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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
ARC’s Multi-modal LOS Analysis
Highway Capacity ManualHighway Capacity Manual…a Level Playing Field…
Bruce W. Landis, P.E., AICPVice President
Sprinkle Consulting, Inc.
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
• “First Down” Measures
• MMLOS Players & Referees
– MPOs, ARC and a State DOT
– NCHRP
– TRB’s HC & QS Committee
• The Playbook: Contents of the Highway Capacity
Manual Update
• Playing in the Game
The Game Plan…
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
What gets “measured” gets “done”…What gets “measured” gets “done”…• Artifacts provide the evidence:
– Highway Capacity Manual– Federal Reporting by States (HPMS, etc.)– AASHTO (Roadway Geometric Design)
Manuals– Congestion Measures
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
A New Game….
• Complete Streets
• Livability
• Sustainable “Whatever”
• Economically-Efficient Corridors
• More to Come….
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Reliable Measures
• Fuel Savings
• Emissions / GHG
• Health Savings
• Economic Effects
• Motor Vehicle LOS
• Bicycling LOS
• Pedestrian LOS
• Transit LOS
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
• “First Down” Measures – how progress is marked
• MMLOS Players & Referees
– MPOs, ARC and a State DOT
– NCHRP
– TRB’s HC & QS Committee
• The Playbook: Contents of the Highway Capacity
Manual Update
• Playing in the Game
The Game Plan…
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
• Multi-modal LOS for Arterials
• Evaluated Bicycling & Walking Conditions Methods
• Established the Best Measures / Models
• Acknowledged Superiority of Bike/Ped Measures’
Approach to the Traditional MV LOS
• Tested then Intertwined all Modes’ Methods
• Created First Inter-translation QOS/LOS
• Established Simultaneous Reporting
National Cooperative Highway Research Program NCHRP 3-70
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Nationwide Testing & Surveying
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Metro Atlanta NCHRP 3-70 Test Corridors
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
• Auburn Avenue (Jesse Hill, Jr. Dr. to Peachtree St.)
• 17th Street (Northside Dr. to Market St.)
• Bullsboro Drive (Amlajack Blvd. to Greison Tr.)
• Buford Highway (Druid Hills Rd. to Clairmont Rd.)
• Cobb Parkway (Frey’s Gin Rd. to Allgood Rd.)
Metro Atlanta NCHRP 3-70 Test Corridors
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
National Cooperative Highway Research Program NCHRP 3-92• Update of the HCM• Incorporate NCHRP reports, reliable
peer-and agency-reviewed methods• Places Bike, Ped, Transit QOS/LOS
measures on par with MV measures• Acknowledges the “new” approach of
asking “customers” for performance measures
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
• “First Down” Measures – how progress is marked
• MMLOS Players & Referees
– MPOs, ARC and a State DOT
– NCHRP
– TRB’s HC & QS Committee
• The Playbook: Contents of the Highway Capacity
Manual Update
• Playing in the Game
The Game Plan…
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
(Chapters 16 & 17 - “Complete Streets LOS”)
New Highway Capacity Manual
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
CompleteStreetsLOSFDOT’s Quality / Level of Service Handbook 2002 (and 2009 update)
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Highway System Structure
• Points
• Segments
• Facilities
• Corridors
• Areas
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Arterial Bicycle LOS Model
Bicycle LOS = a1(Seg) + a2(exp(Int)) + a3(Cflt)Where
Seg = length weighted avg. Segment Bicycle LOS Model
exp = exponential function
Int = average Intersection Bicycle LOS Model
Cflt = number of conflicts per mile (e.g., driveways, unsig. Int.)
