2008 年 3 月 21 日 history of psi research n. noda 1/58 nobuaki noda （野田信明） national...

2008 年 3 月 21 日 History of PSI Research N. Noda 1/58

Nobuaki Noda （野田信明）

National Institute for Fusion Science 　　

History of Japan-China &International

Collaborations in the PSI Research Field


I started the work in the fusion research field as a member of the diagnostic group of the JIPP T-II tokamak


Shot Summary

　　 (Ti/CX neutral)

in 1977


ECR discharge cleaning in JIPP T-II 　 ( ～ 1980)

• Stainless steel wall 　　 350 ℃• Mo limiter• Surfaces covered with oxide

Gipps’ Free Energy (kcal/mol)

B2O/B2O3 304/298

BeO 144

TiO/TiO2 125/360

Li2O/Li2O3 140/450

CrO2 139

FeO 65

NiO 57

H, H+ → wall surface　　 → deoxidation → plasma contamination

ECR + Pump （ discharge cleaning ）　　　 (2.45 GHz microwave + 875 G ）

H2O


Effect of Discharge Cleaning

before and after DC in JIPP T-II

a: 350 　℃ bakingb: ECRDC 5hrs （ room temp. ）

c: ECRDC+TDC+ 350 　℃ baking

75hrs


Tayler Discharge Cleaning (TDC)

120 Hz plasma discharges

With primary winding


Mechanism & Quantitative Discussion

H2O 生成，壁付着，排気

　　　　　　　　の競争過程


Effect of Titanium Gettering 1980


Wall conditioning in CHS

Conditioning on a virgin device

H reduction with He-GDC

JNM (1990)

1988 - 90


炭素壁　 Carbonization　－ TEXTOR Collaboration in 1985 －

with methane glow discharge

In-situ measurement


Japan/Jülich Collab. on Carbonization

presented in 7th PSI Conf. at Princeton in 1986


JJAP 1986JIPP/ICR plasmas　 w/wo Carboniz.


Heliotron E 装置


A. Iiyoshi et al., PRL(1982) 　　- Currentless discharge 　- 86.4 ～ 88.3 　　　 Kyoto University


カーボニゼーションの Heliotron E 　適用

presented in 8th PSI Conf. at Jülich, 1988


Carbonization in Heliotron E

presented in 8th PSI Conf. at Jülich, 1988


Heliotron-EＩＣＲ実験

Sustained with RF only

1986　 IAEA Conf.　　 Kyoto


Graphite divertor

NBI beam dump with CC composite 　　

炭素材の壁への利用

Heliotron EMarch 1987

CHS

1990

R & D for LHD wall


Basic Experiments on boronization 1991-1998

SUrface mod. Test-stand

K. Tsuzuki, A. Sagara et al. JNM 256


High heat flux test1991 ～

With electron beam 　　 test of small

mockups

ACT Active Cooling Teststand


Mystery ? 　 Surprise ? 1991 Albuquerque

Number plate of the Car (Rental)

Visit to Sandia National Laboratory

LHD !!


Development of the helical divertor


Before experiment 　　 July 1999


Impurity line intensities w/o (top) and with (bottom) carbon divertor

after Kuninori Sato

Iron impurity decreased after carbon divertor installation, but gradually

recovered

Change in Fe XVI during the ’99 Exp.

after Shigeru Morita

wavelengthtime

iron lines


March 2000July 1999


Inside view of the Vacuum vessel

Tangential Port

Carbon Divertor Tiles

Trace of Divertor Leg

First Wall Panels (SS)

Mo Protector

V/V cooling channels

Divertor cooling pipe


Analyzed tile at tangential port

Tangential Port

Divertor Footprint (analyzed tile)

Incident flux close to perpendicular (28 )


Footprint on legs on diverto

r plates

15th PSI at Gifu

　　　　 Invited talk

with

prof. Sagara

　　 May 2002


Development of Long-pulse discharges with NBI

1998 w/o carbon divertor, 1.5 T1999 full carbon divertor, 2.75 T

Outgas B.L.

breathing

FW generator

0.5 - 1 MW


LHD 実験風景「 1st Shot への道」　 NIFS 製作ビ

デオより


Heliotron-E 　ＩＣＲ実験IAEA 国際会議（ 1986 　京都）


Density/impurity control in long dischargeParameters of #26191 & 26195 in LHD

VUV data by S. Morita


PSI Conf. & TEXTOR Collab.

PSI 国際会議　 Member of the Program Committee 　 1987 – 2003 （１７ years ）TEXTOR Executive Committee 　 1990 – 2007 　（１８ years ）

　　 High Z (Tungsten etc.) studies 　　　 In- vessel measurement of tritium


- Tungsten as PFM ? -

We approach 10 keV　　

Erosion resistant materials are important toward long-pulse steady-state operations

　　

We should reconsider High Z

Campaign 　 89 ~ 98


ＰＬＴ W limiter 実験

1978 年頃

Hollow Te(r)

　　→ 炭素 limiter

電子温度分布

“PLT syndrome ?”

NG tungsten !!


We proposed W limiter Exp. in TEXTOR

• Serious discussion continues in EC 　　

(1990 -1992)

• Invited talk by Tanabe

In 10th PSI Conf. at Monterey


Invited paper in 10th PSI conf.,

March 1992, Monterey


日本の主張

• Achieving 10 kev• Steady-state is the next target

　　 Reconsideration of the wall materials is needed

• W is attractive because of its possible low erosion rate

• no data on tungsten !!


