2012.-lop-chuyen-de-11

[ ]thng 07 nm 2013 / Kha hc Tam o 2012 / aFD 163

2.1. Khng gian bin, ri ro v qun tr

Jean-Pierre Beurier i hc Nantes, Pierre Cariou Euromed Management, i hc Thng mi Marseille,

Patrice Guillotreau i hc Nantes, Yves Perraudeau i hc Nantes

Hot ng a dng ca con ngi ngy cng ph thuc vo bin (nh bt, nui trng thy sn, vn ti v thng mi, du lch, nng lng bin) ; mi quan h tc ng qua li gia con ngi v mi trng thin nhin phi c hiu r hn na nhm xut phng php qun tr ph hp, gip mt mt gim thiu ri ro v mt khc m bo tnh bn vng trong khai thc ti nguyn bin. Lp hc chuyn ny phn tch nhng vn php l v kinh t trong khai thc ti nguyn v khng gian bin thng qua vic phn tch cc ch tiu pht trin bn vng, cc bi tp tnh hung v phn tch cc hot ng khai thc i dng (m hnh kinh t sinh hc, phn tch cnh tranh, phng php hiu ng, nh gi, v.v...).

Lin quan ti ni dung qun l ngun lc hi v thy sn, cc khi nim cn bn v m hnh kinh t sinh hc c a vo lp hc chuyn cng vi vic nghin cu cc ch tiu v qun l bn vng ngun lc. Ngoi ra,

lp hc chuyn cng cp n nhng kha cnh khc nhau trong thng mi quc t v cc chnh sch qun l trao i hi sn. i vi ni dung vn ti bin, cc hc vin c chia thnh nhm nh v c tham gia vo bi tp m phng cnh tranh trong h thng cc tuyn vn ti thng xuyn. Bi tp ny gip hc vin hiu r cc chin lc ca cc tc nhn tham gia vo vn ti bin quc t cng nh s hnh thnh cc lin minh chin lc trong lnh vc ny. V ni dung vi nghin cu mi trng bin, m hnh DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) c s dng nh mt b khung phn tch tc ng gia con ngi v t nhin v cc tnh hung bin i mi trng ; cc hc vin s p dng m hnh ny cho nhiu kiu h sinh thi a phng. Nhng phng php nh gi gin tip nhng ngun lc mi trng phi hng ho cng c a vo. Vic s dng ngun lc bin s c phn tch di kha cnh tc ng ca n i vi cc ngnh kinh t a phng.

[ ] thng 07 nm 2013 / Kha hc Tam o 2012 / aFD164

(Ni dung g bng)

ngy 1, sng th hai 16/7

Gii thiu ging vin v hc vin (xem l lch ging vin, danh sch hc vin phn cui chng) ; Yves Perraudeau gii thiu mc tiu bui bo co thu hoch lp hc vo th by

[patrice Guillotreau]

Ti xin ghi nhn ni dung phn t gii thiu ca cc bn cng nh mong i ca tng c nhn, c ba ni dung chuyn : ngi dn vng ven bin sinh k, hot ng vng duyn hi, ngh c ; bin i kh hu v pht trin bn vng; cc vn xung t v iu tit.

Bn v ri ro, l bn v ri ro thin nhin nh bin i kh hu v c ri ro bt ngun t hot ng ca con ngi. Nhng ri ro loi ny c th lin quan n cc cng thng, xung t nhng cng c th trong khng kh n ha, chng hn nh vic khai thc mt ngun lc trong mt lnh vc cnh tranh.

Di gic qun tr, chng ti quan tm n cc vn thit ch iu phi. Lm th no thit k cc thit ch ph hp nhm i ph vi cc vn thin nhin, con ngi v c tnh ti bin i kh hu ?

2.1.1. Qun l bn vng ngun lc bin

[Yves perraudeau]

nh bt v nui trng thy hi sn tng ng vi hai kiu hot ng kinh t v hai hnh vi khc nhau.

Trong trng hp th nht, chng ta ni n nn kinh t nh bt truyn thng, gn vi thc t l hot ng xa c ca con ngi l tm c ci g th dng ci y. Hnh vi ny khng c hnh dung trc, v nh hot ng ca ngi th sn, khi bt u cng vic ca mnh, anh ta khng bit c mnh s tm c th g v s thu c th g.

Vi nui trng thy sn, con ngi tun theo l-gich sn xut v nui trng thy sn ; hnh vi ny vn l nhng hnh vi truyn thng ca nhng nh sn xut, cc ch doanh nghip. Trong phn u tin, chng ta s ch cp n nh bt, ngy mai chng ta s cp ni dung nui trng thy sn.

Yves Perraudeau m t ngn gn mt s cng c nh bt c s dng ti Php nh li r tng su, li ba lp, by, cu ging, li gi, dy li v rng rc, li co. Cc tiu ch v quy m v s ngy ra khi cho php nh bt. Da trn thc t ti chu u, ging vin nhn mnh s phn bit bn loi nh bt : nh bt nh - nh bt dc b bin, ch yu ko di khong mt ngy; nh bt gn b - thi gian nh bt di ba ngy; nh bt ngoi khi thi gian nh bt t hai n ba tun; v nh bt qui m ln s dng tu nh c di trn 40 m.

Nhiu loi hnh kinh t nh bt c gii thiu, phn loi ch yu trong mi tng quan vi cc kiu ch doanh nghip khc nhau : s hu tu, khng phi s hu tu, ch s hu ln tu, khng ln tu. Mc tiu ra y l phn bit nh bt th cng - tu di di 25 m, ch s hu ln tu vi nh bt bn cng nghip v nh bt cng nghip (tu c chiu di ln hn, trn 25 m, v ch s hu khng ln tu).


Trn c s mt vi tiu ch xp loi nu trn, cc bn c th miu t hot ng nh bt ca quc gia mnh, khu vc mnh c khng?


Cng cn phi quan tm n c cc tiu ch v cng sut ng c, thng l tiu ch c la chn o lng nng lc nh bt, hay c nhng tiu ch v t chc nh thy triu.

Cc bn c bit thng tin v nhng cch phn loi hin c p dng trong h thng nh bt quc gia hay khng ? u l tiu ch chun xc phn chia cc loi hot ng ?

hunh th Bch phng

Theo nh ti bit, ngi dn a phng Vit Nam chia ra lm hai loi : nh bt cng nghip v nh bt th cng, vi loi th hai ny, ngi dn thng s dng nhng cng c rt n gin, th s, v d nh thuyn thng.

phm tun anh

nh bt th cng chim mt v tr rt quan trng ti Vit Nam. nh bt cng nghip thng bao gm cc tu c c trung bnh, thi gian nh bt thng di mt thng.

Liu thy c th gii thiu t trng cng nghip nh bt ca Php c khng ?

[Yves perraudeau]

Kinh t nh bt chim mt t trng rt nh trong kinh t quc dn ca Php. nh bt th cng chim phn ln trong ngnh nh bt ti Php; nh bt cng nghip gm t tu nh c, t trng kinh t rt nh. Ch c mt ngoi l : nh bt c ng c thc hin ch yu n Dng v i Ty Dng, ngoi khi chu Phi.

Trong nn kinh t Php hay chu u, t trng ngnh nh bt di 1% GDP. Nhng c s khc bit gia cc khu vc. nh bt cng nghip gm t tu v to t vic lm, nhng li to ra t 20 % n 25 % sn lng. ng nhin cn phi tnh n tc ng ca vic pht huy v lm tng gi tr cho sn phm nh bt : nu tnh theo gi tr, sn phm ngnh nh bt cng nghip c gi tr nh hn gi tr nh bt th cng t 10 n 15 %.

phm trng hng Giang

nh bt th cng l hot ng c truyn thng lu i ti Vit Nam v li du n su m trong i sng ca ngi dn vng duyn hi. Hot ng ny thay i mt cch rt chm chp.

V hu ho

Ti cc quc gia c nn kinh t nh bt pht trin, nh bt cng nghip nm trong tay cc doanh nghip ln, v cc sn phm nh bt phc v cho ngnh cng nghip ch bin. Vit Nam khng nm trong s nhng quc gia ny. Cc doanh nghip ch yu l doanh nghip gia nh. Tuy nhin cng c cc hp tc x h tr cho h thng cc doanh nghip ny.

i vi nh bt xa b, tiu ch xp loi chnh l cng sut ng c : nh hn 90 m lc, bng hoc ln hn 100 m lc, ti a l t 430 n 450 m lc.

[Yves perraudeau]

Chng ta gi nh rng cc tu nh hn 100 m lc xp vo loi tu nh bt th cng.


Liu c nhng trng hp a ngnh ngh hay khng, c ngha l va lm ngh nh


c va lm mt cng vic khc hay khng ? Ngoi ra, cn phi xem loi nh bt l n loi hay a loi ? Cc bn nn lu rng hon ton c th phn loi hot ng nh bt theo cch thc t chc nhn lc.

hunh th Bch phng

Ti thnh ph bin Nha Trang, min Trung Vit Nam, ng dn ch hnh ngh nh c m thi, cng khng chuyn bit nh bt mt loi c.

[Yves perraudeau]

Ng dn c nhn c h tr t pha Nh nc trong qu trnh ng thuyn nh bt th cng hay cng nghip hay khng ? Liu c hay khng cc khon h tr trc tip t cc c quan cng quyn, c th l t Nh nc trung ng hay cc cp chnh quyn a phng ?

nguyn Xun Lm

Ngn hng cho vay vi li sut u i v thi gian vay vn rt di. y l u i dnh cho hot ng nh bt cng nghip, nh bt

xa b. Nhng cn nhiu kh khn trong vic hon vn. Cc khon h tr c th ln ti mc t 30% n 35% GDP ca ngnh ny.


Con s ny cng tng ng vi mc h tr dnh cho hot ng nh bt trn quy m quc t.

L th hng Giang

C th nu ra quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh ph k nm 2004 v cc khon h tr dnh cho cc h ngho, trong s c bao gm cc h ng dn. Theo Quyt nh ny, ng dn c h tr mua li hoc ng mi tu vi cng sut trn 90 m lc. Khon h tr ln ti 70 triu ng/tu trong mt nm, khong 2500 euros.

[Yves perraudeau]

By gi, chng ta s cng nhau nghin cu cc xu hng chnh trong phn loi cc loi hnh nh bt trn c s d liu quc t.


Qun l bn vng cc ngun lc bin (1950-2010)

Ngun : FAO.

7Biu

cc nc nh bt chnh nm 2009

Ngun : FAO.

8Biu


Sn lng nh bt theo nhm loi nm 1950 v 2009

Ngun : FAO.

5Bng

Nhiu vng nh bt va ra khi giai on ngh sinh hc trong giai on sau chin tranh th gii th hai. nh bt c mc tng trng mnh t nhng nm 1950-1960, mc tng ni chung tip tc n nhng nm 1980-1990 trong khong t 85 n 90 triu tn, sau bt u chng li. Tri li, i vi ngnh nui trng gn nh lc u cha tn ti, c bc tng trng bt u t nhng nm 1970. Mc tng mnh c ghi nhn vo thp k 1990, thi k m nui trng thu sn gii thch s gia tng sn lng ca cc hot ng nh bt - nui trng. Chng ta nhn thy r s bin i ny khi chng ta quan st t trng ca nh bt v nui trng thy sn trong nhng nm 1950 v thi im hin ti 2010.


Nu ta cn c theo s liu quc t s dng, ta c th a ra mc tiu th khong 17kg thy sn/ngi/nm. (Xem biu : Nhng nc nh bt chnh 2009)

[Yves perraudeau]

Quc gia no nm trong s cc nc nh bt chnh ?

l Trung Quc, cc quc gia ven Thi Bnh Dng, c bit l cc nc chu .

C th phn ra ba nhm loi nh bt : tng nc su, tng nc nng, nc l (c hi, ln hay mt s loi tm).

S liu hin nay cho thy trng lng ca cc loi c tng su c xu hng gim, cn cc loi c sng tng nc nng c nh bt nhiu nht l cc mi v c cm. Thng tin


ny cng gi m cho ta thy hin tng khai thc qu mc cc loi c tng su.


Thng thng, loi c tng nc su l loi n tht c tng nc nng, v loi ny thng c coi l loi c lm thc n cho cc loi khc. y, ta c th quan st thy s st gim ng k ca cc loi c tng nc su v s gia tng ca cc loi c tng nc nng.

Trong chui thc n hay dinh dng, ta phn bit cc loi n mi cp trn, cc loi sinh vt lm thc n, ri cc loi thc vt ni; cc loi ng vt ph du l thc n cho cc loi sinh vt lm thc n, cc loi ny li n cc loi

thc vt ni. Cc cng trnh ca Daniel Pauly v cc ng nghip ghi nhn vic nh bt c xu hng ngy cng thp nhm vo loi v tr thp trong chui thc n (Pauly et al., 1998). Cc loi c trong lp trn thng c gi tr ln hn v l ch nhm u tin ca cc tu c. Sau , ta quan st thy hin tng nh bt cc loi thp hn trong chui thc n, hin tng ny i cng vi mc gia tng ca cc hot ng nh bt. Ngy nay, ngi ta phi quan tm nhiu hn n cn bng h sinh thi hn l ch quan tm n thun n vic qun l ngun d tr bin theo tng loi; c tnh ch s chui thc n st gim trung bnh t 5 % n 10 % trong mt thp k.

phn tch mc dinh dng: sn lng nh bt ton cu ngy cng thp trong chui dinh dng

Ngun : Pauly et al. (1998).

9Biu


nh bt bn vng l g ? C th a ra ch s g o lng tnh bn vng ca hot ng nh bt ?

Chng ta c th da trn ba tr ct truyn thng trong pht trin bn vng l kinh t, mi trng v x hi, v tnh n c nhng vn qun tr. Trong pht trin bn vng, mc tiu ra cn tp trung vo vic nng cao mc sng ngi dn: tng gi s lm tng thu nhp cho ng dn, gim chi ph sn xut, tng gi tr cc sn phm, ngng thng mi cho cc nc xut khu nh Vit Nam hoc Thi Lan. Trong lnh vc x hi, ta cn quan tm n vic ti phn phi li nhun c ngha l gi tr thng d do hot ng nh bt to ra , to vic lm, cc vn lin quan ti n ung ca ng dn trong trng

hp nh bt t cung t cp, cn bng trong trao i Bc Nam, v.v. Trong lnh vc mi trng, cn a ra nhng mc tiu nh bo tn h cn bng sinh thi, bo v cc ngun lc cng nh cc yu cu v v sinh an ton thc phm hay kim sot pht thi CO2 ca tu nh c. gim bt kh khn, cng thng lin quan n vic thc hin cc mc tiu ny, vn qun tr c tnh cht mu cht : nguyn tc tip cn ngun ti nguyn cho ngi dn, chia s khng gian bin gia cc tc nhn khc nhau, qun l chi ph qun l cc cp khc nhau (cng ng, quc gia), chm dt cc hot ng nh bt khng tun th quy nh hay khng ng k.

i vi lp chuyn ca chng ta, mc tiu ca ngy hm nay l cng nhau suy ngh v

nh bt thy sn v pht trin bn vng

Ngun : tc gi.

