中国2010年新乘用车节油技术应用情况分析 及国际比较
DESCRIPTION
Technology assessment of China’s new passenger car fleet and international comparisonsTRANSCRIPT
Hui He, Jun Tu 国际清洁交通委员会 何卉、涂军
January 2013
Technology assessment of China’s new passenger car fleet and international comparisons 中国2010年新乘用车节油技术应用情况分析及国际比较
国际清洁交通委员会成员来自各国政府官员和专家
2
2012年（印度）会议与会者来自：美国、加拿大、德国、日本、中国、印度、墨西哥、韩国、巴西
委员会目标是改善全球车辆、船只、飞机以及燃油的能耗和排放水平，以促进公共健康、减缓气候变化效应。
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Slide 3 Source: Ward’s Automotive
世界上主要的汽车市场就是我们开展工作的主要领域
Background 背景
§ To support China to develop mid-to-long term fuel consumption standards for passenger cars
§ Regulatory history – China has been regulating new
light-duty vehicle fuel economy since 2005.
– Current standards (phase 3) phased in last year.
– Auto industry development plan 2012-2020 sets 5L/100km
§ ICCT’s role: based on experience from our US and EU technology and cost work, we’d like to introduce a similar methodology to China to evaluate technologies and costs to meet the future targets.
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§ 对中国中长期轻型车油耗标准制订提供技术支持
§ 中国油耗标准回顾
– 从2005年起制订并实施了三个阶段标准
– 现行标准（第三阶段）去年开始实施
§ 节能与新能源汽车产业规划2012-2020制订了第四阶段初步目标：5升／百公里
§ ICCT过去几年致力于欧盟达标成本曲线的研究，相似的方法框架和模型可用于中国。基准技术水平研究是第一步。
Data and methodology 数据与方法
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PC Fleet 乘用车 Import Fleet 进口车
Domestic 国产车
Parameters 参数 Domestic
Fleet 国产全体
Mini 微型
Small 小型
Lower medium 中小型
Medium 中型
Large 大型
SUV Minivan 微客
Engine size (cc) 发动机排量 (cc) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Curb weight (kg) 整备质量 (kg) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Wheel base (mm) 轴距 (mm) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% Front track width (mm) 前轮距 (mm) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% 100% 100% 98% Rear track width (mm) 后轮距 (mm) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% 100% 100% 98% Power (HP) 功率 (HP) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 98% 100% HP (rpm) 功率转速 (rpm) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% Torque (N.m) 扭矩 (N.m) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% 100% 100% 100% Torque (rpm) 扭距转速 (rpm) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% 100% 100% 99% Max speed (km/h) 最高车速 (km/h) 99% 97% 99% 100% 100% 100% 99% 100% 98% 98% Accel speed 0-100km/h 0-100公里／时加速时间 34% 84% 32% 16% 27% 41% 59% 70% 26% 0% Compression ratio 气缸压缩比 94% 99% 93% 84% 99% 98% 84% 96% 77% 100% Drive train 传动系统 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Fuel type 燃油类型 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Transmission type 变速器类型 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% No. of gears 变速器档位数 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Engine type 发动机类型 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Valve configuration 气门结构 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% No. of cylinders 汽缸数 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Valve per cylinder 每汽缸气门数 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Fuel supply 供油方式 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Air intake 进气方式 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Valve timing 气门正时 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Valve lift 气门升程 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Fuel consumption (urban) 油耗 (市区) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Fuel consumption (extraurban) 油耗 (郊区) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Fuel consumption (combined) 油耗 (综合) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Emissions standard 排放标准 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Technologies analyzed in this paper 主要节油技术一览及本研究涵盖的技术种类
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Technologies技术类别
Potential CO2 reduction!
CO2 减排潜力
Analyzed in this report!
本研究涵盖!
