroebisas. `XI

saukunis Sua wlebsa da meore naxevarSi qarTuli eklesiis

uflebrivi mdgomareobis sakiTxi berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT iqna

Seswavlili. efrem mcire Tavis cnobil gamokvlevaSi, `uwyebaA

mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa, Tu romelTa wignTa Sina

moiKsenebis~, sxva sakiTxTa Soris im problemasac Seexo, `Tu odes

iwyes TYT KelTdasxmad, viTarmed ara TYnier wesisa da brZanebisa~.

cnoba am sakiTxis Sesaxeb mas upovia `xronoRrafsa Sina antioqias

aRwerilsa~... am cnobis mixedviT, ase gamodis, rom VII saukunis

damdegidan moyolebuli VIII saukunis Sua wlebamdis qarTul

eklesiasa da antioqiis eklesias Soris kavSiri Sewyvetili yofila.

am gancxadebis Tanaxmad, safiqrebeli xdeba, rom manamde, VII

saukunis damdegamde, qarTuli eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli

xeldasxmisaTvis antioqiaSi midioda iqaur patriarqTan~.213

am `antioqiur xronoRrafSi~ Semdegi yofila moTxrobili: VIII

saukunis Sua wlebSi antioqiis patriarq Teofilaktesa (745-751) da

imperator konstantine skoris (741-775) dros iberiidan antioqiaSi

Casulma orma monazonma ganacxada, rom anastas patriarqis Semdeg

(albaT, mowame anastasi II (602-610) maT aRar ukurTxebiaT iberiis

sayovelTao episkoposi (kaTalikosi). Teofilaktem moiwvia

episkoposTa kreba, romelmac gamosca werilobiTi nebarTva imisa,

391

rom amis Semdeg iberTa eklesiis episkoposebis mierve xeli

dasxmoda iberTa kaTalikoss. iqve akurTxes iberTa axali

kaTalikosi.

es cnoba mraval gaugebrobas iwvevs mkvlevarTa Soris. Tu am

wyaros vendobiT, TviT VIII saukunis Sua wlebSic ki qarTuli

eklesia avtokefaluri ar yofila.

sinamdvileSi ki am `antioqiuri xronoRrafis~ cnoba Seexeba ara

mcxeTis sakaTalikoso eklesias, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos

eklesias.

rogorc XVII saukunis berZeni patriarqebis, ierusalimeli

dosiTeosisa da xrisanfis azriT, ise Cveni Tanamedrove qarTveli

mecnieris v. goilaZis213 azriT, efrem mcires mier moZiebuli

`antioqiuri xronoRrafis~ cnoba Seexeba afxazeTis, anu rogorc

Zvelad dasavleT saqarTvelos uwodebdnen, `qvemo iveriis~

eklesiis avtokefalias.

mraval berZnul wyaroSi aris aseTi cnoba: `iveriaSi ori

avtokefaluri eklesiaa, qvemo iveriisa da zemo iveriisa~. `zemo

iverias~ berZnebi uwodebdnen aRmosavleTs, xolo `qvemo iverias~

`dasavleT saqarTvelos~. da wyaroebi gulisxmoben qarTlisa da

afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebs.

`antioqiur xronoRrafSic~ ewera ara `qarTli~, aramed `iveria~,

rogorc efrem mciris Tanamedrove nikon SavmTelis slavuri

Targmanidan Cans. efrem mcires ki uTargmnia sityva `iberia~ da

`qarTli~ dauweria.

maSasadame, `antioqiur xronoRrafSi~ ewera: VIII saukuneSi

iveriis eklesias mianiWes (an cnes) avtokefalia antioqiaSio.

marTlac, swored VIII saukuneSi daarsda, qarTuli wyaroebis

Tanaxmadac, afxazeTis avtokefaluri eklesia. swored am eklesias

uwodebdnen berZnebi `qvemo iveriis~, an ubralod iveriis

eklesias.214

saqme Seexeba SavizRvispira im teritoriebs, romlebic VII

saukunis dasawyisSi herakle keisarma mostaca saqarTvelos. es

teritoriebi TandaTan daibruna erT-erTma qarTulma (afxazeTis)

saxelmwifom masze saeklesio avtokefaliis uflebiT (efrem mciris

wyaroebis ufro dawvrilebiTi gamokvleva ixileT aqve, paragrafSi

`arasruli avtokefalia~.) da mis bazaze VIII saukuneSi dasavleT

saqarTveloSi daarsda afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, romelsac berZnebi

`qvemo iveriis~ eklesias uwodebdnen.

meore sabuTi, romlis mixedviTac qarTuli eklesiis mier

avtokefaliis miRebas varaudoben V-XI saukuneebSi, es aris

Teodore balsamonis cnoba qarTuli eklesiis meTaurisTvis

392

`arqiepiskoposis~ pativis miniWebis Sesaxeb. sinamdvileSi is cnoba,

romlidanac mohyavT zemoT moyvanili azri, faqtiurad asaxavs

balsamonis Tvalsazriss imis Sesaxeb, rom IV saukuneSi qarTuli

eklesia ukve avtokefaluri iyo, radganac es cnoba aris komentari

381 wels Semdgari II msoflio krebis II kanonisa, im kanonisa,

romelic aRiarebda imperiaSi arsebuli zogierTi eklesiisa da

imperiis gareT `barbarosebis~ qveynebSi arsebuli eklesiebis

avtokefalias. balsamonma imitom daurTo qarTuli eklesiis

avtokefaliis Sesaxeb moxseneba II krebis II kanonis komentars, rom

es kanoni mas rogorc qarTuli, ise sxva patara eklesiebis

avtokefaliis safuZvlad miaCnda. unda aixsnas isic, Tu ratom

ayenebdnen eWvis qveS qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalias Semdegi

saukuneebis berZeni istorikosebi: makariosi, dosiTeosi da sxvebi.

erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg (XV s.), yoveli

qarTuli samefosa Tu samTavros meTauri cdilobda Tavis samefoSi

(samTavroSi) damoukidebeli eklesia hqonoda. am mizniT iwvevdnen

ierusalimel an antioqiel berebsa da ierarqebs (xandaxan

patriarqebsac ki), didi gasamrjelos fasad maT sTxovdnen

daxmarebas TavianT samTavroSi mcxeTisgan damoukidebeli eklesiis

dasaarseblad.

pirvel rigSi mowveuli ierarqebi Seecadnen, am mizniT

moepovebinaT kanonikur-istoriuli sabuTebi. verc antioqiasa da

verc ierusalimSi maT aseTi sabuTebis moZieba ver SeZles.

qarTuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, am moqrTamulma ierarqebma

saqarTveloSive daiwyes maTTvis gamosadegi sabuTebis moZieba.

isini wina saukuneTa qarTul sigel-gujrebidan da matianeebidan

krefdnen cnobebs. maT mouZiebiaT da miugniaT mxolod efrem

mciris zemoT aRniSnuli Txzulebidan Cvens matianeebsa da

xelnawerebSi gadasuli cnobebisaTvis, amitomac dabejiTebiT unda

iTqvas, makariosis, dosiTeosisa da sxvaTa cnobebi qarTuli

eklesiis uflebrivi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb aris efrem mciris

Txzulebis Taviseburi interpretacia. xolo rogorc aRvniSneT,

TviT efremma cnoba afxazeTis (qvemo iveriis) Sesaxeb SecdomiT

mcxeTis eklesiis cnobad miiCnia.

qarTuli eklesiis I-II saukuneebidanve avtokefaliis Sesaxeb unda

iTqvas: marTalia, im qarTvel istorikosebs, romelnic XX saukunis

dasawyisSi ikvlevdnen qarTuli eklesiis avvtokefaliis sakiTxebs,

ar swamdaT andria pirvelwodebulis saqarTveloSi qadageba

(amitomac warmoudgenlad miaCndaT qarTuli eklesiis arseboba

pirvel saukuneebSi), magram rusul saeklesio wreebSi im dros ukve

393

arsebobda azri imis Sesaxeb, rom qarTuli eklesia Tavisi

daarsebis dRidanve avtokefaluri iyo.215

imis gamo, rom qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis dawesebis

Sesaxeb, SeiZleba iTqvas, wyaroebi TiTqmis ar arsebobda,

mkvlevarebma qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia daukavSires eklesiis

meTaurisTvis kaTalikosis titulis miniWebas. sinamdvileSi ki

eklesiis avtokefalia da misi meTauris tituli gansxvavebuli

cnebebia. maT erTmaneTTan ar akavSirebda efrem mcire. magaliTad,

efremis TvalsazrisiT, IV saukuneSi, daarsebisTanave, qarTuli

eklesiis meTaurs ukve hqonda tituli kaTalikosisa, Tumca,

qarTuli eklesia im dros, misi azriT, ara avtokefaluri, aramed

antioqiis `saydris momdgomi~ iyo. efremi wers. `egreTve saxelica

mivlinebulisa mis episkoposisaO esreT povnil ars, viTarmed TYT

evstaTi iyo antioqel patriaqi, romelman daamyara eklesiaA igi

mirianis mier mcxeTas aRSenebuli. da ukurTxa maT kaTalikosi

mTavarepiskoposi... amier icnobebis Jami moqcevisaA da viTarmed

antioqisa saydrisa momdgom iyvnes da mier KelTdasxmul

iqmnebodes qarTlisa kaTalikozni~.216

efremis es gancxadeba safuZvels moklebulia im mizezis gamo,

rom igi ar asaxelebs Tavis wyaros, garda amisa, amJamad cnobilia,

rom qarTuli eklesiis meTaurs `kaTalikosi~ ewoda ara IV, aramed

V saukuneSi. garda amisa, IV saukuneSi arc antioqiis eklesiis

meTaurs hqonda `patriarqis~ wodeba. TxzulebaSi sxva ambebis

aRweris dros efremi Tavis wyaroebs asaxelebs, xolo am

SemTxvevaSi ambobs `povnil ars... TYT evstaTi iyo antioqel

patriarqi~ unda vigulisxmoT, rom efremma Zebna da berZnul

wyaroebSi moiZia mxolod saxeli antioqiis eklesiis meTaurisa IV

saukunis 20-ian wlebSi. am wyaroSi, Cans, ar ewera evstaTisa da

qarTuli eklesiis urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb, amitomac efremma

wyaro ar daasaxela.

rogorc aRvniSneT, efremi ar ukavSirebda titul `kaTalikossa~

da avtokefalias erTmaneTs. eseni erTmaneTs mecnierebma

daukavSires XX saukuneSi da ivaraudes, rom qarTuli eklesia

maSin gaxda avtokefaluri, roca mis meTaurs ewoda `kaTalikosi~,

e.i. V saukuneSi.

marTlac, V saukuneSi, vaxtang gorgaslis dros, qarTul

eklesiaSi momxdara didi cvlileba, reforma, romelic cnobili

gamxdara antioqiis sapatriarqoSi da iq msjelobis sagani yofila.

SeiZleba, swored amis gamoZaxilia Teodore balsamonis cnoba,

romelic wyaroSi ki ar amoukiTxavs balsamons, aramed sxvisgan

mousmenia: `amboben, rom petre Teopolisis (e.i. didi antioqiis)

394

patriarqis dReebSi iyo sakrebulo gansazRvreba imis Sesaxeb, rom

iveriis eklesiebi, romlebic maSin antioqiis patriarqs

emorCilebodnen, iyvnen Tavisufali da damoukidebeli~.217

rogorc aRvniSneT, es cnoba balsamons wyaroSi ki ar unaxavs,

aramed gadmocema gaugonia. amitomac zogierTi mecnieri fiqrobda,

rom aq laparaki iyo XI saukunis antioqiis patriarq petreze,

magram sxvebis TvalsazrisiT, aq laparakia antioqiis V saukunis

patriarq petre fulonze.

vaxtang gorgaslis Rvawli qarTveli eris winaSe saukuneTa

manZilze moixseneboda da dauviwyari iyo. vaxtangs Cautarebia

Zalze didi reforma qarTul eklesiaSi, romelsac qarTuli

eklesiisTvis miucia is saxe da is mimarTuleba, romelic mas

amJamad aqvs (kaTalikosoba da proberZnuli orientacia). vaxtang

gorgaslis dros sparseTi gaZlierebuli iyo da is TanmimdevrobiT

auqmebda amierkavkasiis qveynebis saxelmwifoebriobas, ase

magaliTad, 428 wels iranelebma somxeTSi mefoba gaauqmes, 463 wels

ki mefoba gaauqmes albaneTSi.

aseT dros mefe vaxtang gorgasalma, qarTuli wyaroebis

Tanaxmad, SeZlo gaeTavisuflebina saqarTvelo sparselebis

batonobisgan. garda amisa, gaaTavisufla berZnebis mier dapyrobili

dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos miwebi.

vaxtangma gaaTavisufla sruliad saqarTvelo. is mecnierebi,

romelTac dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianeba

SeuZleblad miaCniaT, ar erwmunebian qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebs,

amitomac isini vaxtang gorgasals mxolod aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos mefed miiCneven.

d. musxeliSvilma analizi gaukeTa bizantiur da somxur

wyaroebs da daadastura `qarTlis cxovrebis~ monacemebi, rom

vaxtangi erTiani saqarTvelos mefe iyo.218

vaxtang gorgaslis mier daarsebuli sakaTalikoso mravali

saepiskopososagan Sedgeboda. `qarTul saepiskoposoTa sistema

teritoriuli ganlagebis principiT sruliad analogiuri iyo

bizantiuri wesisa. aqac da iqac saeklesio sazRvrebi emTxveoda

samoqalaqo-administraciul sazRvrebs da terminebic saero-

administraciidan gadavida saeklesioSi. aRmosavleTis eklesia

gansakuTrebulad savaldebulod xdida samoqalaqo-saero dayofis

gadaRebas saeklesioSi, ase rom, yovel cvlilebas saeroSi

Sesabamisi cvlilebebi unda mohyoloda saeklesioSi~ (qalkedonis

IV ms. kr. kan. 13, 17 da sxva)..219

`rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos erTianobis xanaSi vaxtang gorgaslis

dros vake,220 margveTi221 da Takveri222 `mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi

395

Sedioda~, jer mTavarepiskoposis, Semdeg kaTalikosisa. momdevno

xanaSi mTavarepiskoposs mxolod `vake~ SerCa, vidre XVI

saukunemde.~223 b. lominaZem gaarkvia, rom vaxtangis dros

kaTalikosi iyo patriarqis rangisa da mas `mamamTavari~ ewodeboda.

`...vaxtang mefis drois pirveli kaTalikosi petre ierarqiulad

iseTive rangisaa, rogorc konstantinopolis patriarqi, e.i. masze

maRla aravin dgas, is iseTive avtokefali aris, rogorc

konstantinopolis patriarqi... mag, `qarTlis moqcevis~ qronikaSi,

pirveli kaTalikosis, petres dadgenasTan dakavSirebiT ikiTxeba:

`aqadgan iwyes kaTalikosTa mamamTavrobad, pirveli kaTalikosi iyo

petre, vaxtang mefisa ze~ (qarTuli `mamamTavari~ pirdapiri

Targmania `patriarqis~). uflebrivi mdgomareobiT qarTlis

kaTalikosi miaCndaT bizantiaSi im dros moqmedi patriarqebis

tolad (agreTve mag., miqael modrekilis himnebi, w.II, gamosca g.

gvaxariam, gv. 518-530, w.III, gv. 245; didi sjulis kanoni, gv. 372, 538;

Satberdis krebuli, gv. 434 da sxv.)224

Tavi IV

1. s. janaSia, Sromebi, V, gv. 91; 2. iqve, gv. 93; 3. bizantielebs qarTvelebi

`berZnebs~ anda `romionebs~ uwodebdnen. `ioni~ da `ionia~ Zvel

saqarTveloSi berZnebsa da saberZneTs erqvaT; 4. qarTlis cxovreba, I,

gv. 146; 5. s. janaSia, Sromebi, V, gv. 91; 6. mose xoreneli, somxeTis

istoria, gv. 5; 7. k. wereTeli, erTi siriuli werilis Sesaxeb. _ `macne~,

enisa da lit. seria, 1987, #1, gv. 136; 8. А.Карташев, Вселенские соборы,

Париж, 1963, с. 575; 9. А.Карташев, Вселенские соборы, Париж, 1963, с. 178; 10.

qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 146; 11. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 29; 12. qarTlis

cxovreba, I, gv. 138; 13. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 30-32; 14. iqve, gv. 32; 15.

...s. janaSia, Sromebi, I, gv. 274; 16. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 274; 17. s.

janaSia, Sromebi, V, gv. 88; 18. iqve, gv. 90; 19. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 197;

20. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 373; 21. iqve, gv. 217; 21. iqve, gv. 217; 23.

Zeglebi, I, 94, a; 24. z. aleqsiZe, vaxtang gorgasalisa da miqael

mTavarepiskoposs Soris konfliqtis gamo, Ziebani saqarTvelosa da

kavkasiis istoriidan, gv. 102-106; v. goilaZe, miqaeli iyo mRvdeli

WeSmariti..., mnaTobi, 1987, #4, gv. 174; 25. n. janaSia, lazar farpecis

cnobebi, gv. 218; 26. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 35-36; 27. qarTlis cxovreba,

I, gv. 145; 28. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 39; 29. iqve, gv. 41; 30. s. janaSia,

Sromebi, V, gv. 89-90; 31. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 42; 32. iv. javaxiSvili,

qarTveli eris istoria, I, gv. 336; 33. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 44-45; 34.

396

iqve, gv. 45-46; 35. s. janaSia, Sromebi, I, gv. 20; epistoleTa wigni, gv. 161;

36. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 46; 37. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris

istoria, I, gv. 280; 38. n. janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi, gv. 246; 39.

iqve, gv. 50; 40. iqve, gv. 51; 41. iqve, gv. 51; 42. iqve, gv. 52; 43. d.

musxeliSvili, wyaroTmcodneobiTi kritikis zogierTi problemebi,

macne, istoriis seria, 1986, #3, gv. 69; 44. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris

istoria, I, gv. 287; 45. iqve, gv. 241; 46. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 53; 47.

qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 139-207 gadmoRebuli Zveli qarTulidan; 48.

igulisxmeba hunebi, alanebi da sxvadasxva CrdiloeTis tomebi,

romlebic im dros awyobdnen laSqrobebs dasavleT evropaSic ki; 49.

`qarTlis samefos~ dasavleTi sazRvari gadioda mdinare egriswyalze.

`egriswylis qvemoT~, anu am mdinaris iqiT mdebare marjvena sanapiro

qveyana `afxazeTi~ Sedioda bizantiis imperiaSi anu `berZnebis~ qveyana

iyo. vaxtangis dros bizantielebma gadmolaxes qarTlis samefos

sazRvari md. egriswyalze da daipyres qarTlis miwa-wyali

egriswylidan vidre cixe-gojamde; 50. `daimorCila... mefis brZanebis

gareSe~ _ es adgili gviandeli CanarTia, gv. 156; 51. vaxtangma

gaaTavisufla berZnebisgan qarTlis teritoria cixe-gojidan

egriswylamde da agreTve afxazeTic, romelic berZnebs hqondaT

dapyrobili. vaxtangi afxazeTSi Sevida Crdilokavkasiis gziT, osebis

damarcxebis Semdeg; 52. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 171; vaxtangi

gulisxmobda, rom am drois qristianoba proberZnuli mimarTulebisa ar

yofila, aramed aRmosavluri orientaciisa. TviT sparselTa Sorisac ki

yofilan qristianebi. `daRaTu aw Sen migcne sparsni, ara ukue

gancruvdesa saxeli Cemi? da umetes Cuensa aqus mravalTa maTganTa

siyuaruli qristesi, aramed SiSisagan ver gamoacxadeben~; 53.

igulisxmeba qarTlis samefos is miwebi, romlebic qarTls CamoaWra

saberZneTma jer kidev vaxtangamde, mefe varaz-bakuris dros _ klarjeTi

zRvidan arsianamde; 54. mdinare yubani; 55. osebis laSqrobis Semdeg

vaxtangma `berZenTa qveyana~ anu afxazeTi aiRo da TviTon daiWira.

Semdeg ki vaxtangma da keisarma erTmaneTs gaucvales teritoriebi,

kerZod, klarjeTi da misi mimdebare miwebi jer kidev varaz-baqaris

dros miitaca saberZneTma, am teritoriis dabrunebas vaxtangi Zlier

cdilobda. pontoSi sazavo molaparakebisas saqarTvelos daubrunda

klarjeTi, xolo saberZneTs daubrunda afxazeTi. afxazeTis erTi

nawili ki egriswylidan klisuramde mziTvis saxiT SeuerTda vaxtangis

samefos; 56. igulisxmeba im episkoposebis mTavari, romelnic vaxtangs

Seegebnen _ mTavarepiskoposi miqaeli; 57. fulis qisis Semnaxveli,

molare; 58. `da dRes icodeT axalnergad WeSmaritad qarTli~; 59.

qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 146; samTavros ukve arsebul saepiskoposo

taxtze. aRsaniSnavia, rom geografiulad qarTlis samefo dayofili iyo

397

oTx xevad: 1. xevi qarTlisa (mtkvris saTavidan xunanamde); 2. xevi

kaxeTisa; 3. xevi klarjeTisa da 4. xevi egrisisa (q. c. I, gv. 146); axali

episkoposebi dausvamT sam xevSi: qarTlSi, kaxeTSi da klarjeTSi. 60.

vaxtangis meore cols mziTvad moyva teritoria egriswylisa da

klisuris Sua, am qalis Svilebs darCaT kidvc samemkvidrvod es miwebi,

xolo pirveli colisgan darCenilebs samxreT saqarTvelo; 61.

napatelni cxovrobdnen dRevandel azerbaijanSi q. Seqis sanaxebSi. q.

Seqi mdebareobs q. zaqaTalis aRmosavleTiT 64 km-is manZilze, xolo q.

kaxidan daSorebulia 34 km-iT. imdroindeli SexedulebiT, napatelni

kaxeTis provinciaSi (`xevSi~) Sediodnen da ara hereTisaSi; 62.

imperatori iustiniane (527-565); 63. Zeglebi, I, gv. 93, b; 64. qarTlis

cxovreba, I, gv. 159; 65. v. goilaZe, wminda ninos qarTlSi Semosvlisa da

qarTlis moqcevis daTariRebisaTvis, mnaTobi, 1986, # 2, gv. 161-162; 66.

saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari, 1972, gv. 140; 67. qarTlis cxovreba, I,

gv. 146; 68. iqve, gv. 197; 69. iqve, gv. 197; 70. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 135-136;

71. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 28-29; 72. mose xoreneli, somxeTis istoria,

gv. 206; 73. iqve, gv. 284; 74. iqve, gv. 210; 75. mose xoreneli, somxeTis

istoria, gv. 228; 76. iqve, gv. 228; 77. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 146; 78.

qrestomaTia, gv. 242; 79. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 138; 80. iqve, gv. 138; 81.

Zeglebi, I, gv. 92; 82. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 30-31; 83. qse, 9, gv. 464; 84. b.

mWedliSvili, gorgasalis reformebis Sesaxeb. _ mnaTobi, 1986, #11, gv.

167; 85. Zeglebi, I, gv. 92; 86. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 142; 87. iqve, gv. 142;

88. iqve, gv. 145; 89. Zeglebi, I, gv. 93; 90. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 145; 91.

qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 197; 92. С. Троицкий, О церковной автокефалии, ЖМП,

1950, №7, стр. 34; 93. iqve gv. 38; 94. igulisxmeba q. konstantinepoli; 95. v.

goilaZe, miqaeli iyo mRvdeli WeSmariti..., mnaTobi, 1987, #4, gv. 21; 96.

`aqundin ukue TavisuflebiT da uiZulebelad zedamdgomelTa kYprisa

wmidaTa eklesiaTasa kanonTaebr RirsTa mamaTaAsa da zemoiTganisa

Cueulebisa TavTa TYsTa mier qmnaA KelT-dasxmasa RmrTismoSiSTa

episkoposTasa~, _ didi sjulis kanoni, gv. 219, 266; 97. didi sjulis

kanoni, gv. 266-267; 98. didi sjulis kanoni, gv. 267; 99. v. goilaZe, miqaeli

iyo mRvdeli WeSmariti..., mnaTobi, 1987, #4, gv. 21; 100. А.Карташев,

Вселенские соборы, Париж, 1963, стр. 296; 101. v. goilaZe, miqaeli iyo

mRvdeli WeSmariti..., mnaTobi, 1987, #4, gv. 22; 102. А.Карташев, Вселенские

соборы, Париж, 1963, стр. 296; 103. v. goilaZe, miqaeli iyo mRvdeli

WeSmariti..., mnaTobi, 1987, #4, gv. 22; 104. e.i. imperatorTan midiodnen

samarTlis saZieblad, is ki Tavisive qalaqis (konstantinopolis)

episkoposs arCevinebda maT saqmes; 105. a. kartaSevis Tanaxmad, pontosa

da asiis diocezebi Sediodnen ara antioqiis iurisdiqciaSi, aramed

damoukidebeli, avtokefaluri eklesiebi iyvnen; 106. А.Карташев, Вселенские

соборы, Париж, 1963, стр. 412-420; 107. iqve, gv. 422; 108. iqve, Semdeg a.

398

kartaSevi wers: `iTvleboda, rom papi adreve scnobda konstantinopolis

episkoposis aRzevebas. 1. Tu 381 wlis krebas romi ar cnobda, ratom

dumda amis Sesaxeb 70 weli? mogvianebiT mainc yovelive es papebma cnes.

2. 449 wels papis legatebi moiTxovdnen (efesos krebaze),

konstantinopoleli episkoposi me-2 adgilze daesvaT da ar

Tanxmdebodnen me-5 adgils, romelzedac flavianem dasva dioskore. 3.

ratom ijda qalkedonSi 451 wels anatoli konstantinopoleli me-2

adgilze? Sesabamisad, es pativi Rirsebisa legatebis mier iyo

aRiarebuli, roca laTinebma aiRes konstantinopoli 1205 w. da

daadgines iq Tavisi laTini patriarqi konstantinopolisa, lateranis

XII msoflio krebaze daadgines: romis eklesiis Semdeg pirveli adgili

konstantinopolisa, meore _ aleqsandriisa, mesame _ antioqiisa, meoTxe

_ ierusalimisa, TiToeul amaTgans TavianTi Rirsebis SenarCunebiT~. da

florenciis krebam 1438 w. uniis Sesaxeb dekretSi daadgina _

`konstantinopolis patriarqi iqneba meore romis papis Semdeg,

aleqsandriis mesame, meoTxe _ antioqieli, mexuTe _ ierusalimeli.

TiToeuls SeunarCundeboda privilegiebi da uflebebi~. (iqve); 109. v.

goilaZe, miqaeli iyo mRvdeli WeSmariti..., mnaTobi, 1987, #4, gv. 23; 110. С.

Троицкий, "О смысле 17-го и 28-го канонов Халкидонского собора". ЖМП, стр. 63;

111. iqve, gv. 63; 112. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 197; 113. saqarTvelos

eklesiis kalendari, 1987, gv. 223; 114. m. mamulia, episkoposi g. sarqisiani

(saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, 1986, #4), gv. 176; 115. arseni safareli,

ganyofisaTvis, muxli IV, gv. 78; 116. arseni safareli, ganyofisaTvis,

muxli IV, gv. 79, arsen safarelis am cnobas adastureben berZnuli

wyaroebic; 117. m. mamulia, episkoposi g. sarqisiani (saRvTismetyvelo

krebuli, 1986, #4), gv. 188; 118. iqve, gv. 189; 119. iqve, gv. 190; 120. iqve, gv.

198; 121. iqve, gv. 199; 122. m. mamulia, episkoposi g. sarqisiani

(saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, 1986, #4), gv. 199-200; 123. iqve, gv. 199-200; 124.

iqve, gv. 199-200; 125. iqve, gv. 204; 126. georgika, IV, naw. I, gv. 138; 127. m.

mamulia, episkoposi g. sarqisiani (saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, 1986, #4),

gv. 218; 128. iqve, gv. 188; 129. iqve, gv. 205; 130. m. mamulia, episkoposi g.

sarqisiani (saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, 1986, #4), gv. 187; 131. iqve, gv. 187;

132. iqve, gv. 194; 133. iqve, gv. 195; 134. А.Карташев, Вселенские соборы, Париж,

1963, стр. 458; 135. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 197; 136. С. Троицкий, О церковной

автокефалии, ЖМП, 1950, №7, стр. 63; 137. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 197; 138.

iqve, gv. 197; 139. qse, 7, stat. monofizitoba; 140. v. goilaZe, miqaeli iyo

mRvdeli WeSmariti..., mnaTobi, 1987, #4, gv. 222; 141. А.Карташев, Вселенские

соборы, Париж, 1963, стр. 459; 142. am galobis Tanaxmad, yovladwmida sameba

ecva jvarze, rac mkrexelobaa; 143. А.Карташев, Вселенские соборы, Париж,

1963, стр. 459; 144. z. aleqsiZe, masalebi dvinis 506 wlis saeklesio krebis

istoriisaTvis. _ macne, istoriis seria, 1973, # 3, gv. 146-152; 145. iqve, gv.

399

154; 146. z. aleqsiZe, religiuri situaciis Sesaxeb VI s-is kavkasiaSi. _

macne, istoriis seria, 1974, # 1, gv. 104; 147. z. aleqsiZe, masalebi dvinis

506 wlis saeklesio krebis istoriisaTvis. _ macne, istoriis seria, 1973,

# 3, gv. 154; 148. z. aleqsiZe, religiuri situaciis Sesaxeb VI s-is

kavkasiaSi. _ macne, istoriis seria, 1974, # 1, gv. 149; 149. z. aleqsiZe,

religiuri situaciis Sesaxeb VI saukunis kaekasiaSi. _ macne, istoriis

seria, 1974, # 1, gv. 149; 150. iqve, gv. 158; 151. m. mamulia, episkoposi g.

sarqisiani, gv. 202-203; 152. z. aleqsiZe, masalebi dvinis 506 wlis

saeklesio krebis istoriisaTvis. _ macne, istoriis seria, 1973, # 3, gv.

162; 153. z. aleqsiZe, vaxtang gorgasalisa da miqael mTavarepiskoposs

Soris konfliqtis gamo, Ziebani saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriidan,

gv. 107; 154. z. aleqsiZe, masalebi dvinis 506 wlis saeklesio krebis

istoriisaTvis. _ macne, istoriis seria, 1973, # 3, gv. 166; 155. iqve, gv. 166;

156. arseni safareli, ganyofisaTGs, muxli XI; 157. arseni safareli,

ganyofisaTvis, muxli VII; 158. qse, 7, stat. monofizitoba, gv. 101; 159. iqve,

gv. 101; 160. z. aleqsiZe, vaxtang gorgasalisa da miqael mTavarepiskoposs

Soris konfliqtis gamo, Ziebani saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriidan,

gv. 102; 161. iqve, gv. 105; 162. iqve, gv. 105; 163. iakob curtaveli, wameba

SuSanikisi, z. aleqsiZis Sesavali (rus. en.), 1978, gv.10; 164. z. aleqsiZe,

vaxtang gorgasalisa da miqael mTavarepiskoposs Soris konfliqtis

gamo, Ziebani saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriidan, gv. 106; 165. iqve, gv.

106; 166. z. aleqsiZe, SuSaniki _ internacionaluri wmindani. _

saenaTmecniero krebuli, 1979, gv. 301; 167. z. aleqsiZe, religiuri

situaciis Sesaxeb VI saukunis kaekasiaSi. _ macne, istoriis seria, 1974,

# 1, gv. 107-108; 168. А.Карташев, Вселенские соборы, Париж, 1963, стр. 412; 169.

А.Карташев, Вселенские соборы, Париж, 1963, стр. 422; 170. s. janaSia, Sromebi,

V, gv. 74; 171. m. lorTqifaniZe, qarTli V s-is II naxevarSi, 1979, gv. 72-74;

172. Пигулевская Н.В., Культура Сирийцев в средние века, 1979 г., стр.197; 173.

В.Луконин, Культура сасанидского Ирана, стр. 72; 174. n. janaSia, lazar

farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 1962, gv. 214; 175. ,,iberebi

qristianebi arian da am sarwmunoebis wesebs yvela imaze ukeT icaven,

romelTac Cven vicnobT~, georgika, II, gv. 21; 176. b. mWedliSvili,

gorgasalis reformebis Sesaxeb. _ mnaTobi, 1986, #11, gv. 166-169; 177. n.

janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 45-46; 178. didi sjulis kanoni, gv. 219; 179. didi

sjulis kanoni, gv. 249; 180. Архиепископ Лоллий (Юрьевский), Александрия и

Египет, _ Богословские труды, 25, 1984, стр. 151, прим. 140; 181. qarTlis

cxovreba, I, gv. 197; 182. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 32; 183. iqve, gv. 32; 184. b.

mWedliSvili, gorgasalis reformebis Sesaxeb. _ mnaTobi, 1986, #2, gv.

167; 185. Zeglebi, I, gv. 93; 186. didi sjulis kanoni, gv. 271-273; 187.

qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 197-198; 188. iqve, gv. 198-199; 189. Zeglebi, I, gv. 93;

190. b. lominaZe, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo da misi avtokefalia,

400

saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, 1981, 12, gv. 73; 191. Д. Мусхелишвили, Некоторые

проблемы источниковедческой критики. _ macne, istoriis seria, 1986, #3, gv.

69; 192. Д. Мусхелишвили, Некоторые проблемы источниковедческой критики. _

macne, istoriis seria, 1986, #3, gv. 67-70; 193. iqve, gv. 62; 194. T.

yauxCiSvili, berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, I, gv. 141;

195. iqve, gv. 153; 196. iqve, gv. 151; 197. Д. Мусхелишвили, Некоторые проблемы

источниковедческой критики. _ macne, istoriis seria, 1986, #3, gv. 64; 198. Д.

Мусхелишвили, Некоторые проблемы источниковедческой критики. _ macne,

istoriis seria, 1986, #3, gv. 64-65; 199. iqve, gv. 69; 200. iv. javaxiSvili,

saqarTvelos sazRvrebi, gv. 18; 201. n. janaSia, narkvevebi, gv. 88; 202. n.

janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 1962, gv. 218; 203.

n. janaSia, istoriuli wyaroTmcodneobis narkvevebi, I, gv. 298; 204. iv.

javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos sazRvrebi, gv. 17; 205. n. janaSia, istoriuli

wyaroTmcodneobis narkvevebi, I, gv. 89, 213; 206. Zeglebi, I, gv. 89; 207.

Zeglebi, I, gv. 89; 208. iqve, gv. 89; 209. b. lominaZe, saqarTvelos

sapatriarqo da misi avtokefalia, saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, 1981, 12, gv.

63; 210. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 363; 211. iv. javaxiSvili,

Txzulebani, I, gv. 363-366; 212. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 366-367;

213. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 356-357; 213. v. goilaZe, qarTuli

eklesiis saTaveebTan, gv. 204; 214. maqsime sardeli mitr. saqarTvelos

eklesia da misi avtokefalia, aTeni, 1966, gv. 47; 215. maqsime sardeli

mitr. saqarTvelos eklesia da misi avtokefalia, 1966, rusuli Targmani,

SeniSvna 1, gv. 52; 216. qronikebi, I, gv. 36-37; 217. b. lominaZe, saqarTvelos

sapatriarqo da misi avtokefalia, saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, 1981, 12, gv.

90; 218. Д. Мусхелишвили, Некоторые проблемы источниковедческой критики. _

macne, istoriis seria, 1886, #3, gv. 57-70; 219. b. lominaZe, saqarTvelos

sapatriarqo da misi avtokefalia, saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, 1981, 12, gv.

82; 220. teritoria quTaissa da foTs (cxeniswyals) Soris; 221. imereTi;

222. raWa-leCxumi; 223. b. lominaZe, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo da misi

avtokefalia, saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, 1981, 12, gv. 80; 224. b. lominaZe,

saqarTvelos sapatriarqo da misi avtokefalia, saRvTismetyvelo

krebuli, 1981, 12, gv. 73-73 Cveni matiane wers, rom kaTalikos sabamde

kaTalikosebi saberZneTidan modiodneno. Tu aseTi wesi sinamdvileSi

arsebobda, Cans, is vaxtang gorgaslis dros dawesebula, radganac

manamde qarTuli eklesia ierarqiulad arc erT sxva eklesiaze ar iyo

daqvemdebarebuli. kaTalikos petredan kaTalikos sabamde mxolod sami

kaTalikosi Seicvala. albaT, maT uwodebdnen `saberZneTidan mosulT~;

401

თავი 5

qarTuli eklesia VI saukuneSi

`qristes rjuli qarTvelebisaTvis marto sarwmunoebiTi aRsareba ki ar iyo, igi amasTan erTad politikuri qvitkiric

iyo saqarTvelos mraval nawilebis gasaerTeblad da Semosakrebad...

qarTveli eri amisTvis ufrTxildeboda Tavis rjuls, romelic Tavis Sinagan

Rirsebis garda, duRabobas uwevda erTobasa.~

ilia marTali

q v e y n i s z o g a d i m d g o m a r e o b a V I s a u k u n e S i

VI saukunis dasawyisSi sparseTma saqarTvelo daimorCila, ris

Sedegadac qarTlSi mefoba gauqmda. rogorc qarTul, aseve

zogierT berZnul wyaros mefobis gauqmebis sakiTxi

sxvadasxvagvarad aqvT gadmocemuli. kerZod, erTi qarTuli

uZvelesi wyaro miiCnevs, rom VI saukunis dasawyisSi mefoba gauqmda

da qarTvelebs mefe aRar hyavdaT1, sxva wyaroebi ki, magaliTad,

`qarTlis cxovreba~, mefobis gauqmebas ar cnobs VI saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi. Cans, aseTive mdgomareobaa berZnul wyaroebSic,

kerZod, prokopi kesarieli mogviTxrobs, rom gurgen mefis

ajanyebis Semdeg qarTvelebs neba aRar misces sakuTari mefe

hyolodaT da mefoba gaauqmes. lazikidan gurgeni Tavis saxlobiTa

da amaliT 523 wels bizantiaSi wavida. 532 wels sparseTsa da

402

bizantias Soris daido `saukuno zavi~. TiTqosda amis Semdeg

qarTvelebs sakuTari mefe aRara hyavT, magram bizantieli

mematianeebi malala da Teofane axseneben qarTvelTa mefes,

dedofalsa da didebulebs, romelnic 535 wels konstantinopolSi

Casulan iustiniane keisarTan molaparakebisaTvis, _ `Tu rom

bizantieli mematianeni malala da Teofane ara scdebian, albaT,

gaqceuli mefe gurgenis moadgiled iberiaSi ZamanarZe (Zamanarzos)

damjdara, romelic 535 wels konstantinopolSi wasula

TanamecxedriTa da darbaislebiTurT (`sYnkletikon~) da iustiniane

keisrisaTvis aRuTqvams romaelebis mokavSireebi da megobrebi

viqmnebiTo. gaxarebul keisars didi pativi ucia mefisa, dedoflisa

da darbaislebisaTvis, uxvadac dausaCuqrebia da Sin

gaustumrebia~.2

bizantieli istorikosebis, malalasa da Teofanes da agreTve

`qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da asurel mamaTa `cxovrebis~ cnobebi imis

Sesaxeb, rom VI saukunis pirveli naxevris manZilze (sparsTa mier

saqarTvelos dapyrobis dros) qarTvelebs mefe hyavdaT, erTmaneTis

msgavsia. SesaZlebelia, dampyroblebma qveyanas misces SezRuduli

avtonomiis magvari raRac statusi, romlis meTauradac

gorgaslian-farnavazianTa Zveli dinastia yofila. albaT,

qarTvelTa garkveuli politikuri wreebi mefobis gauqmebas ar

cnobdnen da dapyrobili qveynis meTaurs kvlav mefes uwodebdnen.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, udavoa, rom qveyana VI saukunis 70-90-ian

wlebamde sparsTa mier iyo dapyrobili da qarTuli erovnuli

institutebi, maT Soris qarTuli qalkedonuri eklesia, did devnas

ganicdidnen. iv. javaxiSvilis TvalsazrisiT, mefobis gauqmeba 532

wlis sazavo xelSekrulebam daakanona. `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~

mematiane wers, rom `amis bakuris zeve daesrula mefobaA

qarTlisaA~.

403

`Cveni matiane mogviTxrobs, rom rodesac sparselebma... mefoba

mospes da `daesrula mefobaO qarTlisaA~, sparsni `ganZlierdes~ da

`qarTli umetesad daipyres da kavkasianTa Sevides da karni

ovseTisani aignes... sxuaA vinme kaci daidgines mTavrad wanareTisa

Kevsa da morCilebaA dasdves misi~.3 SesaZloa, rogorc wanareTis

xevis mTavrad sparselebma `vinme kaci~ daadgines, aseve qarTvelTa

erTiani qveynis mTavrad daadgines gorgaslianTa dinastiis

memkvidre, romelsac qarTvelebi mefes uwodebdnen.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sruli dapyrobis Semdeg sparselebi

berZenTa gandevnas cdilobdnen dasavleT saqarTvelos

zRvispireTidan. 542 wels xosro mefe didZali laSqriT

aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan gadasula dasavleT saqarTveloSi da

404

bizantielebis cixe-qalaqi petra auRia. dasavleT saqarTvelos

sruli dapyrobis Semdeg gadauwyvetia aqedan qarTuli mosaxleoba

sparseTSi gadaesaxlebina, xolo lazikaSi sxva tomis xalxi Caesa-

xlebina. qarTvelebi ajanydnen da 549 wels sparselebi lazikidan

gandevnes. 550 wels sparselebi kvlav Sevidnen lazikaSi da

muxurisis xeobaSi gamarTul omSi sastikad damarcxdnen. sparseTsa

da bizantias Soris lazikisTvis omi dasrulda 563 wlis zaviT.

lazika bizantielebs darCaT. `...kolxeTi da iveria urTierTSesaxeb

bevrs sayuradRebo rasme gvamcnoben. movigonoT, rom uZvelesi

droidan moyolebuli mTeli zemo imereTi, Sorapan-skandidan

moyolebuli, yovelTvis IX saukunis damdegamdis iveriis

farglebSi Semodioda. aq didi asparezi iyo

urTierTmoqmedebisaTvis.~4

rogorc cnobilia, lazika ewodeboda ara dasavleT

saqarTvelos mTlianad, aramed mis erT nawils. dasavleT

saqarTvelos mniSvnelovan nawils im dros iberias uwodebdnen da

is sparseTs hqonda dapyrobili. iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT,

lazikisa da iberiis sazRvarze mdebareobdnen skandisa da Sorapnis

cixeebi.5 ueWvelad iberiaSi Sedioda im dros dRevandeli zemo

imereTi da raWac da amitomac iberias svaneTTan sazRvari hqonia.

dRevandeli zemo imereTi da svaneTis mosazRvre raWa iberiaSi

Semavali rom ar yofiliyo, sparselebi svaneTs ar moiTxovdnen

bizantielebisagan. (aq unda gavixsenoT strabonis mowmoba svanebis

Sesaxeb _ `zogierTebi maT iberielebs uwodeben~ (d. musxeliSvili,

dasax. naSr., gv. 64) am zaviT dasavleT saqarTvelo gaiyves

bizantielebma da sparselebma, bizantielebs darCaT lazika, xolo

sparselebs iberia. svaneTic am zaviT bizantias unda darCenoda,

radganac svaneTi lazikis qveSevrdomi qveyana iyo. `bizantielebi

gaiZaxodnen: svaneTic, viTarca lazikis qveSevrdomi qveyana,

xelSekrulebis ZaliT lazikasaviT Cven unda dagvrCeso.

sparselebi ki amtkicebdnen, svanebi sxva xalxia da viTarca Cvenken

nebayoflobiT gadmosuli, Cvenve unda dagvrCeso~.6 dasavleT

saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani teritoria, romelsac iberia

ewodeboda, Sorapnisa da skandas cixeebis CaTvliT, sparselebis

xelSi iyo. Cans, omi lazikisTvis mimdinareobda cixe-qalaq petrasa

da rions Soris mdebare teritoriaze, agreTve muxurisis velze —

quTaissa da cxeniswyals Soris. lazikis dedaqalaqs, ivane

javaxiSvilis Tanaxmad, `Zvelqalaqi~ (arqaAopolisi) ewodeboda.

lazikis samxreTiT qalaqi petra mdebareobda, xolo CrdiloeTiT _

afSilebis qveyana, romelic lazebs emorCileboda. afSilebis

CrdiloeTiT misimielni binadrobdnen da isinic lazikis mefis

405

moymeni iyvnen. misimielebs sakuTari ena hqoniaT. Cans, lazebsa da

afSilebs erTi ena hqondaT. misimielebi, afSilebi da lazebi

qristianebi iyvnen, amitomac ufro bizantielebs emxrobodnen da

berZnebi, bunebrivia, megobrebad miaCndaT, sparselebi ki mtrebad.

afxazebi ufro CrdiloeTiT binadrobdnen. aRmosavleTiT lazikis

sazRvari iberiasTan gadioda skandasa da Sorapnis cixeebTan. ivane

javaxiSvili wers, rom 551 wels petras aRebis Semdeg bizantielTa

sardals es cixeebic unda daeWira, magram mas es ar gaukeTebia, _

`ueWvelia, sifrTxile moiTxovda, rom igi Tavisi laSqriTurT

lazikis da iberiis sazRvarze damdgariyo, rom iq mdebare cixeebi

skanda da Sorapani daeWira da sparselebisaTvis gza Seekra~.7

590-iani wlebisTvis sparselebs iberiis mniSvnelovani nawilic

daukargavT: Tu 563 wlis zaviT bizantielebma da sparselebma

erTmaneTs Soris gaiyves dasavleT saqarTvelo, 591 wels gauyviaT

aRmosavleT saqarTvelo. `...xosro II-m, somexi istorikosis sebeosis

sityviT, iberiis mometebuli nawili q. Tbilisamde mavriki keisars

gadasca. es unda momxdariyo, maSasadame, 591 wels da am daTmobis

wyalobiT iberia kvlav orad gaiyo, amasTanave iberiis dasavleTi

nawili q. Tbilisamde bizantiis keisris xelSi gadasula, xolo

aRmosavleTi nawili isev sparsTa batonebs SerCeniaT. mefe xosrom

amis garda Tavis samefoSi qristianobis Tavisufleba gamoacxada~.8

VI saukuneSi sparselebisaTvis misaRebi sarwmunoeba iyo

monofizitoba _ `sparselebi mxars uWerdnen monofizitobas... axla

sparseTis mTavroba mxars uWerda iseT qristianobas, romelsac

ebrZoda sparseTis mteri romis mTavroba. Tu qristianobis daTmoba

ar gsurT, maSin iseTi qristianoba mainc unda miiRoT, romelic

romis mefis sarwmunoebisgan gansxvavdebao, _ ase moiTxovda axla

sparseTis Sahi Tavisi qristiani qveSevrdomebisagan~.9 sparseTi

somxur eklesias mfarvelobda. `roca sparselebi iZulebuli

gaxdnen, uari eTqvaT mazdeanobis gavrcelebaze amierkavkasiaSi da

samagierod, monofizituri qristianobis mfarvelebad iqcnen, maT

saeklesio mwerlobas daavales, monofizituri ideebi da

sparseTTan ganuyreli kavSiris aucilebloba eqadaga. am mizniT

sparseTis mefis agentebma SeTxzes legendebi, viTomc qristianoba

somxeTSi, qarTlsa da albaniaSi erTi piris mier aris danergili,

viTomc qarTuli, somxuri da albanuri anbanebi agreTve erTi piris

mier aris gamogonebuli da rom es `ganmanaTlebelni~ imave dros

viTomc sparseTTan iyvnen dakavSirebulni~.10

q a r T u l i e k l e s i i s i u r i s d i q c i i s s a z R v r e b i

406

V I s a u k u n e S i

iv. javaxiSvili wers: _ `qarTuli eklesiis sazRvrebi vrclad

yofila gadaWimuli: dasavleT-samxreTiT igi klarjeTsac Seicavda

da sazRvrad aq taos saepiskopozo yofila, romelic am dros

somxeTis eklesias kuTvnebia. 506 wels babgen somexTa kaTalikosis

pirvelsave epistoleSi somxeTis sakaTalikosos xelqveSeT

mRvdelTmTavrad dasaxelebulia atate taos episkopozi. xolo

hohanes somexTa kaTalikosis VI s-is Sua wlebis epistoleSi

stefanos taos episkopozi ixsenieba~.11

Tu samxreT-dasavleTiT qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis

sazRvrebSi Sedis klarjeTi, vidre taomde, dasavleTiT qarTuli

eklesiis sazRvrebi midis Sav zRvamde. `somexTa istorikosis ioane

kaTalikosis cnobiT, kYrioni winandeli wesis Tanaxmad, qarTvelTa,

gugarelTa da megrelTa arqiepiskopozad iqmna xeldasxmuli.

gugarelTa Sesaxeb cnoba gasakvirveli ar aris, radgan didi xania,

rac gugareTi saqarTvelos daubrunda da qarTlis kaTalikosis

samwysos ekuTvnoda, magram misi megrelTa kaTalikosadac aRniSvna

pirveli cnobaa. es cnoba imis momaswavebelia, rom qarTlis, anu

mcxeTis kaTalikosis samwysos ukve dasavleT saqarTveloSic

hqonda asparezi mopovebuli da sakaTalikosos sazRvari lixT

imereTSic iyo gadaweuli. cxadia, ioane kaTalikoss es cnoba

romelime werilobiTi wyarodan eqmneba amoRebuli, magram saidan

momdinareobs es cnoba, amJamad amis gamorkveva SeuZlebelia. Tu

momavalSi misi uTuoba damtkicda, maSin cxadi gaxdeba, rom imier-

amier saqarTvelos politikur gaerTianebas win uswrebda da

niadags gacilebiT ufro adre momxdari saeklesio erTobisa da

mTlianobis procesi umzadebda~.12

amJamad ioane kaTalikosis cnobis WeSmariteba damtkicebulia

imiT, rom atenis sionis freskul warwerebSi aRmoCnda identuri

cnoba. kerZod, moxseniebulia stefanozi `qarTvelTa da megrelTa

erisTavTa ufali~. is, am Zalze mniSvnelovani warweris mkvlevris

azriT, qarTlisa da egrisis mmarTvelia. orive es cnoba erTsa da

imave movlenaze miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelos politikur-

sarwmunoebriv orbitaSi moqceulia ara mxolod aRmosavleTi

saqarTvelo, aramed dasavleTi saqarTveloc, rogorc amas

`qarTlis cxovreba~ gvidasturebs.

ioane kaTalikosis cnobiT, kirioni VI saukunis bolos dausvamT

qarTvelTa, gugarelTa da megrelTa kaTalikosad, iseve rogorc

winandeli wesi moiTxovdao. aqedan Cans, rom qarTuli eklesiis

iurisdiqcia, vrceldeboda dasavleT saqarTveloze, ara mxolod VI

407

saukuneSi, aramed adrec, e.i. V saukuneSi _ `winandeli wesis

Tanaxmad~.

iv. javaxiSvilis gamokvleviT, V saukunis Sua wlebisa da meore

naxevrisaTvis saqarTveloSi 21 saepiskoposo yofila. `juanSeri

qarTlis kaTalikosis samwysoSi vaxtang gorgaslis dros,

saxeldobr, Semdeg saepiskopozoebs ixseniebs: mcxeTis

saepiskopozos, klarjeTSi axizisas, artaanSi eruSeTisas,

javaxeTSi _ wundisas, qarTlSi niqozisas, manglisisas, bolnisisas,

kaxeT-hereTSi _ rusTavisas. ninowmindisas, ujarmoisas, karisas,

Weremisas, CelTisas, xornabujisas, agarakisas, anu xunanisas.

amgvarad, sul Teqvsmeti saepiskopozo gamodis, magram es sia,

cxadia, sruli ar aris~.13 iv. javaxiSvili am sias umatebs curtavisa

da samefo saxlis episkoposebs, agreTve ruisis an urbnisis,

wilknisa da samTavisis saepiskoposoebs. `...maSin 21 samwyso iqmneba

da V s-is Sua wlebisa da meore naxevrisaTvis es ricxvi

daaxlovebiT swori unda iyos. ueWvelia V s-is damlevisaTvis

metic unda yofiliyo. 506 wels albanelTa, somexTa da qarTvelTa

gaerTianebul saeklesio krebas saqarTvelodan kaTalikosianad

sul 24 episkopozi daswrebia... radgan SesaZlebelia, am krebas

yvela ver daeswro, amitom unda davaskvnaT, rom VI s-is damdegs

qarTuli eklesia sul cota 24 saepiskopozos Seicavda. marTlac,

cnobili asureli monofiziti moRvawis simeon beT-arSamelis (VI s-

is damdegs) sityviT, mis dros henotikoni Seiwynares da mis

aRsarebas misdevdnen qarTlis eklesiis 33 episkopozi mefiTa da

aznaurebiTurT da sparseTis somxeTis 32 episkopozi da marzpani.

maSasadame, VI s-is damdegs aRm. saqarTveloSi 33 episkopozi

yofila~.14

taos saepiskoposo, romelic Turme somxeTis sakaTalikosoSi

Sedioda, z. aleqsiZis mixedviT, VI s-is miwuruls Camoscilda

somxeTs da SeuerTda qarTul eklesias, `...amave saukunis miwuruls

somxeTis eklesias droebiT Camoscilda taos saepiskoposo~.15

SesaZlebelia, tao or nawilad iyo gayofili, erTi nawili

Sedioda qarTul eklesiaSi, xolo meore nawili somxurSi, yovel

SemTxvevaSi, tao VII s-is damdegs qalkedonuri qveyana yofila da

iq somxeTidan ltolvil qalkedonitebs Tavi SeufarebiaT.

