2004年秋季考研英语英译汉部分讲义 -...

目录翻译部分前言 ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ 1第一部分英译汉评分细则 ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ 1第二部分英语句子结构的特征剖析┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ 12第三部分英汉两种语言的表达差异 ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ 13 第四部分英汉句法结构差异┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ 14第五部分实战练习┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ 16

完形填空部分第一部分完型真题分析 ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ 29第二部分专项练习┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ 38第三部分熟背一百句，打牢基本功┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ 41第四部分完形填空练习┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ 46

新题型部分第一部分 2006 年真题分析 ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ 52第一节选择填空┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅54第二节排序题┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ 62第三节例证题┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅68第四节标题题┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ ┅ 74

无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒

第一部分、英译汉一、英译汉评分细则翻译C 节： 5 小题，每题 2 分，共 10 分。 ● 如果句子译文明显扭曲原文意思，该句得分最多不超过 0.5 分。 ● 如果考生就一个题目提供了两个或两个以上的译法，若均正确，给分；如果其中一个

译法有错，按错误译法评分。 ● 中文错别字不个别扣分，按每题累计扣分。每三个错别字扣 0.5 分，无 0.25 扣分。

2006 年考题Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Our translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. （10 points）

Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected Americans. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not Americans, who have become anti-intellectual.

First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? （ 46 ） I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic （苏格拉底） way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. （ 47 ） His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals---the average scientist for one （ 48 ） I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute 文都教育在线：www.wendu.com 1

考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties. ---he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. （ 49 ） But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.

The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living （ 50 ） They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. “Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, “is something else.”

46I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life

0.5 1the activity of thinking in Socratic （苏格拉底） way about moral problems.

0.5参考答案：我将他定义为一个对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考并将此作为人生首要责任和快乐的人。词或表达式可接受译法Individual 个体；独立个体 has elected as…activity 把…作为（视为）… 选择…作为 primary duty and pleasure 主要任务和生活乐趣; 主要工作和人生乐趣 moral problem 思想道德问题不可接受译法：智力，智慧；知识；天才，人才，智者；选举，被选举，被选择；经过选举的人生活任务和愉快：生活的主要方式和荣幸：生活的低级／初级职责和爱好；精神问题; 精神层面问题; 理性问题；意识问题；整句示例：（2 分）我把知识分子定义为这样的人：他用苏格拉底的思考方式来思考道德问题，并把这种选择作为他一生中主要的责任和快乐。

文都教育在线：www.wendu.com 2

无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒(1. 5 分）我认为应该把他定义为像苏格拉底那样思考道德问题，且以此作为他生命的初

级责任和快乐的人。（1 分）我应把他定义为一个把他的主要责任和生活快乐都用来按苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题的人。 (0. 5 分）我将把他定义为一个单独个体，他已经展现了它的主要职责通过一种苏格拉底

式的方式来思考精神问题的行为。（0 分）并且取悦于生活，我将用他来作一个例子，他被选择是因为他的贫穷的职业和他有着苏格拉底式的思想和生活中积极乐观的态度。

47His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of 0.5 0.5revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. 1参考答案：他的职责与法官相似，必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。词或表达式可接受译法function 作用；功能基础；方法；论断；任务 is analogous to 类似：可比作；类似于（漏译要扣分）accept 接受；担负;obligation 义务; 职责;as obvious a manner as possible 尽可能明显；尽可能清晰; 显而易见；明显清楚;revealing 揭示；说明;course of reasoning 思路；说理过程led to his decision 得出结论；导致他决定; 帮助做出决定不可接受译法：遵守光明磊落；明智地；揭露；提示原因；理由引导他的决定整句示例：（2 分）他的地位作用类似于法官，他担负着这样的职责：尽可能清楚地揭示出他作出决

定的推理过程。


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型（1.5 分）他的功能类比于法官的功能，他必须接受用一种明显且可能的方式揭示导致他

决定的推理过程的义务。（1 分）他的职责类似于一个法官，他必须承担起这个责任，在他未做决定之前，尽可能

使推理过程以一种明显的方式进行。（0.5 分）他的作用是类比、分析、判断，他必须尽量去揭示引导他做决定的推理过程。（0 分）他的基础是分析、判断那些能引导他作出决定的一些可能性的显而易见的可接受。48I have excluded him because, 0.5because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, 0.5 he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but 0.5the factual aspects of those problems. 0.5

参考答案：我之所以将他（普通科学家）排除在外，是因为尽管他的成果可能有助于解决道德问题，但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。词或表达式可接受译法Have excluded 没算在内；没（有）包括：不包括while 虽然accomplishments 成就; 成绩；功绩contribute to 有帮助；起作用；有贡献；做出了贡献moral problems 伦理问题be charged with 负担（起）approaching 探究；探索；触及 not…any but 只是：除了…不／没 factual aspects 真实方面；不可接受译法排斥；反对；包含; 解释; 归结; 总结当……时工作；作品；活动用于；应用于；归因于；归功于；归结于；解释精神问题；思想问题负责；负责任：提出：处理：被赋予; 对待文都教育在线：www.wendu.com 4

无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒达到（目标）：接近（目标）；方法；掌握；抓住不是…而是；不仅是…而是实际方面；根本方面；实质（问题）整句示例：（2 分）我将他排除在外，因为他负担的任务只是探索这些问题的事实方面，尽管他的成

就可能会促成道德问题的解决。（1.5 分）我把他排除在外的原因是，当他的研究成果可能对解决道德问题有所贡献时，

他只是触及了这些问题的事实方面。（1 分）我排斥他，是因为虽然他的成绩可能在解决伦理问题上起作用，但他并不负责这

些问题的事实方面的任务。（0.5 分）我反对他，因为他没有提出接近这些问题的真实方面的方法，尽管他的成功可

用于道德问题的解决。（0 分）我包含他，因为他的活动归因于精神问题的解决，他改变的不仅是这些方法，也

是那些问题的真实方面。49But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, 0.5which governs his activity, 0.5any more than a businessman is expected to 0.5dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. 0.5

参考答案：但是，他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德，就如同不能指望商人专注于探讨行业规范一样。词或表达式可接受译法primary task 首要任务；首要工作; 主要任务code 规范；准则；标准；规则governs 支配；控制; 掌控；统治；指挥not．．．any more than 不…也不…is expected希望；期待；期望dedicate to 专注于；致力于；用于；集中…于文都教育在线：www.wendu.com 5

考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型energies 精力exploration 探索; 探讨rules of conduct business 商业行为规范；商业领域的行为准则不可接受译法起初的工作；最初的工作；初级工作；基础工作; 原始任务；先行任务密码；代码；符号：记号：范围；筹码；砝码; 编码调节，适应任何一个；无论是；更多的预计；计划开拓；遵循；能; 能量；实力;爆炸; 勘查；研发；扩大；扩展；生产规定；制度管理整句示例：（2 分）但是，他的主要任务不是思考支配他活动的道德规则，同样，人们不期望商人们

将精力致力于探索商业领域的行为规则。（1.5 分）但是，他的主要任务不是考虑控制他活动的道德标准。这不同于商人，商人期望

将自己的精力投入探讨商业中的行为标准。（1 分）但他的主要任务不是思考掌控他行为的道德标准。更不像商人，他需要探索在商

业领域的规则行为。（0.5 分）但是，他的主要工作不是去考虑道德标准，以便掌握他的行动，他更像一个商

人把能量贡献给了商业标准。（0 分）但是，他的基础工作不是去想密码，一些在商业中的人希望他的能量爆发，并用

于商业活动。50They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, 0.5 0.5but most of them make little or no independent reflections on 0.5human problems which involve moral judgment. 0.5

参考答案：他们可以教得很好，而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水，但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的人的问题进行独立思考。文都教育在线：www.wendu.com 6

无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒可接受译法teach very well 教得很好; 教得非常好教授地很好more than earn their salaries 不仅仅为了挣工资reflections 思考；思索independent 独立的；独自的little or no 几乎没有；很少或没有involve 涉及；关于；包括；包含judgment 判断；判定不可接受译法教得更好; 做得很好; 接受好的教育更能挣钱；超出薪水的范围；会挣更多的钱反映；反响；回响；反应；影响；研究一些；都没有卷入；带有；困扰标准；标识；规则；准则；规范；整句示例：（2 分）教师可能教得很好，而且不仅仅是挣他们的薪水。但是他们中的多数人对涉及道

德判断的人类问题几乎没有独立思考过。（1.5 分）他们也许教得很好，甚至超过了他们应得的薪水，但是他们当中很少或没有人

独立地思考过包含道德判断的人类问题。（1 分）他们也许会教得很好，并且远远比得上他们的工资。但他们中很少有人在人类道

德判定问题上有独立的影响。（0.5 分）他们接受了很好的教育，并且超过了薪水。但他们很少独立反映过人类道德问题。（0 分）他们受到过很好的教育，并不考虑工资是多还是少，但他们在道德贡献上无所作为。

2005 年考题本部分每小题分值为 2 分。如果句子译文完全扭曲原文意思，即使有些词语翻译正确, 该句得分最多不得超过 0．5 分。如果某考生给出两种或两种以上的译法，若均正确，给分, 若其中一句译法错误，按错误译法扣分。汉语错别字，不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。在不影响句子意思的前提下酌情扣分。本执行细则就每个翻译小题提供了 7 句考生译文，并在附录中列出了各句子的得分。要求对评分教师进行培训时，组织教师参照标准对学生译文进行试评，讨论，统一标准。各句的分数段划分如下：（61） The Greeks assumed that the structure language had some connection with the process


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型（ 1 ）of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized （ 2 ）how diverse the language could be. （ 3 ）为 1 分, （2） , （3）各 0.5 分答案:希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早己在欧洲扎下了根。可接受的译法不可接受的译法●assumed：认为 ●设想；推测：声称；假想：断言；评判等●some connection：某种联系; ●很多联系：某种必然的联系等某种关联; 某种关系;—定的联系●the process of thought： ●思想进程；思考进程; 意识进程等思维过程;思考过程;●took root in 在……扎根了扎根于……;在……根深蒂固深， ●在……出现了; 起源于……;来源于…… 在……占主导地位; 追溯于……●diverse：丰富; 差别; 差异; ●其它的生活方式;其它的生活模式不同;差异性;多样性.注: which 的指代关系翻译不正确的,扣 0.5 分.

整句示例:1. 希腊的哲学家假设, 不久的将来在欧洲, 人们可以通过关于语言的思维过程来打破语言的限制并且可以实现如何区分语言的种类。（0 分）2. 在植根于欧洲大陆意识到语言是如何产生的很久以前，古希腊哲学家们就讨论语言结构和思维形成过程的关系。（0.5 分） 3. 希腊人认为语言的结构与思维过程有一些联系，他们在很久以前人们认识到表达语言将会怎样时，都根源于欧洲。（1 分）4. 希腊人主观认为语言的结构和思维的过程有一些联系。在人们认识到不同的语言是怎么存在的很久以前，此观点就在欧洲扎根了。（1.5 分）5. 希腊人曾认为语言结构和思考过程有那样多样之前很早就在欧洲根深蒂固了。这种认识在人们意识到语言。（2 分）6. 希腊人认为语言结构和人的思维过程有一定的联系，在人们意识到各种不同的语言是什么之前很长一段时间，这一观点扎根于欧洲。（1.5 分）7. 希腊人认为语言的结构与思维处理过程有些关系，这早在人们意识到语言的厉害之前就根生于欧洲了。（1 分）文都教育在线：www.wendu.com 8

无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒（62 ） We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, （1）（2）as the people who spoke them died out or be come assimilated and lost their native language . （3）（4）（1）、（2）、（3）、（4）各 0.5 分。答案：我们之所以感激他们（两位先驱），是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有…．些已经不复存在了，这是山于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。可接受的译法不可接受的泽法●are obliged to 感谢：感激 ●尊重、尊敬、钦佩；被迫于；赞同；责备等。●assimilated 同化：融合 ●相似等。整句示例:1. 我们是因为这些语言中的某一些已经消失，（消失的）原因是讲这些语言的人已经去世，或者被同化而失去自己的语言。（1.5 分）2. 我们被迫于这个事实因为这些语言的一部分曾经侵犯过，而讲这些语言的人逐渐死去或者变得相似了，同时人们也失去了自己的民族语言。（0.5 分）3. 自从语言的国界被打破起，人们开始大胆的说不同的语言变得自由的甚至丢掉了自己的母语。（0 分）4. 我们感谢他们是因为, 随着语言使用者的死亡或是被同化而丧失其原有的语言, 一些语言已经消失了。（2 分）5. 我们对二十世纪前半世纪的北美和南美语言的消失负有一定的责任，这是由于说这些语言的人灭绝了或者因被同化而失去了他们的母语。（1 分）6. 我们必须得感谢他们，因为其中一些语言已经消失了，消失的原因是讲这些语言的人们死去，或被同化掉而失去他们的本土语言。（2 分）7. 我们尊重他们，因为这些语言中的一些曾一度消失，这是由于说这些语言的人灭绝了或者因被同化而失去了他们的母语。（1 分）（63） The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well-studied （1）languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir （2）of fabricating their data. （1）、（2）各 1 分。文都教育在线：www.wendu.com 9

考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型答案：这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责 Boas 和 Sapir编造了材料。可接受的译法不可接受的译法●The newly described ● 最新的；最近介绍的；新近记录的最新描述的：新描述的：新的被描述性等。新的描述性等。 ●well studied深入研究的；研究 ● 被熟知的；广泛语言的：研究成比较透彻的；被很好地研究的；熟的等。被认真研究过的：被仔细研究过的。●strikingly different 如此不同于 ● 相区别；严格地区分；不同等。令人惊叹地不同；很大不同等。●accused…of…批评；指控；责备等。 ● 抱怨；控告；起诉：怀疑：认为等。● fabricating 捏造；伪造；虚构等。 ● 修饰；构造；修改；弄错等。● data 资料；数据。 ● 语言；记录；日期等。● so…that…以至于。 ● 正因；如此；导致等。整句示例:1. 最近描述的语言与以往经过认真研究的欧洲或东南亚的语言极大的不同，因此有些学者怀疑 Boas 和 Sapir 证明的数据。（1 分）2. 最近发现的语言与已经被仔细研究过的欧洲和东南亚语言通常有明显不同，因此某些学者要求 Boas 和 Sapir修正他们的数据。（0.5 分）3. 新出现的描述性语言经常遭到与欧洲和亚洲南亚容易掌握语言的不同待遇，曾有许多学者反对 Boas Sapir 语言来记录他们的资料。（0 分）4. 新的描述性语言与这些被详细研究过的欧洲和东南亚语言往往有着天壤之别，这甚至使得一些学者指责鲍尔斯和斯派尔捏造了他们的数据。（1.5 分）5. 新近被描述的语言与以前很好地研究过的欧洲和东南亚的语言是如此惊人的不同，以至于有些学者指责鲍尔斯和萨佩尔编造了数据。（2 分）6. 这些最新描述的语言常常是和现有的研究的非常好的欧洲和东南亚的语言有非常大的不同，这使一些学者指责 Boas 和 Sapir 的研究只是一些想象。（1.5 分）7. 最近被描述的语言经常与欧洲和东南亚研究的语言如此的不同以至于一些学者甚至指控 Boas 和 Sapir反驳了他们的数据。（1 分）（ 64 ） Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea （1）that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual t hought in a society. （2）（1）、（2）各 1 分。文都教育在线：www.wendu.com 10

无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒答案：Whorf 对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在—个社会中，语言结构决定习惯思维的结构。可接受的译法不可接受的译法●being interested in… ● 通过/作为/关于…的兴趣因为/由于/出于/基于…的兴趣。有趣之处是… 注：此处翻译错误扣 1 分●developed 形成了；发展了；产生了。 ● 提出了；发明了等。●the idea：这种观点：这种思想： ● 意识；理论等。●determines the structure of habitual ● 决定一个社会、习俗思想的结构；thought in a society 决定社会的思想习俗方式;在社会中，……决定……；确定固定的社会思想习惯等。决定一个社会的习惯思维方式。整句示例:1. 出于对语言和思想之间关系的兴趣，Whorf 形成了语言决定社会结构与习惯思维的想法。（1 分）2. 通过对语言和思想的兴趣的提高，发展了思想，并且这个思想引导语言，从而也控制人们社会思维方式。（0 分）3. Whorf 对语言与思维的关系感兴趣，而发展了在社会中语言结构决定习惯思维结构的观点。（2 分）4. 出于对语言和思维关系的兴趣，Whorf发明了一种观点，认为语言结构决定了社会的习惯思维结构。（1.5 分）5. 作为在语言和思想的关系方面的兴趣，Whorf发展了在社会中琶直纽扭殖定习惯结构这种观点。（0.5 分）6. 由于对语言与思维关系感兴趣，胡夫发展了这种观点，即在一个社会中的语言结构源于思维、思想的习惯过程。（1 分）7. 基于语言和思维关系的兴趣，Whorf发展了这样一种观点，即语言的结构决定了社会风俗习惯。（1.5 分）（65） Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, （1）（2）states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a （3）（4）language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.