# # # # Powertrain#传动系统
# # #
Engine#发动机技术
#
Low friction lubrication 低阻润滑油 0.5% Engine friction reduction 降低发动机阻力 2-4% Variable valve timing (and lift)可变气门正时和升程 4-6% x Cylinder deactivation 停缸 5-6% Turbocharging 涡轮增压 2-5% x Turbo, gasoline direct injection 增压汽油直喷 8-15% x Cooled EGR, turbo, GDI 冷却废气循环＋增压汽油直喷 20-25% Compression ignition diesel 柴油压燃 15-25% Digital valve actuation 数字气门驱动 5-10%
Transmission#变速器技术
#
Early torque converter lock-up液力变矩器提早锁止 0.5% Optimized shifting 变档优化 2-6% 6+ speed 6档以变速器 2-8% x Continuously variable无极变速 8-11% x Dual-clutch, automated manual双离合、手自一体变速器 9-13% x
# # #Vehicle #整车（车体## # #
Aerodynamics 空气动力优化设计 2-5% Tire rolling resistance 低滚动阻力轮胎 2-4% Accessories (steering, air cond., alternator) 附件能效优化 1-4% Lower refrigerant emissions (low-leak, low-GWP) 低温室效应值的空调制冷剂 2-10% Mass-reduction#减重
Advanced material components 先进材料 1-5% Integrated vehicle design 整合设计 5-10%
Hybrid systems Stop-start mild hybrid弱混合动力 6-8%
x (with limited data)
Full hybrid electric system强混合动力 30-35% *Source of technology potential: EPA NPRM减排潜力数值来源: 联邦环保署2025年轻型车标准草案
Ques%ons answered in this study 本研究探讨了以下问题
§ What is the technology status of the entire Chinese passenger car !eet, each major market segment, and each major manufacturers?
§ How does the Chinese !eet compares to that of US and EU in vehicle speci"cations and fuel efficiency technology adoption?
§ How different are independent brands from joint venture automakers in terms of technology adoption?
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§ 中国整体乘用车队、各细分市场和各主要企业的车队特征和技术应用情况
§ 中国乘用车与欧、美乘用车车队特征和技术水平对比
§ 国产车中，自主品牌和合资品牌乘用车是否存在和存在多大技术差异
Comparison of !eet characteristics and technology adoption rates by region
中、美、欧盟轻型车车辆参数和技术采用率比较
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Parameters 参数 EU PC Fleet
欧盟乘用车
EU Gasoline PC Fleet
欧盟汽油乘用车
US LDV Fleet
美国轻型车
US PC Fleet
美国乘用车
Chinese PC Fleet 中国乘用车
Specifications 基本参数
Engine size (L) 发动机排量 (L) 1.6 1.4 3.1 2.6 1.7 Curb weight (kg) 整备质量 (kg) 1,322 1,172 1,815 1,611 1,280 Footprint (m2) 脚印面积 (m2) 3.9 3.75 4.51 4.22 3.79 Power (kW) 功率(kW) 84 77 174C 156C 86 Max speed (km/h) 最高时速 (km/h) 185 178 223 218 170 Power-to-weight ratio (W/kg) 功率整备质量比 (W/kg) 62 63 96 97 65 Engine specific power (kW/L) 发动机升功率 (kW/L) 51 52 57 60 51
Fuel Consumption and CO2 油耗 Urban FC (L/100km)e 市区油耗 (L/100km) 7.4 8.1 9.8 8.6 10.4 Extraurban FC (L/100km)e 郊区油耗 (L/100km) 4.9 5.1 6.4 5.6 6.3 Combined FC (L/100km)e 综合油耗 (L/100km) 5.8 6.2 8.3 7.3 7.8 Combined NEDC FC (L/100km)
折算成NEDC工况的综合油耗 (L/100km)
5.8 6.2 9.4 8.1 7.8
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Parameters 参数 EU PC Fleet
欧盟乘用车 EU Gasoline PC Fleet
欧盟汽油乘用车
US LDV Fleet
美国轻型车
US PC Fleet
美国乘用车
Chinese PC Fleet 中国乘用车
Fuel Type 燃油种类 CNG/LPG/flex-fuel CNG/LPG/灵活燃料 3% - - - 0% Diesel 柴油 51% - 1% 1% 1% Gasoline 汽油 44% 100% 96% 94% 99% Hybrid 汽油／电混合动力 1% - 4% 5% <0.1%
Transmission type 变速器类型 Automatic 自动 9% 14% 84% 80% 34% CVT 无极变速CVT 2% 1% 11% 14% 5% DCT 双离合变速DCT 3% - 1%d 2%d 1% Manual 手动 86% 83% 4% 5% 60%
Number of Gears 变速器档数 <=4 <=4 1% 2% 25% 29% 12% 5 5 59% 51% 24% 21% 66% >=6 >=6 38% 17% 41% 36% 17%
Fuel Supply 供油方式 Carburetor 化油器 - - 0% 0% <1% Diesel injection 柴油喷射 - - 1% 1% <1% GDI 汽油缸内直喷 14% 32% 8% 8% 6% MPI 多点喷射 - - 77% 80% 82% SPI 单点喷射 - - 0% 0% 11% Sequential injection 顺序燃油喷射 - - 14% 11% 0%
Air Intake 进气方式 Naturally aspirated 自然吸气 41% 80% - - 93% Turbo/supercharger 涡轮增压或机械增压 59% 16% 4% 4% 7%
Variable Valve Timing 可变气门正时 - - 84% 91% 44% Variable Valve Lift 气门升程 17％ 18％ 6％
Continuous 连续可变气门升程 - - 2% 2% 1% Discrete 非连续可变气门升程 - - 15% 16% 5%
Market size of each segment, breakdown by manufacturer type 各细分市场份额、及各细分市场内合资品牌和自主品牌销量比例
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Chinese independent 自主企业
Joint venture 合资企业
Mini!6%!