`qarTuli eklesiis Sedgenilobis Semdegi cnoba VII s-is

damdegisaa, saxeldobr, 607 wels daweril Tavis meore sapasuxo

epistoleSi kYrion qarTlis kaTalikosi abraam somexTa

kaTalikoss swerda, qarTlis sakaTalikosoSi sul 35 episkopozi

ariso. erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi qarTul eklesias mohmatebia 2

408

saepiskopozo. es garemoeba qristianobis warmatebuli winsvliT

unda aixsnebodes...~16

iv. javaxiSvili qarTuli eklesiis ukiduresi dasavleTi

sazRvris garkvevisaTvis wers: `650 w. berZnuli taqtikonidan Cans

mxolod, rom am dros fasisi, anu foTi lazikaSi samitropolitod

iTvleboda da konstantinopolis sapatriarqo samwysos ekuTvnoda,

masve hkuTvnebia afxazeTis avtokefaluri eklesiac. ara Cans, mudam

ase iyo, Tu es mxolod meSvide saukunis damdegs moxda, herakle

keisris aRmosavleTSi Zlevamosili laSqrobis Semdgom~17 foTis

samitropolito, Tu foTi da `fazisi~ erTia, herakle keisris

saqarTveloSi laSqrobis Semdeg rom Sesula konstantinopolis

sapatriarqos samwysoSi, iqidan Cans, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~

mixedviT Savi zRvispireTi _ zRviskideTi _ herakle keisars

saqarTvelosaTvis Camoucilebia da Tavis imperiaSi Seuyvania

uSualod. swored am dros foTis samitropolito Camoscildeboda

qarTul eklesias, radganac teritoriulad ukve bizantiaSi iyo

moqceuli. ufro adre foTis qarTuli eklesiis samwysoSi arseboba

iqidan Cans, rom kirioni egrisis mitropoliti yofila. ioane

somexTa kaTalikosi werda kidec, rom kirioni qarTvelTa,

megrelTa da gugarelTa arqiepiskoposad dainiSna Zveli wesis

Tanaxmado.

s a e k l e s i o w i n a s w a r m e t y v e l e b a n i

q a r T u l i s a x e l m w i f o s g a u q m e b i s

S e m d e g

VI saukune gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa qarTuli eklesiis

istoriaSi, radganac am saukuneSi gauqmda qarTuli saxelmwifo,

ramac imdenad uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia qarTul erovnul

institutebze da sazogadoebaze saerTod, rom misi Sedegebis

aRmofxvras dasWirda saukuneebi. saero da sasuliero

xelisuflebis umTavresi mizani VI-IX saukuneebSi iyo qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena-restavracia im saxiT, rogoric iyo

gauqmebamde. adrindeli saqarTvelo gaidealebuli iyo.

igulisxmeboda, rom saxelmwifoebrioba Sesustda da daeca vaxtang

gorgaslis memkvidreTa xanaSi, xolo gorgaslis saxelmwifo

Tavisi politikuri siZlieriT, kulturiT sanatreli da

samagaliTo iyo Semdgomi TaobebisaTvis. qarTuli sazogadoebrivi

409

wreebis TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli saxelmwifo gauqmebis dros iyo

erTiani, mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda rogorc aRmosavleTi, aseve

dasavleTi saqarTvelo. swored am mTlianobis aRdgena da

gaerTianebuli samefos restavracia iyo mizani politikuri

wreebisa, aseve eklesiisa. amitom miuxedavad imisa, rom

saxelmwifoebrioba VI s-is bolosve aRdga da Semdgom ki Seiqmna

ramdenime qarTuli saxelmwifo _ tao-klarjeTis, afxazeTis, kaxeT-

hereTis samefoebi, am drosac ki qarTvelTa umTavresi mizani iyo

Seqmniliyo erTiani saxelmwifo, aRdgeniliyo `qarTlis samefo~,

anu gorgaslis droindeli aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTvelos

gamaerTianebeli saxelmwifo. vaxtang gorgaslis pirovneba

gansakuTrebiT ganadides. eklesiis mamebi amxnevebdnen qarTvel ers

_ isini winaswarmetyvelebdnen, rom aRdgeboda erTiani qarTuli

saxelmwifo, rom qarTuli ena kvlav daiWerda Tavis kuTvnil

adgils.

Cven ganvixilavT, Cveni Sexedulebisamebr, VI saukunis or

winaswarmetyvelebas, erTi exeba qarTuli saxelmwifos aRdgenas,

meore ki qarTuli enis aRdgenas kuTvnil uflebebSi. pirveli

winaswarmetyveleba gadmocemulia abibos nekreselis cxovrebaSi,

meore ki erT mcire TxzulebaSi, romelsac ganuzomeli

mniSvneloba aqvs qarTuli kulturisaTvis, es aris _ `qebaA da

didebaA qarTulisa enisaA~. abibos nekreselis cxovrebas

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia ivane javaxiSvilma. is wers:

`...abibos nekreselis wamebis Tavdapirveli wigni unda an VI s-is

damlevis, anda VII s-is damdegis, Tu pirveli naxevris Zeglad

vigulisxmoT~.18

`arsen kaTalikoss xazgasmiT aRniSnuli aqvs, rom abibos

nekreselis martvilobis pirvandel teqstSi gacilebiT meti

cnobebi hqonia, vidre mas mouyvania Tavis ganaxlebul cxorebaSi:

`amas ra giTxrob Tquen netarisa episkopozisa abibossa... anu viTar

dedakacsa mas uwinaswarmetyvela Semdeg missa mosvla berZenTa da

dapyroba queyanisa amis Cuenisa, romelica-igi iqmna mswrafl misve

dedakacsa zeda, movides berZenni da ganasxnes usjuloni igi

sparsni da daipyres queyana ese Cueni da iyo yoveli iveria erT

samefodve da daipyres queyanaO ese Cveni mieriTgan mefeTa CuenTa

da iqmnes mpyrobel sruliad saqarTvelosa da daipyres maT

mtkiced da sxuanica mravalni, viTarca weril ars wignsa mas

wamebisa misisa~-o.19

eris ubedurebis Jams, roca man VI saukuneSi dakarga

saxelmwifoebrioba, qarTuli eklesiis mamebi mTel ers aimedebdnen,

rom qveynis dapyroba didxans ar gagrZeldeboda.

410

arseni kaTalikosi, romelic sargeblobda VI saukunis damlevis,

anda VII saukunis damdegis wyaroTi, Tavis `abibos nekreselis

cxovrebaSi~ wers: wmida abibosma sparsTa mier qveynis dapyrobis

dros iwinaswarmetyvela, rom male saqarTvelos berZnebi

gaaTavisuflebdnen sparsTa batonobisgan da sparsTa batonoba

didxans ar gastanda. es winaswarmetyveleba marTlac amxdara VI

saukunis bolos. iv. javaxiSvili wers: `...abibos nekreselis

winaswarmetyveleba da misi axdoma VI saukunis damlevis aRm.

saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis sruliad konkretul SemTxvevas

hgulisxmobs...~20 mecnieri am winaswarmetyvelebas uwodebs `amxdar

politikur winaswarmetyvelebas~.21 sparselebs VI saukuneSi

damorCilebuli hqondaT ara marto aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo,

aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nawilic. maT xelSi

TiTqmis mudam iyo Sorapnisa da skandas cixeebi, garda amisa, isini

Zalze xSirad zRvispireTis iseT gamagrebul cixes utevdnen,

rogoric petras cixe iyo, amitomac abibos nekreselis

winaswarmetyveleba qveynis gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb Tanabrad

exeboda qveynis orive nawils. marTlac, arseni kaTalikosi wers,

rom Tavdapirvel wyaroSi mravlad yofila cnobebi `iveriis~, anu

`saqarTvelos~ politikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb VI s-is bolosa

da VII s-is damdegisa. is Tavis wyaroze dayrdnobiT wers: `...iyo

yoveli iveria erT samefodve da daipyres queyana ese Cueni

mieriTgan mefeTa CuenTa da iqmnes mpyrobel sruliad

saqarTvelosa da daipyres maT mtkiced da sxuanica mravalni,

viTarca weril ars wignsa mas wamebisa misisa~-o.22

s. yubaneiSvilis mier gamocemul `cxovrebaSi~ weria: `...viTar

dedakacsa uwinaswarmetyuela Semdgomad misa moslvaO berZenTaO da

dapyrobaO queyanisa amis CuenisaA, romelica igi iqmna mswrafl

misve dedakacisa ze. movides berZenni da ganasxnes usjuloni igi

sparsni da daipyres qveyanaO ese Cueni, mieriTgan erisTavni iqmnnes

mpyrobelad qarTlisa~.23

s. kakabaZe da iv. javaxiSvili werdnen, rom am ZeglSi naxmaria

Sereuli terminologia. es, iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, imiT aris

gamowveuli, rom `...mwerals Tavis naSromSi Tavis uZvelesi wyaros

moTxroba, rogorc Cans, TiTqmis iseve, ranairadac igi Tavdapirvel

avtors dauweria, nawyvet-nawyvetad mouyvania...~24 amiT unda iyos

gamowveuli is, rom am ZeglSi naxmaria sinonimuri politikuri

terminebi _ `yoveli iveria~ da `sruliad saqarTvelo~ erTi da

imave mniSvnelobiT. Cans, uZveles wyaroSi ewera `yoveli qarTli~,

xolo gadamkeTebelma am Zveli terminis gverdiT advilad gagebis

mizniT dawera `sruliad saqarTvelo~ _ `...iyo yoveli iveria erT

411

samefodve da daipyres queyana ese Cueni mieriTgan mefeTa CuenTa da

iqmnes mpyrobel sruliad saqarTvelosa...~

aqedanac Cans Zveli avtorebis Tvalsazrisi, rom iveria anu

qarTli ewodeboda ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, aramed

`sruliad saqarTvelos~ dasavleT saqarTvelos CaTvliT. marTlac,

VI saukunis dasasrulsa da VII saukuneSi sparselTagan

gaTavisuflebis Semdgom qarTvelTa mefe-erisTavebi TavianT

Zalauflebas axorcielebdnen ara marto aRmosavleT

saqarTveloze, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelozec. atenis sionis

warwerebSi isini megrelTa erisTavTa uflebiTac arian

moxseniebulni. dasavleT saqarTveloze qarTvel mefe-erisTavTa

uflebas agreTve aRiarebs `qarTlis cxovreba~ da zogierTi

somxuri wyaro, sadac kirions pirdapir ewodeba gugarelTa,

qarTvelTa da megrelTa kaTalikosi.

VI saukunis bolos, restavrirebul saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi

rom ar Sesuliyo dasavleTi saqarTvelo, qarTuli eklesia Tavis

iurisdiqcias ver ganaxorcielebda samegreloze da somxuri

Tanadrouli wyaroebi kirions ar uwodebdnen megrelTa

arqiepiskoposs, Semdgom ki qarTlis mefe-erisTavebs _ megrelTa

erisTavTa ufals.

abibos nekreselis winaswarmetyvelebis aRsruleba imiT

gamoixata, rom `yoveli iveria~, anu `sruliad saqarTvelo~ aRdga

da mas marTavdnen qarTveli erisTav-mefeebi. aRdgena, anu

restavracia SesaZlebelia warsulSi ukve arsebulisa, abibos

nekreseli winaswarmetyvelebda V saukunesa da VI s-is dasawyisSi

arsebuli gorgaslis erTiani `yoveli iveriis~, anu `sruliad

saqarTvelos~ aRdgenas, rac aRsrulda VI saukunis bolosve.

VI saukunis bolos aRdgenil sruliad saqarTvelos

saxelmwifos didxans ar uarsebia, mas VII saukunis dasawyisSi

bizantiis keisarma heraklem CamoaSora mniSvnelovani teritoriebi

SavizRvispireTSi da dasavleT saqarTvelos am CamorTmeul miwebze

ganaxorciela konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqcia, xolo

yoveli iveriis darCenili teritoria arabebma daipyres.

aseTia wmida abibos nekreselis winaswarmetyveleba saxelmwifos

aRdgenis Sesaxeb. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa winaswarmetyveleba

qarTuli enis Tavis kuTvnil uflebebSi aRdgenis Sesaxeb. VIII-IX

saukuneebamde (afxazeTis, tao-klarjeTis, kaxeT-hereTis samefoebis

Seqmnamde) VI-VII saukuneebSi qarTuli ena faqtobrivad aRar iyo

saxelmwifo ena, garda amisa, SezRudula qarTuli enis uflebebi

eklesiaSic ki. amis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa cnoba,

romelic daculia wmida raJdenis wamebaSi _ `...aRdges sparsni

412

qristianeTa zeda da aRiZrnes uricxYTa mKedrebiTa, rameTu didi

iyo maSin brZolaA da daucxromeli mterobaOqristianeTa zeda da

ufroAsad berZenTa mimarT, xolo Cuen qarTvelTa momarT amisaTYs,

rameTu eZYneboda Cueni berZenTa mimarT siyuaruli da erTobaA. da

ese iyo nebaA maTi, raTaA Cuenca maT Tana mter veqmneT berZenTa~.25

`wmida raJdenis wamebis~ es cnoba aris pirdapiri miTiTeba imisa,

Tu qristianTagan vis devnidnen sparselebi. am cnobaSi, romelic

eTanxmeba arseni safarelis cnobebs, naTqvamia, rom sparselebi

saerTod ar uyurebdnen qristianebs kargi TvaliT, magram devnidnen

ara yvela qristians, aramed berZnebsa da qarTvelebs. berZnebs

devnidnen imis gamo, rom berZnuli qristianoba iyo rom-saberZneTis

imperiis saxelmwifo sarwmunoeba, xolo rom-saberZneTis imperia da

sparseTi erTmaneTTan mebrZoli saxelmwifoebi iyvnen. mose

xorenels aRwerili aqvs, Tu rogor devnidnen sparselebi yovelive

berZnuls gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT, kerZod, wvavdnen berZnul

wignebs, aravis aZlevdnen berZnulis Seswavlis nebas da, rac

gasaocaria, berZnulad laparakis uflebac ki aRaravis hqonda,

aikrZala berZnuli enidan Targmna.

`wmida raJdenis wamebaSi~ Cans, rom sparselebi devnidnen ara

marto berZnebs, aramed qarTvelebsac. am wamebis avtori wers, rom

Cven, qarTvelebs, imitom gvdevnian, rom Cven gvaqvs berZenTa mimarT

siyvaruli, rac Turme `eZYneboda~, anu Zalze aRizianebda sparseTs.

friad sayuradReboa, rom es ori wyaro erTmaneTs eTanxmeba im

sakiTxSi, Tu ra urTierTobas moiTxovdnen sparselebi berZnebis

mimarT damonebuli xalxebisgan, kerZod, `...aRar hqonodaT

berZnebTan megobruli urTierToba... ...eZYneboda Cueni berZenTa

mimarT siyuaruli da erToba~.26

sparselebs amZvinvarebs qarTvelTa `siyvaruli da erToba~

berZenTa mimarT, aseve `megobruli urTierToba~. Tu am ori wyaros

monacems SevadarebT mesame daudgeneli TariRis wyaros _ `qebaA da

didebaA qarTulisa enisaAs~, davinaxavT, rom samiveSi TiTqmis erTi

da imave sityvebiT berZnebTan megobroba-siyvarulsa da erTobazea

saubari. `qebaASi~ naTqvamia _ `megobrobaA amisTYs Tqua~, `...nino... da

helene... ese arian orni dani, viTarca mariam da marTa~.27

rogorc or das aqvs erTmaneTis mimarT siyvaruli da erToba,

aseve aqvT berZnebsa da qarTvelebs `qebaAs~ avtoris Tanaxmad. is

TiTqos imeorebs `raJdenis wamebis~ avtoris azrs qarTvelebisa da

berZnebis siyvarulisa da erTobis Sesaxeb. `qebaASi~ pirdapir aris

naTqvami am ori eris megobrobis Sesaxeb, rac mose xorenelis

Tanaxmad, aSinebda sparseTis xelisuflebas. `qebaA da didebaA

qarTulisa enisaA~ aris winaswarmetyveleba qarTuli enis Tavis

413

uflebebSi aRdgenis Sesaxeb. aq nawinaswarmetyvelebia, rom

damdablebuli da dawunebuli qarTuli ena aRdgeba. aqve

dasaxelebulia TariRi, Tumca arapirdapir _ sxvadasxva

xelnawerSi sxvadasxva _ 94 weli, 104, 92. SeiZleba am

winaswarmetyvelebasac vuwodoT amxdari winaswarmetyveleba,

radganac tao-klarjeTis, afxazeTisa da kaxeT-hereTis samefoebis

warmoqmnis Semdeg qarTuli ena Zveleburadve saxelmwifo enad iqca.

es iyo sruliad SeuzRudveli, ayvavebuli, amieridan Zlevamosili

ena mefeTa da kaTalikosTa, mwignobrobisa da wirva-locvis ena,

mosili mzrunvelobiTa da siyvaruliT. saqarTvelos erTiani

samefos Seqmnis Semdgomac qarTuli ena erTaderTi saxelmwifo da

kulturis enaa. verc tao-klarjeTis, afxazeTis, kaxeT-hereTis

samefoebis arsebobisas da verc Semdgom qarTul enas veravin

uwodebda _ `dafaruls~, `damarxuls~, qarTuli ena sruliadac ar

iyo am epoqaSi dafaruli, arasazogadoebrivi, mxolod ojaxebsa da

SinaurobaSi saxmari ena. miT umetes, mas veravin uwodebda _

`mZinares... mdabalsa da dawunebuls... mkudars~ _ rogorc uwodebs

`qebaAs~ avtori. amitomac, unda vifiqroT, rom es Txzuleba

dawerilia im dros, roca qarTuli da berZnuli enebi erTnairad

idevneboda saqarTveloSi. avtori amxnevebs xalxs, rom aseTi devna

qarTuli enisa didxans ar gagrZeldeba da daaxloebiT erT

saukuneSi mdgomareoba mowesrigdebao. winaswarmetyveleba marTlac

aRsrulda: jer VI s-is dasasruls qarTulma enam mcire xniT

aRidgina Tavisi uflebebi, Semdgom ki VII s-Si nawilobriv da VIII

s-dan is srul uflebebSia. arabebi, marTalia, qarTvel qristianebs

devnidnen, magram maT mier qarTuli enis devna cnobili ar aris.

berZnul da qarTul enebs devnidnen sparselebi VI s-sa da VII s-

is dasawyisSi. sparselebs ar SeeZloT qarTuli enis devna V s-Si,

radganac maSin qarTvel ers erovnuli saxelmwifo hqonda, xolo

VII s-is dasawyisSi sparseTis saxelmwifo ganadgurda, is 629 wels

herakle keisarma daamarcxa, xolo amave saukunis 40-ian wlebSi

arabebma sabolood gaanadgures.

Tu rogor aiZulebdnen sparselebi VI s-Si qarTvelebs ar

SeeswavlaT berZnuli ena da ar gadmoeRoT Txzulebebi am enidan,

aramed kavSir-urTierToba hqonodaT somxurTan da asurulTan,

wers k. kekeliZe: `...isini maT nebas ar aZlevdnen berZnuli ena

SeeswavlaT da am enidan Txzulebebi gadmoeRoT TavianT enaze.

TavisTavad cxadia, rom amasve moiTxovdnen isini qarTvelebisganac.

aseT pirobebSi maSindel iberiaSi kidevac rom Zlieri yofiliyo

berZnuli saeklesio-literaturuli orientacia, is xorcs ver

Seisxamda, amitom qarTvelebi iZulebulni iqnebodnen

414

literaturuli kavSiri da urTierToba daeWiraT umTavresad

mezobel somxebTan da aRmosavleTis qristianebTan, kerZod

asurelebTan~.28

V s-Si qarTul eklesiaSi wirva-locvisa da msaxurebis enebi

iqneboda qarTuli da berZnuli, rac bunebrivia, sxva erovnul

eklesiebSic ase iyo. garda amisa, kaTalikosebic ki VI s-is

dasawyisSi saberZneTidan yofilan Camosulni. VI s-is dasawyisidan

saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg sparselebi eklesiebSi berZnuli

enis xmarebas akrZalavdnen (sxvaganac ase moiqcnen) da berZnulis

magier saeklesio msaxurebisaTvis qarTul enasTan erTad somxurs

an siriuls danergavdnen, radganac somxur eklesias

gansakuTrebul upiratesobas aniWebdnen da berZnuls

upirispirebdnen. VI s-Si qarTuli ena marTlac dafaruli

(damarxuli) ena gaxda politikuri mdgomareobis gamo, mteri

qalkedonitobas krZalavda. qarTuli ena qalkedonitobis

elementad aRiqves. rogorc wers `qebaAs~ avtori, im dros berZnuli

ena da eklesia qarTulis megobrad aris miRebuli, magram

akrZalulia, qarTuli ena ki namdvilad iyo damdablebuli da

dawunebuli. am dromde, TiTqmis aTasi wlis manZilze ki is

saxelmwifo ena iyo _ farnavazidan gorgaslis CaTvliT. `qebaASi~

berZnuli da qarTuli enebisa da eklesiebis Sesaxeb naTqvamia _ `da

axalman nino moaqcia (qarTuli eklesia) da helene dedofalman

(berZnuli eklesia), ese arian orni dani, viTarca mariam da marTa.

da megobrobaO amisTYs Tqua...~29

mariami da marTa erTad imyofebodnen mwuxarebis dros, roca

maTi Zma lazare gardaicvala, aseve mariami da marTa erTad iyvnen

im didi sixarulis dros, roca ufalma ieso qristem maTi Zma, oTxi

dRis mkvdari lazare mkvdreTiT aRadgina. wmida ninosa da wmida

elene dedoflis eklesiebi da enebi erTnairad devnilni iyvnen

sparseTis imperiaSi, kerZod, VI saukunis saqarTveloSi.

isini ise, rogorc debi mariam da marTa erT bedqveS arian

mwuxarebisas, magram amJamad damdablebuli da dawunebuli

qarTuli ena mkvdreTiT aRdgeba uflis mier, rogorc lazareo.

avtori arafers wers berZnuli enis aRdgenis Sesaxeb, rac

bunebrivia. es ena Tavis qveyanaSi saeklesio ena iyo, xolo

qarTuli ena Tavis qveyanaSi damalulad mosaxmari (`damarxuli~),

dawunebuli da damdablebuli iyo.

avtori winaswarmetyvelebs, rom saRvTo qarTuli ena uflis

saxeliT Semkuli da kurTxeuli, didxans ar iqneba oTxi dRis

mkvdris mdgomareobaSi, is aRdgeba rogorc lazare da mis

415

aRdgomas niSnad, anu `saswaulad ese aqus _ oTxmeoc da

aToTxmeti weli...~

Tu rogor idevneboda berZnuli ena sparsTa mier, kargad aqvs

aRwerili mose xorenels:

`...mehruJanma dawva berZnuli wignebi mTels Cvens qveyanaSi;

amasTanave, somxeTis danawilebisas, sparsTa wil somxeTSi,

sparseli moxeleebi aravis rTavdnen berZnuli mwignobrobis

SeTvisebis nebas, mxolod asurulis Seswavla SeiZleboda~.30 anda _

`...ra wignsac ki waawydeboda, igi wvavda, brZana, rom eswavlaT

sparsuli da ara berZnuli wera-kiTxva. aravis hqonda ufleba

elaparaka berZnulad, anda eTargmna am enidan. amas TiTqos imitom

Svreboda, rom somxebs sruliad aRar hqonodaT berZnebTan

megobruli urTierToba da nacnoboba. sinamdvileSi ki qristianuli

moZRvrebis aRmofxvra ewadaT, rameTu maSin somxebs jer kidev ar

gaaCndaT anbani da berZnulad asrulebdnen RvTismsaxurebas~.31

berZnul enaze laparaki akrZaluli yofila. aqedan kargad Cans

sparselebis damokidebuleba berZnuli enisadmi IV-V saukuneTa

somxeTSi. wmida raJdenis wamebidan da sxva wyaroebidan Cans, rom

sparselebi berZnebsa da qarTvelebs erTnairad devnidnen VI

saukunis 70-ian wlebamde. qarTuli eklesia daaSores berZnuls da

dauaxloves aRmosavlur-somxurs. saqarTveloSi daiwyo berZnuli

enidan Targmnili wignebis somxuris mixedviT redaqtireba, ris

Sesaxebac aRuniSnavs giorgi mcires.

msgavsi magaliTi moxda somxeTSi. mose xoreneli wers, rom

sparselebi somxebs RvTismsaxurebas uSlidnen maSin, roca somxur

eklesias kavSiri hqonda berZnulTan IV s-is bolosa da V s-is

dasawyisSi. amis Semdeg somxurma eklesiam sparseTis saxelmwifos

zemoaRniSnuli sastiki zemoqmedebiT imas miaRwia, rom somxuri

eklesia upiratesad dauaxlovda sparsul-siriul eklesiebs.

a. abdalaZe SeniSnavs: _ `ebrZoda ra bizantiis gavlenis

gavrcelebas somxeTSi, iranis xelisufleba, amave dros, garkveuli

politikuri mosazrebiT, mxars uWerda siriuli kulturis

gabatonebas somexTa qveyanaSi~,32 anda `...iranis Sahis kari im xanaSi

somxeTSi mxars uWerda siriuli kulturis gavlenis gavrcelebas

berZnulis sawinaaRmdegod. siriul kulturas somxeTSi isedac

Rrmad hqonda fesvebi gamdgari da mTavrobis mfarvelobis

pirobebSi mas kidev ufro gaeSala frTebi. amgvar viTarebaSi

berZnul civilizacias naziarebi, misi Tayvanismcemeli moazrovneni

aramcTu aRaravis undoda, maT devnidnen, aviwroebdnen kidec~.33

sparseTma miaRwia somxeTSi siriuli kulturis gabatonebas da

aRmofxvra berZnuli. daaxloebiT 90-100 wlis Semdeg igive procesi

416

daiwyo saqarTveloSi. aRmoifxvra berZnuli da berZnulis

sanacvlod Seecadnen ara siriuli, aramed somxuri kulturis

gavrcelebas. mizezi is iyo, rom somxuri eklesiis sagangebo

politikis wyalobiT, VI-VII saukuneebSi somxuri eklesia iseve

samagaliTo gaxda sparseTisaTvis, rogorc adre siriuli kultura,

ena da eklesia iyo. xolo qarTuli eklesiis mier VI saukunis Sua

wlebSi qalkedonituri midrekilebis gamomJRavnebam saboloo

jamSi qarTuli enis xmarebis SezRudva gamoiwvia. saqarTveloSi VI

saukunis 20-iani wlebidan VI saukunis 70-ian wlebamde qarTuli da

berZnuli enebi Tanabrad SezRudul pirobebSi imyofebodnen,

rogorc debi, mosiyvarule debi mariam da marTa, lazares

micvalebisas.

VI saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos mier qalkedonitobis

daufaravma aRiarebam da qveynis gaTavisuflebam qarTul da

berZnul enebs kvlav daubruna Tavisi adgili kulturul

cxovrebaSi. winaswarmetyveleba qarTuli enis aRdgomis Sesaxeb

aRsrulda, ise rogorc abibos nekreselis winaswarmetyveleba.

Semdgom saukuneSi kvlav SeizRuda qarTuli ena. is Tavis

uflebebSi srulad aRdga tao-klarjeTis, afxazeTisa da kaxeT-

hereTis samefoebis Seqmnis Semdgom. es marTlac hgavda lazares

aRdginebas VI-VII saukuneebis devnasTan SedarebiT.

k. kekeliZe wers, rom VI saukunis bolos wirva-locva qarTul

enaze gaCaRebuli iyoo: `VI saukunis gasuls, rogorc `epistoleTa

wignidan~ Cans, qarTlSi gaCaRebuli yofila wirva-locva da

RvTismsaxureba qarTul enaze~,34 aseve yofila V saukuneSic.

`qebaAs~ avtoris mier aRweril mdgomareobaSi qarTuli ena

mxolod VI saukunis erT did periodSi imyofeboda.

s a e k l e s i o e n a a l b a n e T S i , h e r e T S i ,

g u g a r q s a d a d a s a v l e T s a q a r T v e l o S i V I - V I I

s a u k u n e e b S i

a) saeklesio ena albaneTSi

Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom albaneTis saeklesio ena somxuri iyo

da ara mSobliuri albanuri ena. albaneTi iyo amierkavkasiis

udidesi qveyana, gadaWimuli sevanis tbis mimdebare teritoriebidan

vidre kaspiis zRvamde. albanelebi iberiul-kavkasiuri modgmis

417

xalxi iyo, amitomac albanuri ena axlos idga qarTvelur enebTan

da sruliad gansxvavdeboda somxuri enisgan. garda amisa,

albaneTis eklesia iyo samociqulo, TavisTavadi eklesia, romelsac

hyavda kaTalikosi, hqonda saeklesio ierarqia da mravali

saepiskoposo.

arsebobs sxvadasxva mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iyenebda

albaneTis xalxi saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis ara albanur, aramed

somxur enas. erT-erTi mosazreba gamoTqmulia `Zveli msoflios

istoriis~ III tomSi (moskovi, 1982), romlis Tanaxmadac, albaneTi

mravalerovani qveyana yofila, ris gamoc SeuTvisebia samxreTeli

mezoblebis yvela miRweva:

`samxreTeli mezoblebidan aTvisebul miRwevaTa Soris

redkolegia qristianobasac (monofizituri formiT) asaxelebs,

Tanac Tu qristianobis pirvel wlebSi TviT somxeTSi

RvTismsaxureba siriul enaze sruldeboda, `albaneTSi mwerlobisa

da RvTismsaxurebis enad~ somxuria dasaxelebuli. dapyrobil

qveyanaSi gabatonebuli xalxi, rogorc cnobilia, yovelTvis

cdilobda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis asimilacias. am mxriv,

rogorc zemoT vaCveneT, gamonaklisi arc somxeTis saxelmwifo iyo,

magram albaneTis armenizaciis procesi Turme ZaldatanebiTi ar

yofila. xSirad Tvlian, rom roca somxeTis mefeebi albaneTis

provinciebis xarjze TavianT teritoriebs afarToebdnen, ZaliT

axdendnen adgilobrivi mosaxleobis armenizacias. es Sexeduleba

sruliad mcdaria. arc erTi Zveli saxelmwifo ar cdilobda

ZaldatanebiT daenerga Tavisi ena ucxoenovan mosaxleobaSi.

saerTod ki albaneTis im provinciebis mosaxleobas, sadac somxebi

batonobdnen, `aravin uSlida saxlSi mSobliur enaze esaubraT~.35

albaneTi jer kidev IV-V saukuneebSi yofila nawilobriv

armenizebuli _ gasomxebuli. v. goilaZe wers _ `...akad. s. eremianis

Tanaxmad, mtkvris marjvena mxares mdebare albanuri olqebidan IV-

V saukuneebSi arcaxi mTlianad, xolo utiki nawilobriv iyo

armenizebuli.~36 miuxedavad amisa, albaneTSi V saukuneSi Seiqmna

erovnuli anbani, mwerloba da albanuri istoriografiac ki _

`rogorc Cans, albanelebs mokle drois ganmavlobaSi hyavdaT

TavianTi Zveli istorikosebi~, _ naTqvamia `Zveli msoflios

istoriis~ III tomSi. magram `albaneTSi literaturuli ena ar

Seqmnila~.37

arsebobs sxva Tvalsazrisic. rogorc aRvniSneT, albanelma

xalxma V saukuneSi Seqmna sakuTari erovnuli damwerloba, da

Seqmnila kidec albanuri literaturis originaluri Zeglebi,

romelTac Cvenamde ar mouRweviaT. damwerloba, cxadia,

418

gamoiyeneboda saeklesio albanurenovani wignebis saWiroebisaTvis.

aqedan Cans, rom V saukuneSi albaneTis eklesiebSi saeklesio enad

albanuri ena gamoiyeneboda, Tu mTel albaneTSi ara, mis zogierT

kuTxeSi mainc. amasTanave varaudoben, rom ukve VII saukunis

albaneli istorikosi mose kalankatueli Tavis Txzulebas wers

ara albanur, aramed somxur enaze.

Tu V saukuneSi SemoRebuli albanuri damwerloba da

albanurenovani wignebi VII saukuneSi ukve aRar gamoiyeneboda

albanelTa mier, Cans, am ori saukunis Sua _ VI saukuneSi, albanur

eklesiaSi moxda raRac cvlileba, kerZod, albanurenovani wirva-

locva Seicvala somxurenovani wirva-locviT.

marTlac, VI saukuneSi Zalze didi Zvrebi xdeba amierkavkasiis

eklesiebSi. sparseTis mier dapyrobil amierkavkasiis qveynebSi

eklesiebze zedamxedveloba moipova somxeTis eklesiam. sparseTma

somxur eklesias misca neba, lideroba moepovebina amierkavkasiaSi

(sparsul nawilSi). amis gamo amierkavkasiis somxeTTan mosazRvre

kuTxeTa eklesiebSi met-naklebad dainerga somxurenovani

RvTismsaxureba. albaneTi adreve, IV-V saukuneebSi met-naklebad

armenizebuli qveyana iyo, amitomac aq VI saukuneSi somxurenovani

RvTismsaxurebis sayovelTaod gavrceleba Zneli ar iqneboda,

amitomac somxurma saeklesio enam Secvala albanuri saeklesio ena.

amis Semdeg albaneTi somxurenovania saeklesio TvalsazrisiT.

albanuri wignebi da damwerloba maT Semdeg aRarasodes

gamouyenebiaT _ arc erT saukuneSi. albaneli xalxic TandaTan

gadagvarda.

VIII s-is Semdeg somexi monofizitebis mier devnilma albanelma

qalkedonitma berebma Tavi qarTul monastrebs Seafares, maT

albaneTidan Tan wamoiRes albanurenovani saeklesio wignebi, _

albanuri anbaniT dawerilni, magram Semdgom maTi rigebi aRar

Seivso da wignebi qarTvelebma gamoiyenes, isini palimsestebad

gadaiqcnen, kerZod, SemdegSi albanur wignebs qarTuli

wignebisTvis iyenebdnen.

b) saeklesio ena hereTSi

gansaxilvel periodSi, VI-VII saukuneebSi, hereTi albaneTis erT-

erTi Semadgeneli nawili iyo, moqceuli mis dasavleTiT, amitomac

is saeklesio reforma, Tu cvlileba, romelic albaneTSi

mimdinareobda am dros (saeklesio enad somxuri enis danergva),

hereTSic tardeboda Zvel qarTul istoriografiaSi miRebuli

TvalsazrisiT.

419

hereTi TviT IX-X saukuneebamde monofizituri iyo, is

qalkedonitobaze moaqcia dedofalma dinaram. iq `mefobamde

iSxanikissa pirvelni yovelni iyvnes mwvalebelni~.38

amitomac, monofizituri hereTis saeklesio ena VI-IX saukuneebSi

iyo somxuri ena, ise rogorc mTel albaneTSi saerTod.

V saukuneSi hereTi Sedioda ara albaneTis SemadgenlobaSi,

aramed qarTlis (iberiis) samefoSi. Cven amis damadastureblad

gvaqvs ueWveli saistorio wyaro `SuSanikis wameba~, sadac hereTs

pirdapir ewodeba qarTli. sparsTagan wamosuli varsqen pitiaxSio

_ weria iq, Semovida qarTlSi, kerZod ki, hereTis qveyanaSio _

`...moiwia igi sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa, queyanasa mas hereTisasa.~39

xolo hereTSi wamebuli SuSanikis saqme `yovel qarTlSi~

ganiTqvao, radganac hereTi `yoveli qarTlis~ nawili iyo _

`ganiTqua yovelsa qarTlsa saqmH misi.~ SuSanikis sanaxavad

`...aznaurni da uaznoni soflisa qarTlisani movides~40 _ TviT

hereTs ewodeba qarTli, amitomac avtori aq sityva hereTs ar

xmarobs da qarTls xmarobs mis magier.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, hereTi, ara marto V saukuneSi

warmoadgenda qarTlis samefos, aramed qarTuli erovnuli

saxelmwifos SeqmnisTanave, qristemde IV-III saukuneebSi, farnavazis

dros, is samefos SemadgenlobaSi iyo. hereTi istoriulad qarTlis

Semadgenel nawilad ganixileboda. eTnikurad, `qarTlis cxovrebis~

Tanaxmad, herebi arian qarTvelebis `Tvisni~.

wmida ninos mier qarTuli erovnuli eklesiis daarsebis dros,

IV saukuneSi hereTi qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda.

wmida ninom TviT moaqcia hereTi qristianul rjulze. amis Sesaxeb

cnobebi gvaqvs ara marto qarTul wyaroebSi, aramed somxurSic,

kerZod, mose xoreneli wers wmida ninos Sesaxeb, rom man moaqcia

qarTveli eri klarjeTidan vidre kaspiis karamde da masquTebis

qveynamdeo. masquTebi kaspiis zRvasTan cxovrobdnen _ `man iqadaga

klarjeTidan dawyebuli vidre alanTa da kaspiis karamde, masquTTa

sazRvrebamde, rogorc amas agaTangelozi gauwyebs Sen~.41

aRsaniSnavia, rom mose xoreneli wmida ninos `qarTvelTa

momaqcevels~ uwodebs, amitomac wmida ninos mier moqceuli

mosaxleoba `klarjeTidan vidre kaspiis karamde~, Cans, mose

xorenels qarTvelebad miaCnia.

axla unda iTqvas V saukuneSi hereTis saeklesio enis Sesaxeb _

V saukuneSi hereTis saeklesio ena qarTuli iyo, imis gamo, rom aq

IV saukunidanve vrceldeboda qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqcia.

qarTuli ena wmida ninos mier daarsebuli eklesiis ena iyo, hereTi

ki wmida ninos (e.i. qarTul) eklesiaSi Sedioda. is faqti, rom

420

pirveli qarTuli qristianuli moTxroba SuSanikis wamebis Sesaxeb

hereTs eZRvneba (da rogorc TviT moTxrobidan Cans, aqvea dawerili

jer kidev gaunelebeli STabeWdilebiT), gvisabuTebs im azrs, rom

V saukuneSi hereTis saeklesio ena qarTuli ena iyo.

ra enaze laparakobdnen herebi, romeli iyo maTi mSobliuri ena?

albaneli xalxis ena iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa jgufs

miekuTvneboda da enaTesaveboda daRestnur enebs.

albaneTis mniSvnelovani nawili mtkvris marjvena mxares da misi

centraluri olqi utiqi armenizebuli yofila.

albaneTSi iberiul-kavkasiur (daRestnur) enaTa jgufis garda

gavrcelebuli yofila iranuli da Turquli enebi, agreTve

adgilobriv mosaxleobas miuRia somxuri ena, anu nawilobriv

armenizebuli _ gasomxebuli yofila.

albaneTSi enaTa aseTi mravalferovnebis fonze srulebiT ar

mogveCveneba gasakviri aq qarTveluri enebis arsebobac. marTlac,

albaneTis dasavleT provinciaSi _ hereTSi _ mcxovrebi

mosaxleoba (herebi) qarTulenovani yofila. mkvlevari zaza

sxirtlaZe wers: `...ukanaskneli wlebis gamokvlevebSi, vrceli

faqtobrivi masalis moxmobisa da gaanalizebis safuZvelze

damajerebladaa dasabuTebuli, rom VII-X ss. hereTis teritoriaze

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis (herebis, sujebis) kultura aRmosavlur-

qarTul wres ganekuTvneboda, ena ki uciloblad qarTuli iyo~.42

magram somxur istoriografiaSi gamoTqmulia sxva mosazreba,

kerZod, TiTqosda hereTis teritoriaze cxovrobda somxuri

mosaxleoba _ amgvari varaudi dReisaTvis ucxo aRar aris _ igi,

rogorc cnobilia, hereTis mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis

Taobaze msjelobisas adrec ramdenjerme yofila gamoTqmuli~,

kerZod, mecnierebs a. mnacakanians wignSi `kavkasiis albaneTis

literaturis Sesaxeb~ da g. mkrtumians wignSi _ `kaxeT-hereTis

samefo da somxur-qarTuli urTierTdamokidebuleba~ gamoTqmuli

hqoniaT mosazreba _ `...hereTis teritoriaze somxuri mosaxleobis

arsebobaze...~

amitom _ hereTSi an somxuri mosaxleoba cxovrobda da XI

saukunis Semdeg es xalxi gaqarTvelda, anda piriqiT herebi

qarTulenovani xalxi iyo, romelmac VI-X saukuneebSi ganicada

nawilobrivi armenizacia albaneTis sxva kuTxeTa msgavsad, XI

saukunidan hereTi kvlav qalkedonituri qveyana gaxda da amitomac

aq eklesiebSi wirva-locvis enad kvlav aRdga herTaTvis mSobliuri

qarTulenovani RvTismsaxureba. rogorc aRniSnuli gvqonda, X

saukuneSi monofizituri hereTi qalkedonitobaze moaqcia dinara

dedofalma. iqamde VI-IX saukuneebSi hereTi monofizituri iyo.

421

monofizitebis saeklesio ena am periodSi somxuri ena iyo.

