2012 management of snake bite
DESCRIPTION
簡易毒蛇咬傷處置TRANSCRIPT
SNAKE BITE
醫學役男:吳恩守
A mordida de Cobra。毒蛇咬傷及處置
SNAKE BITE
•蛇毒種類
•台灣常⾒見毒蛇
•聖多美普林⻄西⽐比常⾒見毒蛇
•毒蛇咬傷後處置
SNAKE BITE
• 出⾎血性蛇毒
• ⻱⿔龜殼花,⾚赤尾⻘青⽵竹絲,百步蛇
• 神經性蛇毒
• ⾬雨傘節, 眼鏡蛇
• 混合性蛇毒
• 鎖鏈蛇
TYPE OF SNAKE VENOM IN TAIWAN
SNAKE BITE
出⾎血性蛇毒 ⻱⿔龜殼花 | TRIMERESURUS MUCROSQUAMATUS
俗稱:⽜牛⾓角蛇
• 辨認特徵:
• 背部,暗茶⾊色斑塊,前後連續並向左右彎曲⽽而呈波浪狀。
• 頭呈三⾓角形,頸部細⼩小。
SNAKE BITE
出⾎血性蛇毒 ⾚赤尾⻘青⽵竹絲 | TRIMERESURUS STEJNEGERI
俗稱:⾚赤尾鮐、⻘青⽵竹絲、⽵竹葉⻘青、⻘青⽵竹鏢
• 辨認特徵:
• 背部,鮮綠⾊色;腹部呈⿈黃綠⾊色;尾部為磚紅⾊色
• 頭呈三⾓角形,有頰窩。
SNAKE BITE
出⾎血性蛇毒 ⻱⿔龜殼花&⾚赤尾⻘青⽵竹絲
• 常⾒見症狀:
• 局部淤⾎血、腫脹,少數有⽔水泡或⾎血泡,少⾒見全⾝身性出⾎血症狀。
SNAKE BITE
出⾎血性蛇毒 百步蛇 | DEINAGKISTRODON ACUTUS
俗稱:五步蛇、蝮蛇、⼭山⾕谷鱉、百花蛇
• 辨認特徵:
• 體背兩側有⿊黑褐⾊色倒三⾓角形斑紋、左右相對呈沙漏狀、嘴尖向上翹
• 頭呈三⾓角形,狀似鱉頭
SNAKE BITE
出⾎血性蛇毒 百步蛇
• 常⾒見症狀:
• 局部淤⾎血、腫脹、起⽔水泡與多發性⾎血泡
• 臨床上可⾒見明顯⾎血⼩小板減少,PT、APTT延⻑⾧長及全⾝身性出⾎血傾向,常會產⽣生全⾝身性擴散性的⾎血管內凝⾎血病變(DIC)
SNAKE BITE
神經性蛇毒 ⾬雨傘節 | BUNGARUS MULTICINCTUS
俗稱:百節蛇、⽩白節蛇、簸箕甲
• 辨認特徵:
• 全⾝身有⿊黑寬⽩白窄相間的斑紋
• 頭圓⽽而⼩小不呈三⾓角形,⼝口內有⼀一對⼤大溝⽛牙、兩對⼩小溝⽛牙。
SNAKE BITE
神經性蛇毒 ⾬雨傘節
• 毒素:
• 神經毒素:α- & β- Bungarotoxins
SNAKE BITE
神經性蛇毒 ⾬雨傘節
• 常⾒見症狀:
• 呼吸衰竭
• 全⾝身肌⾁肉⿇麻痺
• 深度昏迷
SNAKE BITE
神經性蛇毒 眼鏡蛇 | NAJA NAJA
俗稱:飯匙倩、蝙蝠蛇、脹頸蛇
• 辨認特徵:
• 受驚嚇時,上⾝身仰起,頭頸昂仰噴張。
• 頸部有⼀一寬⽩白斑紋,內有⿊黑點,頸部擴張時被看似戴眼鏡般。
• 頭⼤大頸⼩小,⾝身體棕⾊色略帶斑點
SNAKE BITE
神經性蛇毒 眼鏡蛇
• 毒素
• 細胞毒素(Cytotoxin)
➡局部劇痛、腫脹、局部組織變⿊黑、壞死,橫紋肌溶解
• 神經毒素:毒蛋⽩白(Cobrotoxin)
SNAKE BITE
混合性蛇毒 鎖鏈蛇 | VIPERA RUSSELLI FORMOSENSIS
俗稱:鎖仔蛇、鏈仔蛇
• 辨認特徵:
• 體背⾯面有三縱列交錯的暗⾊色或深褐⾊色橢圓形斑紋
• 頭呈三⾓角形,背⾯面為淺灰褐⾊色
• 亦與⻱⿔龜殼花花紋混淆
SNAKE BITE
• 台灣主要表現為出⾎血毒
• 常⾒見症狀:
• 局部淤⾎血、腫脹,少數有⽔水泡或⾎血泡,此外有DIC
• 溶⾎血、橫紋肌溶解、急性腎衰竭
混合性蛇毒 鎖鏈蛇
SNAKE BITE
TIPO DE COBRA VENENOSA EM SÃO TOMÉ E PRÍNCIPE
• Jameson's mamba | Dendroaspis jamesoni | Cobra preta
• Forest cobra | Naja melanoleuca | Black & white cobra
SNAKE BITE
JAMESON'S MAMBA DENDROASPIS JAMESONI | COBRA PRETA
• Neurotoxin
• Cardiotoxins, fasciculins
• Hemotoxic and Myotoxic components
• Envenomation 30-120 mins > DEATH
SNAKE BITE
FOREST COBRA NAJA MELANOLEUCA | BLACK & WHITE COBRA
• Neurotoxin
• The high average venom yield per bite is around 500 mg
• Envenomation 30-120 mins > DEATH
SNAKE BITE
TREATMENT 到院前處置
• 使患者保持冷靜並離開毒蛇區域
• 移除肢體上可能束縛物
• 勿使⽤用⽌止⾎血帶或使⽤用冰敷
• 不要切開局部傷⼝口及避免以⼝口吸毒液
• 患肢保持低於⼼心臟的⾼高度,儘快以彈性繃帶或具彈性之寬⾐衣料等,給予壓迫性包紮,並以夾板或護⽊木固定患肢以其不能亂動
SNAKE BITE