Small!15%!
Lower Medium!32%!Medium!
10%!
Large!4%!
SUV!10%!
Mini Van!16%!
others!6%!
Outer ring legend 外环图例
小型
微型
中小型
中型
大型
微客 其他
Market segments and representative models 源数据对各主要细分市场定义及代表车型
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Mini!微型
Small!小型
Lower !Medium!中小型
Medium!中型
Large!大型
SUV Minivan!微客
hatchback ≤3.75 m, RMB 40,000 ~
60,000#长度不超过3.75米的两厢车，价位一般在4万元左右，个别达到6万
元
Hatchbacks ≤ 4.1 m, sedans ≤4.3 m,
RMB 40,000 ~60,000#
长度不超过4.1米的两厢车或长度不超过4.3米的三厢车，价位一般在4万元（人民币）左右，个别达到6万元
Hatchbacks 4.1 ~4.5 m, sedans
4.3 ~4.6 m, RMB 80,000 ~ 130,000#长度介于4.1米到4.5米之间的两厢车或4.3-4.6米的三厢车，价位一般在8到13万元之
间
usually a sedan, 4.6 ~5 m, RMB
100,000 ~180,000#
一般是4.6-5米长的三厢车，价位一般在10到18万
元之间
usually a sedan, l≥ 5.0 m, ≥RMB
220,000#长度超过5米的三厢车，价位在22万以上， 多在30万以上
compact SUV, 5 seats, 2.0 L, SUV
often with separate chassis, ≥2.2L often 7
seats#发动机排量在2升左右，可乘坐5人的紧凑型SUV和发动机排量在2.2升以上，可乘坐7人、有独立底盘的SUV
small bus based on Japanese Kei-
car platform, engine around 1.0
L#基于日本Kei-car（轻自动车）
平台，发动机排量在1升左右的小巴
士
Chery QQ3 FAW Xialia Chang’an Benben Chevrolet Spark Changhe Beidouxing Geely Panda Suzuki Auto
BYD F3, F0 Honda City Chevrolet Sail, Lova VW Polo Ford Fiesta Geely Kingkong Geely Free Cruiser Suzuki SwiL FAW Weizhi
Hyundai Elantra Buick Excelle VW Lavida, JePa, Bora, Santana Cherolet Cruze Ford Focus Toyota Corolla Nissan Tiida Skoda Octavia Kida Forte Honda Civic Chang’an Alsvin
Honda Accord Toyota Camry Nissan Bluebird, Teana Mazda 6 VW Passat, Magotan Chevrolet Epica BYD F6 Ford Mondeo
Audi A6 Buick LaCrosse, Regal BMW 5 Series Toyota Crown, Reiz
Honda CR-‐V Toyota RAV4, Highlander Kia Sportage Great Wall Haval Hawtai Santa Fe Zotye 500B VW Tiguan Chery Tiggo3 Hyundai Tucson
Wuling Zhiguang Wuling Xingwang Chang’an Start Chang’an Start II Chang’an Starlight Hafei Minyi Hafei Zhongyi Dongfeng Yu’an Xiaokang
Average values of vehicle features by segment 各细分市场车辆基本参数均值
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! Parameters!
参数 Mini! Small! Lower
medium! Medium! Large! SUV! Minivan!
微型 轿车
小型 轿车
中小型轿车
中型 轿车
大型 轿车
SUV 微型 客车
Market share (%)! 市场份额(%) 6%! 15%! 32%! 10%! 4%! 10%! 16%!
Price (USD)! 价格 (USD) 6789! 11573! 17199! 28977! 51061! 28285! 5401!
Engine size (L)! 发动机排量 (L) 1.1! 1.4! 1.6! 2! 2.4! 2.1! 1.1!