Sesabamisad maSin, roca hereTi monofizituri iyo, aq wirva-locvis

ena somxuri ena iyo, xolo roca hereTi kvlav daubrunda

qalkedonitobas, misi saeklesio ena kvlav qarTuli ena gaxda.

hereTis armenizacia ise Rrma ar yofila, rogorc Sua da

samxreT albaneTisa iyo. Tu albaneTis mtkvris marjvena sanapiro

da centraluri provincia _ utiqi mTlianad iqna armenizebuli,

hereTis armenizacia SedarebiT umniSvnelo iyo, imis gamo, rom

herebi qarTulenovani xalxi iyo, mis mezoblad kaxeTsa da

qarTlSi aseve qarTulenovani xalxi cxovrobda, rac xels uwyobda

hereTSi qarTulenovnebis SenarCunebas. herebis sasaubro, saojaxo

ena qarTuli ena iyo, mxolod eklesiaSi ixmareboda somxuri ena

saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis _ monofizitobis dros. hereTis samefos

Seqmnis Semdeg, IX saukuneSi, saxelmwifo (!) ena iyo qarTuli ena _

mosaxleobis deda ena. miuxedavad amisa, saeklesio ena am dros

mainc somxuri iyo monofizitobis gamo. somxuri enis codna

ganaTlebisa da mwignobrobis misaRebad aucileblad saWiro iyo,

Tu romelime axalgazrda somxeTSi amisaTvis gaemgzavreboda.

arsebobs lalaianis mier Cawerili legenda, romlis mixedviTac,

cnobili mecnieri _ filosofosi VI saukunisa daviT uZleveli,

warmoSobiT hereTidan yofila, hereTi ki V saukuneSi qarTlSi

Semavali qveyana iyo. daviTi ganaTlebis misaRebad somxeTSi

gamgzavrebula, Semdeg ki kvlav dabrunebula qarTlSi.

hereTis istoriuli geografia saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi

icvleboda. qarTvelebi hereTs zogjer mTel albaneTs uwodebdnen,

rogorc magaliTad, arseni safareli Tavis TxzulebaSi. hereTi da

gugarqi, anu qvemo qarTli erTmaneTis mezoblebi iyvnen da zogjer

erTmaneTis teritoriebs nawilobriv faravdnen, magaliTad,

curtavi xan hereTSia (iakob curtavelis Tanaxmad), xan kidev

gugarqSia (`epistoleTa wignisa~ da uxtanesis Tanaxmad).

axali gamokvlevebis mixedviT, hereTSi Sedioda Saqic. cnobilia,

rom Zveli qarTveli saeklesio istorikosebi SuSaniks uwodebdnen

`ranis dedofals~, magram Cven viciT, rom SuSaniki hereTis

dedofali iyo. Cans, `rani~ Sua saukuneebSi ewoda hereTis erT

nawils. aqedan Cans, rom hereTi did teritoriaze yofila

gadaWimuli. da Tu `rani~ hereTis nawils ewoda, maSin hereTi

albaneTis centraluri `utiqis~ provinciis mezobeli yofila.

albaneTis es provincia ki armenizebuli, anu gasomxebuli iyo.

dasavleTiT hereTi uSualod qalkedonur centrebs _ mcxeTa-

Tbiliss emezobleboda. igi monofizitur da qalkedonitur qveynebs

Soris yofila moTavsebuli, amitomac Sesabamisad mosaxleobis is

422

nawili, romelic hereTis aRmosavleTSi cxovrobda, monofizituri

iqneboda (ise, rogorc mTeli albaneTi), xolo hereTis dasavleTiT

qalkedonitur qarTlTan mcxovrebi mosaxleoba naklebad iqneboda

gamonofizitebuli da, albaT, nawilobriv mainc qalkedonituri iyo

(igulisxmeba VI-IX saukuneebi).

X saukuneSi hereTis mTlianad qalkedonitobaze moqceva dinara

dedoflis mier warmoadgenda hereTis srul gamoyofas

monofizituri albaneTidan, ufro zustad IX saukuneSi hereTi

politikurad gamoeyo albaneTs, xolo X saukuneSi _

sarwmunoebrivad.

yuradReba unda mieqces erT garemoebas, Tu herebis dedaena

albanuri iyo, rogor moxda herebis `gaqarTveleba~?43 saerTod,

amJamad miRebulia aseTi Teoria: roca romelime araqarTulenovani

mxare qarTuli (mcxeTis) eklesiis gavlenis sferoSi eqceoda,

xdeboda am mxaris `gaqarTveleba~. es Teoria srulebiT ver xsnis

hereTis gaqarTvelebis sakiTxs. saqme isaa, rom VI-IX ss-Si hereTi

Sedioda ara qarTuli, aramed somxuri eklesiis gavlenis sferoSi.

amitomac is monofizituri iyo da ara qalkedonituri. amis gamo

hereTSi wirva-locvis ena somxuri iyo. miuxedavad amisa, hereTis

samefos SeqmnisTanave, hereTis saxelmwifo ena qarTuli gaxda da

ara somxuri, es im dros, roca arc qarTul (mcxeTis) eklesiasa da

arc qarTul saxelmwifos hereTze xeli ar miuwvdebodaT. Tu

herebi albanurenovani xalxi iyo am dros, iq unda danergiliyo

saerTo-saxelmwifo somxuri ena, radganac mTel albaneTSi swored

somxuri ena iyo saerTo-saxelmwifo-saeklesio ena. da radganac am

pirobebSi hereTSi saerTo-saxelmwifo enad dainerga swored

qarTuli da ara somxuri ena (igulisxmeba IX saukune, hereTis

gaqalkedonitebamde), miuTiTebs, rom herebi iyvnen ara Tu

qarTulenovani xalxi, aramed qarTvelebi.

xSirad Zveli drois araqarTveli istorikosebi albaneTs

iverias-iberias uwodebdnen da Sesabamisad albaneTs iverebiT

dasaxlebulad miiCnevdnen. aseTi Tvalsazrisi nawilobriv aisaxa

qarTul wyaroebSi. rogorc aRniSnuli gvqonda, `qarTlis

cxovrebasa~ da sxva qronikebs albaneTis mniSvnelovani nawili _

hereTi `qarTlis samefos~ nawilad miaCndaT, mosaxleobas ki,

herebs, qarTvelebad miiCnevdnen, ase rom, hereTs qarTls anu

iverias uwodebdnen ara marto ucxoeli, aramed qarTveli

avtorebic. amitomac, Cans, hereTis cnobili dedofali dinara

ucxoel avtorTa mier iveriis dedofal dinarad iqna wodebuli,

rac aisaxa kidec rusul TqmulebaSi `iveriis dedofal dinaras~

Sesaxeb. dinaras dedoflobis dros hereTi didi saxelmwifo iyo,

423

romelic moicavda teritoriebs, romelTac Semdgom ewoda Saqi,

rani, movakani da sxva. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Crdilokavkasiel

tomebsa da mis CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb savromatul tomebs aqtiuri

urTierToba hqondaT albaneTTan (da hereTTan) `Coris~, derbendis,

kaspiis kariT. CrdiloeTSi mcxovrebi xalxebi albaneTsa da hereTs

ukeT icnobdnen, vidre, vTqvaT, saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebs.

albaneTTan mWidro kontaqtebi hqondaT xazarebsac, xolo maT

Semdeg slavur da rusul tomebsac.44 amitomac, dedofali dinara,

romelmac albaneTis mniSvnelovani nawili _ hereTi

qalkedonitobaze moaqcia, CrdiloeTis xalxebisaTvis legendarul

pirovnebad iqca, xolo TviT hereTi Crdiloeli xalxebisaTvis

iberiis Sesasvleli, mTavari qveyana iyo (CrdiloeTis tomebi

albaneTSi Sediodnen kaspiis gziT, derbendidan, `Coris~ kariT).

hereTis dasavleTiT (qarTlis uSualo sazRvarTan) mdebareobda

ganTqmuli daviT garejis lavra. ismis kiTxva: Tu hereTi VI-IX ss-

Si monofizituri iyo albaneTis msgavsad, ra sarwmunoebrivi

mimarTulebisa iyo es lavra?

daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi gvaqvs aseTi momenti _ wmida mama

daviTi Cadis garejis sanaxebSi, sadac mas Sexvdeba mis mimarT

mtrulad ganwyobili aznauri, romelic somxurad metyvelebs.

daviT garejeli iZulebuli xdeba mis mosaklavad SemarTul kacs

somxuri eniTve upasuxos. `mas Jamsa Sina movida barbarozi vinme

naTesavi adgilTagan ruAsTavisaTa... daukYrda barbarozsa mas da

hrqua: `vinaA xar Sen?~ miugo man somxuriTa eniTa...~45

daviT garejelis cxovrebis zemoT moyvanili cnobidan Cans, rom

hereTs ara marto aRmosavleTidan emezobleboda somxurenovani

albanuri Temi utiqi, aramed dasavleTiTac (qvemo qarTl-

gugarqSic) mosaxleobaSi nawilobrivad mainc somxurenovneba

danergila.

asurel mamaTa cxovrebidan Cans, rom isini qarTul enaze

laparaks gansakuTrebul, principul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen.

`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ gvaqvs momenti, roca maT misagebeblad

gamosul kaTalikoss asureli mamebi qarTul enaze upasuxeben.

qarTul enaze laparaks maSin principuli mniSvneloba hqonda,

radganac VI saukunis I naxevarSi amierkavkasiis eklesiebze

zedadgomis, zedamxedvelobis ufleba sparseTma mianiWa somxur-

monofizitur eklesias da amitomac yvelgan inergeboda

somxurenovani RvTismsaxureba. qarTul enaze saubars da

qarTulenovan RvTismsaxurebas, Cans, antimonofizitur anu

antisparsul movlenad miiCnevdnen. aseT dros asurel mamaTa mier

424

qarTuli enis gamoyenebas proqalkedonituri da antimonofizituri

mniSvneloba eniWeboda.

sruliad ueWvelia, da yvelasTvis cnobilia, rom daviT

garejis lavra VI-X saukuneebSi qarTulenovani monastrebisgan

Sedgeboda. es faqti TavisTavad warmoadgens pasuxs am lavris

sarwmunoebrivi mimarTulebis Sesaxeb. es lavra monofizituri

mimarTulebisa rom yofiliyo, iq danergili iqneboda mxolod da

mxolod somxurenovani wirva-locva da araviTar SemTxvevaSi

qarTulenovani, magram aq somxurenovani wirva-locva ar yofila,

cxadia, es lavra qalkedonituri iyo.

aSkaraa, daviT garejis monastrebi aferxebdnen hereTis

dasavleTi nawilis armenizacias da xels uwyobdnen hereTSi

qalkedonuri mrwamsis aRdgenas.

marTalia, hereTis mcire nawili, romelzedac daviT-garejis

monastrebs gavlena hqondaT, qalkedonituri iyo, ZiriTadi nawili

dinara dedoflamde monofizituri yofila, rasac Taviseburi

gavlena eqneboda mosaxleobaze. uTuod amis asaxvaa sabereebis erT-

erT eklesiaSi somxurenovani warwerebis arseboba.

sabereebad wodebul samonastro kompleqsSi ramdenime eklesia

yofila. erT-erT eklesiaSi aRmoCnda somxuri ganmartebiTi

warwerebi. somxuri warwerebis aRmoCenam maSinve warmoSva azri

hereTSi somxuri adgilobrivi mosaxleobis arsebobis Sesaxeb _

`...somxuri ganmartebiTi warwerebis arsebobis faqti, bunebrivia,

badebs mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac es epigrafikuli masala

adgilobriv, hereTis (am SemTxvevaSi kambeCanis) teritoriaze

somxuri mosaxleobis arsebobaze unda miuTiTebdes... monasterSi

qarTvelebTan erTad moRvawe somxebic am eTnikuri jgufidan unda

yofiliyvnen gamosulni. amgvari varaudi mosaxleobis eTnikuri

Semadgenlobis Taobaze msjelobisas adrec ramdenjerme yofila

gamoTqmuli~.46

z. sxirtlaZe ar iziarebs gamoTqmul varauds hereTSi somxuri

mosaxleobis arsebobis Sesaxeb, Tumca uSvebs, rom _ `somxuri

mosaxleobis wili hereTisa sazogadod da, kerZod, kambeCanis

teritoriaze erTob mcire unda yofiliyo~.47

misi azriT, am monasterSi mosulan qalkedoniti somxebi,

romlebic gaqarTvelebulan. Turme aq mimdinareobda qalkedonit

somexTa denacionalizaciis procesi.48 sinamdvileSi ki rogorc

masalebidan Cans, hereTsa da kambeCanSi cxovrobda ara somxuri

mosaxleoba, aramed qarTvelebi, nawilobriv armenizebuli, rac

Seexeba qalkedoniti somxebis `denacionalizacias~, somexi

qalkedonitebi somxebadve darCnen, radganac maTSi erovnuli

425

TviTSegnebisa da erovnuli siamayis, erisa da mamulis siyvarulis

grZnoba sarwmunoebriv grZnobaze naklebi ara yofila. somxeTis

mdidari istoriografia naTlad gadmoscems, rom somex ers Tavisi

erovneba iseve amaRlebuli hqonda, rogorc sarwmunoeba da

arasodes erTs meores ar anacvalebda.

xolo hereTSi arsebuli sinamdvile srulad aris gadmocemuli

qarTul wyaroebSi _ X saukuneSi hereTi qalkedonituri qveyana

gaxda, aqamde ki is monofizituri iyo, TiTqmis 200-300 wlis

manZilze VI_IX saukuneebSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom aq mwignobrobis,

mecnierebis, damwerlobis, azris Caweris ena iyo somxuri ena,

somxuri anbani.

X saukuneSi, roca mTeli hereTi gaqalkedonitda, daviT-garejis

monastrebSi da maT Soris sabereebSic hereTis sxva kuTxeebidan

mividnen ukve qalkedoniti, yofili monofiziti berebi, maT wirva-

locvis ena ki gaegebodaT, radganac qarTuli maTi dedaena iyo,

magram, rogorc Cans, wera-kiTxva qarTulad ar icodnen, icodnen

mxolod somxurad (romelic maT adre, siymawvileSive Seiswavles),

SesaZloa, amitomac monastris winamZRvrebma qarTuli wera-kiTxvis

ucodinari am qarTveli berebisTvis kedlebze sagangebod

gaakeTebines somxurenovani ganmartebiTi warwerebi, raTa maT

Tavisuflad SeZlebodaT gageba, Tu vin iyvnen gamoxatulni

eklesiis kedlebze. momdevno axalma nakadma, albaT ukve icoda

qarTuli wera-kiTxva (Seiswavles), amitomac Semdgom saukuneebSi

saWiro aRar gaxda am da sxva eklesiebSi somxuri ganmartebiTi

warwerebis gakeTeba.

ase rom, hereTSi mimdinareobda ara `denacionalizacia~, aramed

piriqiT, mosaxleoba daubrunda mSobliurenovan RvTismsaxurebas.

unda davaskvnaT, rom hereTi qristianobis Casaxvis periodSi, IV-

V saukuneebSi, qarTuli eklesiis nawili iyo. VI-X saukuneebSi

hereTis didi nawili monofizitur-somxur eklesiaSi Sedioda. X

saukuneSi hereTi daubrunda dedaqarTul eklesias, Sesabamisad, IV-

V saukuneebSi hereTis saeklesio ena qarTuli enaa, VI-IX

saukuneebSi _ somxuri ena, X saukunidan kvlav qarTuli ena.

g) saeklesio ena gugarqSi, anu qvemo qarTlSi

somxuri istoriografiis Tanaxmad, somxeTis CrdiloeTiT

moqceuli vrceli qveynis _ gugarqis centri aris qalaqi curtavi.

gugarqi qarTlis qveyanaa. curtavi dRevandel rusTavTan axlos

mdebareobda, esaa qvemo qarTli. aqaur eklesiebsa da maT naSTebze

V saukuniT daTariRebuli mravali qarTuli warwera arsebobs, rac

426

imis utyuari niSania, rom gugarqSi saeklesio ena, anu wirva-

locvis ena IV-V saukuneebSi iyo qarTuli ena. amave dros Cvenamde

moRweulia pirvelxarisxovani saistorio wyaro _ `epistoleTa

wigni~ VI-VII saukuneebisa, saidanac sruliad aSkarad Cans, rom

saerTod gugarqSi da kerZod curtavSi (e. i. qvemo qarTlSi)

arsebobda `somxurenovani~ mosaxleobis sakmao raodenoba.

amJamad qarTul istoriografiaSi aris mcdeloba, es

somxurenovani mosaxleoba gamoacxadon Zalze mcirericxovan

Temad, romelic curtavSi saxlobda, magram aseT mosazrebas

ewinaaRmdegeba `epistoleTa wigni~, sadac garkveviT weria, rom

somxurenovani mosaxleoba Zalze mravalricxovania, maT gugarqSi

aqvT `qveynebi~, soflebi, dabebi, hyavT aznaurebi da glexebi,

axalgazrdebi da moxucebi, aseve mimarTaven kidec maT somexi

ierarqebi _ `savaneTa xucesebs da soflis mRvdlebs, aznaurebsa da

glexebs, moxucebsa da yrmebs somxurenovani qveynebis sruliad

yovel msoflions, romelnic xarT curtavis eklesiis samwysoSi...~49

aqedan aSkaraa, rom mxolod erTi qalaqis (dabis) curtavis

mcirericxovan somxurenovan Tems ki ar egzavneba es epistole,

aramed curtavis eklesiis samwysoSi (anu eparqiaSi) moqceuli

`qveynebis~ somxurenovan mosaxleobas, Torem ramdeni `savane~ unda

hqonoda erTi dabis mcirericxovan Tems, rom es sityva mravlobiT

ricxvSi ar daeweraT?

curtavis somxurenovani Temi mravalricxovani yofila da mTel

mis samwysoSi, anu gugarq-qvemo qarTlSi yofilan gabneulni. ras

niSnavs `somxurenovneba~? fiqroben, rom somxuri ena am

mosaxleobis dedaena, mSobliuri ena iyo, rac arasworia. somxuri

ena am mosaxleobis saeklesio ena iyo, anu maT eklesiebSi somxur

enaze tardeboda wirva-locva (monofizituri sarwmunoebis gamo).

eTnikurad es `somxurenovani~ xalxi qarTvelebi iyvnen da maTi

dedaena iyo qarTuli ena. aseTi mtkicebis uflebas iZleva TviT

`epistoleTa wigni~, sadac sruliad garkveviT, aSkarad weria, rom

curtaveli episkoposi mose iyo `qarTvelTa~ episkoposi.

`epistoleTa wignis~ erT-erTi Tavis dasaTaureba aseTia _

`mizezi orbunebianTa meoTxe krebisa, mose qarTvelTa

marTlmadidebeli episkoposisa~.50

somxebi marTlmadidebels uwodebdnen monofizits, mose

qarTvelTa monofiziti episkoposi iyo. cnobilia, rom es mose

curtavis eparqiis mmarTveli episkoposi iyo, curtavis eparqia ki

mTel gugarqs _ qvemo qarTls moicavda, moses saepiskoposoSi

mTeli gugarqi Sedioda.

427

gugarqis mosaxleoba (gugarelebi) rom eTnikurad qarTvelebi

iyvnen, es kargad icodnen Zvelma somexma istorikosebma. amis

Sesaxeb pirdapir wers uxtanesi.

curtavi, _ wers uxtanesi, _ didi saxelovani dedaqalaqi iyo,

samkvidrebeli gugarelTa didi pitiaxSisa, axla ki curtavi daba-

qalaqia da gaCiani hqvia. am mxares ki `vrac daSti~, qarTvelTa veli

ewodebao. uxtanesi aRwers gugarelTa didi pitiaxSebis

genealogias. is eyrdnoba mose xorenels. gugarelTa didi

pitiaxSebio, _ wers is, _ iverielTa anu qarTvelTa tomebze

gaabatona aleqsandre makedonelmao. uxtanesis mixedviT, es

iverielebi, anu qarTvelebi cxovroben vrcel teritoriaze,

romelic gadaWimulia Savi zRvidan vidre somxeTisa da albaneTis

sazRvramde. gugarqi ki swored somxeT-albaneTis sazRvarTan

mdebareobda, amitomac is, uxtanesis mixedviT, qarTvelebiT iyo

dasaxlebuli. uxtanesi imeorebs Zvel istorikosTa Tvalsazriss,

romelic `moqcevaA qarTlisaASicaa~ gadmocemuli _ qarTveli

xalxis kavkasiaSi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. Tavdapirvelado, _ wers is, _

iverielebi, anu qarTvelebi sxva, Soreul qveyanaSi cxovrobdnen.

nabuqodonosorma es qarTvelebi, anu iverielebi Zveli qveynidan

gadmoasaxla kavkasiaSi, kerZod, daasaxla Savi zRvis piras.

`...pontos napirze rom dabanakda, is tomi aRorZinda, gamravlda

zRvis piras aqeT-iqiT, moedo im mxares da gavrcelda somexTa da

albanTa sazRvramde, Seiqmna friad mravali xalxi... iTesles da

gamravldnen da gaxda tomi, romelsac Tavis pirvel qveyanaSi

iverias uwodebdnen, aq ki qarTvelni ewodebaT... msurda ramodenime

sityviT curtavis mravali mosaxsenebeli mecnobebina SenTvis~.51

uxtanesi Tavis TxzulebaSi qarTvelTa Sesaxeb zemoT moyvanil

Txrobas imitom rTavs, rom saubari aqvs curtavze, xolo curtavze

saubrisas ki aucileblad saWiroa qarTvelTa Sesaxeb iTqvas,

radganaco, _ wers is, _ curtav-gugarqi qarTvelebiT aris

dasaxlebuli, radganac mTeli teritoria Savi zRvidan somxeT-

albaneTamde qarTvelebiT aris dasaxlebuli da isini Cvengan

kirionma ganaSorao: _ `...gamoacalkeva da ganaSora Cvengan kirion

skutrelma, daaqcia da warwymida esodeni simravlis tomi~.52

uxtanesi aq pirdapir, aSkarad da daufaravad wers, rom

curtavsa da gugarqSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi somxuri eklesiisa da

somxuri qristianobis zegavlenisa da zemoqmedebis qveS iyvnen. ase

rom ar yofiliyo, kirioni rogorRa `gamoyofda, gamoacalkavebda,

ganaSorebda~ somxuri eklesiisa da somxebisgan curtav-gugarqis

qarTvelebs? gana ase ar wers uxtanesi _ `ganaSora Cvengan... esodeni

simravlis tomi~, e.i. qarTvelebio? TviT uxtanesis Txzulebidan ki

428

Cans, rom gugarqSi mcxovrebi qarTveloba saeklesio enad somxurs

xmarobda, qarTuls ki SinaobaSi iyenebda. kirionis reformis

Sedegad qarTulenovani RvTismsaxureba aRdga gugarq-curtavSi,

rasac didi winaaRmdegoba gauwia somxeTis eklesiam dvinSi.

CvenSi aris mcdeloba, qarTuli eklesiis, anda romelime kuTxis

somxuri eklesiis gavlenis qveS yofna uaryon da Sesabamisi

cnobebi tendenciurad gamoacxadon, magram amis Sesaxeb cnobilia

msoflio specialur literaturaSi, ai, kerZod, ras wers berZeni

mitropoliti maqsime aTenSi 1966 wels dabeWdil Tavis SromaSi

`qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia~: _ `zemoTmoyvanili analizis

safuZvelze SeuZleblad migvaCnia somexTa mtkiceba, rom maT

ekuTvniT saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis damsaxureba. es,

ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs, rom saerTod ar iyo

urTierTdamokidebuleba or eklesias Soris, da rom saqarTvelo

mTlianad, an ukidures SemTxvevaSi, misi romelime nawili ar

imyofeboda raRac damokidebulebaSi somxeTis eklesiis

kaTalikosTan. radganac ar unda daviviwyoT, rom saqarTvelo

Tavidan warmoadgenda ara erTian samefos, aramed iyo ase Tu ise

TavisTavadi saTavadoebis erToblioba. ase rom, ar gamoiricxeba

SesaZlebloba am qveynis romelime eparqiis daqvemdebarebisa

somxeTis kaTalikosis iurisdiqciisTvis, magram es imas ar niSnavs,

rom TiTqosda mTeli qarTveli xalxi rodesme, Tundac droebiT,

iyo aseT daqvemdebarebaSi... sparseTis Sahebi Cagravdnen qarTvelebs,

cdilobdnen daeqvemdebarebinaT isini somxuri eklesiis

iurisdiqciisTvis... Tu miviRebT mxedvelobaSi im faqts, rom

WeSmariteba yovelTvis imyofeba or ukiduresobaTa Soris, maSin

unda davaskvnaT, rom Tu arsebobda raime gavlena, anda

saqarTvelos Tundac droebiTi daqvemdebareba somxur eklesiaze, am

hipoTezas SeiZleba daveTanxmoT ara mTel saqarTvelosTan

mimarTebiT, aramed mxolod misi aRmosavleTi nawilis ramdenime

eparqiasTan dakavSirebiT~.53

is, rac cnobili da mecnierul brunvaSia mTel msoflioSi,

uaryofili ar unda iqnas CvenSic, kerZod, Zlier somxur eklesias

Tavisi antiqalkedonuri, anu antibizantiuri mimarTulebis gamo

bizantiasTan mebrZoli sparseTi V-VI saukuneebSi da araboba VII-IX

saukuneebSi aZlierebda da kargad epyroboda. Tavis mxriv,

bizantiis saxelmwifoc cdilobda Tavis mxareze gadaebirebina

Zlieri somxuri eklesia dayvavebiT, moferebiT, daTmobiT da

yovelmxrivi xelSewyobiT (sparseTisa da bizantiis somxur

eklesiasTan damokidebulebis Sesaxeb wers msoflio eklesiis

429

istoriis cnobili mkvlevari a. kartaSevi Tavis wignSi `_ msoflio

krebebi~, parizi, 1963, rus. enaze).

zemoaRniSnulis gamo somxurma eklesiam SeZlo Tavisi gavlenis

sferoSi moeqcia somxeTis uSualod mezoblad mdebare arasomxuri

provinciebi rogorc albaneTisa, ise saqarTvelosi. somxeTis

momijnave gugarqis, mesxeTis, taos provinciebze somxurma eklesiam

rogorc spars-arabTa, ise bizantielTa xelSewyobiT SeZlo Tavisi

gavlenis gavrceleba. es gulisxmobda am qarTul provinciebSi

saeklesio somxurenovani wirva-locvis danergvas, an qarTuli

RvTismsaxurebis gverdiT, anda qarTuli RvTismsaxurebis SecvliT.

amis Sedegad mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleoba saeklesio

TvalsazrisiT `somxurenovani~ xdeboda, xolo qarTul eklesiebsa

Tu wmida wignebSi Cndeboda somxuri minawerebi.

sainteresoa gugarqis Semdgomi bedi eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT.

rogorc cnobilia, gugarqSi Cvenma didma kaTalikosma kirionma

RvTismsaxurebisas SeZlo somxurenovani wirva-locvis gverdiT

qarTulenovani wirva-locvis danergva. es srulebiT miuRebeli

gaxda somxuri eklesiisTvis da gadawyda kirionis sastikad dasja.

es im dros somxeTis prosparsulma mmarTvelma smbatma ver SeZlo,

magram male sparsTa mefem xosrom Seutia bizantias, daamarcxa da

aiRo ierusalimi, 614 wlisaTvis moiwvia saeklesio kreba,

romelzedac sparseTis imperiaSi mcxovrebi qristianebi

daavaldebula `mieRoT somxuri qristianoba~. amis gamo kirioni

iZulebulia am droisTvis sxvagan gadavides (lazikaSi). male

sparseTi herakle keisarma daamarcxa da man somxur eklesiasTan

megobruli kavSiri, `unia~ Sekra. aRniSnulis gamo, gugarqi

SesaZloa kvlav moeqca somxuri eklesiis gavlenis sferoSi.

adgilobrivi mkvidri qarTvelebi Tumca qarTul enas ar iviwyeben,

magram SemdgomSi maleve saxelmwifo enadac somxuri ena

mkvidrdeba, radganac X saukunis bolosTvis aq arsdeba taSir-

Zoragetis samefo _ `somex mmarTvelTa feodaluri saxelmwifo

qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze~54 _ kvirikianebis samefo. am

SemTxvevaSi gugarqi TiTqosda imeorebs mezobeli albanuri

provinciebis istorias, albaneTis zogierT provinciaSi ufro adre

somexma aznaurebma SeZles somxurenovani TavisTavadi

saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebis Seqmna. kvirikianebis samefo

gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda 989-1048 wlebSi _ `roca samefos

teritoria mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda Tbilisisa da ganjis

saamiroTa xarjze~.55 es samefo Semdeg anisis samefom SeierTa,

Semdeg ki bagrat IV-m, 1185 wlidan ki qarTlis es nawili

samarTavad mxargrZelebs gadaecaT. miuxedavad amisa, am mxaris

430

qarTvelobam mainc SeZlo Tavisi erovnebis SenarCuneba, XV

saukunis Semdeg, rac erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo daiSala, yofil

gugarq-qvemo qarTlSi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda monofizituri

propaganda. Sedegmac ar daayovna da am mxares imJamad `somxiTi~

ewoda. ufro adre ki mas `qarTvelTa veli~ erqva. adgilobrivma

qarTvelma Tavad-aznaurebma gvian Sua saukuneebSi scades

gabatonebuli monofizitobisaTvis (sparsTa mier

marTlmadideblobis akrZalvis gamo) kaTolikoba

daepirispirebinaT, magram sabolood mainc qvemo qarTli

sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT rTul qveynad darCa. masSi Tbilisis

qvemo mxareebic Sedioda. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi amas xels sparseTi

uwyobda, aseve Tbilisis mahmadiani mmarTvelebi, gansakuTrebiT

maSin, roca maT gavlena mxolod Tbilissa da qvemo qarTlze

hqondaT, xolo darCenil qarTls qalkedoniti mmarTvelebi hyavda.56

d) saeklesio ena dasavleT saqarTveloSi

dasavleT saqarTveloSi IV-VI da agreTve VII saukunis dasawyisSi

saeklesio ena iyo qarTuli da ara berZnuli ena, rogoradac aris

miCneuli. berZnuli ena dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovan

nawilSi saeklesio enad oficialurad iqca mxolod VII saukunis

30-iani wlebidan. amis mizezi is iyo, rom VII saukunis 20-30-ian

wlebSi bizantiis imperatorma herakle keisarma dasavleT

saqarTvelos erTi nawili, `zRvispireTi~, uSualod SeuerTa

bizantiis saxelmwifos, ris gamoc dasavleT saqarTvelos am

dapyrobil nawilze saeklesio iurisdiqcia ganaxorciela

konstantinopolis sapatriarqom. aq daarsda lazikis

berZnulenovani samitropolito, romelSic Sedioda ramdenime

berZnulenovani saepiskoposo. yvela saepiskoposo zRvis siaxloves

mdebareobda.

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqcia ar moicavda mTel

dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed vrceldeboda e. w. skanda-Sorapnis

xazamde. `argveTis~ provinciaze iurisdiqcias mcxeTis

sakaTalikoso axorcielebda. cnobilia, rom jer kidev VI

saukuneSi dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis sparseT-bizantiis omis dros

am or saxelmwifos Soris sazRvrad swored `skanda-Sorapnis~ xazi

iTvleboda. am xazis aRmosavleTiT mdebare qveyana `iberiad~

miiCneoda da amitomac sparseTi Tavisad Tvlida, xolo am xazis

dasavleTiT mdebare qveyana lazikas bizantia Tavisad Tvlida.

dasavleT saqarTvelo xSirad davis obieqti iyo rom-sparseTisa

da sxva saxelmwifoTa Sorisac, magram miuxedavad amisa, dasavleT

431

saqarTvelo zogadad politikurad ganixileboda rogorc nawili

iberiis _ qarTlis samefosi, ara marto qarTul wyaroTa, aramed

ucxour wyaroTa da arqeologiuri monacemebiTac.

erTiani qarTuli eklesia daarsebis dros, IV saukunis

dasawyisSi, moicavda ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, aramed

dasavleTsac. wmida ninos mier daarsebuli eklesiis ena iyo

qarTuli ena. laTinur wyaroTa Tanaxmad, wmida nino swored

pontos zRvispireTis ganmanaTlebeli iyo (ise, rogorc mTeli

saqarTvelosi), xolo mose xorenelis Tanaxmad, wmida ninom

klarjeTidan kaspiis zRvispiramde _ masquTTa qveynamde iqadaga. es

wyaroebi erTmaneTs avseben, amitomac vfiqrobT, rogorc dasavleT,

ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi IV saukuneSi saeklesio ena iyo

qarTuli ena. V saukuneSi dasavleT saqarTvelo vaxtang gorgaslis

samefoSi Sedioda. cxadia, am drosac dasavleT saqarTveloSi

saeklesio ena iyo qarTuli ena. miuxedavad imisa, rom VI saukuneSi

dampyrobelTa Soris cxare brZolebi imarTeboda dasavleT

saqarTvelos xelSi Casagdebad, mainc es teritoria qarTuli

saxelmwifos Semadgenel nawilad miiCneva, radganac roca

dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTi herakle keisarma uSualod

Seiyvana bizantiis imperiaSi, imdroindelma qarTlis mmarTvelma

mefem gamoTqva ukmayofileba da herakle keisars gaugzavna Txovna

erovnuli teritoriebis ukan dabrunebisa.

VII saukuneSi dapyrobil dasavleT saqarTvelos miwebze,

rogorc aRniSnuli gvqonda, konstantinopolma ganaxorciela

saeklesio iurisdiqcia da daaarsa berZnulenovani saepiskoposoebi.

VII saukunemde arc erT berZnul wyarosa, cnobasa Tu noticiaSi

ar moiZebneba miniSnebac ki imisa, rom VI an IV-V saukuneebSi

aRniSnul miwebze berZnuli saepiskoposoebi arsebobda.57 piriqiT,

gvaqvs rogorc qarTuli, ise somxuri wyaroebi, romlebic

amtkiceben, rom dasavleT saqarTvelosa da mis zRvispireTze V-VI

saukuneebSi da VII saukunis dasawyisSic Tavis iurisdiqcias

axorcielebda ara berZnuli, aramed qarTuli eklesia, kerZod,

mcxeTis sakaTalikoso. magaliTad, somxur wyaroTa Tanaxmad, VI

saukunis bolos kirioni, qarTlis kaTalikosi, imave dros

arqiepiskoposi iyo egrisisa. am somxuri wyaros Tanaxmad, kirionis,

qarTlis kaTalikosis iurisdiqciaSi egrisi (dasavleTi

saqarTvelo) Sedioda Zveli wesisamebr. maSasadame, qarTlis

kaTalikosi wina saukuneSic marTavda dasavleT saqarTvelos.

vaxuStis Tanaxmad ki, dasavleT saqarTvelos vakeze (anu foTsa da

quTaiss Soris arsebul teritoriaze) iurisdiqcias mcxeTis

mTavarepiskoposi axorcielebda daaxloebiT am dros, xolo raWa

432

da Takveri (mTianeTi) niqozis saepiskoposoSi Sedioda. aqedan Cans,

rom marTalia, V-VI saukuneebSi SeiZleba dasavleT saqarTveloSi

ar arsebobda adgilobrivi qarTuli saepiskoposoebi, magram

adgilobrivi qristianebi Sediodnen aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva

saepiskoposoebSi, anu dasavleT saqarTvelo IV-V saukuneebSi

Sedioda mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi da aq saeklesio ena iyo qarTuli

ena.

ismis kiTxva _ Tu IV-VI saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTvelo

Sedioda mcxeTis sakaTalikosos iurisdiqciaSi, biWvinTis

saepiskoposo, romelic ukve arsebobda IV saukunis dasawyisSi,

Sedioda Tu ara mcxeTis eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi am dros?

marTalia, IV saukuneSive arsebobda biWvinTis saepiskoposo,

magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT wyaroTa Cveneba, Tu im dros romel

qveyanas ewodeboda qarTli, anu iberia da sad gadioda misi

sazRvari.

ZvelTaganve, qarTul wyaroTa Tanaxmad, qarTlis samefo

moicavda SavizRvispireTs da misi sazRvari gadioda mdinare

egriswyalze. biWvinTa ki mdinare egriswylis CrdiloeTiT

mdebareobda. egriswylis marjvniv mimdebare qveyana afxazeTis

samefos Seqmnamde Sedioda ara qarTlis samefoSi, aramed bizantiis

imperiaSi.

ZvelTaganve arsebuli berZnuli saarqiepiskoposo mdebareobda

ara qarTlis samefos teritoriaze, aramed egriswylis CrdiloeTiT

_ bizantiis teritoriaze.

bizantiisa (romis) da qarTlis sazRvari farnavaz mefidan vidre

vaxtang gorgaslamde gadioda mdinare egriswyalze, rogorc es

mravalgzis aRiniSna, xolo vaxtang gorgasalma kidev ufro

CrdiloeTiT gadaswia Tavisi samefos saxelmwifo sazRvari da mis

dros bizantiasa da qarTls Soris sazRvari daido mdinare

klisuraze (soxumTan). am dros biWvinTa qarTlis samefoSi ar

Sedioda.

fasisis samitropoloto Seiqmna mxolod VII saukunis

dasawyisSi, imis Semdeg, rac herakle keisarma zRvispira miwebi

CamoaWra qarTlis samefos. aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX da XX saukunis

mecnierebis gavleniani nawili eWviTa da undoblobiT uyurebda

`qarTlis cxovrebis~, sxva istoriuli qronikebisa da `moqcevaA

qarTlisaAs~ cnobebs imis Taobaze, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo

Sedioda `qarTlis samefos~ SemadgenlobaSi farnavaz mefis

droidanve. ukanasknel dros Catarebulma rogorc arqeologiurma,

ise sxva Ziebebma damajereblad daadastura qarTul wyaroTa

siswore.

433

istoriuli geografiis dargSi momuSave mecnieri d.

musxeliSvili ase msjelobs _ leonti mrovelis, `moqcevaA

qarTlisaAs~ (VII-IX ss.) da juanSeris Tanaxmad, (`qarTlis

cxovreba~, I, gv. 177). dasavleTi saqarTvelo saerTod da kerZod,

egrisi qarTlis samefos daarsebisTanave, farnavazis dros,

Sedioda am samefoSi. es mowmobs, rom arsebobda Zveli erovnuli

mtkice tradicia egrisis farnavazis samefoSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb.~58

`III saukuneSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde mosxebis mTeli qveyana (e.i.

maT Soris aWarac) ekuTvnoda swored qarTls (iberias).

sxvaTaSoris, amis damamtkiceblad gamodgeba farnavazis

Tanamedrovis, Cvens welTaRricxvamde III saukunis istorikosis

megasTenes cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom iberebi cxovroben `pontos

marjvena mxares~... am konteqstSi Zalze sainteresod warmoCndeba

strabonis mowmoba, romelic ZvelqarTul tom svanebze saubrisas

ityobineba, rom `zogierTebi maT iberielebs uwodeben~ (XI, 2, 18,). es

mowmoba, rogorc Cans, daumsaxureblad aris ignorirebuli

istorikosTa mier...~59

Zveli istorikosebi (igulisxmeba ucxoeli _ berZeni, romaeli

da somexi istorikosebi) dabejiTebiT werdnen, rom iberebi, anu

qarTveli xalxi cxovrobda Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze.

mogviano xanis ucxoeli istorikosebi werdnen, rom lazebi arian

iberielTa erT-erTi tomi. Zveli drois qarTveli istorikosebi

werdnen, rom farnavazis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifo iyo mxolod da

mxolod qarTvelTa saxelmwifo, radganac araqarTuli tomebi

aleqsandre makedonelma am qveynidan gadaasaxlao. farnavazis

reformis Semdgom mTel saxelmwifoSi mxolod qarTul enaze

SeiZleboda laparaki. es imas niSnavs, rom araqarTvelTa

gadasaxleba (Tu isini arsebobdnen) farnavazis drosac

grZeldeboda. farnavazis samefo swored egrisis daxmarebiTa da

meSveobiT Seiqmna. egrisSi Segrovda farnavazisTvis saWiro jari

azonTan omis dros. egrisi farnavazisTvis am dros iyo moraluri

da materialuri sayrdeni. egrisis gareSe, Zvel avtorTa Tanaxmad,

farnavazis samefo warmoudgenelia. isini egrisis mosaxleobas

qarTvelebad miiCnevdnen. uZveles dros qarTvelebad (iberebad)

iTvlebodnen ara marto egriselebi, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos

mTeli mosaxleoba, romelic qarTlis samefoSi Sedioda (anu

teritoria, romelic moicavda samxreTiT aWaras, CrdiloeTiT

vidre mdinare egriswylamde, dasavleTiT Sav zRvamde,

aRmosavleTiT lixis qedamde) qarTvelebi iyvnen _ aseTia saerTod

ZvelqarTuli koncefcia.

434

dasavleT saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleoba rom qarTvelebisgan

Sedgeboda, amas strabonis cnobac adasturebs. Tu zogierTi sxva

avtori lazebs iberTa tomad Tvlida, strabonis mowmobiT,

svanebic iberebi arian (ix. zemoT, musxeliSvilis azri).

zogierTebio, _ wers straboni, _ svanebs qarTvelebs uwodebeno.

strabonis es cnoba, misive sxva cnobebTan erTad adasturebs Zvel

qarTul wyaroTa cnobebs, rom qarTveli erovneba ukve

Camoyalibebuli iyo qristemde III saukuneSi. am wyaroTa Tanaxmad,

qarTveli xalxis Camoyalibebis droa babilonis mefe

nabuqodonosoris epoqa e.i. VI saukune qristemde, roca am mefem

qarTvelTa erTi nawili gadmoasaxla Zveli samSoblodan. am

droisTvis, wyaroTa Tanaxmad, qarTveli xalxi arsebobs da is

erTiania.

qarTul wyaroTa mtkiceba erTiani qarTveli xalxis qristemde

III saukuneSi arsebobis Sesaxeb ar mogveCveneba miuRebel mtkicebad,

Tu gavixsenebT, rom `...somexi xalxis Camoyalibebis bolo etapi

Tanxvdeba Zveli welTaRricxvis VI saukuneSi somxeTis

saxelmwifos Seqmnas, man urartus saxelmwifos adgili daikava~.60

`sabWoTa enciklopediuri leqsikonis~ Tanaxmad, `pirveli

aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi ZiriTadad Camoyalibda somexi

erovneba~.61

`qarTlis cxovreba~ qarTlossa da haoss Zmebs uwodebs, es imas

niSnavs, rom Zvel qarTvel istorikosTa Tanaxmad, qarTveli da

somexi xalxebis Camoyalibebis dro Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs, anu

qarTveli da somexi xalxebis Camoyalibeba TanaJamieria. somexi

xalxis Camoyalibebis saboloo etaps ukavSireben pirveli somxuri

saxelmwifos Seqmnas qristemde VI saukuneSi. aseve qarTveli

xalxis Camoyalibebis xana unda daemTxves erTiani qarTuli

saxelmwifos Seqmnis xanas (qristemde IV-III saukuneebSi).

qristemde III saukuneSi rogorc qarTebs, aseve megrelebsa da

svanebs ewodebodaT qarTvelebi, anu iberebi. qarTebi, egrebi

(lazebi) da svanebi qarTvelebi iyvnen, iberia ki moicavda egrissac

da svaneTsac. qarTebis, egrebisa da svanebis ena iyo qarTuli,

Tumca egrebsa da svanebs, aseve qarTebsac hqondaT TavianTi

dialeqtebi.

unda iTqvas isic, rom rogorc qarTuli wyaroebidan Cans,

erTiani qarTveli xalxi Tavidanve ar iyo daSlili tomebad,

aramed qarTveli xalxis Cveni Tanamedrove tomebi, Tavisi enebiTa

da dialeqtebiT, SesaZloa Camoyalibda Sua saukuneebSi. Cans, amas

xeli Seuwyo farnavazis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifos daSlam da

gauqmebam vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg. VIII saukuneSi dasavleT

435

saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnam qarTveli xalxis

diferenciacia kidev ufro gaaRrmava, magram XI saukuneSi

saqarTvelos gaerTianebam qarTveli xalxis konsolidacia

gamoiwvia.

rogorc mravalgzis aRvniSneT, ukanaskneli drois

istoriografiaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, TiTqosda koncefcia

`...farnavazis mier aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi saqarTvelos

gaerTianebis Sesaxeb warmoadgens leonti mrovelis sakuTar

istoriul koncefcias~.62

d. musxeliSvili aRniSnavs, _ saqarTvelos ZvelTaganve

erTianobis Sesaxeb cnoba aqvs ara marto leonti mrovels, aramed

`moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ avtors da juanSers.63

`ganvixiloT sakiTxis arsi: ras eyrdnoba politikuri koncefcia,

romelic moicavs `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mTel uZveles nawils da

gamoxatavs Sua saukuneebSi miRebul politikur Tvalsazriss imis

Sesaxeb, rom dasavleTi saqarTvelo (egrisi) Tavidanve

warmoadgenda qarTlis samefos nawils?.. es arsebiTi sakiTxia da

pasuxis gacema arc Tu ise advilia, rogorc SeiZleba mogveCvenos,

maSin, roca viciT, rom XI saukuneSi saqarTvelo marTlac

gaerTianda erTian monarqiad. saqme is aris, rom VIII saukunis

dasawyisidan da IX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos gaerTianebis

impulsebi modioda yvela mxridan _ aRmosavleTidan, samxreT-

dasavleTidan, dasavleTidan, samxreTidanac ki, magram es moZraoba

arasodes ar gamodioda centridan, qarTlis eTnografiuli

provinciidan, rasac Tavisi mizezebi hqonda.

ufro metic, TviT X saukunis dasawyisidan (904 w.) da

SesaZlebelia, IX saukunis 70-iani wlebidanac ki, swored qarTli

warmoadgenda dasavlur-qarTul e.w. `afxazeTis samefos~ erT-erT

saerisTavos. politikuri hegemonoba ara marto X, aramed mTeli XI

saukunis ganmavlobaSi, ufro sworad 1122 wlamde, ekuTvnoda

dasavleT saqarTvelos, amitomac arc XI saukuneSi, rogorc

araerTxel imeorebs n. i. lomouri, arc adre IX-X saukuneebSi da

arc mogvianebiT XI saukuneSi, araviTari `istoriuli koncepcia~ an

`politikuri ideologia~ an `Teoria~, romlis mixedviTac

`saqarTvelo ganixileboda rogorc erTiani da am erTianobas

yovelTvis meTaurobda swored qarTli~, ar SeiZleboda

Camoyalibebuliyo...~64

`g. a. meliqiSvili aRniSnavs, rom ukve adreve aRmosavlur-

qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi xelisufleba qarTlis mmarTvelebisa,

dasawyisSive vrceldeba dasavleT saqarTvelozedac. dasavleT

saqarTvelos zogierTi nawilebi (aWara, argveTi) gaxdnen qarTlis

436

samefos provinciebi... amavdroulad qarTlis samefos politikuri

hegemonia vrceldeboda dasavleT saqarTvelos centralur

zRvispira zolze _ egrisze...~65

`Zalze saintereso faqtebi aRmoCnda arqeologiuri Ziebebis

Sedegad adreantikur kolxeTSi (das. saqarTvelo). axlaxan

gamoqveynda arqeolog g. a. gamyreliZis statia, romelSic

Sekrebilia, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTeli arqeologiuri masala CvenTvis

saintereso epoqisa am regionidan... dasavleT saqarTvelos

arqeologiuri Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom Cvens welTaRricxvamde IV

saukunis meore naxevarSi zRvispira zolisa da Sida kolxidis

materialuri kultura gansxvavebulia. es aixsneba axali

kulturuli nakadiT, romelic iberiidan (qarTlidan) modioda...

aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs vanis naqalaqaris gaTxrisas napovn

(Cvens welTaRricxvamde II-I ss. fenaSi) e.w. `armazuli~ damwerlobis

fragmentebs, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo mogvianebiT aRmosavleT

saqarTvelosaTvis... IV-III ss. (Cvens welTaRricxvamde) arqeologiuri

masala ueWvelad mxars uWers ZvelqarTvel mematianeTa mowmobebs,

yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar gamoricxavs dasavleT saqarTvelos didi

nawilis iberiis samefosadmi mikuTvnebas.66

CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, rom d. musxeliSvilis

azriT, dasavleTi ara marto farnavazis dros Sedioda qarTlis

samefoSi, aramed vaxtang gorgaslis drosac. aqedan cxadia, rom

saeklesio kanonTa Tanaxmad, dasavleTi saqarTvelo unda Sesuliyo

kidec mcxeTis (qarTlis) iurisdiqciaSi da Tu dasavleTi

aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan erTad saeklesio erTobas qmnida,

dasavleT saqarTveloSic saeklesio ena iyo qarTuli ena.

saeklesio kanonTa Tanaxmad, eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvari unda

emTxveodes saxelmwifo-administraciul sazRvrebs. amitomac V

saukuneSi qarTuli eklesiis sazRvari aucileblad unda

damTxveoda qarTlis samefos sazRvrebs. mematianeTa Tanaxmad,

vaxtang gorgaslis samefos dasavleTi sazRvari gadioda Sav

zRvaze da mdinare klisuraze (soxumTan). amitomac am dros

qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvari dasavleTSi miuyveboda

mdinare klisuras. cnobilia, rom am droisTvis mdinare klisuras

CrdiloeTiT mdebare miwebze Tavis iurisdiqcias axorcielebda

berZnuli saarqiepiskoposo, romelic im dros ar emorCileboda

mcxeTas, aramed berZnuli eklesiis nawils warmoadgenda, im

mizezis gamo, rom mdinare klisuras CrdiloeTiT mdebare

teritoria ekuTvnoda bizantiis imperias. sazRvari bizantiasa da

saqarTvelos Soris mdinare klisuraze iyo gavlebuli, amitomac am

mdinaridan, mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi da agreTve aRmosavleT

437

saqarTveloSi qarTlis samefos mTel teritoriaze saeklesio ena

iyo qarTuli ena _ igulisxmeba vaxtang gorgaslis dro. ara marto

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed vaxtang gorgaslis samefoSi

Semaval hereTSi, gugareTsa da mesxeTSi saeklesio ena iyo

qarTuli ena. rogorc aRniSnuli gvqonda, dasavleT saqarTvelos

zRvispira nawilSi mxolod VII saukunis dasawyisSi daarsda

berZnuli saepiskoposoebi da amitomac iq dawesda berZnuli

saeklesio ena.

qarTlis samefos damarcxebisa da mefobis gauqmebis Semdeg VI

saukuneSi am yofili samefos periferiebSi somxeTTan siaxlovis

gamo sparseTma hereTi, gugareTi da nawilobriv mesxeTi moaqcia

monofizituri (da amis gamo prosparsuli) somxuri eklesiis

gavlenis sferoSi. amitomac VI saukunis dasawyisidanve hereTSi,

gugareTsa da nawilobriv mesxeTSi dainerga somxuri saeklesio

ena, anu rogorc im drois wyaroebi uwodeben _ `somxurenovneba~.

ara marto V saukuneSi, aramed IV saukuneSi erTiani qarTuli

eklesiis organizaciisa da daarsebisTanave dasavleT saqarTvelo

qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi iyo, radganac Sedioda qarTlis

samefoSi da amitomac IV saukuneSive dasavleT saqarTvelos

saklesio ena qarTuli iyo. Tu Cven verwmunebiT qarTul wyaroebs

gorgaslis epoqis aRwerisas, unda verwmunoT mas wina epoqaTa

aRweris drosac. daviT musxeliSvili wers _ `...qarTlis mefem

vaxtang gorgasalma namdvilad gaaerTiana dasavleTi da

aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo V saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi da egrisis

yofili mmarTveli Tavis erisTavad aqcia.67 aRsaniSnavia, rom

daaxloebiT am epoqis ucxoelebi egrisis mmarTvelebs `mefeebs~

ewodebdnen, magram Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT ucxour da qarTul

wyaroebs, mivalT daskvnamde, rom ucxoelebi mefeebs uwodebdnen

egrisis erisTavebs, romelnic iberiis mefes emorCilebodnen, magram

didi uflebebi hqondaT TavianTi qveynis marTvisas, xolo imis

Semdeg, rac VI saukunis dasawyisidanve qarTlis mefoba gauqmda,

egrisis mmarTvelebis Zalaufleba SeuzRudveli darCa da isini

namdvil `mefeebad~ iqcnen drois mcire periodSi VI saukunis 70-ian

wlebamde. am dros qarTlze kvlav gavlena moipova bizantiam

sparseTis nacvlad. samagierod, qarTlis mmarTvelma erismTavrebma,

romlebic qarTlis mefeTa adgilze isxdnen, kvlav moipoves

gavlena dasavleT saqarTveloze. amis gamo VII saukuneSi dasavleTi

saqarTvelo kvlav qarTlis erT-erTi provinciaa da, cxadia, mTeli

dasavleTi saqarTvelo aq berZnuli saepiskoposoebis Seqmnamde

qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSia, amitomac is qarTulenovania.

herakle keisris dapyrobaTa Sedegad samxreT-dasavleT

438

saqarTvelos zRvispireTi vidre SeierTa bizantiis imperiam da aq

berZnuli saepiskoposoebi daarsda, amitomac aqedan qarTuli ena

ganidevna. dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTuli ena saeklesio

TvalsazrisiT VII saukunis Semdgom karga xans ixmareboda

`argveTSi~ da das. saqarTvelos im miwebze, romlebic berZnul

saepiskoposoebSi ar Sedioda. amis Sesaxeb p. ingoroyva da d.

musxeliSvili werdnen, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleT

nawilSi, romelsac argveTi ewodeboda, saeklesio ena iyo qarTuli,

radganac is meSvide-mecxre saukuneebSi mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi

Sedioda~68 da ...aSot I-is dros Seqmnils qarTvelTa samefoSi

gaerTianebulia Semdegi teritoriebi... lixis imieri qarTli (vidre

skandes xazamde)...69

unda davaskvnaT, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi saeklesio ena IV

saukunidanve iyo qarTuli ena, VII saukuneSi am qveynis erT nawilSi

saeklesio qarTuli enis magivrad dainerga berZnuli ena, magram

meore nawilSi ar momxdara cvlilebebi da iq kvlavindeburad

qarTuli iyo saeklesio ena. VIII saukuneSive daiwyo (afxazeTis

samefos daarsebis Semdeg) da TiTqmis IX-X saukuneebamde gagrZelda

procesi dasavleT saqarTvelos berZnuli saepiskoposoebis

Secvlisa qarTuli saepiskoposoebiT, amis Semdeg mTlian dasavleT

saqarTveloSi erTaderT saeklesio enad kvlavindeburad aRdga

qarTuli ena.

a r s e n s a f a r e l i s

T x z u l e b a ` g a n y o f i s a T Y s

q a r T v e l T a d a s o m e x T a ~

qarTuli eklesiis VI da VII saukuneebis istoria gadmocemulia

TxzulebaSi, romelsac ewodeba `ganyofisaTYs qarTvelTa da

somexTa~. avtoroba miewereba arseni mcxeTel kaTalikozs. teqsti

kritikulad daadgina z. aleqsiZem, romlis gamokvleviTa da

komentarebiT visargeblebT am Txzulebis axali qarTuliT

gadmocemis dros. teqsti muxlebad dayo gamomcemelma.