23S K

inh

t

Mi

tr

ng


cc ch s tng ng vi cc tr ct ca pht trin bn vng trong ngnh nh bt.

[Yves perraudeau]

Gi cng l mt ch s trong pht trin bn vng. Xt trn gic thu nhp, y l mt ch s hay v mt kinh t v th v v mt x hi.

Nu nh gi c thit lp mc cao s to hiu ng tt v kinh t v x hi, nhng

iu cng c th dn n tnh trng tng cng nh bt, trong trng hp , iu ny l mt yu t khng c li xt trn gic sinh thi. n tn u nhng nm 2000, ch s gi c nh bt thp hn so vi ch s gi c nui trng. Ch thi gian sau ny ch s gi gia ngch nh bt v nui trng mi c bng nhau. Gim gi nui trng gy kh khn cho cc trang tri nui c ti chu u, iu ny l gii kh khn trong vic gi vng sn lng ngnh nui c ti chu u.

Mc chnh gi-chi ph theo cch nh bt trn th gii

Ngun : Lam et al. (2011).

10Biu

C th ghi nhn mc chnh kh ln gia cc cch nh bt. Gi bn ti tu ln hn rt nhiu so vi gi trung bnh, i vi cc hot ng khc, xu hng quan st c li hon

ton ngc li, iu ny cn thit phi c s can thip, v d nh b gi. Hot ng nh c ng theo bt k cch nh bt no u mang li hiu qu ln nht.



Thng qua mt vi v d v la chn ch s, chng ti mun ch cho cc bn thy v sao cc ngnh nh bt c th khc nhau n vy.

Cc bn c ch s u tin phn nh mc tiu th nhin liu trung bnh trn s kilgram c nh bt c. Cc loi tu nh bt tiu th t nhin liu s c u th hn so vi cc loi tu khc. Ch s ny rt hay ch n cho php xc lp t l tiu th mt lt du thu c mt kilgram c ; ch s ny cung cp cc thng tin v nng sut v mc pht thi kh gy hiu ng nh knh ca hot ng nh bt. Sn lng c nh bt cng cho thng tin v s lng vic lm c to ra, thng tin ny lin quan n kha cnh x hi ca pht trin bn vng. Cng c cch din gii khc i vi hiu qu kinh t ca mi tn c nh bt c. Ch s cui cng lin quan n vn an ninh lng thc, im mu cht khi ni n pht trin bn vng ca mt

x hi ph thuc vo ngun dinh dng t ngun li hi sn.

Cng cn lu rng cc cch nh bt khng p ng y cc tiu ch v mi trng th tha mn tt hn nhu cu cung cp thc n.

Chng ti mi cc bn chia ra thnh cc nhm theo ba tr ct pht trin bn vng v cc kha cnh pht trin, cc nhm s in bng ch s ny. gip cc nhm lm bi, cc bn s dng phn ti liu m chng ti pht trc (Xem. Ti liu nu trong phn Ti liu tham kho). Mt phn d liu cc bn c th truy cp trn trang web ca FAO khi ti phn mm FishstatPlus.

Patrice Guillotreau gii thiu phn mm ny cho lp hc.

Chng ta tip tc ni dung ny vi cch tip cn c th mang tnh l thuyt nhiu hn, c

cc ch s nh bt bn vng ti php (2009)

Ngun : Mng li thng tin k ton v kinh t v hot ng nh bt (RICEP), theo s liu Mng li thu thp d liu (DCF), y ban nh bt trn bin (DPMA) v Trung tm qun l nh bt th cng (CGPA).

6Bng


th l ta s xem xt l thuyt nh bt. n gin, chng ta c th biu din bin ng ca mt tr lng trong khng gian mi, chng ta c th hnh dung mt tr lng nh

mt loi xm ln ang chim mt khng gian mi v s pht trin n lc t c mc tip nhn ti a trong mi trng ca n.

tng trng theo d tr

Ngun : Schaefer (1954).

11Biu

Tng trng d tr c biu din nh mt hm ton hc di nhiu dng v c biu din bng X X l sinh khi, tr lng c. C hai im ng quan tm xc nh mc tng trng bng khng: khi d tr sinh vt cn kit, v vy khng c kh nng sinh sn v khi tng mc tng trng d tr (ta c th tnh bng tn sinh khi) cng bng khng kh nng tip nhn ti a t c, chng hn nh mt loi thc vt trn mt hn o c kh nng khng

cn c th pht trin qui m hn na. Mc tiu sinh thi a ra nhm t c tc tng trng ti a ca tr lng tng ng vi mt na kh nng tip nhn ti a tr lng: im ny c gi l mc sn lng bn vng ti a Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) , v cng l mc tiu cn t c nu ti Hi ngh thng nh v Tri t nm 2002 ti Johannesburg, ni cc hc gi d bo mc MSY vo nm 2015.


gi tr lng tnh trng tnh, c ngha l mt mc khng i t nm ny qua nm khc, ta c th xc nh mc nh bt theo

giai on (Ht) nhm m bo tc tng trng n nh [G(Xt)] ca tr lng cc thi im.

khung 7 Bin thin ca tng lng thy sn vi lng nh bt

tng quan lng nh bt (h) / nng lc nh bt (E)

Ngun : tc gi.

12Biu

Ht l mc nh bt, G(Xt) l hm tng trng v Xt l mc tng lng d tr thy sn ti thi im t : Xt+1 = Xt + G(Xt) HtTng trng tr lng tng ng vi nh bt Xt+1 Xt = G(Xt) HtCn bng bn vng (n nh) : Xt+1 Xt = 0 G(Xt) = Ht


th ny biu din tng lng d tr thy sn ti thiu v ti a. Chng ti p dng nhiu mc nng lc nh bt cho mt mc tng lng d tr thy sn : khi nng lc nh bt cng cao, dc ng thng X cng ln. Nu ta a mc nh bt bng vi mc tng trng, ta s t c mc nh bt bn vng. Trn tt c cc im trn th, mc nh bt u n nh v bn vng. Tuy nhin, mt mc nh bt c th tng ng vi hai mc nng lc nh bt khc nhau v s to ra tc ng khc nhau i vi sinh khi E1, mc rt cao, E3 mc thp hn, v.v.

im E1, mc nh bt mc cao v mc sinh khi s gn vi mc ti thiu, c ngha l ngng cn kit sinh hc. Tip theo , pha bn phi ca th (E2), vi mc nh bt ln hn nhng nng lc nh bt gim

i, tng lng d tr thy sn s mc ln hn. Nu ta tip tc gim nng lc nh bt ( im E3), ta c th thy s t c mc nh bt nh hn mt cht, nhng li c c sinh khi thit lp mc cao hn rt nhiu. Nng lc nh bt c th o lng theo nhiu cch khc nhau : s ngy lu trn bin, s tu, v.v. Nh vy, s tn ti mc nng lc nh bt m bo t mc MSY, mc l thuyt ny ng vi nng lc ti a chia hai. y chnh l mc tiu qun l ca nhiu cng c quc t ln trn th gii : mc tiu trc tin l mc tiu sinh hc nhm ti a ha nhng g con ngi c th ly t thin nhin m vn m bo t nhin c th lin tc ti to v v mt l thuyt vic ny ko di trong khong thi gian v tn.

Mc tiu no cho nh bt bn vng?

Ngun : tc gi.

13Biu


By gi, chng ta chuyn sang kha cnh kinh t thit lp mi quan h gia mc nh bt (trc tung) v nng lc nh bt. Cng di chuyn v pha tay phi ca th, ta cng hng v mc tng lng d tr thy sn nh hn. Vi nng lc nh bt bng khng, ta t mc ti a sinh khi. nghin cu vn di gic kinh t, chng ta hy nhn vi mt d liu thc t : lng c nhn vi gi. Ri a ch ph nh bt vo. V d nh chng ta s bit chi ph ca mt ngy nh bt trn bin, hoc gi ca mt con tu hoc chi ph mua hng ngn li cu. Khi ti s c th tnh chi ph ny t l vi nng lc nh bt vi mt ng thng biu din tng chi ph ca hot ng nh bt. Khi thc hin thao tc ny, chnh l chng ta xc nh mt mc tiu kinh t : ti a ha khong cch gia thu nhp m ta thu c t ngnh nh bt v tng chi ph, trn c s xc nh sn lng kinh t ti a. iu l th l mc nng lc nh bt nh hn mc MSY, v nh vy th c cc mc d tr ln hn vi mc cn bng sinh hc. Cn bng ny ch c th xy ra nu vic tip cn ngun li hi sn c qun l - v d nh trng hp ta ch c mt ch s hu, s l mc tiu duy nht m anh ta theo ui. Khi vic tip cn khng c qun l, li nhun ca hot ng nh bt s khuyn khch nhng ng dn khc tham gia vo hot ng nh bt, hnh vi ny dn dn lm gim v mt li nhun. y ta c th hiu c thm ha xut pht t nhng ngun li chung : c

nhn c hng li nhng x hi gnh chi ph, c ngha l ton b cc thnh vin trong cng ng cng chu hu qu.

C th a ra ba mc tiu: mc tiu sinh hc - t c mc tiu ny ngi ta khuyn co t mc nng lc khai thc im E2, nh vy ta t c im MSY; tip n l mc tiu kinh t - ta s im E3, vi iu kin c th qun l v hn ch vic tip cn ngun lc nh bt; th ba l mc tiu x hi - nu nh mc tiu cn thc hin l ti u ha vic to vic lm trong ngnh nh bt, ta s nh v im E1, cho php tt c cc tc nhn tham gia nh bt v hy vng l s khng tim cn vi mc cn kit tng lng thy sn.

L th hng Giang

V sao E1 khng phi l im biu din mc tiu mc cao ?


V iu ny c th s mang tnh phn kinh t : li nhun c th s hon ton bin mt. Do vy, chng ta c th sn xut nhiu hn m vn s dng t vn t nhin v vn con ngi. Ng dn s khng c cn thy hp dn khi tham gia vo ngnh nh bt. Chng ta c th i mt vi nguy c mt hon ton thu nhp, ch khng hn l cn kit lng thy sn, tr phi hot ng nh bt c tr cp, khin chi ph nh bt mc rt thp.


Nu chng ta biu din mc sn lng nh bt c ng listao tnh bng tn nh bt hng nm v chng ta t trong mi tng quan vi nng lc nh bt tnh theo gi nh bt hng nm, chng ta s v c th cho php xc nh c mc nng lc nh tng ng vi d tr thy sn. Mt ch s c lng mc di do c tnh bng cch ly lng nh bt chia cho n v nng lc nh bt catch per unit effort. Kt qu c c c th l mt gi tr tng i ca lng sinh khi c trong t nhin. Mc sn lng nh bt s ph thuc vo nng lc nh bt, lng d tr, nhng tham s h s xc sut nh bt catchability s lm tng tnh phc tp ca php tnh.

Ccnh nghin cu sinh hc thng phn bit nng lc nh bt danh ngha (c th xc nh da trn s lng li cu, s tu nh c, s by, thi gian nh bt, v.v.,) v nng lc nh bt thc t (F) c tnh bng nng lc nh bt danh ngha nhn vi h s nng sut nh bt. Khi , chng ta c th lm tng rng lng nh bt n thun ch c duy tr bng s n v nng lc nh bt m thi, v cc phng tin nh bt ngy cng c hiu qu cao. V d, phng tin in t c trang b trn cc con tu c th xc nh lung c, thit b ny gip tng sn lng nh bt ln gp mi ln so vi nng lc nh bt danh ngha.

c lng tng quan lng nh bt - nng lc nh bt listao bng li kp ti chu u (i ty Dng)

Ngun : tc gi, da trn s liu ca i quan st Thonier Trung tm IRD ti Ste (Php).

14Biu


Cc nh kinh t hc suy lun da trn mi tng quan gi/lng xem xt cn bng cung-cu. y cc bn c biu tng quan lng nh bt/nng lc nh bt. Mi quan h gia d tr v nng lc nh bt l quan h nghch chiu : nng lc nh bt cng cao th d tr thy sn s cng thp. Mi quan h nghch chiu ny cng tn ti gia gi c v d tr : d tr cng ln th n gi nh bt v gi cng thp. T ba biu ny, ngi ta xy dng th cung, y l ng th rt c bit trong l thuyt nh bt. Thng thng trong kinh t, th cung

thng dng ; gi cng cao th lng hng cung cng nhiu.

Vn ca vic tip cn t do, khng c qun l, l bn c th khuyn khch ng dn tham gia ngy cng nhiu vo hot ng nh bt, tng nng lc nh bt v chng hn vt ra ngoi mc MSY, trong trng hp ny, th s i chiu ngc li : gi tip tc tng nhng lng cung ti im ny khng th tng c na v s gim, ngay c khi c thm tu hay nng lc nh bt c tng cng.

th ngun cung t do

Ngun : Copes (1970).

15Biu


th ngun cung t do v cn bng th trng

Ngun : tc gi.

16Biu

Nu nh mc cu ca ngi tiu dng tng do gi tht tng hay thu nhp ca ngi tiu dng tng mnh th cu s dch chuyn

sang phi, nh vy ri ro cn bng th trng trn mc MSY s tng.

Qun l nng ng : nguyn tc chit khu

Ngun : tc gi.