a1, a2, a3 = coefficients
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
SegmentSegment Bicycle LOSBicycle LOS ModelModel
Seg = 0.507 Ln (Seg = 0.507 Ln (V/(4*PHF*LV/(4*PHF*L)) + 0.199SP)) + 0.199SPtt*(1+10.38*(1+10.38HVHV))22 + +
7.066(1/7.066(1/PCPC))22-0.005(-0.005(WWee))22+ 0.760+ 0.760
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Ln = natural log
PHF = Peak Hour Factor
L = total number of directional through lanes
V = Directional motorized vehicle volume (V>4*PHF*L)
SPt = Effective speed factor = 1.1199ln(S-20)+0.8103
S= Average running speed of motor vehicles (mph)
HV = Proportion Heavy Vehicles
PC = FHWA’s five point pavement service rating conditions
We = Average effective width of the outside through lane
Seg = Seg = 0.507 Ln (VV/(/(44**PHFPHF**LL))) + + 0.1990.199SPSPtt**(1+10.38(1+10.38HVHV))22 + +
7.066(7.066(1/1/PCPC))2 2 - - 0.0050.005((WWee))22+ + 0.7600.760
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Effective Pavement Width Effects….
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
MV Volume Effects….
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Pavement Condition Effects….
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Ln = natural log
PHF = Peak Hour Factor
L = total number of directional through lanes
V = Directional motorized vehicle volume (V>4*PHF*L)
SPt = Effective speed factor = 1.1199ln(S-20)+0.8103
S= Average running speed of motor vehicles (mph)
HV = Proportion Heavy Vehicles
PC = FHWA’s five point pavement service rating conditions
We = Average effective width of the outside through lane
Seg = Seg = 0.507 Ln (VV/(/(44**PHFPHF**LL))) + + 0.1990.199SPt*SPt*(1+10.38(1+10.38HVHV))22 + +
7.066(7.066(1/1/PCPC))2 2 - - 0.0050.005((WWee))22+ + 0.7600.760
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Arterial Bicycle LOS Model
Bicycle LOS = a1(Seg) + a2(exp(Int)) + a3(Cflt)
Where
Seg = length weighted avg. Segment Bicycle LOS Model
exp = exponential function
Int = average Intersection Bicycle LOS ModelCflt = number of conflicts per mile (e.g., driveways, unsig. Int.)
a1, a2, a3 = coefficients
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
IntersectionIntersection Bicycle LOSBicycle LOS
IntBLOS = IntBLOS = - 0.2144 - 0.2144 WWtt
+ 0.0153 + 0.0153 CDCD
+ 0.0066 + 0.0066 (V(Volol1515 / / LL))
+ 4.1324 + 4.1324
Wt = total width of outside through lane and shoulder /
bike lane (if present)CD = crossing distance, the width of the side street
(including auxiliary lanes and median)Vol15 = volume of directional traffic during a 15-minute time
periodL = total number of through lanes on the approach to the
intersection
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
IntBLOS = - IntBLOS = - 0.21440.2144WWtt + + 0.01530.0153CDCD + + 0.0066 (0.0066 (VVolol1515//LL))
+ 4.1324 + 4.1324
CDCD
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Arterial Bicycle LOS Model
Bicycle LOS = a1(Seg) + a2(exp(Int)) + a3(Cflt)Where
Seg = length weighted avg. Segment Bicycle LOS Model
exp = exponential function
Int = average Intersection Bicycle LOS Model
Cflt = number of conflicts per mile (e.g., driveways, unsig. Int.)