Cans, teqstis I da II muxli Semdegi drois danamatia, anda

ekuTvnis TviT arseni safarels, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, gamoiyena

anonimi VII saukunis istorikosis Txzuleba. aseTi varaudis

gamoTqmis uflebas iZleva teqstis analizi. es Txzuleba

furclebaSlili Cavardnia xelT gviani Sua saukuneebis redaqtors,

romelsac arasworad dauwyvia furclebi.

439

teqsti unda iwyebodes III muxlis winadadebiT _

`ganyofaOsomexTa qarTlisagan ueWuelad aRvwere wignsa amas Sina~.70

aq yuradReba unda mieqces avtoris ideologiur pozicias _ ara

qarTli da qarTvelebi ganSordnen somxebs, aramed piriqiT, somxebi

ganSordnen qarTls _ marTlmadideblobas. qarTli

marTlmadidebeli iyo da iseTive darCa, rwmena ar Seucvlia, xolo

somxebi ganSordnen mas, ese igi aramarTlmadideblebi gaxdnen.

Txzulebis Sinaarsi aseTia:

III muxli _ avtori iZleva saTaurs da iwyebs: saberZneTis

imperatoris arkadi keisris (395-408) dros somxeTi am imperiaSi

Sedioda, rjulic berZnuli hqonda. somxebi sparsTa Tavdasxmis

mudmiv muqaras ganicdidnen, maT berZnebi eSvelebodnen laSqriT da

saerTod icavdnen somxeTs. Semdgom sparseTma somxeTi daipyro.

somxebi aiyarnen samSoblodan da ltolvilebi maxloblad

cxovrobdnen. evedrebodnen arkadi keisars, raTa mieca maTTvis

samxedro Zala TavianTi qveynis sparsTagan gasaTavisufleblad.

keisarma ar Seismina maTi vedreba. maSin gamoZebnes Rone somxebma,

SeuTanxmdnen sparseTs, rom misi moxarke gaxdebodnen. daarwmunes

sparsTa mefe didi ficiT da TavgamodebiT, rom kavSirs gawyvetdnen

berZnebTan da SeuerTdebodnen maT. Zlier gaixara sparsTa mefem da

somxebs somxeTi daubruna saCuqrebTan erTad. ramdenime xans

somxebi mSvidobiT cxovrobdnen marTali sarwmunoebiT, anu

berZnuli rjuliT.

IV muxlis I abzaci _ amis Semdeg nestorianebma didZali oqrosa

da qrTamis micemiT sTxoves sparsTa mefes, raTa maTTvis mieca neba

somxeTi moeqciaT nestorianul rjulze. gandrikes mefis guli da

daarwmunes, rom raJams ipovnian somxebi saberZneTTan erTobis

saSualebas, ar moeridebian Sendami micemul fics, arc

Tavgamodebas siyvarulisaTvis da berZnebi da somxebi SeerTebuli

ZaliT usiamovnebas mogayeneben. amitomac Seucvale somxebs rjuli,

amiT berZnebsa da somxebs Soris saukunod siyvaruls mospob. amis

Semdeg peroz sparsTa mefem (457-484) aiZula somxebi mieRoT

nestorianoba, magram somxebma uaryves mefis es ganzraxva,

ganucxades mefis mociquls _ Cven Cveni sarwmunoeba gvirCevnia ara

marto Cvens qveyanas, aramed Cvens Tavsa da Svilebs.

XI muxli _ amis Semdeg gavida xani. mokvda vahan mamkueni (505 w.), romelic Tavisi mxneobis gamo sparselebs marzpanad hyavdaT

daniSnuli. is eZiebda qristianul samarTals. mis Semdeg erovnebiT

sparselebma miiRes marzpanoba. maT Seuracxhyves saqristiano wesi

da eklesiaTa gangeba moispo. somex aznaurTa xelisufleba daeca

marzpanis mier da kaTalikosebi da episkoposebi ganidriknen

440

simarTlisagan. maT sparselebisgan miiRes ufleba winaRdgomodnen

aznaurTa xelisuflebas. ufleba miecaT mosaxleobisgan TviTve

moekribaT xarki da gadaexadaT sparselebisTvis, radganac

episkoposebsa da qorepiskoposebs miandves somxeTi, rogorc

sparsTa mefobis morCilebs. zogierTma kaTalikosma da episkoposma

sparseTis mefeebi iSviles da TavianTi Zeebi uwodes kavad (488-531)

da xosro (531-579) mefeebs. amiT imas miaRwies, rom samTavro

msajuleba TviT miitaces da kanonis samarTlisamebr ar iqceodnen.

eklesiis sakuTreba miiTvises da flangavdnen eriskacTa

saCveneblad. sparsTa uRmerTo mefis saTnoebisaTvis somexi

episkoposebi da monasterTa mamasaxlisebi RvTis gansarisxebel

amao fufunebaze fiqrobdnen. da mere aznaurni da erisaganni maTi

mibaZviT ganSordnen yovelgvar kanonebs, wmida nersesa da wmida

sahakis mier ganwesebulT. dairRva yoveli sulieri sikeTis

Cveuleba da wesi. borotebam daimkvidra dRevandel dRemde.

somxuri saepiskoposoebi gadaiqcnen qedismosaxrel adgilad.

mividodnen xolme aznaurebi saepiskoposo karze da maT

episkoposebi ar iRebdnen. Sercxvenilni ukanve brundebodnen,

rogoradac marzpanis karidan. es didi Seuracxyofa mouTmeneli

iyo.

IV muxlis darCenili abzacebi _ sparsTa mefem raRac manqanebiT

Seicvala Tavisi Sexeduleba somexTa sarwmunoebis mimarT

(igulisxmeba xosro I) da ganucxada somxebs, ganyofodnen,

ganSorebodnen berZnul sarwmunoebas (e. i. marTalia, somexi

samRvdeloeba arasworad iqceoda, magram somxebis sarwmunoeba

kvlav berZnuli iyo). mefem miuvlina maT mociquli da ganucxada:

`erTi orTagan gamoirCieT _ an miiReT asurelTa sarwmunoeba,

melqitebis garda _ romelTac berZnuli sarwmunoeba aqvT, anda

datoveT Tqveni qveyana da datoveT sparseTis imperiis sazRvrebio.

somxebi Zlier Sewuxdnen, maT arc sarwmunoebis Secvla surdaT da

arc qveynis datoveba. Seiqmna didi fiqri da bWoba maT Soris

sakmao xnis manZilze. mere am saqmis gadawyveta miandes nerse

kaTalikoss (548-557), romelsac mijini erqva.

nerse II-m daamona suli xorcs, ar Seismina saxarebis xma _ Tu

mTel qveyanas SeiZen da suls moiklav, ras miiReb mis sanacvlod?

aramed pirutyvulad izraxa da Tqva _ umjobesia Cveni sikvdili,

vidre amJamad berZenTadmi mibruneba, qveynidan meored ayra-

gadasaxleba da Cveni amowyveta siRaribeSio.

somxebma mwuxarebiT amcnes sparsTa mefes, rom miiRebdnen

iakobitTa sjuls (monofizitur rwmenas, romelic ufro axlos

idga berZnulTan, vidre sxva seqtebi). dawerilia: mcire codva

441

aRorZindeba da didad iqceva. mefe dakmayofilda da miuvlina

somxebs cxra iakobiti boroti moZRvari, cbieri melebis msgavsni.

maT ganryvnes somxeTi, namoRvawevi wmida grigolis cremliT da

SromiT.

da yves kreba qalaq dvinSi, miiRes xaCecari da gandgnen marTali

(berZnuli) da WeSmariti sarwmunoebisgan. amis gamo isini mowyvetil

iqnen wmida didebul kaTolike da samociqulo msoflio

eklesiisgan. iqve dvins ganaweses arajori, da Tqves _ es aris

pirveli dRe Cveni sarwmunoebisao (somxuri welTaRricxva iwyeba

dvinis am krebiT 551 wels). boroti borots daumates, ar eziarnen

qalkedonis krebas da RvTis pirisgan gavardnen.

VII muxlis bolo abzaci _ mravali sikeTe aRuTqva xosro II-m

nerse II kaTalikoss, romelsac Sua (somxurad mijini) ewoda. amiT

misi guli Searyia, moiwvia dvinis pirveli kreba da somxeTi

ganSorda berZnul sjulsa da ierusalims. amis gamo yoveli

qarTli da somxeTis meoTxedi ganeyenen somexTagan mRvdlobis

xeldasxmas, xolo herni da sivnielni erT periodSi ganSordnen da

Semdeg kvlav Seerivnen.

IX muxli _ somxeTSi mravali mwvalebloba gavrcelda:

sabelianosTa, iakobitTa da timoTe kvernisa, romelic maniqevelTa

seniT iyo Sepyrobili. amaT mkvdari ivliane halikarnaseli

episkoposis xeli daidves da am gziT axali episkoposi akurTxes,

radganac ori episkoposi hyavdaT, xolo mamebs naTqvami aqvT – sami

episkoposis mier aris saWiro axali episkoposis kurTxeva da sanam

ivlianes damarxavdnen, aiRes misi xeli, daades erT maTgans,

romlis kurTxevasac apirebdnen, ris gamoc dRemde `xel-

namkvdrevni~ ewodebaT. ase dRiTidRe Seuracx-iqmnebodnen da ar

hqondaT adgili, sadac SeeZloT episkoposis kurTxeva. gaisma mTel

somxeTSi, rom gandgnen wmida grigolis sarwmunoebisgan, rom

somexi ierarqebis xeldasxma aRar xdeboda kesariaSi, rogorc

misgan hqondaT naswavli. miuvlines ... sparsTa mier dadgenil

taronis episkopos nerSaps da mis or moyvass da ganucxades: mTeli

qveyana Seicvala da erTbaSad miiRes nestorianoba da

qalkedonitoba, Cvenc aRar vekurTxebiT maTTan, amitomac aRara

gvaqvs saydari, sadac xeldasxma SegveZleba. mogmarTeT, raTa Sen

dagvidgino episkoposebi. sinamdvileSi ki mwvaleblebi iyvnen,

rameTu sparsTa mefeni aiZulebdnen somxebs, berZnul sarwmunoebas

ganSorebodnen, rogorc ukve vaxseneT, raTa sjulis ganSorebiT

maT Soris siZulvili Camovardniliyo da amiT umetesad

damorCilebodnen sparseTis samefos, da agreTve didZali qrTami

aRuTqves somexTa winamZRvrebs, raTa ase eqmnaT. taronis

442

episkoposma nerSapom auwya nerse II kaTalikozs, petre qerdols,

sxva episkoposebsa da aznaurebs da brZanes meore didi krebis

Catareba dvinSi _ meore wels (553-54 wlebSi). am krebaze SeaCvenes

qalkedonis kreba, uwodes nestorianuli, miiRes erTbunebianoba da

xorciTa da ukvdavi bunebiT qriste jvarcmulad iqadages.

gansazRvres SeCvenebiT gandgoma marTali sarwmunoebisgan.

zemoxsenebuli moZRvrebi asureTSi gagzavnes am ambis saxareblad,

rom maT ukve erTobiT epyraT erTnairi wvaleba da Tavis

mitropolitad daidgines xelnamkvdrevi halikarnaseli

mitropoliti, zogi ki abdiSo asurs ekerZoeboda.

muxli VIII _ amis Semdgom sxva kreba moiwvia manaskertSi

somexTa kaTalikosma ioanem (gabeleneli 557-574), man wmida

saidumlos ganaSora wylis darTva da puris afueba. daamtkica

balarji da urwyoA, rac ar uswavlebia wmida mamaTa I krebas, win

aRudga saRrmTo werils, romelsac ityvis wmida mociquli: samni

arian, romelnic wameben: suli, sisxli da wyali. rameTu wyliT

naTelviRebT erTgzis saukuno cxovrebisaTvis. wylis Sereva

moaswavebs qristes or bunebas _ RvTaebrivs da kacobrivs. amitomac

saWiroa ganzaveba Rvinisa, ase ganmartavs aTanase fsalmuns.

aTanase kvipreli aseve gvaswavlis da ityvis _ Sen xar mRvdel

ukunisamde wessa mas zeda melqizedekisasa, rameTu melqizedek

pursa da Rvinosa Seswirvida da ara aufuebel namcxvars da

wyalgaurevel Rvinos, amiT vicnobT mRvdlobis saxes. wmida basili

ityvis _ aRiRo puri da amaRlebuli mogiypro Sen, RmerTsa mamasa,

akurTxa, gantexa da misca mowafeTa. agreTve sasmeli, Rvino

venaxisa aiRo, ganazava da misca kurTxeuli Tavis mowafeebs.

muxli XII _ vardan mamkuenma, romelsac ewoda Coqxi (urCi) da

misma naTesavebma mokles sparsi marzpani sureni da misi saxlebi

cecxliT dawves (daaxloebiT 572 w.). saxleuliT ltolvilni

gaiqcnen konstantinopols. kargad miiRo iustiniane mefem, xolo es

somxebi masTan erTad ar eziarnen. Zlier gaukvirda mefes da ikiTxa

mizezi. maT uTxres: Cvenma moZRvrebma ar Seiwynares qalkedonis

kreba. amis gamgone mefem brZana mowveva somxeTis moZRvrebisa da

episkoposebisa, raTa gamoikiTxon da marTali cnon. Catarda didi

kreba konstantinopolSi, gamowvlilviT gamoiZies da gamarTlda

marTali sarwmunoeba. yvelam aRiara qalkedonis kreba. mTelma

somxeTma dawyevla da SeaCvena misi damgmobeli da SeuerTdnen

berZnebs. iTxoves mefisgan sofiis taZris dasavleTis karebis

aSeneba. misca mefem neba. aaSenes da somxeTis kari uwodes.

dabrundnen somxeTSi. zogierTma gulmodgined Seiwynara

qalkedonitoba, sxvebma ki, rogorc gvelebma, ufro metad aRZres

443

eri, aRaSfoTes mairagomelis gadabirebiT. es iqmna ioane

kaTalikosis dros (an ioane gabeleneli, an ioane kogoviteli (590-

611).

XIII muxli _ amis Semdeg mavrike keisarma (582-602) gagzavna muSel

mamkueni, somxeTis didi zoravari, da misca somxeTi xosros. xolo

xosrom dvinis CaTvliT yovelive keisars daumorCila da iqmna maT

Soris mSvidoba. misca muSels didZali saboZvari da gagzavna

konstantinopolSi. konstantinopolSi misvlisas daemTxva jvris

apyrobis dResaswauli da muSeli ar eziara berZnebTan erTad. da

arc sxva somxebi. gamoikiTxa mefem da auwyes mizezi _ qalkedonis

krebasa da qristes or bunebas ar vcnobTo. mefem Tqva: Senze win

vardanma da misma aznaurebma Seiwynares qalkedonis kreba Tqveni

moZRvrebis xeliT. xolo muSelma upasuxa: nu inebebT, rom Cven

qalkedonitoba SeviwynaroT Cveni umecrebiT anda Tqvendami SiSis

gamo, umjobesia, brZanoT da WeSmariteba Cveni moZRvrebisgan

moisminoT. ubrZana berZenTa mefem somxeTis kaTalikos moses

elivardels (574-604) da mis episkoposebs, raTa misuliyvnen

konstantinopolSi da kvlav gamowvlilviT gamoeZiaT

sarwmunoebrivi simarTle, marTali ki daemtkicebinaT. xolo mose

kaTalikosi ar daemorCila da ar wavida, aramed uTxra berZenTa

mociqulebs: ar gadaval mdinare azatze, romelic sazRvaria

sparsTa da berZenTa Soris, ar SevWam berZenTa furnids da ar

Sevsvam berZenTa Termons (furnids afuebul purs ewodebda,

Termons wyliT gazavebul Rvinos), aseve upasuxes vaspuraganis

episkoposebmac, romelnic sparsTa saxelmwifos emorCilebodnen.

arc maT inebes wasvla. xolo taros episkoposi da sxva berZenTa

morCili somexi episkoposebi saswrafod Cavidnen

konstantinopolSi. kvlav gamoiZies da meored daamtkices

qalkedonis krebis siswore mavrik mefis winaSe. yvelam erTobiT

aRiara qristes WeSmariti ori buneba. daweres fici berZnebTan

erTobis Sesaxeb da wamovidnen. roca somxeTSi movidnen, maTi

sarwmunoeba ar Seiwynara mose kaTalikosma da misma sxva

episkoposebma, romelnic sparsTa mier dapyrobil nawilSi

cxovrobdnen da gaiyo somxeTi sarwmunoebrivad. qalkedonitebma

daidgines kaTalikosad ioane kogoviteli (590-611).

V muxli _ qarTvelma kaTalikosma kirion mcxeTelma da herTa

kaTalikosma abazma ixiles, rom somxuri eklesia kvlav dvinis im

krebis erTgulia, romelic abdiSo asuris xeliT Caatares da

romelmac wmida msoflio sayovelTao kaTolike eklesias

Camoacila somxuri eklesia. am krebam somxuri eklesia Camoacila

oTx msoflio sapatriarqos, amiT ki dairRva wmida grigol

444

ganmanaTleblis anderZi kesariis eklesiisadmi, rom somxuri

eklesia ukunisamde ar ganSordeboda kesariis eklesiaSi somexi

episkoposebis xeldasxmas (somxeTi ki kesariis eklesiaSi

xeldasxmas ganSorda imis gamo, rom sparsTa mefisgan miiRo

brZaneba, TviT somxeTSive xeli daesxaT episkoposebisaTvis). roca

aseTi praqtika kvlav aRorZinebuli ixiles kirion kaTalikosma

(591-615), herTa kaTalikosma abazma (552-596) da sivnieTis episkoposma

grigorma, Seiqna didi dava somxeTsa da qarTls Soris. qarTvelni

ambobdnen, rom wmida grigolma saberZneTidan mogvca Cven

sarwmunoeba, romelic Tqven dauteveT, misi wmida anderZi uaryaviT

da abdiSo asurs da sxva borot mwvaleblebs daemorCileniT. am

mxilebis Semdeg somxebma qarTli daabezRes sparsTa mefesTan, rom

qarTvelebs rom-saberZneTis sarwmunoeba aqvTo. aseTive dava iyo

qarTvelTa da somexTa Soris nerse II-is drosac. aseve iyo mis

sakaTalikoso taxtze mjdom abraamis drosac. am dros gandevna

qarTlis kaTalikosma kirionma mose curtavis episkoposi Tavisi

eparqiidan, romelic wmida SuSanikis saflavze iyo. Txova abraamma

kirions es eparqia, xolo man ar misca. da gadidda maT Soris

ciloba. mouxmo abraamma araratis provinciis samRvdeloebas da

uTxra maT: an SeaCveneT qalkedonis kreba, an gadiT Cveni

samkvidrebelidan. zogierTi daemorCila da SeaCvenes wmida kreba,

zogierTi ki ar daemorCila da ganidevnen.

VI muxli _ abraamis Semdgom dajda kaTalikosad komitasi (607-

629), romelic Zalze mdidari iyo, Sesamoslis moyvare, bivrilis

patiosani TvlebiT amkobda kverTxis Tavebs. es ufro metad moZule

iyo qalkedonis krebisa. misca Svidi saepiskoposo herTa

kaTalikoss da SeierTa is. misca jvris tarebis pativi sivnieTis

episkoposs. aseTi xerxiT mTeli somxeTi gaaerTiana qalkedonis

krebis sawinaaRmdegod. gamoZebna vinme dawyevlili ioane

mairagomeli, aRWurva qalkedonianobis sawinaaRmdego wignebiT da

aRuTqva mis Semdeg sakaTalikoso taxti. aTargmnina monofizit da

sxva mwvalebel eresiarqTa wignebi, gaavrcela da am tyuiliT

mTeli somxeTis qveyana daajera. Secvala Tavdapirveli saeklesio

wesebi da kanonebi, TviTon ki axali mrudeni SemoiRo. am dros

aiSala Zveli da axali ki ver daamtkices (ar dainerga). amis gamo

dRemde yoveli kaci somxeTSi Tavis mier Seqmnil-gamogonebul

saeklesio kanonebs iyenebs. yvelaferi es komitas kaTalikosma

gancofebuli ioane mairagomelis xeliT gaakeTa. Semdeg

sakaTalikoso taxtze qristefore dajda (628-630), romelic

mairagomelis mteri iyo. gamwarda suliT ioane, Semdeg ki gaixara,

radganac kaTalikosi gadaayenes, magram mas mainc ar misces

445

sakaTalikoso taxti. kaTalikosad ezra (630-641) dajda. ufro

Sewuxda mairagomelis mzakvari suli. aseTi mzakvareba pirvelad

moxsenebuli komitasis gamo moxda, Sedegad mairagomelis wvalebis

swavlebiT aivso mTeli somxeTi.

VII muxli _ am dros ukve aRsrulda wmida grigoris Cveneba,

romelic mas suliwmidam auwya, rom cxvrebi mglebad iqcevian da

sxva cxvrebs Seuteven, uwyalod dakbenen. aseve aRsrulda wmida

sahakis Cveneba, romelmac ixila oqros birTvi da inafori wmida

sakurTxevelze, radganac arSakianTa mefobis gauqmebisas wmida

grigoris naTesaobis mRvdelmTavrobac Sewyda. Sewyda qartaSi

oqrowerili xelnaweri, Semdeg ki oqrowerilis adgili sicarielem

daiWira. (es imas niSnavs, rom mairagomelis moZRvrebas gahyvnen

zogierTni).

XIV muxli _ roca pirvelmoxsenebulma abraam kaTalikosma

araratidan gandevna samRvdeloeba. ioane kaTolike wmidis

mamasaxlisi, aseve oSaknis, elivardis, aramunTas, garnisis, yoveli

monastrisa da mTeli araratisa mZlavrobiT, zogierTni ki aiZula

SeeCvenebinaT wmida kreba qalkedonisa. sami wlis Semdeg basianSi

omi moxda, romelSic berZnebi sparselebTan damarcxdnen, daiWires

qalaqi krTiji haStenisa da meoTxe wels karnu qalaqi foka

uRmerTo keisrisa, romelmac mokla mavrike mefis Zeni, maxviliT

aaCexina asparezze. amave wels ahmadma aiRo karnu qalaqi, daatyveva

ioane qalkedoniti kaTalikosi berZnuli somxeTisa. amave wels

gandevna mose kaTalikosma ioane kaTalikosis qalkedoniti

samRvdeloeba, zogierTi taoSi wavida, zogi ki saberZneTSi.

XV muxli _ gavida xani. movida herakle keisari (610-640)

somxeTSi da ixila somexTa wvaleba, friad Sewuxda maTi

warwymedis gamo. brZana didi krebis mowveva mTeli somxeTis

episkoposebisa da moZRvrebisa. miswera wigni ezra kaTalikoss da

aznaurebs, raTa karnu qalaqSi Seikribon da gamoiZion qalkedonis

kreba, raTa cnon somxebma qristes ori buneba. mividnen erTobiT

mefesTan. gamowvlilviT gamoiZies mravali ZiebiT da marTali

daamtkices. aRiares am krebaze qalkedonitoba ukve mesamed (632 w.).

daemorCilnen somxebi ficiTa da xelweriliT, da rogorc ki ukan

dabrundnen dvinSi, maSinve imave warsawymedeli vnebisken miiqcnen,

rameTu maTi moZRvrebis adgili iq iyo, iq kvlav garyvnes marTali.

xolo igive mairagomeli aRZravda mwvalebel berebsa da gardmanis

episkoposs stefanes, aseve sivniel qerdol maTusalas da sxva

samRvdeloebas, romelic am krebas ar eswrebodnen, raTa isini ar

ziarebuliyvnen ezra kaTalikosisgan. agulianebda masTan

SeerTebulebsac. ramdenime xnis Semdeg mividnen stefane episkoposi

446

da maTusala ezra kaTalikosTan da eziarnen masTan. rogorc ki

gaigo borotma mairagomelma berma, rom isini SeuerTdnen ezras da

maTusala ikurTxa sivnis episkoposad, maSinve didi SeuracxyofiT

dauwyo gineba stefanes da maTusala qerdols sivniels. es rom

gaigo ezram, mouxmo am borot bers da yvelas winaSe uTxra:

`samjer gixme Sen, aseve samjer vuxme stefanesa da maTusalas,

radganac qveynis moZRvrebi da mcodneni Tqven xarT, rom

mosuliyaviT mefis winaSe da masTan geTqvaT sityva, Tqven ki ar

moxvediT. axla ki Cven gadawyvetilebas kadnierad win aRudgebi.

Cven WeSmaritebiT gamoviZieT wignebisa da moZRvarTagan, marTali

SeviwynareT: ori buneba uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi _ sruli

RmrTeebiTa da sruli kacebiTa, erTi gvami da erTi xati

ganuyofeli gangebulebiTa. amasve emowmebodnen pirvel mamaTa

wignebi, romlebic amovikiTxeT, Cven maT brZanebas davemorCileT.

keTili SeviwynareT. es wignebi aqve gvaqvs, gadavSaloT da

WeSmariti viswavloT~. da rogorc ki piri dauxSo wignebis

damowmebiT, aRmoiboyina simyrale, boroti wvalebis msgavsi, da

Tqva _ ar Seviwynareb am wignebs, radganac eseni nestorianelebma

daumates wmida wignebs. mairagomelma aRZra mravali adamiani

Tavisi wvalebis swavliT, gaiCina mravali mimdevari da mowafe.

eseni erTmaneTs aswavlidnen. mimdevrebi mairevnels uwodebdnen mas,

Tavisi soflis saxelis mixedviT. Semdeg is wavida saberZneTs,

iswavla cotaodeni ena, rom am codniT kidev ufro mravali somexi

daerwmunebina, dabrunda somxeTSive. kidev ufro uaresi mwvalebeli

gaxda. eltvoda, rom ezras Semdeg is asuliyo sakaTalikoso

taxtze did-didi kacebis SewevniTa da mwvalebelTa nebiT, iqadoda

maTTan, rom am taxtze asvlisas win aRudgeboda qalkedonis krebas.

XVI muxli _ ezras Semdgom sakaTalikoso taxtze RvTis nebiT

avida nerse iSxneli, kaci Rirsi da marTlmorwmune. amiT srulebiT

sasowarikveTa berma ioane mzakvarma mairagomelma, ufro ki imitom,

rom ixila nerse (641-661) konstantine mciresTan erTad maziarebeli

saberZneTSi. ar dacxra winaaRdgomisgan, ezras msgavsad Secda.

nersem mouxmo episkoposebs, moZRvrebsa da aznaurebs, gamoiZies da

daadgines mairagomelis gaZeveba, rogorc macdurisa. gaaZeva is

wmida nerse kaTalikosma risxviT, aseve Teodore rStunTa ufalma,

somxeTis erisTavma. dadaRes Sublze gaxurebuli meliis

gamosaxulebiani spilenZiT, niSnad misi wvalebisa, or berTan

erTad. wavida devnili kavkasiis mTianeTSi, iqidan saswrafod ukanve

dabrunda, rameTu mTielma kacebma ar miiRes, radganac isini

kerpTmsaxurebi iyvnen. gadmovida kambeCanSi da daemkvidra mcire

xevSi, romelsac somxiTis xevi hqvia. mravalni daimowafa, ara

447

marto iq, aramed mtkvris aqeTac, araratSi, gardmanSi, Zorforsa da

somxeTSi. mravali aRkveca berad Tavis uweso moZRvrebiT da aavso

qveyana mwvaleblobis RvarZliT.

XVII muxli _ nerse kaTalikosis sikvdilis Semdeg mivida

araratSi ioane mairagomeli damowafebuli berebiT anastas

kaTalikosis (661-667) dros. anastasis sikvdilis Semdeg mxecis

msgavsad Sevida somxeTSi, Tavis Tavdapirvel samyofelSi, bijnis

da mairevans, mwvaleblebiTa da winaaRmdegobiT aRsavse da iq

mokvda dauZlurebuli boroti ZaRli 133 wlisa, somxeTis

gamxrwneli. misi mowafeebi siberiT mokvdnen mairevans, elivardsa

da Teodore-wmidas erTdroulad. da mere israel kaTalikosis (667-

677) da grigol erisTavis mier (maTi mimdevrebi) gaifantnen mTel

somxeTSi aqa-iq, qalaqebsa da soflebSi, yoveli kacis sacduneblad

dRemde da aqamde. aseTia Sinaarsi arseni safarelis Txzulebisa,

ufro sworad, es aris TiTqmis sityva-sityviT gadmoRebuli mTeli

teqsti. Tavdapirvel avtors teqsti qronologiurad unda hqonoda

dawyobili. Semdeg xelnaweris furclebi aSlila da arasworad

dauwyviaT. amitomac, vfiqrobT, teqsti ise unda iyos gadmocemuli,

rogorc moyvanilia zemoT. es Txzuleba unda daiwyos ase: _ III

muxli, _ IV muxlis bolo abzaci, X muxli, _ XI muxli, _ IV

muxlis darCenili abzacebi, _ VII muxlis bolo abzaci, _ IX

muxli, _ VIII muxli, _ XII muxli, _ XIII muxli, _ V muxli, _ VI

muxli, _ VII muxli, _ XIV muxli, _ XV muxli, _ XVI muxli, _ XVII

muxli.

m o n o f i z i t o b i s x a n g r Z l i v o b i s S e s a x e b

s a q a r T v e l o S i

ramden xans gagrZelda monofizitoba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi,

anda iyo Tu ara qarTuli eklesia odesme monofizituri? am

sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebobs ramdenime Tvalsazrisi: Zvel qarTvel

saeklesio moRvaweTa mtkicebiT qarTuli eklesia arasodes

monofizituri ar yofila, Tumca, am mimarTulebas masze uaryofiTi

zemoqmedeba mouxdenia (pirvelTargmnili wmida werili Seryvnila).

Tanamedrove istoriografiis monacemebiT, 506 wlidan karga xans

qarTuli eklesia monofizituri yofila. somex saeklesio

moRvaweTa mtkicebiT ki, qarTli monofizituri yofila 607/9

wlamde, kirionamde.

`506 wlis dvinis saeklesio krebis Semdeg, qarTlis oficialuri

saeklesio sarwmunoeba sxva qveynebis msgavsad, karga xans

448

monofizituri iyo... 571 wlis ajanyebam, ueWvelia, imave dros

antimonofizituri saxec miiRo. amis mowmobaa is cnoba, rom ukve

574 wels qarTvelebsa da albanelebs uari uTqvamT qalkedonitebis

winaaRmdeg brZolaze... VI s-is 90-ian wlebSi ki monofizitebi aq

sabolood damarcxebulan~.71

`...rogorc ki sparselebis gavlenam Sesusteba iwyo, maSinve Tavi

wamoyves qalkedonitebma. maT ukve 574 wels, gurgenis

ajanyebisTanave, Zala hqoniaT mopovebuli qarTlSi. me-6 saukunis

damlevisaTvis ki monofizitebi aq sabolood damarcxebulni

iyvnen~.72 zemomoyvanili amonawerebidan Cans, rom Tanamedrove

istorikosebis TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli saeklesio sarwmunoeba 506

wlidan vidre 574 wlamde, daaxloebiT 68 wlis manZilze,

monofizituri yofila.

monofizitoba SeiZleba pirobiTad or periodad gavyoT: periodi,

roca monofizitoba ase Tu ise miRebuli da zogjer

gabatonebulic iyo saberZneTSi, meore periodSi monofizitoba

idevneboda saberZneTSi, samagierod somxeTsa da aRmosavleTSi is

gabatonebul sarwmunoebad iqca.

diofizituri sarwmunoebis simbolo SeimuSava IV msoflio

krebam qalkedonSi, 451 wels. am krebamde monofizitebi da

diofizitebi erT eklesias warmoadgendnen, saeklesio erTobas

qmnidnen, xolo amis Semdeg `sabolood gaemijnen erTmaneTs~.

451 wlis krebas saberZneTSi (`rom-ionTa~ imperiaSi) gaumwvavebia

sarwmunoebrivi urTierToba, amitomac imperatori zenoni

iZulebuli gamxdara gamoeca monofizitTa da diofizitTa

erTianobis aqti da amiT moerigebina isini. `bizantiis keisarma

zenonma (474-491) 482 wels gamosca erTianobis aqti, romelsac

henotikons uwodebdnen. henotikoni cdilobda monofizitebisa da

diofizitebis morigebas da gaurboda iseT gamoTqmebs, rogoricaa

`erTi buneba~ an `ori buneba~.73

qarTuli istoriografiis Tanaxmad, rogorc zemoT naCvenebi iyo,

`506 w-s dvinis saeklesio krebis Semdeg, qarTlis oficialuri

saeklesio sarwmunoeba... monofizituri iyo...~, magram 506 wels

mowveul krebas miuRia zenonis henotikoni. zenonis henotikoni ki,

rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, qalkedonis krebas ki ar uaryofda,

piriqiT, is mimarTuli iyo qalkedonitTa da monofizitTa

morigebisken.

`...dvinis 506 wlis saerTo kavkasiur krebaze qarTlisa da

albaneTis eklesiebTan erTad somxurma eklesiam miiRo zenonis

henotikoni da gadaWriT dagmo nestorianeloba~.74 ase rom, 506 wlis

kreba mimarTuli yofila ara qalkedonitTa winaaRmdeg, aramed

449

nestorianTa winaaRmdeg, ufro metic, am krebas henotikonis miRebiT

qalkedonitebi da monofizitebi erTmaneTTan mourigebia, amitomac

506 weli ar aris qarTuli eklesiis mier monofizitobis miRebis

weli (sxva sakiTxia is, rom TviT henotikoni monofizitobis

elfers atarebda).

qarTuli eklesiis monawileoba dvinis 506 wlis krebaze niSnavda

ara qarTuli eklesiis mier monofizitobis aRiarebas, aramed

kavkasiuri (somxeT-qarTl-albaneTis eklesiebis) saeklesio

organizaciuli kavSiris Sekvras.

`arseni safareli `am krebas arsad ar axsenebs, Tumca,

`epistoleTa wignidan~ misi arseboba unda scodnoda. igi mas,

rogorc Cans, arca Tvlis somxur adgilobriv krebaTa saTvalavSi

da samarTlianadac. dvinis 506 wlis kreba saerTo kavkasiuri

saeklesio kreba iyo~.75

somxuri eklesiis mier marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis

uaryofa da monofizitobis damkvidreba msoflios gaugia ara 506

wlis Semdeg, aramed 551/4 wlis krebis Semdeg _ `somexTa

monofizitoba qalkedonuri samyarosTvis aSkara gaxda nerse

mijinis mier mowveuli dvinis adgilobrivi saeklesio krebis

Semdeg~.76

506 wlis kreba monofizituri rom yofiliyo, is adreve

gaxdeboda cnobili da ara 551/4 wlis Semdeg.

asodiki wers Tavis `msoflio istoriaSi~ _ `somxebi im welsa da

im dros gandgnen berZnebTan ziarebisagan... macxovris dabadebidan

... gavida jumlad 553 weli~. ioane oZuneli `somxeTSi Semdgar

krebaTa Sesaxeb~-Si wers _ `es kreba ufalma nersem qalkedonis

krebis sawinaaRmdegod moiwvia~.77 vardan didi `msoflio istoriaSi~

wers, rom erTma berZenma moRvawem~... werili moswera somxebs da

uTxra, rom Cvens Soris winaaRmdegoba ar iyo im ukanasknel

nersemde, romelmac kreba moiwvia dvinSi...~78 e.i. 551-554 wlebamde.

zogierTi Zveli istorikosis TvalsazrisiT, `berZnuli~

eklesiisgan somxuri eklesia gamoyofila ara 506 wels, aramed 551/4

wlebSi. am dromde am eklesiebs ziarebac ki saerTo hqoniaT. 551/4

wlis `dvinis krebidan gaxda qalkedonuri samyarosaTvis somexTa

monofizitoba aSkara~.79

maS, ra saWiroebisTvis iqna mowveuli 506 wlis kreba dvinSi? es

kreba `saerTo kavkasiuri saeklesio kreba~ yofila, mowveuli

sparseTis mier vaxtang gorgaslis gardacvalebis umalve. am krebam

safuZveli daudo `saerTo kavkasiur saeklesio erTobas~. saeklesio

urTierToba, romlis Sesaxebac ase xSirad miuTiTeben Zveli

450

istorikosebi, qarTul da somxur eklesiaTa Soris iwyeba swored

506 wlidan.

sparseTs miznad hqonda dasaxuli amierkavkasiis yvela qveyanaSi

saxelmwifoebrioba moespo, saxelmwifo samxedro-administraciuli

aparati gaenadgurebina, xolo dapyrobili qveynebi emarTa

eklesiisa da samRvdeloebis saSualebiT. ase moqceula sparseTi

somxeTSi, gaanadgura erovnuli saxelmwifo, xolo somxeTs

samRvdeloebis xeliT marTavda, rogorc arseni safareli wers.

vaxtang gorgaslis gardacvalebis Semdeg sparseTs aseve surda

moqceuliyo saqarTveloSic.

somxeTSi 505 wels marzpanis, vahan mamikonianis (mamkuenis)

gardacvalebis Semdeg sparselebma somxeTs mmarTvelad _

marzpanad erovnebiT somexi ki aRar dauniSnes, aramed sparseli,

xolo somex aznaurebs aRar misces saero mmarTvelobis ufleba.

sparselebma somexi aznaurebis funqciebi mianiWes somex

samRvdeloebas, amis Semdeg samRvdeloeba aznaurebis winaaRmdeg

yofila gamoyenebuli. xarksac ki samRvdeloeba hkrefda, rogorc

arseni safareli wers: `mokuda vahan mamkueni... aqaATgan sparsTa

marzapanTa daipyres somxiTi... aznaurTa KelmwifebaA daeca sparsTa

marzapanTagan, da kaTalikozni da episkopozni gandrkes

simarTlisagan da kadnierebaOmoiRes sparsTagan winaaRdgomad

aznaurTa da Karksa sofelTasa TYT gardaiKdides, rameTu

episkoposTa da qorepiskoposTa miandves queyanaA, viTarca

morCilTa mefobisa sparsTaAsa... msajulebaA mTavrobisa TYT

miitaces... iqmnnes saepiskoposoni, viTarca sakerponi da mividian

aznaurni karad saepiskoposod da ara hpovian Jami Seslvad, da

Seiqcian sircxYleulni viTarca karisagan marzapanTaAsa~.80

sparseTs surda, rom rogorc `sparsTa mefobis morCili~ somexi

samRvdeloebis xeliT daimorCiles somxeTi, aseve daemorCilebinaT

saqarTvelo da albaneTi. albaT amiT iyo gamowveuli 506 wels

dvinSi saeklesio krebis mowveva. am krebaze antiqalkedonuri

gadawyvetilebebis miReba ki ar yofila mTavari, aramed

samRvdeloebisadmi administraciuli, qveynis sammarTvelo

uflebebis gadacema. sparselebma pativi ahyares aznaurebs da

mianiWes episkoposebs (Tumca, aseTi moqmedeba qarTlSi ramdenadme

gauZneldebodaT, radganac aq samxedro-administraciuli aparati

Zlieri iyo).

sparselebi erTnairi TvaliT uyurebdnen rogorc

monofizitobas, ise diofizitobas am periodSi. maTTvis religiuri

mimarTulebani mxolod da mxolod `rom-saberZneTis~ imperiasTan

politikuri dapirispirebis iaraRs warmoadgenda. sparselebi mxars

451

uWerdnen monofizitobas im dros, roca bizantia diofizitobas

uWerda mxars da monofizitebs devnida. 506 wlisaTvis bizantia

monofizitebs ar devnida, amitom sparseTic monofizitobas ar

mfarvelobda. gancxadeba, rom `506 wlis krebis Semdeg qarTlis

oficialuri saeklesio sarwmunoeba monofizituri iyo~, albaT,

gadaxedvas moiTxovs.

erTobas qarTul da somxur eklesiaTa Soris safuZveli

dasdebia ara 506 wels, aramed rogorc `epistoleTa wignidan~

SeiZleba gavigoT, 520-22 wlebSi. sxvaa 506 wlis saeklesio erToba,

sxvaa 520-iani wlebis erToba.

`epistoleTa wignidan~ Cans, rom kavad I-is (488-531) dros

qarTlisa da somxeTis mTavrebi da eklesiaTa ierarqebi Sekrebilan

da daudevT `erTobis wigni~. es aris aRTqma (xelSekruleba),

werilobiTi dokumenti, romelic daculi iyo kirionis drosac. es

xelSekruleba maSin daudviaT, roca berZenTa imperias

qalkedonitoba uRiarebia, ese igi ara 506 wels, aramed Semdgom. 506

wels TviT kamaTSi monawile somexi ierarqebis mtkicebiT, bizantia

qalkedonuri ar yofila, ufro metic, maTi mtkicebiT, imperator

anastasis (491-518) dros, romlis drosac 506 wels dvinis kreba

Catarda, bizantia monofizituri yofila. maTi mtkicebiT, bizantia

monofizituri yofila imperator zenonis (474-491) drosac. ase rom,

imperatorebis zenonisa da anastasis dros, 474 wlidan 518 wlamde,

qarTul-somxuri sarwmunoebrivi erTobis kreba ar Catarebula.

sarwmunoebrivi erTobis kreba Catarebula im dros, roca bizantias

qalkedonitoba uRiarebia. somexi polemistebis azriT, bizantia

qalkedonituri gaxda imperator iustines dros (518-527). swored am

dros, roca bizantiam `qalkedonis kreba Seiwynara~, sparseTis mefe

kavadis dros, Semdgara somex-qarTvelTa erTobis kreba, e. i. 518

wlidan 531 wlamde (iustines mefobis dasawyisidan kavadis mefobis

dasasrulamde).