（1）、（2）、（3）、（4）各 0.5 分。文都教育在线：www.wendu.com 11

考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型答案：Whoff 进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。可接受的译法不可接受的译法●came to believe 逐渐相信;开始相信。 ●越来越信；坚信；信任等。●a sort of 一种；某种；一类。 ●一系列；一套●in its strongest form 其最激烈/ ●最有力的形式；最强的形式。强烈的说法是●imprisons mind 限制了/制约了思维。 ●监管/解放了思维。●grammatically patterns 语法模式/形式 ●语法句型；语言句型等。整句示例:1. 霍尔夫开始相信语言决定论，在这一系列语言决定论说法中，最激烈的一种论调认为：语言囚禁着思维，语言中的语法形式可以对社会文化产生深远的影响。（2 分）2. Whorf开始相信这一种语言决定论，在它强大的形式下，它陈述了语言禁锢着思想，以及语言的语法模式对社会文化产生长远的影响。（1.5 分）3. 沃尔夫逐渐相信一种语言决定论，指出语言禁锢了思想，并且语法结构可以对一个社会的文化产生长远的影响。（1.5 分）4. 霍尔夫逐渐相信一系列语言决定论，其最强烈的—种认为，语言束缚着思维，语言中的语法结构可以为社会文化产生更大的影响。（1 分）5. Whorf 相信语言决定论，它的基本思想是：语言限制了思想，并且语言中的语法结构将能产生比社会文化更大的影响。（0.5 分）6. Whorf越来越相信，在有力的形式下，一种语言的决定性特质说明语言限制着思维，并语法形式会对社会文化发展的结构产生深远的影响。（0.5 分）7. Whorf后来相信一些语言学家的决定，它用最强的语气说明了大脑的思维活动决定了语言，并且根据一种语言的语法模式可以在这个社会的文化范围内推导出不计其数的语言序列。（0 分）

二、英语句子结构的特征剖析：There are many students arranged in rows sitting in the classroom and some teachers with books in their hand standing besides. （2001.71）Laboratories equipped with a lot of sophisticated computers can be opened to fresh students who had almost no computer knowledge, churches decorated with many solemn ring-lights will be crowded with preachers and harbors anchored with ships will prosper in commercial life.The exams have become so difficult that only a few students who are very diligent could pass them.


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒It has been reported that the bank was robbed of yesterday.It is very wise of students to put most of their time in studying computer operation and English application.It will be the end of his life that he is charged with bribery before he really grasp the control. （2001,74; 2000.72; ）For example, had he done his homework earlier he would not be criticized. Young as he is, he is considered the best player in the band.Owing to his patience, what has been started by him will be finished sooner or later.10. They have come to agree that the world they live in will be prosperous many years later.11. He put the theory into practice and to test the idealistic challenge from all corners of the world. 12. They argue that science development will never come to an end and that evolution will also never stop.13. There exist some disputes whether man should do more experiments on coloning man.14. Lincoln, the sixteenth president of the US, was assassinated in 1865, which is the victory year of American Civil War.

三、英汉两种语言的表达差异：英语重结构，汉语重语意1999 年 75 题：75 ） It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.直译：它同样适用于将历史仅仅看作是对历史材料来源的内部的和外部的批评的传统历史学家，和把历史研究活动等同于具体研究方法的社会科学历史学家。调整后的译文：它同样适用于传统历史学家和社会科学历史学家，传统历史学家（或前者）将历史仅仅看作是对历史材料来源的内部的和外部的批评，社会科学历史学家（或后者）把历史研究活动等同于具体的研究方法。英语多长句，汉语多短句1995 年 75 题: 75）For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.直译：例如，它们不能弥补巨大的社会不公，因此不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人会有多大才干，如果他在叫好的环境中长大。英语多前重心，汉语多后重心文都教育在线：www.wendu.com 13

考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型1999 年 74 题：74 ） There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.“There is no agreement ”不能简单地译为 “没有人同意”，“没有哪个赞同意见”等。应译为：方法论是指一般的历史研究中特有的概念，还是指历史研究中各个具体领域或适用的研究方法，人们对此意见不一。英语多被动，汉语多主动1993 年 74 题：And it is imagined by many that the operation of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.

英语多代词，汉语多名词And it is imagined by many that the operation of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training许多人认为：普通人的思维活动根本无法和科学家的思维过程相比较，他们并认为这些（科学家）的思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。其中的 they 译成了名词“。。。。。的思维过程”英语多引申，汉语多推理1999 年 71 题：71） While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.recreate 译成了啊“再现”尽管关于历史的定义和历史学家几乎一样多，现代实践最符合这一种定义，即把历史看作是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释。其中 one 译成了名词“定义”。英语多变化，汉语多重复1999 年 75 题：view…as; equate…with; 都是指“认为或把。。。看作”75 ） It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and intemal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

1999 年 74 题：historical work 和 historical inquiry 都是指“历史研究”74 ） There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒inquiry.

英语多抽象，汉语多具体1998 年 75 题：consequence, respected ideas and for the better part of a decade 都是比较抽象的。75 ） Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.译为：宇宙膨胀虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认理论在科学上看来可信的推论，七八年来许多天体物理学家一直认为这一学说是正确的。

四、英汉句法结构差异：注意分析句子结构1995 年 75 题 75）For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

注意弄清代词指代关系1995 年 75 题: 75）For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

注意动词的翻译1995 年 75 题：compensate 和 tell75）For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

注意名词的翻译1998 年 72 题：Big Bang（大爆炸论） The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos

注意惯用法，短语和习语的翻译1999 年 75 题：give rise to; 1998 年 75 题：put forward;

注意翻译中的词性转换1997 年 73 题：文都教育在线：www.wendu.com 15

考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型73） It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. 译文：这种说法一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为该这样对待动物：要么象对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。原文中 consideration 被译为动词。1999 年 72 题：72 ） Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.译文：人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。原文中名词 interest 被译为动词“关注”注意从句翻译1997 年 71 题：71） Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. 译文：事实并非如此，因为提出这样的问题是以人们对人的权利的有共同认识的基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。汉语表达习惯把宾语从句与原因状语从句隔为一体。1997 年 75 题：75） When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at译文：这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应得到鼓励，而不应受到嘲弄。原文前面的主从句变成了简单句。

五、实战练习2005 年考研英语翻译部分：

It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. （ 46 ） Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed─and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe . The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. （47） In Europe, as elsewhere, multi- media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another . One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.

Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒compete compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. （48） This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.

（ 49 ） Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice—that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.

In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank will handle the finances necessary for production costs. （50） In dealing with a challenge on such a sc ale , it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall ” —and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.46．电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。47．在欧洲，像在其它地方一样，传媒集团越来越成功：这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起。48．这一点就足以证明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实，在 80 个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在 1989 年亏损。49．不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性的选择。50．在应对如此规模的挑战时，可以毫不夸张地说：“联合，我们就生存；分裂，我们就灭亡”。2004.英译汉

The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. （61） The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. （62） We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. （ 63 ） The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War Ⅱ to send secret messages.

Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American. Indian languages. （64） Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. （65） Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.61．希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。62．我们之所以感激他们（梁位先驱），是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。63．这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责 Boas 和 Sapir编造了材料。64．Whorf 对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。65．Whorf 进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。2003 英译汉　　Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. （ 61 ） Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth. 　　“Anthropology”derives from the Greek words“anthropos”:“human”and logos“the study of.”By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind. 　　Anthropology is one of the social sciences.（62）Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned （原文如此） manner that natural scientists use for the study of


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒natural phenomena. 　　Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology. 　　All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. （63）The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 　　 Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science.（64）Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” 　 This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned. shared, and patterned behavior. 　　（ 65 ） Thus, the anthropological concept of “ culture, ” like the concept of“set”in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 61．而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。 62．社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。 63．强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。 64．泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯”。 65．因此，人类学中“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。

2002 英译汉： Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61） One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62） The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63） The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64 ） They are the possessions of the autonomous （ self-governing ） man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values." Who will use a technology and to what ends? 65 ） Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

2001 英译汉.In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Directlinks between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall. 71）There wil be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.

According to BT's furturologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium （a period of 1,000 years）, when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life. 73）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040. Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck," he says. 74）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.” Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster than light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 75 ） And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder — kitchen rage. 2000 英译汉. Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71 ） Under modem conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72 ） Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, the may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, of in they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds. 73 ） Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example.74）in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.75）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.

1999 英译汉71） While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In thls search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the histo-rian' s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process . 72） Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 73） During this transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by additionalmethodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74 ） There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tun-nel method , " frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy. " Also common in the natural sciences , the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75 ） It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

1998 英译汉. They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light years from earth. 71） But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administratin's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -Cobe-had disvocered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang（the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy）.72） The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos . According the the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. 73 ） Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon. 74） If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 75） Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

1997 英译汉.Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground clearing way to start. 71 ） Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72 ） Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people — for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says “I don't like this contract”? The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 73） It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all? Many deny it. 74 ） Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake — a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning — the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl — is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型 75 ） When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at

模拟练习 1: Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.（10 points）In reading the pages of American scientist, I have been struck by the stunning progress being made in science and engineering, new phenomena discovered, new materials synthesized, new methods developed. （61） what I see behind many of these exciting stories is the widespread and even revolutionary use of distributed intelligence that is made possible by the “ wiring ” of the scientific community. It is more than a time saver or a communication enhance; it is enabling us to think in new ways and its impact on society may be monumental.The term “information age” probably does not do justice to the possibilities of this emerging era. （ 62 ） this is an age of “ knowledge and distributed intelligence, ” in which knowledge is available to anyone, located anywhere, at any time; and in which power, information, and control are moving from centralized systems to individuals. This era calls for a new form of leadership and vision from the academic science and engineering community. We know from countless examples that academic science the engineering have enabled our society to make the most of new technologies. We wouldn’t have today’s advanced computer graphics systems if mathematicians hadn’t been able to solve problems related to surface geometry. （ 63 ） we wouldn’t have networks capable of handling massive amounts of data if physicists and astronomers hadn’t continuously forged tools to look more deeply into subatomic structures and the cosmos. Chemists; efforts to simulate complex phenomena and predict the properties of many-electron systems have inspired massively parallel architectures for computing. And the information made available by the sequencing of the human genome has caused us to rethink how to store, manipulate, and retrieve data most effectively. （64） it will take new insights from studies of human cognition, linguistics, neurobiology, computing, and more to develop systems that truly augment our capacity to learn and create. The best may be yet to come.Despite brutally tight constraints on federal discretionary spending, President Clinton has stepped forward to champion a 3 percent increase （ uncorrected for inflation ） in the national 1998 budget. The president’s request is only the first step in the congressional budget process ahead. （ 65 ） Given that t he priorities of Congress w ill almost certainly differ from those of the president, it will take an unprecedented level of input and commitment from the research community to ensure the investments in science and engineering.

Exercise 2Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）It is a common problem in the non-family owned private limited company: a shareholder/director wants to retire or leave the business, but one or more of his fellow shareholders/directors want to continue. （61） It is easy enough for a director to retire, but the likelihood is that he will want to


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒cash in on his shares which have accumulated some value over the period of his participation in the business. Frequently, though, his fellow shareholder/director （s） do not have the financial resources to acquire the shares at their market value. A wide variety of options exist, but purchase of own shares by the company is one of the most useful.Purchase of own shares is exactly what says it is: the company acquires the shares from the shareholder. In principle, it is a simple concept but one which is covered by a number of very important legislative provisions, both in company and tax law. （62） Although at first sight the legislation appears to obstruct what might otherwise be a simple process, it actually exists to facilitate the purchase, while protecting the creditors （ so far as company law is concerned ） . In fact, the provisions are too numerous to cover in detail in a few words and this article is designed only to outline the rules, regulations and options. Professional advice and assistance should always be sought to implement any purchase of own shares.（63） It was always the case that a company could not acquire its own shares, because in doing so it was obtaining ownership of itself, which is contrary to the most fundamental legal principles surrounding the nature and existence of companies. The Companies Act 1981 changed all that and the provisions it introduced are now incorporated into the Companies Act 1985.（64） In essence, provided a company is permitted to do so by its Memorandum and Articles of Association, any company can now acquire its own shares （ subject to there being at least one left ） . Because purchase of own shares is a relatively recent innovation, many companies’ Memorandum and Articles of Association do not contain this provision but appropriate provisions can be included by Special Resolution, requiring a 75% majority.（65 ） Although the purchase must normally be made out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares and/or distributable profits, important provisions exist for private companies to make the purchase out of capital. If distributable profits are insufficient then, provided the company is solvent （能偿还的） after （补偿）and is believed by the directors to be a going concern for a further year [ a statutory（法定的）declaration on which the auditors （审计员、查帐员） must report and concur], then the purchase can go ahead.

经济类材料翻译练习：Section V Translation （2002 真题）Directions: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the five sentences underlined into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET 2. Genius is something that is difficult to measure quantitatively since it is a unique quality, although most of us can recognize genius when we see it or hear it. （ 71 ） By contrast intelligence is possibly easier to quantify and like genius is a polygenic ① character that can be moulded ② by the environment . Intelligence is a qualitative trait, which does have a genetic component, but we should not assume that it has a single dimension of expression. （ 72 ） There are several limitations in measuring intelligence by a linear ③ scale ranging from dull to bright, since individuals differ


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型greatly in their genotypes ④ .Any number of gene combination may predispose an individual to musical genius, or to painting, or to painting, or to designing computer programs, etc . The possession of any one of these abilities may or may not be associated with another. Moreover, the same genotype may be expressed in markedly different ways in markedly different environments. （73）For example, intelligence quotient test scores vary considerably with illness and disease, educational, social and economic levels-even the skin color of the examiner conducting the IQ test may have a significant effect! There is also difficulty in deciding what intelligence should be applied to. Is it the ability to learn? Is it related to the enquiring mind or to motivation? Consequently comparisons between an IQ test given to a University student and to an Aborigine in Australia will give meaningless results, since the test is most unlikely to measure the same behavior.（74）Not only are the genotypes and the environments of these two individuals totally different, but their motivations for achievement in particular activities will be different. Indeed, as some articles which deal with the problems mentioned above show, people who believe they can estimate genetic and environmental contributions to differences in intelligence between races are statistically naïve. （75）If some races or social groups in the human population can be shown to be inferior in intelligence, it opens up the possibility that some segregationists or politicians could bring in legislation or policies to suppress or even eliminate such races or groups in the population. History certainly shows that this suggestion is quite likely when ruthless individuals are in positions of power. Can you see why the false scientific conclusions could become dangerous socially and politically? Notes:polymeric:　 having many genesmould : to shape or form linear: of linesgenotypes: types of gene Section V Translation71．相比之下，智力可能比较容易量化，而且正如天赋一样，智能力也是可以由环境影响而形成的一种多基因品质。72．由于每个人的基因类型迥然不同，因此，用从愚蠢到聪明的直线性尺度来衡量人的智力是有一定的局限的。73．例如，智商测试的成绩会受到疾病、教育水平、社会地位和经济水平等因素的影响而产生相当大的变化，甚至实施智能商测试者的肤色都可能有重大影响。74．这两个人不仅基因类型和成长的环境大相径庭，而且他们在特殊活动中所具有的成就动机也各不相同。75．如果人类中的某些种族或社会群体在智力上表现出劣势，这就为一些种族隔离主义者和政客提供了一种制定法律或政策来镇压或是甚至消灭这些人种或群体的可能性。文都教育在线：www.wendu.com 26

无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒Section V Translation （2003 真题）Directions: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the five sentences underlined into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET2.Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. （71） But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy ’ s vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and are factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100workers,now employ 60 percent of the workforce and expected to generate half of all new jobs between now and the year 2,000. Some 1.2 million small forms have opened their doors over the past 6 years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own.Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally .the capital that success requires. （72） Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves , may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also. at least for a while, be bookkeepers and receptionists, too. According to small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to disappear in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. （73） Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in and eighty percent had worked with the same product or service in their last jobs.Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm’s health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age .you must tenderly monitor its pulse, in their zeal, to expand. Small business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. （74） They hope fully for more and more into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that means the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save.Frequent checks of your firm’s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. （75） To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer the new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot ideas.