a1, a2, a3 = coefficients
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Pedestrian LOS ModelPedestrian LOS Model
Overall LOS Model:
= Worse of (Density LOS, Roadway Environ.LOS)
Density LOS = letter grade of LOS for “crowding” density of sidewalks, walkways and street corners
Roadway-Ped LOS = letter grade of LOS for urban street based on ped. safety / comfort factors reflecting interaction with motor vehicles
Photo by SCI
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
From Chapter 18 of the 2000 HCM
LOS Min. Ped Space per Person (SF)
Equivalent Max Flow Rate per Unit Width of Sidewalk
(peds/hr/ft)
A > 60 ≤ 300
B >40 ≤ 420
C >24 ≤ 600
D >15 ≤ 900
E >8 ≤ 1380
F ≤ 8 >1380
Pedestrian Density LOS ModelPedestrian Density LOS Model
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Pedestrian LOS ModelPedestrian LOS Model
Two Roadway Environment models…modified by…
PedLOS = (a1PSegmentSegment + a2PInt Int +c) (RCDFRCDF)
PSeg = Segment Pedestrian LOS value
PInt = Intersection Pedestrian LOS value
RCDF = Roadway Crossing Difficulty Factor
a1, a2 = coefficients
c = constant
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Segment Pedestrian LOS
Seg LOS = -1.2276 ln (Wt + fp x %OSP + fb x Wb + fsw x Ws) +
0.0091(Vol15/L) + 0.0004 SPD2 + 6.0468 Where:
Ped Seg LOS = Pedestrian level of service score for a segment ln = Natural log Wt = Width of outside lane plus shoulder / bike lane fp = On-street parking effect coefficient (= 0.20)
%OSP = Percent of segment with on-street parking fb = Buffer area coefficient (= 5.37 for trees spaced 20 feet on center)
Wb = Buffer width (distance between edge of pavement and sidewalk, in feet)
fsw = Sidewalk presence coefficient (= 6 - 0.3Ws) Ws = Width of sidewalk Vol15 = Volume of motorized vehicles in the peak 15 minute period L = Total number of directional through lanes SPD = Average running speed of motorized vehicle traffic (mi/h)
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Segment Pedestrian LOS
Seg LOS = -1.2276 ln (Wt + fp x %OSP + fb x Wb + fsw x Ws) +
0.0091(Vol15/L) + 0.0004 SPD2 + 6.0468 Where:
Ped Seg LOSS = Pedestrian level of service score for a segment ln = Natural log Wt = Width of outside lane plus shoulder / bike lane fp = On-street parking effect coefficient (= 0.20) %OSP = Percent of segment with on-street parking fb = Buffer area coefficient (= 5.37 for trees spaced 20 feet on center) Wb = Buffer width (distance between edge of pavement and sidewalk, in feet) fsw = Sidewalk presence coefficient (= 6 - 0.3Ws) Ws = Width of sidewalk Vol15 = Volume of motorized vehicles in the peak 15 minute period L = Total number of directional through lanes SPD = Average running speed of motorized vehicle traffic (mi/h)
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Segment Pedestrian LOS
Seg LOS = -1.2276 ln (Wt + fp x %OSP + fb x Wb + fsw x Ws) +
0.0091(Vol15/L) + 0.0004 SPD2 + 6.0468 Where:
Ped Seg LOSS = Pedestrian level of service score for a segment ln = Natural log Wt = Width of outside lane plus shoulder / bike lane fp = On-street parking effect coefficient (= 0.20) %OSP = Percent of segment with on-street parking fb = Buffer area coefficient (= 5.37 for trees spaced 20 feet on center) Wb = Buffer width (distance between edge of pavement and sidewalk, in feet) fsw = Sidewalk presence coefficient (= 6 - 0.3Ws) Ws = Width of sidewalk Vol15 = Volume of motorized vehicles in the peak 15 minute period L = Total number of directional through lanes SPD = Average running speed of motorized vehicle traffic (mi/h)
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Pedestrian LOS ModelPedestrian LOS Model
Two Roadway Environment models…modified by…
PedLOS = (a1PSegment + a2PInt Int +c) (RCDF)
PSeg = Segment Pedestrian LOS value
PInt = Intersection Pedestrian LOS value
RCDF = Roadway Crossing Difficulty Factor
a1, a2 = coefficients
c = constant
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Intersection Pedestrian LOS
Ped Int LOS (Signal) = 0.00569 (RTOR+PermLefts) + 0.00013 (crossingTrafVol x
TrafSpeed) + 0.0681 (# LanesCrossed 0.514) + 0.0401ln(PedDelay) – RTCI
(0.0027PerpTrafVol – 0.1946) + 1.7806 WhereRTOR+PermLefts = right-turn-on-red vehicles plus number of motorists making a permitted left turn in a 15 minute period PerpTrafVol*PerpTrafSpeed = Product of the traffic in the outside through lane of the street being crossed and the midblock 85th percentile speed of traffic on the street being crossed in a 15 minute period
LanesCrossed = The number of lanes being crossed by the pedestrian PedDelay = Average number of seconds the pedestrian is delayed before being able to cross the intersection
RTCI = Number of right turn chanmelization islands on the crossing.
