2007. 6. 6

The Environmental Evaluation Method of

Coastal Land Reclamation: Case Study of Korea

Sung-Soon Yoon, Jin-Sook YoonChul-Oh Shin, Myung-Gook Jeong

II. Present State of Coastal Area Reclamation

Ⅰ. Coastal Area Reclamation Management System

III. Policy Direction for Coastal Area Reclamation Management

IV. Evaluation Method of Coastal Area Reclamation

I. Coastal Area Reclamation

Management System

Applicable act : Public Waters Reclamation Act Purpose

– Promote public interests – Contribute to the development of national economy * In an environment-friendly manner

Contents– Reclamation Plan : Propriety Inspection (5yr and 10yr)– Reclamation License : Procedures, Standards, Essential

particular, Charge– Reclamation Construction · Compensation · Acquisition of

ownership– Other : Revocation, Recovery, Penalty

Other acts : 50 Individual Acts

Legal System

Procedures for Reclamation TaskNational Framework Plan

Every 10yr(by Minister of MOMAF)

License of Public Waters ReclamationAdministrative Agency :

Ministry of Agriculture, Local Government, Regional Marine Affairs Office

AuthorizationAuthorization Agency : Ministry of Agriculture, Local Government, Regional Marine Affairs Office

Take up Construction

According to Authorization

Completion AuthorizationAdministrative Agency : Ministry of Agriculture, Local Government, Regional Marine Affairs Office

Consultation withMOCT, MOE,MAF, MND

Consultation withMCT, MOE,MAF, MND

Related agencies

Consultation withMCT, MOE,MAF, MND

Price valuation for the Reclamation site

Related Agencies

Framework Plan, Modification, Cancel : Minister of MOMAF

License · Approval · Consultation, Authorization of individual plan, Completion authorization– Harbor zone : head of regional marine affairs office

– Agricultural & livestock use : Minister of MAF

– River : head of regional construction management office

– Other area : head of a Si/Do governor

Ⅱ. Present State of Coastal Area Reclamation in Korea

Present State

Reclamation record (1980~2005) (Unit : Case, ㎢ )

License Completion Under-construction Invalidation

Case ㎢ Case ㎢ Case ㎢ Case ㎢Total 347 1,41

0 189 138 152 1,063 6 0.7

National 76 15 38 7 36 8 2 0.2Regional 115 234 63 15 50 218 2 0.06

Public entity 61 1,05

1 27 93 34 751 0 0

Civilian 93 108 60 21 31 85 2 0.5Educational institution 2 29 1 0.02 1 0.008 0 0

The Case of Gwanyang Bay

Variation of inner bay area– 245.1 ㎢ (1924)→158.5 ㎢ (2002) : 35.3% decrease

Ⅲ. Policy Direction for Coastal Area Reclamation

Management

Change of the social demand for reclamation

The point at issue by reclamation– Increase in social conflict: Development vs. Conservation, Compensation for

damage– Decrease in ecosystem resources: Decrease of habitat, marine, and fishery r

esources– Continual Coastal Artificialization: Change of natural environment due to geog

raphical alteration, damage control of natural catastrophe

Change of social acknowledgement– The objective of use for social & economic benefits– Short-term economic development → Recognition of long-term and potential

value– Discovery of various values in coastal environment

Reflecting the Change of Policy Demand due to the Increase in Conservation Value of Coastal Area– Reduction in reclamation scales and the number of licenses

Propriety Evaluation for the 2nd Framework Plan– Extensive review for the 2nd Plan’s approval areas and new

application areas– Active response to the changes of surrounding

circumstances, a reclamation demand, and social  acknowledgement

1st Framework Plan(1991~2001)

2nd Framework Plan(2001~2010)

Approval 459 area(960.669 ㎢ ) 222 area(38.245 ㎢ )

Note 313 individual license(68.2%)

44 individual license(19.8% in process)

Change of the social demand for reclamation

Amendment of Reclamation Act Changing the legal name

– Reclamation Act → Restriction of Reclamation and Landfill Site Management Act

Restrict the legal fiction– Abolition of the legal fiction articles– Integrated management using the framework plan