24S


Chng ta ang ngng cn bng tnh, by gi hy thm vo nguyn tc cp nht. Qun l nng ng cn gn vi li sut, vn l cng c o lng pht trin bn vng theo ngha n th hin mc u tin t nhiu i vi hin ti, v mi quan tm t nhiu i vi tng lai ca ngun lc t nhin. C mt nguyn tc l chng ta hy t hi mnh rng hin chng ta xc nh gi tr no cho thu nhp ca nhng th h con chu trong ngnh nh bt. Theo cch tip cn v k, c th coi gi tr ny hon ton bng khng. Ngc li, theo cch tip cn pht trin bn vng, ngi ta cho rng gi tr tng lai cng ngang bng vi gi tr hin ti. Theo mt php c tnh n gin, ta c th coi t l cp nht tng ng vi mc li sut. Chng ta cng nhau xem xt mt v d : nu by gi ti yu cu mt ngi trong s cc bn cho vay 100 la v trong mt nm na, tc l kha hc ma h nm sau ti s tr li, cc bn c th ni vi ti Ti sau khng nh ? . ng nhin ti s hon cho cc bn mt khon tin ln hn khon tin m cc bn cho ti vay : ti tr cho s hi sinh ca bn khi bn chp thun khng s dng 100 $ trong thi im hin nay. Vy th s hy sinh ny ng gi bao nhiu? Nu nh cc bn giu c, khon ny cng khng ng l bao so vi cc bn, v cc bn s chp nhn ti tr li l 5 $ trong vng mt nm. Tuy nhin, nu y l mt khon tin ln vi cc bn trong giai on hin nay, c th cc bn s yu cu phi tr li l 20 $, 30 $ hay 50 $ trong vng 1 nm ti. Nh vy, li sut ny th hin mi u tin ca cc bn trong giai on hin ti trong mi tng quan vi gi tr tng lai. Nu cc bn c mi u tin cho hin ti cng ln th cc bn s cng quan tm n mc li sut cao.

[Yves perraudeau]

Ri ro v pha khch hng, tin cy, cng nh ng tin m cc bn vay ng nhin tc ng n li sut ny


quay tr li vi vn nh bt, chng ta cn so snh cc khon tin ti cc thi im khc nhau ; cch n gin nht l quy n v vi thi im hin ti. V d vi mt nh bng cho vay 10000 $, i vi anh ta th trong 5 nm na, 10 000 $ c gi tr l bao nhiu ? Ch cn nhn s tin ny vi li sut bng nhau ca s nm cho vay. Nu li sut bng 6 %, 10 000 $ s tng ng vi 13 382 $ trong 5 nm na. Khi chng ta biu din mt gi tr tng lai, chnh l thao tc ngc li : thay v nhn, cc bn s chia cho gi tr . Thu nhp ca ngh nh bt 10 000 $ s bng bao nhiu trong 5 nm na vi t l b bng 6 % ? Cu tr li l 7 473 $. Ty vo mc b, t l cao th hin mc st rut v u tin dnh cho hin ti, khi t l ny cng gn vi con s 10 %, 20 %, 25 %, th s tin s nhn c trong 5 nm na cng c gi tr thp trong hin ti.

phm tun anh

Thy c th nu r da trn c s no c th c tnh rng gi tr khon tin nhn c trong 5 nm na ch tng ng vi 7000 $ thi im hin ti ?


C s u tin n thun i vi hin ti, iu ny khuyn khch bn tiu dng trong hin ti, v d mua my tnh, ngay c khi bn phi tr s tin t hn trong su thng na ; bn cn my tnh cho thi im hin ti v bn s mua my tnh by gi. Ngoi ra, cng c hiu ng k vng giu c : c th a ra gi thuyt


khung 8

Gii php khai thc mt cch nng ng mt lng c d tr c dng: G(X) = i vi H = G(X)Phng trnh ny mang tn phng trnh cn bn ca cc ngun ti nguyn t nhin, cn gi l nguyn tc vng (golden rule) - Nu G(X) < i, th ngun ti nguyn s cn kit- Vi t l b i cao, nu G(X) = i, mc di Xlim s dn n tnh trng tuyt dit

Qun l nng ng ti u: nguyn tc vng

rng trong nm nm na bn s giu c hn by gi, v vy gi tr tng i ca 1 $ trong

nm nm na s nh hn gi tr tng i ca 1 $ ca hin ti.

Nguyn tc vng trong qun l nng ng ti u lng c d tr l co bng nng sut cn bin d tr vi t l b gi (cp nht), iu ny i hi cn so snh nng sut ngun lc t nhin vi nng sut vn. Ngun lc t nhin s to ra nhng g trong tng lai nu ti li vn bin c, phi chng ngun lc t nhin s sinh sn v nhn s lng ? Ti s so snh sn lng cn bin ca vn t nhin vi nhng g m ti kim c trn th trng vn. Nu kh nng sinh li ca lng c d tr nh hn li sut hoc t l chit khu, iu ny c ngha l ti s c li nhiu hn nu by gi ti khai thc lng c d tr v gi tin tit kim ngn hng, n s mang li mi li ln hn. Mt s lng c d tr trn th gii c nng sut rt thp v vic sn sinh c din ra rt chm tui th c th ln ti 150 nm , tui thnh dc c th ln ti 30 nm.

[Yves perraudeau]

Cc loi c nc su thng phm nh c h (kim), c hong hay cc loi khc, cng trong tnh trng gn ging nh tnh hnh nu trn.


Chng ta c th hnh dung ra nhng tnh hung m nguyn tc vng ny c tun th. Nhng nu t l b (gi) qu cao, chng ta c th t nhng mc khai thc qu gn vi gii hn sinh khi ng vi ngng tuyt chng loi.

By gi chng ta s bn n vn qun tr.

Do vn c xc nh, vy cn phi xc nh nhng cng c thit ch no gii quyt?

Chng ta hy coi nng lc nh bt di gc mc hy dit c thng qua hot ng nh bt - l yu t chnh gy p lc v cn kit ngun ti nguyn hi sn. Chng ta s tm cch loi b cc mc nng lc nh bt ln hn mc E ti a. Chnh sch iu phi nng lc nh bt s gip t c mc MSY. Vn t ra l nng lc nh bt c tnh cht danh ngha, khng tnh n cc tin b k thut v cng sut nh bt - hai yu t c th lm tng nng lc nh bt ln nhiu ln. Nng lc nh bt mc F vn rt kh kim sot bi n l kt qu cng dn ca cng sut nh bt, xc sut nh bt v nng lc nh bt danh ngha: ta c th


hn ch s lng tu, nhng nu nh cng sut khai thc ca tng tu ngy cng ln, ng cong s dch chuyn v vn khng c gii quyt ; mc nng lc nh bt khng gii quyt vn khai thc qu ti. Gii php khc na l n nh lng ti a mi c nhn c nh bt (TAC), v a ra quy nh nghim cm cc tu c nh bt vt qu mc ti a cho php. Nh vy, ta c hai gii php : chnh sch kim sot nng lc nh bt v chnh sch kim sot khi lng nh bt. Thng qua thit ch no ta c th t c mc tiu ny ?

By gi, chng ta s cp n vn iu tit, qun tr v cc thit ch nhm gii quyt vn tip cn t do. l mt vn tng th trong kinh t, lin quan n nhng vn mi trng rng hn phm vi nh bt. Cc nh kinh t hc thng s dng hai thit ch gii quyt vn ngoi din ngoi din l nhng tc ng m mt s hot ng gy ra i vi nhng hot ng khc, m khng c b tr cho nhng tn tht m nhng hot ng ny phi gnh chu.

Sau y l mt v d. Mt nh my cng nghip gy nhim ngun nc thng ngun ca mt con sng v mt nh my khc h ngun phi chu tc ng ca hnh vi gy nhim ny. Kinh t hc cho rng chi ph c nhn ny khng tng ng vi chi ph x hi, v ngi ta iu chnh s khc bit ny bng cch ku gi Nh nc can thip thng qua khon thu p vo cc

hot ng sn xut gy nhim. Khon thu ny nhm buc doanh nghip gim bt hot ng hoc gim bt mc gy nhim. Chng ta cng c th ra gii php h tr dnh cho cc hot ng tun th quy nh bo v mi trng, in hnh nh hot ng trng rng thu gom CO2. Mt gii php khc c a ra l t chc i thoi gia doanh nghip gy nhim v ngi chu nh hng ca nhim tho lun v ra cc bin php bi thng cho hot ng gy nhim. y chnh l gii php do Ronald Coase, ngi c nhn gii Nobel kinh t ra. Tc gi ny coi rng li nhun thu c t hot ng ny ng vi nhng tn tht m hot ng khc phi gnh chu. Chi ph thc hin ngha v ny ng vi tn tht m ngi khc phi chu. iu quan trng l tm ra ngi thng tho, thng tin, thit lp chng trnh v m bo chng trnh ny c tun th.

Trng hp ngnh nh c li l mt trng hp c bit : ngi hng li v ngi chu nh hng ngoi din cng chnh l ng dn ; nh hng ngoi din tc ng n cng ng. Mt con c c th cn dy cu ca ng dn ny hoc ca ng dn khc. Cc c nhn gp g nhau trn th trng quyn s hu, ngi lm hiu qu nht s mua quyn sn xut t ngi lm km hiu qu, ngi lm km hiu qu i li quyn ny s nhn c khon h tr. Nh vy c th san s thu nhp ca cc ng dn thuc cng mt cng ng.


hnh trn cc bn nhn thy th cung t nhn tng ng vi th cu. Sn xut t mc cn bng ti im Q1. Nhng chi ph t nhn (CmP) thp hn chi ph x hi (CmS), v n khng bao gm ton b cc chi ph x hi do hot ng sn xut gy ra (v d nh chi ph gii quyt nhim m x hi phi b ra). Chi ph ngoi bin cn phi c ni ha

thng qua thu - gii php do Nh nc ra hoc thng qua tha thun gia cc thnh vin. Mc tiu l a sn xut v mc thp hn loi b mt phn tc ng ngoi bin tiu cc. y chnh l iu kin t c cng bng hon ho gia chi ph c nhn v chi ph x hi, mt tnh trng ti u ng vi ti u x hi.

chi ph ngoi lai ca hot ng gy nhim17Biu

Ngun : tc gi.


Ln ny th li nhun thu c t vic tiu dng c nhn vt li ch x hi cn bin (BSm ; c ngha l li ch ca n v cui cng c tiu dng to ra), v d nh th vui ch k ca ngi ht thuc l gy hi khng nhng cho sc khe ca bn thn ngi ht (m x hi phi chu chi ph ny) m cn nh hng xu n sc khe ca nhng ngi xung quanh. Ti im giao nhau, li ch cn bin ng vi li ch l ngi ta thu c thng qua hnh vi tiu dng chng hn s tim cn mc chi ph x hi ti im tng ng vi mc tiu dng qu cao (ti im Q1). Cn phi lm sao c th gim mc tiu dng ny bng chnh sch thu chi ph cn bin x hi bng li ch cn bin x hi.

Cng theo cch ny, ta c th xc nh cc mc pht thi nhim ti u. Khng hn l hay khi loi b tt c nhim v chi ph cn bin ca hnh ng ny c th qu ln (v d nh loi b mt vt du loang mi xut hin trn bi bin khi m cng vic lau dn b bin c trin khai). Nh vy tn ti mt mc nhim trong ngng cho php ng vi mc cn bng trn th trng, cn bng gia chi ph cn bin x hi v li ch cn bin x hi thu c t hot ng loi b nhim.

Quay tr li vi ch nh bt. C hai vn rt khc nhau xut hin :

- Ti sn chung : trnh vic li nhun bin mt, cn c nh mc sn xut ti a ;

chi ph ngoi lai ca tiu dng18Biu

Ngun : Sloman (2009).


hin trng ca ngun d tr thc t

Ngun : FAO (2005).

19Biu

- Ti a ha li nhun (ti gim chi ph) gii php l thuyt m cc nh kinh t hc xut trong th trng kh thi carbon, ngoi ra cn k n quyn c nhn c th trao i trong ngnh nh bt.

Gia hai gii php s dng thit ch ny, mt l Nh nc v mt l th trng , cn c gii php khc c gi l thuc s hu chung . Nhng gii php ny do hc gi Elinor Ostrom, gii Nobel kinh t nm 2009 nghin cu (Ostrom, 2009), theo c ba mc can thip trong qun l ti nguyn t nhin chung :

- Cp la chn v lut: a ra khun kh php l Nh nc s hu, t chc quc t;

- Cp la chn tp th : cc hip hi ngi tiu dng, nh sn xut ra cc nguyn tc tip cn ngun lc chuyn giao quyn, y quyn, nhng quyn : quyn qun l (phng thc tip cn, ci thin mi trng), quyn loi tr (quyn tip cn, iu kin chuyn giao), quyn chuyn nhng (bn hoc nhng mt hoc hai quyn nu trn);

- Cp thc thi : tip cn v khai thc ca ngi s dng (hc gi Ostrom gi h l appropriators ).

Chng ta cng nhau xem xt cc quy nh ny c th hin nh th no trong cc y ban qun l hot ng nh bt v cc phng tin c s dng t c mc tiu ra.


FAO a ra cc mc phn loi mc khai thc ngun d tr khc nhau : c khai thc mt cch y , khai thc cn kit hoc ang trong giai on ti to sau giai on suy kit, khai thc qu mc hoc mi c khai thc. Ta c v d c th v c ng i Ty Dng. Cn c theo phn trm lng nh bt so vi mc ti a c ghi nhn, ta c th nh gi xem ngun d tr c khai thc mc no. Chng ta c th thy t nhng nm 2000, s liu thu thp c cho thy ngun d tr c ng ang trong giai on cn kit v cn p dng cc bin php iu phi. Cn nhc li mc tiu a ra ti Hi ngh thng nh Tri t Johannesburg nm 2002 Xem. Hin trng ngun d tr quc t , v ghi nhn khong cch nm 2005 : 75 % ngun d tr c cng b l ang b khai thc qu nhiu, b cn kit v ang trong qu trnh ti to ; ch c 23 % ngun d tr c khai thc mc va phi hoc t. Vic phn loi ny c tin hnh trn c mu 500 ngun d tr. (Xem Biu : Mc tiu MSY nm 2015)

Ch c mt im ng lc quan: nhn thc v thc trng ngun d tr phn no lm thay i tnh hnh, s lng cc ngun d tr c khai thc mc va phi hoc t gim xung, nht l ti chu u.

[Yves perraudeau]

Chng ta u nhn thy cn thit phi iu chnh ngnh nh bt, nhng cu hi t ra l iu tit nh th no ?

Trong mi trng bin, cng nh i vi cc mi trng khc trong t nhin, c hai loi ngun lc :

- Ngun lc khng ti to c : i vi cc ngun ny, vic khai thc ng ngha vi vic st gim ngun d tr (du, kh, khong cht, v.v.). Tn xut khai thc s quyt nh thi gian khai thc, vi iu kin phi c nh gi chnh xc tr lng (v d nh du v khai thc ngoi khi) ;

- Ngun lc ti to c (rng, c, v.v.) i vi nhng ngun lc ny, iu ct yu l cn qun l v c chnh sch gip ti to. Nhng ngun lc chung ny c c im c bit va mang tnh loi tr (ti nguyn ngi ny khai thc ri th ngi khc khng khai thc c na) v khng phn chia c (kh chia s gia nhng ngi s dng).