518-531 wlebSi Catarebuli kreba da ara 506 wlis kreba aris

somex-qarTvelTa erTobis kreba. am krebis Catarebis gasvlidan 87

wlis Semdeg, kirionis dros, `erToba~ darRveula. kreba

Catarebula 520-522 wlebSi.

520-522 wlebi da ara 506 weli unda CaiTvalos qarTlis mier

somxebTan erTobis aRiarebis wlad.

520-522 wlis kreba antibizantiuri sarwmunoebrivi erTobis kreba

yofila, romlis aqtebsac xeli qarTulma delegaciamac moawera,

magram qarTlis mefe winaaRmdegi yofila da qarTvelebi

ajanyebulan.

452

qarTvelTa ajanyebis mizezad prokopi kesariels swored

sarwmunoebrivi uTanxmoeba miaCnia. misi sityviT, sparselebs

kvlavindeburad cecxlTayvanismcemlobis gavrceleba

mouwadinebiaT, magram Cans, mizezi isic iyo, rom bizantiasa da mis

imperators iustines (518-527) qalkedonitoba uRiarebia, xolo

sparseTi qarTvelebs aiZulebda bizantielTa sawinaaRmdego

sarwmunoeba, monofizitoba mieRoT.

`mefe gurgenma iustine keisars (518-527) mociqulebi gaugzavna da

SeuTvala: mogemxrobiT da Tqvensken gadmovalT, Tuki pirobas

mogvcemT, rom Tqven Cven, qarTvelebs, arasodes sparselebs aRar

gadagvcemTo~.81 `sparseTma qarTvelebis gandgomis ambavi Seityo Tu

ara, maSinve iberiaSi didi jari gamogzavna. samwuxarod,

bizantielebis maSveli razmi imdenad ricxvmcire iyo, rom

sparseTis axalmosul laSqars gurgeni ver gascemda pasuxs. amis

gamo mefe gurgeni ojaxiT... da qarTveli didebulebi lazikaSi

gaiqcnen... lazikidan Tavisi saxlobiTa da amaliT 523 wels

bizantiaSi wavida~.82 bizantiam da sparseTma 532 wels `saukuno

zavis~ xelSekruleba dades. `...sparselebma, rogorc prokopi

kesarieli mogviTxrobs, qarTvelebs neba aRar misces sakuTari mefe

hyolodaT da mefoba gaauqmes~.83

`saukuno zavis~ dadebis da saqarTveloSi mefobis gauqmebis

Semdeg sparseTs aRar gauWirdeboda qarTul da somxur eklesiaTa

Soris 520-522 wels dadebuli erTobis xelSekruleba cxovrebaSi

gaetarebina. qarTvelTa nebis sawinaaRmdegod qarTlSi

antibizantiuri monofizitoba gavrcelebula. 532 wlis saukuno

zavis dadebis Semdeg monofizitobas qarTlSi Zlieri

mowinaaRmdege Zalebi aRar eyoleboda da mis gavrcelebas qarTlSi

xels veravin SeuSlida.

qarTvel qristianTa religiuri gamofxizlebisa da

monofizitobis sawinaaRmdego propagandisaTvis 540-ian wlebSi

saqarTveloSi Camodian asureli mamebi. am wmida berebis

Tavdauzogavi moRvaweobis Sedegad qarTlSi qalkedonituri

midrekileba gaRvivebula da 551/4 wlis krebis Semdeg qarTli,

arseni safarelis Tanaxmad, Camoscilebia somxur eklesias da,

maSasadame, uari uTqvams monofizitobisTvisac.

551/4 wlamde somxuri eklesia kaTolike _ `berZnuli~ msoflio

eklesiis nawilad iTvleboda. amitomac, somxur eklesiasTan

sarwmunoebriv-saeklesio erToba qarTul eklesias bunebrivad

miaCnda da srulebiT ar Tvlida Tavis Tavs `berZnul~ eklesiisgan

mowyvetilad.

453

`berZnul~ eklesiasTan somxuri eklesiis kavSiri sruliad

miuRebeli gamxdara sparseTisTvis. sparseTma aiZula somxuri

eklesia ierarqiulad, anu eklesiurad yovelgvari kavSiri

gaewyvita berZnul eklesiasTan, episkoposebi ekurTxebina `TaviT

TvisiT~, garda amisa, sparseTi somxeTs damuqrebia, rom Tu berZnul

eklesiasTan kavSirs ar gawyvetda, somxebs gadaasaxlebda sxva

qveyanaSi.

arseni safarelis Tanaxmad, am saqmis gadawyveta somxebs nerse

kaTalikosisTvis dauvalebiaT _ `...miugdes saqme ese nerse

kaTalikozsa~.84

nerses gadauwyvetia _ `umjobes ars Cvenda sikudili, vidreRa...

dagdebaAOqueynisa da mowyvedaA Cueni mwirobiT~,85 e.i. samSoblos

datovebasa da ucxoeTSi mwirobiT gawyvetas yvelaferi sjobs,

sikvdilic kio.

nerses 551/4 wlebSi Cautarebia kreba, romelsac miuRia

gadawyvetileba — somxuri eklesia Camoscileboda berZnul

eklesias. am krebis Semdeg somxebi `gandges... da ganisxnes

wmidisagan da didebulisa samociqulo kaTolike eklesiisa...~86

551/4 welsve qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebi erTmaneTs

daSordnen. am wels daiwyo `ganyofa somexTa qarTlisagan~, rac

dasrulda kirionis dros.

`qarTvelTa dapirispirebas aRniSnuli krebis dadgenilebisadmi

mowmobs samuel anJelis `JamTaaRweriloba~.87

qarTli 520/2 wlidan vidre 551/4 wlebamde (sul 30 weli, ufro

zustad, 532-551 wlebSi) qalkedonur-monofizituri midrekilebisa

yofila, magram is msoflio kaTolike eklesiis wevria, radganac

TviT saberZneTSi im dros monofizitoba gavrcelebuli yofila,

mis aRmosavleT provinciebSi ki gabatonebulic. arasodes qarTuli

eklesia msoflio kaTolike eklesias ar dascilebia, arc erTi

wliT. is mudam misi nawili iyo, rogori sarwmunoebrivi

mimdinareobisac msoflio eklesia iyo, qarTuli eklesiac masve

iRebda da icavda. es momenti mudam iwvevda qarTveli saeklesio

moRvaweebis bunebriv siamayes. roca msoflio eklesiam

kategoriulad da sabolood uaryo monofizitoba, qarTulma

eklesiamac uaryo is.

570-iani wlebis ajanyebis Semdeg qarTli sabolood

qalkedonitobis gzazea, 590-ian wlebSi aq monofizitebi sabolood

marcxdebian. 604 wels sparseTi kvlav ipyrobs qarTls da aiZulebs

qarTul eklesias ganaaxlos sarwmunoebriv-saeklesio `erToba~

somxur eklesiasTan, romlis xelSekrulebac qarTvelTaTvis

gauqmebulad iTvleboda 551-554 wlidan. kirioni uaryofs somxeTTan

454

`erTobis~ kavSiris aRdgenas, is gadaWriT gmobs monofizitobas da

icavs qarTlSi ukve gamarjvebul diofizitobas 607/9 wels. es

TariRi Zvel somex istorikosebs qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis

ganyofis wlad miuCneviaT, arseni safarels ki ganyofis TariRad

551/4 weli miaCnia.

marTalia, monofizitoba qarTuli oficialuri sarwmunoeba ar

yofila magram monofizitebis zogierT jgufs sakmaod mtkice

poziciebi eWiraT da gavlenas axdendnen mTel eklesiaze, radgan

maT dampyrobeli sparseTi da arabebi xelovnurad aZlierebdnen.

qvemo qarTlsa da hereTSi, somxeTTan siaxlovis gamo, somxur

eklesias gauZlierebia somxuri eklesiisaTvis misaRebi ideologia.

monofizitobas TiTqmis X saukunemde uarsebia morwmuneTa erT

nawilSi.

a s u r e l i m a m e b i m o n o f i z i t o b i s w i n a a R m d e g

V saukuneSi qarTuli saxelmwifo da eklesia proberZnuli

aRmsareblobisa yofila, rogorc wmida raJdenis wamebidan Cans.

VI saukunis Sua wlebSi saqarTveloSi Camodian asureli mamebi,

iwyeben aqtiur moRvaweobas da saqarTveloSive aResrulebian VI

saukunis bolosa da VII saukunis dasawyisSi. Tu SevadarebT

erTmaneTs im mdgomareobas, romelSic imyofeboda qarTuli eklesia

asureli mamebis Camosvlis dros, im mdgomareobasTan, romelSic

imyofeboda maTi moRvaweobis dasasruls, davrwmundebiT, rom isini

ebrZodnen monofizitur mimdinareobas da gaimarjves masze.

marTlac, VI saukunis 30-40-ian wlebSi, rogorc mecnierebi amboben,

CvenSi mZvinvarebda monofizitoba, amave saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi

da VII saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelo sruliad qalkedonituri

mimarTulebisaa, rac asureli mamebis Rvawlis Sedegia, politikur

mizezebTan erTad.

romel wlebSi Camovidnen asureli mamebi saqarTveloSi, rogori

sarwmunoebrivi mimarTulebisa iyo qarTuli eklesia am dros da

rogori mdgomareoba Seiqmna maTi moRvaweobis dasasruls _ sagania

Cveni ganxilvisa.

asureli mamebi saqarTveloSi Camovidnen farsman mefis da

kaTalikos evlavis dros. wmidaTa cxovreba wers, rom Rirsi mama

ioane zedazneli da misi Tormeti mowafe `sixaruliT iqnen

miRebuli qarTveli xalxis, farsman mefisa (542-557) da qarTlis

kaTalikos mTavarepiskoposis evlavis (533-544) mier. matiane

gvauwyebs, rom wmida kapadokielma mamebma qarTul enaze mimarTes

455

damxvdurT `...ioane zedazneli aResrula daaxloebiT 557-60 wlebs

Soris, qarTlis kaTalikos makaris (553-559) dros~.88

rusuli saeklesio istoriografia, romelic eyrdnoba qarTul

matianeebs, miiCnevs, rom asureli mamebi saqarTveloSi Camosulan

540-ian wlebSi. es is droa, roca sparseTis batonoba qarTlSi

srul siZlieres aRwevs. `542 wels xosro uzarmazari jariT movida

qarTls da aqedan uecrad gadavida egrisSi, riTac daarRvia

`saukuno zavi~.89

es aris xana _ `roca sparselebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, uari

eTqvaT mazdeanobis gavrcelebaze amierkavkasiaSi da samagierod,

monofizituri qristianobis mfarvelebad iqcnen, maT saeklesio

mwerlobas daavales, monofizituri ideebi da sparseTTan

ganuyofeli kavSiris aucilebloba eqadaga. am mizniT sparseTis

mefis agentebma SeTxzes legendebi, viTomc qristianoba somxeTsa,

qarTlsa da albaneTSi erTi piris mier aris danergili, romelic

viTomc sparseTTan iyo dakavSirebuli. monofizitebi

Seubraleblad spobdnen diofizitebis, anu qalkedonitebis

mwerlobas... sparseTis mTavroba agreTve sxva saSualebebsac

mimarTavda am ideologiuri kavSiris gansamtkiceblad. mas surda,

magaliTad, somxeTis, qarTlisa da albaneTis eklesiebis

gaerTianeba, rom ufro advili yofiliyo maTi marTva sparseli

moxeleebisaTvis~.90

540-iani wlebi miaCnia ivane javaxiSvils asureli mamebis

saqarTveloSi Semosvlis TariRad. `...asureli mamebi yvelani erTad

da erT dros ar unda iyvnen mosuli, aramed pirvelad daviT

garejelia gamomgzavrebuli, romelic egebis V s-is damlevsac ki

iyos mosuli, Semdeg ioane zedazneli Tavisi mowafeebiTurT _ VI

s-is Sua wlebSi. daaxloebiT amave dros, magram, etyoba,

damoukidebliv mosulad Cans anton martyofeli...~91

`ioane zedaznelisa da misi mowafeebis mosvlis TariRad broses

540 w. aqvs miRebuli. es TariRi svimon mesvetis zeobis 521-596

wlebze aqvs damyarebuli da farsmanis zeobaze~.92 broses eTanxmeba

iv. javaxiSvili. `T. Jordanias azriT, `ioane zedaznelis

mowafiTurT warmosvla da damkvidreba saqarTveloSi moxda 541-557

wlebSi, rodesac saqarTveloSi mZvinvarebdnen somxebis

monofizitebi. eklesia qarTvelTa saSiS mdgomareobaSi iyo da am

garemoebam, Cemis fiqriT, gamoiwvia asurel mamaTa Tavganwirva da

wamosvla dasacvelad Cvenis sjulisa mwvalebelTagan...~93

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad: ...Semdgomad oTxas ocisa wlisa

gamoikiTxa da gamoiZia wmidaman mamaman Cuenman arseni qarTlisa

kaTalikosman...~94 is, k. kekeliZis Tanaxmad, kaTalikosobda _ 955-980

456

wlebSi. misi zeobis TariRs Tu gamovaklebT 420 wels, marTlac

miviRebT 540-ian wlebs. k. kekeliZe wers, rom `rogorc dRes

gamoangariSebulia, ormocian wlebSi movida CvenSi...~95 ioane

zedaznelio.

`qarTlis cxovreba~ wers, _ `mokuda kaTalikosi Cermag, da

amanve farsman mefeman dasua saba. aqaTgan arRara moiyvanebdes

kaTalikossa saberZneTiT. aramed qarTvelni dasxdebodes,

warCinebulTa naTesavni. da mokuda kaTalikosi saba, da manve

mefeman dasua kaTalikosad evlaTi. misve farsmanis-ze movida

iovane SuamdinariT, romelsa ewoda zedazadeneli, ganmanaTlebeli

qarTlisa da ganmwmedeli sjulisa, maSenebeli eklesiaTa, romelman

qmna saswaulebi da niSebi mravali, man da mowafeTa misTa, romelTa

ganakYrnes yovelni qarTvelni... saxelebi wmidaTa mowafeTa: iovane

zedazadeneli, daviT garesjeli, stefane xirseli, ioseb

alaverdeli, zenon iyalToeli, antoni martyofeli, ise wilkneli,

TaTe stefanwmideli, Sio mRvimeli, isidore samTavneli, abibos

nekreseli, miqel ulumboeli, piros breTeli da elia diakoni~.96

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, asureli mamebis saqarTveloSi

Camosvla TiTqmis emTxveva qarTul eklesiaSi danergil axal wess,

kaTalikosi aRar mohyavdaT saberZneTidan, aramed adgilzeve

irCevdnen erovnebiT qarTvels. am axali wesis danergvis nebarTva

TiTqosda imperator iustinianes gaucia (527-565),97 magram

iustinianes ufleba ar hqonda qarTlze, radgan aq sparselebi

batonobdnen. Cans, sparseTis xelisuflebam akrZala qarTlSi

berZeni episkoposis Camosvla, qarTveli kaTalikosis adgilze

arCevas ki xeli ar SeuSales. aseTi praqtika miuRia da uRiarebia

bizantiis samefo kars, radganac misTvis gacilebiT ufro misaRebi

iyo avtokefaluri qarTuli eklesia, vidre qarTuli eklesiis

avtokefaliis gauqmeba an Zalze SezRudva da misi damorCileba

prosparsuli orientaciis (aRmosavlur-somxuri) eklesiisadmi.

saberZneTidan kaTalikosis Camoyvanis akrZalva mainc niSnavda imas,

rom qarTuli eklesia CamoaSores berZnul-romaul eklesias. 506-532

wlebSi mravalgzis Catarebuli amierkavkasiis eklesiebis

gaerTianebuli krebebis mizani iqneboda, qarTuli eklesia

sarwmunoebrivad da ierarqiulad daeqvemdebarebinaT prosparsuli

dvinis sakaTalikososadmi. monofizitobis gaZlierebas mohyva

diofizitobis devna qarTlSi. swored amis Semdgom, male, 540-ian

wlebSi Camodian asureli mamebi.

ivane javaxiSvilis TvalsazrisiT, Zvel qarTvel avtorTa

Txzulebebis mixedviT, asureli mamebis `...moRvaweobis mizans

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ganmtkiceba Seadgenda `sarwmunoebiTa

457

marTliTa~, e.i. isini marTlmadideblobis gasamagreblad mosulan~.98

`istorikos juanSers naTqvami aqvs: `movida ioane SuamdinareTidan,

romelsa ewoda zeda-zneli, ganmanaTlebeli qarTlisa da

ganmwmedeli sjulisa-o~.99

`IX-XII ss. qarTveli mwerlebisaTvis erTaderTi `marTali

sarwmunoeba~ qalkedonianoba iyo da roca isini amboben, rom

asureli mamebi `marTali sarwmunoebis~ ganmtkicebisaTvis

iRvwodneno, es imas niSnavs, rom qalkedonianobis gamarjvebisaTvis

ibrZodnen, amisda gvarad maTi `ganmwmedeloba sjulisa~-c unda

monofizitobis sawinaaRmdego brZolas hgulisxmobdes~.100 ivane

javaxiSvili daaskvnis _ `...ioane zedaznelis meTaurobiT mosuli

asureli mamebi aramcTu monofizitebi ar yofilan, aramed swored

monofizitobis dauZinebeli mtrebi iyvnen~.101 TiTqmis yvela

mkvlevari aRiarebs, rom VI saukunis I naxevarSi qarTlSi gaimarjva

monofizitobam. niSnavs es imas Tu ara, rom saqarTveloSi

qalkedonianoba mTlianad moispo im dros? ara, araTu mosaxleobis

garkveuli raodenoba yofila qalkedonituri, aramed TviT

episkoposebi da saepiskoposoebis sakmao raodenoba qalkedonituri

yofila. `...monofizitobis saqarTveloSi gamarjvebiT qalkedonianni

ar mospobilan, rogorc davrwmundiT, 9 episkoposi am krebas ar

daswrebia, oqmebze xeli ar mouweriaT. maTi moqmedeba da brZola,

ueWvelia, SemdegSic ar Sewydeboda. VII s-is damlevs usaxelo

TxzulebaSi... aRniSnulia, rom 574 wels bizantiidan somxeTSi

dabrunebulma monofizitebma qarTvelebsa da albanelebs sTxoves

maTTan erTad qalkedonianobas winaaRdgomodnen, magram

albanelebsac da qarTvelebsac uari uTqvamT. ukve es garemoeba sa-

qarTveloSi momxdari cvlilebebis mauwyebelia~.102

`...574 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi monofizitobas simtkice ukve

Seryeuli uCans da qalkedonianobas qarTuli saeklesio wreebSi

TanagrZnoba ukve mopovebuli hqonia. asurel mamaTa moRvaweobis

faqti swored qalkedonianobis saqarTveloSi am gamarjvebis

gagebas gviadvilebs. rogorc asurel berebs qalkedonianobis

TavianTi rwmenis gabatonebisaTvis samSoblo miutovebiaT da

albaneTSi misulan saqadagod, iseve momxdara saqarTveloSic da

asureli mamebi mosulan. Sinaganma sarwmunoebrivma brZolam,

asurel mamaTa energiulma moRvaweobam, bizantiisaken cxadad

gadaxrili politikuri orientaciis mZlavrma gavlenamac

qalkedonianobas saqarTveloSi monofizitobaze gamarjveba

SeaZlebina~.103

ara Tu 574 wels, aramed manamdec, asureli mamebis saqarTveloSi

CamosvlisTanave, kerZod, VI saukunis meore naxevris dasawyisSi,

458

qarTul da somxur eklesiebs Soris uTanxmoeba warmoSobila,

somxuri eklesia iranis moTxovniT amierkavkasiis masStabiT

lideri eklesia gaxda, romelsac garkveuli TvalsazrisiT qarTul

da albanur eklesiebze gavlena hqonda, amitomac uTanxmoeba

somxur eklesiasTan iranis winaaRmdegobasac niSnavda.

`...uTanxmoebis pirveli niSnebi me-6 saukunis meore naxevris

dasawyisSi gaCnda, rodesac somxurma eklesiam iranis uzenaesoba

aRiara da dvinis adgilobriv krebaze monofizitobis memarcxene

mimdinareoba ivlitianoba gamoacxada Tavis oficialur mrwamsad.

qarTlisa da albaneTis eklesiebma dvinis krebis gansazRvrebebs

mxari ar dauWires, ar dagmes qalkedonis kreba, magram arc

antimonofizitobas daadgnen aqtiurad. iranis imperiam me-6 saukunis

60-iani wlebis miwuruls kidev scada, bizantiis sawinaaRmdego

erTiani monofizituri banaki Seekra amierkavkasiaSi...~104 arseni

safarelis mixedviT, somxuri eklesiis kreba, romelmac aSkarad da

gadaWriT miiRo monofizitoba VI saukuneSi, Semdgara 551 wels

dvinSi, kaTalikos nerse mijinis dros. amis gamo, somxur eklesias

Camoscilebia qarTuli da albanuri eklesiebi. qarTul eklesias ar

daugmia qalkedonis kreba, rasac misgan moiTxovdnen, magram arc

mtkice antimonofizitur poziciaze damdgara, samagierod, arseni

safarelis sityviT, qarTul eklesias srulebiT gauwyvetia

ierarqiuli kavSiri 551 wels somxur eklesiasTan, radganac, Tavis

mxriv, somxur eklesias ierarqiuli kavSiri gauwyvetia berZnul

eklesiasTan.

Tu qarTul eklesiaSi Seqmnil mdgomareobas gadavxedavT,

davinaxavT, rom 540-ian wlebSi asureli mamebis saqarTveloSi

Camosvlis dros CvenSi monofizitobas garkveuli poziciebi aqvs,

aTi wlis Semdeg, asureli mamebis moRvaweobis wyalobiT, CvenSi

qalkedonitobis poziciebi ufro Zlieria, vidre monofizitobisa,

rac 551 wlis krebaze gamoCnda, oci wlis Semdeg ki _ 574 wels

qarTul eklesiaSi qalkedonitoba gamarjvebulia. asurelma mamebma

30 weliwadSi gaweuli Rvawlis wyalobiT SeZles ara marto

qalkedonizmis sruli gamarjvebisaTvis mieRwiaT, aramed, rac

aranakleb mniSvnelovania, qalkedonizmis gamarjvebam Seqmna

Teoriuli safuZveli qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebis

urTierTdaSorebisaTvis, somxuri eklesia ki Tavisi enisa da

kulturis gavrcelebas cdilobda mTel iranul amierkavkasiaSi,

ase rom, asureli mamebis moRvaweobam ganamtkica qarTuli

kulturis erovnuli safuZveli da Tavidan iqna acilebuli

erovnul-kulturuli gadagvarebis aSkara safrTxe.

459

`asurel mamaTa erovnebis Sesaxeb d. baqraZes naTqvami aqvs: `axla

Cvens mwerlobaSi vrceldeba azri, viTomc aT-cametni mamani

yofiliyvnen qarTvelni naTesaobiT. es azri Cveni warmodgeniTac

usafuZvlo ar aris~. amis sabuTad mas erTi mxriv is mosazreba

mohyavs, rom `sul Zvelad qarTvelni moRvaweni da mTargmnelni

antioqiaSi da mis garSemo Sromobdnen TavianTi mamulis

sasargeblod~ _ meore mxriv isic, rom asureli mamebi `Semodian Tu

ara saqarTveloSi, qarTulad saubroben, qarTuladve asrulebdnen

wirva-locvasa da hmoZRvrobdnen TviT qarTvel ersa...~105

SeiZleba asureli mamebi qarTvelebi ar iyvnen, maT mier

qarTulad saubari, wirva-locva, qarTuli enis wina planze

wamoweva da misTvis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis miqceva

gamowveuli unda yofiliyo ara erovnuli, aramed sarwmunoebrivi

mosazrebiT. saqme is aris, rom ukve im dros, e.i. VI saukunis Sua

wlebSi sparseTis imperiaSi berZnuli ena akrZaluli iyo, misi

gamoyeneba wirva-locvisa da mRvdelmsaxurebis dros ar

SeiZleboda, rogorc qalkedonitobis enisa. V saukuneSic berZnuli

ena sastikad iyo akrZaluli _ rogorc mose xoreneli wers.

cnobilia, rom VI saukuneSi sparseTis imperiaSi qristianebisTvis

nebadarTuli ena RvTismsaxurebisTvis iyo somxuri da asuruli

enebi. erTi saukuniT adre sparseTma mosTxova somxebs

berZnulenovani RvTismsaxurebis nacvlad SemoeRoT asurulenovani

RvTismsaxureba. berZnulenovani wignebi dawves, berZnulad saubari

akrZales. es iyo jer kidev somxuri anbanis SemoRebamde _ 405

wlamde. somxuri anbanis SemoRebis Semdeg, sparseTma akrZala

Targmna berZnuli enidan da berZnuli wignebis gamoyeneba. am dros

ukve nebadarTuli iyo somxuri da asuruli enebiT RvTismsaxureba,

xolo berZnuli ki akrZaluli. VI saukuneSi, saqarTvelos sparsTa

mier dapyrobis dros, berZnulenovani RvTismsaxureba, berZnuli

enidan Targmna aikrZaleboda, ise rogorc imperiis sxva kuTxeebSi.

Tavdapirvelad qarTulenovani RvTismsaxureba ar aikrZaleboda,

magram imis Semdeg, rac qarTvelebis umravlesoba qalkedonituri

aRmsareblobis maRiarebeli gaxda, daiwyeboda qarTuli enis

devnac, radganac qarTuli da berZnuli enebi miCneuli iqneboda

qalkedonitobis enebad, xolo somxuri da asuruli enebi

monofizitobis enebad. sparselebisTvis ucnobi ar yofila

qarTvelebisa da berZnebis urTierTmegobroba da siyvaruli im

saukuneebSi. wmida raJdenis wamebidanac Cans, rom qarTvelebi

idevnebodnen rogorc berZenTa megobrebi. idevneboda qarTuli ena,

rogorc qalkedonitobis matarebeli ena berZnulis msgavsad.

swored amitom asureli mamebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven

460

qarTul enas. qarTuli ena maTTvis qalkedonitobis iaraRia. es

iaraRi gansakuTrebiT gamosadegi iyo im dros, radganac qarTuli

ena mosaxleobis dedaena iyo, amitomac misi akrZalva sparseTs

mxolod zogadad SeeZlo eklesiebSi da ara qveyanaSi, xolo

berZnuli ena mkacrad ikrZaleboda ara marto eklesiebSi, aramed

mTel qveyanaSi, ise rogorc V saukunis somxeTSi, rac mose

xorenels kargada aqvs aRwerili.

ratom miiCneoda qarTuli ena qalkedonitobis enad? imitom rom

qalkedonitoba erovnul sarwmunoebad qceula ukve VI saukunis

saqarTveloSi, amitomac, erovnebiT qarTvelisa da sarwmunoebiT

qalkedonitis rogorc saeklesio, ise dedaena qarTuli ena iyo.

erovnebiT qarTveli, magram sarwmunoebiT monofiziti mosaxleobis

arseboba saqarTveloSi ueWvelia rogorc VI, ise VII saukuneSi.

maTi dedaena iyo qarTuli ena, magram sarwmunoebis, anu saeklesio

ena iyo somxuri, ise rogorc albaneli monofizitebisa. mizezi

amisa iyo is, rom monofizitobis enad somxuri ena dafiqsirda. iv.

javaxiSvili wers: `magram sparseTis somxeTSi monofizitoba mainc

diofizitobasa anu qalkedonianobaze ufro Zlieri iyo. am

droisaTvis somexTa gavlenian wreebSi am moZRvrebas ise magrad

hqonda ukve fesvebi gamdgari, rom TiTqmis erovnul sarwmunoebad

iyo ukve qceuli~.106

somxeTSi sakmaod Zlieri da gavleniani iyo diofizitoba, magram

monofizitoba ufro Zlieri yofila da amitomac erovnul

sarwmunoebad qceula. saqarTveloSi ki piriqiTa mdgomareoba iyo

VI saukunis Sua wlebidan. CvenSi, Tumca Zlieri iyo monofizitoba

da mas mxars TviT sparseTi uWerda, magram diofizitoba ufro

gaZlierebula da erovnul sarwmunoebad qceula. am mizezis gamo

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sarwmunoebiT monofiziti, magram

erovnebiT qarTveli mosaxleoba Tavis Tavs akuTvnebda ara

qarTul, e.i. qalkedonitur eklesias, aramed somxur, anu

monofizitur eklesias. erovnebiT qarTveli, magram sarwmunoebiT

monofiziti mosaxleoba imis Semdeg, rac sparseTis gavlena

Semcirda qarTlze, Tavisi sarwmunoebis dacvis mizniT swavlobda

somxur enas, eziareboda somxur saeklesio kulturas, icavda

somxuri enis poziciebs Tavis eklesiaSi, wirva-locvis enad

aRiarebda somxurs. amiT iyo gamowveuli curtavis somxurenovani

qarTuli mosaxleobis mier kirionis enobrivi reformis winaaRmdeg

gamosvla. curtavis, anu sapitiaxSos mosaxleobam arcTu

sixaruliT miiRo erTi sirieli mamaTagani _ daviT garejeli.

adgilobrivma mTavarma bubaqar didebulma misi mokvlac ki daapira.

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis saeklesio somxurenovnebis Sesaxeb aris

461

nakvalevi darCenili daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi. daviTis mizani

iyo, gaeqalkedonitebina adgilobrivi qarTveloba, risTvisac

zogadad miuRwevia. amaze miuTiTebs qarTuli saeklesio enis

danergva kirionis mier am mxareebSi VII saukunis dasawyisSi. 614

wlis e. w. sparsuli krebis Semdeg, sparseTis imperiis qristianebs

miecaT brZaneba damorCilebodnen somxur eklesias, anu rac igivea,

mieRoT monofizitoba. saqarTvelo da misi samefo kari, cxadia,

iZulebuli iqneboda damorCileboda imperiis am brZanebas,

eRiarebina somxuri sarwmunoeba _ monofizitoba. am mizezis gamo

qarTlis mefe, anu mTavari stefanozi monofiziti unda yofiliyo,

risi miniSnebac TiTqosda gvaqvs Sio mRvimelis cxovrebaSi.

stefanozi `ganudga berZenTa da mieqca sparsTa~.107 is `iyo urwmuno

da uSiSi RmrTisa~, `ara ineba gandgoma sparsTagan~, mas herakle

berZenTa keisarma mefoba CamoarTva. amitomac ar aris gasakviri,

rom aseT urwmuno mefes ar uSindebian SiomRvimis berebi da

konfliqti aqvT masTan. Cans, TviT sparsTa udidesi gaZlierebis

drosac ki, roca VII saukunis dasawyisSi sparseTma warmatebiT

Seutia bizantias, daipyro misi miwebi da ierusalimic ki aiRo,

asurel mamaTa mier daarsebuli monastrebi kvlav qalkedonitobis

kerebi arian da TviT araqalkedonit mefe-mTavarsac Tavis Zalas

agrZnobineben.

k. kekeliZes miaCnia, rom asurel mamebs TavianTi moRvaweoba

monastrebis saSualebiT ganuxorcielebiaT _ `araviTari sabuTi

imisa, rom CvenSi egreT wodebuli aTcamet mamaTa mosvlamde

monastrebi am sityvis namdvili mniSvnelobiT yofiliyo, ar

arsebobs. pirvelad monastrebi CvenSi daaarses aRniSnulma

mamebma...~108 Zveli mwerlis, basili vaCesZes azriTo, wers k. kekeliZe,

`aTcamet asurel mamebma imdeni niSi da sakvirvelebani aCveneso,

imaT rom berZenTa Soris hqonoda adgili, `ZliTmca aRsaricxvel

werilebs Seqmnidnen~, ese igi daswerdnen amis Sesaxeb, CvenSi ki

aravin izruna amisaTvis, vinaidan `naTesavni qarTvelTa aris martiv

da amasTan litonicao~.109

sarwmunoebis ganmtkiceba yofila asureli mamebis umTavresi

damsaxureba. monazoni makrine, romelic zogadad gamoxatavs

eklesiis Tvalsazriss, wers, asurelma mamebma `ganamtkices da

ganaaxles ninos mier qadagebuli sarwmunoeba~.110

ninos mier qadagebuli sarwmunoebis aRdgena mTavari damsaxureba

yofila sirieli mamebisa. `amitom ufro damajerebeli Cans

tradiciul Tvalsazriss Tanxvedrili mosazreba iv. javaxiSvilisa,

romlis Tanaxmadac, asureli mamebi swored diofizitebi unda

yofiliyvnen da swored qalkedonelTa (diofizitTa) poziciebis

462

gansamtkiceblad unda gamomgzavrebuliyvnen mZafri religiuri

winaaRmdegobebis asparezad qceul saqarTveloSi. am SemTxvevaSi

maTi moRvaweobis savsebiT logikur Sedegad warmoisaxeba VII

saukunis damdegs qarTuli eklesiis mkveTri Sebruneba

diofizitobisaken~.111

marTalia, monofizitobis batonobas ramdenime aTeuli wlis

ganmavlobaSi VI saukunis manZilze da VII saukunis dasawyisSi

qarTul eklesiaze Tavisi kvali dautovebia, magram sazogadod

qarTveli eris simtkicisa da mdgradobis gamo saqarTveloSi

mwvaleblobas ver gaumarjvnia, rasac siamayiT aRniSnavdnen kidec

qarTveli moRvaweni.

`unda iTqvas, rom qarTveli eris sarwmunoebrivi istoriis

ganviTarebis Sesaxeb VIII s-dan moyolebuli, metadre ki X-XI

saukuneebSi rom saboloo Camoyalibebuli mkacri e.w.

marTlmadidebloba gabatonda. am xanaSi am sakiTxis warsulzedac

garkveuli ucilobel WeSmaritebad miCneuli moZRvreba CamoinakvTa

da dakanonda. am debulebiT sxvagan Tu qristianoba mravalgzis

Selaxula mwvaleblobisagan da araerTxel da ara erTgan esa Tu

is mwvalebloba gabatonebula kidec, saqarTveloSi xalxma

pirveliTgan miRebuli qadageba da moZRvreba viTomc ucvlelad da

SeubRalavad daicva, mwvalebloba saqarTveloSi mas arasdros ar

SeuSvia da marTlmadideblobisaTvis ar uRalatia~,112 _ wers

mecnieri. Zveli qarTveli moRvaweni ar malavdnen da ar

aferadebdnen eklesiis mdgomareobas aRniSnul periodSi,

magaliTad, giorgi mcire, romelsac Tavis TxzulebaSi mohyavs

giorgi mTawmindelis sityvebi _ `raJams erTgzis gYcnobies, arRara

midrekil varT marcxul gina marjul~. arc imas malavs da

aRiarebs, rom `queyanaA Cueni Sors iyo queyanisagan saberZneTisa da

viTarca Teslni arawmidani Soris Cuensa daTesul iyvnes borotni

igi Teslni somexTani~, `amis mier friad guevneboda, rameTu

naTesavi Cueni wrfel iyo da umankoA, xolo igini (e. i. somexni)

reca mizeziTa wesierebisaATa, cTunebad guazmnobdes da romelnime

wignnica guaqundes maTgan (e.i. somxuridan) Targmnilni~.113 giorgi

mcire gulisxmobs VI saukunisa da VII saukunis garkveul

periodebSi monofizituri mwvaleblobis, anu somxuri eklesiis

momZlavrebas qarTul eklesiaze. misi azriT, `pirveliTganve

guaqundes werilnica da sarwmunoebaO WeSmariti da marTali~,

romelnic Semdgom amRvreula monofizitobis mwvaleblobis

momZlavrebiT qarTlSi da IV-V saukuneebSi berZnuli enidan

marTlad Targmnilni wmida wignebi monofizitTa gamo VI-VII

saukuneebSi somxuridan uTargmniaT anda SeusworebiaT.

463

asureli mamebis Rvawlic is yofila, rom qarTuli eklesiisTvis

Tavidan aucilebiaT didi safrTxe monofizitobis anu, rogorc

maSin uwodebdnen, somxuri sarwmunoebis aRiarebisa.

` e p i s t o l e T a w i g n i s ~ 1 1 4 m o k l e S i n a a r s i

1. `epistoleTa wigni~ iwyeba curtavis episkopos moses

epistoleTi vrTanes qerdolisadmi, romelic somxeTis kaTalikosis

adgilis mcveli iyo. mose acnobebs vrTaness, rom is siyrmisas

misula curtavis saepiskoposoSi, romlis mowafedac iTvleboda. iq

iswavla qarTuli da somxuri mwignobroba, Semdeg pitiaxSis karis

saydris moZRvari gaxda. Semdeg mose acnobebs _ axlaRa mivxvdi,

rom sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT `...qarTvelT mxolod mwvaniT

Seferili foTlebi hqoniaT~ (gv.2). qarTvelebio, wers is, im

unayofo da xSirfoTlian leRvis xes hgvanan, romelzedac ufalma

nayofi ver hpova foTlebis gardao. `aseve eseni kacTa

mosawoneblad cdilobdnen mTeli msaxureba srulad da savsebiT

warmoedginaT. xolo roca SevityveT qalkedonis krebis uriuli

gansazRvrebis gandideba... xma avimaRleT da mteri gavxdiT

kaTalikosad wodebulisa, yvela mTavrisa da im qveynisa da bolos

videvne...~ (gv.2). axla, radganac somxeTis sakaTalikoso taxti

Tavisufalia, Tqven gacnobebT im (e.i. qarTvelTa) qveynis daRupvas.

amJamad devnili, aragawis mTis Ziras erT-erT monasterSi vimyofebi.

me mivwere curtavis eklesiis somxurenovan samwysos, Tqvenc inebeT

da miswereTo.

mose episkoposis epistoledan naTlad Cans, rom is curtavs

qarTvelTa qveynad miiCnevs, curtavelebs ar acalkevebs

qarTvelebisgan, romelTac unayofo leRvis xes adarebs. curtavis

eklesias warmoadgens mTlianobaSi qarTul eklesiasTan, romlis

garegani mxare, misi azriT, mSvenieria, xolo Sinaganad unayofoa.

garda amisa, qarTvelebi yovelgvar saeklesio wess mTeli sisavsiT

aRasruleben, magram esec kacTa mosaCveneblad ariso. mose sTxovs

vrTaness, rogorc aRvniSneT, rom man werili misweros curtavis

somxurenovan samwysos. curtavis somxurenovani samwyso erovnebiT

somxuri rom yofiliyo, maSin srulebiT ar iqneboda saWiro

aRniSvna maTi somxurenovnebisa, pirdapir sTxovda, werili miswere

curtavel somxebso, magram werils sweren ara somxebs, aramed

somxurenovan qarTvelebs, e.i. somxuri saeklesio enisa da qarTuli

dedaenis mqone qarTvelebs. Targmani `somxurenovani~ mTlad zusti

ar aris. Zalze Znelia misi qarTulad gadmoReba, aq igulisxmeba

464

somxuri mwignobrobis mqone da aseve somxuri mRvdelmsaxurebis

mqone adgilobrivi qarTveloba. pirobiTad SeiZleba

`somxurenovanad~ iTargmnos Sesabamisi somxuri termini, Tumca,

SeiZleboda `somxuri wignis mqonedac~ Targmniliyo. es `somxuri

wignis mqone~ an `somxurenovani~ qarTvelebi wmida grigolis

taxtis erTgul mrevlad miaCniaT. moulodneli ar aris da ase iyo

TiTqmis mTeli Suasaukuneebis manZilze, roca erT romelime xalxs

mRvdelmsaxureba hqonda ara dedaenaze, aramed ucxo enaze. cxadia,

maTi wignebic ucxoenovani iyo. magaliTad, germanelebs

mRvdelmsaxureba hqondaT ara mSobliur germanul, aramed ucxo

laTinur enaze, maTi wignebic laTinurenovani iyo. amitomac

maTTvis SeiZleboda `laTinurenovanni~ ewodebinaT.

2. vrTanes qerdoli pasuxad moses aqebs, amxnevebs da acnobebs,

rom man werili miswera `somxurenovan~ mrevls (igulisxmeba an

curtavSi, an mTel saqarTveloSi).

3. `epistoleTa wignSi~ motanilia mose episkoposis sayovelTao

epistole curtavis eklesiis `somxurenovani~ Temisadmi, romelSic

is gmobs qalkedonitobas. rodesac is `daemorCila~ imaT,

romelTac misi episkoposad kurTxeva undodaT da `ismina maTi

mowodeba~, roca episkoposi gaxda, uecrad `Seeyara gmobas~ _

`...davemorCileT da gulmodgined vismineT mowodeba, risTvisac

uecrad SeveyareT gmobas rasme...~ (gv.7), anu qalkedonitobas. meo, _

wers is, _ ver SevZeli dumiliT damefara sneba _ `...ris gamo

aRviZariT kidec, amis gamo mtrad viqeciT yovelTa. ramdenadac

vamxileT, imdenad ufro dagvemuqrnen mRvdelmTavarni da mTavarni,

vidre ar gamaZeves~ (gv. 8). Zalze sayuradReboa, rom mose curtavis

erT kuTxeSi amxels qalkedonitobas da mas maSinve myisierad

daemuqrnen sruliad qarTlis mTavrebi da episkoposebi, mTeli

qveyana mtrad gadaekida. aqedan unda davaskvnaT, rom curtavi

qarTlis ganuyofeli nawilia. `...xma avimaRleT da mteri gavxdiT

kaTalikosad wodebulisa, yvela mTavrisa da im qveynisa da bolos

videvne~ (gv.2).

mose afrTxilebs Tavis `somxurenovan~ mrevls, frTxilad iyos.

`qurdulad Semoacoces da SemoiRes mwvalebloba...~ (gv. 11). `aw ese

yoveli viciT ra, sayvarelno, viaroT sameufeo gziT, nurc

marjvniv gadavuxvevT da nurc marcxniv~ (gv. 12).

4. `epistoleTa wignSi~ motanilia epistole, romelsac saTaurad

aqvs `mizezi orbunebianTa meoTxe krebisa, mose qarTvelTa

marTlmadidebeli episkoposisa~ (gv. 15). am saTauridanac Cans, rom

mose curtaveli episkoposi aris monofiziti, anu

`marTlmadidebeli~, radgan somxebi ase uwodebdnen monofizitebs.

465

amasTanave, rac aRsaniSnavia, mose aris erovnebiT qarTvelTa

episkoposi. mas uwodeben `mose qarTvelTa marTlmadidebel

episkoposs~. aqedanac Cans, rom curtavis `somxurenovani~ Temi

qarTvelebis Temia, oRond am qarTvelebs somxuri tipikoni aqvT

miRebuli, isini saeklesio daniSnulebisTvis somxur wignebs

xmaroben, amitomac `somxurenovanni~ arian. TviT somxuri eklesia

maT qarTvelebad miiCnevs da ara somxebad, amitomac maTi

episkoposi mose `qarTvelTa~ episkoposia. es aris ueWveli faqti,

dadasturebuli pirvelxarisxovan wyaroSi _ `epistoleTa wignSi~,

amitomac am faqtis ignorireba ar SeiZleba.

5. mose episkoposma miiRo sapasuxo epistole

`somxurenovanTagan~, anu rogorc TavianT Tavs uwodeben,

`Zmobisagan~, isini, kerZod, SesCivian mas,~ _ ... xolo Tu ara,

CvenTvis sxva Rone ar aris: an unda davrCeT am qveyanaSi da amis

survilisamebr moviqceT, an davtovoT da ganvecaloT~ (gv. 31). e.i.

an kirionis survilisamebr unda moviqceT, an gavecaloT am

mxareebso. unda vifiqroT, rom es `Zmebi~ somxurenovani Temis

sasuliero meTaurebi arian da swored es `Zmebi~. ramdenime kaci

apirebs saqarTvelos datovebas da ara mTeli somxurenovani Temi.

6. vrTanes qerdolmac miswera werili somxurenovan Tems. is

swers `...savaneTa xucesebs, soflis mRvdlebs, aznaurebsa da

glexebs, moxucebsa da yrmebs. yvela da yovel eriskacs mag

somxurenovani qveynebisas, romelnic xarT curtavis eklesiis

ganmgeblobaSi~ (gv. 32). aqedan Cans, rom curtavis eklesiaSi unda

vigulisxmoT ara daba curtavis erTi romeliRac eklesiis

mcirericxovani samwyso, aramed curtavis eklesia yofila centri

mravalricxovani `somxurenovani~ Temisa, romelSic Sedian

`qveynebi~ (da ara erTi qveyana), savaneebi, soflebi, aznaurebi,

glexebi da a.S. es aris samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos somxuri

tipikonis mqone qarTuli mosaxleoba, xolo roca mose episkoposs

`Zmobam~ miswera, an kirionis survilebs unda davemorCiloT, an

qveyana unda davtovoTo, aq igulisxmeba. rom qveynis datovebas

apirebs ara mTeli `somxurenovani~ Temi, aramed swored `Zmoba~, anu

am Temis sasuliero meTaurebi. mTel `somxurenovan~ Tems, cxadia,

qveynis datoveba ar SeeZlo, maSin mTeli samxreT-aRmosavleTi

saqarTvelo mkvidri mosaxleobisgan, anu qarTvelebisgan

daicleboda.

vrTanesi wers, rom somex-qarTvel-albanel episkoposTa

gaerTianebul krebas Tavis droze saSineli wyevliT aRmoufxvria

qalkedonitoba, axla ki kirioni Tavis episkoposebTan da

mTavrebTan erTad qalkedonitobas iwynarebs da ganadidebso. gvesma

466

Tqvens Sesaxebac, rom Tqven Tavdadebuli xarT marTlmadidebeli

sarwmunoebisaTvis (anu monofizitobisaTvis), romelic Tqvens

qveyanas dasabamiTve Seuwynarebiao.

7. vrTanes qerdols upasuxeben `somxurenovanni~. isini, sxvaTa

Soris. sityva `qarTls~ ar xmaroben, xolo TiTqosda kavkasiis im

mxareSi, romelSic isini cxovroben, swori sarwmunoeba wmida

grigolis mier yofila danergili. Cans, es pasuxi dawerilia ara

mTeli Temis, aramed misi sasuliero xelmZRvanelebis, `Zmebis~ mier.

isini natroben, rom somxuri eklesiis meTaurma `...mohkiTxos

cTunebul Cvens qveyanas..., radgan mandedan daxmarebisa da zurgis

gareSe SeuZlebelia yofna _ iseT mZlavr amays, romelic

mamamTavrad iwodeba, SevyrilvarT, Tu ara, unda davtovoT es

qveyana da wavideT~. qveynis datovebasa da wasvlas apirebs ara

`somxurenovani~ Temi, aramed ramdenime kaci, msgavsni mose

episkoposisa, romelnic TavianT Tavs mTeli Temis meTaurebad

acxadeben da aseTi saxis epistoleebs agzavnian (gv. 34).

8. mose episkoposi meore epistoles ugzavnis vrTanes qerdols,

sadac iTxovs, rom vrTanesma Sesabamisi werilebi misweros kirions,

qarTlis mTavrebs _ atrnersesa, vahansa da brzmihrs _ `qalkedonis

krebis mxilebiT da erTi davalebis wigni _ petres~. petre _

qarTveli monofiziti episkoposia, amitomac mas qalkedonis krebis

`mxilebis~ wigni ar unda mieweros _ aramed `davalebis wigni~.

petre qarTveli episkoposi valdebulia davaleba Seasrulos.

kirionis Sesaxeb wers, rom `...igic mag wmida saydris mowafea~ _ e.i.

somxuri eklesiisa. aseve wers: `...albaneTidan qarTlis qveynamde

Cven gvxvda wilad Segvesrulebina saxareba qristesi...~, viTomda

mTeli amierkavkasia somxuri eklesiis kerZia.