Curb weight (kg)! 整备质量(kg) 918! 1080! 1258! 1464! 1684! 1567! 998!
Footprint (m2)! 脚印面积 (m2) 3.1! 3.6! 3.9! 4.2! 4.6! 4! 3!
Horsepower (kW)! 马力 (kW) 50! 71! 84! 112! 141! 110! 45!
Max speed (km/h)! 最大设计时速 (km/h) 142! 169! 181! 198! 218! 171! 110!
Power/weight (W/kg)! 功率整备质量比 (W/kg) 55! 66! 67! 77! 83! 70! 45!
Specific power (kW/L)! 升功率 (kW/L) 45! 51! 53! 56! 59! 52! 41!Fuel consumption !(L/100km)! 油耗 (L/100km) 6.4! 6.7! 7.4! 8.5! 9! 9! 7.6!
Technology adoption by segment 各细分市场节油技术采用率
13
Parameters 参数 Mini Small Lower
Medium Medium Large SUV Minivan
微型 小型 中小型 中型 大型 SUV 微客
Engine 发动机技术 Diesel 柴油车比例 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 6% 0%
Hybrid* 混合动力比例* 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0%
GDI 汽油缸内直喷 0% 0% 4% 16% 33% 8% 0%
Turbo charger 涡轮增压 0% 0% 5% 16% 14% 14% 0%
Supercharger 机械增压 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0%
VVT 可变气门正时 7% 13% 53% 89% 99% 63% 0%
Transmission 变速器技术
Automatic 自动 17% 24% 39% 53% 76% 40% 0%
CVT 无极变速 CVT 0% 2% 4% 13% 13% 7% 0%
DCT 双离合变速
DCT 0% 0% 1% 1% 0% 2% 0%
6 + Gears 6档及以上 0% 3% 21% 22% 87% 22% 0% * Hybrid vehicle data in our raw database is not complete and this may affect values here.
Comparisons between Chinese and EU segments 欧盟汽油乘用车与中国乘用车细分市场比较
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EU-‐27, 2010
Segment Mini Small Lower medium Medium Upper medium Off-‐road Car-‐derived vans Market share 11% 29% 32% 11% 3% 9% 2% Typical model Peugeot 107 Toyota Yaris Volkswagen Golf Toyota Avensis BMW 5er series BMW X3 Renault Kangoo
Diesel share 7% 35% 59% 78% 81% 76% 77% Version by fuel type Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel
Number of cylinder 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.1 5.2 5.0 4.2 4.4 4.0 4.0 Displacement [L] 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.7 2.5 1.9 2.2 1.5 1.6 Power [kW] 51 51 63 61 87 83 128 109 177 144 111 123 68 67 AT share 12% 12% 9% 3% 14% 12% 36% 21% 74% 61% 24% 37% 4% 4% Curb weight [kg] 904 975 1105 1173 1312 1405 1514 1565 1708 1764 1450 1772 1402 1428 CO2 [NEDC g/km] 118 111 136 113 156 132 178 148 200 163 182 182 178 144
China, 2010 Segment Mini Small Lower medium Medium Large SUV Minivan Market share 6% 15% 32% 10% 4% 10% 16% Typical model Chery QQ3 BYD F3 Hyundai Elantra Honda Accord Audi A6 Honda CR-‐V Wuling Zhiguang Diesel share 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 6% 0%
Number of cylinder 3.5 3.9 4.0 4.1 5.0 4.1 4.0 Displacement [L] 1.1 1.4 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.1 1.1 Power [kW] 50 71 84 112 141 110 45 AT share 17% 26% 44% 67% 89% 50% 0% Curb weight [kg] 918 1080 1258 1464 1684 1567 998 CO2 [NEDC g/km] 150 157 173 199 211 211 178
Market share of top 18 manufacturers analyzed (over 80% of sales)
本研究涵盖的销量最大的18家国内乘用车企业
15
Chang'an, 8.3%!
Shanghai-GM, 8.3%!
SAIC-GM-Wuling, 8.0%!
Shanghai-VW, 7.6%!
Bejing-Hyndai, 5.3%!
Dongfeng-Nissan, 5.3%!
FAW-VW, 5.3%!Chery,
4.2%!
Guangqi-Honda, 4.0%!
BYD, 3.6%!Chang'an-Ford, 3.0%!
Tianjin-FAW-Toyota, 2.9%!
Geely, 2.9%!
Dongfeng-Citroën-Peugeot, 2.8%!
Dongfeng-Yueda-Kia , 2.5%!
