2003

LS4143LS4143

曾晴賢曾晴賢 (2765)(2765)

URL: www.prenhall.com/stiling.hinet.net

EcologyEcology生態學

課程說明 (Course Description)

藉由講述傳統生態學的基本觀念，導引以學習現代生命科學為主的學生，如何在自己的學習領域內，運用生態學的經驗和邏輯思惟，結合現代生物學的技術，讓未來的研究有更大的突破，同時有更宏觀的了解。

Textbook:

Ecology(Fourth Edition), by P. Stiling, 200Ecology(Fourth Edition), by P. Stiling, 20022

Published by Prentice HallPublished by Prentice Hall

成績評定 :

學期成績學期成績 ＝期中考＝期中考 *0.3*0.3 ＋期末考＋期末考 *0.5*0.5 ＋平常考＋平常考 *0.*0.

22

課程時間表及授課綱要週別週別 主題主題 授課章節授課章節11 IntroductionIntroduction 1122 Genetics and ecologyGenetics and ecology 2233 ExtinctionExtinction 3344 Group selection and individual selectionGroup selection and individual selection 4455 Life history strategiesLife history strategies 5566 Population growth, physical environment 6,7Population growth, physical environment 6,777 Competition and coexistence, Mutualism 8,9Competition and coexistence, Mutualism 8,988 Predation, herbivory Predation, herbivory 10,1110,1199 Parasitism, controls on population sizeParasitism, controls on population size 12,1312,131010 期中考期中考 1-131-131111 放假放假1212 Community ecologyCommunity ecology 14,1514,151313 Species diversity and stabilitySpecies diversity and stability 16,1716,171414 Succession and island biogeographySuccession and island biogeography 18,1918,191515 Trophic structureTrophic structure 20201616 Energy flow Energy flow 21211717 NutrientsNutrients 22221818 期末考期末考 14-2214-22

      

       

1. Ecology is the study of that which limits the abundance of plants and animals. We can study ecology at the level of individual behavior, populations, communities, or ecosystems.

2. Observing natural systems affords an insight into their workings, but field and laboratory experiments provide the most rigorous tests of ecological ideas.

3. Ecological measurement must be made at the spatial and temporal scale appropriate to the question being asked.

Chapter 1: Why and How to Study EcologyChapter Outline

Road Map

Case study-1

Case study-2

Lecture outline

1. Basic definitions of terms and field of study

2. Understanding the difference between observational studies, and field and laboratory experiments

3. Spatial and temporal implications in ecological interpretations

Outline

a. Study of individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems

b. Study of interactions among and between organisms, and their environment

c. Importance to human activities

What Is Ecology?

Located on the Nile River in Egypt (Figure 1.2) a.Potential benefits

i.Several years of irrigation reserves ii.Add 526,000 ha in arable land iii.Produce 10 billion kilowatts of electrical power annually iv.Protect country from catastrophic flood

b.Benefits to date i.Saved rice and cotton crops from drought damage in 1972 and 1973 ii.Two to three crops annually, as opposed to one iii.Increased productivity and annual income from agriculture by 200% iv.380,000 ha of desert are being irrigated for the first time

c.Unexpected ecological problems i.Increase in the incidence of schistosomiasis (47–80%) ii.Decreased phytoplankton blooms and fish harvests in the Mediterranean (e.g., Sardine annual catch decreased from 15,000 tons to 500) iii.Increased need for fertilization ($100 million annually). Fertilizer production uses most of the energy generated by the Dam. iv.Farmers overwater their land, resulting in salt deposition (half of the irrigated acreage is affected by salt)

d.Proper ecological studies could have predicted resulting ecological problems of the dam

Example: Aswan High Dam (Figure 1.1)

i. Investigating environmental change on the local, regional, and global scale

ii. Reductionist analyses and experimentation iii. Adapted concepts from agriculture, physiology, biochemistry, g

enetics, chemistry, and mathematics iv. Analytical and portable equipment v. Challenges for ecologists

1. Acid deposition 2. Global climate change 3. Increasing use of fertilizer results in huge N inputs to comm

unities 4. Increasing use of pesticides 5. Species extinction

vi. Ecology and Environmental Sciences vii. Four broad areas of ecology (Figure 1.3)