9. vrTanesi upasuxebs moses, rom man werilebi dawera qarTlis

kaTalikosisa da mTavrebisadmi. zogierTi werilis gagzavna Tavisi

kacis xeliT ver gabeda an ver SeZlo, amitomac sTxovs moses,

werilebi waiRos misma kacma. Tu uaryofiTi pasuxebi mogvivao,

wers, maSin `...ubrZane Tqvens nacnob da sayvarel mTavrebs, mosweron

Cveni qveynis didebul mTavrebs, rom Cven TviTon wavideT amaTi

brZanebiT da qriste RmerTis SewevniT vamxiloT, raTa

gamoswordnen~. Tu ar gamoswordebian, Cven fexTa mtvers mivayriT,

movaleoba moxdili gveqnebao. aqedan Cans, rom vrTanessa da somex

ierarqebs ufleba ara aqvT qarTlSi Casvlisa, guliTac rom

moiwadinon, albaT, politikuri situaciis gamo. is aseTi xerxiT

apirebs qarTlSi Casvlas da qarTvelTa `mxilebas~: _ moses

nacnobma da megobarma qarTvelma mTavrebma unda misweron somex

mTavrebs, rom somex ierarqebs qarTlSi Casvlis uflebas aZleven.

467

Cans, qarTlSi iseTi mTavrebic arian, romelnic megobroben

mosesTan, anu uTanagrZnoben monofizitebs (gv. 38).

10. qarTvel monofizit episkopos petres swers vrTanes qerdoli,

uwodebs `RvTivmomadlebul pativiT gabrwyinvebul didebul ufal

petres~ (gv. 38). — `...Tqvens qveyanaSi ganadideben am krebas, ris

gamoc mag qveynis erTi episkoposi ltolvili wavida... xolo Tqven

rogorc miiReT RmerTis qomagoba Tqvens Tavze, aseve mtkiced

ideqiT mag saqmis aRsrulebamde...~ (gv. 39). aqedan Cans, rom qarTveli

episkoposi petre monofizitobis qomagia qarTvelTa qveyanasa da

eklesiaSi. vrTanesi avalebs petres, raTa petrem misweros somex

mTavrebs, rom maT somex ierarqebs qarTlSi Casvlis neba darTon.

11. kirion kaTalikoss, qarTvel episkoposebsa da mTavrebs swers

vrTanes qerdoli, _ `...exla SevityveT, rom Tqven qalkedonis

usjulo krebasa da leonis tomars marTlmadideblurad da

didebis Rirsad TvliT~ (gv. 41).

`Tqvenma RvTismoyvarebam ar unda miiRos meti visime moZRvreba,

Tu ara sami wmida da wrfeli krebisa... amaze meti sarwmunoebis

sazRvari Cvensa da Tqvens mamebsa da moZRvrebs ar SeuwynarebiaT~

(gv. 41) da a. S. `ukeTu raime eWvi gaqvT gulSi da mis Sesaxeb gsurT

gamoikvlioT, moswereT Cveni qveynis didebul mTavrebs, raTa

movideT mand~ (gv. 43).

12. mose episkoposi mesame epistoles ugzavnis vrTanes qerdols.

auwyebs, rom kirionTan Tqveni epistoles mitana jer veravin gabeda,

Semdeg, roca miutanes da waikiTxa, aRivso risxviT, feri ecvala,

`wyevlida, aginebda da aTrevda somxeTs da werilis pasuxi arc

TviT dawera da arc sxvebs daawerinao~ (gv. 43). imuqreboda, am

werils `ierusalimis qalaqis mamamTavarTan wavaRebineb, rom pasuxi

gasceso~. kirions imitom surda ierusalimSi somexTa werilis

gagzavna, rom eklesia sazogadod ierusalimis sjulieri

daqvemdebarebis qveS miaCnda, Tumca, marTalia, 554 wlis Semdeg

somxurma eklesiam oficialurad gawyvita kavSiri deda-berZnul

eklesiasTan.

Cans, 506-520-iani wlebis somxur-qarTul-albanuri gaerTianebuli

krebebis Semdeg somxeTi am krebebis gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebas

daJinebiT moiTxovs sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT, samagierod imave

krebebis gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebas kirioni moiTxovs ierarqiul-

sulieri daqvemdebarebis TvalsazrisiT, anu Tu somxeTi iTxovs am

krebebis sarwmunoebrivi kursi daicvas, kirioni moiTxovs, am

krebebis mier gamotanili dadgenileba msoflio eklesiasTan

kavSiris Sesaxeb daicvas somxurma eklesiam.

468

13. vrTanesi upasuxebs moses: Seni werilidan Sevityve, Tu ratom

ar gamca kirionma pasuxi. qarTvel aznaurTagan ki zogierTebma

pasuxi momweres. magram maTi pasuxi sneuli, mbodavi avadmyofis

laparaks gavs, romelmac ar icis, ras ambobs. isini mweren, _

`...Cven es sarwmunoebaca gvaqvs da egeco, sjuls aqac veziarebiT da

mandaco, moses Tu surs, movides, Cvens kaTalikoss daemorCilos,

radgan Cven ase mogvwons, da Tavisi adgili daikavoso~ (gv. 45).

qarTveli aznaurebis pasuxidan naTlad Cans, rom SeiZleba

qarTveli mmarTveli zedafenisTvis sarwmunoebrivi mimarTulebis

sakiTxi mniSvnelovani ar aris, magram isini sisxlxorceulad

dainteresebulni arian qarTuli eklesiis damoukideblobiT.

qarTvel aznaurebs monofizitoba imdenad ainteresebT, ramdenadac

is politikasTan aris dakavSirebuli, kerZod, monofizitoba

somxuri eklesiis xelSi iqca iaraRad, romlis saSualebiTac is

apirebs qarTuli eklesiis, an misi romelime nawilis

daqvemdebarebas somxurisadmi. aseTi politikis mkveTri

mowinaaRmdegeni arian qarTveli aznaurebi. isini sarwmunoebrivi,

ase vTqvaT, ganurCevlobis Tu zomierebis gamo mzad arian ukanve

miiRon mose curtavis episkoposi, ar Seexon mis monofizitobas da

daubrunon mas saepiskoposo taxti, oRond erTi pirobiT _

monofiziti mose ganuxrelad unda daeqvemdebaros qarTuli

eklesiis meTaurs. mis sarwmunoebriv Sexedulebas aravin Seexeba,

qarTuli eklesiis erTianobis darRvevis da decentralizaciis

uflebas ki ar miscemen.

pasuxidan SeiZleba gavigoT, rom curtavi da misi samwyso

qarTlSia da mis samwysos qarTvelebi Seadgenen, winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, sparsTa mier qveynis dapyrobis dros, curtavsa da mis

samwysoze ufleba ar eqnebodaT qarTvel aznaurebs, da agreTve is,

rom qarTlSi marTlac fexi aqvs mokidebuli henotikonis mimdevar,

anda monoTelitobis magvar sarwmunoebriv Sexedulebas, es aris

qalkedonitebisa da monofizitebis Semrigebluri politika _ `Cven

es sarwmunoebaca gvaqvs da egec, sjuls aqac veziarebiT da

mandac~, e.i. Cven qalkedonitebic varT da monofizitebic

erTdroulado. erTi wamiT SeiZleba vifiqroT, monoTelitobis

samSoblo fazisis qveyana saqarTveloa, xolo misi lideri

kirionia. Tumca, kirioni ZiriTadad mainc mebrZoli qalkedonitia,

rac misi Semdgomi epistoleebidan Cans, is mxolod uTmobs

monofizitebs, radganac, Cans, qarTlSi mravali qarTveli

monofiziti cxovrobs, gansakuTrebiT samxreT mxareebSi. qarTveli

erisa da eklesiis erTianobisaTvis umjobesad miaCniaT daTmoba.

469

Semdgom vrTanesis epistole eZRvneba sarwmunoebriv sakiTxebs,

kerZod, is wers. `...im mizezebis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc xelaxla

daamtkices... qalkedonis kreba, romelic aRmofxvra keTilmsaxurma

zenonma SemaerTebeli weriliT da amis Semdeg... anastasim~ (gv. 46).

anastasis Semdeg bizantiis imperatori gamxdara iustine. man

brZaneba gasca, `...daemtkicebinaT maTgan darRveuli leonis tomari

da qalkedonis kreba. Tu vinme gabedavda mefis brZanebas

winaaRdgomoda, maxviliTa da sxvadasxva tanjviT amoewyvitaT,

maSinve yvela eklesia sisxliT SeiReba...~ (gv. 47).

vrTanesis, anu somxuri eklesiis TvalsazrisiT, TiTqosda

qalkedonis kreba bizantiam oficialurad miiRo VI saukuneSi

iustine imperatoris dros (518-527). `mcire Jamsa epyra mefoba

iustines ... gamefda iustiniane~ (gv. 47). iustiniane (527-565) Tavisi

mefobis pirvel wlebSi qalkedoniti yofila, mere TiTqosda

monofizitoba miuRia, magram mouklavT. `eTaTbira mefe Tavis

didebulebs, rom aRmofxvran qalkedonis krebis axalsaxiobis

gansazRvreba... maSinve ewia mas mzakvruli sikvdili~. amitomac

gavrcelda qalkedonitobao, _ wers is.

iustinianes dros qarTli sparseTs aqvs dapyrobili. Cans,

sparselebi berZen kaTalikoss qarTlSi Casvlis nebas ar aZleven.

bizantias qarTul eklesiaze xeli aRar miuwvdeba, amis gamo

iustiniane nebas aZlevs qarTul eklesias qarTlSive airCion

qarTveli kaTalikosi.

14. am epistoleSi gadmocemulia `kanonebi, romlebic daido

dvins, roca ganzraxva iyo ...somexTa kaTalikosi ganewesebinaT mose

kaTalikosis sikvdilis Semdeg da imjerad dabrkolda~,

romlidanac Cans, rom somxeTSi mravlad yofilan qalkedonitebi _

`exla Cveni qveynidan qalkedonis krebis... maRiareblebTan da

SemwynareblebTan erTad mravalni eziarnen, zogi nebayofilebiT

amao didebismoyvareobis da mliqvnelobis gamo, xolo zogi

uneburad...~ (gv. 53).

kanonebi exeba imas, Tu rogor unda miiRon TavianT wreSi is

samRvdelo piri, romelic dagmobs da uaryofs qalkedonitobas.

15. am `epistoleSi~ gadmocemulia `xelwerili, romelic sTxova

smbat vrkanis marzpanma im episkoposebs, romlebic kvlav Seikribnen

misi brZanebiT dvins, raTa ganewesebinaT somexTa kaTalikosi...~ (gv.

57).

xelwerilSi somexi episkoposebi gmoben qalkedonis krebas da

smbat marzpanTan erTad wyevlian mas.

16. am `epistoleSi~ moyvanilia `xelwerili, romelic misces

abraam somexTa kaTalikoss somexTa qveynis krebaze maT, romlebic

470

iyvnen romaelTa xelisuflebis qveS mavrikes keisrobis dros~ (gv.

59).

somxuri eklesia orad iyo gayofili, erTi monofizituri

nawili sparseTis somxeTSi iyo, xolo bizantiur somxeTSi

qalkedonituri somxuri eklesia arsebobda. xosro II-is bizantiaze

Setevis Semdgom qalkedonuri somxeTi sparseTma daipyro, amitomac

taxtze asulma abraam kaTalikosma (607-615) moiTxova qalkedoniti

somexi ierarqebisgan, daedoT xelwerili mis winaSe. amaT TiTqosda

`vedrebiT mogvmarTes, rom SevuerToT isinic qristes WeSmarit

samwysos eklesiis Zmobas da Tqves erTpirad, rom ucvlelad

davicavT... SeviwynareT isini...~ (gv. 60).

17. taxtze asvlisTanave abraam kaTalikoss epistoles ugzavnis

mose curtaveli episkoposi. ulocavs sakaTalikoso taxtze asvlas

da somxuri eklesiis gaerTianebas. mas axarebs qalkedonituri

somxuri da monofizituri somxuri eklesiebis gaerTianeba _

`...sulieri da xorcieli ganyofis kvlav SeerTeba~ (gv. 62). somxuri

eklesiis SeerTebis Semdeg droao, — wers mose, _ `SeewioT

qristes eklesias, romelic Tanamorwmune da mowafe iyo Tqveni da

axla dasneulebuli gaWirvebaSia~ (gv. 63), _ qarTul eklesias

gulisxmobs.

somxuri eklesiis `Tanamorwmunesa da mowafes~ mose episkoposi

uwodebs ara curtavis eklesias, aramed mTel qarTul eklesias,

radganac iqve, qvemoT wers: `iyos Tqven sasiqadulod qristes

mimarT, Tu me momecema madli, rom viqadago qarTlidan albanTa

qveynamdis... da esodeni xalxi SegZino Tqven~ (gv. 64). mas da abraam

kaTalikossac miaCniaT, rom somxuri, qarTuli da albanuri

eklesiebi erTian _ erT eklesias Seadgenen, cxadia, somxebis

meTaurobiT. amas saeklesio `erTobas~ uwodeben, sxva

epistoleebidan es kargad Cans. mose qarTuli eklesiisadmi

`Sewevnis~ Semdeg RonisZiebebs CamoTvlis: _ `locviT... Tqveni

gamrje moZRvrebiT da mag didebul mTavarTa SemweobiT~ (gv. 63).

qarTuli eklesiis damorCilebas apireben sparseTis moxele somexi

mTavrebis SemweobiT _ `...vecadoT movaqcioT is uarmyofeli da

gandgomili xalxi simarTleze da mivawioT imave baks erTi

mwyemsisa~ (gv. 63). moses miaCnia da Seaxsenebs abraams, rom qarTuli

eklesia, Turme, somxur eklesiasTan erTad erT `bakSi~ yofila

gaerTianebuli da erTi `mwyemsi~ hyolia. cxadia, aq igulisxmeba

ara erTi msoflio qristianuli samwyso da erTi mwyemsi _ ufali

ieso qriste, aramed somxurqristianuli `baki~ da somexi `mwyemsi~,

somxuri eklesia da misi kaTalikosi.

471

18. abraam kaTalikosi moses swers pasuxs, romlidanac Cans, rom

abraami marto somxeTis eklesiiT ar kmayofildeba. Tavisi Tavi

qarTlsa da albaneTze RvTis gangebis aRmsruleblad miaCnia. is

sTxovs moses, ilocos misTvis, raTa misces RmerTma Zala, `...raTa

sisruliT vaCvenoT misi gangeba Cveni qveynis mimarT. aseve

qarTlisa da albaneTis qveynisac~ (gv. 65). aCqarebs moses, rom

mivides abraamTan _ `sanam ufali smbati aqaa, viswrafoT...~ (gv. 66).

smbat marzpani sparseTis didmoxelea, mefesTan daaxloebuli,

sagangebod gamogzavnili somxeTsa da amierkavkasiaSi saeklesio

sakiTxebis gadasaWrelad, davalebuli aqvs, yvela eklesia

sparsuli orientaciisa gaxdes, anu monofizituri. es aris epoqa

sparseTis bizantiaze gamarjvebisa, bizantielebi ganidevnen

bizantiuri somxeTidan da aRmosavleT amierkavkasiidan, amis gamo

smbatma miaRwia somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiis ganadgurebas da

warmatebiT gaaerTiana eklesia prosparsul-monofizitur niadagze.

amis Semdeg ki somex ierarqebs imedi aqvT, sparseTis ZaliT, anu

smbatis SemweobiT aseve mospoben qalkedonitobas qarTlsa da

albaneTSi da iseve aRadgenen amierkavkasiis saeklesio erTobas,

romelic arsebobda VI saukunis I naxevarSi 70-ian wlebamde.

19. somexTa kaTalikosi abraami pirvel epistoles ugzavnis

kirions _ qarTlis kaTalikoss, mimarTavs pativiscemiT _ `siwmidis

moyvare ufals, kirion qarTlis kaTalikoss~. Semdeg pirdapir

wers, `winaT Cvenma mamamTavarma mosem mogwera Tqven braldeba

Tqveni ziarebis gamo maTTan, romlebTanac ara jer iyo, Tqvenc

weriliT da mcnebiT ikisreT, rom ar ganSordebodiT ziarebas Cveni

qveynis saerTo sarwmunoebasTan~ (gv. 66). aRsaniSnavia abraamis toni,

is damoukidebeli eklesiis meTaurs wers braldebas, adanaSaulebs,

avaldebulebs, rom ar unda ganSordes maT. kirionsac TiTqosda

Tavi daucavs, `weriliTac da mcnebiT~ daudasturebia, rom

erTguli iqneba da ar ganSordeba im sarwmunoebas, romelic

somxur eklesias aqvs. aseTi mdgomareoba ar aris gasakviri sparsTa

zegavlenis gamo.

Semdeg abraami wers, _ `axla ki uborotesma da umZimesma ambavma

moawia. sarwmunoebis erTobasa da orTave Cveni qveynis maspinZlobas

curtavis eklesia uryevi SuamavlobiT icavda... amJamad curtavis

episkoposi devnilia~ (gv. 67).

abraams sikvdilze uaresad miaCnia somxurenovani saeklesio

msaxurebis nacvlad mSobliuri qarTulenovani msaxurebis danergva

qvemo qarTlis centr curtavSi. `...somxuri msaxureba wmida

SuSanikisgan dadgenili, mesmis, rom SegicvliaT, Cven sikvdilze

ufro uborotesad miviCnieT eg saqme~ (gv. 67). aqedanac Cans, rom

472

curtavSi somxurenovani msaxureba qristianobis miRebis Semdeg, e.

i. IV saukunidan ki ar iyo danergili, aramed V saukunis bolodan,

an VI saukunis dasawyisidan, wmida SuSanikis saflavze eklesiis

aSenebis Semdgom. yovel SemTxvevaSi curtavis eklesiaSi

somxurenovani msaxureba wmida SuSanikis dadgenilad iTvleboda.

magram abraamis epistole Seexeba ara mxolod curtavis eklesias,

aramed mTlian qarTul eklesias. qarTul eklesias is somxur

eklesiaze xelSekrulebiT dakavSirebulad miiCnevs. kirions

bralad sdebs sparseTis mefis kavadis dros am eklesiaTa Soris

dadebuli xelSekrulebis darRvevas. _ `TumcaRa mefeTa mefis

kavadis wlebSi kvleva-Zieba iqmna Cvens qveyanasa da romaelTa

Soris, romelTac qalkedonis kreba... Seiwynares, Cveni da Tqveni

qveynebis moZRvarni da mTavarni ganeSornen maTTan ziarebas, rac

erTobis wigniTac aris daculi Cven Soris aqamomde~ (gv. 67).

kavad I-is dros (488-531) qarTlisa da somxeTis qveynebis mTavrebi

da eklesiebis ierarqebi Sekrebilan, maT daudviaT `erTobis wigni~

_ es aris aRTqma an xelSekruleba, werilobiTi dokumenti,

romelic daculia abraamis drosac. es xelSekruleba daudviaT

maSin, roca saberZneTis imperias qalkedonitoba uRiarebia. aq ar

igulisxmeba 506 wlis dvinis krebis xelSekruleba, radganac am

droisaTvis TviT am polemikaSi monawile somexi ierarqebis

mtkicebiT, bizantia iyo ara qalkedonituri, aramed monofizituri,

aqeben am drois imperator anastasis (491-518), romlis drosac

Catarda 506 wels dvinis kreba. ara marto anastasi, aramed misi

winapari zenonic (474-491) didad saqebia somxuri eklesiisTvis,

radganac zenonsa da anastasis monofizitebad acxadeben.

somexi polemistebis azriT, bizantia qalkedonuri gaxda

imperator iustines dros (518-527). swored am dros, e.i. roca

bizantiam `qalkedonis kreba Seiwynara~, sparseTis mefe kavad I-is

epoqaSi Semdgara somex-qarTvelTa antiqalkedonuri erTobis kreba

518 wlidan 531 wlamde, e.i. anastas keisris Semdgom kavadis

sicocxleSive _ iustines dros.

518-531 wlebSi Catarebuli kreba da ara 506 wlis kreba aris

somxur-qarTuli eklesiebis sarwmunoebrivi erTobis kreba. 506

wlis kreba organizaciuli sakiTxebis mosagvareblad unda

mowveuliyo.

abraami mouwodebs kirions, ar inebos, rom `...ucxooba Camoagdos

or qveyanas Soris...~ (gv. 67). `or qveyanas Soris~, cxadia, qarTli da

somxeTi igulisxmeba da ara somxeTi da curtavi. is wers: `aqedan

mcxeTaSi midiodnen da mandedan wmida kaTolikes modiodnen~, e. i.

sarwmunoebrivi erToba arsebobda. es erToba werilobiT dokuments

473

_ mamaTa mier dadebul SeTanxmebas efuZneboda, somxurenovani

msaxurebis SecvliT erToba irRveva.

abraami kirions swers, rom apirebs qarTlSi gagzavnos somexi

episkoposebi, raTa maT kirions gaacnon qalkedonis krebis `vneba~.

Semdeg politikur danaSaulSi sdebs brals, _ `...aris raRac,

romelic daujereblad gveCvena: ucxo samefosTan rom Seqmna mefeTa

mefis SinaTaganma siyvarulis erToba da bunebiT Tanamoziares

gaSorde, marTlac rom Zlier mZimea~ (gv. 68).

qarTli am dros sparsTagan dapyrobilia, kirions adanaSauleben

imaSi, rom sparseTis mter bizantiasTan `siyvarulis erToba aqvs~,

anu qalkedonizmis gzas adgas, xolo `bunebiT Tanamoziare~

sparsuli orientaciis somxur eklesias scildeba.

20. kirioni sapasuxo epistoles ugzavnis abraams. pativiscemiT

mokiTxvisa da mose somexTa kaTalikosTan urTierTobis aRweris

Semdeg exeba curtavis eklesiaSi somxurenovani msaxurebis sakiTxs,

wers, _ `da rom ewera... somxuri msaxureba Secvliliao, Cven

msaxureba ar Segvicvlia, vinc episkoposi gaxda, qarTuli

moZRvrebac icis da somxuric, agreTve, msaxureba orive

mwignobrobiT sruldeba...~ (gv. 70). kirioni wers, rom mas mose

curtavis episkoposi ar udevnia sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobis

gamo, _ `me is ar midevnia, aramed iyo raRac, rac Sevityve mis

uRirs saqmeTa Sesaxeb, movuwode CemTan...~. magram amis magier mose

somxeTSi gaqceula.

Semdeg kirioni wers sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb. saerTod aRsaniSnavia,

rom kirioni erideba aSkarad da daufaravad gamoacxados qarTuli

eklesiis qalkedonitobis Sesaxeb, is ufro dums, anda msoflio

avtoritetuli eklesiebis sarwmunoebrivi mimarTulebis Sesaxeb

msjelobiT polemika gadaaqvs saerTaSoriso saeklesio

mdgomareobaze, `Cveni da Tqveni mamebic mefis monebi iyvnen da

ierusalimis sarwmunoeba hqondaT, Cvenc da Tqvenc agreTve,

TumcaRa mefeTa mefis monebi varT, sarwmunoeba ierusalimis gvaqvs

da gveqneba...~ (gv. 7.).

ierusalimis avtoritetis damowmebis Semdeg kirioni aqebs

sparseTis mefes _ `...netarni varT, romlebic mefeTa mefis

samsaxurs veweviT, radgan rac ca da dedamiwa arsebobs, ar yofila

arc erTi ufali, romelsac yoveli tomisaTvis Tavisi kanonebi

miendo, rogorc am ufalma miando... Cven Tavisufal qveyanas ufro

metad miando, vidre yvela sxva qveyanas da Cem keTil Tavs

umetesad, vidre yvela Cem moyvasT~ (gv. 71). kirioni iZulebulia

aqos sparseTis mefe, radganac swored sparseTis mefis Ralati,

orguloba daswama abraamma mas I epistoleSi. xosro II-s marTlac

474

am periodisTvis qristianuli sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobis

Tavisufleba hqonia gamocxadebuli 614 wlamde.

`epistoleTa wignis~ gamomcemlis Tanaxmad, kirioni Zalze didi

diplomatia, marTlac, kirioni gasaocar diplomatiur niWs avlens,

roca wers, _ `mefeTa-mefe iseve ufalia romaelTa, rogorc

arielTa qveynis da ase ar aris, rogorc Tqven moiwereT, rom

sxvadasxva arian samefonio~ (gv. 72). aseTi pasuxi srulebiT

ayrevinebs far-xmals abraams da amis Semdeg igi veRar bedavs

sparseTis moRalated warmoadginos kirioni. sxvaTa Soris, kirioni

maincadamainc ar aWarbebda _ am periodSi xosro meores sruli

ufleba hqonda, pretenzia ganecxadebina bizantiis samefo taxtze.

saqme is aris, rom mavrike keisari da misi vaJebi daxoca

ajanyebulma bizantielma mxedarTufrosma, romelsac am epistoles

dawerisas eomeboda xosro, romelic iyo mavrike keisris siZe,

qaliSvilis qmari.

21. vrkanis marzpani smbati epistoles swers kirion kaTalikoss.

smbati sparseTis mefis didmoxele iyo, erovnebiT somexi,

monofiziti. is sparsTagan sagangebod iqna gamogzavnili Tavis

samSobloSi, somxeTsa da saerTod amierkavkasiaSi saeklesio

sakiTxebis gadasaWrelad, raTa eklesiebs mieRoT prosparsuli

orientacia anu monofizitoba. `...mefeTa-mefem qvelmoqmedebiT

samSobloSi dagvabruna, sarwmunoebisa da eklesiaTa ukeTesad

wesrigSi moyvana gvibrZana..., radgan iyo raRac, rac gaxmaurda~.

smbati gulisxmobs orad gayofili somxuri eklesiis gaerTianebas,

anu somxeTis erT did nawilSi qalkedonitobis aRmofxvras.

sparseTma miaRwia qalkedonuri somxuri eklesiis gardaqmnas da

SeuerTa is monofizitur nawils. am warmatebis Semdeg, smbatis

gegmaa, mospos qalkedonitoba qarTul eklesiaSi da aRadginos

amierkavkasiis saeklesio erToba somxeTis meTaurobiT. gaerTianeba

smbatis mTavari mizania, ris Sesaxeb is wers kidec: _ `igive

saWirod miviCnieT, rom mogvewera Tqveni

siwmidismoyvareobisaTvisac, mogveTxro Cveni TqvenTvis, rom Tqven

CvenTan SegveerTebine, rogorc Cveni mamebi iyvnen, radgan erTi

moZRvris mowafe da xvedri varT...~ (gv. 74). aq sarwmunoebrivi

gaerTianeba ar igulisxmeba, radgan am dros abraamsac da smbatsac

Tavi ise uWiravT, TiTqosda kirioni monofizitia, yovel

SemTxvevaSi, am epistoles miweris dros kirions jer ar gaumxelia

Tavisi qalkedonitoba. smbati gulisxmobs ara sarwmunoebriv,

aramed saeklesio gaerTianebas. smbatis mizania, gaaerTianos

qarTul-somxuri eklesiebi ise, rogorc gaaerTiana orad gayofili

somxuri eklesia, ufro metic, qarTuli eklesia somxurs SeuerTos,

475

_ `Tqven CvenTan SegveerTebine~, amas imiT amarTlebs, rom TiTqosda

orive eklesias erTi ganmanaTlebeli grigoli hyavs _ `erTi

moZRvris mowafe da xvedri varT~. garda amisa, saeklesio erTobas

Turme tradiciac hqonia, Turme es erToba qarTvel da somex

saeklesio mamebs daufuZnebiaT da mamebi gaerTianebulni yofilan,

_ `rogorc Cveni mamebi iyvnen~, qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebis

erTianoba TiTqosda wina droebSi am eklesiis mamebis mier yofila

dadgenili, xolo kirionis dros erToba darRveuli yofila.

smbati mouwodebs aRadginon erToba, romelic `mamebis~ pirobiTa

da mcnebiT yofila dadgenili _ igive piroba Cveni da Tqveni

mamebisa da maTi... mcnebiT~ (gv. 73).

qarTveli da somexi `mamebis~ raRac `pirobis~ damowmeba somexi

ierarqebisa da smbat marzpanis mudmivi msjelobis sagania.

amis Semdeg smbati iwyebs sayvedurebs _ pirvel rigSi, misi

sayveduri somxur msaxurebasa da wess Seexeba qarTlSi danergils,

romelic kirionma moSala, wers, _ `...somxuri msaxureba da wesi iyo

TqvenSi, xolo SecvliT mtrobas agdebT Cven Soris~ (gv. 75).

marTlac, kirionma curtavSi somxurenovan msaxurebasTan erTad

qarTulenovani msaxurebac SemoiRo, magram roca smbati wers _

`somxuri msaxureba da wesi iyo TqvenSi~, aq TiTqos mTeli qarTli,

qarTuli eklesia igulisxmeba da ara marto curtavi. pirvel rigSi

smbati swored curtavis Sesaxeb wers, magram `TqvenSi~ ufro did

erTeuls unda gulisxmobdes, radganac adresati kirioni ara

marto curtavis mamamTavaria, aramed mTeli qarTlisa. sparseTis

didmoxele afrTxilebs kirions, ucvlelad datovos curtavSi

(qarTlSi) somxurenovani msaxureba da saeklesio wesi. es

gafrTxileba brZanebacaa.

smbats, ise rogorc adre vrTanes qerdolsa da Semdeg abraams,

surs, qarTuli eklesia ufro dabla mdgom eklesiad warmoadginos,

sadac SeiZleba somexi episkoposebis gagzavna, romelnic jer

Seamowmeben qarTuli eklesiis siswores. Semdeg ki mis meTaurs

swor sarwmunoebas Seaswavlian. smbati wers, _ `gvsurda

episkoposebi qerdolebiTurT gamogvegzavna, rom SeetyoT

mwvalebelTa moZRvreba da ukeTureba, raTa TqvenTvis

SeegnebinebinaT...~ (gv. 75). qerdoli mecniers, rjulis maswavlebels

niSnavs.

22. kirion kaTalikosi sapasuxo epistoles ugzavnis smbat

vrkanis marzpans. kirionisadmi smbatis wina epistole mimarTuli

iyo agreTve qarTveli episkoposebisa da mTavrebisadmi, pasuxsac

kirioni qarTveli episkoposebisa da mTavrebis saxeliT ugzavnis.

kirionis pasuxi gamoxatavs rogorc qarTveli aznaurebis, aseve

476

qarTveli episkoposebis erTobliv azrs. kirioni locavs smbats

somxuri eklesiis gaerTianebisTvis da ulocavs sparseTis mefis am

davalebis warmatebiT Sesrulebas. Semdeg atyobinebs, rom warCineba

sparsTa mefem misca ara marto smbats, aramed kirionsac. is wers, _

`...iseT warCinebulobas vewie ufalTagan maTi sikeTis gamo, rom

yvela qristiane aRapyrobda xelebs da iTxovda maT ukvdavebas...~

(ge. 77).

Semdeg sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb wers. kirioni eTanxmeba smbats

qarTveli da somexi mamebis erTobis Sesaxeb. es erToba, misi azriT,

efuZneboda ierusalimis sarwmunoebas. `...Cvensa da Tqvens mamebs

saerTo hqondaT mas Semdeg, rac wmida grigolma

marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoeba daawesa, romelic ierusalimSi

iswavla...~ (gv. 77). aq kirioni umatebs, rom grigolma sarwmunoeba

iswavla ierusalimSi da ierusalimuri sarwmunoeba `daamtkica~.

smbats misTvis ierusalimuri sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb ar miuweria.

kirioni aqac diplomatiurad upasuxebs _ is iZulebulia sparseTis

SiSiT formalurad aRiaros is sarwmunoeba, romelic `mamebma

(qarTvel da somex mamaTa gaerTianebulma krebam) miiRes sparseTis

nebiT wina epoqaSi, magram dasZens, rom `mamebis~ mier miRebuli

sarwmunoeba ierusalimuri iyo. Cvenco, brZanebs is, igive

sarwmunoeba ucvlelad gvaqvso daculi, `xolo Tu eg mose

sxvanairad iwynarebs, rogorc Cven ar Segviwynarebia, da Tqven

gsurT irwmunoT, Cven magas ar davemorCilebiT, radgan rac ki

gviswavlia, ar davtovebT, vinaidan Cveni eklesiebi ase arian

damtkicebulni~.

curtavis eklesiaSi somxurenovani msaxurebis Sesaxeb wers _

`eklesiis msaxureba ara rigad Segvicvlia, xolo episkoposma,

romelic davadgineT, qarTuli da somxuri mwignobroba Tanabrad

icis, samsaxurs orive mwignobrobiT asrulebs~ (gv. 78).

epistoles Semdegi nawilidan Cans, rom smbat marzpani qarTlSi

Cadioda xolme da Tayvans scemda mcxeTis jvars, romlis

madliTac misi mSoblebis vedrebiT is gaCenila. is qarTlSive

gazrdila da warmatebis gzaze damdgara. mose curtavis

episkoposis CagonebiT sparseTidan dabrunebis Semdeg mcxeTis

jvris Tayvanissacemad aRar misula, rac swyins kirions. kirioni

locavs mefeTa mefesa da mas.

23. smbat marzpans epistoles ugzavnis mose curtavis episkoposi.

es aris ZiriTadad Tavis marTleba da sayveduri smbatisadmi. wina

epistoleSi kirionma smbats acnoba, rom mas mose sarwmunoebis

gamo ar udevnia, aramed Tavisi codvebis gamo daibara

sakaTalikoso karze, mose ki imis magier, rom damorCileboda,

477

RamiT malulad somxeTSi gaiqca, garda amisa, mzakvari eniTa da

borotmoqmedebiT bevri mavne saqme gaakeTao, _ acnobebs kirioni.

sapasuxod mose swers smbats, _ gamoZieba imisa, Tu risTvis videvne

qarTlidan, iolia, es Tqven advilad SegeZloT SegemowmebinaT,

radganac `somxeTi da qarTli erTmaneTis mosazRvreni arian,

aznaurTagan mravalni da bevrni glexTagan aqedan iq midian da

iqidan aq, romelTaganac unda SegetyoT~ (gv. 80). Semdeg acnobebs,

rom is kirionis karze mivida TbilisSi, kirionma cxra dRe

alodina da ar miiRo, Semdeg mcxeTaSi wavida, mose ki somxeTSi

wavida dRisiT da ara RamiTo.

Semdeg acnobebs somxurenovani msaxurebis Sesaxeb, _ `msaxurebac

rom Secvales, cxadia, araepiskoposi nestoriani rom dasves,

qarTuli mwignobrobac ar icis rigianad, aramcTu somxuri, isic

cxadia~ (gv. 82). aqedan Cans, rom curtavis episkoposis mier

qarTuli mwignobrobis codna, bunebrivia, pirveli rigis codnaa,

xolo somxuris codna ufro maRal codnad miaCndaT. aqedan

gamomdinare, mosaxleobis dabalma fenebma qarTuli ena bevrad

ukeT icis, vidre somxuri, radganac qarTuli ena dedaenaa, xolo

somxuri ena saeklesio samsaxuris ena.

24. smbat marzpani pasuxs wers mose curtavis episkoposs _

smbats ar moswonebia kirion kaTalikosis pasuxi, _ `...mogvwera

crud aseTi momakvdinebeli sityvebi~ (gv. 83). acnobebs, rom apirebs

saswrafod sparseTis mefesTan gamgzavrebas, sadac ecdeba, rom

sparseTis mefem mose Tavis saepiskoposoSi daabrunos, kirionis

nebis winaaRmdeg. aqedanac Cans, Tu rogor aris qarTuli eklesia

damorCilebuli sparseTis neba-survils. smbati wers _ `exla me

friad saCqarod karze miwveven, Sen adrec giTxari, rom mivwer-

meTqi mefeTa mefes, raTa keTilad brZanos, rom waxvide Sens

eklesiaSi, dajde da Seni sarwmunoebiT ipyra Seni xalxi~ (gv. 83).

sparseTi moses sarwmunoebas ar Seexeba, is sparseTis brZanebiT

qarTuli eklesiis monofiziti episkoposi gaxdeba.

moses mowodeba smbatisadmi yofila, _ aeRo maxvili da

Serkineboda yovel qarTls. smbati wers, rom amJamad ar SemiZlia

`...aviRo maxvili da yovel qarTls Severkino~ (gv. 83). smbats amis

Zala ar Seswevs imJamad. magram Tu Tavis pozicias ar daTmoben

qarTvelebi, maSin momavalSi daisjebiano. qarTvelebio, wers is,

`...Tu imave sixeles iqnebian da CvenTan erTobisagan ganeSorebian,

maSin maTi sisxli ufalma RmerTma maTi Tavisagan moiZios... Tu

daumorCileblobis Sesaxeb SevityobT da ufali RmerTi marjve

dros mogvcems, vin icis, iqneb aqve miiRebs sazRaurs RmrTisagan,

xorciel ufalTa xeliT~ (gv. 84). marTlac, marTalia, smbatma da

478

sparseTma ver SeZles qarTuli eklesiis dasja da qarTvelobis

`sisxlis~ daRvra daumorCileblobis gamo, anu somxur eklesiasTan

`erTobis~ darRvevisaTvis 607-609 wlebSi, magram 613-614 wlebSi,

ierusalimis aRebis Semdeg, xosro II-m moiwvia e.w. `sparsuli kreba~,

romelsac smbat bagratuni Tavmjdomareobda. am krebam gasca

umkacresi brZaneba _ sparseTis imperiaSi mcxovreb yvela qristian

ers an `somxuri sarwmunoeba~ unda mieRo, anda daetovebina imperiis

sazRvrebi da sxvagan gadasaxlebuliyo.

25. somexTa kaTalikosi abraami meore epistoles ugzavnis kirion

qarTlis kaTalikoss. abraami wers, rom misi mizania ara

winaaRmdegobis gaRviveba or eklesias Soris, aramed `...mamaTa

sarwmunoebis erToba~ (gv. 85). abraams ar moswonebia kirionis mier

ierusalimis sarwmunoebis damowmeba, _ `...nu viqadiT mxolod wmida

qalaqis ierusalimis didebuli da sapatio saxeliT...~ (gv. 85).

marTlac, kirionis sruliad logikuri msjelobis Tanaxmad,

marTali, WeSmariti sarwmunoebisgan gadauxvevia swored somxur

eklesias, radganac wmida grigolma Tavisi sarwmunoeba iswavla

ierusalimSi, Semoitana da danerga somxeTSi, Semdeg qarTvel da

somex `mamaTa~ erTobam swored es ierusalimuri sarwmunoeba

aRiara swor sarwmunoebad. kirionis dros ki qarTuli eklesia

kvlav erTgulia ierusalimisa da igive sarwmunoeba aqvs, rac

imJamad ierusalimSia danergili. somxuri eklesia ki, piriqiT,

uaryofs ierusalimis sarwmunoebas. aqedan SeiZleba daskvna, rom

wmida grigolisgan danergil ierusalimur, `mamaTa~ mier

damtkicebul sarwmunoebas gadauxvia ara qarTulma, aramed

somxurma eklesiam.

abraami gaRizianebuli swers kirions ierusalimis Sesaxeb,

TiTqosda ierusalims `...mosZarcves RvTiuri dideba, gaaSiSvles,

samociqulo sarwmunoeba aRmofxvres da mravali sxvadasxva

wvaleba iqadages~ (gv. 85). abraami upasuxod ar tovebs kirionis

msjelobis umTavres azrs, rom `mamaTa~ mier aRebul gezs

gadauxvia ara qarTulma eklesiam, aramed somxurma: _ `Tqven exla

rom qadiliT mogvwereT Cven _ Cvensa da Tqven mamebs wmida

grigolma ierusalimis sarwmunoeba misca da Cven igive gvaqvso, aba,

kargad gamoiZieT da naxeT, rom Tqvenc da sxvebic mravalni, wmida

qalaqis mkvidrebTan erTad, SeicvaleT misgan, ara Tu igive gaqvT,

xolo Cven exlac ierusalimis sarwmunoeba gvaqvs~ (gv. 85-86). amis

Semdeg abraami msjelobs zeciuri ierusalimis Sesaxeb, radganac

TiTqosda amqveyniur ierusalimSi qalkedonuri sarwmunoeba

gavrcelda.

479

qalkedonuri sarwmunoeba, anu `cduneba~, rogorc mas uwodebs

abraami, `...Cven qveyanaSic Semovida babgen somexTa kaTalikosisa da

gabriel qarTvelTa kaTalikosis dros. erTobiT episkoposebma da

aznaurebma dawyevles da gascildnen... exlac weriliT aris

daculi CvenTan~ (gv. 87).

qalkedonitoba qarTlsa da somxeTSi Semosula gabriel

qarTvelTa da babgen somexTa kaTalikosis dros. gabrielis

kaTalikosobis TariRi ucnobia, babgeni zogierTis azriT,

kaTalikosobda 490-516, anda 502/3-507/8 wlebSi (gv. 157). s. kakabaZis

azriT, is kaTalikosobda 522-527 wlebSi, xolo gabrieli 522 wels

kaTalikosia. azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa im `erTobis~ krebis Sesaxeb,

romelzedac abraami miuTiTebs. zog mecnierTa azriT, Semdgara

ori kreba _ 506 welsa da 513 wlebSi (gv. 157); yuradReba unda

mieqces imas, rom abraami ar wers, `erTobis~ kreba, romelmac

qalkedonitoba uaryo, babgenisa da gabrielis dros Catardao. is

wers, rom qalkedonitoba am kaTalikosebis dros Semovidao, xolo

Semdeg, roca es cnobili gaxda, `episkoposebma da aznaurebma~

Caatares qarTl-somxeTis saeklesio antiqalkedonuri kreba.

marTlac, 506 wlis kreba antiqalkedonuri kreba ar yofila, aramed

is ufro `Semrigebluri~ kreba yofila.115 `dvinis 506 wlis saerTo

kavkasiur krebaze qarTlisa da albaneTis eklesiebTan erTad

somxurma eklesiam miiRo zenonis henotikoni da gadaWriT dagmo

nestorianeloba. amis Semdeg somxurma eklesiam iwyo gadaxra

monofizitobisaken, romlis memarcxene frTa (ivlianitoba) Tavis

oficialur sarwmunoebad gamoacxada dvinis II adgilobriv krebaze

(551-554).~ dvinis 506 wlis krebas daugmia ara qalkedonitoba, aramed

nestorianeloba, amitomac, s. kakabaZis Tvalsazrisi, rom

antiqalkedonuri `erTobis~ kreba Catarda 522 wels,116 swori Cans,

miT umetes, rom emyareba TviT `epistoleTa wignis~ monacemebs.

marTlac, qarTul-somxur-albanuri gaerTianebuli

antiqalkedonuri kreba 520-ian wlebSi unda Catarebuliyo. am dros

axali imperatori iustine 518 wlidan, wina imperatorisgan

gansxvavebiT, mkveTr antimonofizitur politikas atarebs,

romelsac sparseTma maSinve daupirispira antiqalkedonitoba.

Semdeg, Tavis epistoleSi abraami iwyebs kirionis darigebasa da

swavlebas, Tu rogor unda iqceodes is, _ `nu daavaddebiT

uarmyofelTa sneulebiT... ar davisajoT da ar viyoT mamaTa

wyevlis qveS, raTa ar davimkvidroT geena~. ase `arigebs~ abraami

kirions da wers, _ `nu miviCnevT damrigeblebs mtrad da nu

viamayebT Cvenda Tavad. nu gamovCndebiT ugonod da uwvrTnelad~.

kirioni viTomda `ugonoa~, romelsac `wvrTna~ sWirdeba, da sxva

480

mravali darigebani. roca kirionma gabeda da Tavis III epistoleSi

sarwmunoebis simboloebi gaugzavna abraams, man Zlier iukadrisa

da pasuxic ki aRar gaugzavna kirions. pasuxad mrgvlivmosavleli

epistole gamosca, romelSic, kerZod, werda, _ `maTi uRmerToeba

mesame epistoleTi SevityeT. siqaduliT gaamayebulebma ar datoves

wvaleba, aramed Cvenc Tavisaken migvdrikes da ufskrulis swavleba

gabedes~ (gv. 121).

somxuri da qarTuli eklesiebi, marTlac, araTanabar,

uTanasworo mdgomareobaSi rom yofilan, am epistoleebidanac Cans

_ somexi kaTalikosi uflebas aZlevs Tavis Tavs `gawvrTnas~

qarTlis kaTalikosi, am ukanasknelisgan `swavlebas~ ki Zalze

uxeSad ukadrisoben (cxadia, es sparsTa mier erTi eklesiis

droebiTi aRzevebis gamo xdeboda). garda amisa, qarTuli eklesiis

Sinaur saqmeSi uxeSad ereva _ ukarnaxebs, Tu romeli eniT unda

xdebodes RvTismsaxureba da rogori sarwmunoebrivi mimarTulebisa

unda iyos. Tu winaaRmdegobas waawydebian, mzad arian aiRon

sparsuli maxvili da Seution mTlian qarTls.

abraami Tavis meore epistoleSi mose curtavis episkoposis

Sesaxebac wers. kerZod, mas `RvTismosavs~ uwodebs. Semdeg,

winadadebas aZlevs kirions, erTmaneTi naxon `Sens sazRvarSi,

ginda CvensaSi~.

qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi kirionis dros

mtkiced aris gansazRvruli.