Great Wall, 2.2%!
FAW Car, 2.1%!
Tianjin-FAW-Xiali, 1.9%!
Others, 20.0%!
Most Chinese automakers dominate smaller car market, but fuel efficiency is not necessarily better
大多数自主企业生产的车型比合资企业的小，但能效不一定都比合资企业的好
16
Chang'an
Shanghai-GM SAIC-GM-Wuling
Shanghai-VW
Beijing-Hyundai Dongfeng-Nissan
FAW-VW
Chery
Guangqi-Honda
BYD
Chang`an-Ford
Tianjin-FAW-Toyota
Geely
Dongfeng-Citroën-Peugeot
Dongfeng-Yueda-Kia
Great Wall
FAW-Car
Tianjin- FAW-Xiali
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.5
Co
mb
ined
Fue
l Co
nsup
tio
n (L
/100
-km
)
Footprint (m2)
Fleet%average:%%7.7%L/100km%%
Fleet%average:%3.8%m2%
Phase%3%target:%%6.9%L/100km%%
Brown&bubbles:&Chinese&independent&automakers&Blue&bubbles:&joint&venture&automakers&
Engine efficiency technology adoption 各主要企业发动机技术使用情况
17
Fuel%Supply Air%Intake
Valve%Timing Valve%Lift
0%%
10%%
20%%
30%%
40%%
50%%
60%%
70%%
80%%
90%%
100%%
Chan
g'an
%
Chery%
BYD%
Geely%
Great%W
all%
Tian
jinLFAW
LXiali%
Shan
ghaiLGM%
Shan
ghaiLGMLW
uling%
Shan
ghaiLVW%
BeijingLHyund
ai%
Don
gfen
gLNissan%
FAWLVW%
Gua
ngqiLHon
da%
Chan
g'an
LFord%
Tian
jinLFAW
LToyota%
Don
gfen
gLCitroë
nL
Don
gfen
gLYued
aLKia%%
FAW%Car%
GDI% MulWLpoint%injecWon% SingleLpoint%injecWon%
<LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLJoint%venturesLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL>%<LLLLIndependent%brandLLLL>%
0%%
10%%
20%%
30%%
40%%
50%%
60%%
70%%
80%%
90%%
100%%
Chan
g'an
%
Chery%
BYD%
Geely%
Great%W
all%
Tian
jinLFAW
LXiali%
Shan
ghaiLGM%
Shan
ghaiLGMLW
uling%
Shan
ghaiLVW%
BeijingLHyund
ai%
Don
gfen
gLNissan%
FAWLVW%
Gua
ngqiLHon
da%
Chan
g'an
LFord%
Tian
jinLFAW
LToyota%
Don
gfen
gLCitroë
nL
Don
gfen
gLYued
aLKia%%
FAW%Car%
Turbo/super%charger% Naturally%aspirated%
<LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLJoint%venturesLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL>%<LLLLIndependent%brandLLLL>%
0%%
10%%
20%%
30%%
40%%
50%%
60%%
70%%
80%%
90%%
100%%
Chan
g'an
%
Chery%
BYD%
Geely%
Great%W
all%
Tian
jinLFAW
LXiali%
Shan
ghaiLGM%
Shan
ghaiLGMLW
uling%
Shan
ghaiLVW%
BeijingLHyund
ai%
Don
gfen
gLNissan%
FAWLVW%
Gua
ngqiLHon
da%
Chan
g'an
LFord%
Tian
jinLFAW
LToyota%
Don
gfen
gLCitroë
nL
Don
gfen
gLYued
aLKia%%
FAW%Car%
Inlet%&%outlet,%conWnuous% Inlet%only,%conWnuous% Not%applicable%
<LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLJoint%venturesLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL>%<LLLLIndependent%brandLLLL>%
0%%
10%%
20%%
30%%
40%%
50%%
60%%
70%%
80%%
90%%
100%%
Chan
g'an
%
Chery%
BYD%
Geely%
Great%W
all%
Tian
jinLFAW
LXiali%
Shan
ghaiLGM%
Shan
ghaiLGMLW
uling%
Shan
ghaiLVW%
BeijingLHyund
ai%
Don
gfen
gLNissan%
FAWLVW%
Gua
ngqiLHon
da%
Chan
g'an
LFord%
Tian
jinLFAW
LToyota%
Don
gfen
gLCitroë
nL
Don
gfen
gLYued
aLKia%%
FAW%Car%
ConWnuous% Discrete% Not%applicable%
<LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLJoint%venturesLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL>%<LLLLIndependent%brandLLLL>%
Transmission technology adoption 各主要企业变速器技术使用情况
18
Transmission)Type Number)of)Gears
0%)
10%)
20%)
30%)
40%)
50%)
60%)
70%)
80%)
90%)
100%)
Chang'an)
Chery)
BYD)
Geely)
Great)Wall)
TianjinHFAWHXiali)
ShanghaiHGM)
ShanghaiHGMHW
uling)
ShanghaiHVW)
BeijingHHyundai)
DongfengHNissan)
FAWHVW)
GuangqiHHonda)
Chang'anHFord)
TianjinHFAWHToyota)
DongfengHCitroënHPeugeot)
DongfengHYuedaHKia))
FAW)Car)
CVT) Dual)clutch) AutomaVc) Manual)
<HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHJoint)venturesHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH>)<HHHHIndependent)brandHHHH>)
0%)
10%)
20%)
30%)
40%)
50%)
60%)
70%)
80%)
90%)
100%)
Chang'an)
Chery)
BYD)
Geely)
Great)Wall)
TianjinHFAWHXiali)
ShanghaiHGM)
ShanghaiHGMHW
uling)
ShanghaiHVW)
BeijingHHyundai)
DongfengHNissan)
FAWHVW)
GuangqiHHonda)
Chang'anHFord)
TianjinHFAWHToyota)
DongfengHCitroënHPeugeot)
DongfengHYuedaHKia))
FAW)Car)
Variable) 6+) 5) 4)
<HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHJoint)venturesHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH>)<HHHHIndependent)brandHHHH>)
Case analysis: Chinese brand vs. EU and US brands with similar product mix
案例分析: 自主品牌和欧、美合资品牌技术应用比较
19
Geely Chevrolet VW
68.11
66.81
66.11
651
661
671
681
691
701
Power1to
1weight1ra;
o1(w
/kg)1
11211
12051
12771
10001
10501
11001
11501
12001
12501
13001
Kerb1W
eight1(kg)1
1.51
1.51
1.61
11
1.21
1.41
1.61
1.81
21Engine
1size1(L)1
50.31
53.71 54.11
501
511
521
531
541
551
Engine
1spe
cific1pow
er1(kW/L)1
3.61
3.81 3.81
31
3.21
3.41
3.61
3.81
41
Footprint1(m2)1
12%1
0%1
0%1
0%1
10%1
20%1
30%1
40%1
50%1
CVT1adop
;on1(%
)1
0%1
30%1
39%1
0%1
10%1
20%1
30%1
40%1
50%1
6+1gears1ado
p;on
1(%)1
0%1
0%1
33%1
0%1
10%1
20%1
30%1
40%1
50%1
GDI1ado
p;on
1(%)1
0%1
0%1
33%1
0%1
10%1
20%1
30%1
40%1
50%1
Turbo/supe
rcharger1ado
p;on
1(%)1
0%1
45%1
33%1
0%1
10%1
20%1
30%1
40%1
50%1
VVT1adop
;on1(%
)1
7.31
71
7.21
5.01
5.51
6.01
6.51
7.01
7.51
8.01
Fuel1con
sump;
on1(L/100km
)1
0%1
0%1
6%1
0%1
10%1
20%1
30%1
40%1
50%1
DCT
1ado
p;on
1(%)1
Major "ndings 主要结论
§ The overall Chinese !eet is lagged in many key efficiency technologies behind Europe and US.
§ Technology adoption status vary by segment. Smaller car segments (dominated by domestic makers) are more lagged.
§ Mini vans are extremely inefficient and lagged in all key technologies.
§ Most Chinese automakers are not as advanced as joint venture companies in technology adoption.
20
§ 中国在各个主要车辆节油技术上，如可变气门正时、汽油缸内直喷、涡轮增压与机械增压等，都显著落后于欧盟或美国，甚至同时落后于两者。不过中国对某些技术的应用正在迎头赶上。
§ 中国乘用车各细分市场的技术利用水平有所不同。总体来说，国产自主品牌占主导地位的小型车市场比以合资企业为主的中、大型车市场在几乎所有的节油技术上都要落后。
§ 微型客车（面包车）虽然体型小，能效却很差，油耗与一般的中小型轿车差不多，先进技术采用率最低。
§ 中国自主品牌企业在应用节油技术方面与合资企业相比还存在明显的差距。
21
http://www.theicct.org/new-passenger-car-fleet-china-2010