Restriction of modifying the original reclamation plan– A change of the framework plan, restricted to common use or

public use Hearing opinion of interested person

– Reflecting opinions of relevant stakeholders and experts in the process of establishing framework plan and reclamation license → resolve conflicts and drive the project forward effectively

Verifying the sound utilization of the landfill sites Crystallizing the responsibility for the full restoration

Ⅳ. Evaluation Method of Coastal Area Reclamation

Present State of Property Analysis

Legal Basis : Public Waters Reclamation Act article 8

Subject of Evaluation : 160 site

Contents– Common condition : end user, protection area,

document review– General condition : PSIR index analysis– Special condition : opinion of related experts

Subject of evaluation Number of casesApproved sites under the 2nd framework plan 11Additional request sites after the 2nd framework plan

6

Second request sites after the 1st framework plan 28Newly applied sites 115

Total 160

Evaluation Procedures 1st step : Existence of an end user

– Exclude if not from the end user’s 2nd step : Existence of nature protection area

– Exclude from the further consideration 3rd step : Inspection of submitted documents

– Location, scale, blueprint, land-utilization plan, economic considerations, opinion of local council, etc.

4th step : Evaluation through sustainable development index– Inducing the overall evaluation hierarch using the

sustainable development index of UN CSD & OECD– Decide the indicators’ weight using the AHP method

5th step : Experts’ opinion– Based on field inspection

Sustainable Development Index

Pressure– Social/Economic

Impact State

– State of Marine Environment

– Natural Disaster Impact

– Social Impact– Marine

Environmental/Ecological Impact

– Safety– Value of Public Asset

Response– Reclamation

purpose– Reclamation

pertinence

Sub-indicator Evaluation standards

Pressure indicator

Social, Economic condition

(4)

-rate of population growth-number of tourist (increasing rate)-industrial development-economic effect

-costal area average-costal area average-industrial LQ index-Benefit/Cost index

State indicator

State of Marine Environment

(5)

-water quality, environment  /habitat environment-habitat, ecosystem-environmental state of near area-existence of river-natural coast ratio

-water quality(Ⅰ,Ⅱ/Ⅲ)  /indicator animal-native plants/animal-grade(Ⅰ,Ⅱ/Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ)-existence/nonexistence-national average

Natural Disaster(3)

-existence of possible natural disaster-frequency of natural disaster-erosion of neighboring area

-existence/nonexistence-5yr national average-occurrence of erosion during the 5yr

Impact indicator

Social Impact(4)

-industrial impact-access right on the coastal area-living environment-public conflict

-fishery right-nature of development plan-outbreak of air pollution-existence/nonexistence

Marine Environmental/

ecological impact(4)

-change of water quality/ecosystem -current change-wetland ratio-natural coast ratio after landfill

-water quality/damages on habitat-0.5m/sec variation-ratio-national average

Safety(2) -safety on the landfill site-safety on the surrounding area

-30yr national average-30yr national average

Value of Public Asset(2)

-public facilities ratio-local government area

-(road + green area + park) ratio-public area ratio

Response indicator

Reclamation Purpose(3)

-conformity on the regional coastal area management plan-conformity on the specific use area-conformity on the related legal plan

-regional plan

-specific use area-related legal plan

Pertinences(4)

-plan’s basis-necessity of landfill-reduction of environmental damages-complementary measures

-existence of legal basis-justification-reduction measures-existence of complementary measures

Evaluation Result

Distribution of marks– Inspection of submitted documents (3rd

step) : 0.3– Evaluation through sustainable

development index (4th step) : 0.5– Experts’ opinion (5th step) : 0.2

Final result– Approve requirement : above 0.5 total

score– Approve rate : 26% ( 42 sites / 160 sites )

Significance of Research

Application quantitative analysis– Improve objectivity – Develop the various evaluation methods

Positive Conservation of Coastal Environment– Multi-phase evaluation– Control the demand for reclamation

Reduction of Conflicts between Stake-holders– Objective evaluation of property– Participation of various specialists