Nu nh ngun lc c nhn c th chia c, vic to nng lc khai thc s d dng. Khi ngun lc khng th chia s c, nng lc khai thc ngun lc ny s nh hng n cc ngun lc khc.

Cc c im c bit ny dn ti cc cch tip cn khc nhau. Cch tip cn truyn thng tm cch qun l tng ngun lc. Gn y, cch tip cn theo h sinh thi a ra phng php qun l tng th bo tn mi lin h gia cc ngun lc khc nhau. (Xem S : Mc tiu v cng c no?)


Mc tiu v cng c no?

Ngun : tc gi, theo Boncoeur v Troadec (2003).

25S

Mc tiu MSY nm 2015

Ngun : FAO (2005).

20Biu


Bn cnh nhng c im trn s tc ng n hng qun l ngnh c, cn phi xc nh c mc tiu theo ui v cng c s dng qun l ngnh ny. V c bn, vic

qun l ngnh nh bt c th thc hin theo hng bo tn ngun lc hoc nng lc sn xut, i vi mi hng u c nhng vn v yu cu ring.

T nhng c im ny, cc chin lc v mc tiu khc nhau, ngi ta c th phn loi cc cng c iu tit. V tng th, c hai nhm chnh : iu tit theo khun kh php l v iu tit trong khun kh kinh t vi cc bin php khuyn khch. Cc cng c ny cn c qun l trong khun kh mt t chc, chnh v th lun tn ti cc t chc nh bt quy t nhiu quc gia lin quan n nhiu i dng - y ban Bo tn C ng Vy xanh min Nam (CCSBT), y ban ngh c khu vc Ty v Trung Thi Bnh Dng, Tha thun ngh c pha nam n Dng (SIOFA), v.v.


Sau y l mt cch gii quyt xung t lin quan n vic nh bt, l tm c ting ni chung v chnh sch, cc bin php qun l v bo tn. Cc t chc ny thng gm c mt y ban khoa hc v mt y ban chnh tr v khng phi quyt nh chnh tr

no a ra cng tun th ton b cc khuyn co khoa hc.

[Yves perraudeau]

Chng ta cng nhau ly v d v Chnh sch chung v ngh c ca chu u (PCP), chnh sch ny da trn bn tr ct chnh :

- Bo tn ngun lc vi vic nh gi v thc trng ngun d tr c. Trong tr ct ny, c nu c th nhng c im v gii hn ca cc cng c nh bt, lng ti a mi c nhn c nh bt TAC v hn ngch phn cho tng nc da vo quyn lch s . Hng hnh ng ny ph hp vi mong mun bo tn ngun d tr ;

- T chc th trng chung (OCM) hng nhiu hn ti cc kha cnh kinh t v x hi i vi nh sn xut, ngi tiu dng v gia nh ng dn. Trong T chc Th trng chung, ngi ta cn ra cc quy nh

h thng cc cng c iu tit vic tip cn ti nguyn

Ngun : Boncoeur v Troadec (2003).

7Bng


khung 9

- Ch s mc : gi tr tuyt i ca mt vi ch s cn bn (kh nng nh bt, sinh khi, thu nhp, vic lm, s lng v tc ng cc xung t v.v.)

- Ch s thay i : ch ra hng v t l thay i ca cc ch s cn bn.- Ch s c cu (hoc thit ch) : yu t vn hnh ca h thng (mc tiu qun l, th

ch, bin php qun l, kim tra v gim st)

ch s nh bt bn vng

chung v nhn dng sn phm. Ngoi ra, cn a ra cc quy tc lin quan n cht lng, c im ca sn phm (chnh sch gi v thu nhp vi h thng gi rt hng m bo gi mc thu nhp ca ng dn). y ta c th thy rng hiu ng ca gi sn li c vn dng ;

- Chnh sch i ngoi : chu u nhp khu hn 50% lng thy sn tiu th. Trn c s m phn vi cc nc, chu u a ra cc tha thun ngnh c i vi cc a im nh bt bn ngoi khu vc lnh hi chu u. C c cc tha thun thng mi vi mc thu xut nhp khu gim v cc cc

u i c bit (SPG) cng nm trong chnh sch h tr pht trin ca chu u ;

- Chnh sch c cu nhm h tr ng h t chc hot ng nh bt : ch yu l cc khon u t, l cc khon h tr cho ch tu v/hoc cc doanh nghip thy sn ; chnh sch ny c th c tc dng khuyn khch hoc cn tr s pht trin ca ngnh ny.

Cc thit ch iu tit cc hot ng nh bt hon ton c thit lp trn quy m chu u.


Cc bn c nhim v suy ngh v cc ch s nh bt bn vng v so snh vi cc ch s nui trng thy sn bn vng. Cn c vo c th ca quc gia, khu vc ca cc bn, u s l nhng tiu ch nh gi tnh bn vng trong khai thc nh bt v nui trng ? Vi phn ti liu Serge Garcia

(Xem. Bi c tham kho), cc ch s c sp thnh ba loi v bng phn tch ny gip cc bn nh gi c tc ng ca bin i kh hu i vi ngi dn khu vc ven bin v cc hot ng ven bin. Cc bn c th a ra nhng ch s p lc, ch s phn nh thc trng v phn hi ca cc nh qun l i vi nhng thay i ny.


Ngi ta thng phn bit cc ch s mc , ch s thay i v ch s c cu. Cc ch s mc c th c tnh theo gi tr tuyt i hay cc t l vi gi tr tng i, v d mc sinh khi hin ti so vi mc sinh khi trc khi khai thc c th l mt ch s phn nh thc trng kh th v.

Nu cc bn mun nh gi mc qun tr ca mt h thng, cc bn c th s dng t l pht i vi cc ng h vi phm nhng quy nh ny. Nhng liu vic t l ny tng c ng ngha l vic kim tra c thc hin tt hay ngc li n l vic gia tng vi phm ? Chng ta cn rt cn trng khi phn tch.

Cc ch s thay i cho ta bit c hng v tc thay i. Chng ta ang hng gn n mc tiu hay i chch hng vi mc tiu ra ?

Cui cng, chng ta c cc ch s c cu, th ch v cc mc tiu qun l, cc bin php, c ch kim tra, v.v. Cn t vn ca hiu qu ca cc ch tiu ny ch khng phi s tn ti ca chng. i vi cc ch s c cu, c th k n cc bc gim nng lc nh bt, hn ch hoc khng cho nh bt, ra cc quy nh trong vic thc hin cc n.

Cc bn hy c gng c sng to trong vic la chn cc ch s, tin hnh thc nghim cn c trn s liu thng k c sn hoc nhng g cc bn c th thu thp, tm hiu xem mt h thng tham chiu c th c trin khai v theo di theo thi gian.

Lp hc chia thnh bn nhm chuyn : x hi, kinh t, h sinh thi/mi trng, quntr.

V d v ma trn ch s khai thc tn thu

E = Nng lcEmsy = Mc nng lc tng ng vi MSYB = Sinh khiBmsy = Mc sinh khi tng ng vi MSY Ngun : Garcia (1996).

8Bng


ngy 2, th ba 17/7

2.1.2. ch tiu pht trin bn vng trong ngnh nui trng thy sn

Tng hp ni dung lm vic ca cc nhm v cc ch s pht trin bn vng.

Cc phn trnh by ca cc nhm dn ti nhng tho lun xoay quanh nhng ch /ch s sau y :

Nhm 1 x hi : mc vay n, thu nhp ngi dn, phn b bn hng, xa khng gian gia nh, truyn thng vn ha a phng, pht trin bn thn (gio dc, s ngy ngh), v.v. ;

Nhm 2 kinh t : kh nng chng ri ro, v.v. ;

Nhm 3 mi trng : t l gi li tu, tm quan trng ca vic th c tr li, la chn tu c, cht lng nc (nui trng thy sn), ch s chuyn i, v.v. ;

Nhm 4 qun tr : thit ch x l v qun l xung t, phng tin kim tra v gim st, quy trnh php l, kim sot cht lng v sinh v an ton thc phm, chi ph qun l v cng b cc ch s.

2.1.3. cnh tranh trong vn ti bin

[pierre cariou]

Vn ti bin khng c bit n rng ri trong khi phng tin ny chuyn ch t 80 % n 90 % lng hng ha trao i trn th gii. By gi xin mi cc bn nu cc c im ca th trng vn ti bin, xem xt nhng xu hng chnh sau tp trung vo th trng vn ti bin bng container.

Cng nh lnh vc nh bt v nui trng thy sn, trong lnh vc vn ti bin ta thy c s chuyn dch cc trung tm ra quyt nh sang khu vc chu . (Xem bn : Vn ti bin trn th gii)

Vn ti pht trin mnh t hai mi nm tr li y, qu trnh ny tng ng vi tc pht trin ca thng mi quc t. (Xem biu : Cc th trng vn ti bin)

Tnh theo gi tr, du ha c vn chuyn bng tu ch du (43 % khi lng ton cu) l loi hng ha c vn chuyn nhiu nht trong vn ti bin. Hng ha ny c mnh danh l khi lng (liquid bulk) trong vn ti bin, tip theo l cc khi kh . Nhm ny bao gm cc loi hng ha nh qung st, than, ng cc. Tip theo l cc container chim khong 10 % khi lng hng ha vn ti ng bin.

Phn loi tnh theo gi tr trao i rt khc nhau : du th ch chim 22%, container chim 52% gi tr thng mi ton cu. l l do ngi ta thng phn loi thnh nhm hng ha ln v khi lng v nhm container ln v gi tr.

Vic t chc th trng bin theo mt cch phn loi khc. n gin ha, ta c th trng vn ti theo khi hoc th trng theo yu cu v th trng vn ti theo


tuyn thng xuyn ch ch yu chuyn ch container.

Ly mt v d. Cc bn mun ch du th vi khi lng ln t vnh Ba T ti Vit Nam v

mun c mt con tu ch cho bn s hng ny. H thng ny tng t nh cc bn s dng xe taxi ch bn t im A n im B. Bn tr tin xe taxi cn c theo thi gian s

Vn ti bin trn th gii

Ngun : Stopford (1988).

Bn 11

th trng ca vn ti bin

Ngun : Mandryk (2009).

26S


Vn ti bin trn cc tuyn thng xuyn

Ngun : tc gi.

27S

dng, v d nh 10 pht hoc mt ting. Vic ny gi l thu tu ch hng. Trong trng hp khc, cc bn mun ch khong 10 chic v tuyn t Trung Quc sang chu u. Cc bn ch mun s dng mt phn khng gian ca con tu. Ch tu cung cp dch v thng qua cc con tu xut pht vo nhng gi c nh ging nh ngnh ng st. l vn ti theo tuyn thng xuyn.

Tn ti mt h thng trung gian, chng hn nh vic vn chuyn t, theo nh sn xut t lm vic vi ch tu xut khu t t chu sang chu u. l h thng bn thng xuyn.

Hm nay, chng ta s tp trung vo th trng vn ti theo tuyn thng xuyn chim ti 50% gi tr thng mi quc t. Sau chng ti s gii thiu vi cc bn tr chi Tralin s gip cc bn c th p dng cc chin lc kinh doanh i vi cc tuyn thng xuyn ca cc ch tu cc quy tc tr chi Tralin c nu trang www.tamdaoconf.com.

Container khng phi l hng ha, ci quan trng l hng cha trong container.


u l th trng ca cc tuyn vn ti thng xuyn ?

Vn ti bin trn cc tuyn thng xuyn (2)

Ngun : Global Insight, Danish Ship Finance.

28S


Ngun : tc gi, theo bo co ca Drewry v Hi ngh LHQ v Thng mi v Pht trin (UNCTAD), Tp ch Vn ti ng bin.

21Biu

Nm 2009, khong 30 % th trng l hng ha trao i gia chu v chu u, th

trng ln th hai l vn ti xuyn Thi Bnh Dng, nht l t chu sang Bc M.

Chu - MM - Chu Chu - Chu uChu u - Chu M - Chu uChu u - M


Trong th trn, ta thy c hai th trng ang pht trin mnh hn c, l th trng t chu sang Bc M v t chu sang chu u. Khi lng chuyn ch rt ln, ln ti hng nghn TEU - Twenty Equivalent Unit (TEU) kch thc chun ca container. Trong nhng nm 2000, ngi ta thng k khong gn su triu container c chuyn ch gia hai lc a u v , con s ny ln ti 16 triu container vo nm 2008.

Lm th no c th l gii vic gim gi mnh chi ph vn ti bin. L do c bn nm vic tng kch thc tu ch hng. Nm 1972, con tu ch container ln nht trn th gii ch c th ch ti a 1500 container, hin nay con s ny c th ln n 16000.

Ci li ca vic u t vo mt con tu ln gp i chnh l vic tiu th xng khng b

tng ln gp i, cc bn cng khng cn tng gp i s lng thy th. Chng ta cng vn c th hy vng rng chi ph vn ti bin s tip tc h xung, iu ny c th khuyn khch hin tng chuyn sn xut sang chu .

L-gch rt r rng nhng vic thc hin cn gp kh khn :

- Cn c cng ph hp n tu cu cng mi ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh nm 2009 ;

- L-gch ny s ng khi th trng tip tc tng trng. Tuy nhin, t nm 2008 tr li y, th gii ang gp khng hong ti chnh, nht l chu u v M, iu ny ko theo s st gim lng nhp khu.


Ngun : tc gi.

22Biu


Khng hong hin ti khin cho cc ch tu trn cc tuyn vn ti thng xuyn bn b vc ph sn cuc khng hong tha nng lc. L do gii thch v sao c khng hong ln nh th trong lnh vc vn ti bin chnh l

khng ai ng ti cuc khng hong ny. Qua biu di y, cc bn c th thy vo nm 2008, c 35% i tu quc t c n t hng chuyn ch. ng thi vi , c thm c s tu tham gia vo th trng.


Ngun : B Thng mi Trung Quc, Danish Ship Finance ; Clarkson, Danish Ship Finance.

23Biu

Khng hong th hin r trong li nhun ca doanh nghip ang trn gim. Nm 2005,

cc ch tu c t l li nhun kh cao, nhng t l ny xung mc khng vo nm 2009.