PART Translation Ⅳ （2001）　　（56）The types of daydreams, whether they are pleasant and hopeful or filled with despair take shape in childhood when everyone develops one of three basic daydreaming styles: positive negative and scattered American Health reports. Although everyone lapses occasionally into each of these types, positive daydreamers are more likely to imagine happy, playful or entertaining of


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型these types, positive daydreamers are more likely to imagine happy, playful or entertaining scenarios.（57）Negative daydreamers tend to dwell on life’s darker side. imagining dangerous and/or life threatening situations, such as the appearance of a fatal or weakening disease or becoming a victim of violence. Scattered day dreamers are easily bored and distracted. "Their mental images tend to be fleeting, repetitive and shallow,　 like variations on the same fairy tales,"explains Yale psychologist Roni Tower.　　（58）While all three types are common, 　 positive imaginations are likeliest to serve as springboards （跳板） for problem solving, while negative and scattered daydreams may leave a person feeling anxious. 　 Negative daydreamers are waiting for the other shoe"to fall."Their imaginations are often guilt-ridden or obsessive.　　 There are times when drifting away can cause problems, according to Blodin."If daydreaming gets in the way of daily function because the person is doing it all day, the person won’t be very productive, "she says. "The amount of time and the frequency that a person daydreams is what’s important. It should not take up all of your time.（59）If people find their daydreaming is becoming excessive （过多的）， they should take a realistic look at what’s going on in their life and ask themselves what they are trying to avoid. Then they can assess what steps they need to take to correct the situation." （ Anyone who has a hard time discriminating between reality and imagination or starts replacing real-life family and friends with imagined people should seek professional help.）

　　（60）Professor Singer sums up the advantages of daydreams to the average person: "by sitting quietly and letting your daydreams emerge instead of squelching （抑制） them, you may find there are parts of yourself you haven’t been listening to. Instead of fearing them, you’ll gain access to tremendous range of interesting, creative ideas."

2001: Answer:56．《美国健康》杂志报道说：人们的白日梦类型在童年时代就已经形成，不管是令人愉悦的、充满希望的、还是充满绝望的，在童年时代每个人就形成了三种基本白日梦类型中的一种，即：积极型的、消极型的或零散型的。 57．消极型的白日梦者总是想象着生活中比较阴暗方面，想象着危险的和（或者）威胁生命的情景，诸如出现一种致命的或使人衰弱的疾病，或是自己成了暴力的受害者。 58．尽管这三种白日梦类型都很常见，积极型的幻想最有可能作为解决问题的跳板，而消极型和零散型的白日梦可能会使人感到焦虑不安。 59．如果人们发现自己的白日梦过多了，那他们就要现实地看待他们生活中正在发生的事情，并问问自己他们是在力图逃避些什么。 60．辛格教授总结了白日梦对普通人的益处：“静静地坐在那里，让你的白日梦浮现出来，而不是抑制它们，你就可以发现你尚未注意到的、自身内心活动的那些部分。” 1999 年：翻译：PART English-Chinese TranslationⅢ （15％）文都教育在线：www.wendu.com 28

无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒Directions ： Read the following passage carefully. Then translate it into Chinese.Write your translation on the Answer Sheet.

Banks are closely concerned with the flow of money into and out of the economy. They often co-operate with governments in efforts to stabilize economies and to prevent inflation.They are specialists in the business of providing capital ， and in allocating funds on credit． Banks originated as places to which people took their valuables for safe-keeping ，but today the great banks of the world have many functions in addition to acting as guardians of valuable private possessions.We can say that the primary function of a bank today is to act as an intermediarybetween depositors who wish to make interest on their savings ， and borrowers who wish to obtain capital. The bank is a reservoir of loanable money ， with streams of money flowing in and out．For this reason ， economists and financiers often talk of money being“liquid” ， or of the “liquidity” of money.

第二部分、完形填空一、完型真题分析2006 年真题：

The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. __1__, homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly _____2____. To help homeless people _____3___ independence, the federal government must support job training programs, _____4_____ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.

_____5____everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates ____6__ anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. _____7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is_____8____. One of the federal government’s studies _____9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.

Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. ___11__when homeless individuals manage to find a ___12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day__13__ the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, ____14____not


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday __15__ skills needed to turn their lives _____16__. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are _17___programs that address the many needs of the homeless. _____18__ Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, ___19__it, “There has to be _____20___of programs. What we need is a package deal.”1．[A]Indeed [B]Likewise [C]Therefore [D]Furthermore2．[A]stand [B]cope [C]approve [D]retain3．[A]in [B]for [C]with [D]toward 4．[A]raise [B]add [C]take [D]keep5．[A]generally [B]almost [C]hardly [D]not6．[A]cover [B]change [C]range [D]differ7．[A]Now that [B]Although [C]Provided [D]Except that 8．[A]inflating [B]expanding [C]increasing [D]extending9．[A]predicts [B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers10．[A]assist [B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss11．[A]Hence [B]But [C]Even [D]Only12．[A]lodging [B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house13．[A]searching [B]strolling [C]crowding [D]wandering14．[A]when [B]once [C]while [D]whereas15．[A]life [B]existence [C]survival [D]maintenance16．[A]around [B]over [C]on [D]up17．[A]complex [B]comprehensive [C]complementary [D]compensating18．[A]So [B]Since [C]As [D]Thus19．[A]puts [B]interprets [C]assumes [D]makes20．[A]supervision [B]manipulation [C]regulation [D]coordination1—20： ABDAD CBCAA CBDCC ABCAD

2005 年真题Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word （ s） for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1（10 points）

The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2 animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact 5 , we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we do not generally realize it .Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below one part in one million.

Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒which sense smells and send 11 to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell 12 can suddenly become sensitive to it when 13 to it often enough.

The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it 14 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15 new receptors if necessary. This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be .We are not 17 of the usual smell of our own house but we 18 new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. 1. [A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while2. [A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides3. [A] limited [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined4. [A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking5. [A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if7. [A] distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting8. [A] diluted [B] dissolved [C] determining [D] diffused9. [A] when [B] since [C] for [D] whereas10.[A] unusual [B] particular [C] unique [D] typical11. [A] signs [B] stimuli [C] messages [D] impulses12. [A] at first [B] at all [C] at large [D] at times13. [A] subjected [B] left [C] drawn [D] exposed14. [A] ineffective [B] incompetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient15. [A] introduce [B] summon [C] trigger [D] create16. [A] still [B] also [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless17. [A] sure [B] sick [C] aware [D] tired18. [A] tolerate [B] repel [C] neglect [D] notice19. [A] available [B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable20. [A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from

1-5 CBACB 6-10 ADADB 11-15 CADCD 16-20 BCDAB

2004 真题分析Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency （crimes committed by young

people） focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 21 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 23 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 24 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, 25 as a rejection of middle-class


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型values.

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 26 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 27 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 28 to criticism.

Changes in the social structure may indirectly 29 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 30 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 31 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 32 lead more youths into criminal behavior.

Families have also 33 changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; 34 , children are likely to have less supervision at home 35 was common in the traditional family 36 . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other 37 causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 38 of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 39 of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 40 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.21.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] commenting22. [A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because23. [A] interaction [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation24. [A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response25. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else26. [A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding27. [A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with28. [A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject29. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] check [D] reflect30. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount31. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length32. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence33. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced34. [A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously35. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as36. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage37. [A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible38. [A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability39. [A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity40. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposingSection Use of English Ⅱ （10 points）

21.C 22.D 23.A 24.D 25.A 26.B 27.C 28.D 29.A 30.B 31.A 32.C 33.D 34.B 35.A 36.B 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.C


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒2003 年真题

Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 21 to how they can best 22 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 23 , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 24 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 27 to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 28 ， publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 29 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 30 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 31 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 32 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 33 visible in the background.

In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have _ 34 attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 36 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 37 . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 38 , they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 39 for roles that are within their 40 and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.21. [A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion [D] advice22. [A] strengthen [B] accommodate [C] stimulate [D] enhance23. [A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise [D] leisure24. [A] If [B] Although [C] Whereas [D] Because25. [A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence [D] tolerance26. [A]claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D]surpassed27. [A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wise28. [A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense29. [A] displaying [B] describing [C] creating [D] exchanging30. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple31. [A] group [B] individual [C] personnel [D] corporation32. [A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security33. [A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely34. [A] similar [B] long [C] different [D] short35. [A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if36. [A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something37. [A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone38. [A] On the contrary [B] On the average [C] On the whole [D] On the other hand39. [A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型40. [A] capabilities [B] responsibilities [C] proficiency [D] efficiency

本文提出：老师应注意学生的情感智力和身体的变化，而且还应关注学生对这些变化的适应能力。老师应在学生有限的注意力时间之内帮助学生形成各种角色须承担的义务。21.A . 22.B 23．C 24.D 25.A. 26.B 27.D 28. C 29.A 30.D 31.A 32.D 33．B 34.D 35.C 36.D 37. B 38.A 39.C 40.A

2002 年真题Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the

diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 21. As was discussed before, it was not 22 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 23 , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in 24 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 25 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 26 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 27 the 20th-century world of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that process in 28. It is important to do so.

It is generally recognized, 29, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20 th century, 30 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 31 its impact on the media was not immediately 32. As time went by, computers became sharper and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 33, with display becoming sharper and storage 34 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 35 generations, with the distance between generations much 36.

It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the 37 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 38 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 39 views about its economic political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits” have been weighed 40 “harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.

21. IA] between [B] before [C] since [D] later22. [A] after [B] by [C] during [D] until23. [A] means [B] method [C] medium [D] measure24. [A] process [B] company [C] light [D] form25. [A] gathered [B] speeded [C] worked [D] picked26. [A] on [B] out [C] over [D] off27. [A] of [B] for [C] beyond [D] into28. [A]concept [B]dimension [C]effect [D] perspective29. [A] indeed [B] hence [C] however [D] therefore30. [A] brought [B] followed [C] stimulated [D] characterized31. [A] unless [BJ since [C] lest [D] although32. [A] apparent [B] desirable [C] negative [D] plausible


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒33. [A] institutional [B] universal [C] fundamental [D] instrumental34. [A] ability [B] capability [C] capacity [D] faculty35. [A] by means of [B] in terms of [C] with regard to [D] in line with36. [A] deeper [B] fewer [C] nearer [D] smaller37. [A] context [B] range [C] scope [D] territory38. [A] regarded [B] impressed [C] influenced [D] effected39. [A] competitive [B] controversial [C] distracting [D] irrational40. [A] above [B] upon [C] against [D] with

21.A 22.D 23.C 24.B 25.B 26.A 27.D 28.D 29.C 30 .B 31.D 32.A 33. A 34. C 35. B 36. D 37. A 38. C 39. B 40. C 2001 年.真题 The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictly control the amount of 35 that can be given to a case 36 a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 38 sufficient control. 39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest when he said the 4l of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 43 theEuropean Convention on Human Rights legally 44 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 45 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges,” he said.

Witness payments became an 47 after West was sentenced to l0 life sentences in l995. Up to l9 witnesses were 48 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 50 guilty verdicts.31. [A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D] such as32. [A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D]fastening33. [A] sketch [B] rough [C] preliminary [D] draft34. [A] illogical [B] illegal [C] improbable [D] improper35. [A] publicity [B] penalty [C] popularity [D] peculiarity36. [A] since [B] if [C] before [D] as37. [A] sided [B] shared [C] complied [D] agreed38. [A] present [B] offer [C] manifest [D] indicate


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型39. [A] Release [B] Publication [C] Printing [D] Exposure40. [A] storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flash4 l. [A] translation [B] interpretation [C] exhibition [D] demonstration42. [A] better than [B] other than [C] rather than [D] sooner than43. [A] changes [B] makes [C] sets [D] turns44. [A] binding [B] convincing [C] restraining [D] sustaining45. [A] authorized [B] credited [C] entitled [D] qualified46. [A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by47. [A] impact [B] incident [C] inference [D] issue 48. [A] stated [B] remarked [C] said [D] told49. [A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that50. [A] assure [B] confide [C] ensure [D] guarantee

31. D 32. A 33. D 34. B 35. A 36. C 37. D 38. B 39. B 40. A 41. B 42. C 43. B 44. A 45. C 46. A 47. D 48. C 49. D 50. C

2000 年.真题: If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain 4l consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 42 he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 43 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45 the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation 46 and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 47 . He must either sell some of his property or 48 extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 49 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 50 obtainable.

41. [A] other than [B] as well as [C] instead of [D] more than42. [A] only if [B] much as [C] long before [D] ever since43. [A] for [B] against [C]of [D] towards44. [A] replace [B] purchase [C] supplement [D] dispose45. [A] enhance [B] mix [C] feed [D] raise46. [A] vessels [B] routes [C] paths [D] channels47. [A] self-confident [B] self-sufficient [C] self-satisfied [D] self-restrained48. [A] search [B] save [C] offer [D] seek49. [A] proportion [B] percentage [C] rate [D] ratio50. [A] genuinely [B] obviously [C] presumably [D] frequently

41. C 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. C 46. D 47. B 48. D 49. C 50. D

1999 年.真题. Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 4l low accident rates plan their safety


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42 and active. When the work is well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established 44 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 46 rules or regulations. 47 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 48 . The fewer the injury 49 , the better the workman’ s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at 50 or at a loss.

41. [A] at [B] in [C] on [D] with42. [A] alive [B] vivid [C] mobile [D] diverse43. [A] regulation [B] climate [C] circumstance [D] requirement44. [A] where [B] how [C] what [D] unless45. [A] alter [B] differ [C] shift [D] distinguish46. [A] constituting [B] aggravating [C] observing [D] justifying47. [A] Some [B] Many [C] Even [D] Still48. [A] comes off [B] turns up [C] pays off [D] holds up49. [A] claims [B] reports [C] declarations [D] proclamations50. [A]an advantage [B] a benefit [C] an interest [D] a profit41.D 42.A 43.B 44.A 45.B 46.C 47.D 48.C 49.A 50.D

1998 年真题:Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41

that in the long run industrialization great1y raised the standard of living for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity. This view, 47 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.

41. [A] admitted [B] believed [C] claimed [D] predicted42. [A] plain [B] average [C] mean [D] normal43. [A] momentary [B] prompt [C] instant [D] immediate44. [A] bulk [B] host [C] gross [D] magnitude45. [A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By46. [A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型47. [A] however [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover48. [A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for49. [A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated50. [A] noted [B] impressed [C] labeled [D] marked41. A 42. B 43. D 44. A 45. D 46. D 47.A 48.B 49. C 50. D

1997 年真题：Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency.

Every morning, its people 41 into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay. One day at a time, 42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.

44 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers. This “ 45 ” work force is the most important 46 in American business today, and it is 47 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee.

41. [A] swarm [B] stride [C] separate [D] slip42. [A] For [B] Because [C] As [D] Since43. [A] from [B] in [C] on [D] by44. [A] Even through[B] Now that [C] If only [D] Provided that45. [A] durable [B] disposable [C] available [D] transferable46. [A] approach [B] f1ow [C] fashion [D] trend47. [A] instantly [B] reversely [C] fundamentally [D] sufficiently48. [A] but [B] while [C] and [D] whereas49. [A] imposed [B] restricted [C] illustrated [D] confined50. [A] excitement [B] conviction [C] enthusiasm [D] importance 41.A 42.C 43.D 44.A 45.B 46.D 47.C 48.B 49.A 50.D

二、专项练习：1．用定义帮助理解原文Example: Are some people born clever, and other born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment or our experiences?