26. kirioni upasuxebs abraams. pasuxi civi, sxarti, lakonuri da

gasaocrad logikuria.

kirioni swers, rom qarTvel da somex ierarqebs Soris

`...mSvidoba da siyvaruli sufevda. erTi wesi da sarwmunoeba

hqondaT, miT ufro Cem dros~ (gv. 88). Zneli saTqmelia, ra

igulisxmeba saerTo `wesis~ qveS. adre smbati kirions werda, _

`somxuri msaxureba da wesi iyo TqvenSi~ (ge. 75), Semdeg abraam

kaTalikosma miswera kirions, _ `saerTo RvTismsaxureba dagviTeses

Cven jer netarma wmida grigolma da Semdeg maStocma~ (gv. 93). ras

gulisxmobda kirioni, roca werda `erTi wesi da sarwmunoeba~

hqondaT Cvens winaprebso, gulisxmobda Tu ara is `saerTo

RvTismsaxurebas~, anda `somxur msaxurebasa da wess~?

unda iTqvas, rom istoriuli faqtebisadmi Tvalis arideba da

miCqmalva iZleva ara dadebiT, aramed uaryofiT Sedegebs. momxdari

faqti Tu gamowvlilviT ar iqneba gamokvleuli, mraval

usiamovnebas gamoiwvevs. zemomoyvanili miCqmaluli faqtebi jerac

rom mtkivneulia, iqidanac Cans, rom TviT XX saukunis miwuruls

erovnebiT somxebad acxadeben petriwonis monastris aRmSenebel

481

Zmeb bakurianebs, iveronis monastris berebsac ar ascdaT eWvis

Tvali, mTeli mesxeTic viTomda qarTuli ar yofila, aq

gavrcelebuli somxurenovnebis gamo.

am satkivars imiT moevleba, rom Cvenma mecnierebmac iseve,

rogorc kirionma, pirdapir unda ganacxadon `erTi wesi da

sarwmunoeba~ iyo somxeTsa da qarTlSi, rogorc smbati wers, _

`somxuri msaxureba da wesi iyo TqvenSi~. es srulebiT ar aris

saTakilo, dasafari da dasamali, sparseTis nebiT qarTul

eklesiaSi nawilobriv, droebiT, 50-70 wlis manZilze qarTulenovan

msaxurebasTan erTad somxurenovani msaxurebac iyo danergili:

qvemo qarTli da mesxeTi somxeTTan mezoblobis gamo didi xnis

manZilze somxurenovani darCa (saeklesio TvalsazrisiT) _ ori

saukune mainc, e.i. mosaxleobis dedaena qarTuli ena iyo, radganac

am kuTxeTa mosaxleoba erovnebiT qarTveli iyo, sarwmunoebis ena

ki somxuri iyo _ `wesi da sarwmunoeba~ somxur enaze

aResruleboda. Tu am faqts vaRiarebT, maSin safuZveli gamoecleba

n. marisa da sxvaTa mier wamoyenebul Teorias samxreT

saqarTveloSi qalkedoniti somxebis gaqarTvelebis Sesaxeb. am

Teoriam lamis aris qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis Zveli

sazRvari mesxeTSi awyuramde miiyvanos da qarTuli saeklesio

kultura _ oSki, bana, xaxuli, sxva materialuri da sulieri

saeklesio simdidreni ucxo eris kuTvnilebad aqcios.

daufaravad unda vaRiaroT, rom mesxeTSi cxovrobdnen ara

qalkedoniti somxebi, romelnic viTomda Semdeg gaqarTveldnen,

aramed `somxurenovani~ qarTvelebi, xolo qvemo qarTlSi

cxovrobdnen erovnebiT qarTveli monofizitebi, isinic

`somxurenovanni~ saeklesio TvalsazrisiT, anu qarTuli dedaenisa

da somxuri saeklesio enis mqoneni.

kirionis amave epistoledan abraamisadmi Cans, rom qarTlis

mamamTavari somxeTis mamamTavris SeniSvnas `brZanebas~ uwodebs,

laparakia mose kaTalikosis Sesaxeb. kirioni wers, _ `misi

brZanebisamebr ganviSoreT igi Cvengan~ (gv. 88).

curtavis episkopos moses Sesaxeb wers, _ sanam mas episkoposad

vakurTxebdiT, unda eTqva _ me Tqvengan ar miviReb kurTxevas,

radgan marTlmorwmune ara xaro, _ `magaze adre, romlebic

curtavs iyvnen wmida SuSanikidan moyolebuli... somexTagan da

zogni qarTvelTagan, somxeTSi ganswavlulni mecnierni da

moZRvarni iyvnen~. `erTobis~ dros, VI saukunis pirvel naxevarsa da

Semdgom, qarTvelebi, Turme, somxeTSi iRebdnen swavla-ganaTlebas.

es ar aris gasakviri, am epoqaSi sparsTa mier yovelive bizantiuri

akrZaluli iyo (iseve rogorc V saukuneSi somxeTSi akrZaluli

482

iyo berZnuli swavla-ganaTleba da wignebi), amis gamo qarTvelebi

iZulebulni iqnebodnen somxeTSi mieRoT qristianuli ganaTleba,

radgan somxeTi im dros qristianuli ganaTlebisa da kulturis

erTi mZlavri keraTagani iyo, sakmarisia imdroindeli somxuri

filosofiis dasaxeleba. gugarqi, anu qvemo qarTli somxeTs

uSualod emezobleboda, gugarqelebma somxuri enac icodnen,

amitomac somxeTSi ganaTlebis misaRebad maT gamgzavrebas araferi

daabrkolebda.

kirioni Semdgom wers _ `erToba iyo qarTvelTa da somexTa

Soris da wmida uflis grigolis mTel samwysoSi erToba iyo

ierusalimis sarwmunoebasTan, romliTac romaelni cxovroben~ (gv.

90). kirioni roca wers, `erToba iyo qarTvelTa da somexTa

Soriso~, gulisxmobs ara imas, rom qristianobis SemoRebis

droidan IV saukunidan iyo `erToba~ somexTa da qarTvelTa Soris,

aramed imas, rom sarwmunoebrivi da `wesebiT~ erToba damyarda

gabriel da babgen kaTalikosebis Semdeg _ `mamaTa~ krebis

gadawyvetilebiT 506-520-iani wlebidan. es `erTiani~,

sarwmunoebrivad raRac `unitarulis~ magvari, eklesia am

droisaTvis wmida grigolis eklesiad miuCneviaT, sarwmunoebrivad

is TavisTavadi da damoukidebeli ki ar yofila, aramed

ierusalimze yofila damokidebuli, ierusalimis sarwmunoeba

hqonia.

es is msjelobaa ierusalimis sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb, romlis

mosmenac ki ar surs abraams.

`romis mamamTavari wmida petres saydarze zis, aleqsandrieli _

wmida markoz maxareblis, konstantinopoleli _ wmida ioane

naTlismcemlisa117 da ierusalimeli _ uflis Zmis wmida iakobisaze.

ra sarwmunoebac maT epyraT, Cvenc is mogvces, Cven da Cveni mamebi

aqamde vicavdiT, exla risTvis davtovoT igi da Tqven gerwmunoT?

sxva marTlmadidebeli episkoposebic, romelnic uricxvni arian,

mefeni da mTavarni da mTeli marTlmadidebeli qveynebi, yvela eseni

rogor unda mivatovoT da Tqven SemogierTdeT?~ (gv. 90). _ kirionis

am pasuxidan aSkarad Cans, rom somxeTi moiTxovs, qarTli mas

SeuerTdes sarwmunoebrivad. es ki TavisTavad gamoiwvevda qarTuli

eklesiis mowyvetasa da izolacias msoflio qristianobisagan,

radganac somxeTi faqtobrivad izolirebuli aRmoCnda msoflios

qristianobisagan. kirions rom ar daegvirgvinebina qarTul

eklesiaSi ukve asureli mamebis droidan Casaxuli moZraoba

msoflio eklesiasTan mWidro kavSiris arsebobisTvis, qarTuli

eklesia mtkice erTobas Seqmnida somxur eklesiasTan da masac

albanuri eklesiis bedi moeloda. cnobilia, albanurma eklesiam

483

mWidro kavSiri Sekra somxur eklesiasTan, amis gamo igi mowyda

msoflio eklesias, Sedegad albaneTSi saukuneTa manZilze dainerga

somxurenovani RvTismsaxureba, somxuri kultura albanelebisTvis

sruliad misaRebi, TiTqmis mSobliuri iyo, Sedegad albanuri

eklesia somxuri eklesiis nawilad iqca, ris gamoc albanuri

eklesia gauqmda, misi adgili somxurma eklesiam daiWira. igive

moeloda qarTul eklesias, Tu ara kirionis didad dasafasebeli

moZraoba, romelic efuZneboda `asureli mamebis~ Rvawls.

kirionis pasuxidan Cans, rom mis dros, e.i. VII saukunis

dasawyisSi qarTul eklesias 35 episkoposi hyavda. `qarTlSi sul 35

episkoposia. eg mose saidan aRmoCnda mxolod erTi mecnieri da

marTlmadidebeli da sxva yvela mwvalebeli?~ (gv. 90).

kirions sruliad damoukideblad uWiravs Tavi, is araviTar

daqvemdebarebas ar grZnobs somexi ierarqis mimarT. kirioni aqebs

sparseTis Sahs. RmerTmao, wers is, `...mefeTa-mefis didebisagan ufro

ganmadida da warmatebul myo, vidre Cemi mamebi, miT umetes ki,

vidre Cemi amxanagebi~ (gv. 90).

kirioni sTavazobs abraams, icxovron iseve mSvidobiT, rogorc

qarTveli da somexi mamebi abraamamde, _ `xolo Tu sxvagvarad

gnebavT ifiqroT, mets nu gairjebiT da amisaTvis metad nuRar

mogvwerT. Semdeg me somxeTze gziT gavla momiwevs odesme _ RmerTi

Tu maRirsebs, rom ierusalims wavide wmida adgilTa

Tayvanissacemad, Torem sxva ram saqme ara maqvs~ (gv. 91).

kirioni uarzea abraamTan Sexvedraze `...drois gamo moucleli

var, brals nu damdebT~ (gv. 91).

27. abraam kaTalikosi III epistoles ugzavnis kirions. misi kilo

savsebiT Serbilebulia: _ `...ganvaaxloT sulieri siyvaruli,

romelic orive xalxs Soris iyo, is moZRvreba. romelic erTi

wyarodan migviRia... saerTo RvTismsaxureba dagviTeses Cven da

Tqven jer netarma wmida grigolma da Semdeg maStocma~ (gv. 93).

saerTo RvTismsaxurebis Sesaxeb xSirad laparakoben somexi

ierarqebi da smbat marzpani. kirionic wers saerTo wessa da

sarwmunoebaze. es saerTo wesi (albaT tipikoni), saerTo

somxurenovani RvTismsaxureba da saerTo sarwmunoeba qarTlis

ierarqebs miuRiaT qarTlis samefos gauqmebis dros, daaxloebiT VI

saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, somex-qarTvelTa saeklesio krebaze, cxadia,

sparsTa iZulebiT.

roca abraami wers, saerTo RvTismsaxureba dagviTeses jer wmida

grigolma da Semdeg maStocmao, aq igulisxmeba ara maStocis mier

qarTuli anbanis Seqmna, aramed somxurenovani saerTo

RvTismsaxurebisaTvis saWiro somxuri wmida wignebis gamoyeneba

484

qarTul eklesiaSi (cxadia, qarTul eklesiaSi qarTulenovani

RvTismsaxureba upirvelesi, umTavresi iyo, magram qarTulTan

erTad zogjer (anda zogierT adgilas) somxurenovanic dainerga,

unda vigulisxmoT, rom sruldeboda ara somxurenovani wirva-

locva, aramed Sereuli qarTul-somxuri wirva-locva, ise, rogorc

amJamad CvenSi zogierT regionSi arsebobs Sereuli qarTul-

berZnuli, ufro ki qarTul-rusuli wirva-locva. anda qarTuli

wirva-locvis dros zogierTi asamaRlebeli iTqmoda somxur enaze,

ise rogorc amJamad iTqmis qarTuli RvTismsaxurebisas rusul anda

berZnul enebze (ufro sworad, slavurad). SeiZleba zogierTi

kvereqsi anda mcire locva, mrwamsi, samociqulos an saxarebis

kiTxva wirvisas zogjer somxurad aResruleboda. aseTi praqtika _

Sereuli wirva-locva arsebobs da dadasturebulia msoflio

qristianul eklesiaSi. amJamadac ki, TviT kaTolikuri wirvis dros

kaTolikur qveynebSi, erT momentSi locva `ufalo Segviwyalen~

iTqmis berZnul enaze _ `kirie eleison~. berZnul enaze da ara

romelime sxva enaze am sityvebis Tqma tradiciaa, Tumca am wirvas

SeiZleba berZeni saerTod ar eswrebodes.

maStocis mier Seqmnili somxuri anbaniT dawerili somxuri

wignebi saWiro iqneboda qarTul eklesiaSi, radganac qarTul

wirva-locvasTan erTad somxuradac midioda `saerTo

RvTismsaxureba~.

wmida grigolic am `saerTo RvTismsaxurebis~ gamo moixsenieba

qarTul eklesiasTan kavSirSi, radganac `saerTo sarwmunoebas~

efuZneboda es qarTul-somxur-albanuri unitarulis magvari

eklesia, romlis zemdgomi somxuri eklesia iyo, daarsebuli wmida

grigolis mier.

Cans, abraams surda eTqva, _ `saerTo RvTismsaxureba grigolisa

da maStocisa daiTesa CvenSi da TqvenSio~. marTlac, `saerTo

RvTismsaxureba~ abraams wmida grigolisa (IV s-Si) da maStocis (V

s-Si) danergilad rom ar miaCnia, imave epistoledan Cans, sadac

abraami `saerTo sarwmunoebisa da RvTismsaxurebis~ SemoRebis

TariRad miiCnevs VI saukunis dasawyiss da ara IV-V saukuneebs.

`erToba~ qarTul da somxur eklesiebs Soris iwyeba gabriel

kaTalikosidan (VI s-is damdegi) da ara manamde. VI saukunemde

abraami ar asaxelebs arc erT qarTvel ierarqsa Tu moRvawes, ar

asaxelebs raime saeklesio movlenasa Tu moments saeklesio

cxovrebaSi, romelic daadasturebda qarTuli da somxuri

eklesiebis `erTobas~ VI saukunemde. aseTi Zveli `erTobis~

damadasturebeli raime faqti an wyaro rom hqonodaT somex

ierarqebs da smbat marzpans, isini aucileblad moixseniebdnen,

485

rogorc upirvelesi mniSvnelobis sabuTs. magram isini mxolod

gabriel da babgen kaTalikosebis epoqas deben `erTobis~ dasawyis

TariRad. aseve somxurenovani RvTismsaxurebis danergvis TariRad

curtavSi maT miaCniaT ara IV-V saukuneebi, aramed wmida SuSanikis

Semdgomi epoqa, es aris VI saukunis dasawyisi. mis saflavze agebul

eklesiaSi da mere gugarqSi am axali saeklesio enis gavrcelebas

VI saukunis dasawyisamde ver SeZlebdnen. ase rom, abraamisave

Tanaxmad, saerTo RvTismsaxureba qarTlsa da somxeTSi gavrcelda

ara grigolisa da maStocis dros, aramed VI saukunis dasawyisSi,

babgenis da gabrielis dros. Tumca, saerTo RvTismsaxureba

grigolis mier Semoqmedebad, Rvawlad iTvleboda, xolo maStocis

somxuri anbaniT dawerili wignebi orive eklesiaSi gamoiyeneboda.

qarTuli saxelmwifos gauqmebis dros sparseTi somxur eklesias

upiratesobas aniWebda mTel imperiaSi. es sayovelTaod aris

cnobili, amitomac ar aris gasakviri eklesiaTa Soris aseTi saxis

`erTobis~ daarseba. abraami asaxelebs `erTobis~ danergvis

monawile qarTvel ierarqebs, romelTac qalkedonis kreba

daugmiaT, _ `...Senma winaparma netarma gabriel qarTlis

kaTalikosma dawyevla Cven netar mamebTan erTad Tavisi

TanamosaydreebiTurT, romelTa saxelebia eseni: TviTon gabriel

episkoposi mcxeTisa saxelovani, palgen episkoposi sefesaxlisa,

elifas episkoposi samuriali, samuel episkoposi tumasueli, daviT

episkoposi bolnisisa, iakob episkoposi ortavisa, stefanis

episkoposi usTavisa, sahak episkoposi tfilisisa, elages episkoposi

manglisisa, enes episkoposi marueli, evgenes episkoposi, samTaveli

ioseb, episkoposi adsueli, iovan episkoposi sarusTieli, ioseb

episkoposi kuxordosi, ezras episkoposi kisdadisa, enovq

episkoposi wilknisa, ioseb episkoposi midamili, lazar episkoposi

boldbili, Teodoros episkoposi forTis, zaqaria episkoposi

kasdreli, fokas episkoposi tsermili, isaak episkoposi

qunanakertisa, Toma episkoposi tarsisa, estgen episkoposi

qorzonisa~ (gv. 97-98).

sainteresoa, rom abraami gabriel kaTalikosTan erTad

asaxelebs sefesaxlis episkopos palgens. aseTi cnoba eTanxmeba

qarTul wyaroebs, romelTa mixedviTac mcxeTaSi ijda ori

episkoposi, erTi iwodeboda kaTalikos mTavarepiskoposad da is

meTaurobda eklesias, xolo meore, Zveli episkoposi samTavroSi

ijda. es episkoposi kaTalikosobis dawesebamde meTaurobda

qarTul eklesias. kaTalikosobis dawesebis Semdeg misi taxti ar

gauqmebula da mcxeTaSi ori episkoposi aRmoCnda. samTavroSi,

rogorc TviT sityvidanac Cans, mTavarTa sasaxle iyo anu

486

sefesaxli. SeiZleba amitomac uwodebs mas `sefesaxlis episkoposs~

abraami. vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, samTavroSi mjdomi

mcxeTeli mTavarepiskoposis samwysoSi Sedioda dasavleT

saqarTvelos vake _ kerZod, xoni. dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi,

kerZod, raWa-Takveri niqozis saepiskoposoSi Sedioda. es, cxadia,

dasavleT saqarTvelos saepiskoposoebis warmoSobamde. TviT gvian

Sua saukuneebSic ki dasavleT saqarTvelos erT teritoriaze

kvlav axorcielebda Tavis uflebamosilebas mcxeTel-samTavroeli

mTavarepiskoposi. dasavleTi saqarTvelo xosroianTa samefo

mamulad iTvleboda, kerZod, roca mefeebma mirma da arCilma

saqarTvelos samefo gaiyves, mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo,

rogorc `sauxuceso~ teritoria, gauyofeli darCa mTlianad mefe

arCils. aseve samefo teritoria iyo kaxeTic. amitomac, Cans, am

samefo miwebze sefesaxlis episkoposi Tavis uflebas

axorcielebda.

28. kirioni sapasuxo epistoles ugzavnis abraams: _ `Tqven ise

gvwerT Cven, rogorc axalnergsa da axalmorwmunes da ise ar

gvwerT, rogorc Sehferis patiosans da marad marTlmadidebels,

radgan dRes RvTis mowyalebiT mTel qveyanaze ufro mowinave varT

da marTlmadidebeli, vidre cota vinme...~ (gv. 100).

Semdeg: `...Cveni da Tqveni sarwmunoeba erTi iyo da mTeli

sarwmunoeba ierusalimidan gvqonda da gvaqvs, rogorc ewera~.

kirioni ar uaryofs saerTo sarwmunoebis arsebobas da umatebs _

rogorc Sens epistoleSi ewerao, abraamma ki miswera is, rom

saerTo RvTismsaxureba iyo CvenTan da TqvenTano. kirioni amas ar

uaryofs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom kirioni ase msjelobs: qarTuli eklesia

marTlmadidebeli iyo da aris, abraamamde somxeTis kaTalikosic

marTlmadidebeli iyo da swori sarwmunoebis mqone, axla ki,

abraamis dros, somxeTis sarwmunoeba Seicvala imiT, rom gadauxvia

ierusalimis sarwmunoebidan, _ `Tqvenze adre, rom mag saydarze

netari mose ijda, Cemsa da mas Soris didi siyvaruli iyo... vidre

Tqvenamde moaRwevda mag saydris dakavebis Jami, Cveni da Tqveni

sarwmunoeba erTi iyo...~ (gv. 101).

Semdeg wers, _ `xolo ukeTu gsurs gamoiZio Cveni sarwmunoeba

da gaicno, vaTargmnine da movatanine oTx krebaTa wignebi,

romlebiTac romaelni xelmZRvaneloben wmida anastassa da wmida

sionSic igi iqadageba. unda Tu ara vismes, Cveni sarwmunoeba es

aris~ (gv. 102). somxuri eklesia aRiarebda sam msoflio krebas,

xolo meoTxes, qalkedonisas, wyevlida, kirioni ki oTxive krebis

487

wignebs ugzavnis _ `...es aris WeSmariti sarwmunoeba~, _ wers

kirioni.

29. abraami sayovelTao mrgvlivmosavlel epistoles agzavnis

mTel somxeTSi, romelSiac gadmoscems sarwmunoebis monofizitur

mrwamss da gmobs qalkedonitobas.

qalkedonitoba mTel qveyanaze gavrceldao, wers is, _

`...vidremdis TiTqmis am mosazRvre da erTi sarwmunoebiT

ganaTlebul qveynebs ar miawia, qarTls da albaneTs vityvi,

romelTac myrali Tesli zemoTqmulTa didebiT Seiwynares, Tvis

Soris daamtkices~ (gv. 120). Cemze adre myofma kaTalikosma amis

Sesaxeb miswera albaneTs, me qarTls mivwereo, kirionma curtavis

episkoposi gandevna marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis gamo, `...wmida

SuSanikisgan dadgenili somxuri msaxureba, Cvens sawinaaRmdegod

rom amxedrda, Secvala, amisaTvis mivwereT...~

Semdeg `...Cvenc igive vbrZaneT qarTvelTa Sesaxeb: sruliad ar

eziaroT maT arc locvaSi, arc Wamasa da smaSi. arc megobrobaSi,

arc dedamZuZuobaSi, arc salocavad wasvliT jvarSi, romliTac

ganTqmulia mcxeTis midamoebi, arc manglisis jvarSi, nurc Cvens

eklesiaSi miiRebT maT, aramed maTTan qorwinebiTac sruliad

ganeSoreT, mxolod iyideT da mihyideT viTarca uriebs, igive

brZaneba ucvlelad rCeba albanelTaTvisac...~ (gv. 122).

aseTia miaxloebiTi Sinaarsi `epistoleTa wignisa~.

` e r T o b a ~ q a r T u l d a s o m x u r e k l e s i a T a S o r i s

u x t a n e s i s m i x e d v i T

arsen safarelis Tanaxmad, polemika qarTul da somxur

eklesiaTa Soris dawyebula VI saukunis II naxevarSi da

gansakuTrebiT gamwvavebula VII saukunis dasawyisSi. polemika

ZiriTadad werilobiT mimdinareobda, zogjer mRvdelmTavrebi

uSualod kamaTobdnen (mag. curtaveli episkoposi mose qarTul

sakaTalikosoSi, qarTveli episkoposi petre).

epistolarul kamaTSi monawileobdnen ara marto saeklesio

ierarqebi, episkoposebi, aramed qarTveli mTavrebi da somxeTis

marzpanic ki. yvela epistoleSi, romelsac kirions, sxva qarTvel

episkoposebs da qarTvel mTavrebs ugzavnian somexi ierarqebi da

marzpani, ZiriTadad qarTul eklesias usayvedureben da

adanaSauleben qarTul da somxur eklesiaTa Soris dadebuli

SeTanxmeba-xelSekrulebis darRvevaSi, TiTqosda qarTul da

somxur eklesiaTa Soris kirionamde ramdenime aTeuli wliT adre

488

dadebuli yofila SeTanxmeba-xelSekruleba urTierTkavSiris

Sesaxeb, xolo kirions es kavSiri daurRvevia.

kirion qarTlis kaTalikosis, mose da abraam somexTa

kaTalikosebis, vrTanes qerdolis, mose episkoposis, vrkanis

marzpan smbatis, aseve arsen safarelisa da uxtanesis msjelobis

sagania qarTul da somxur eklesiebs Soris VI saukunis I naxevarSi

dadebuli SeTanxmeba-xelSekruleba urTierTkavSirisa da `erTobis~

Sesaxeb.

mose curtavis episkoposis msjelobiT, qarTul da somxur

eklesiaTa Soris arsebobda ierarqiuli kavSiri, imis Semdeg, rac

qarTvel da somex ierarqebs daudviaT `aRTqma~. garda ierarqiuli

kavSirisa, maT Soris sarwmunoebrivi erTianobac yofila. `erTobis

aRTqma~ werilobiTi saxisa yofila.

uxtanesis mixedviT, somxeTis kaTalikos moses (574-604)

qarTvelma mTavrebma, erisTavebma da episkoposebma daaxloebiT 570-

ian wlebSi gaugzavnes mociquli da sTxoves qarTuli eklesiisTvis

winamZRvari (kaTalikosi), amitomac mosem ganizraxa, rom Tavisi

saxlidan misces maT winamZRvari erTgulebisa~, `...orive mxaris

sarwmunoebis erTobisa da, agreTve, pirvel mamaTa, romlebic masze

adre iyvnen, aRTqmis gansamtkiceblad xeli daasxa kirions...~.118

namdvilad moxda Tu ara aseTi xeldasxma, es sakamaToa, magram

uxtanesis Tanaxmad, mose somexTa kaTalikosis mier qarTvelTa

kaTalikosis `xeldasxma~ gamowveuli yofila `pirvel mamaTa

aRTqmis gansamtkiceblad~. qarTvel da somex `pirvel mamebs~ _

ierarqebs daudviaT aRTqma-xelSekruleba-gadawyvetileba `orive

mxaris~, anu qarTlisa da somxeTis saeklesio erTobis Sesaxeb. es

aRTqma miuRiaT ara odesRac, wina saukuneSi, aramed eklesiis im

mamebs, romlebic mose kaTalikosze adre moRvaweobdnen, `romlebic

masze adre iyvnen~.

SemdgomSi, roca mose kaTalikosma gaigo kirionis `gandgoma~,

man dauyovnebliv mouwoda kirions, raTa daecva qarTul da somxur

eklesiebs Soris dadebuli werilobiTi xelSekruleba. mose wers:

`jerac weriliT aris daculi Cveni da Tqveni sarwmunoebis

erTianoba~; e. i. mose kaTalikosis dros jer kidev arsebobda

werilobiTi dokumenti `erTobis~ Sesaxeb. kaTalikosi mose kidec

aRwers, Tu rogor da ra pirobebSi daido `erTobis~

xelSekruleba. moses mixedviT, kavad mefeTa-mefis dros momxdara

sarwmunoebrivi mimarTulebis gansazRvra qarTuli da somxuri

eklesiebis mier, romaelebs anu rom-berZenTa imperias miuRia

qalkedonitoba, xolo qarTvel-somexni romaelebs gandgomian da

ganSorebian. swored es faqti yofila werilobiT dadasturebuli.

489

uxtanesis mier gadmocemuli es teqsti moses epistoledan aseTia: _

`scan igi, rac kavad mefeTa-mefis dros iqmna – gamoZieba

sarwmunoebaTa gamokvlevisa: romaelebma qalkedonis sarwmunoeba

miiRes, xolo Cveni da Tqveni qveynebi gandgnen da gaSordnen. jerac

weriliT aris daculi Cveni da Tqveni sarwmunoebis erTianoba. nu

ecruebi Cvens mamaTa aRTqmas, romelic Cven orTa Soris dades, nu

ganeSorebi Cveni erTobisagan~119

Zalze sainteresoa, rom kaTalikos moses mixedviT, am `aRTqmis~

dadebamde qarTuli eklesia dakavSirebuli yofila rom-saberZneTis

eklesiasTan. da qarTuli eklesia am dros iseve ganSorebia

romaul-berZnul eklesias, rogorc ebraelebi ganSordnen egviptes.

saberZneTs mose uwodebs axal egviptes da Seaxsenebs kirions, rom

qarTuli eklesia daSorda rom-berZenTa eklesias, anu axal

egviptes, sadac qarTuli eklesia Turme devnili iyo axali

egviptis faraonis mier. mose wers: `nu iqnebi Tanaxma romaelTa; nu

miiqcevi guliT egviptisaken, aramed gaixsene, rogor gamoxvedi

axali egviptidan da Seni mdevneli faraonis mware saxlidan,

borot zedamxedvelTagan da mware monobisagan.~120

marTlac, cnobilia VI saukunemde kaTalikosebi saberZneTidan

igzavnebodnen. mose kaTalikosis mixedviT, am dros qarTuli

eklesia, Turme, berZnuli eklesiis mware monobisa da boroti

zedamxedvelobis qveS iyo, xolo kavad mefis dros qarTuli

eklesia gamoyofia berZnul-romaul eklesias. amave dros, qarTul

da somxur eklesiaTa Soris dadebula werilobiTi `aRTqma~

erTobis Sesaxeb. VI saukuneSi qarTuli eklesia marTlac srulebiT

damoukidebeli rom yofila berZnuli eklesiisgan, amas qarTuli

wyaroebic aRniSnaven. amis Semdeg qarTlis kaTalikosebad ukve

qarTlSive ekurTxebian qarTvelebi.

kaTalikos moses TqmiT, qarTvel-somexTa saeklesio krebas

daumtkicebia `sami wmida krebis aRsareba~ da urTierTSoris

erToblivi werilobiTi dokumenti daudviaT (igulisxmeba I-II-III

msoflio krebebi).

`...sami wmida krebis aRsareba, romelic Cvenma da Tqvenma mamebma

erToblivi weriliT daamtkices urTierTSoris, romelic jerac

gvaqvs~.121

Zalze sainteresoa da yuradReba unda mieqces, rom kirioni ar

uaryofs qarTul da somxur eklesiaTa Soris erTobis Sesaxeb

werilobiTi dokumentis, anu `aRTqmis~ arsebobas. ufro metic, is

aRiarebs aseTi dokumentis arsebobas: _ `Cveni da Tqveni mamebis

erTobis, aRTqmisa da sarwmunoebis damtkicebis Sesaxebac rom

mogiweriaT, Cven igive gvaqvs ucvlelad. Cveni da Tqveni qveynebis

490

Sesaxeb rom mogiweriaT da giTqvamT `erTobis~ gamo, romelic Cven

dros aris, Cven igive erToba gvaqvs da ar vcvliT~.122

kirioni aRiarebs qarTul da somxur eklesiaTa Soris `erTobis~

arsebobas.

movlenebis Semdgom ganviTarebas uxtanesi ase gadmogvcems _

mose curtavis episkoposi Casula kirion kaTalikosis karze

TbilisSi, raTa mas kirionisTvis Seexsenebina qarTul da somxur

eklesiaTa Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba, anu aRTqma-piroba. mose

TbilisSi kirionTan Casula imis gamo, rom `...Cemi naxviT egebis

Sercxveso aRTqmisa da pirobis, romelic dades somexTa da

qarTvelTa mamamTavrebma...~123

SemdgomSi, mose curtaveli episkoposi uTvlis kirions:

`...netarma mamamTavarma mosem... imitom SegarCia, rom mamaTa aRTqma

da gardamocema mtkiced gepyras~. `orive am qveyanas, Cvensas,

somexTa da Tqvensas, qarTvelTa igive gvqonia da gvaqvs...~ vrTanes

qerdolis TqmiT, antiqalkedonuri erTobis piroba daudevT ara

marto qarTul da somxur eklesiebs, aramed albanur eklesiasac.

`...nestorisa da qalkedonis krebis wvalebas, rac somexTa,

qarTvelTa da albanelTa episkoposebma da mTavrebma erTad

saSineli wyevliT mouxseneblad aRmofxvres, exla eg... iwynarebs~.124

abraam somexTa kaTalikosi, ise rogorc mose kaTalikosi

miiCnevs, rom qarTul da somxur eklesiebs Soris xelSekruleba

erTobis Sesaxeb dadebula kavad mefis dros.

`mefeTa-mefis kavadis dros iqmna kvleva-Zieba Cven qveyanasa da

romaelTa Soris, romelTac miiRes qalkedonis kreba da leonis

tomari, Cveni da Tqveni qveynis moZRvarni da mTavarni gaSordnen

maTTan ziarebas da orive erTobiT icavs werilobiTac Cvens Soris

dRemde~.125

abraam kaTalikosis Tanaxmad, qalkedonitobas somxeTsa da

qarTlSi SemouRwevia babgen somexTa kaTalikosisa da gabriel

qarTvelTa kaTalikosis dros. amis Semdeg qarTvel da somex

aznaurebs da episkoposebs mouwveviaT antiqalkedonuri kreba da

daudviaT werilobiTi aRTqma. es werilobiTi aRTqma daculi

yofila abraamis drosac: `...es cTuneba, rogorc adre mogwereT,

Semovida Cven qveyanaSic babgen somexTa kaTalikosisa da gabriel

qarTvelTa kaTalikosis dros. episkoposebma da aznaurebma erTxmad

SeaCvenes da gaecalnen krebas da leonis tomaris madideblebTan

erTobas. exlac werilobiT aris daculi CvenTan~.126 abraami Tavis

mesame epistoleSi kirionis mimarT wers, rom qarTvel-somexTa

sarwmunoebrivi SeTanxmeba momxdara gabriel kaTalikosis dros.

491

`...Tu ar SeicvaleT Cveni sarwmunoebisagan, rogorc mravaljer

mogvwere, wyeul qalkedonis krebasa da leonis bilw tomars rom

iwynareb, SeaCvene Senc, rogorc Senma winaparma netarma gabriel

qarTvelTa kaTalikosma SeaCvena Cven netar mamebTan erTad Tavisi

episkoposebiTurT, romelTa saxelebia: TviTon gabriel mcxeTis

saxelovani episkoposi, palden sefesaxlis episkoposi, elifas

asurieli episkoposi, samuel timueli episkoposi, daviT bolneli

episkoposi, iakob srtavis episkoposi, stefanos ruzTavis

episkoposi, sahak Tbilisis episkoposi, elades mangleli

episkoposi, enes marueli episkoposi, evginis samTavis episkoposi,

ioseb adsuneli episkoposi, ioane sarusTis episkoposi, meore ioseb

kumurdos episkoposi, lazar folkdneli episkoposi, Teodoros

forTis episkoposi, zaqaria kasteli episkoposi, fokas astermiulis

episkoposi, isaak hnarakertis episkoposi, mose tarsis episkoposi,

stngene qorzanas episkoposi. es netari episkoposebi, romlebic

Tqveni qveynidan iyvnen, alabanelebTan da sivnielebTan erTad

somxeTSi Seikribnen babgen somexTa kaTalikosis dros, im krebaze

romelzec daiwyevla maTgan erTxmad qalkedonis kreba...~127

aRsaniSnavia, rom uxtanesis Tvalsazrisi gansxvavdeba mose da

abraam kaTalikosis Tvalsazrisisgan. kerZod, Tu es kaTalikosebi

TiTqosda 506-531 wlebSi Catarebul ramdenime krebas aerTeben da

erT krebad miiCneven, uxtanesi am krebas gamowvlilviT ikvlevs da

sxvagvarad miiCnevs.

Tu kaTalikosebi ierarqiuli erTobis mtkicebiT arian

dainteresebulni, uxtanesi sarwmunoebrivi erTobis krebis TariRs

iZleva.

s o m x u r e k l e s i a s T a n u r T i e r T o b i s

m i z e z i d a m i s i S e d e g i

vaxtang gorgaslis gardacvalebis Semdeg qarTli sparselebma

daimorCiles. sparselebi im dros somxur eklesias ganadidebdnen

da upirispirebdnen berZnul-romaul eklesias. amis Sesaxeb kargad

wers arseni safareli. V saukuneSi qarTuli eklesia berZnuli

orientaciisa iyo da misi gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda. vaxtang

gorgasalma anderZic ki datova, rom qarTuli eklesia ar

daSoreboda berZnuls da qarTls berZnuli orientacia ar uareyo.

qarTlze berZnuli zegavlena sruliad mouTmeneli iyo sparseTis

saxelmwifosTvis. sparseTi yovel Rones xmarobda, rom qarTuli

eklesia daSoreboda berZnuls, misTvis sasurveli iyo, berZnuli

eklesiis magier qarTul eklesias orientacia aeRo aRmosavlur-

492

siriul-sparsul eklesiaze. VI saukunis pirvel aTeul wlebSi, am

politikuri mizezebis gamo, qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebi

ramdenjerme iwveven saeklesio krebas. uxtanesis mixedviT, bolo

aseTi kreba, romelzedac dadebuli yofila werilobiTi saxis

`aRTqma~ erTobis Sesaxeb, mouwveviaT 520-ian wlebSi. SeiZleba am

xelSekrulebiT ukmayofilo qarTlma moawyo cnobili ajanyeba 523

wels, romlis Semdegac, zogierTi wyaros mixedviT, sparselebs

srulebiT gauuqmebiaT qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba.

`sparseTis mTavroba agreTve sxva saSualebebsac mimarTavda am

ideologiuri kavSiris gansamtkiceblad. mas surda, magaliTad,

somxeTis, qarTlisa da albaneTis eklesiebis gaerTianeba, rom

ufro advili yofiliyo misi marTva. amitom mokles Tu ara vaxtang

gorgasali, sparselebis mTavari mteri da mowinaaRmdege

amierkavkasiaSi, maSinve, 506 wels, sparselebma somxeTis dedaqalaq

dvinSi moiwvies somxeTis, qarTlisa da albaniis eklesiebis saerTo

kreba~.128

506-523 wlebSi dampyrobeli sparselebis iZulebiT qarTuli

eklesia daSorda berZnul-romauls. qarTul eklesias am dros

Tavisi avtokefalia ar daukargavs, piriqiT, misi damoukidebloba,

anu avtokefalia kidev ufro ganmtkicda, radganac ukve qarTlSive

irCevdnen am dros qarTvel kaTalikosebs. qarTul eklesias am

droisaTvis hqonda Tavisi iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi da Tavisi

ierarqiuli struqtura, magram oficialurad qarTul eklesias

urTierTkavSiri hqonda aRmosavlur-somxur-sparsul eklesiasTan.

arseni safarelis mixedviT, somxuri eklesiis uzenaesoba

gagrZelebula 551 wlamde, xolo saeklesio `erToba~ dairRva

kirion kaTalikosis dros, 607-09 wlebSi. k. kekeliZis Tanaxmad, am

dros kavSiri qarTul da somxur eklesiebs Soris mxolod

formalurad gawyvetila, xolo faqtobrivad kvlav arsebula. es

kavSiri qarTul da somxur eklesiebs Soris mTlianad gawyda VIII

saukunis dasawyisSi.

Cans, qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis urTierToba VI-VII saukuneebSi

iseTive saxis iyo, rogorc qarTul-berZnuli eklesiebis

urTierToba X-XI saukuneebSi. X-XI saukuneebSi, Tumca qarTuli

eklesia sruliad avtokefaluri, damoukidebeli eklesia iyo, mainc

aRiarebda berZnuli eklesiis upiratesobas.

somxur eklesiasTan aqtiur urTierTobas, giorgi mciris cnobiT,

Sedegad mohyolia qarTuli wmida werilis redaqtireba somxuris

mixedviT. giorgi mciris cnobiT, Tavdapirvelad qarTuli wmida

wignebi iTargmna berZnuli enidan (e.i. IV-V ss-Si), xolo Semdeg

somxuri redaqciis mixedviT iqna Sesworebuli (e.i. VI s-Si).

493

somxuri redaqciis mixedviT Sesworebis gamo, qarTuli wmida

wignebi damaxinjda, rasac berZnebi gvayvedridnen. amitomac, maT

xelaxla dasWirda redaqtireba, axla ukve berZnuli redaqciebis

mixedviT (XI s-Si).

qarTuli wmida wignebi Tavdapirvelad marTlac rom

berZnulidan aris naTargmni, xolo Semdeg redaqtirebuli

somxuris mixedviT, dadgenilia Zveli teqstebis gamowvlilviTi

analizis Sedegad k. danelias mier. igi wers: `Tu kritikulad

SevafasebT giorgi mciris cnobas... pozitiur faqtad rCeba Semdegi:

1. qarTvelebs qristianobis miRebisTanave hqoniaT Zvel

mTargmnelTa mier gadmoRebuli bibliuri wignebi. 2. Semdgom,

radgan saberZneTi teritoriulad Sors iyo saqarTvelosagan,

saqarTveloSi (Tu saqarTvelos mezoblad) mcxovreb somxebs

qarTvelebisaTvis `mizeziTa wesierebisaATa~, e. i. Targmanis

sisworis dacvis motiviT SeuTavazebiaT bibliuri wignebis

somxuri TargmaniT sargebloba. 3. amis Sedegad qarTul enaze

somxuridan gadmouRiaT zogierTi bibliuri wigni. giorgi mcire

TviTon ki ar Txzavs am faqts, aramed arsebiTad tradiciul azrs

imeorebs, masze adre giorgi mTawmideli araerTgzis aRniSnavs

bibliuri wignebis pirvandel TargmanTa maRal Rirsebas, rac, ra

Tqma unda, pirvel yovlisa berZnul wyarosTan siaxlove-

Sesatyvisobas gulisxmobs~129

k. danelia eTanxmeba (ZiriTadad) am Zvel, qarTul tradiciul

azrs: `pavles epistoleTa Zveli qarTuli redaqciis wyaro

berZnuli originali unda yofiliyo. magram riT avxsnaT somxur-

siriuli elementebis arseboba qarTul TargmanSi? unda vifiqroT,

rom berZnulidan momdinare Zveli qarTuli Targmani V-VI

saukuneebSi Sejerebul iqna siriulidan momdinare somxur

TargmanTan...~130 ismis kiTxva _ ratom? ra saWiro iyo berZnulidan

ukve `wmidad Targmnili~ wignebis Sejereba somxur TargmanTan

Semdgom saukuneebSi? mkvlevari upasuxebs am kiTxvas `garkveuli

(somxuri warmoSobis) wris survilebis dasakmayofileblad~ (iqve),

`Zveli qarTuli Targmanis somxur wyarosTan Sejereba, Tu

somxuridan xelaxla Targmna V-VI saukuneebisaTvis ufro

safiqrebelia samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos taos TemSi, sadac

somxuri warmoSobis mosaxleobis xvedriTi wona didi iyo.

politikuri mosazrebiT, tao IV-VI saukuneebSi somxuri provincia

iyo, didi feodaluri sagvareulos _ mamikonianTa saganmgeblo~.131

sruliad gaugebaria, Tuki tao politikurad IV-VI saukuneebSi

somxuri provincia iyo da aq somxuri warmoSobis mosaxleobis

xvedriTi wona didi iyo, risTvis sWirdebodaT maT V-VI ss-Si

494

qarTuli wignebi da Tanac somxuris mixedviT redaqtirebuli?

ufro metic, Tuki maTTvis somxuri redaqcia am wignebisa

avtoritetuli da misaRebi iyo, SeeZloT TviT somxuri wignebiT

esargeblaT! sinamdvileSi aq ufro globalur saerTo-saeklesio

masStabis movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme _ qarTuli eklesia ara marto

taoSi, aramed saerTod, iZulebuli iyo somxurisaTvis Seejerebina

qarTulad ukve Targmnili wignebi. araviTari somxuri warmoSobis

qarTuli mosaxleoba V-VI ss-Si ar arsebobda, piriqiT, erovnebiT

qarTuli mosaxleoba somxurenovani xdeboda (saeklesio

TvalsazrisiT), albanelTa msgavsad, miT umetes, rom rogorc

mecnieri aRniSnavs, tao da saerTod saqarTvelos samxreTi

provinciebi politikurad somxeTSi Sediodnen VI saukuneSi.

arseni safareli wers, rom somxuri eklesia VI saukuneSi

sparseTis imperiaSi Zalze dafasebuli yofila, gansakuTrebiT

kavadisa da xosros mefobis dros. arsenis mixedviT, sparselebma

dapyrobil somxeTSi dasces aznaurTa xelisufleba da gaabatones

samRvdeloeba. saero xelisufleba gadaeca somex samRvdeloebas.

xarksac ki TviT samRvdeloeba krefda mosaxleobidan, radganac

qveynis mmarTveloba maT xelSi iyo. sparseTis samefo karisa da

somxeTis samRvdeloebis kavSiri ise Rrma yofila, rom mefeebi,

kavadi da xosro, TavianT `Svilobilebad~ gamoucxadebiaT somex

kaTalikosebsa da episkoposebs _ `aqaATgan sparsTa marzapanTa

daipyres somxiTi da Seuracx-iqmna wesi saqristianoA, da eklesiaTa

gangebaA aRiKoca, da aznaurTa KelmwifebaA daeca sparsTa

marzapanTagan, da kaTalikozni da episkopozni gandrkes

simarTlisagan da kadnierebaA moiRes sparsTagan wina-aRdgomad

aznaurTa da Karksa sofelTasa TYT gardaiKdides, rameTu

episkoposTa da qorepiskoposTa miandves queyanaA, viTarca

morCilTa mefobisa sparsTaAsa da romelTame kaTalikozTa da

episkoposTa mefeni sparsTani daiSvilnes da Zeobilad uwoddes

kavads da xuasros...~132

kavad mefis dros somxeTis eklesia marTlac rom gabatonebuli

da gaZlierebuli yofila, es Cans ara marto arseni safarelis

mixedviT, aramed somexTa kaTalikosis, moses epistoledanac.

kirionisadmi miweril am epistoleSi mose Seaxsenebs kirions, rom

kavad mefis dros qarTveli da somexi eklesiis mamebis

gaerTianebul krebas miuRia werilobiTi dadgenileba, romlis

ZaliTac sparseTis imperiis sazRvrebSi moqceuli amierkavkasiisa

da sxva erebis eklesiebs uaruyviaT qalkedonis krebis

dadgenileba, garda amisa, miuRiaT raRac aRTqma Tu fici

saeklesio erTobis Sesaxeb. mose wers, _ `scan igi, rac kavad

495

mefeTa-mefis dros iqmna... jerac weriliT aris daculi Cveni da

Tqveni sarwmunoebis erTianoba. nu ecruebi Cvens mamaTa aRTqmas,

romelic Cven orTa Soris dades, nu ganeSorebi Cveni

erTobisagan...~133

kavad mefes somex-qarTvelTa saeklesio erTobis aRniSvnis dros

axseneben ara marto arseni safareli da mose kaTalikosi, aramed

Zveli drois sxva saklesio moRvawenic.

arseni safareli, romelic TavgamodebiT ibrZvis qarTuli

eklesiis damoukideblobisaTvis, ar uaryofs somxur da qarTul

eklesiebs Soris `erTobis~ arsebobas. mis mixedviT, am eklesiaTa

Soris arsebula ierarqiuli erToba, romelic gagrZelebula 551

wlamde _ nerse mijinis I krebamde.

`xolo aramciredi aRTqumaAO iyo xuasro mefeman nerse

kaTalikozisa mimarT... qmna krebaA pirveli dvins da ganeSornes

sjuliTa berZenTa da ierusalemsa. xolo qarTli yoveli da

meoTxedi somxiTisa ganeyennesPKelTdasxmasa mRdelobisasa

somexTagan, aramed herni da sivnielni Jam erT ganeyennes da kualad

Seerinnes...~134

somxeTis kaTalikosebi, mose da abraami, aseve sxva moRvaweni

miiCneven, rom qarTul-somxur-albanuri eklesiebis erTobam uaryo

qalkedonis kreba, xolo arsenis mixedviT, somxuri eklesia

`berZnul sjuls~ gaSorebia xosros dros, rasac aRuSfoTebia

qarTuli eklesia, amis gamo qarTul eklesias kavSiri Seuwyvetia

somxur eklesiasTan.

z. aleqsiZis mixedviT, `...arseni pirdapir iwers teqsts Tavisi

somxuri wyarodan, romelic Tavis mxriv tendenciurad aris

gadakeTebuli gvian. pirvel wyaroSi laparaki iyo religiur

erTianobaze (berZenTa msgavsad) da ara ierarqiulze~.135

Zvel dros ierarqiul urTierTdamokidebulebas didi

mniSvneloba eniWeboda. TviT iseTi Zlieri da Zveli eklesiac ki,

rogoric somxuri eklesia iyo, ierarqiulad saberZneTis, kerZod,

kapadokia-kesariis eklesiaze iyo damokidebuli. somxur

istoriografiaSi garkveulia, rom berZnul (kapadokiis) eklesias

somxuri eklesia sabolood daSorda dvinis 554 wlis krebis

gadawyvetilebiT. _ `... dvinis krebis nebiT (554 w.) somxuri eklesia

sabolood daSorda berZnuls~.136

520-iani wlebidan 560-ian wlebamde qarTuli eklesiis

mdgomareoba Zlier sagangaSo yofila, rasac Sedegad mohyolia

asureli mamebis Camosvla saqarTveloSi 530-40-ian wlebSi, romelTa

moRvaweobiTac qalkedonitoba ganmtkicebula, monofizitoba

dasustebula. 70-90-ian wlebSi qarTli ukve qalkedonituria, rac

496

nayofi iyo asurel mamaTa Rvawlisa da 551 wels somxur

eklesiasTan kavSiris gawyvetisa, magram es somxur-qarTul

eklesiaTa daSoreba sruli ar yofila, `erToba~ kvlav

grZeldeboda.