重金属（タングステン W ，モリブデン Mo ）TEXTOR での実験を提案

• 国内研究者の議論 1989 に開始　　　　核融合研発足の年 ( 目的 , 課題 , 計画 )• 国際執行委員会での厳しい討論　　 (1990 -1992)

• Finaly approved just before a long brake


ＴＥＸＴＯＲにおける高Ｚリミター実験

1992 年１１月実験開始（ IEA TEXTOR 協定）


ＴＥＸＴＯＲ真空容器内部写真


Impact of high Z limiter

Conditions of deterioration are existing

　　　

Conditions of no-deterioration are existing

Results in TEXTOR



• Reproduceable of the PLT catastrophy

• But possible without catastrophy

Results in TEXTOR


Impact of Ne injection

Mo influx - - - no change ↓

Mo XXXI の増加

中心付近のモリブデンの放射強度増加の原因　　　　　　　　発生源ではなく，プラズマ中の輸送

Ueda et al./ PSI11th PSI

1994.5

r

n

nZr

n

nz

z

i

i

11


Oral Paper in 11th PSI conf.

May 1994, Mito



• Degradation happens

occasionally

• Large operation area

without deterioration

ASDEX-Upgrade

Laser blow-off exp.


What important are• TEXTOR 実験（’ 92.11), Ueda/11thPSI (’94.5), ITER changed its design policy, adoption of high Z (’94.11)• PSI 国際会議， TEXTOR 共同研究　　 Japanese Univ. group released people from Taboo ( 禁忌 )　　　　 Tungsten is not good for plasmas. Even 1g tungsten should not be put in.• We didn’t say “tungsten is ideal• We have data and experiences for carbon but not for tungsten• Outside ITER umbrella (free from ITER constraint), We could give a big impact upon the ITER project　　　　　 before that the ITER choice had been “all Be Wall”)• Chinese group joined to the PSI through this campaign


Number of papers on W 　 JNM & NF (x2)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

J NMNF

in 1992, Review talk by T. Tanabe et al., 10th PSI (Monterey) First Exp. On Mo in TEXTOR

Papers on TEXTOR in 1994 Y. Ueda et al., 11th PSI (Mito) V. Philipps et al., NF 34 (1994)


高 Z 壁研究　　　　　

started in

China

第 12 回 PSI 国際会議　　　 1996 年　 st. Raphael　　　

China came back to the PSI conf.　　　

李建剛先生 Oral paper in 12th PSI

2006 年合肥で第 17 回 PSI 国際会議

JNM (1997)


High Z (Tungsten) Campaign in PSI Conf.

Tanabe, 10th

Ueda, 11th

Noda, 12th

Yoshida, 13th


真空容器内部のＴｒｉｔｉｕｍを測ろう！

2 ideas in Japanese University

• 　 Imaging Plate (IP) (Tanabe)• Beta-Induces X-ray Spectroscopy (BIXS) (Matsuyama)

Established with tiles after TEXTOR DD その後　JET afterwards

Tiles of JET DT 実験　　　 Tiles of JT-60U DD 実験

１９９８～


再堆積領域左は黒鉛タイルの写真，中央はイメージングプレートによるトリチウム分布測定結果。損耗部はほぼ均一な分布，炭素再堆積領域表面のトリチウムは少ない，右は再堆積層の表面を削り取って調べた分布。再堆積層内部のトリチウム存在を示す。

再堆積層の表面を除去

Imaging Plate 法による tritium 分布測定　　　（ TEXTOR ／ DD 実験後， 1999 年， with

Tanabe ）


Method of BIXS 　　 Beta-ray Induced X-ray Spectroscopy

T at top surface detected by characteristic X-ray of Ar

at sub-surfece mixture of char. & brems.

T in depth detected by bremsstrahrung X-ray by C

after M. Matsuyama


Spectrum for a DTE1 tile

Max. 214 MBq/cm2

After M. Matsuyama


Karlsruhe におけるトリチウム計測実験　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 2003 年 3 月出　演

　　松山政夫　先生　　（富山大学）　　鳥養祐二　先生　　（富山大学）

　　 Manfred Glugla 先生　（ Tritium Lab. Karlsruhe)　　 Walter Nägele 先生 (Inst. Material Studies Karlsruhe)

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　撮　影　　野田信明


Karlsruhe におけるトリチウム計測実験　　 2003 年 3 月


Summary

• PSI studies are in progress helping high performance core in 1980s mainly with low Z wall• For steady state re-consideration has been needed Japanese university group promoted the study on high Z materials since 1990• A lot of data have been accumulated, but not

yet conclusive

• Tritium measurement and studies are critical and interesting


Japan & China have established a good partnership ! 　謝々　李建剛先生 & ASIPP

Wishing further progress and success ! Thank you for your

attention !

Summary (cont.)

• Japan-China PSI collab. started in 1994• 1st work was high Z exp. on HT-6M• Soon developed into wider area, such as doped graphite, boronization etc.

2008 年 3 月 21 日 history of psi research n. noda 1/58 nobuaki noda （野田信明） national...

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