___1___ enough, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given us__2__, and no amount of special education can make a genius out of a child born ___3__ low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in a boring environment will develop his


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒intelligence less than ___4___ who live in rich and varied surroundings. Thus the limits of a person’s intelligence are fixed at birth, ___5__ whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment. This view, now held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways.

1. A. Truly B. Strangely C. Frankly D. Surely2. A. so far B. by chance C. at birth D. before long3. A. to B. at C. of D. with 4. A. that B. person C. one D. somebody5. A. for B. but C. still D. that

2．利用上下文帮助解题：Example: All of us communicate with one another nonverbally, as well as with words. We gesture with eye-brows or a hand, meet someone else’s eyes and ___1____. One of the most potent element in body language is eye behavior. Americans are ____2___ about how and when they meet one another’s eyes. In our normal conversation, each eye contact ____3__ only about a second before one or both individuals look away. When two Americans look searchingly ___4___ each other’s eyes , emotions are heightened and the relationship becomes intimate. ___5___, we carefully avoid this, except in appropriate circumstances.

1. A. up B. down C. away D. round2. A. certain B .clear C. anxious D. careful3. A. extends B. spends C. lasts D. remains4. A. for B. into C. beyond D. through5. A. Therefore, B. However C. Nevertheless D. Moreover

Example: The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more ___43___ . The new experiments, such as those （described ） for the first time at a recent meeting of the society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations____45___ of non-REM sleep. （95）

43. A . subtle B. obvious C. mysterious D. doubtful45. A. in the light B. by virtue C. with the exception D. for the purpose

3．利用常识解题：Example: Undoubtedly, we will be able, within the next generation, to build “conventional ” jet transports operationing at speeds of one or two thousand miles an hour. This __1____ mean that __2____ journey on Earth could last for more than six hours, and very few would __3___ of over two or three hours’ duration.

1）. A will B. must C. could D. would 2）. A. each B. no C. any D. not 3）. A. last B. be C. take D. travel

4．利用词语搭帮助解题Example: ___1___ most sports, which evolved over time from street games, basketball was


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型designed by one man to suit a particular purpose. The man was Dr. James Naismith, and his purpose was to invent a rigorous ____2___ that could be played indoors in the winter. In 1891, Naismith was an instructor at a training school, which trained physical education instructors for the YMCAs. That year the school was trying ___３__ up with a physical activity that the mem could enjoy ___４___ the football and baseball seasons. None of the standard indoor activities __5____ their interest for long. Naismith was asked to solve the problem by the school.

He first tried to ___6___ some of the popular outdoor sports, ___7___ they were all too rough. The men were getting bruised from tackling each other and __8__ hit with equipment. So, Naismith decided to invent a game that would incorporate the most common elements of outdoor team sports without having the real physical contact. Most popular sports used a ball. So he chose a soccer ball because it was soft and large enough that it __9___ no equipment, such as a bat or a racket to hit it. Next he decided ___10__ an elevated goal, so that scoring would depend on skill and accuracy rather than on __11____ only. His goals were two peach baskets, __12___to ten-foot –high balconies at each___13___ of the gym. The basic __14____ of the game was to throw the ball into the basket. Naismith wrote rules for the game, __15___ of which , though with some small changes, are still __16____ effect.

Basketball was an immediate success. The students___17___ it to their friends, and the new sport quickly __18____ on. ___19____, basketball is one of the most popular games ___20____ the world.

1. A. Like B. Unlike C. Together with D. As well as 2. A. exercise B. competition C. game D. event 3. A. to have come B. coming C. come D. to come 4. A. between B. during C. when D. for 5.A. roused B. held C. had D. were 6.A. imitate B. adopt C. adapt D. renovate 7.A. for B. but C. though D. and 8.A. being B. to be C. been D. were 9.A. requested B. used C. required D. took10. A. on B. to C. of D. with 11. A. power B. strength C. force D. might 12. A. fixed B. fixing C. that fixed D. which fixed 13. A. point B. corner C. end D. side 14. A. methods B. rules C. way D. idea 15. A. few B. much C. many D. little16. A. with B. in C. on D. for 17. A. defined B. spread C. taught D. discussed18. A. went B. took C. put D. caught19. A. Today B. By now C. Recently D. Presently 20. A. of B. throughout C. among D. through


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒5．利用句际间的逻辑关系Example: In the recent years, many Americans of both sexes and various ages have become interested in __1___their bodies. They have become___2__ to physical fitness. ___3___nature, Americans are enthusiastic and energetic ___4___hobbies or pastime. Many of them are applying their enthusiasm, optimism and energy to running. ____5__, there are a running club to join and numerous books and magazines to read about running.

1. A developing B. making C. improving D. promoting 2. A. devoted B. experienced C. suitable D. capable3. A. In B. By C. For D. Or4. A. for B. in C. at D. about 5. A. In the end B.After all C. As a result D. Above all

Example: …..Too often, careless use of words （prevents） meeting of minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may （ stir up ） unfavorable reactions in the listener （ which ） interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transimission-reception system breaks down.

___46___ , inaccurate and indefinite words may make （ it ） difficult for the listener to understand the （message） which is being transmitted to him（1994）.46. A. Moreover B. However C. Preliminarily D. Unexpectedly

三、熟背一百句，打牢基本功1．As I'll be away for at least a year, I'd appreciate hearing from you now and then telling me how

everyone is getting along.2．Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, _only__ to find it locked. 3．Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent__ sunbathing _ and the increased number of cases of skin cancer.4．Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not

entitled_to___ a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.5．On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont_ when ___ I noticed a young man holding

up a sign reading "Boston".6．Christie stared angrily at her boos and turned away, as though__ to go __ out of the office.7．The roles expected__of_ old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions

for normal happiness.8．Talk to anyone in the drug industry,__ and __ you'll soon discover that the science of genetics


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.

9．It wasn't so much that I disliked her__ as _ that I just wasn't interested in the whole business.10．Countless divouced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even

thought of a divouce, let alone_ gotten __ one.11．Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about

economic recovery _ being _ just around the corner was untrue.12．Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills _ seven times more _ people each year

than automobile accidents.13．It' s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague

changes _taking_ place in our ever-changing world.14．This is an exciting area of study, and one _in_ which new applications are being discovered

almost daily.15．As__ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active

participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.16．Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony , I was unable to attend _on_ such short

notice.17．California has more light than it knows _what_ to do with but everything else is expensive.18．The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don' t have small children and

get along _well enough_ to spend most of their time together.19．Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about _to pay_ compliments to his

political leaders .20．These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital

information than _exist_ in traditional media. 21．Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a makeup examination had you

gone and explained that your parents was ill at the time.22．As the children become financially independent of the family, the emphasis on family financial security will shift from protection to saving for the retirement years.23．Were the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it

could dramatically transform a family-run enterprise that still gets 90% of its revenues from newspapers .

24．Symposium talks will cover a wide range of subjects from overfishing to physical and environmental factors that affect the populations of different species.

25．Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with one of listeners , and it calls for occasional ' digestive pauses' by both.

26．If two theories are equal in their ability to account for a body of data, the theory that does so with the smaller number of assumptions is to be preferred.

27．The Committee adopted a resolution requiring the seven automakers to sell the most cars in the state making 2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free by 1998.


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒28．As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people, who

in general are lighter skinned, there' s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.29．All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the trust believer has great

difficulty when it comes to specifics.30．Even if automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on alternative fuels, the cars

won' t catch on in a big way until drivers can fill them up at the gas station31．I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time _to catch___ the last bus .32．As it turned out to be a small house party, we __needn’t have dressed up___ so formally.33．I apologize if I ___had offended__ you, but I assure you it was unintentional .34．Although a teenager, Fred could resist __being told__ what to do and what not to do .35．Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage __is to be

___ avoided .36．Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true

__when___ it comes to classroom tests .37．There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be

re-educated no matter __what___ he does .38．I've kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school __with___ twenty years ago .39．He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, __ being considered ___

insufficiently popular with all members .40．___Had it not been __ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would

not be so thriving as it is .41．The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, __ the larger of which

___ could go penniless by next year. 42．Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always __ being combined ___ with

other elements, most commonly with oxygen. 43．Andrew, my father's younger brother, will not be at the picnic, __much___ to the family's

disappointment. 44．I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I __was___ fully

occupied the whole of last week. 45．Help will come from the UN, but the aid will be ___nowhere__ near what's needed. 46．The chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates __as___ a fall in

death rates as a result of improvements in medical care. 47．He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject.

__What little___ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate. 48． Although we feel dissatisfied with the election results, we have to become reconciled ___to

__ the decision made by our fellow countrymen. 49．Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone __added___ to the

system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型50．The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so

trivial and few as hardly _to be noticed____ . 51．Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed

__had been produced___.52．There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than _exists__ in the

public mind today.53．The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds __on which to base___ his argument in

favor of the new theory.54． ____Nobody____ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the

science fiction.55．How many of us _attending__, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in

the discussion?56．Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe __in that__ it provides he building

blocs from which the other elements are produced.57．We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style __rather than __ in a

personal one.58．___As___ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth

development of production.59．It is believed that today's pop music can serve as a creative force _by___ stimulating the

thinking of its listeners.60．Just as the soil is a part of the earth, ___so is__ the atmosphere. 61．If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I__buried____ my head in my hands for

a cry. 62．Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port

___announced____ half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. 63．According to one belief, if truth is to be known it will make itself apparent, so one ___had

best____ wait instead of searching for it. 64．She felt suitably humble just as she __had_____ when he had first taken a good look at her

city self, hair waved and golden, nails red and pointed. 65．There was no sign that Mr Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite having

resigned from leadership of it, would intervene personally. 66．So involved with their computers __do the children become_____ that leaders at summer

computer caps often have to force them to break for sports and games. 67．The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is __nothing more than_____ an

anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience. 68．One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match.___By____ this is meant that a

concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation. 69．Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒 talked to __that_____ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself. 70．Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,___be____ they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist,Jewish, and so on. 71．The board deemed it urgent that these files be printed right away. 72．But that he saw it , he could not have believed. 73．He is by far the most active member in our group.74．It’s considerate of you to arrange for him to see us off.75．They had a full exchange of views on a series of major questions and reached complete

agreement on measures to be taken to safeguard peace.

76.These novels still have a great attraction _______ young readers of today because of their bold imagination and scientific accuracy. A. for B. on C. towards D. to

77．Television will provide information on prices at the _ shops as well as new and entertainment. . A. near B. nearby C. nearly D. nearer78．Below is a description of what our life will be in the year 2001 as predicted by a_____ writer.

A. today B. nowadays C. present-day D. present79．But in the 19th century French novelist Jules Verne may be called a futurologist in the fullest

_____ of the word. A. sense B. meaning C. detail D .implication

80．This _____ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. A. efficiency B. technology C. art D. performance

81．But more significantly, it will _____ materials and machines into space for industrial purpose unimagined two decades ago. A. supply B. introduce C. deliver D. transfer

82．Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be ______ in a single large building.

A. consisted B. contained C. composed D. comprised83．And you won’t feel ______ in a business office that has the appearance of school.

A. correct B. proper C. right D. suitable 84．Proper selection will eliminate one source of ______ breakdown in the communication.

A. inaccessible B. timely C. likely D. invalid85．He must either sell some of his property or _____ extra funds in the form loans.

A. search B. save C. offer D. seek86．For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound shaping qualities, and too few

entries and exits will not work for ____ purpose. A. their B. its C. those D. that

87．There are thirteen of them, and if _____ is missing a deficiency disease becomes apparent.


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型A. any B. some C. anything D. something

88．He must use his surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing , as an insurance_____ the unpredictable effects of bad weather. A. for B. against C. of D. towards

89．When it accomplished its_____, it can be ready for another trip about two weeks. A . venture B. mission C. commission D. responsibility

90．With so many temporary workers, every morning its people _____ into the offices and factories of America.A. swarm B. stride C. separate D. slip

91．In order to expand the scale of production, a farmer must store large quantity of grain_____ consuming all his grain immediately. A. other than B. as well as C. instead of D. more than

92．The word used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener_______ interfere with his comprehension.A. who B. as C. which D. what

93．The new experiments, such as those ______ fro the first time at a recent meeting, suggest fascinating explanations for the purpose of non-Rem sleep.A. maintained B. described C. settled D. afforded

94．He can continue to support himself and his family _____ he produces a surplus. A. only if B much a s C. long before D. ever since

95．Inaccurate or indefinite words may make_____ difficult for the listener to understand.A. that B. it C. so D. this

96．More people will eat in restaurants______ they do today. A than B. as C. when D. while

97．They do not provide energy , ______ do they construct or build any part of the body. A. either B. so C. nor D. never

98．A shopkeeper always runs a certain____ when he accepts a check. A. danger B. chance C. risk D. opportunity

99．Each worker ______ one or two specific functions in the factory to fulfill the duty. A. performs B. undertakes C. plays D. holds

100．_____ of the news came two days after he caused a storm of journalist protection. A. Release B. Publication C. Print D. Exposure

四、完形填空练习Part Close Ⅳ （15 minutes, 10 points）（2000）

Most worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, therefore, the choice of an 66 should be made even before the choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually, 67 ,most people make several job choices during their working lives,68 because of economic and


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒industrial changes and partly to improve 69 positions. The“one perfect job”does not exist. Young people should70 enter into a broad flexible training program that will 71 them for a field of work rather than for a single72.

Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans73 benefit of help from a competent vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing 74 about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss75 .Some drift from job .Others76 to work in which they are unhappy and for which they are not fitted.

One common mistake is choosing an occupation for77 real or imagined prestige. Too many high-school students-oir their parents for them-choose the professional field,78 both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal79. The imagined or real prestige of a profession or a“white-collar”job is 80 good reason for choosing is as a life’s work.81, these occupations are not always well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the 82 of young people should give serious83 to these fields.

Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants84 life and how hard he is willing to work go get it. Some people desire social prestige, others intellectual satisfaction. Some want security, others are willing to take85 for financial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its rewards.

66. [A]identification [B]entertainment [C]accommodation [D]occupation67. [A]however [B]therefore [C]though [D]thereby68. [A]entirely [B]mainly [C]partly [D]largely69. [A]its [B]his [C]our [D]their70. [A]since [B]therefore [C]furthermore [D]forever71.[A]make [B]fit [C]take [D]leave72. [A]job [B]way [C]means [D]company73. [A]to [B]for [C]without [D]with74. [A]little [B]few [C]much [D]a lot75. [A]chance [B]basis [C]purpose [D]opportunity76. [A]apply [B]appeal [C]stick [D]turn77. [A]our [B]its [C]your [D]their78. [A]concerning [B]following [C]considering [D]ambitions79. [A]preferences [B]requirements [C]tendencies [D]ambitions80. [A]a [B]any [C]no [D]the81. [A]Therefore [B]However [C]Nevertheless [D]Moreover82. [A]majority [B]mass [C]minority [D] multitude83. [A]proposal [B]suggestion [C]consideration [D]appraisal84. [A]towards [B]against [C]our of [D]without85. [A]turns [B]parts [C]choices [D]risks66-85 DACDB BACAB CBDBC DACCD


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型Part IV Cloze （15 minutes, 10 points）（1999）

What’s your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember learning to walk? Or talk? The first time you 66 thunder or watched a television programme? Adults seldom 67 events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, just as children younger than three or four 68 retain any specific, personal experiences.

A variety of explanations have been 69 by psychologists for this “childhood amesia” （儿童失忆症） . One argues that the hippocampus, the region of the brain which is responsible for forming memories, does not mature 70 about the age of two. But the most popular theory 71 that, since adults do not think like children, they cannot 72 childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or 73 - one event follows 74 as in a novel or film. But when they search through their mental 75 for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don’t find any that fit the 76 . It’s like trying to find a Chinese work in an English dictionary.

Now psychologist Annette Simms of the New York State University offers a new 77 for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply 78 any early childhood memories to recall. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use 79 spoken description of their personal experiences in order to turn their own short-term, quickly 80 impressions of them into long-term memories. In other 81 , children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about 82 -Mother talking about the afternoon 83 looking for seashells at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this 84 reinforcement, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form 85 memories of their personal experiences.