Cng ty tm c ca Trung Quc l Coscon chu nh hng ln nht, tip theo l cng ty Hanjin ca Nht. T nm 2008, tt c cc doanh nghip u thua l. Tp on CMA CGM, ti Marseille, thng bo s n nm 2012 l 500 triu euro.

Cc hng tu no thng tr vn ti bin cc tuyn thng xuyn ? Chin lc ca h trc cuc khng hong l g ?

Li nhun t cc hot ng vn ti bin (opM): t nm 2006 n gia 2011

Ngun : tc gi.

24Biu


Nu nh s chuyn ng ca kinh t bin c thc hin ti chu th vic kim sot vn ti hin nay ch yu vn nm trong tay cc cng ty chu u. Tp on vn ti quc t ln nht trn th gii l APM-Maersk ca an Mch, ng th hai l MSC ca -Thy S v ng th ba l CMA-CGM. Tip sau l cc hng tu chu , M v Trung Quc. Ta khng thy c tng cng ty Vinalines ca Vit

Nam vi chi nhnh vn ti bin Bosco. Maersk qun l khong 500 tu, Bosco ch c khong 30 tu.

Vy th cc hng vn ti nh lm cch no c th sng st ? Cng nh trong lnh vc hng khng, cn pht trin cc lin minh chin lc.


Ngun : BRS Alphaliner.

25Biu


Trong giai on 2010-2012, c nhiu lin minh mi c hnh thnh - v d nh vic thnh lp G6 vo nm 2012 gm New World Alliance v Grande Alliance. Mt trong nhng chin thut p dng l lin minh vi cc i tc trc l i th cnh tranh.

Trong thi k khng hong, vo nm 2009, Maersk xem xt li chin lc pht trin theo ba hng : Be On Time (ng gi) ; to thun li cho thng mi ; tun th mi trng :

- Chin lc ny da trn vic m bo tnh chnh xc v thi gian. Cn bit rng ch c khong 40% cc con tu cp bn ng thi gian v khong 20% cp bn mun mt ngy. iu ny gip cc cng ty qun l tt hn cc cm cng ti cc nc chin lc. Nm 2009 trong tng s 500 cm cng quc t, lnh vc t nhn nm quyn

kim sot ti gn 400 cm cng, trong s c cng quc t Ci Mp ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh. iu ny t ra vn qun tr v chnh cc nc phi tr chi ph u t trong khi cc cm cng c nhng quyn khai thc cho cc cng ty t nhn n t an Mch, Php, v.v. : Di tc ng ca khng hong t nm 2011 n nay, xu hng mi c khi ng t cc hng tu, mt phn ln cc khon u t ly t tin thu thu ca ngi dn ti Vit Nam khng c s dng ht cng sut ;

- To thun li cho thng mi. tng ny c vay mn t ngnh hng khng : h thng trc tuyn (internet booking) theo cc nh nhp khu Vit Nam c th t ch ch hng trn cc con tu m khng phi thng qua i l ti a phng ;

- Ct gim chi ph. Chin lc nhm hn ch tc gim lng tiu th nhin liu.

cc lin minh chin lc

Ngun : tc gi.

29S


Trn bng ny, cc bn c ba tnh hung vi s lng l 8, 9 hoc 10 tu cung cp dch v vn ti gia chu v Bc u. Trong th trng tuyn vn ti thng xuyn, c quy tc cung cp dch v hng tun. Nu bn hn ch tc m vn gi nguyn s lng tu, bn s khng th cp cng trung chuyn theo nh k tun. Nh vy, nu bn cung cp dch v gm 8 tu vi tc 24 hi l v nu bn gim tc xung cn 20 hi l v bn cn b sung thm tu. Chin lc a ra cn quan tm xem liu li nhun thu v c ln hn vi chi ph b sung thm tu hay khng. T nm 2008, tt c cc tu u chy gim tc , y l chin lc chung ca tt c cc hng tu.

Tc ng n cc nc khng phi l khng c : nu bn l nh xut khu Vit Nam xut hng sang chu u, by gi phi mt 35 ngy

th container ch hng mi cp cng chu u thay v 25 ngy nh thi k trc khng hong.

Gim tc tu, cc ch tu c th tit kim chi ph tiu th nhin liu khi tu chy ngoi bin - i vi cc tuyn ng di nh chu u - chu , phn ln thi gian ca tu l chy trn bin, s tin tit kim c l kh ln, iu ny l gii v sao cc hng iu thm tu trn bin. Nhng ngc li, i vi cc tuyn xuyn i Ty Dng, chin lc ny li khng mang li ngha v s tin m cc hng tit kim c khi gim tc tu li t hn chi ph iu thm tu. C khong 80 % dch v chuyn ch u- c thc hin theo dng tu chy gim tc (slow-steaming) trong khi con s ny ch mc 20 % trn tuyn chu u - Bc M.

chin lc mi : Gim chi ph

Ngun : tc gi.

9Bng


ngy 3, th t 18/7

Na bui sng ngy hc th ba c dnh chi tr chi Tralin (Xem. Bi c, www.tamdaoconf.com).

[pierre cariou]

Trong tr chi Tralin, nu nh mc cu gim i mt na i vi tt c cc tuyn ng, cc bn s b thua l. Ngoi ra, nu cc bn mun bn tu, khng ai mun mua li c. Tnh hung o ny hin ang tr thnh thc t i vi cc hng tu. Hin nay chng ta ang sng trong cuc khng hong tha nng lc v iu ny s cn ko di thm vi nm na v nhu cu trong thi gian ti s khng tng. Li ch th hai ca tr chi ny l cc bn hiu c tm quan trng ca cc chin lc v tc ng qua li gia cc chin lc : s c li khi hp tc qun l nng lc chuyn ch.

Cc bn cng nhn thy vn ti bin cng c tc ng n mi trng ; v phn mnh, ti rt ngc nhin khi thy tt c cc bn u ni n tc ng ca bin i kh hu n vn ti bin. C th ly cc v d nh vic m con ng qua pha Ty Bc ca Bc cc hoc vic tng ph bo him i vi cc hot ng cu cng trc cc ri ro mc nc bin dng cao.

2.1.4. tc ng n mi trng ca vn ti bin

Ti mun ni v tc ng ca cc hot ng vn ti bin n bin i kh hu. Trong khun kh T chc Hng hi Quc t (IMO), c nhiu tranh ci t mi nm nay v tc ng ca vn ti bin n mi trng, c th l pht thi kh gy hiu ng nh knh.

Ti mun trnh by vi cc bn v nhng tho lun ny v nhng gii php c a ra.

Tc ng ln nht ca vn ti bin n mi trng l vic s dng nhin liu. Khi s dng nhin liu, s pht thi ra mi trng cc phn t mn hoc CO2, loi kh ny c tc ng n tng ozon (Xem Bng: Kh gy hiu ng nh knh).

Cng nh ngnh hng khng, vn ti bin chim khong 3% lng pht thi CO2, v tng th, 20% lng pht thi bt ngun t vn ti. Chng ta cng cn nhc li rng vn ti bin chim 80% khi lng trao i quc t : tnh theo t l khi lng v khong cch chuyn ch, lng pht thi chim t trng rt t. (Xem Biu : So snh cc pht thi t cc kh thi).

Phng tin vn ti gy nhim nhiu nht chnh l hng khng. chnh m mt trong nhng l do m t 10 nm nay, t chc IMO gp rt nhiu kh khn tm ra gii php : cc hng tu cho rng phng tin vn ti bin pht thi tng i t, v vy trc tin cn phi a ra gii php p dng cho vn ti hng khng v vn ti ng b.

Mt cng trnh nghin cu ca cc hc gi M, Nht Bn v Na Uy c tnh rng do cc hot ng vn ti bin v c bit l vic pht thi phn t mn, khong 60000 ngi cht hng nm v ung th v cc bnh tim mch


kh gy hiu ng nh knh

PM Particulates ; HM - Heavy metals ; NH3 Ammonia ; SO2 - Sulphur Dioxide ; NOx - Oxides of Nitrogen ; NMVOC - Volatile Organic Compounds (hydrocarbons) ; CO - Carbon monoxide ; CH4 Methane ; CO2 - Carbon dioxide ; N2O - Nitrous oxideNgun : tc gi.

10Bng

So snh kh pht thi

Ngun : Swedish Network for Transport and the Environment.

26Biu

(Corbet et al., 2007). Mt bn phn b cc ca t vong cho thy phn ln nhng ngi b cc chng bnh ny sng khu vc duyn

hi, nht l gn cc cng ln hoc gn ng vn ti bin ln. chu , chng ta c


Lng kh thi co2 trung bnh ca mt con tu

Ngun : Cariou et Wolff (2010).

27Biu

th thy iu ny thng qua s lng ln cc ca t vong ti cc khu vc nh Thng Hi.

Cc nghin cu dng ny buc t chc IMO tin hnh cc nghin cu trong thp k 2000 xc nh nhng hot ng v nhng loi tu pht thi kh CO2 : cc tu ch container

tiu th du nhiu nht v ng nhin cc tu ny s pht thi nhiu nht v c bit y l nhng con tu chy nhanh nht.

u l nhng quc gia gy pht thi ? C quan no kim sot cc con tu ch container ?

c l quc gia kim sot phn ln lng tu ch container v v vy l ngun gc pht thi CO2.

i tu ca Vit Nam v Campuchia mi i c khong 1000 tu. C cu ca hai i tu ny kh tng ng : c t tu ch container, ch yu gm cc tu ch hng khi c kch thc nh. Theo l-gch, hai quc gia ny

pht thi t lng CO2 cn c theo c cu i tu. Cc nc pht trin nh Php, Anh, c, an Mch, v.v., l nhng nc qun l phn ln i tu th gii.

Cn lm g hn ch pht thi ? C hai phng n c a ra : gii php k thut (thu Pigou) v th trng (hnh thnh th trng CO2 lun im ca Ronald Coase).


Gii php k thut ny c chi ph l bao nhiu v tc ng ca n n hiu qu s dng nng lng ? Gii php ti u nht c p dng : gim tc tu. Chng ta cng c th ngh n gii php thay th du bng nhin liu sinh hc hoc kh : nu tc

ng ln, chi ph kinh t n thi im hin nay vn cha c lm r. T chc IMO ch trng to iu kin thun li nghin cu v cc dng nhin liu mi trong tng lai s gip gim lng tiu th.

cc bin php cho php gim pht thi co2

Ngun : Grard (2007).

11Bng

Chng ta cng nhau xem xt cc gii php kinh t. tng nh thu y gi nhin liu cao ln bng cch nhn to nhm buc cc hng tu chuyn i loi hnh sn xut. Vic trin khai bin php ny gp nhiu kh khn :

- nh thu mc no ? Bit rng y l loi thu nh vo nhin liu, cc hng tu s phi tr thm mt khon thu b sung, khi m gi nhin liu lun c xu hng bin ng mnh nm 2008, mt tn du

mazut c gi l 700 $ ; nu ta p thu mc 20 $, tc ng to ra gn nh bng khng ;

- Chi ph vn hnh. Cn thnh lp ra mt c quan c nhim v thu thu. Nu nh chi ph vn hnh ca c quan ny li ln hn li nhun thu v, nh vy loi thu ny s khng cn ngha ;

- Ta s lm g vi khon tin thu v ? Chc chn mi kin u ng thun cn s dng khon thu v ny ti tr cho cc nghin cu v pht trin cc cng ngh mi;


- C quan no ng ra thu loi thu ny ? Trc tin cn c IMO, tuy nhin mt s quc gia khng tha nhn cc c quan thuc Lin hip Quc.

Gii php th hai do Ronald Coase a ra nm 1960 (nh l Coase), ta c th tm tt nh sau : nu chi ph vn hnh bng khng v nu quyn s hu c xc nh, s to ra mt khon h tr hiu qu. C quan iu tit s ni Ti nhn thy trong hot ng ca mnh, cng ty pht thi 80 tn CO2, nhng nu nm ti cng ty ch pht thi 70 tn, cc ng s c quyn bn li 10 tn cho ngi khc c nhu cu . Gii php ny cng rt kh p dng v hai l do cn bn sau :

- Lm th no xc nh s lng CO2 m mi bn c nhn trong khi cc hng tu u c xu hng nh gi thp nhu cu ca mnh ;

- Trong trng hp c tranh chp, cn phi c ta n ha gii. Chng ta li gp phi vn v chi ph vn hnh : nu chi ph thit lp thit ch ny li ln hn li nhun n mang li, th n khng cn ngha na.

Lp hc chun b cho tr chi phn vai vo ngy hm sau, lin quan n m hnh vn hnh ca IMO. Bn nhm c hnh thnh :

- Nhm 1 v 2 : Cc bn l i din ca Vit Nam hoc Campuchia v phng n m cc bn a ra l khng lm g c . Cc nhm chun b cc l l trnh by ti bui tng kt chng minh rng cc gii php kinh t khng th thc hin c;

- Nhm 3 v 4 xut gii php : p dng thu, m rng theo hng c th thit lp th trng. tng a ra l xy dng l l thuyt phc cc bn cn thit phi c gii php hn ch pht thi CO2.

ngy 4, th nm 19/7

Tng nhm trnh by v tho lun v cc l l mi nhm a ra.

[pierre cariou]

Ti mun quay li hai im c bn c nu trong phn trnh by cng nh phn tho lun ca cc nhm:

- Vn cn cha c cn c khoa hc chc chn v tc ng ca vn ti n bin i kh hu v tc ng ca n n hot ng con ngi. Ta li gp vn ny khi xc nh khon tin thu, hn ngch, trong khi ta cha o lng c ton b tc ng ca hot ng vn ti i vi lng pht thi ;

- cn nu r kh khn trong vic t c tha thun v cc vn bnh ng v pht trin. L-gch m nhm 1 v 2 a ra Chng ti l nn nhn v cc ng yu cu chng ti tr tin l mt l l c trng lng. o ngc li tnh hnh ny buc phi quay li nguyn tc trch nhim chung nhng c tnh khu bit: khng cn phi kt ti nc ny thay v nc khc ; tu theo cc nc ang pht trin m ta c cc cu tr li khc nhau. i vi cc nc pht trin m a phn mun hnh ng, ci kh l thit lp s ng thun, t c ng thun phi c a s nc thng nht v nguyn tc. Nu nh t c ng thun v mt gii php, cn phi ph chun tha thun ny. Quy trnh ny rt di. Giai on cui cng s l a nhng nguyn tc t c vo trong ni lut ca mi quc gia.