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Pedestrian LOS ModelPedestrian LOS Model
Two Roadway Environment models …modified by…
PedLOS = (a1PSegment + a2PInt +c) (RCDFRCDF)
PSeg = Segment Pedestrian LOS value
PInt = Intersection Pedestrian LOS value
RCDF = Roadway Crossing Difficulty Factor
a1, a2 = coefficients
c = constant
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Roadway Crossing
Difficulty Factor
RCDF = Max[0.80, Min{[(XLOS#-NXLOS#)/7.5 + 1.00],1.20}]
Where
RCDF = Roadway crossing difficulty factor
XLOS# = Roadway crossing difficulty LOS Number
NXLOS# = Non-crossing Pedestrian LOS number
= (0.318 PSeg + 0.220 PInt + 1.606)
Pseg = Ped. Segment LOS number (computed per equation #20)
Pint = Ped. Intersection LOS number (computed per equation #21)
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Divert to Signal LOS
Total Ped Deviation Delay =
Ped Geometric Delay + Ped Control Delay
Where,Ped Geometric Delay = 2/3*(block length)/ped walking speed
Ped Contol Delay = (cycle length – green time)2/(2*cycle length)
Covert to numerical LOS per HCM methodology for wait delay
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Pedestrian LOS ModelPedestrian LOS Model
Two Roadway Environment models…modified by…
PedLOS = (a1PSegmentSegment + a2PInt Int +c) (RCDFRCDF)
PSeg = Segment Pedestrian LOS value
PInt = Intersection Pedestrian LOS value
RCDF = Roadway Crossing Difficulty Factor
a1, a2 = coefficients
c = constant
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
What Affects TransitTransit Riders?
• Frequency of Service
• Speed of (Vehicle) Travel
• Passenger Load
• On-time Reliability
• Pedestrian Access
• Bus StopAmenities
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
National Guidance
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
NCHRP 3-70 Transit LOS (Urban Arterial
Corridor) Model
Transit LOS = 6.0 - 1.50 x Wait-RideScore
+ 0.15 x PedLOSarterial
Level of Service Score
A ≤ 2.0
B > 2.0 and ≤ 2.75
C > 2.75 and ≤ 3.5
D > 3.5 and ≤ 4.25
E > 4.25 and ≤ 5.0
F > 5.0
•TCRP Report 95•TCRP Project A-23A•National Transit Database•TRL Report 593
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
• “First Down” Measures – how progress is marked
• MMLOS Players & Referees
– MPOs, ARC and a State DOT
– NCHRP
– TRB’s HC & QS Committee
• The Playbook: Contents of the Highway Capacity
Manual Update
• Playing in the Game
The Game Plan…
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
(Chapters 16 & 17 - “Complete Streets LOS”)
New Highway Capacity Manual
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Reliable Measures
• Fuel Savings
• Emissions / GHG
• Health Savings
• Economic Effects
• Motor Vehicle LOS
• Bicycling LOS
• Pedestrian LOS
• Transit LOS
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Report Output for Corridor Investments
Societal benefits:
• Fuel Savings
• CO2 Emissions Savings
• Health Cost Savings
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
• ARC, Cobb & Fulton Counties
• NCHRP Report 616http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_616.pdf
• FDOT’s Q/LOS Handbookhttp://www.dot.state.fl.us/planning/systems/sm/los/pdfs
• www.sprinkleconsulting.com
• 888 - 462 - 3514 Peyton McLeod or Bruce Landis
• Upcoming Highway Capacity Manual
Your Resources…
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Bruce W. Landis, P.E., AICPVice President
Sprinkle Consulting, Inc.