66. [A] touched [B] heard [C] listened [D] felt67. [A] recall [B] resolve [C] largely [D] rarely68. [A] merely [B]really [C]largely [D]rarely69. [A]proposed [B]witnessed [C]canceled [D]figured70. [A]after [B] since [C]until [D]once71. [A] contains [B]maintains [C]magnifies [D]intervenes72. [A]access [B]refer [C]reflect [D]attain73. [A]regulations [B]descriptions [C]narratives [D]forecasts74. [A] the other [B]others [C]the rest [D] another75. [A]flashes [B] files [C] outputs [D] dreams76. [A] frame [B] landscape [C]emphasis [D] pattern77. [A] explanation [B]factor [C] aren’t [D] arrangement78. [A]isn’t [B]wasn’t [C] aren’t [D] weren’t79. [A] some else [B] someone else’s [C] anyone else [D] anyone else’s80. [A] forgetting [B]remembering [C] forgotten [D]remembered81. [A]words [B] means [C]senses [D] cases82. [A] it [B] them [C] him [D] theirs83. [A] taken [B] spent [C] used [D] chosen


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒84. [A] petty [B] mutual [C] habitual [D] verbal85. [A] subordinate [B] spiritual [C] permanent [D] conscious66-85 BADAC BCCDB DACBA ADBDA

Part IV Cloze Test （15 minutes, 10points）（1998）Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C]and [D]on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.

Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own. 66 the turn of the century when jazz（爵士乐）was born, America had no prominent 67 of its own. No one knows exactly when jazz was 68 , or by whom. But it began to be 69 in the early 1890s. Jazz is America’s contribution to 70 music. In contrast to classical music, which 71 formal European traditions, jazz is spontaneous and free-form. It bubbles with energy, 72 the moods, interests, and emotions of the people. In the 1920s jazz 73 like America. And 74 it does today. The 75 of this music are as interesting as the music 76 . American Negroes, or blacks, as they are called today, were the jazz 77 . They were brought to the Southern states 78 slaves. They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long 79 . When a Negro died his friends and relatives 80 a procession to carry the body to the cemetery. In New Orleans, a band often accompanied the 81 . On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion. 82 on the way home the mood changed. Spirits lifted. Death had removed one of their 83 , but the living were glad to be alive. The band played 84 music, improvising（即兴表演）on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes 85 at the funeral. This music made everyone want to dance. It was an early form of jazz.

66.[A] At [B] in [C] By [D] On67.[A] music [B] song [C] melody [D]style68.[A] discovered [B] acted [C] designed [D] invented69.[A] noticed [B] found [C] listened [D] heard70.[A] classical [B] sacred [C] light [D] popular71.[A] forms [B] follows [C] approaches [D] introduces72. [A] expressing [B] explaining [C] exposing [D] illustrating 73. [A] appeared [B] felt [C] sounded [D] seemed74. [A] so [B] as [C] either [D] neither75. [A] originals [B] origins [C] discoveries [D] resources76. [A] concerned [B] itself [C] available [D] oneself77. [A] players [B] followers [C] pioneers [D] fans78. [A] for [B] by [C]with [D]as 79. [A] months [B] weeks [C] hours [D]times80. [A] demonstrated [B]composed [C] formed [D]hosted


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型81. [A] demonstration [B] procession [C]body [D]March 82. [A]Even [B] Therefore [C]But [D]furthermore83. [A] number [B]solemn [C] funeral [D] happy84. [A] sad [B] solemn [C] funeral [D] happy85. [A] whistled [B] sung [C] showed [D]presented

66-85 AADDD BACAB BCDCC BCADD

Part Cloze Test Ⅳ （15 minutes, 10 points）（1997） The horse and carriage is thing of the past, but love and marriage are still with us and still

closely interrelated. Most American marriages, particularly first marriages 66 young couples, are the result of 67 attraction and affection 68 than practical considerations.

In the United States, parents do not arrange marriages for their children. Teenagers begin 69 in high school and usually find mates through their own academic and social 70 .

Though young people feel 71 to choose their friends from 72 groups, most choose a mate of similar background.

This is 73 in part to parental guidance. Parents cannot select spouses for their children, but they can usually 74 choices by 75 disapproval of someone they consider unsuitable.

76, marriages between members of different groups （ interclass, interfaith, and interracial marriages） are increasing, probably because of the greater 77 of today’s youth and the fact that they are restricted by 78 prejudices than their parents. Many young people leave their home towns to attend college, 79 in the armed forces, 80 pursue a career in a bigger city.

Once away from home and family, they are more 81 to date and marry outside their own social group.

In mobile American society, interclass marriages are neither 82 nor shocking. Interfaith marriages are 83 the rise particularly between Protestants and Catholics. On the other hand, interracial marriage is still very uncommon. It can be difficult for interracial couples to find a place to live, maintain friendships, and 84 a family. Marriages between people of different national 85 （but the same race and religion） have been commonplace here since colonial times.

66. [A] linking [B] involving [C] connecting [D] correlating67. [A] personal [B] emotional [C] mutual [D] magnetic68. [A] more [B] less [C] rather [D] other69. [A] dating [B] appointment [C] engagement [D] matching70. [A] position [B] association [C] contacts [D] contract71. [A] certain [B] embarrassed [C] hesitated [D] free72. [A] similar [B] identical [C] differential [D] diverse73. [A] for [B] likely [C] due [D] because74. [A] influence [B] give [C] make [D]offer75. [A] sounding [B] avoiding [C] expecting [D] voicing76. [A] Moreover [B] However [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒77. [A] mobility [B] motive [C] moral [D] mission78. [A] less [B] rather [C] fewer [D] many79. [A] work [B] serve [C] stay [D] remain80. [A] but [B] otherwise [C] likewise [D] or81. [A] probable [B] likely [C] reluctant [D] readily82. [A] rare [B] scarce [C] scared [D] relieved83. [A] in [B] at [C] on [D] for 84. [A] raise [B] obtain [C] grow [D] unite85. [A] origin [B] source [C] resource [D] base

66-85 BCDAC DDCAD BACBD BACAA

Part cloze Test Ⅳ （15 minutes, 10 points）（1996）Business and government leaders also consider the inflation rate to be an important general

indicator. Inflation is a period of increased 66 that causes rapid rises in prices. 67 your money buys fewer goods so that you get 68 for the same amount of money as before, inflation is the problem. There is a general rise 69 the price of goods and services. Your money buys less. Sometimes people describe inflation as a （n） 70 when “a dollar is not worth a dollar anymore.”

Inflation is a problem for all consumers. People who live on a fixed income are hurt the 71. Retired people, for instance, cannot72 on an increase in income as prices rise. Elderly people who do not work face serious problems in stretching their incomes to 73 their needs in time of inflation. Retirement income74anyt fixed income usually does not rise as fast as prices. Many retired people must cut their spending to75rising prices. In many cases they must stop76some necessary items, such as food and clothing. Even77working people whose incomes are going up, inflation can be a problem. The 78of living goes up, too. People who work must have even more money to keep up their standard of living. Just buying the things they need costs more. When incomes do not keep79with rising prices, the standard of living goes down. People may be earning the same amount of money, but they are not living80because they are not able to buy as many goods and services.

Government units gather information about prices in our economy and publish it as price indexes81the rate of change can be determined. A price index measures changes in prices using the price for a 82year a s the base. The base price is set83100, and the other prices are reported as a 84 of the base price. A price index makes85possible to compare current prices of typical consumer goods, for example, with prices of the same goods in previous years.

66. [A]spending [B]demanding [C]consuming [D]saving67. [A]Because [B]While [C]Since [D]When68. [A]much [B]little [C]more [D]less69. [A]in [B]on [C]at [D]to70. [A]chance [ B]time [C]moment [D]occasion


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型71. [A]best [B]lest [C]most [D]worst72. [A]rely [B]rest [C]depend [D]count73. [A]meet [B]obtain [C]care [D]acquire74. [A]or [B]and [C]excluding [D]including75. [A]live up to [B]catch up to [C]put up with [D]keep up with76. [A]to buy [B]buying [C]having bought [D]from buying77. [A]for [B]to [C]of [D]if78. [A]price [B]level [C]cost [D]standard79. [A]race [B]pace [C]speed [D]step80. [A]as usual [B]as well [C]as before [D]as such81. [A]in which [B]from which [C]of which [D]by which82. [A]last [B]given [C]fixed [D]definite83. [A]on [B]by [C]at [D]against84. [A] portion [B] percentage [C]proportion [D]fraction 85. [A] it [B] us [C]one [D]you

66-85．ADDAB CDAAD BACBB BBCBA

考研英语阅读新题型讲义

2006 年真题分析：Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling. He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls “electronic heroin”.


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒（41）______________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March

1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem. In March 1998, a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.

（42） ______________. The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun ... and

always bet with your head, not over it”. Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams's suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling”, intentionally worked to ”lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will”. Well.

（43） ______________. The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.

（ 44 ） ______________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.

（45） ______________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying

degrees dependent on---you might say addicted to---revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers' dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web's most profitable business.

（A）. Although no such evidence was presented, the casino's marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected. （B）. It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?（C） . By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型（D）. Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government. （E）. David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.（F ） . It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will. （G）. The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?

Part B41．答案：[C]

本文通过 David William 的赌博经历，评述美国社会普遍的赌博现象。本题比较容易。在第一次赌博中，他输了 20美元，随后便一发不可收。注意第二段和第三段中数字的递增现象（20→800→……→21,000→72,186）。而在所有选项中，[C]项中的数字 5,000 正好填补了 800 与 21,000之间的空白，含义也完全吻合上下文。42．答案：[A]

空格前一段谈到：William 的一个朋友帮助他进入一家戒赌中心，并把 William 的问题通知给赌场；赌场发回来一封禁赌信，并说，William 必须提供医学或心理方面的证据证明他进入赌场不会对他的身体健康造成损害，否则，赌场不会再准许他去赌博。后一段的大意是：《华尔街日报》报道了赌场的 24条声明，比如“以赌为乐……不要过火”；每张门票上都留有心理咨询的免费电话；然而，明知他赌博成瘾，赌场还故意诱惑他“做违背自己意愿的事情”。空格中应涉及赌场重又引诱William去赌博的内容。选项[A]大意为：赌场继续以强大的攻势诱使William 进入赌场，而并没有人察觉他是“禁赌人员”。[A]与上下文完全符合，因此是正确答案。43．答案：[B]

空格后一段大意为：一份精神障碍方面的专业杂志说，“病态的赌博”是指持续地、复发性地、不可控制地追求突发横财带来的刺激，而不是追求金钱本身。这显然是在分析“病态的赌博”的症状。而上一段谈到赌场诱使William 进入赌场，“做违背自己意愿的事情”。选项[B]的意思是：并不清楚究竟是什么在引诱他；从何种意义来说，他的意愿才算不被强制？此项正好符合上下文逻辑。另外，上文最后一句中的 lure 一词与[B]项中 luring相互照应。因此，[B]是答案。44．答案：[F]

由于本题空格是在段首，因此空格内容与后文关系更为密切。后一句的大意是：在科学或所谓科学的推动下，社会正把曾经认为的性格缺陷或道德缺点重新归类为与身体残疾相似的个性障碍。选项[F]的大意是：令人担忧的是，社会正在用药物处理越来越多的行为问题，并把意志力薄弱定义为“毒”瘾发作。这两句的结构与内涵非常相似，因此应选[F]为答案。45．答案：[D]


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒空格后文说到：44 个州有彩票，29 个州有赌场，大多数州都不同程度地依赖着赌博

业带来的税收。这显然是一种政府行为。涉及政府行为的有[D]和[G]两个选项，而[G]讲的是本文最后才提到的网络赌博，只有[D]符合题意。

第一节选择填空Passage 1Directions: In the following articles, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. The relationship between people and animals changed with domestication, which also began about 12,000 years ago. Instead of being actively hunted, domesticated animals were slowly brought under human control.41） _____________________. The first animal to be domesticated was almost certainly the dog, which was bred from wolves. It was followed by species such as the cat, horse, camel, llama, and aurochs （a species of wild cattle） , and also by the Asian jungle fowl, which is the ancestor of today’s chickens. Through selective breeding, each of these animals has been turned into forms that are particularly suitable for human use. Today, many domesticated animals, including chickens, vastly outnumber their wild counterparts. 42） _______________________________. Over the centuries, many domesticated animals have been introduced into different parts of the world only to escape and establish themselves in the wild. Together with stowaway pests such as rats, these “feral” animals have often had a ighly damaging effect on native wildlife. Cats, for example, have inflicted great damage on Australia’s smaller marsupials, and feral pigs and goats continue to be serious problems for the native wildlife of the Galapagos Islands. 43 ） ____________________________. Some forms of hunting are carried out mainly for sport, but othres products. Until recently, one of the most significant of these formes of hunting was whaling, which reduced many whale stocks to the brink of extinction. Today, highly efficient sea fishing threatens some species of fish with the same fate. Since the beginning of agriculture, the human population has increased by more than two thousand times. To provide the land needed for growing food and housing people, large areas of the eath’s landscapes have been completely transformed. Forests have been cut down, wetlands drained, and deserts irrigated, reducing these natural habitats to a fraction of their former extent. Some species of animals have managed to adapt to these changes. A few, such as the brown rat, raccoon, and huouse sparrow, have benefited by exploiting the new opportunities that have opened up and have wuccessfully taken up life of farms, or in twons and cities. 44） _______________. In the 20th century, animals have also had to face additional threats from human activities. Foremost among these are environmental pollution and also the increasing demand for resources


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型such as timber and fresh water. For some animals, the combination of these changes has proved so damaging that their numbers are now below the level needed to guarantee survival. Across the world, efforts are currently underways to address this urgent problem. In the most extreme cases, gravely threatened animals can be helped by taking them into captivity and then releasing them once breeding programs have increased their number. One species that has been saved in this way is the Hawaiian mountain goose. In 1951, its poppulation had been reduced to just 33 birds . 45） ___________________ While captive breeding is a useful emergency measure, it cannot assure the long-term survival of a species. Today animal probtecion focuses primarily on the preservation of entire habitats, an approach that maintains the necessary links between the different species the habitats support. With the continued growth in the world’s human population, habitat preservation will require a sustained reduction in our use of the world’s resources to minimize our impact on the natural world.

(A) Despite the growth of domestication, humans continue to hunt some wild animals. Animals all feed onm organic matter, but their diets and way of obtaining food vary enormously.

(B) Some animals are omnivores, meaning that they are capable of surviving on a very wide range of foods.

(C) But most animals have specialized ways of life that make them dependent on a particular kind of habitat. With the destruction of their habitats, their number inevitably declines.

(D) In some cases, such as the horse, the original wild species has died out altogether.(E) Captive breeding has since increased the population to over 2500, removing the immediate

threat of extinction.(F) Most predators hunt the largest animals that they can catch without putting themselves unduly

at risk. However, some animals concentrate on food items that are much too small to be worth collecting one by one.

(G) Some were kept for food or for clothing, others for muscle power, and some simply for companionship.