[Jean-pierre Beurier]

Cc bn cn phn bit gia k kt, ph chun mt vn bn, iu c quc t v a vn bn ny c hiu lc thc thi.

Chnh ph c phi on chnh thc tham gia vo mt hi ngh quc t, v d nh ca Lin hip Quc chng hn v giao cho phi on ny mt nhim v. Phi on ny gm t nht mt b trng c mnh ton quyn, thng l mt i s. Cui hi tho, nu nhn c s cho php ca chnh ph, v trng on ny s k hoc khng k vn bn cng c. Gi th l trng hp k, v trng on ny v nc vi mt vn bn c k kt, iu ny t nhiu th hin s cam kt ca chnh ph. Nhng vn bn ny rng buc nhiu hn quc gia , vn bn cn c c quan ngh vin, i din ngi dn ca quc gia ph chun. T thi im cng c c ph chun, cng c ny phi c ng trn cng bo ca quc gia. Nhng nu vn bn ny cha c hiu lc, th n khng c p dng vo thc t : cn phi i n khi c mt s lng ln cc quc gia thnh vin ca cng c ph chun th cng c ny mi c hiu lc. Theo quy nh ca IMO, cn c 75% cc quc gia ph chun th cng c mi c hiu lc. Ly v d v Cng c Lin hip Quc v lut bin, cn c 60 nc ph chun th cng c ny mi c hiu lc. Mt khi c hiu lc, vn bn ny c trnh ln Tng th k Lin hip Quc v n tr thnh mt phn ca lut php quc t. Cc quc gia k v ph chun cng c c ngha v phi p dng cng c. iu ny c ngha l cc quc gia ph chun s phi ni lut ha cc quy nh ca cng c quc t m mnh ph chun vo trong h thng vn bn php lut v php quy ca quc gia ch khng ch

n thun l ng ni dung cng c trn cng bo.

phm tun anh

C thi hn k kt cc cng c quc t hay khng ? Liu mt quc gia c th thay i quyt nh k kt hay khng ?


Mi y c quy nh v thi gian k kt cc vn bn, thng thng l 1 hoc 2 nm. C th trnh vn bn k kt ln Tng th k Lin hip Quc hoc mt c quan khc, v d nh vn bn hng hi c th trnh ln Tng th k IMO hoc vn bn v nng nghip c th a ln FAO. Qu thi hn ny, cc quc gia khng th k c na. Quc gia l mt thc th c ch quyn. V vy, khng c thi hn quy nh mt quc gia cn phi ph chun. Ch c ngha v tinh thn phi cam kt v quc gia k kt ch khng c ngha v php lut. V Cng c Lin hip Quc v lut bin, cn phi ch i 12 nm mi c 60 nc ph chun Cng c ny.

Liu mt quc gia c th thay i kin ? C th nhng quc gia ny phi gia nhp cng c. Bng vic gia nhp, quc gia ny khng th thay i iu g cng nh khng th bo lu.

Nguyn tc trch nhim php l v khi nim tn tht sinh thi


By gi chng ti xin cp n nhng tc ng ca bin i kh hu i vi cc hot ng ven bin cng nh cc tn tht m ngi dn vng duyn hi phi chu t nhng bin i c ngun gc t hot ng ca con ngi hay ca thin nhin.


Cn nh gi ti sn mi trng l bao nhiu? Khi ta ni v nh gi, cn phi a ra mt gi tr tnh bng tin i vi cc ti sn mi trng. V sao cn p gi tr cho cc ti sn ny hay cho cc i tng ny vn khng phi l i tng ca trao i thng mi xt trn gic php l ?

- Trnh nhng gi tr bng khng. L do khin cc ti sn mi trng b xung cp l do n khng c nh gi, cc ti sn ny hon ton min ph;

- Thm kch ca cc ti sn cng cng n thun. y, ngi ta mun ni n cht lng khng kh, nc, mi trng khng ting n. Thm kch ny bt ngun t nhiu nguyn nhn : khng chia s, khng loi tr (kh c th loi tr bt k ai s dng mt ti sn nh khng kh chng hn), khng cnh tranh (khi ti tiu dng mt ti sn cng cng, v d nh ngm cnh, vic ny khng cn tr quyn th hng ci p ca ai c, cng chng ai mt mnh quan tm n vic bo tn ti sn ny) ;

- Quy i v mt bn v tt c cc n v khc (s lng, tn, khi lng, khng gian); chi ph n gin cn thit lp. Nu cht lng nc i xung, ta c th c lng chi ph cn thit lm sch ngun nc cp. Tuy nhin, nh gi tt c cc li ch thu c t vic c bin tn ti bn cnh rt nhiu ngun nc khc m ta c th khai thc, nh l mt ngun lu tr cc-bon l vic khng d lm ;

- n b tn tht. Mt khi thit lp c trch nhim php l, cn thit phi xc nh s tin sa cha nhng tn tht phi chu. V d nh cn xc nh mt bao nhiu tin bi hon cc tn tht gy ra i vi cc rng san h hay vic hy dit cc loi chim bin sau thm ha trn du ? Cc bn s thy nhn thc v tn tht v vic cn

thit phi chnh sa nhng tn tht gy ra cho thin nhin c th hin ngy cng r trong cc quy nh php lut.


ng trc tnh trng mi trng xung cp v t nhng kinh nghim c c trong lnh vc bo v mi trng, c bit sau tht bi lin tip ca hi ngh Copenhague 2002 v Rio 2012, cc quc gia cn can thip nhanh v nhiu hn na.

By gi chng ta hy cp n vn chia s cc tn tht mi trng. Ti xin cp n vn ny bng cch nhc li s khc bit gia ch th php lut v i tng php lut cng nh nhng mc tiu ca php lut.

- Th nhn v php nhn l ch th ca php lut. Php lut c to ra bi v cho ch th php lut ; ch th php lut c th yu cu thm phn p dng cc quy nh bo v lp trng ca mnh hoc p t ngha v i vi ngi th ba. chnh l cc ch th ca php lut.

- i tng php lut s nhn mt ch php lut no do con ngi nh ra. C mt ch php lut cho bt ng sn, cho vt nui trong gia nh, hoc cc ng vt hoang d. Nhng ng nhin, cc i tng ny khng th t bo cha cho mnh.

- Mc tiu ca php lut l gii quyt mt cch hi ha nht c th mi quan h gia cc c nhn hoc gia c nhn v x hi. Mc d vy, vn lun c xung t, th vn cn hnh ng chnh sa tn tht m nn nhn phi hng chu. Nn nhn, ch th ca php lut c th kin ln ta n v yu cu n b tn tht vi iu kin anh ta c li ch c nhn khi lm iu ny v a ra c bng chng cho nhng tn tht m mnh phi hng chu. cng chnh l vn


n b tn hi mi trng. Lm th no to ra cng bng, v l h thng php lut do con ngi ra qui nh vic n b c th c thc hin l hnh thc n b kinh t.

Trong mt thi gian di ti Php, trc khi c lut mi trng, ch c ngi i cu c mi c th kin ra ta trong trng hp nc sng b nhim : l do khng phi v nc sng b nhim m v nhng ng dn ny mua c ging th xung sng vi mc ch cu vo thi gian sau, v c con c ging ny b cht. Do nhng ngi ny c ha n mua c ging nn c th yu cu c n b tn tht kinh t m mnh phi chu !

Giai on chuyn bin u tin c thc hin vo cui nhng nm 1960, 1970 v u nhng nm 1980 khi cc quc gia c trang b nhiu b lut bo v mi trng. Lut bo v mi trng ca Php c ph chun ngy 10 thng 7 nm 1976. iu 2 ca b lut ny quy nh thin nhin thuc v li ch chung. Nh vy, v li ch cng ng quc gia, khng ch Nh nc c th kin ngi gy nhim dng sng, m Hip hi nhng ngi yu thch i do quanh sng Loire hay sng Garonne c th lm c iu ny v mc ch hot ng ca hip hi l bo v thin nhin.

V mt php lut quc t, tnh hnh trc y cn ti t hn. Thc vy, v cc quc gia c ch quyn, nn cc quc gia c th lm bt k vic g trn lnh th ca mnh. Vi v vic eo bin Corfou, Ta n Quc t ra mt phn quyt cn bn lm thay i hon ton li suy ngh ny. Cc Nh nc hon ton bnh ng v php lut ; Nh nc A c ch quyn v c th lm iu g mnh mun trn lnh th ca mnh ; Nh nc B cng c ch quyn. Nh vy Nh nc A khng c quyn

thc hin nhng hnh vi gy tn tht cho Nh nc B ngay c khi hnh vi ca Nh nc A hon ton hp php.

Hy hnh dung mt nh my xi-mng thi khi c v b gi thi i. Nh nc A s ni : Sn xut xi-mng l hon ton hp php v ti cn xi-mng pht trin nn kinh t. Nu nh gi thi khi c i th cng khng phi li ca ti . Nh nc B s p li khng phi do li ca anh nhng anh khng c php gy nhim cho ti. Nc chu nhim s kin b my t php ca nc A yu cu bi thng : ra sch cc con ph b nhim bi, st gim lng khch ngh ti cc khch sn, v.v...

Trong lnh vc hng hi, mi vic cn phc tp hn rt nhiu v bn thn vn ti bin c coi l hot ng nhiu ri ro v phi xc nh cc gii hn trch nhim khi a mt con tu ra bin. Hn na tn tht do mt con tu gy ra, nht l cc con tu ch khi lng nh du hoc ha cht l rt ln, vt qua kh nng ti chnh ca mt doanh nghip. Cng ng quc t thit lp Cng c quc t Bruxelles v trch nhim dn s i vi tn tht nhim du nm 1969. Cng c ny tp trung vo trch nhim ca cc ch tu. Ngoi quy nh ny, cc quc gia tham gia Cng c Bruxelles thnh lp Qu quc t bi thng thit hi nhim du (FIPOL). Tt c cc cng ty tham gia vo vn chuyn, tip nhn hoc lc du trn 150000 tn/nm - c ngha v ng gp vo qu ny. Qu c s dng n b tn tht mc cao hn so vi mc n b m ch tu c ngha v phi chi tr.

Rt tic l c ch hp tc v bo him ny quy nh mc trn n b qu thp. H thng ny c hiu qu ch trong trng hp c s c trn bin c quy m nh, v cc nn nhn


c nhn n b ngay lp tc m khng phi m n kin. Nhng vi nhng trng hp s c mang tnh cht thm ha, thit hi l qu ln.

V d 1. Tu ch du Amoco Cadiz treo c Liberia, nhng ch s hu l M. V mt php l, con tu thuc cng ty Amoco Transport Company, c tr s ti Chicago, bang Illinois, nhng ch s hu thc t li l cng ty Amoco nc danh, c ngha l cng ty Standard Oil of Indiana.

- Ngy 18/3/1978, mt cn bo xy ra ngoi khi Finistre, Php.

- Tu Amoco hng ra bin Bc i qua Php, trn boong ch 220.000 tn du th. Mt cn thy lc bnh li b hng. Khng th iu chnh c con tu trong khi ng c vn hot ng tt.

- Ngay lp tc, con tu b sng v gi nh dt vo b bin ca Php.

- Thuyn trng khng thng bo vi gii chc Php. ng ta m phn vi mt ch tu r-mc c cng ty ny h tr vi hy vng c th yu cu cng ty Amoco tr ph h tr cu tu.

- Cng ty Amoco t chi k hp ng.- Mi n tn m ti th ch s hu tu mi

bit s vic nghim trng. Nhng mi vic qu mun : khi con tu c th neo th dy xch ln lt t v con tu b chm trn vng bin Bretagne.

- 220.000 tn du th trn ra bin gy nhim cho 300 km b bin.

- dn sch bi bin, cc nh chc trch, qun i, lc lng cu ha, cnh st, nng dn, tnh nguyn vin Php phi mt nhiu thng rng.

- Ng dn khng ra bin c, cc h nui trng thy sn cng khng cn ch lm vic, cc khch sn vng khch. l thm ha kinh t bn cnh thm ha sinh thi.

- Gii chc Php nhn thy chi ph cho cc hot ng can thip lm sch bi bin cng nh tn tht lin quan vt qu kh nng chi tr ca FIPOL. Cn phi vt trn khun kh ca Cng c, khng yu cu bi hon ngay lp tc m s kin ch tu ra ta. Th nhng khng h c tha thun gia Php v M v cc trng hp ny. i din cc bn phi n M tin hnh theo quy trnh t tng ca M, iu ny ng nhin to thm cc chi ph b sung.

- V kin ko di 10 nm.- Ta n lin bang ca Chicago ra hai phn

quyt.

1984. Trch nhim ca Cng ty Amoco c xc nhn, ch khng phi Amoco Transport Company. Bn cnh l l ngun lc hn ch ca Qu bi hon, ta n lm sng t mt sai lm nghim trng khin vic bi hon t Qu l v hiu gii chc khng c thng bo, thuyn trng khng tun th mnh lnh, khng c tu r-mc.

1988. Ta n yu cu cung cp s tin c tnh cho cc thit hi. Thit hi cho Nh nc, chnh quyn a phng, doanh nghip v tc nhn kinh t rt d xc nh. Nhng s kh hn i vi nhng hip hi bo v thin nhin, v nhng thit hi i vi mi trng, h sinh thi bin vn khng c nh gi thng mi, v chnh v vy s khng c tnh n.

V d 2. Erika l tu ch du loi nh trng ti 35.000 tn ch du mazut t Dunkerque, min Bc nc Php sang cng Livourne, . Chuyn i ko di vi ngy.

- Mazut l loi du nguy him hn du th v du th c kh nng t hoi theo thi gian. Du mazut khng bin i theo thi gian v l cht gy ung th.


- Cng ty Total ca Php bn cho 35.000 tn du mazut. Total khng c tu ch du nn thu tu vn chuyn.

- Erika l tu ch du c, khng tiu chun. Ch s hu con tu ny mang quc tch thng qua su tng trung gian l cc cng ty vn ti cho chy con tu ng l phi ph b trc nhiu nm.

- Thy th on ngi n nn khng quen vi Bc i Ty Dng.

- Con tu ra khi vo thng 12/1999 v gp mt trn bo ln.

- Ngy 12/12, con tu b v lm i. 35.000 tn du mazut trn ra bin v gy nhim cho 400 km b bin.

- Khc vi v Amoco, mt s nn nhn yu cu Qu FIPOL bi thng. ng nhin l s bi thng trn ca FIPOL khng b p cc thit hi v mt s nn nhn a v vic ra ta.