Ecologists—best-equipped scientists to study natural ecosystems

i. How behavior contributes to survivorship, reproduction, and population growth

ii. Example: Forest tent caterpillars (Malacosoma; Figure 1.4)

1.Reside in silken tents and defoliate trees 2.Vulnerable to predators 3.Group living would appear to be counterproductiv

e (i.e., assisting predators) 4.Benefits of group living Multiple-layered large silken tents Multiple and stronger silk trails to food sources Pheromones to attract colony mates Increased probability of propagating one’s own genes

Behavioral Ecology

a. Importance of ecology in addressing human perturbations

b. Four broad areas of ecology: behavioral ecology, population ecology, community ecology, and ecosystems ecology

c. Understanding ecological processes through the use of different ecological methods: laboratory, field and natural experiments, and modeling

d. Investigations must be conducted at the right spatial scale

Summary

a.What is the difference between ecology and environmental science?

b.What are ecological methods? How do we apply them to ecological questions?

c.In a local park, forest, or even in your backyard think about five ecological questions you could ask and the information you would need to answer them. Do your questions relate to behavioral, population, community, or ecosystems ecology or do they cross categories?

Discussion Questions

Fundamental knowledge of Ecology BiochemistryBiochemistry Molecular biologyMolecular biology GeneticsGenetics EvolutionEvolution PhysiologyPhysiology Developmental biologyDevelopmental biology Cell biologyCell biology

The scope of ecology

1.1. Ecology and levels of biological organizatiEcology and levels of biological organizationon

2.2. Subdisciplines in ecologySubdisciplines in ecology

3.3. Sciences allied to ecologySciences allied to ecology

The conceptual framework for ecological research

The scientific methodThe scientific method Reductionism versus holismReductionism versus holism The limitations of experimental manipulationThe limitations of experimental manipulation Making inferences in ecological researchMaking inferences in ecological research Statistical analyses and mathematical modelingStatistical analyses and mathematical modeling Proximate and ultimate explanationsProximate and ultimate explanations

Ecology: 生態學

Oekologie(E. Haeckel, 1869)Oekologie(E. Haeckel, 1869)  Oikos(G):Oikos(G): House House 住所，棲息地住所，棲息地  Logos(G):Logos(G): study study 論述，學科論述，學科  The branch of science dealing with the relationships oThe branch of science dealing with the relationships o

f living things to one another and to their environmf living things to one another and to their environment.ent.

  

Ecology

Functional ecology: Functional ecology: How populations are maintained at a particulaHow populations are maintained at a particula

r size and touches on behavior competition, prer size and touches on behavior competition, predation.....dation..... 。。

   Historical ecology:Historical ecology: How populations have come to be this way and How populations have come to be this way and

places great emphrasis on biogeography which places great emphrasis on biogeography which presupposes knowledge of continental draft anpresupposes knowledge of continental draft and of evolution.d of evolution.

ecologist 生態學家

認知 認知 = = 偵探偵探 ?? 創造 創造 = = 馬蓋先馬蓋先 ??

邏輯思惟者邏輯思惟者

生態學的歷史和展望 生態學的前史生態學的前史 -- 博物學的時代博物學的時代 分類學的知識分類學的知識 -- 種的概念之確立種的概念之確立 .. 形態及生理的分析形態及生理的分析 發育及習性的觀察發育及習性的觀察 食物連鎖、競爭、生物群集食物連鎖、競爭、生物群集 -- 群集生態學 群集生態學

(( 種群種群 ) Community Ecology) Community Ecology

生態學的歷史和展望1735 Reaumur 1735 Reaumur 日平均氣溫總和（積溫）對任何日平均氣溫總和（積溫）對任何一物候期（發育生理期）都是一個常數。一物候期（發育生理期）都是一個常數。

1766 J. G. Koelreuter & 1775 C. K. Sprengel:1766 J. G. Koelreuter & 1775 C. K. Sprengel: 花的構造和受粉花的構造和受粉媒介昆虫習性媒介昆虫習性1749 G. L. L. de Buffon 1749 G. L. L. de Buffon 哺乳類及鳥類的習性和哺乳類及鳥類的習性和競爭競爭

1805 A. von Humboldt 1805 A. von Humboldt 植物分佈和氣候及地史的植物分佈和氣候及地史的關係：等溫線對植物分布的意義。關係：等溫線對植物分布的意義。

生態學的成立 1798. T. Malthus1798. T. Malthus （人口論）（人口論） :- Essay on population populations capacity geomet:- Essay on population populations capacity geomet

ric growth food supply increased arithmetically. ric growth food supply increased arithmetically.