Passage 2 Born in Seattle, Washington, Gates attended public school through the sixth grade. In the seventh grade he entered Settle’s exclusive Lakeside School, where he met Paul Allen. Gates was first introduced to computers and programming languages in 1968, when he was in the eighth grade. That year Lakeside bought a teletype machine that connected to a mainfrance cpmputer over phone lines. 41） _______________________ Soon afterward, Gages, Allen, and other students convinced a local computer company to give them free access to its PDP-10, a new minicomputer made by Digital Equipment Corporation. In exchange for the computer time, the students tried to find flaws in the system. Gates spent much of his free on the PDP-10 learning programming languages such BASIC, Fortran, and LISP. 42）文都教育在线：www.wendu.com 56

无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒_________________________. While attending Harvard University in 1975, Gates teamed with Allen to develop a version of the BASIC programming language for the Altair 8800, the first personal computer. They licensed the software to the manufacture of the Altair, Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems （MITS ） , and formed Microsoft （originally Micro-soft ） to develop versions of Basic for other computer companies. 43） ______________________ . The success of the IBM PC made the operating system, MS-DOS, an industry standard. Microsoft’s revenues skyrockted as other computer makers licensed MS-DOS and demand for personal com0puters surged. In 1986 Microsoft offered its stock to the public; by 1987 rapid appreciation of the stock had made Gates, 31, the youngest ever self-made billionaire. In the 1990s, as Microsoft’s Windows operating system and Office application software schiveed wordwide market dominance, Gates amassed a fortune worth tens of billions of dollars. 44 ） ______________________. An appeals court overturned the breakup order in 2001 but upheld the judge’s ruling that Microsoft had abused its power to protect its Windows monopoly. In Novermber 2001 Microwoft reached a settlement with the Justice Department. （ For more information on the history of Microsoft, see Microsoft Corporation.） Gates has made personal investments in other high-technology companies. He sits on the board of one biotechnology company and has invested in a number of others. In 1989 he founded Corbis Corporation, which now owns the largest collection of digital images in the world. In 1994 Gates and Craig McCaw, a pioneer in the cellular telecommunications industry, became primary investors in Teledesic Corporation. Teledesic planned to launch several hundred low-orbiting artificial satellites to create a global, high-speed telecommunications network. In the late 1990s Gates became more involved in philanthropy. With his wife he established the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which, ranked by assets, quickly became one of the largest foundaions in the world. 45） _____________________________________.

(A) Gates cofounded Microsoft in 1975 with high school friend Paul Allen. The company’s success made Gages one of the most influential figures in the computer industry and, eventually, one of the richest people in the world.

(B) In 1972 Gates and Allen founded Traf-O-Data, a company that designed and built computerized car-counting machines for traffic analysis. The project introduced them to the programmable 8008 microprocessor from Intel Corporation.

(C) At the time, the school was one of the few that provided students with access to a computer.(D) Gates decided to drop out of Harvard in his junior year to devote his time to Microsoft. In

1980 Microsoft closed a pivotal deal with International Business Machines Corporation （IBM） to provide the operating system for the IBM PC personal computer. As part of the deal, Microsoft retained the right to license the operating system to other companies.

(E) Microsoft’s other well-known products include Word, a word processor; Excel, a spreadsheet


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型program; Access, a database program; and PowerPoint, a program for making business pressentations.

(F) Gates has also authored two books: The Road Ahead （1995; revised,1996）, which details his vision of technology’s role in society, and Business, the Speed of Thought （1999 ） , which discusses the role technology can play in running a business.

(G) Alongside his successes, however, Gages was accused of using his company’s power to stifle competition. In 2000 a federal judge found Microsoft guilty of violating antitrust laws and ordered it split into two companies.

Passage 3 WHEN it comes to health, the poor are doubly cursed. Not only are they more prone to deadly infectious diseases than the rich, but they have far less access to the means of improvement. Twenty year ago, Paul Farmer, an American doctor and anthropologist, set our to do something about this. Amid the political turmoil and poverty of rural Haiti, he created a community-based health-care system called Zanmi Lasante, or Partners in Health. 41 ） _______________________. Dr Farmer’s lates book, “Pathologies of Power”, describes his experiences in Haiti, his efforts to transplant this model to other places, and the institutional barriers in his way. Through Partners in Health, this approach successfully checked multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis in Peru. It did so, not by followinmg the rules of comventional TB care, but by challenging established ideas on why poor people develop this particularly vicious form of the disease and why they should be given more expensive drugs contrary to popular notions of cost-effectiveness. 42 ） __________________ As Dr Farmer argues, improving the health of the poor is not just a medical challenge, but a question of human rights. Tackling the inequality, racism, sexism and other forms of “structural violence” which oppress the poor is as critical as doling out the drugs. Or, as his Haitian patients aptly put it, medicine without food is like washing one’s hands and drying them in the dirt. 43） ___________________________. It does, however, scream out in passages describing the human face of “structural violence:. It is these personal stories that make Dr Farmer’s anger at such “stupid deaths” so compelling. The good doctor’s motibes and methods are better described in “Mountains Beyond Mountains”. This biography by Tracy Kidder traces Dr Farmer from his unconventional upbringing and unusual education, shuttling between the shakes of central Haiti and the halls of Harvard Medical School, to his later work around the world. Though well written, Mr Kidder’s book also makes for uncomfortable reading. The author is clearly close to his subject, having travelled with Dr Farmer from the green poverty of Haiti to the tubercular whiteness of Russia. Too close, perhaps. The biographer seems to be seeking his subject’s approval, rather than the other way round. 44 ） _______________________. When Mr Kidder’s health falters, this dependence becomes all the more intense. But rather than


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒compromise the book’s impartiality, this intimacy serves to highlight Dr Farmer’s admirable, yet ultimately exasperating, character. 45） ___________________________________________ .

(A) Unfortunately, Dr Farmer’s powerful message is often weakened by this book’s academic tone.

(B) It not only delivers appropriate, affordable medical treatment to thousands of poor people, but goes beyond the clinic to address the social causes making them sick and keeping them from getting better.

(C) The message hidden in this usage is that the speaker is aware of that which is folded away-hidden from prying eyes-but is resolved to let the content of the closed folder or unpushed envelope blossom in its own sweet time.

(D) As Mr. Kidder observes, “Farmer wasn’t put on earth to make anyone feel comfortable, except those lucky enoth to be his patients.” Or those unlucky enough to need him.

(E) From its beginnings as a fringe treatment, this method has since become part of internations best practice, and Dr Framer’s model of bringing medicine to the masses is now the basis of the World Health Organisation’s ambitious new plan to put 3m poor people on anti-HIV medicines by 2005.

(F) A question raised by a Brookings Institution report released last month showing that the amount of time kids devote to homework has not, in fact, significantly increased over the last two decades.

(G) Mr. Kidder writes, rather disturbingly, about his fear of disappointing Dr Farmer, his own pain at wounding him with a critical remark and his relief at the doctor’s forgivenness.

Key 1 41 G 42 D 43 A 44 C 45 EKey 2 41 C 42 B 43 D 44 G 45 FKey 3 41 B 42 E 43 A 44 G 45 D

Passage 4In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41–45, choose the

most suitable one from the list A–F to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. （41）________________________________.

Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型（42）_________________________________________. Nearly all of the fossils that we

know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.

（ 43 ） ________________________________________. There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

（ 44 ） __________________________________________. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.

（45）___________________________________________.About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out.

The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.

［A］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.［B］ Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells

have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.

［C］ The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.

［D］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.

［E］ The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.

［F］ When an animal dies the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

［G］ Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.

Passage 5Canada's premiers （ the leaders of provincial governments） , if they have any breath left

after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.

They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.

（41） What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care — to

say nothing of reports from other experts — recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.

（42） But “national” doesn't have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial —

provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if

possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province--or a series of hospitals within a province--negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.

Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.

（43） A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the

Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.

A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They （ particularly Quebec and Alberta） just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few，if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.

（44） Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more

federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs.“A national drug agency


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”

（45） So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.

［A］ Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!

［B］ Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report: “The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”

［C］ What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.

［D］ The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.

［E］ According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.

［F］ So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.

［G］ Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.

Key 4: 41 B 42 F 43 E 44 A 45 CKey 5: 41 E 42 C 43 G 44 F 45 B　


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒第二节排序题

Passage OneDirections:

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41–45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A–G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）［A］ “I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and

I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It’s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t – it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it.

［B］ “Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.

［C］ “I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.

［D］ “Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that’s not fair – too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.

［E］ “The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型［F］ “So I just don’t know what to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And

I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work.”

［G］ A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation – how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.

Order:

Key1: 41. C 42. E 43. A 44. B 45. D

专项练习：Passage I .

[A] This principle is the basis of specialization into trades and occupations. At the same time, complete specialization may never occur even when it is economically advantageous. For strategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to produce goods for which it does not have an advantage. The benefits of specialization may also be affected by transport costs: goods and raw materials have to be transported around the world and the cost of the transport narrows the limits between which it will prove profitable to trade. Another impediment to the free flow of goods between nations is the possible introduction of artificial barriers to trade, such as tariffs or quotas. [B] With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for nations to exchange their products. It was found that it made economic sense for a nation to specialize in certain activities and produce those goods for which it had the most advantages, and to exchange those goods for the products of other nations which had advantages in different fields. This trade is based on the principle of comparative advantage. is another service in which some nations specialize. Great Britain, because of the development of Lloyd's of London, is a leading exporter of this service, earning fees for insuring other nations' foreign trade. [C] Some nations possess little in the way of exportable commodities or manufactured goods. but they have a mild and sunny climate. During the winter, the Bahamas attract large numbers of tourists, who spend money for hotel accommodations, meals, taxis, and so on. Tourism, therefore, is another form of invisible trade. [D]. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. There are several reasons for it. The distribution of natural


G 41 42 43 44 45 F

无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒resources around the world is somewhat haphazard: some nations possess natural deposits in excess of their own requirements while other nations have none. For example, Britain has large reserves of coal but lacks many minerals such as nickel, copper, aluminum etc.. whereas the Arab states have vast oil deposits but little else. In the cultivation of natural products climate plays a decisive role. Some products will only grow in tropical climates whereas others, such as citrus fruits, require a Mediterranean climate. Moreover, some nations are unable to produce sufficient of a particular product to satisfy a large home demand, for example, Britain and wheat. These are the reasons why international trade first began. [E] In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise,

there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. When an exporter arranges shipment, he rents space in the cargo compartment of a ship. The prudent exporter purchases insurance for his cargo's voyage. While at sea, a cargo is vulnerable to many dangers. Thus, insurance [F] The theory of comparative advantage, also called the comparative cost theory, was developed by

David Ricardo, and other economists in the nineteenth century. It points out that trade between countries can be profitable for all, even if one of the countries can produce every commodity more cheaply. As long as there are minor, relative differences in the efficiency of producing a commodity even the poor country can have a comparative advantage in producing it. The paradox is best illustrated by this traditional example: the best lawyer in town is also the best typist in town. Since this lawyer cannot afford to give up precious time from legal affairs, a typist is hired who may be less efficient than the lawyer in both legal and typing matters. But the typist's disadvantage is least in typing. Therefore, the typist has a relative comparative advantage in typing. [G] Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn money to buy necessities.

Order:

Passage 2 [A] The people who really matter welcome the shift toward globalization. Peugeot, Michelin and

Panasonic are multi-national corporations that want worldwide returns for the millions they invest in teams. So it does them literally a world of good to see this unofficial world championship become just that.

[B] The skilful way in which American football has been sold to Europe is a good example of how all sports will develop. The aim of course is not really to spread the sport for its own sake, but to increase the number of people interested in the major money-making events. The economics of the superbowl are already astronomical. With seats at US$ 125, gate receipts alone were a staggering $10,000.000. The most important statistic of the day, however, was the $ 100,000.000 in TV


D 41 42 43 44 45 G

考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型advertising fees. Imagine how much that becomes when the eyes of the world are watching.

[C] Massive changes in all of the world's deeply cherished sporting habits are underway, Whether it's one of London 's parks full of people playing softball, and Russians taking up rugby, or the Super bowl rivaling the British Football Cup Final as a televised spectator event in Britain, the patterns of players and spectators are changing beyond recognition. We are witnessing a globalization of our sporting culture.

[D] Moreover, as sports expand into world markets, and as our choice of sports as consumers also grows, so we will demand to see them played at a higher and higher level. In boxing we have already seen numerous, dubious world title categories because people will not pay to see anything less than a “World Title” fight, and this means that the title fights have to be held in different countries around the world!

[E] That annual bicycle race, the Tour de France, much loved by the French is a good case in point. Just a few years back it was a strictly continental affair with France, Belgium and Holland, Spain and Italy taking part. But in recent years it has been dominated by Colombian mountain climbers, and Americans and Irish riders.

[F] This is undoubtedly an economic-based revolution we are witnessing here, one made possible by communications technology, but made to happen because of marketing considerations. Sell the game and you can sell Coca Cola or Budweiser as well.

[G] So it came as a terrible shock, but not really as a surprise, to learn that some people are now suggesting that soccer change from being a game of two 45-minute players, to one of four 25-minute quarters. The idea is unashamedly to capture more advertising revenue, without giving any thought for the integrity of a sport which relies for its essence on the flowing nature of the action

Order:

Passage 3 [A] The United States government has many safeguards for the economy. It cannot, however, prevent dislocations due to technological change. It cannot, however, prevent dislocations due to technological change. A manufacturing process can suddenly become obsolete when a new technology is developed. Economic hardship may occur in a region even though the same goods are still being produced. An example is the industrial Midwest in the early 1980s. Increasingly manufacturers, both in the United States and abroad, were using foreign steel to make products. More finished products were almost imported, replacing American made goods. Many workers were laid off, causing disruption of normal economic activities.[B] When unemployment is low, people work and receive payment. They in turn buy goods and services that keep the work force employed and growing. This is an expanding economy. When unemployment is high, there is less money to purchase goods and services because fewer people are working. Fewer goods are sold, and businesses lose money and reduce the number of workers.


C 41 42 43 44 45 D

无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒This is a contracting economy.[C] Meanwhile high-tech manufacturing processes were developing elsewhere. California's so-called Silicon Valley, south of San Francisco, became famous for its computer-related goods and computer-assisted design and manufacturing （CAD/CAM） processes. This was of little benefit to workers displaced by the obsolescence of traditional manufacturing. Because of a lack of transferable skills, many could not make the change. Some workers were furloughed （强迫休假，临时解雇） indefinitely, forcing them to accept jobs that paid less or imposing upon them essentially permanent unemployment.[D] The unemployment rate is a standard measure of joblessness in a community, state, or nation as a whole. Computed by standards set by the United States Department of Labor, the measure is made by taking a random sample of households in an area. It is an estimate of the percentage of people who are not working but are looking for work.[E]The availability of occupations depends also on shifts in the national economy and increasingly on economic developments worldwide. There are several ways to measure these effects, including the rate of unemployment, the international balance of trade and the productivity of American workers.[F] The unemployment rate has been said to underrepresent the actual unemployed because those who have stopped looking for work are not counted. It is a comparable statistic from state to state, however, because it is computed in the same manner. Traditionally an unemployment rate of 4 percent is considered full employment because people quit, change jobs, or are fired regardless of the relative health of the economy. In contrast the national unemployment rate reached as high as 25 percent during the Great Depression of the 1930s [G]Leaders in American business and education are sensitive to these issue. Increasingly concerned with the productivity of the individual worker, business people and educators have formed alliances to save local jobs by improving the work force and by redesigning the curricula of schools and training centers to encourage the development of useful skills. Order:

Passage 4[A] The technology was developed in 1990s, but the opening of a laboratory in January 2003 in

California marked the company's first expansion. "We believe the number of people who want this technology is greater than those who have access to it," said Keith L. Blauer, the company's clinical director.

[B] The clinic offers sex selection for two purposes: to help couples avoid passing on a sex-linked genetic disease and to allow those who already have a child to "balance" their family by having a baby of the opposite sex.

[C] In 1999 when Michel and Carl Meissner decided to have children, they tackled the next big issue: Should they try to have a girl? It was no small matter. Michel’s brother had become blind


E 41 42 43 44 45 G

考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型from a hereditary condition in his early 20s, and the Meissners had learned that the condition is a disorder passed from mothers to sons. If they had a boy, he would have a 50 per cent chance of having the condition. A girl would be unaffected. The British couple's inquiries about sex selection led them to Virginia, US, where a new sperm-separation technique, called Microsoft, was experimental at the time. When Michel became pregnant she gave birth to a daughter. Now they will try to have a second daughter using the same technique.

[D] The technique separates sperm based on the fact that the X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome. A machine is used to distinguish the size differences and sort the sperm accordingly.

[E] The technique separates sperm into two groups those that carry the X-chromosome （染色体） producing a female baby and those that carry the Y-chromosome producing a male baby.

[F] Blauer said the company has had an impressive success rate: 91 per cent of the women who become pregnant after sorting for a girl are successful, while 76 per cent who sort for a boy and get pregnant are successful. [G] This is not only a seemingly effective way to select a child's gender. It also brings a host of ethical and practical considerations ---especially for the majority of families who use the technique for nonmedical reasons.Order:

Passage 5 [A] An apple is an easy thing to take for granted. If you live where apples grow in abundance,

you might assume that they are readily available and, better yet, that you may pick from a wide variety. But do you know that there are far fewer types to choose from today than there were 100 years ago?