Sinaganad erTmaneTisadmi dapirispirebuli ori eklesia,

garegnulad kvlav erTianobis warmosaxvas cdilobda, es

gamowveuli iyo imdroindeli politikuri situaciiT;

saqarTveloSi sparselebis Zlierebis dros qarTul eklesias

urTierToba hqonda somxur eklesiasTan, xolo bizantielTa

Zlierebis dros `erToba~ irRveoda. VII saukunis dasawyisSi, 604

wlidan, xosro II-m bizantielni mravaljer daamarcxa da, cxadia,

saqarTveloSic gaZlierda. am droidan, somxeTi dabejiTebiT

moiTxovs `erTobis~ kidev ufro ganmtkicebas. `erTobis~ Sesusteba

gamoiwvia imanac, rom 592 wlidan iberiis mometebuli nawili

Tbilisamde bizantias gadasca sparseTma. kirions gansakuTrebul

politikur situaciaSi uxdeboda moRvaweoba: misi samwysos erTi

nawili bizantielTa xelSi iyo, xolo meore nawili sparselebisa.

kirionsac Sesabamisi politika aqvs: `kirionma Tavisi neba orad

gayo, gadaixara berZenTa mxares, Tayvans scemda da aamebda mavrike

keisars. amiT iqadis da ambobs: `Cven miviReT da gvaqvs keisris

sarwmunoebao~... Semdeg ambobda: `konstantinopoli wmida ioanes

saydari da keisris saxlia, ra sarwmunoebac iq iqadageba, Cvenc mas

vemsaxurebiTo.~ Semdeg: `vaTargmnine da gamovagzavne oTxi krebis

wigni, romliTac berZnebi xelmZRvaneloben da Cvenc igive

sarwmunoeba gvaqvso, da RmerTma keisari acocxloso~. xolo Semdeg

moiqceva sparselTa mxares, radganac maTi qveyana gayofili iyo

sparselTa da berZenTa mxared da eWvobda mefeTa-mefis gamo...~137

mavrike keisari, romelsac kirioni `Tayvans scemda da aamebda~,

daexmara xosro II-s. `am daxmarebis samadloblad xosro II-m,

...iberiis mometebuli nawili q. Tbilisamde mavriki keisars gadasca.

es unda momxdariyo, maSasadame, 591 wels~; `roca keisars mavrikis

foka aujanyda da mavriki mokla, xosro II 604 w. ...berZnebs omi

autexa. sparsTa mefem bizantielni mravalgzis daamarcxa da 606-607

w-s keisris jari karinidanac ki gandevna...~138

uxtanesis mixedviT, kirions qalkedonuri sarwmunoeba hqonia,

magram amis gamomJRavnebisa eSinoda sparselebTan. `kirioni im

mxariT iqadida, radgan sarwmunoeba iqidan mieRo da am mxares

eSinoda, rom mefisagan sarwmunoebis gamoZieba iqneba somex

aznaurTa gavleniTo~. `vai, Tu gamoiZios Cemi saqmeebi smbat vrkanis

marzpanis CagonebiTo...~ `liqniT keisris dRegrZelobas eZiebda da

mefis didebas evedreboda~.139

497

ivane javaxiSvils gamorkveuli aqvs, rom `...somxeTis mmarTveli

wreebis erTi ZiriTadi mosazrebaTagani is yofila, rom qarTvelebi

sparseTis qristianebsa da somxebs ar unda CamoSorebodnen da

maTTan ueWvelad erToba daecvaT... safiqrebelia, rom

monofizitobis aseTi Tavgamodebuli momxreoba somexTa mxriv

swored im mWidro sulieri kavSiriT unda yofiliyo gamowveuli,

romelic somxur eklesias aRmosavleTisa da, kerZod, sparseTis

eklesiasa da qristianobasTan am xanaSi hqonda... qarTvelTa da

somexTa sarwmunoebrivi erTobisa, Tu ganxeTqilebis sakiTxi

arsebiTad imaze iyo damokidebuli, aRmosavleTis, sparseTis

saeklesio tradiciasa da moZRvrebas miemxroboda saqarTvelo, Tu

dasavleTisas, berZnul-romaul qristianobas... qarTvelTa da

somexTa sarwmunoebriv simpaTiebs politikuri TvalsazrisiT didi

mniSvneloba hqonda da, ueWvelia, sparseTis mTavroba am garemoebas

fxizlad sdarajobda~.140

iv. javaxiSvili wers, rom somexTa kaTalikoss `...WeSmariti

sarwmunoebis damcvelad mxolod somxuri eklesia miaCnda~.141

`kYrioni swerda abraams: `qarTvelebs da somxebs erTmaneTSi

Tanxmoba hqondaT, wmidisa uflisa grigolis mTelsave samwysos

Tanxmoba hqonda ierusalimis sarwmunoebasTan, romelsac hromaelni

misdeven, da sxva rame sityva-saubari iq ar SeWrila. exla ki

saidan-Ra gaCnda? romis mamamTavari wm. petres saydarze zis,

aleqsandriisa _ wm. markoz maxareblisaze, antioqiisa _ wm. luka

maxareblisaze, konstantinopolisa _ wm. ioane maxareblisaze da

ierusalimisa _ Zmisa uflisa wm. iakobisaze. ra sarwmunoebac maT

hqondaT da Cven da Cven mamebs gadmogvces da rasac Cven aqamomde

vicavdiT, amas exla rogor mivatovebT da Tqven rogor

dagijerebT? da Tundac sxva uamrav marTlmadidebel episkopozebs,

mefeebs, mTavrebsa da mTel marTlmadidebel qveynierebas rogor

SeiZleba, rom Tavi davaneboT da marto TqvenTan gvqondes erToba~-

o?142

`raki qalkedonianoba maSindel xuTsave sapatriarqo eklesias

marTlmadidebel sarwmunoebad hqonda aRiarebuli, amitom kYrion

kaTalikosis azriT, somxuri eklesiis pretenziebi, viTomc

WeSmariti sarwmunoeba mxolod mas hqondes daculi, srulebiT

usafuZvlo iyo~.143

somxeTis kaTalikoss unebebia sruli da saboloo ganxeTqilebis

Camogdeba da amiT qarTuli eklesiis TiTqosda dasja: `...607-608

wels mrgvlivmosavleli epistole gamosca, romlis boloSiac

naTqvami iyo: `Cven berZnebis Sesaxeb pirvel moZRvarTa gamotanili

dadgenilebis... qarTvelebzec gavrcelebas vbrZanebT, _ rom maTTan

498

srulebiT araviTari damokidebuleba ar hqondeT arc locvaSi, arc

Wama-smaSi, arc megobrobaSi, arc Svilebis aRzrdaSi, rom mcxeTisa

da manglisis jvrebis karze salocavad aRar gaemgzavrnen xolme

da Cven eklesiebSi ar SemouSvan... am gankargulebas Zala

albanelebis Sesaxebac hqondes~-o.144

iv. javaxiSvili fiqrobs, rom am or eklesias Soris `erToba~

arsebobda da am erTobis dacviT gansakuTrebiT somxuri mxare iyo

dainteresebuli, `rom qarTvelebi sparseTis qristianebsa da

somxebs ar unda CamohSorebodnen da maTTan ueWvelad erToba

daecvaT~.145

urTierToba qarTul da somxur eklesiebs Soris ramdenjerme

dairRva VI-VII saukuneebSi da kvlav aRdga. 551-54 wlebSi

urTierToba dairRva, arseni safarelis mixedviT, magram, Cans,

saeklesio erToba kvlav arsebobda (`erTobis~ arseboba

saqarTveloSi sparseTis Zlierebaze iyo damokidebuli). kirionma

VII saukunis dasawyisSi `erToba~ daarRvia. 607-9 wlebSi darRveuli

erToba kvlav aRdgenila sparseTis imperiis nebiT 614 wels,

romelic im xanebSi ise gaZlierda, rom bizantiis teritoriebic ki

daipyro. sparseTis am Zlierebis Jams 614 wlis krebis

gadawyvetilebiT sparseTma aiZula sparseTis saxelmwifoSi

mcxovrebi qristianebi, ecnoT somxuri eklesiis upiratesoba _

mieRoT somxuri sarwmunoeba, rac didxans ar gagrZelebula.

herakle keisris laSqrobam sparseTsa da somxeTSi monofizitoba

daamxo. misive iniciativiT 632 wels somxeTSi moiwvies saeklesio

kreba, romelzedac somxurma eklesiam qalkedonitoba miiRo.

qalkedonituri somxuri eklesia axla ukve bizantiisTvis gaxda

misaRebi da sasurveli, gansakuTrebiT arabobis dros.

somxur eklesiasTan kavSiri sabolood wydeba 726 wels,

manaskertis krebis Semdeg. am krebaze somxurma eklesiam uaryo

qalkedonitoba da sabolood miiRo monofizitoba. amis Semdgom,

qarTul eklesias ukve sruli ufleba (kanonikuri) da saSualeba

hqonda, sarwmunoebrivi ganxeTqilebis gamo uareyo yovelgvari

kavSiri somxur eklsiasTan. VII saukuneSi ki amis saSualeba ar

hqonda, radganac VII saukuneSi somxuri eklesia oficialurad

qalkedonitobas aRiarebda.

me-8 saukunis Sua wlebidan somxuri eklesiis zegavlenisgan

gaTavisuflebis Semdeg iwyeba qarTuli literaturis _

Targmanebisa da originaluri Zeglebis, masiuri `gawmenda~ somxuri

niSnebisagan. VI-VII saukuneebSi qarTul saeklesio literaturas,

nebsiT Tu uneblieT, somxur literaturasTan kavSiris gamo daemCna

somxuri Zeglebis mixedviT redaqtirebis kvali, ris gamoc VIII

499

saukunis meore naxevridan dawyebula intensiuri muSaoba am kvalis

aRmosafxvrelad. es muSaoba, Cans, mimdinareobda ara marto

saqarTveloSi, aramed bizantiis imperiis qalkedonitur garemoSi

moqceul qarTul savaneebSic.

safiqrebelia, rom im wignebs, romelTa xelaxali redaqtireba

moxda maTgan somxuri niSnebis aRmofxvris mizniT, ewodaT termini

_ `qarTuli~, ase warmoiSva `qarTuli saxareba~, `qarTuli daviTni~,

`qarTuli kanoni~.146 Cans, `xanmeti~ da `haemeti~ Zeglebis erTi

nawili misaRebi yofila da maT `pirvelTagans~ uwodebdnen,

radganac isini iyvnen berZnulidan Targmnilni qristianobis

miRebisTanave, meore nawili ki miuRebeli yofila, radganac

nasworebi yofila somxuri redaqciebis mixedviT, anda somxuridan

Targmnilni, pirobiTad mas `somxuri~ vuwodoT, da albaT aseve

uwodebdnen kidec, razedac migviTiTebs termin `qarTulis~

warmoSoba. `somxuri~ niSan-Tvisebis (anu redaqtirebis nakvalevis)

ase Tu ise aRmofxvris Semdeg `gawmendil~ Zeglebs ewodaT

`qarTuli~. am SemTxvevaSi `qarTuli~ aRniSnavs mxolod da mxolod

`qarTuli eklesiisas~, `qarTuli eklesiisaTvis gamosadeg wigns~,

misgan gamoiricxeba eTnikuri momenti, ise rogorc sarwmunoebrivi

momenti. `qarTveli wmidani~ da `qarTuli wigni~ albaT saeklesio

kuTvnilebas aRniSnavs. e.i. am niSnis mqone wigni ekuTvnis ara

somxur-qarTuli saeklesio erTobis epoqas, aramed mis Semdgom

periods da misaRebia qarTuli eklesiisaTvis amJamado.

Semdgomi xana, VIII saukunis Sua wlebidan meaTe saukunemde, k.

kekeliZes miaCnia Cveni mwerlobis erovnul xanad _ `es xana aris

erovnuli xana Cveni mwerlobisa. am xanaSi damuSavebuli

literaturuli Zeglebi imdenad arian gamsWvaluli erovnuli

suliT da xasiaTiT, rom Semdegi drois, XI-XII saukuneTa, mwerlebi

maT aRsaniSnavad xSirad xmaroben teqnikur termins _ qarTuli,

magaliTad, qarTuli saxareba, qarTuli daviTni, qarTuli kanoni

da sxva. es xana grZeldeba merve saukunis naxevridan meaTe saukunis

oTxmocian wlebamde, ese igi, Seicavs TiTqmis ornaxevar saukunes.

aRniSnul xanaSi mZlavrad ifeTqa qarTvelebSi erovnulma

suliskveTebam, frTebi Seisxa erovnulma TviTSegnebam, somxebisagan

eklesiurad CamoSoreba moxda, rogorc cnobilia, sxvaTa Soris,

erovnul-kulturuli ideologiis safuZvelzedac. qarTvelebi

amieridan miznad isaxaven TandaTanobiT gaTavisuflebas

aRmosavluri saeklesio tradiciebisagan. am niadagze warmoiSva

gamwvavebuli polemika somxebTan, romelic iqamde mivida, rom

qarTvelebma warsulSiac ki uaryves yovelgvari kulturul-

eklesiuri urTierToba somxebTan...~147

500

qarTvelebSi erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRvivebas xeli Seuwyo

`erovnuli gadagvarebis, denacionalizaciis saSineli katastrofis

winaSe~ dgomam `erTobis~ dros. Tu sparsTa batonobis dros

qarTvelebis erTi nawili sparsul rjuls iRebda, kidev ufro

mometebuli nawili qarTvelebisa iZulebuli iyo, aRmosavlur-

somxuri qristianoba mieRo da gasomxebuliyo. e. i. monofizitoba

Tavis TavSi `gasomxebis~ elements Seicavda. aseve arabebis

batonobis dros qarTvelebis erTi nawili Tu mahmadiandeboda,

kidev ufro mometebuli nawili kvlav iZulebuli iyo somxuri

eklesiis wevrad eRiarebina Tavisi Tavi, romelic VII saukuneSi

qalkedonituri iyo, rac eris erT nawils denacionalizaciis

gzaze ayenebda. qarTvelebi mimxvdaran, rom `erTaderTi saSualeba

am ubedurebisagan Tavis daRwevisa aris sakuTari eklesiis frTeTa

qveSe nacionalur-qristianuli kulturis gaRviveba~.148

q a r T v e l i m o n o f i z i t e b i d a s o m x u r i e k l e s i i s

w e v r i q a r T v e l i q a l k e d o n i t e b i

somxuri eklesia daarsebisTanave aRmosavleTis erT-erT

uZlieres eklesiad iqca. is gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda V-VI

saukuneebSi, roca man erovnuli anbanis SeqmniT miiRo sulieri

damoukidebloba da Zala. am dros is upirispirdeba berZnul-

romaul (anu rom-saberZneTis imperiis) eklesias da acxadebs

pretenzias, rom is mTel msoflioSi erTaderTi marTlmadidebeli

eklesiaa. sparseTis imperia gansakuTrebiT aZlierebs somxur

eklesias da scems kanonebs, romlis ZaliTac am imperiaSi

mcxovrebi (da gansakuTrebiT amierkavkasiis) qristianebi unda

daeqvemdebaron somxur eklesias. amis gamo saqarTveloSi mtkiced

hqonda fexi mokidebuli somxur eklesias. saqarTveloSi somxuri

eklesiis wevrad qarTuli mosaxleoba SeiZleboda gamxdariyo

sxvadasxva gziT. qveyanaSi qalkedonitebi VI saukunis dasawyisSi

idevnebodnen, monofizitobas ki sparseTi mxars uWerda da

aRiarebda. monofizitobis centri somxuri eklesia iyo, xolo

qarTuli eklesia ZiriTadad qalkedonituria. garda amisa, somxur

eklesias miniWebuli hqonda mosaxleobaze zemoqmedebis ekonomiuri

berketebi. somxeTis dapyrobis Semdeg qveynis mmarTveloba gadaeca

somex samRvdeloebas. sparseTis saimperatoro kari da somxeTis

samRvdeloebis zeda fenebi SekavSirdnen. dapyrobil qveyanaSi xarks

501

somexi samRvdeloeba krefda, amasTanave VI saukunis I naxevarSi

`erTobis~ gamo somxur eklesias SeeZlo qarTvelebis qveyanaSic

gamoeyenebina ekonomiuri, politikuri da administraciuli

zemoqmedebis sxvadasxva saSualebani qarTuli mosaxleobis

somxuri eklesiis mrevlad gadaqcevisaTvis.

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mier monofizitobis aRiareba ukve

somxuri eklesiis wevrad gaxdomas gulisxmobda.

qarTveli monofizitebi gansakuTrebiT mravlad unda

yofiliyvnen somxeTis mezobel qarTul provinciebSi: _ hereTsa da

qvemo qarTlSi.149 es qarTuli provinciebi jer IV saukunemde

ramdenjerme somxeTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi moxvedrilan, V-VI

saukuneebSi qarTls ekuTvnian, magram maTze Zlieria somxuri

sarwmunoebriv-kulturuli zegavlena, radganac VI saukuneSi TviT

qarTlis samefo kargavs damoukideblobas, xolo qvemo qarTlisa

da tao-klarjeTis mosaxleobam, Cans, am provinciebze somxeTis

batonobis drosve SeiTvisa rogorc somxuri ena, aseve kultura,

Tumca maT erovnuli qarTuli TviTSegneba ar daukargavT, da

erovnulad TavianT Tavs qarTvel ers miakuTvnebdnen. am

provinciebze somxurma enobriv-kulturul-sarwmunoebrivma

zemoqmedebam gaaRviZa adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi erovnuli

TviTSegneba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia aq erovnuli qarTuli

kulturis arnaxuli gafurCqvna da qarTuli saxelmwifos _ tao-

klarjeTis, e. w. `qarTvelTa samefos~ warmoqmna Semdgom

saukuneebSi.

VI-VII saukuneebSi ki qarTveli glexebisa da dabali fenebis

somxuri eklesiis wevrad gadaqcevas, gansakuTrebiT somxeTis

mosazRvre qarTul provinciebSi, uTuod xels Seuwyobda is didi

socialuri moZraobani, romelTac adgili hqonda somxeTSi V-dan X

saukunis CaTvliT.

VI saukunis Sua wlebSi somxeTSi Caisaxa pavlikianuri moZraoba,

romelmac moicva mosaxleobis farTo fenebi da qveynis TiTqmis

yvela ZiriTadi raioni. es iyo klasobrivi brZola, religiur

samoselSi gaxveuli. saqarTvelo, iseve rogorc somxeTi, am dros

sparseTis sazRvrebSia moqceuli, amitomac maT Soris mkveTri

politikuri sazRvari ar arsebobda da pavlikianur (dabali

fenebisaTvis `samarTlian~) moZraobas es sazRvari ver Seaferxebda.

qarTvelebSi monofizitobis mimdevarTa Sesaxeb gamokvlevebi

aqvT iv. javaxiSvils, k.kekeliZes da sxv. maTi mtkicebiT,

monofizitoba ZiriTadi religiuri mimdinareoba yofila (ra Tqma

unda, qalkedonitobasTan erTad) VI saukunis pirvel naxevarsa da

Sua wlebSi. Tu ase iyo, maSin VI saukunis II naxevarSi, roca

502

qarTulma eklesiam da sazogadoebam aSkarad uaryo monofizitoba

da aRiara qalkedonitoba, mas ar ahyveboda erTdroulad

mosaxleobis yvela fena, mTeli eri, radganac sarwmunoebrivi

mimarTulebis Secvla saerTod Zalze rTuli procesia, romelsac

ar SeiZleba erTdroulad ahyves mTeli eri.

isic SeiZleba, rom VI saukunis I naxevarSi monofizitoba ar iyo

ZiriTadi mimdinareoba da is qalkedonitobis gverdigverd

arsebobda, magram, ueWvelia, monofizitebis eklesia da

monofizitoba saerTod Zlierdeboda sparsTa mier, diofizitebi ki

idevnebodnen. amitomac VI saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, roca

saqarTvelom aSkarad aRiara qalkedonitoba, ueWvelia, qarTvelTa

Soris uamravi monofiziti iqneboda.

iv. javaxiSvili wers: `...mTeli aRmosavleTi, egvipte, palestina,

asureTi da sparseTis qristianoba monofizitobas miemxro da TviT

bizantiaSiac, samefo karzec ki am moZRvrebas mimdevarni hyavda,

amitom am sakiTxis Sesaxeb qarTul wyaroebis dumili ueWvelia

xelovnuri unda iyos~.150

k. kekeliZis Tanaxmad, `...Tavdapirvelad qarTlis eklesia,

somxebTan erTad, monofizitur an antiqalkedonur qristologias

iziarebda...~151 xolo Semdgom, VI saukunis bolodan TviT meaTe

saukunemde, ebrZoda mas _ `pirveli periodis ganmavlobaSi meaTe

saukunemde, rodesac qarTul qristianobas kavSiri hqonda

umTavresad aRmosavlur qristianobasTan, mas brZola uxdeboda

iseT mwvaleblobasTan, romelmac buded gaixada aRmosavleTi _

nestorianobasa da monofizitobasTan~.152

qarTveli monofizitebis raodenoba aramcire yofila TviT

kirionis drosac ki. monofizitebi yofilan ara marto qarTvelTa

dabal fenebSi, aramed qarTuli eklesiis ierarqTa Sorisac.

kirionis drois qarTuli eklesiis saxelganTqmuli episkoposi

petre aris monofiziti. monofizitebi qarTuli eklesiis umaRles

samRvdeloTa Soris Tu iyvnen, miT umetes, mravlad iqnebodnen

sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebSi.

kirionis drois episkoposi petre istoriuli piria, is erovnebiT

qarTvelia da moixsenieba ara marto uxtanesis mier, aramed

`epistoleTa wignSic~. z. aleqsiZis Tanaxmad, `petre episkoposi

qarTlis kaTalikosis karze iyo da mis politikas uWerda mxars,

miuxedavad imisa, rom monofizitebi Tavis Tanamoziared

Tvlidnen~.153 vrTanes qerdoli, somxeTis kaTalikosis adgilis

mcveli, qarTvel episkopos petres uwodebs marTlmadidebels,

marTlmadideblebad ki somxuri eklesia monofizitebs miiCnevda.

garda amisa, epistoledan Cans, rom petre qarTvel episkoposs Tavis

503

Tavze miuRia monofizitobis qomagoba saqarTveloSi, imisTvis,

raTa qarTuli eklesia Zveleburadve kavSirSi darCeniliyo somxur

eklesiasTan. vrTanesi wers petres: _ `xolo rogorc miiReT

RmerTis qomagoba Tqvens Tavze, aseve mtkiced ideqiT mag saqmis

aRsrulebamde, raTa Rirsi SeiqmneT zeciur niWTa...~154

epistoleTa wignidan motanili am teqstidan aSkarad Cans, rom

vrTanesi amxnevebs da agulianebs qarTvel petres, raTa is kvlav

mtkiced idges im saqmis aRsasruleblad, romlis qomagobac ikisra.

ra Tqma unda, es saqme aris somxur-qarTuli eklesiebis `erToba~,

Zveleburadve somxuri eklesiis upiratesobiT. vrTanesi petres

marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis maspinZels (e. i. WeSmarit

monofizits) uwodebs: `...rogorc maspinZeli iyav marTlmadidebeli

sarwmunoebisa, romelic daamtkica am qveyanaze ufalma RmerTma...~155

vrTanes qerdols imedi aqvs, rom qarTveli episkoposi petre

yoveli RonisZiebiT Seecdeba, moispos qalkedonitoba anu

sarwmunoebis `...is axalsaxeoba, romelic Semkulia sicruiT~. is

swers petres, _ `Seiqen mSvidobis mizezi, raTa is axalsaxeoba,

romelic Semkulia sicruiT, moispos, WeSmariteba damyardes~.156

vrTanesi ar iSurebs epiTetebs qarTveli monofiziti episkoposis

Sesamkobad, _ `gvesma Seni patiosnebis Sesaxeb, rom WeSmariti

sarwmunoebis moSurne da moyvaruli xar~.157 petre epistoles

gagzavnis momentSi saqarTveloSi rom imyofeba, iqidan Cans, rom

masTan saubris dros saqarTvelos uwodeben `Tqvens qveyanas~. ase,

magaliTad: `...Tqvens qveyanaSi ganadideben uRirs qalkedonis

krebas... `saukuno mteri davrCebiT mag qveynisa~. vrTanesi avalebs

petres, misweros sparseTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenels

somxeTSi _ marzpans _ anu, rac igivea, somxeTis mTavrebs, raTa

petres TxovniT am `somexma mTavrebma~ saqarTveloSi `saqmis

gamosasworeblad~ gagzavnon somexi samRvdeloeba.

uxtanesisa da somexi istorikosebis TvalsazrisiT, episkoposi

petre somex-qarTvelTa saeklesio erTobisaTvis aqtiurad iRvwoda,

risTvisac is qarTvel mTavrebs mouklavT. Zveli qarTveli

istorikosebi petres saerTod ar axseneben, iseve rogorc kirions.

z. aleqsiZes miaCnia, rom episkoposi petre kirionis karze iyo da

mis politikas uWerda mxars, rac swori unda iyos. ismis kiTxva,

ratom unda daeWira monofizit episkoposs diofiziti

patriarqisTvis mxari? qarTvel mkvlevarTa Soris gamoiTqva

mosazreba, rom kirioni iyo ara orTodoqsi qalkedoniti, aramed

monoTeliti, e.i. kirioni cdilobda qalkedonitTa da monofizitTa

Serigebas. Tu es ase iyo, maSin kirionis monoTelitoba gamowveuli

504

iqneboda saqarTveloSi arsebuli sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareobiT, e.i.

saqarTveloSi rogorc qalkedonitTa, ise monofizitTa simravliT.

imisda miuxedavad, kirioni monoTeliti iyo, Tu Seurigebeli

qalkedoniti, mainc saqarTveloSi kirionis dros qarTveli

monofizitebis sakmao raodenoba iqneboda, radganac aRmosavleTi

saqarTvelo sparseTis mier iyo dapyrobili TiTqmis 70 wlis

ganmavlobaSi wina saukunisa da kirionis drosac. Tu mosaxleobis

garkveuli nawili monofizituri iyo, es asaxvas hpovebda

samRvdeloebaSic da samRvdeloebis erTi nawili monofizituri

iqneboda. amiT unda iyos gamowveuli monofiziti petre episkoposis

yofna kirionis karze. cnobilia, qarTli da qarTuli eklesia

saerTod qalkedonituria, magram SeuZlebelia kirionis dros

mosaxleobis yvela fena, mTeli eri erTbaSad, erTi xelis dakvriT

qalkedonituri gamxdariyo. savaraudoa, rom ara Tu kirionis dros,

aramed mis Semdgom (saukunenaxevari an ori saukune mainc)

saqarTveloSi mimdinareobda Sida saeklesio brZola

monofizitebsa da diofizitebs Soris, rac diofizitTa sruli

gamarjvebiT dagvirgvinda X-XI saukuneebSi, xolo 726 wlis

manaskertis krebis Semdgom qarTuli eklesia srulebiT ganSorda

somxur eklesias, ramac Zalze ganamtkica qalkedonitTa poziciebi

qarTlSi. Tu sworia mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom episkoposi petre

kirionis politikas uWerda mxars, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

qarTveli monofizitebi patriotuli da erovnuli mosazrebiT

mxars uWerdnen ara erTmorwmune somxur eklesias, aramed kirionis

brZolas qarTuli eklesiis damoukideblobisaTvis. sparseTis

saxelmwifo xels uwyobda somxuri eklesiis upiratesobas, rogorc

qarTul, aseve albaneTis eklesiebze. qarTuli eklesiis

iurisdiqcia ki vrceldeboda rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT

saqarTveloze. kirioni marto aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosi

ki ar iyo, aramed mas megrelTa arqiepiskoposi ewodeboda.

dasavleTi saqarTvelo ki bizantiis saxelmwifos gavlenis

sferoSi Sedioda. erTiani qarTuli eklesiis dayofa bizantiisa da

somxeTis gavlenis sferoebad xels uwyobda saerTod qarTuli

eklesiis erTianobisa da mTlianobis darRvevas, es ki yoveli

qarTveli adamianisaTvis, maT Soris qarTveli monofizitebisTvisac

mouTmeneli iqneboda. analogiuradve iqceodnen saeklesio

damoukideblobis sakiTxebSi albaneli monofizitebic, es

wyaroebiT dadasturebuli faqtia (ix. aqve, qveTavi kalankatuelis

`istoriis~ Sesaxeb).

Semdgom epoqaSi monofiziti qarTveli episkoposi petre

gauigivebiaT petre antioqielTan, romelic keisrebis, markianes

505

(450-457) Tu zenonis (474-492), dros moRvaweobda. es gaigiveba

momxdara qarTlSi daaxloebiT uxtanesis epoqaSi. SesaZloa, es

moxda gangeb. IX-X-XI saukuneebSi qarTveli istorikosebi

saguldagulod faraven saqarTveloSi monofizitobis arsebobis

damamtkicebel yovelgvar faqts. am wreebs, romelnic saerTod

uaryofdnen saqarTveloSi qalkedonitobis garda sxva romelime

religiuri mimdinareobis arsebobis raime kvals, xels ar aZlevdaT

istoriulad arsebuli qarTveli monofiziti episkoposis petres

gaxseneba, amitomac SesaZloa, sagangebod gaweuli muSaobis

wyalobiT, petre monofiziti episkoposi gaaigives petre

antioqielTan, romelic am qarTvel episkoposze saukunenaxevriT

adre cxovrobda da aseve monofizitobis saqadageblad qarTlSi

Camosula.

qarTlSi rom mravlad yofilan qarTveli monofizitebi, es Cans

im pasuxidan, romelic zogierTma qarTvelma aznaurma miswera

somxeTis kaTalikosis adgilis mcvels vrTanes qerdols, _ `Cven es

sarwmunoebaca gvaqvs da egec, sjuls aqac veziarebiT da mandac...~

aqedan aSkarad Cans, rom qarTveli aznaurebi iseve arian

qalkedonitebi, rogorc monofizitebi. maTTvis mTavari mniSvneloba

aqvs ara sarwmunoebriv-dogmatikur kamaTs (mimarTulebas), aramed

saeklesio da erovnul damoukideblobas (es monoTelitobis is pi-

rvelideaa, romelic ase moewona herakle keisars saqarTveloSi

(lazikaSi) yofnis dros).

kirionis moZraobas mxari dauWira mTelma erma, _ `...yvela misi

axlomdgomi episkoposi, mRvdeli, mTavari, mdabiori, erisTavi~,

kirionis mxareze iyo, maT Soris, qarTveli monofizitebic,

radganac vrTanesisadmi gagzavnili pasuxidan Cans, rom qarTlis

ers kirionis moZraoba esmoda ara mxolod rogorc sarwmunoebriv-

dogmatikuri moZraoba, aramed erovnuli, romelic miznad isaxavda

qarTuli eklesiis teritoriuli avtokefaliis dacvas da qarTuli

eklesiis gaTavisuflebas somxur-sparsuli eklesiis gavlena-

zemoqmedebis sferodan, qarTuli saeklesio enis aRdgenas mTel

eTnikur-istoriul qarTlSi, maT Soris, curtavSic. qarTvel

aznaurTaTvis sarwmunoebriv-dogmatikuri sakiTxi gadamwyveti ar

iyo, aznaurebi aseve weren vrTaness: `...moses Tu unda, movides, Cven

kaTalikoss daemorCilos, radgan eg ufro sasiamovnoa, da Tavisi

adgili daikavoso.~ mose curtavis episkoposi aSkara monofiziti

episkoposi iyo, qarTveli aznaurebi ki mas qarTlSi kaTedras

aZleven, Tuki qarTvel eklesiis meTaurs daemorCileba. aqedan Cans,

rom qarTls mTavar saqmed miaCnia somxeTTan saeklesio kavSiris

gawyveta. qarTveli aznaurebi sixaruliT da siamovnebiTac miiReben

506

monofizit episkoposs im pirobiT, Tu is aRiarebs qarTuli

eklesiis administracias. TviT bizantiis imperiaSi monofizitTa

Zlierebis dros kirioni da qarTli imdenad uaryofen

monofizitobas, ramdenadac am monofizitobas somxuri eklesia

iyenebs qarTul eklesiaze Tavisi zedamxedvelobisa da

uflebamosilebisTvis. savaraudoa, monofizitoba miuRebeli

yofila ara mxolod dogmatikuri TvalsazrisiT, aramed imitom,

rom monofizitoba xels uwyobda qarTuli eklesiis

daqvemdebarebas ucxo eklesiaze. qarTvelebi ibrZvian saeklesio da

aqedan gamomdinare, erovnul-kulturuli damoukideblobisaTvis.

qarTlSi mravlad arian monofizitebi, am didi ideis momxreni.

amitomac weren qarTveli aznaurebi, _ `Cven es sarwmunoebaca gvaqvs

da egec~, e. i. qarTvelTa Soris qalkedonitebic arian da

monofizitebico. qarTvelebi, rogorc qalkedonitebi, aseve

monofizitebi ibrZvian imisTvis, rom somxur eklesias ar hqondes

qarTul eklesiaze upiratesoba da qarTuli eklesia damoukidebeli

iyos. es SemTxveva sruliad analogiuria albaneTis eklesiaSi

Seqmnili mdgomareobisa. albaneli monofizitebic ibrZvian

Tanamorwmune somxuri eklesiisgan ganTavisuflebisTvis, _

`...somxebi iTxovdnen albanelebze sakadris upiratesobas, rasac

albanelebi ar daemorCilnen, aramed gamoaCines vinme pirveli

mociquli, albaneTSi mosuli..., romelsac iq adre uqadagia ...

albanelebi somxebisagan Tavis Tavs miubrundnen, rom ar

yofiliyvnen vismes xelmwifebis qveS~.158 es cnoba amoRebulia mose

kalankatuelis `alvanTa qveynis istoriidan~. albaneTis

istorikosTa Soris miRebuli yofila azris imis Sesaxeb. rom

monofiziturma albaneTis eklesiam moisurva monofizituri

somxuri eklesiisgan damoukidebloba: `...albaneTis eklesiam

somxurisagan damoukidebloba moisurva rogorc kavkasiaSi yvelaze

ufro Zvelma da moipova kidec~.159

rogorc albanelebi ibrZvian saeklesio damoukideblobisTvis,

aseve ibrZvian qarTvelebic, amitomac udganan kirions mxarSi.

`erTobis~ darRveva albanelTa da qarTvelTa saerTo mizani

yofila.

Tavi V

1. moqcevaA qarTlisaA, Zeglebi, I, gv. 94; 2. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani,

I, gv. 284; 3. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 288; 4. s. janaSia, Sromebi,

V, gv. 113-479; 5. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 294; 6. iqve, gv. 300; 7. iv.

507

javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 294; 8. iqve, gv. 300; 9. s. janaSia, Sromebi,

V, gv. 89; 10. s. janaSia, Sromebi, V, gv. 112; 11. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani,

1, gv. 340; 12. iqve, gv. 341-342; 13. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 339; 14.

iqve, gv. 339-340; 15. qse, 8, stat. saeklesio ganxeTqileba kavkasiaSi, gv. 625;

16. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 341; 17. iqve, gv. 342; 18. iv.

javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 401; 19. iqve, gv. 398-399; 20. iv. javaxiSvili,

Txzulebani, I, gv. 401; 21. iqve, gv. 401; 22. iqve, gv. 399; 23. qrestomaTia, I, gv.

169; 24. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 400; 25. qrestomaTia, I, gv. 242;

26. mose xoreneli, somxeTis istoria, gv. 206; 27. qrestomaTia, I, gv. 416; 28.

k. kekeliZe, lit. istoria, I, gv. 48; 29. qrestomaTia, I, gv. 416; 30. mose

xoreneli, somxeTis istoria, gv. 24; 31. iqve, gv. 206; 32. mose xoreneli,

somxeTis istoria, gv. 284; 33. iqve, gv. 5-6; 34. k. kekeliZe, lit. istoria, I,

gv. 40; 35. v. goilaZe, saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da albaneTis istoriis

sakiTxebi... kr. `saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis istoriis sakiTxebi~, V,

gv. 19; 36. iqve, gv. 19; 37. iqve, gv. 19; 38. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 266; 39.

qrestomaTia, I, gv. 35; 40. iqve, gv. 40; 41. mose xoreneli, somxeTis istoria,

gv. 172; 42. z. sxirtlaZe, freskuli warwerebi, gv. 107; 43. Д. Мусхелишвили,

Некоторые проблемы источниковедческой критики. _ macne, istoriis seria,

1886, #3, gv. 67; 44. movses kalankatuaci, albanTa qveynis istoria, gv. 51-52;

45. qrestomaTia, I, gv. 166; 46. z. sxirtlaZe, freskuli warwerebi, gv. 107;

47. iqve, gv. 108; 48. iqve, gv. 108; 49. uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 63;

50. epistoleTa wigni, gv. 15; 51. uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 67; 52.

iqve, gv. 67; 53. maqsime sardeli mitr. saqarTvelos eklesia da misi

avtokefalia, 1966, rusuli Targmani, gv. 26-28; 54. qse, 9, gv. 669; 55. iqve, gv.

669; 56. e. nikolaZe, eklesiis istoria, gv. 142-148; 57. igulisxmeba

`egriswylis~ aqeT mdebare qveyana; 58. Д. Мусхелишвили, Некоторые

проблемы источниковедческой критики. _ macne, istoriis seria, 1986, #3, gv.

63; 59. iqve, gv. 62-64; 60. qse, 9, gv. 463; 61. CЭC, cт. Apм. CCP, стр. 77; 62. Д.

Мусхелишвили, Некоторые проблемы источниковедческой критики. _ macne,

istoriis seria, 1886, #3, gv. 66; 63. iqve, gv. 66; 64. Д. Мусхелишвили,

Некоторые проблемы источниковедческой критики. _ macne, istoriis seria,

1986, #3, gv. 67; 65. iqve, gv. 62; 66. iqve, gv. 64; 67. Д. Мусхелишвили,

Некоторые проблемы источниковедческой критики. _ macne, istoriis seria,

1886, #3, gv. 69; 68. d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis

ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, II, gv. 151-152; 69. p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 52;

70. arseni safareli, ganyofisaTYs, gv. 78; 71. narkvevebi, t.II, gv. 276; 72.

saqarTvelos istoria, gv. 70; 73. epistoleTa wigni, gv. 140; 74. qse, 9, stat.

z. aleqsiZe, somxuri samociqulo eklvsia, gv. 472; 75. arseni safareli,

ganyofisaTvis, gv. 156; 76. iqve, gv. 51; 77. iqve, gv. 51; 78. iqve, gv. 51; 79. iqve,

gv. 131; 80. arseni safareli, ganyofisaTGs, gv. 87-88; 81. iv. javaxiSvili,

Txzulebani, I, gv. 283-284; 82. iqve, gv. 284; 83. iqve, gv. 285; 84. arseni

508

safareli, ganyofisaTvis, gv. 79; 85. iqve, gv. 80; 86. iqve, gv. 80; 87. iqve, gv.

154; 88. Tveni II, 1983 (Targmani rusulidan), gv. 52-55; 89. iqve, gv. 59; 90.

Tveni II, 1983 (Targmani rusulidan), gv. 70; 91. iv. javaxiSvili,

Txzulebani, I, gv. 410; 92. iqve, gv. 391; 93. iqve, gv. 392; 94. qarTlis

cxovreba, I, gv. 208; 95. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria,

I, gv. 161; 96. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 207-2084; 97. iqve, gv. 208; 98. iv.

javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 412; 99. iqve, gv. 412; 100. iqve, gv. 413; 101. iv.

javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 415; 102. iqve, gv. 386; 103. iqve, gv. 415; 104.

qse, 8, stat. saeklesio ganxeTqileba kavkasiaSi, gv. 625; 105. iv.

javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 391; 106. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv.

418; 107. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 223; 108. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli

literaturis istoria, I, gv. 88; 109. iqve, gv. 269; 110. iqve, gv. 345; 111. r.

TvaraZe, TxuTmetsaukunovani mTlianoba, gv. 154; 112. iqve, gv. 154; 113.

Zeglebi, II, gv. 123; 114. `epistoleTa wigni~ somxuri teqsti qarTuli

TargmaniT, gamokvleviTa da komentarebiT gamosca zaza aleqsiZem 1968

wels; 115. qse, 8; qse, 9, stat. somxuri samociqulo eklesia, gv. 625; 116.

epistoleTa wigni, gv. 157; 117. unda iyos ioane maxarebelisa; 118. uxtanesi,

istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 23; 119. uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 31; 120.

iqve, gv. 31; 121. uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 31-33; 122. iqve, gv. 35; 123.

iqve, gv. 43; 124. iqve, gv. 63; 125. uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 123; 126.

iqve, gv. 131; 127. iqve, gv. 139-141; 128. s. janaSia, Sromebi, gv. 112; 129. k.

danelia, Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, #23, 1980, gv. 89; 130. iqve,

gv. 122; 131. k. danelia, Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, #23, 1980,

gv. 90; 132. arseni safareli, ganyofisaTvis, gv. 87; 133. uxtanesi, istoria

gamoyofisa, gv. 31; 134. arseni safareli, ganyofisaTvis, gv. 84; 135. iqve, gv.

156; 136. v. nalbandiani, somxur siZveleTa gakveTilebi, gv. 11; 137. uxtanesi,

istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 156-157; 138. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 300;

139. uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 157; 140. iv. javaxiSvili,

Txzulebani, I, gv. 424; 141. iqve, gv. 422; 142. iqve, gv. 423; 143. iqve, gv. 423;

144. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 428; 145. iqve, gv. 424; 146. k.

kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 51; 147. iqve, gv. 51;

148. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 52; 149. qse, 7,

stat. monofizitoba, gv. 100; qse, 8, stat. saeklesio ganxeTqileba

kavkasiaSi, gv. 625; 150. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 350; 151. k.

kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 487; 152. iqve, gv.

474; 153. uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 286; 154. iqve, gv. 255; 155. iqve, gv.

255; 156. uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 255; 157. iqve, gv. 81; 158.

uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa, gv. 369; 159. iqve, gv. 371;

509

შინაარსი

მიტროპოლიტი ანანია ჯაფარიძე

„საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორია“

ათტომეულის

წინასიტყვაობა ........................................................................................................................გვ.3

ტომი I

ვ. გოილაძის winasityvaoba მეუფე ანანიას ნაშრომისა - „საქართველოს

სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორია“................................................................................ გვ.20

თავიI

qarTvelTa winaprebis bibliuri istoria

adamidan iesomde

samyaros Seqmna------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---გვ.29 babilonis godolis dacema, enaTa

da tomTa warmoqmna---------------------------------------------------- ----------- ---გვ.33

msoflio enaTa ojaxebi---------------------------------------------- -------------- გვ.36 protoqarTveluri enis matarebeli

eTnosis gansaxleba----------------------------------------------------- -------------- გვ.39

aRTqma RmerTisa erTan ------------------------------------------------ ------------- - გვ.45

Tubali da mosoqi ---------------------------------------------------- -------------- გვ.53

იberi -------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- გვ.60

alali da arami (urartu da armenia) ------------------------- --------------გვ.71

ფFarnavazi ---------------------------------------------------------- -------------- გვ.77 saRvTismsaxuro

anbanis fuZisdeba------------------------------------------------------- -------------- გვ.87

axali aRTqma uflisa --------------------------------------------------------------- გვ.95

510

armazi, ahuramazda, molodini mesiisa ---------------------------------------- გვ.101 pompeusis laSqroba israelsa

da iberiaSi --------------------------------------------------------------------------- გვ.111 dasruleba gmirulisa da dawyeba

sulieri epoqisa ------------------------------------------------------------------ გვ.117

თავი I I

qarTuli eklesia I-III saukuneSi

saxelwodeba da mimarTuleba

qarTuli eklesiisa---------------------------------------------------------------------გვ.131

saqarTvelo mociqulTa dros------------------------------------------------------გვ.136 wmida andriasa da sxva mociqulebis

qadageba saqarTveloSi----------------------------------------------------------------გვ.156

wmida andrias mimosvla saqarTveloSi------------------------------------------.გვ.154 iberiasa da kavkasias skviTeTis

nawiladac miiCnevdnen-----------------------------------------------------------------.გვ.157 mociqulTa mier daarsebuli pirveli

avtokefaluri eklesiebi-------------------------------------------------------------გვ.160

qarTuli eklesiis samwyso-----------------------------------------------------------გვ.164

a) saerTo ena-----------------------------------------------------------------------------გვ.166

b) saerTo teritoria da saerTo saxelmwifo-------------.--------------------გვ.169 g) fsiqiuri wyobis erToba

I. saerTo kulti— erTmorwmuneoba -----------------------------.-----------------გვ.173

II. qarTuli tomebis saerTo kultura -------------------------------------------გვ.176 d) ekonomikuri kavSiri

dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Soris--------------------------------გვ.176 e) qarTvelebis saerTo warmoSoba,

511

sisxliT naTesaoba --------------------------------------------------------------გვ.176

qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi ---------------------------- გვ.178 `qarTlis~ sazRvrebi da qarTvelTa vinaoba

leonti mrovelis mixedvi ---------------------------------------------------------გვ.179 juanSeris Tanaxmad

egrisi `qarTlSi~ Semavali qveyanaa --------------------------------------გვ.185 qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis dasavleTis

sazRvrebi vaxuStis mixedviT ----------------------------------------------გვ.188 zogierTi berZeni da romaeli istorikosis Tanaxmad,

kolxeTi iberiaSi Semavali qveyanaa -------------------------------------- გვ.190 qarTli da qarTveli eri

somexi istorikosebis mixedviT -------------------------------------------- გვ.198

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ simarTle -------------------------------------------- გვ.204

saerTo qarTuli, koine ena ----------------------------------------------- გვ.208

თავი I I I

qarTuli eklesia IV saukuneSi

saqarTvelo IV saukuneSi -------------------------------------------------- გვ.215

gza qristianobisa I saukunidan wmida ninomde ------------------- გვ.222

wminda ninos cxovreba ---------------------------------------------------- გვ.237

qarTlis moqcevis wyaroebi --------------------------------------------- გვ.263 qarTuli eklesiis uflebrivi

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb-------------------------------------------------------------- გვ.270

512

თავი I V

qarTuli eklesia V saukuneSi

qveynis zogadi mdgomareoba V saukuneSi ---------------------------- -------გვ.288

vaxtang gorgaslis cxovreba ----------------------------------------------------გვ.301 `ver moawies saqme ese jerisaebr sjulisa...~ (proiranuli saeklesio dajgufebani vaxtang

gorgaslis reformamde) ---------------------------------------------------გვ.320 saeklesio-sarwmunoebrivi viTareba saqarTvelos

sakaTalikosos daarsebisas -------------------------------------------------- გვ.332

saqarTvelos sakaTalikosos daarseba ----------------------------------გვ.361

Teoriebi qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb ------------- -----გვ.381

თავი V qarTuli eklesia VI saukuneSi

qveynis zogadi mdgomareoba VI saukuneSi ------------------------ გვ.401 qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi

VI saukuneSi --------------------------------------------------------------- გვ.404 saeklesio winaswarmetyvelebani qarTuli

saxelmwifos gauqmebis Semdeg ----------------------------------- გვ.406 saeklesio ena albaneTSi, hereTSi, gugarqsa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi VI-VII saukuneebSi

a) saeklesio ena albaneTSi................................................................................................. გვ.414

b) saeklesio ena hereTSi....................................................................................................... გვ.416

g) saeklesio ena gugarqSi, anu qvemo qarTlSi................................................ გვ.423

d) saeklesio ena dasavleT saqarTveloSi.......................................................... .გვ.428

arsen safarelis Txzuleba `ganyofisaTვიs

qarTvelTa da somexTa~........................................................................................... გვ.436

513

monofizitobis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb

saqarTveloSi....................................................................................................................გვ.445

asureli mamebi monofizitobis winaaRmdeg......................................................... გვ.452

`epistoleTa wignis~ mokle Sinaarsi.......................................................... ........ გვ.461 `erToba~ qarTul da somxur eklesiaTa Soris

uxtanesis mixedviT....................................................................................................... .გვ.485 somxur eklesiasTan urTierTobis

mizezi da misi Sedegi.................................................................................... ....... გვ.489 qarTveli monofizitebi da somxuri eklesiis

wevri qarTveli qalkedonitebi.................................................................. ........... გვ.498