TREATMENT 到院後處置
• 穩定⽣生命徵象• 評估可能的毒蛇種類• 消毒傷⼝口、給予破傷⾵風
• 若眼鏡蛇毒液噴⼊入⼈人眼時,以⼤大量0.9%⽣生理⻝⾷食鹽⽔水或清⽔水清洗15分鐘,由內往外
• 視情況給予蛇毒⾎血清• ⽀支持性治療
SNAKE BITE
TREATMENT 蛇毒⾎血清
• ⾎血清越早給予越有效果,但若診斷延遲,經過4-5⽇日或甚⾄至更久仍有明顯效果
• 先進⾏行⽪皮膚過敏測試• 抗出⾎血性⾎血清:⻱⿔龜殼花1~4 vial、⾚赤尾⻘青⽵竹絲1 vial• 抗神經性⾎血清:眼鏡蛇6-10 vial、⾬雨傘節1-4 vial• 抗百步蛇⾎血清:2-4 vial• 抗鎖鏈蛇⾎血清:2-4 vial
TREATMENT 蛇毒⾎血清 | ⽪皮膚測試
• 以⽣生理⻝⾷食鹽⽔水100倍稀釋抗蛇毒⾎血清,取0.1毫升(含1抗毒單位)注射於前臂⽪皮內,於3分鐘內局部產⽣生輪狀紅腫,周圍起紅暈者為陽性反應
• 若呈陽性反應者確實需使⽤用⾎血清治療,則先⾏行注射抗組織胺藥物及類固醇,並減慢注射速度⾄至30min-2hr。同時準備1:1000之epinephrine以供過敏性休克時使⽤用
SNAKE BITE
TREATMENT 蛇毒⾎血清
• ⾎血清副作⽤用:• 過敏性休克
• 氣管攣縮、低⾎血壓、發紺、休克• 過敏反應
• 蕁⿇麻疹、氣喘、⾎血管性淋巴腫• 通常發⽣生於4-10⽇日,但亦有延遲⾄至⼀一個⽉月⽽而發⽣生者• 以類固醇、抗組織胺治療
SNAKE BITE
TRATAMENTO O SORO ANTIVENENO DE COBRA
• SAIMR POLYVALENT SNAKE ANTIVENOM
SNAKE BITE
TRATAMENTO O SORO ANTIVENENOSO DE COBRA
• Dendroaspis jamesoni
• Secure Four vials (40 mls) immediately, and withdraw the contents into a single syringe
• Administer the undiluted Antivenom IV at a rate of 1 vial/min
• Naja melanoleuca
• Secure Three vials (30 mls) immediately, and withdraw the contents into a single syringe
• Administer the undiluted Antivenom IV in an established I.V. slowly over a period of 2 minutes
SNAKE BITE
TRATAMENTO O SORO ANTIVENENO DE COBRA
• 到院時,需⾄至少備有10vial的劑量
• Dendroaspis jamesoni
• minor bite w/ envenomation: 4-6 vial
• moderate or severe bites: 8-15 vial• Naja melanoleuca
• minor bite w/ envenomation: 4-6 vial
• moderate or severe bites: 8-10 vial
SNAKE BITE
TRATAMENTO O SORO ANTIVENENO DE COBRA
• Testing for Equine Protein Sensitivity
• NOT ADVISABLE• If there is reason to believe that the patient may be sensitive
to equine protein products, the following may be performed• Administer 1 gram of Solumedrol I.V. push.• Wait 10 minutes.• Administer the antivenom by direct IV infusion at a rate of 1 vial/ 5mins• Monitor Pulse and Blood Pressure carefully. Be prepared to treat for
Anaphylaxis with Epinephrine and other vasoactive medications.
SNAKE BITE
SUMÁRIO
• Tipo de cobra venenosa em São Tomé e Príncipe
• Jameson's mamba & Forest cobra
• Neurotoxin• O SORO ANTIVENENOSO DE COBRA
• S.A.I.M.R. Polyvalent Snake Antivenom
• Make sure that at least 10 vials Antivenom are present with the patient.
THANKS for YOUR ATTENTION