[B] Our true challenge today is not debts and deficits or global competition but the need to find a way to live rich, fulfilling lives without destroying the planet's biosphere, which supports all life. Humanity has never before faced such a threat: the collapse of the very elements that keep us alive.

[C] Why do farmers replace their many folk varieties with one uniform crop? Usually in response to economic pressures. Planting uniform crops promises ease of harvesting, attractiveness of the product, resistance to go bad, and high productivity. But these trends may be destroying man's own food supply.

[D] In the Andes of South America, farmers grew many varieties of potatoes, and only a few were affected by blight. Hence, there was no epidemic. Clearly, diversity of species and diversity within species provide protection. The growing of just one uniform crop runs counter to this basic survival strategy and leaves plants exposed to disease or pests, which can destroy an entire region's harvest. That is why many farmers depend so heavily on the frequent use of pesticides, even though such chemicals are often environmentally hazardous.


C 41 42 43 44 45 D

无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒[E] In the 1840's, Ireland's population exceeded eight million, making it the most densely

populated country in Europe. Potatoes were its dietary mainstay, and a single variety called lumbers was the most widely grown.

[F] Between the years 1804 and 1905, there were 7,098 varieties of apples grown in the United States. Today 6,121 of those are extinct. But does diversity really matter?

[G] In 1845 the farmers planted their lumbers as usual, but a plant disease known as blight struck and wiped out almost the entire crop. "Most of Ireland survived that difficult year," wrote Paul Raebum in his book The Last Harvest The Genetic Gamble That Threatens to Destroy American Agriculture. "The devastation came the next year. Farmers had no choice but to plant the same potatoes again. They had no other varieties. The blight struck again, this time with overwhelming force. The suffering was indescribable." Historians estimate that up to I million people died of starvation, while another 1.5 million emigrated, most to the United States. Those remaining suffered from crushing povertyOrder:

Orders: Passage 1: 1. [B] 2. [F] 3. [A] 4. [E] 5. [C]Passage 2: 1. [E] 2. [A] 3. [F] 4. [B] 5. [G]Passage 3: 1. [D] 2. [ F] 3. [B] 4. [A] 5. [C]Passage 4： 1. [E] 2. [A] 3. [G] 4. [B] 5. [F]Passage 5: 1. [A] 2. [F] 3. [E] 4. [G] 5. [D]

第三节例证题Passage OneDirections:

You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A–F for each numbered subheading （41–45） . There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar “tombstone” that lists where you went to school and where you’ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the “functional” resume – descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.


B 41 42 43 44 45 C

考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型It’s handy to have a “tombstone” for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw

away most of those un-requested “tombstone” lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.

What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read - a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.

（41） Put yourself first: In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about

yourself. （42） Sell what you can do, not who you are:

Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work. Toot your own horn!

Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch—if only you show it. （43） Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!

Remember that “brevity is the best policy.” （44） Turn bad news into good:

Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side. （45） Never apologize:

If you’re returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph （summary of background） in place of a chronology of experience. Don’t apologize for working at being a mother; it’s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don’t mention education.

The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don’t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments （ leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc. ） Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you’re ready to show it to a stranger （ friends are usually too kind ） for a reaction. When you’re satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒Isn’t that the kind of person you’d want working for you?

［A］ A woman who lost her job as a teacher’s aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote: “Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher’s aide she would rehire if government funds became available.”

［B］ One resume I received included the following: “invited by my superior to straighten out our organization’s accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion.” Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward – all in 34 words.

［C］ For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills.

［D］ An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement “Ready to learn though not so well educated”.

［E］ One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote three resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.

［F］ A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her employer had faced. She’d agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn’t in her resume. She answered, “It wasn’t important.” What she was really saying of course was “I’m not important.”41．F 42. C 43. B 44. A 45. D

Passage 1[I] Several years ago I received a postcard from a friend in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, who wrote, "I

am skiing with abandon!" I wondered what he meant, for when I ski it is always with trepidation. I believe he meant he was skiing skillfully, joyfully, peacefully and confidently. Although I have no hopes of ever skiing that way, I do dream of living with abandon. I believe that men and women through the ages who have led successful lives have captured these five secrets of living life to the fullest.

[2] 41. Have a self yon respect. [3] Winston Churchill exemplified integrity and respect in the face of opposition. During his last year in office, he attended an official ceremony. Several rowsl behind him two gentlemen began whispering. "That's Winston Churchill." "They say he is getting senile" "They say he should step aside and leave the running of the nation to more dynamic and capable men" When the ceremony was over, Churchill turned to the men and said,


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型"Gentlemen, they also say he is deaf!"[4] Churchill knew that one secret to a self you can respect is to choose a course of action based on what is right, not expedient, and not waver from it when criticized.[5]42. Commit yourself to others. [6] You can build into the lives of your family, friends and colleagues by providing nutrients of gratitude and encouragement, and by investing your time and energy in their aspirations. If a tree is given minimal nourishment, it will live, but it will not grow. But if nourishment is given over and beyond what is needed for life, the tree will live and grow upward, producing fruit.[7] 43. Turn disappointments into strengths. [8] The pages of history are filled with the heroic stories of undaunted men and women who triumphed over disabilities and adversities to demonstrate victorious spirits.[9] 44. Enjoy life's process, not just life's rewards. [10] "I was one of those people who never go anywhere without a thermometer, hot-water bottle, raincoat and parachute", wrote author Don Herold. "If I had my life to live over, I would go barefoot earlier in the spring. I would ride more merry-go-round B. I would take more chances, and I would eat more ice-cream. " .[II] 45. Become involved in something bigger than yourself. ______________________________________________________________________________[A] Individuals who live with abandon have discovered that personal trials make them more sensitive and loving, while building endurance and character. They have learned that achievements worth remembering are stained with the blood of diligence and etched with the scars of disappointment.[B] I do not believe you will live happily if you set out to live life for yourself alone. Choose a cause bigger that you are and work at it in a spirit of excellence. It will become a part of you as you see your goals through to the end. Measure success not by what you've done, but what you could do.[C]This means having a deep sense of responsibility for your thoughts and actions. It means

keeping your word, and being faithful to self, family and work. It means believing in what you do and working hard. It means setting your own internal standards, and not comparing yourself to others. It's not a question of being better than someone else; respect and integrity demand that you be better than you thought you could be.

[D] We live in a goal-oriented society that wants problems resolved now. We want three-minute oatmeal, one hour dry cleaning, and instant success. But to live with abandon, we must live one day at a time, savoring the little victories, realizing that life is an endless journey in self-discovery and personal fulfillment. It means taking time to hug your kids, kiss your spouse, and let the other fellow ahead of you on the freeway.

[E] Believe in others, and take time to nurture their dreams. A wise man said, "If you want one year's prosperity, grow grain. But if you want ten years' prosperity, grow men and women. "


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒Passage 2.

An interview is a face-to-face meeting, especially for the purpose of obtaining a statement for assessing the qualities of a candidate. It is no exaggeration to say that the interview is the most important aspect of any job hunt. The way you conduct yourself during the interview is critical. The impression you make on an employer will likely be the reason you get—or don't get—an offer. The following are some points for you to keep in mind during the interview: 41. Gauge the Mood You must assess the interviewer's personality and style to gain an understanding of the interviewing process. 42. Why Are We Here? The interview's purpose is for the interviewer and you to determine whether your needs and the needs of the company are compatible. An effective way to achieve this is to briefly outline your perception of the company's needs and then discuss how your experiences relate to them. Examples Speak Volumes For each quality you present, make sure you're prepared to describe a situation where you demonstrated that quality. Basically, you always want to be able to back up any claims you might make. For example, if during the interview you say that you work well under pressure, be ready to describe an example where you did work effectively under pressure and delivered the results required.Dynamic is Key Remember, try to use active, dynamic descriptions to illustrate what you've done. Stress your past accomplishments and abilities rather than staling a job title your resume does that. For example: "I understand you're looking for someone with good interpersonal skills. As leader of my church choir, I had to mediate between 35 very strong personalities, and my problem was to mold those strong personalities into a working unit. "43. Have Your Questions Ready Keep in mind any questions you want to ask the interviewer.44. You're a Salesperson In the interview, you are selling the most important product you have: yourself. Consequently, it's in your best interest to emphasize your strengths and downplay your weaknesses.45. Steer the Interview Your Way One thing to guard against is getting lured into the interviewer's game of alternative or trick questions. Be like a politician. The next time you watch a debate or press conference, notice the kind of questions reporters ask, and then observe how the politician responds. Politicians often answer questions indirectly by presenting information they want to convey. You can do the exact same thing in a job interview. Your answers also need to provide the reason to hire you, and you want to avoid providing


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型reasons not to hire you. Before responding to any interview question, take your time, breathe and think about your answer. Thoughtful answers delivered clearly are much better than empty answers given rapidly. And you're not being measured by your response time. At last, never, ever ask about salary, vacation or other benefits during a job interview. Doing so communicates that you are only interested in what you will get out of the job. Remember, the point of the interview is to communicate what you have to offer the employer, not the other way around. The time to talk about money and other goodies is after the employer has offered you the job.______________________________________________________________________________[A] If the interviewer asks if you prefer to work alone or on a team, he may be trying to get you

to say you are one way or the other. But you don't have to play this game. The reality is that most jobs require us to work both independently and in teams. Your response to this question should show that you have been successful in both situations.

[B] For example; "Mr. Smith, I understand you're looking for a person who knows the fast food industry to set up your distributor organization. I managed a Burger King restaurant in Houston for three years, and know both the problems and opportunities in this field. "

[C] Research on interviewing suggests that interviewers tend to be much more influenced by negative information than by positive information.

[D] You may, for example, want to know something about the career paths of other MBAs, the position of the company in the industry, the company's training program, if any.

[E] Do a little homework! Research the company and the position if possible, as well, the people you will meet with at the interview. Review your work experiences. Be ready to support past career accomplishments with specific information targeted toward the companies needs. Have your facts ready!

[F] Employers have good and bad days, and this may carry over into the interview.

Keys: Passage 4 41.[C] 42.[E] 43. [A] 44.[D] 45. [B]Passage 5 41.[F] 42. [B] 43.[D] 44. [C] 45. [A]

第四节标题题Passage OneDirections:

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A–F for each numbered paragraph


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒（41–45）. The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）[A] What to do as a student?[B] Various definitions of plagiarism[C] Ideas should always be sourced[D] Ignorance can be forgiven[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft[F] The consequences of plagiarism

Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is ‘the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.’

41The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the

punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.

42Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by

being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.

43Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide

or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型44

Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation – note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography – are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although ‘there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,’ the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.

45The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by

his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.

The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.Key: 41. F 42. A 43. D 44. C 45. E

专项练习Passage 1 Some Problems of Technological Advancement

[A ] Glad Tidings of Technological Advancement [B ] Formidable Progress in Human Manipulation and Control[C] True Nature of Technological Advancement[D] Urgent Need for a Unified Ethical Code[E] Improvement of the Quality of Life[F] Influence of Technology on the Quality of Life[G] Environmental Impact of Technological Advancement

1 In the past, technological advancement was generally held to be synonymous with progress, and progress to be synonymous with absolute good. People thought of technology as a solver of problems, not as a creator of them. As we took each step forward, technologically speaking, we assumed that we were leaving old difficulties behind and advancing into a new and more pleasant future. But this was only partially true. As technological advancement did solve old problems, it also created new problems. These problems have been of various types. Each has different


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒implications and each requires different degrees of human decision in their solution.1.

One set of problems can be readily identified simply by looking around. These problems concern the "pollution" of our environment by technology as a result of sudden upsets and imbalances in the physical, economic and social equilibrium. The most obvious of these are the general pollution of our physical environment and the destruction of irreplaceable natural resources. Not so obvious as these, but just as painfully significant to some, are the elimination and displacement of jobs which often create large groups of jobless citizens overnight.2.

Can technology be used to undo what it has done, replace what it has destroyed or substitute for what it has caused to disappear? No one knows. Another set of problems relates to what technological advancement has done to the quality of life. Too much has happened too fast. The changes demanded of marital and family relationships remain largely unexamined. It is often a matter of "put up or shut up", and a person has to adapt his life-style to ever-changing conditions with little time for choice. The "no-move-no- advancement" syndrome is an example of one such problem. Many people are coming to think that the reward is simply not worth the struggle, and they are taking jobs with less responsibility and lower pay.3. Perhaps the most significant and potentially explosive issues, however, are those related to methods of human manipulation and control. There is also the new horizon of genetic analysis, manipulation and correction. And there is now the advancement of creating a living substance and of decoding and generating a complete organism from the information found within a cell. This is no longer a dream.4.

It is finally true that incredible powers are now within our hands, or at least within our reach, and the question no longer is, "Can we do it?", but, "How soon can we do it?" The control of life and death, behavior and personality now seems nearer to our grasp than does the attainment of a unified ethical code. The real question to be answered is, "Should we do it?"5.

Passage 2 Starting Your Own Company [A] likes and dislike [B] The waste of talent in big companies[C] The desire to be a boss[D] Important personal qualities[E] Making a lot of money[F] Taking risks


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型[G] An interesting question

1 What makes managers give up their high salary, company car and pension, and risk everything in order to set up on their own'? A recent UK survey of self-employed entrepreneurs has come up with a number of reasons. 2 Although money is a great motivator, it is only part of the answer. Very few self-employed entrepreneurs can earn what they received in a large company, at least in the first few years. They invest any extra cash in their business, rather than in expensive cars, houses or holidays. Probably the most important part of the answer has to do with being in charge. In the US. people who want to make a million don't care whether they own 5% or 10% of the company, but in the UK, entrepreneurs want 100% ownership: they want to control their company and to make all the decisions themselves. 3 Most large companies do not know how to make the best use of clever people. Employees who criticize the old ways of doing things and want to cry out new ideas are disliked both by their colleagues and by their bosses. Comments like 'They wouldn't listen to me' or I kept presenting new product ideas, only to hear nothing' are typical of many a manager-turned-entrepreneur. All of this causes frustration, which can quickly lead to boredom. Often, middle managers start to think: 'Only another 30 more years of working my way lo retirement.' At this point, they want to find a way out. 4 'They need to get away from a job that is DO longer attractive. So they decide to set up on their own. But they need something else. too: the challenge of taking risks. They are like people who climb a mountain by the most dangerous route. Entrepreneurial types need to try out new things without knowledge whether they will succeed or fail. They also want to prove that they can make it without big company support.5 As well as motivation, most successful entrepreneurs have a number of personal characteristics in common. The first is self-confidence, the feeling of certainty that you have got the skills, knowledge and energy to build up your own business. There is also stubbornness, the determination to prove to the boss who rejected your ideas that they were good ideas which can be made to work. Possessing this quality means that you won't give up: you have to make your ideas work.

Passage 3 Doing Business in Brazil [A ] Some important business customs [B] Advice on speaking the language[C] Advice on dress[D] Where to do business in Brazil[E] Things to avoid[F] Portuguese heritage of Brazil[G] Advice on punctuality

1 Brazilians take pride in their Portuguese heritage, so to call locals Spanish Americans would


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒be insulting. On the same note, Brazil's official language is Portuguese, not Spanish. Frequently, the spelling of Portuguese words is exactly the same as Spanish, but the pronunciation differs greatly. Before opening your mouth in this country, learn to speak a few words and avoid committing a cultural offence. 2 If your business destination is one of the northern cities like Rio, city of carnival and the samba, expect a somewhat casual environment. However, when scheduling meetings in southern cities, you'll find business settings just the opposite: quite formal. Bring comfortable semi-casual clothes for business in the north, and conservative dark suits or dresses for southern cities like Sao Paolo. 3 Time is important to southerners and lateness is considered rude and unbusinesslike. In the north, however, your host may not always be so punctual. If you called a meeting at four, a Rio citizen, for example, may interpret gathering time as around four （ like maybe four fifteen or so ） . Whatever you do, don't be put off or indicate that you were concerned about the late arrival; your South American counterpart won't understand.4 Shaking hands and exchanging business cards begin any first business meeting in Brazil. At that time, introductions are made. Formalize your contact's first name by preceding it with Senhor, Senhora or Senhorita （Mr, Mrs or Miss） . The surname is not generally used. Soon after this formality, the title is usually dropped at the request of your host. Once you've become friendly with Senhora Astrud, you would be expected to simply call her Astrud.5 If you are indicating approval on a business matter, never give the okay sign of a ring formed by the thumb and index finger. This is an obscene gesture in Brazil. Instead, close the fist and shoot the thumb up. During the business day you will most likely be offered cafezinho, a very strong Brazilian coffee. Accept it graciously so as not to offend your host. If you don't like coffee, sip it slowly. People from the United States should never refer to their country as 'America'. It is better to say you're from the United States. South Americans, particularly Brazilians, find North Americans a bit egocentric when referring to back home as 'America'. After all, Brazilians live in America too.