- i vi nhng nn nhn yu cu bi thng trc tip, FIPOL quyt nh khng ch bi thng tn tht kinh t m cn chp nhn chi ph hon nguyn vi mi trng - trng mi cc loi thc vt ven b bin. Tuy nhin, qu ny t chi khng bi thng cc tn tht sinh thi. Qu bi hon c khong 50% s tin cc nn nhn yu cu.

- Cc nn nhn khc n ra Ta i hnh Paris.

- 2008. To n bi thng cc nn nhn chu thit hi kinh t v chp nhn tr chi ph hon nguyn vi mi trng. i vi cc chnh quyn a phng, ta tuyn b : a phng c nhng hnh ng nhm bo v mi trng, thnh qu ca hot ng ny b v vic ph hy, nh vy s c bi hon ton b chi ph khc phc tn tht, ngoi ra chng ti s cp cho chnh quyn x v huyn mt khon trn gi cn c vo

nhng tn tht i vi mi trng . y l ln u tin ti Php, mt phn quyt ca ta n a ra mt khon bi hon trn gi khc phc tn tht vi mi trng.

- Total lm n phc thm. Ta phc thm hnh chnh Rennes c ch nh xem xt v vic ng tnh vi phn ln nhng phn xt cp s thm. V ni dung bi hon tn tht sinh thi, ta phc thm cn a ra quyt nh i xa hn : ngay c i vi cc x v tnh khng c u t vo bo v mi trng v b bin cng vn b trn du, th cc a phng ny cng c nhn mt khon bi hon trn gi.

- Total vn khng chp nhn phn quyt ta phc thm v tip tc lm n ln cp Gim c thm. Thm phn ta Gim c thm va ra quyt nh vo thng 6/2012. Hon ton bt ng. Cng ty Total khng c trch nhim v nhng l do k thut m ti khng th nu r vi cc bn y. Tt c iu ny cho ta thy tnh phc tp ca vn v nhng kh khn phi vt qua n c kt qu cui cng.

Mt s nc khc cng c bc tin trong vic quan tm n nhng tn tht sinh thi nh M v . Ngay c qu FIPOL, mc d khng ni ra, cng cp cc khon bi thng ln hn so vi mc cc bn yu cu bi thng trong nhng v vic nh. Tuy nhin, con ng pha trc cn di c th quan tm n cc tn tht vi h sinh thi. Trong x hi ca chng ta, ng tic l mi trng vn l mi quan tm th yu.

Gi tr kinh t ca cc ti sn mi trng v gii thiu m hnh Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR)


Quan nim truyn thng v gi tr hng ha gn vi vic c sc lao ng to nn hng


ha . y l lun im ca cc nh kinh t hc tin phong nh Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx. Cc hc gi ny cho rng sc lao ng lm nn hng ha chnh l cu phn ln nht to nn gi tr ca hng ha. n cui th k 19, vi s pht trin ca trng phi li ch, ngi ta ch trng hn n s tha mn m hng ha ny mang li. n u th k 20 quan nim tn c in v hng ha c cng nhn rng ri trong gii kinh t hc. Quan nim ny cho rng gi tr ca hng ha ph thuc trc tip vo quan h cung-cu, c ch hng ha v th trng.

Cc hng ha mi trng khng thng qua th trng, nn n khng phi l i tng gp nhau gia cung v cu, cc bn hy ngh n nhng hng ha t do nh khng kh hay nc. Nhng hng ha ny khng c gi nhng khng phi v th m n khng c gi tr. Ngy nay, gi tr ca h sinh thi c tha nhn do s pht trin ca kinh t mi trng. Gi tr ca hng ha mi trng bao gm :

- Gi tr s dng. S d dng xc nh ngi s dng thng qua vic khai thc ti nguyn, ngoi ra cng phi tnh n gi tr ca vic s dng gin tip nh du lch bi bin, tm bin ;

- Gi tr phi s dng. Gi tr tn ti rt kh xc nh. Chng ta c th cch b bin 500 km v cng rt hi lng khi bin khng b nhim trn du ;

- Di sn, nh vic bo tn h ng, thc vt ; - Gi tr ty chn hoc cn-ty chn. Gi

tr ny tham chiu ti vic khng th o ngc c mt s tn tht m cc hng ha thin nhin phi hng chu. Gi tr ny c chi ph thng tin (chi ph c hi) vn khng c tnh n trong gi tr hng ha :

v d nh vic xy p thy in thng ngun sng Hng, nu nh mc cu khng , iu ny s to ra chi ph v c cc hot ng khc khng th thc hin c.

Cc gi tr ny c th c tng hp li. Khi ta ni v bin i mi trng, v d nh vic cht lng mt hng ha i xung v tc ng ca con ngi hay tc ng khc, ta cn o lng s bin thin ca mc hi lng khi tiu dng hng ha trong trng hp cht lng suy gim. Ngi ta a vo khi nim thng d ca ngi tiu dng, iu ny phn nh s hi lng ca ngi tiu dng.

(Xem Biu : Thng d v s hi lng ca ngi tiu dng).

Cn phi xc nh s thch v li ch ca ngi tiu dng v s tn ti v tiu dng mt hng ha trn c s chp thun chi tr hoc chp thun tip nhn bi hon ty theo bin ng cht lng hng ha t nhin. Chng ta hy t hi mnh liu ta c sn sng chp nhn tr thm tin c dng nc cht lng tt hn hay tip nhn khon bi hon cho vic xung cp ca khng gian t nhin sau khi tin hnh xy mt con chn nc hoc mt cu cng hay khng ? Khi nim thng d l tng cc u tin c nhn trong cng ng dn c nh hng trc tip t cht lng mt ti sn t nhin. Li ch tng th ca ngi tiu dng l tng hiu s gia vic chp thun chi tr tiu dng mt ti sn v s phi tr trn thc t. (Xem Biu : Thng d v s hi lng ca ngi tiu dng (2)).


thng d v s hi lng ca ngi tiu dng (2) Bin thin s hi lng = thay i thng d

Ngun : tc gi.

29Biu

thng d v s hi lng ca ngi tiu dng

ng chi tr (CAP) hoc nhn c (CAR) c c (hoc trnh c) nhng bin i ca mt ti sn mi trng( khi nim li nhun x hi = thng d = khon tin cho s thch c nhn)Ngun : tc gi.

28Biu


Cn c lng bin thin ca mc hi lng ngi tiu dng. Nu gi tng t P* ln P, mc hi lng ca ngi tiu dng cng c mc gim tng t - nu nh mt bi bin b nhim, ngi ta s hi cc c nhn xem h c sn sng tr tin khc phc nhim hay khng ; nu nh d kin c dn khoan ngoi khi, cng trnh ny s nh hng n ng dn, liu h c sn sng tip nhn bi hon cho tn tht phi chu hay khng? iu ny cng c tc ng trc tip nh trong vic xy dng cc cng trnh trn bin.

Ci kh by gi l ti dng li ng cu. Ta c th lm c iu ny thng qua phng php trc tip bng cch hi cc c nhn xem h c chp nhn chi tr hay tip nhn bi hon cn c vo kch bn ra hoc gin tip da theo nhng quan st cc hnh vi.

- Phng php da theo tn tht. Cn phi thit lp mi lin h nh lng nguyn nhn - kt qu gia hai hin tng. V d ta c th thy vic cc tu ch container chy qua cng gy tc ng gin tip n sc khe ca ngi dn vng duyn hi thng qua vic nh lng s ca t vong. Nh vy, trc tin cn thit lp hm liu lng/tc ng, sau l gi tr tin t trong mi lin h trc . Vy chi ph b sung m cc c nhn phi b ra gii quyt vn sc khe cng ng l bao nhiu ?

- Cc hot ng bo v sau khi cht lng mi trng i xung. Nu nh dch v cng cung cp nc sch b xung cp v cht lng, ngi dn cn phi b tin ra mua nc khong ng chai thay v ung nc t vi. Cht lng mi trng m thanh c gi l bao nhiu ? Nu nh xy dng sn bay gn khu dn c, cn b tr kinh ph lp t thit b cch m gi tr ca ting n c th c tnh trong chi ph bo v cht lng mi trng.

- Phng php gi hng th. Ta a ra gi thuyt tn ti mi lin h trc tip gia mt ti sn v c tnh mi trng ca ti sn . Gi s c hai ngi nh ging nhau hon ton v kt cu, c cng s phng, iu kin ni tht nh nhau, ch khc mt im l mt ngi nh hng ra bin. Chng ta c th nh gi hng nhn ra bin bng cch so snh mc chnh lch gi gia hai ngi nh ny. Chng ta tin hnh theo hai bc : xc nh phn mi trng trong khc bit v gi gia hai ti sn gi bn ca ti sn , ta xc nh chi ph khi c thay i v tin nghi, s thoi mi khi trong ngi nh bng cch xc nh vic ngi tiu dng sn sng tr thm tin c c c im thin nhin ny ca ngi nh.

- Mt nghin cu c tin hnh nh gi cht lng m thanh cuc sng ti Genve (Thy S) thng qua nghin cu tc ng n gi thu nh. 12000 cn h vi cc mc phi nhim ting n khc nhau c nghin cu. C th c kt qu nh lng nh sau : trn 10 dcibels ting n s lm gim trung bnh 6 % gi thu cc cn h Genve. Nh vy c th xy dng hm cu o, c gi l hm gi hng th xc nh tha thun chi tr gim ting n (Baranzini et Ramirez, 2002).

- Phng php chi ph vn ti. Mt c nhn mong mun tiu dng mt ti sn mi trng s buc phi tiu dng cc ti sn hng ha b sung. Ly v d nh mun chim ngng v p vnh Nha Trang, mt ngi H Ni phi mua v my bay, tr tin khch sn trong thi gian lu li , v.v. Ta c th nh gi tm quan trng ca cnh quan ny v gi tr ca n trn c s tng chi ph vn ti v s lng khch tham quan. Da trn mt bng cu hi thm d, ta c th xc lp mc sn sng chi tr n mt a im, tng ng vi chi ph


cn thit cho mt chuyn tham quan nhn vi s lng khch. Tng hp cu tr li s cho ta t l tham quan im Z so vi dn ca im Z. Nu ta thay chi ph b sung cho vic di chuyn bng vic thu v vo, ta c th o lng c tng hi lng ca ngi tiu dng bng tng tha thun chp nhn chi tr ca du khch.

- V d xc nh tn tht do nhim t v chm tu Exxon-Valdez ti Alaska nm 1984. C tng cng 118 im cu c, 94 im gii tr, 70 im sn bn, 70 im d ngoi v 4200 ngi c tin hnh iu tra. Nhn vin iu tra xc nh s lng khch n tng a im. Sau tnh ton gi ca cht lng mi trng ti mi im t hm cu c hnh thnh t chi ph i li. Nn thy triu en khin du khch khng ti du

lch ti cc a im trn, c ngha l c s bin ng v mc hi lng do tn tht i vi t nhin. Tng mc tha thun chi tr ln n 3,8 triu la. Trong khi cng ty Exxon-Mobil buc phi bi thng mt t la, trong 3,8 triu la dnh cho cc tn tht v sinh thi! y chng ta thy nhng mt hn ch ca phng php kinh t trong vic nh gi gi tr t nhin ; kinh t khng th thay th php lut trong lnh vc tn tht sinh thi.

- Phng php nh gi ngu nhin. Xut pht t gi thit l ngi ta nghin cu tm hiu cc i tng c hi, ta c lng tha thun chi tr kch bn c th c hoc khng xy ra.

phng php nh gi ngu nhin

CAP : tho thun tr tin ; CAR : tho thun nhn bi thngNgun : tc gi.

12Bng


phm trng hng Giang

Gi s nh ngi nh c mt hng ra bin v mt hng ra ni. Lm th no tch bit gi tr mt hng ra bin khi mt hng ra ni ?


Trong trng hp ny, trong hm cu cn ly ton b cc l do a ra bc tch yu t mi trng m ta mun nh gi. Thng thng, ta dng cc k thut thng k phc tp kinh t lng theo ta ly c mu t 5000 n 10000 ngi nh, xem xt tt c cc c im ca cc ngi nh m ta cho rng n c tc ng n gi thu.

[Yves perraudeau]

Trong v d ny, ta c th nu r cht lng hng nhn ra bin : c cn phi tro ln gh th mi nhn c bin hay khng, hay nhn ra bin qua ca knh phng khch ? ... y l nhng yu t nh hng n gi.


Chng ta hy p dng m hnh DPSIR tm hiu tnh d tn thng ca khu vc duyn hi v ngi dn sng khu vc ny. Tnh d tn thng c ba c im :

- khu vc phi nhim ri ro ;- cc hot ng nhy cm vi ri ro. Xc nh

mc ph thuc kinh t v x hi ca mt hot ng trong trng hp xy ra ri ro l bao nhiu ?

M hnh (Driver-pressure-State-impact-Response) DpSiR

Ngun : Burkhard et Mller (2008).

30S


- kh nng thch nghi vi iu kin mi trong trng hp c bin i kh hu. Chng ta i vo lnh vc qun tr v nng lc cc thit ch d on ri ro. iu ny cn c kin thc khoa hc v nng lc ca cc thit ch ra nhng bin php ng ph vi ri ro.

s dng m hnh, cn c kin thc khoa hc su v mi trng. Trong m hnh cc bn c trnh iu khin , l nhng hin tng bt ngun t hot ng ca con ngi, c tc ng chm ngi n cho mt lot cc hin tng c tc ng nhn-qu trong sut qu trnh pht trin - v d : gi mt loi thy sn tng, mt dn c duyn hi tng, tng trng ngnh vn ti bin, v.v. Cc lc y ny s to p lc cho h sinh thi th hin qua vic tng cc im nh bt, lng pht thi tng, v.v. Cc p lc ny s to thay i trong h thng cht lng nc suy gim, tng vic khai thc ti nguyn. Nhng thay i ny s c tc ng n thay i h thng v sc khe cng ng, tng t l ngho i do tng nng lc nh bt, gim nng sut nh bt, s cc v ph sn tng ln, v.v.