. Malthusian theory of population. Malthusian theory of population . . 巨大的生殖能力 巨大的生殖能力 e.g. Oystere.g. Oyster 8x108x1077 eggs/yr. eggs/yr. BirdsBirds 275x10275x1088 ind/10yrs. ind/10yrs.    . Limiting reproduction. Limiting reproduction 自然界中不存在有巨大生殖能力的現象自然界中不存在有巨大生殖能力的現象    Struggle for existenceStruggle for existence . Variation between individuals.. Variation between individuals. 每一個體間均有差異每一個體間均有差異 Natural selectionNatural selection

Limiting reproduction

自然界中不存在有巨大生殖能力的現象自然界中不存在有巨大生殖能力的現象

Struggle for existenceStruggle for existence . Variation between individuals.. Variation between individuals. 每一個體間均有差異每一個體間均有差異 Natural selectionNatural selection

Natural selection

1809 J. B. Lamarck- Philosophie zoologique1809 J. B. Lamarck- Philosophie zoologique . Use and disuse, Inheritance of acquired traits.. Use and disuse, Inheritance of acquired traits. . giraffes,. giraffes, useuse longneck longneck . cave animal. cave animaldisusedisuseblind eyes.blind eyes. . Reductive or vestigial structure. Reductive or vestigial structure 1838 P. F. Verhulst: 1838 P. F. Verhulst: 種群生態學種群生態學 Logistic Logistic 方程式方程式 1840 Leibig: 1840 Leibig: 植物最低因子定律植物最低因子定律   1844 Gasparin: 1844 Gasparin: 植物發育起點溫度的確立植物發育起點溫度的確立

Species origin （物種起源） 1859 C. Darwin: 1859 C. Darwin: . The origin of species by means of Natur. The origin of species by means of Natur

al selection or preservation of favored racal selection or preservation of favored races in the struggle for life.es in the struggle for life.

生態學的歷史 C. Lyell- Principles of GeologyC. Lyell- Principles of Geology . Physical world changed gradually. Physical world changed gradually A. R. Wallace(1822-1913)- Nature selection, Island Life, GeogrA. R. Wallace(1822-1913)- Nature selection, Island Life, Geogr

aphical Distribution of Animals.aphical Distribution of Animals.   . All organisms are descended with modification from commo. All organisms are descended with modification from commo

n ancestors.n ancestors. . The mechanism for evolution was natural selection.. The mechanism for evolution was natural selection. 1895 E. Warming: 1895 E. Warming: 植物生態地理學（植物分布學）植物生態地理學（植物分布學）   1898 A. F. W. Schimper: 1898 A. F. W. Schimper: 植物地理學（植物生理地理學）植物地理學（植物生理地理學）   1913 Journal of ecology (UK)1913 Journal of ecology (UK)

現代生態學的發展趨勢：1.      1.      更加往宏觀的方向發展：個體生態學更加往宏觀的方向發展：個體生態學種群生態學種群生態學生生態系統態系統生物圈生物圈全球生態學（能量和物質的流動無國全球生態學（能量和物質的流動無國界）界）

2.      2.      廣泛應用系統理論（系統生態學）：建立系統的模擬模廣泛應用系統理論（系統生態學）：建立系統的模擬模型，模擬生態系統的行為和各種管理措施。應用最優化原型，模擬生態系統的行為和各種管理措施。應用最優化原理來控制和管理生態系統。理來控制和管理生態系統。

3.      3.      與社會科學（尤其是經濟學）的結合：生態經濟學。與社會科學（尤其是經濟學）的結合：生態經濟學。4.      4.      應用生態學：生態工程，生態技術，生態建設，生態管應用生態學：生態工程，生態技術，生態建設，生態管理。理。

5. 5. 量化生態學：植被的聚類分析、排序技術，種的多樣性研量化生態學：植被的聚類分析、排序技術，種的多樣性研究，信息生態學究，信息生態學