Passage 4 Rising Power of Women in Asia [A] The new Asian women [B ] Women leaders and education [C] The population explosion [D] The importance of primary education [E ] The exploding demand for lab

[F] Modern Asian women in a changing world

[G] The role of ordinary women

1. Although most still live by centuries-old traditions, millions of professional Asian women will enter the twenty-first century as a force the entire world must reckon with. Educated


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型and business-minded, they are demanding a full partnership with men, and playing a leading role in the economic explosion of the Pacific Rim. A new generation of women is taking top positions in the family business or launching new businesses financed by the family.

2. It is true, of course, that Asia's women leaders are a privileged class, and there is a great difference between urban and rural women. Still, the patterns that will change the lives of hundreds of millions of Asian women are already in place. These professional women are well educated. In Taiwan, for example, women aged 20-24 match the college graduation rates of their male counterparts.

3. And yet Asia's quiet women-led revolution is not simply the story of women managers. It is also the story of ordinary women - peasant farmers and laborers. Asia's economic miracle would not have been possible without their participation. For example, Korea's industrial base was built by a legion of women working at repetitive dead-end and poorly-paid jobs in the electronics, textile and toy factories. Similarly, in Malaysia, thousands of rural women migrated to the cities to work in the electronic factories, thus helping to transform a largely agriculture-based economy to one that is rapidly industrializing.

4. Amongst the causes of this revolution, the principal one is opportunity. Asia's exploding economy and the small populations of some Asian countries （Singapore has only 3 million people ） mean labor shortages and full employment. Business must make use of all human resources. In addition, many international companies with branches in Asia are accustomed to hiring women.

5. Equally important is the fact that modem Asian women are not like their mothers. Not only are they better educated than their mothers, but they are also marrying later, if at all, and having fewer children. Moreover, the Asian woman today is much better informed. Instant access to global events via international broadcast systems gives her a window on the world that earlier generations knew nothing about. And in the workplace, the new technology is 'gender-blind', that is, there is nothing in it which makes it more suitable for men than for women.

Passage 5 Packaging: the Insane Waste of Making Things to Be Thrown Away[A] Calling for More Research Work [B] Necessity of Packaging[C] Recycling of Wastepaper[D] Waste of Scarce Resources[E] Controversy over the Use of Plastic[F] Superiority of Paper over Plastic[G] Growing Use of Plastic

0 To get a chocolate out of a box requires a considerable amount of unpacking: the box has to betaken out of the paper bag in which it arrived; the cellophane wrapper has to be torn off, the lid opened and the paper removed; the chocolate itself then has to be unwrapped from its


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒own piece of paper. But this insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries. It is now becoming increasingly difficult to buy anything that is not done up in cellophane, polythene, or paper.

1 The package itself is of no interest to the shopper, who usually throws it away immediately. Useless wrapping accounts for much of the refuse put out by the average London household each week. So why is it done? Some of it, like the cellophane on meat, is necessary, but most of the rest is simply competitive selling. This is absurd. Packaging is using up scarce energy and resources and messing up the environment.2 Little research is being carried out on the costs of alternative types of packaging. Just how possible is it, for instance, for local authorities to salvage paper, pulp it, and recycle it as egg-boxes? Would it be cheaper to plant another forest? Paper is the material most used for packaging-20 million paper bags are apparently used in Great Britain each day-but very little is salvaged.3 A machine has been developed that pulps paper then processes it into packaging, e.g. egg-boxes and cartons. This could be easily adapted for local authority use. It would mean that people would have to separate their refuse into paper and non-paper, with a different dustbin for each. Paper is, in fact, probably the material that can be most easily recycled; and now with massive increases in paper prices the time has come at which collection by local authorities could be profitable.4 Recycling of this kind is already happening with milk bottles, which are returned to the dairies, washed out, and refilled. But both glass and paper are being threatened by the growing use of plastic. More and more dairies are experimenting with plastic bottles, and it has been estimated that if all the milk bottles necessary were made of plastic, then British dairies would be producing the equivalent of enough plastic tubing to encircle the earth every five or six days!5 The trouble with plastic is that it does not rot. Some environmentalists argue that the only solution to the problem of ever growing mounds of plastic containers is to do away with plastic altogether in the shops, a suggestion unacceptable to many manufacturers who say there is no alternative to their handy plastic packs.6 It is evident that more research is needed into the recovery and re-use of various materials and into the cost of collecting and recycling containers as opposed to producing new ones. Unnecessary packaging, intended to be used just once, and making things look better so more people will buy them, is clearly becoming increasingly absurd. But it is not so much a question of doing away with packaging as using it sensibly. What is needed now is a more sophisticated approach to using scarce resources for what is, after all, a relatively unimportant function.

Passage 1 1.C 2.G 3..F 4..B 5..DPassage 2 1..G 2..C 3..B 4..F 5..DPassage 3 1..F 2.C 3.G 4.A 5.EPassage 4 1..A 2.B 3.G 4.E 5 .FPassage 5 1. D 2.A 3.C 4.G 5. E


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型分析总结：Passage 4 1）________________________. The increasing number of citizen groups, businesses and governments taking an active interest in slowing down the destruction and pollution of the ocean is encouraging, says senior researcher and author Anne Platt McGinn, citing a host of efforts already under way: 1. Unilever, which controls 20 percent of the whitefish market in Europe and US, has agreed to buy only fish caught and produced in an environmentally sustainable manner. 2. Volunteers in the Philippines, Thailand, India and Ecuador are replanting mangrove areas to repair earlier damage from shrimp farming. 3. In northern Sulawesi, citizens have cleared coral reefs of harmful invasive species. 4. The United States and Canada have each banned oil drilling on large portions of their continental shelves. 2）_________________. Habitat degradation, resulting from development, agricultural run off, sewage pollution and destructive fishing practices has led to a tripling in the number of poisonous algal species identified by scientists, increasing fish kills, beach closures, and economic losses. 3）.__________________. People obtain an average of 16 percent of their animal protein from fish, and people in developing countries are extremely dependent on reed fisheries for both food and income. Tourism accounts for a large piece of coastline economies and medicines are being found in reef ecosystems every day. Even toothpaste and ice cream depend on the gel-forming properties of brown algae. The problem facing the oceans are legion: the marine conversation community is fragmented, bans on destructive activities are routinely ignored, too many regulatory organizations have a development-first mindset and enforcement and oversight are ineffective, if not altogether lacking. 4）___________________. Right now, the United Nations General Assembly spends just one day a year covering issues that affect more than half of the planet. The report suggests that a tax of one tenth of one percent on industrial and recreational ocean activities would generate $500 million a year, more than five times the annual budgets the International Maritime Organization and the Fisheries Department of the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization. 5）______________________.This means that addressing global marine issues requires strong national and local policies. Problems remain far from resolved.

[A]. The impact on the economy is significant.[B]. On the downside, Safeguarding the Health of Oceans says that seven out of ten commercial

fish species are fully or overexploited, and even worse, many of their spawning grounds have been cleared to make room for shrimp ponds, golf courses and beach resorts.

[C]. Oceans need to be protected locally, nationally and internationally, according to McGinn.[D]. We’ve already pushed the world oceans close to –and in some cases, past-their natural limits,


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒according to a recently released report on the state of our oceans by the World Watch Institute.

[E]. Ocean resources, however, are badly destroyed in recent years.[F]. However, the most productive areas of the ocean are under national jurisdiction and 80

percent of oceanic pollution originates on land.

Passage 51 ） .____________________. Scientists have known for centuries that a layer of gases

naturally surrounds the earth like an insulating blanket, trapping the reflected energy of the sun and preventing it from escaping into space. That is what makes the earth warm enough for people, plants and animals. However, recent human activity has boosted concentrations of greenhouse gases and enhanced their heat-trapping ability. The main culprit is carbon dioxide （CO2）, which scientists estimate accounts for nearly half of global warming. 2）________________________.

There are other important greenhouse gases too and they cannot be ignored. CFCs, for example, may account for 25 percent of global warming in the next century if their production is not scaled back. But carbon dioxide is the pivotal one. The UN International Panel on Climatic Change now says that CO2 levels could double within 40 years if present rates of fossil-fuel burning and deforestation continue. That could mean an average temperature increase between two and four degrees centigrade and a sea-level rise of perhaps a foot by 2050.

3）.____________________. But one thing is clear-it will be no picnic. Indications are that the earth will be warmer than at any time since the start of the last ice age nearly 100,000 years ago. But there’s one major difference. This temperature increase will take place not over thousands of years, but over decades. And it is the speed of the change, which makes the precise impact so difficult to predict.

The most sophisticated computerized climate models, in the US and UK, agree that weather around the world will become more irregular and more extreme. In general, temperatures will rise more towards the poles than at the equator. Overall rainfall will also increase as higher temperatures boost evaporation from the sees. But the distribution of precipitation will shift. Some areas will become wetter, others will be drier. In middle latitudes, climate zones will march poles-wards. 4）_____________.

Global warming will also cause ocean levels to rise-though not, as popular wisdom has it, due to the Antarctic ice cap melting. If this catastrophe occurs it will not be for at least another century. Instead, sea levels will rise simply because water expands as it warms. People living in low-lying coastal regions will be in danger. 5）. ___________________

A. CO2 is released from burning fossil fuels and from clearing and burning forests.B. The green house effect is not a new phenomenon.C. In tropical and subtropical parts of the Third World, warming will be less but the impact on a

relatively stable climate will be greater.


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型D. The world’s great river deltas, home to millions in Asia and Latin America and containing

some of the Third World’s richest food-growing land, could become brackish graveyards.E. No one knows for certain how local weather will change as a result of this warming.F. Around the Mercury there is no greenhouse effect because there is no atmosphere around it just like what exists on the earth.G. Human beings are now struggling harder to disclose what should be done on the earth to increase its adaptation to changes on earth.

Passage 61 ） .____________________. Today, highways and railways criss-cross the land, making

travel easy. But only a few generations ago, the topographic features on the map represented great dangers and difficulties. Today’s visitors, riding over a good road in the Cascade Mountains in the west coast states of Oregon and Washington may see marks on the rocks made by ropes where pioneer settlers painfully lowered their lhoses and wagons down cliffs to reach the fertile river valley far below. In the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, the main foute now runs through a mountain pass which was once too narrow for a wagon to go through. Pioneer families reaching that pass had to take their wagons apart piece by piece, carry them through, and then, reassemble them on the other side.

2）.______________________.3 ） .___________________. At that time, the northern ice cap flowed over the North

American continent and ground into it a number of major changes. These ice flows determined the size and drainage of the Great Lakes. They changed the direction of the Mississippi River. They pushed soil off a huge part of Canada into the United States, thus created the northern part of the Central Agricultural Basin-one of the richest faming areas in the world.

On the Atlantic shore of the United States, much of the northern coast is rocky and uninviting, but the middle and southern Atlantic coast rises gently from the sea. It starts as low, wet ground and sandy flats, but then becomes a rolling coastal lowland somewhat like that of northern and western Europe. The Appalachians, which run roughly parallel to the East Coast, are old mountains with many coal-rich valleys between them. To the west of the Appalachians, lie plateaus built up over the centuries from bits of stone that were washed down from the mountains and then cut into small hills by streams. 4）.____________________.

North of the Central Lowland, extending for almost 1,600 kilometers, are the five Great Lakes which the United States shares with Canada. The lakes, estimated to contain about half of the world’s fresh water, were gauged out of the land by the ice that once covered the northern United States.

5）.______________________. They are stopped by the Rocky Mountains, the backbone of the continent. The Rockies are considered young mountains: of the same age as the Alps in Europe, the Himalayas in Asia. Like these ranges, they are high, rough and irregular in shape.


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒[A].Rockies in the United States all covers the vast land of the west of it with more development

done on it to advance the industry of tourism to take advantage of the landscape there.[B]. Much of the geography and history of the United States was determined some 10,000 to

25,000 years ago.[C]. Modern means of communication and transportation have enabled man to overcome these

obstacles. Poles and wire now carry electrical power and telephone communication over ridges that are so deep in snow that only persons wearing snowshoes or skis can reach them. Railroads run along the sides or mountains or in tunnels through them. Bridges have been built over valleys and rivers. Highways run through the burning heat of deserts.

[D]. Beyond is the great Central Lowland that, in its configuration, resembles the plains of eastern Europe, or Manchuria, or the Great Plains of Australia, or certain plains in Africa or South America.

[E].The United States can be divided into three parts geographically from East to West of hilly area to plains and then of Mountainous areas.

[F]. West of it are the Great Plains, likened to the flat top of a table which is slightly titled upward to the west.

[G] On a topographic map of the United States, the mountains look like jagged masses, plains like vast open flat spaces, and the rivers like meandering thread.

Sample FourDirectionsYou are going to read a list of headings and a text about how to select a fund .Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph(41-45). The first and the last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark you answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

[A] Watching related expenses and making wise choice [B] Paying attention to details[C] Weighing your financial goals and expectations first [D] Maintaining realistic expectations[E] Narrowing the search[F] Not too special

Eating better. Exercising. Investing. There are a lot of things you know should be doing . The problem is that getting started always seems to be the hardest part .For many investors, mutual funds are a good way to go, but trying to sort through the number of available choices –now more than 10,000-makes this important task appear overwhelming. Let’s look at some ways to cut that number down to a reasonable size , as well as other factors to consider when selecting your first


考研英语强化班辅导讲义---翻译、完形、新题型fund.

41. Before you begin examining potential investments, it’s important to take some time to assess your own goals and risk tolerance. If you start with a clear objective in mind, as well as an understanding as to how you might react if your investment loses money, you’ll be les likely to purchase a fund that doesn’t fit your needs . And that’s what often leads to disappointment. It is important to look for funds that are appropriate for both your goals and your investment temperament.

42. One way to begin your search for a good fund is to use the Morningstar star rating. The rating is a useful tool for narrowing the field to funds that have done a good job of balancing return and risk in the past. To assign ratings, Morningstar uses a formula that compares a fund’s risk-adjusted historical performance with that of other funds within four rating groups—domestic stock funds, international stock funds, taxable bond funds, and municipal bond funds.

43.Funds that invest solely in a single market sectors, called specialty funds, often have

impressive returns and may be great additions to a diversified portfolio. However , the success of such funds depends largely on the fortunes of a particular market sector .Hence, specialty funds probably aren’t the best way to start. For your first fund , look for a diversified stick fund that has exposure to different types of stocks.

44.There’s no free lunch in fund investing: in addition to the sales fees that some fund

companies charge, fund investors must also pay management fees and trading costs . Unfortunately ,you don’t necessarily get what you pay for –no one has ever shown that more expensive funds provide greater returns. Look for funds with reasonable costs. The expense ratio, which expresses annual costs as a percentage amount , is probably the best number to use when comparing mutual fund costs .

45.Whatever the market does , try to take it in stride. You’re in for the long haul ,so don’t worry

about the market’s day-to-day gyrations . Relax and resist the temptation to monitor your first investment daily. Check in on your mutual funds once a month., and give your portfolio a thorough exam every 6 to 12 months . And consider adding to your fund each month . An automatic investment plan makes it a relatively painless process.


无限精彩人生文都铸就永恒Finally, remember that the ultimate measure of your success as an investor depends not on

your owning the best-performing mutual fund. Only one fund will be the top performer over the next decade, and there’s no way to predict which one it will be . Meeting your own financial goals should ultimately be the yardstick by which you measure your investment success.


2004年秋季考研英语英译汉部分讲义 -...

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