Cc tc ng ny c th hin v mt ti chnh i vi ngi dn, cc bin php ng ph vi bin i gn vi h thng qun tr. Liu c cc thit ch ph trch vic qun l cng tc nh bt hay rng hn l qun l c vng duyn hi ? Thit ch ny c th can thip c v mt qun l ngun d tr bin thch nghi vi bin i trong mi trng. i khi vn bin i kh hu vt qua khun kh hot ng ca mt th ch. Phng php DPSIR c y ban pht trin bn vng ca Lin hip Quc ci tin. Khun kh c m rng ra nhng tnh hung ti hnh ng ca con ngi c tc ng ti h thng. Bn cnh cc cu phn khc nhau, c th xy dng cc ch s theo cc trnh iu

khin , p lc, thay i tnh trng h thng, tc ng v ng ph.

- Cc trnh iu khin c th c xut pht im t hot ng ca con ngi hoc t nhin, trc tip hoc gin tip. Mt v d ca trnh iu khin trc tip nhu cu hng ha v dch v, mt trnh iu khin gin tip l thay i dn s bt ngun t mc cu hng ha v dch v tng cao.

- Cc ch s p lc l nhng ch s u tin m t hot ng ca con ngi i vi mi trng t nhin. Chng ta c th s dng t l s dng t, t l s dng khng gian bin hoc b bin. Cc nh a l thng a ra nhng cng c nh h thng thng tin a l nh gi cc t l ny. Rt d nh lng cc ch s ny thng qua c s d liu kinh t hoc mi trng.

- Cc thay i thc trng h thng. Ta c th o lng vic phn b rng loi to xanh do tng lng ni-t. Cc loi to ht ht o-xy di bin. Ngoi ra, ta c th o mc a-xt ha ca mi trng bng th pH hoc tn sut ca bo. iu ny c ngha l cc thay i phi tng i nhy vi cc p lc c th thit lp mi lin h trc tip nguyn nhn hu qu gia p lc v thay i tnh trng. Cc bin ny phi c i km vi nhng bin php gim nh v d nh vic pht thi CO2 trong vn ti bin v vic gim vn tc chy tu.

Chng ta nghin cu tnh hung vi vic nui hu ti Php. Nghin cu ny tm hiu cch ngi dn nhn nhn v ri ro. Ngh nui hu xut hin t nht t gia th k th 19, sn lng t khong 100.000 tn/nm, chim 90 % sn lng ca chu u. C tng 36.500 nhng a. Hot ng ny to ra khong 10.000 vic lm ti 2500 trang tri. Trong nhng thp k trc y, c nhiu s kin lm nh hng nghim


trng n hot ng truyn thng ny : ba v trn du, ngun d tr mt loi hu b bin mt do dch bnh (1920, 1971, gia nm 2008 v 2011) ; cn bo Lothar v Xynthia b i Ty Dng vo thng 2/2010.

Loi hu ca Nht (Crassostrea gigas) hin thay th hu B o Nha (C. angulata)

b bin mt hon ton vo nm 1971. Vic nhit gia tng cng l nguyn nhn gy pht tn nhiu loi vi-rt. Gim pH trong nhng thp k qua l mt trong nhng thch thc v cc loi nguyn th v cng thng b tn cng trong trng hp mi trng nc b a-xt ha.

khung 10

Tc ng : Ximnngbbinvsuygimbov Khaithctnthuutrnghunui(=chiphtng) Dchbnh(vdOsHV-1mVar,MaurervCombs1986:Tnhdnhimbnhca

u trng v con non tng ln do cht lng con ging km v do dch bnh Tngchiph(lngp,bttnthu) Phsndoanhnghip

ng ph : agingmivokhaithc(Crassostreagigas) Citincngngh(cyginghutambi) Nuihunonmtcao Khuvcnuitngtrngcbov

tc ng v ng ph

Thng qua s tng th drivers-pressure-impact-state c kt hp trong khun kh nghin cu, cc bn c th a ra nhng

nh gi v h thng x hi - sinh thi v cc bin php ng ph c a ra.


ngy 4, th su 20/7

Cc nhm thc hnh vi m hnh DPSIR.

Chuyn cp : sn xut mui trong cc vng duyn hi min Trung Vit Nam ; xung t trong tha nng lc nh bt gia Campuchia, Thi Lan v Philippines ; cc hot ng khai thc ti min Trung Vit Nam (khai thc ct, si, v.v.) ; cc hot ng kinh t trong lu vc sng Thu Bn v vng duyn hi tnh Qung Nam.

2.1.5. cc cch s dng mi khng gian bin

im li kha cnh php lut v quyn tip cn v cc cch s dng mi khng gian bin


Trc khi xc nh c bin gii trn b, cc quc gia phi tin hnh chin tranh c c lnh th rng nht c th. Vi lnh th trn bin, nhiu xung t c gii quyt bng con ng ngoi giao.

Chng ta cng nhau xem xt cc nguyn tc c bn chi phi cc Nh nc, bin gii v yu cu m rng lnh th bin ca cc quc gia.

mt thc th dn c c cng nhn l Nh nc, cn hi ba yu t : mt lnh th, mt quc gia, mt t chc hnh chnh. Khi , lnh th c Lin hip Quc tha nhn l mt Nh nc v t chc ny khng t vn v nng lc kinh t ca i tc mi. Trong bin gii c bo lnh, Nh nc ny

chn on - nh gi appraisal - phn loi (aDapt)

Ngun : tc gi.

31S


c ton quyn c lut php quc t tha nhn khun kh ch quyn.

c lnh th trn b, Nh nc phi chng t mong mun l ch ca mt lnh th - kha cnh trit l v vic chim gi thc t lnh th ny kha cnh vt cht. Cc phng thc php l phn b lnh th c cng ng quc t chp nhn gip :

- Khai ph cc vng t mi ;- S gn gi, chim ng lin tc mt lnh

th khng c ch gn lnh th A ;- Trao i lnh th. Cch y 30 nm, Thy S

c yu cu ko di ng bng sn bay v pha Php n my bay hng nng, b li Thy S trao cho Php mt din tch lnh th tng ng cho Php ;

- Mua lnh th. V d nh di thi ch th nht, M mua li bang Louisiane t Php.

Trong tt c cc trng hp, Nh nc cn th hin nguyn vng v hnh vi php l ca mt Nh nc cn thit c tip ni bng hnh ng chim gi thc t lnh th : lc lng qun i khng khng , cn c hot ng sinh hot ca c dn khu nh c, nng nghip, thng mi, b my hnh chnh, cng trnh, v.v.

phm tun anh

Php c cc lnh th hi ngoi, vic qun l c thc hin nh th no ?


l cc thuc a c mong mun thuc v lnh th Php, quy ch thuc a c chuyn thnh tnh nh lc a th cc tnh ny thuc Php, ging nh nhng phn lnh th khc ca Php xt trn kha cnh php lut. Mt phn cc thuc a c thnh cc

chnh quyn hi ngoi, nh Polynsie v Tn o c ch t tr, v hai lnh th ny c hai ngh vin. Cc lnh th khng c c dn thng xuyn do Thng c cp cao qun l v h c cc trung tm khoa hc l trng hp cc qun o ca Php ti Nam Cc, vng t Adlie. Cc lnh th ny c tm quan trng c bit trong pht trin lut bin.

Lut php quc t c nhng qui nh y hn lin quan ti vic nm gi nhng lnh th c iu kin kh hu khc nghit. V d, Ta n Quc t tha nhn ch quyn ca Na Uy i vi o Jan Mayen ti v tuyn 75 Bc, pha ng Groenland, khi trn o ch c trm kh tng thy vn.

Ly v d v o Clipperton ca Php, nm ng Thi Bnh Dng, cch vnh Mexique 1500 km. Php s hu Clipperton vo na sau th k XIX. Vi ng knh 9 km, hn o ny khng c ti nguyn, vic nm gi thc t rt kh. Nhng Php pht hin trn o c pht-pht. V vy Php quyt nh khai thc v s dng nhn cng Mexico. ng thi im ny chnh ph Mexico ra thng bo : Nhng ngi sng lin tc trn o l ngi Mexico v chng ti c ch quyn i vi hn o Clipperton . Hai quc gia a vn ln trng ti. Phn quyt c a ra vo thng 1/1931 : iu quan trng l mong mun lm ch mt lnh th. i vi mt khng gian kh tip cn, Nh nc ch nn chim ng di hnh thc n gin. Nhng nu khng c mong mun chim ng, mt Nh nc khng th i ch quyn i vi lnh th . Mexico cha tng thng bo mong mun s hu lnh th ny. T thi im , mi ln Hi qun Php c tu i qua u gh qua o. C Php c treo trn o. Ngoi ra c gn bia tng nim trn o. Biu tng nhiu khi c tm quan trng ln trong vic phn b lnh th.


Cho d xung t gia hai hay nhiu Nh nc l loi g, nhng ch yu vn l xung t v bin gii, Lin hip Quc yu cu cc quc gia s dng cc bin php ha bnh gii quyt xung t. C nm cch gii quyt c xp thnh hai phng thc.

Phng thc ngoi giao gii quyt mu thun:

- m phn. i s hai nc c mu thun s gp nhau v m phn. Nu l xung t nh, sau khi tin hnh m phn, hai b trng ph trch vn s gp nhau v gii quyt vn ; nu l vn ln, n s c ngi ng u chnh ph hoc nguyn th quc gia gii quyt ;

- Nu con ng ngoi giao tht bi, cc Quc gia s mi bn th ba ng ra ha gii v d nh Tng th k Lin hip Quc, mt lut s quc t c th gii cng nhn v.v. V d nh nguyn Tng thng M Bill Clinton l ngi ng ra ha gii nhiu v vic trn th gii.

Nu xung t thc s nghim trng, cc nc cn a ra ta n quc t gii quyt. Cc quc gia khng my mn m vi phng thc ny v theo phng thc ny, kt qu t c cho d l ha gii hay phn quyt ca ta th u cn phi cng b. C ba phng thc:

- Trng ti. C th a ra mt c quan trng ti duy nht (l phng thc c s dng thng dng nht n tn u th k trc) hoc ba c quan trng ti. Theo phng thc ny, mi quc gia ch nh mt trng ti, hai trng ti ny s ch nh trng ti th ba s l trng ti chnh. Cc bn s tm kim a ra mt gii php trong lut php quc t gii quyt xung t, cc bn s cng nhau ra phn quyt v ni dung phn quyt mang tnh cht bt buc ;

- Ta n Cng l Quc t c tr s ti La Haye, ta n ny c vai tr xc nh lut quc t

c p dng, vic thc thi phn quyt ca ta c thc hin thng qua tha thun gia hai bn. n thi im hin ti, Ta n Cng l Quc t th l khong 15 v n tranh chp lnh th bin ;

- Ta n Quc t v Lut bin. Bao gm 21 thm phn i din ca ton b cc lnh th trn th gii, tt c cc thm phn u c chuyn ngnh lut bin. Ta n c thm quyn gii quyt cc tranh chp lin quan n vic gii thch v p dng Cng c v Lut bin trong tt c cc loi xung t : lnh th bin, nh bt, nhim, v.v.

By gi chng ta cng nhau xem xt cc phng thc xc nh bin gii.

Khc vi cch ngi ta thng ngh, ng bin gii t nhin nh sng hay ni him khi c s dng phn nh bin gii. Cho d theo h thng no, c th l kinh tuyn hay v tuyn cng c th c s dng min l cc quc gia thng nht vi nhau. C hai bc trong xc nh bin gii :

- Phn nh ng bin gii - l mt hot ng php l quyt nh ng bin gii c xc nh nh th no;

- Cm mc bin gii l hot ng thc t xc nh bin gii trn thc a v tin hnh cm mc.

i vi bin gii trn bin, ngi ta s dng ta ngn nht bn cnh h thng kinh tuyn cc ta c a ln bn c cc bn tha nhn. Theo Cng c Montego Bay, cc quc gia c ngha v kho st thu vn v o v bn hng hi. i vi cc quc gia khng c c quan thy vn bin, cc quc gia ny c th nh cc quc gia khc c nng lc tr gip. C ba nc l Anh, M v Php l cc quc gia c lng bn o c ln nht trn th gii.


Lut php nh ngha o l g ? Vic tha nhn o c tc ng rt ln, th hin bng vic c hn mt iu quy nh v o trong Cng c 1982. iu 121 vit : o l mt vng t t nhin c nc bao bc, khi thu triu ln vng t ny vn trn mt nc . Cng ging nh t lc a, o c lnh hi, thm lc a v vng c quyn kinh t. Nhng gii hn vic m rng lnh th bin ca cc cng quc ln, nhm G77 a thm khon 3 vo iu 121: Nhng hn o no khng thch hp cho con ngi n hoc cho mt i sng kinh t ring th khng c vng c quyn kinh t v thm lc a . Nhng trn thc t, sau khi Cng c c hiu lc, cc quc gia tm kim trn bn nhng vin si nh nht - ni h c th thc thi ch quyn v ni rng l mt hn o.

i vi vic xc nh bin gii trn bin, iu ny kh n gin. Hy hnh dung ta c mt b bin v mt bin gii gia Nh nc A v Nh nc B:

- Trong trng hp hai nc c chung ng bin gii, gii php n gin nht l ly bin gii trn b ri ko di ra trn bin bng ng cch u ;

- i vi hai quc gia cch xa nhau, khng c hai lnh hi, lc ny s s dng ng trung v : c ngha l cc im cch u t khong cch lnh hi gia hai quc gia.

i vi vng kinh t, s kh qun l hn v n c vng t ni di bin ni ng dn Nh nc B n t bao i nay, nhng Nh nc A do khng phi l mt quc gia c bin nn khng n. Nh nc A v B c th quyt nh ko di v mt l thuyt bin gii t lin ti mt im no . Nh nc B s a ra xut un ng bin gii i vng qua hn o, c th ln n 200 dm ;

Nh nc A s chp nhn hoc khng chp nhn.

phn nh thm lc a, ri vng c quyn kinh t, Ta n Cng l Quc t thay i n l , mt mt, ch a ra mt bin gii vng c quyn kinh t v thm lc a, v mt khc, a ra gii php bnh ng theo tinh thn c vn dng trong bin gii t lin. S thay i ny bt ngun t mt phn quyt rt ni ting ca Ta n Cng l Quc t a ra nm 1951 lin quan n v vic nh c ca Na Uy ti o Lofoten. Thng qua mt sc lnh, nh vy l bng cch n phng, Na Uy y li bin gii bin ca mnh ra pha Ty Bc - quyt nh ny y cc tu nh c nc ngoi ra khi vng nhiu c. L do a ra khi quyt nh nh vy l ngi dn o Lofoten sng c lp vo ma ng v nh bt l phng thc mu sinh duy nht ca h

2012.-lop-chuyen-de-11

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