2013 mödlinger cap helmets arheoloski vestnik 64

8/10/2019 2013 Mdlinger Cap Helmets Arheoloski Vestnik 64

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65Arheoloki vestnik 64, 2013, str. 65101

Star decoration on Late Bronze Age helmets,cups and decorated discs in central and south-eastern Europe

Marianne MDLINGER

Izvleek

Dokumentiranje in analiziranje bronastodobnih ko-sov oroja, odkritih na obmoju srednje in jugovzhodneEvrope, je pokazalo, da precejnje tevilo tistih poprejopredeljenih kot deli elad dejansko pripada okraenimdiskom s primerljivim okrasom. Okras na teh predmetih

je narejen z iztolenimi bunicami, ki tvorijo eno ali velinij dotikajoih se lokov, povezanih v krog oziroma zvez-dasti motiv. Pod loki so vasih dodatne iztolene bunice,obdane z enim ali ve krogi, t. i. puncirani kroci, celotenmotiv pa je lahko obdan z enim ali ve iztolenimi krogi.

ak okras najdemo na razlinih vrstah predmetov, razenna okraenih diskih in eladah tudi na bronastih in ke-raminih posodah. Prispevek predstavlja te predmete alisamo njihove odlomke in prinaa razpravo o njihovemizvoru, razprostranjenosti in tipologiji.

Kljune besede: srednja in jugovzhodna Evropa, zvezdastiokras, elade, okraeni diski,skodelice, pozna bronasta doba

Abstract

Analyses and documentation o Bronze Age armour piecesrom eastern and central Europe revealed that a consider-able number o ragments previously attributed to helmetswere in act parts o discs with comparable decoration. helatter consists o single or multiple embossed lines shapedinto conjoining arcs arranged in a circle and orming astar. he arcs are sometimes illed with small embossedpellets surrounded by a single or multiple rings, termedring-and-dot decoration. he whole might be surroundedby either a single or multiple embossed rings. he article

presents all the bronze cups, helmets and discs, includingragments, as well as ceramic vessels that are decoratedwith this star moti; it also discusses and deines theirorigin, distribution and typology.

Keywords: central and south-eastern Europe, star deco-ration, helmets, decorated discs,cups, Late Bronze Age

Documentation work or a project on the manu-acture and use o the Bronze Age armour romeastern and central Europe (see Acknowledge-ments) brought about a list o ragments thoughtto have belonged to bronze helmets. An analysisrevealed that the majority o the alleged helmetragments actually belonged to decorated discso sheet bronze. Most were published withouta photograph and their drawings were o poorquality without a scale, making it impossibleto exactly reconstruct their shape and size. he

erroneous interpretation is thus not surprising.Apart rom helmets (most recently Karavani 2009,116118; Gleirscher 2007, 4850; Schauer 1982,339; id. 2003, 193, 201; koberne 2001, 1135;

Kemenczei 1979, 81 ) some were also interpretedas ragments o sheet bronze to be attached to awooden container, possibly a cist (Clausing 1996;id. 2001, 210). he alternative interpretation odecorated discs is substantiated by the loop onthe reverse o some o the large ragments thatmatches the correctly identiied discs with similardecoration, such as those rom Nadap and NovaBingula (Hansen 1994, 258260; Popovi 1975,38; Mller-Karpe 1959). Apart rom their identi-ication, the manuacturing technique and usage

o the decorated discs has also been discussedrecently (Mdlinger, Piccardo 2012). Milan Sala(2002, 269) identiied such decorated discs whendiscussing the ragments rom northern Croatia,


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66 Marianne MDLINGER

Augsdor in Austria and Jurka vas in Slovenia.Also, obias Mrtz interpreted such ragments asparts o decorated discs (2011b, 95) rather than asragments o bronze cap helmets ound between

Lake Balaton and the Sava river (c. Clausing 2001,210; Karavani 2009, 116 ), noting that the ewcomplete helmets that survive lack the ring-and-dot decoration. Whether interpreted as helmets ordiscs, all authors generally agree on their datingto BA DHa A1, and bronze cups with the sametype o decoration to Ha A2B1 (see Catalogue).All the ragments o cap helmets and discs withsome orm o star decoration have been ound inhoards. he majority o the discs were incompletewith only a ew, such as those rom Privina Glava,

Nadap, Poljanci I and Zalaszentmihly-Ptrte,almost complete (Cat. Nos. 11, 14, 7, 26).

In attempting to reliably dierentiate betweenhelmet ragments and discs, it is o crucial im-

portance that the objects be studied irst hand,because published drawings alone rarely suice.here are a number o decorative and structuraleatures that can be used to dierentiate between

the two. Firstly, the ring-and-dot decoration underthe conjoining arcs o the star moti (Fig. 1: 4,5) isound on a number o discs, but not on helmets.Secondly, the outer ring o ribs that surround thestar moti always runs very close to the edge othe disc that is smooth (Pls.13), whereas the rimo a cap helmet is perorated (Pls. 45). hirdly,discs are completely lat and not hammered into aconvex or bowl shape typical o helmets. Fourthly,ragments o discs oten have a central loop on thereverse (Pls. 13), which would be quite unusual

i positioned at the centre o the underside o ahelmet. Finally, the decoration on discs is ar moredelicate than on helmets, with the embossed ribsbeing much thinner.

Fig. 1:Schematically drawn development o the star decoration. 1 Discs with outer ribs only; 2 discs with ribs; 3 discs with ribs and ring-and-dots; 4 discs with ribs, ring-and-dots and the star moti; 5 discs with ribs, ring-and-dots,the star moti and small bosses (probably later variant).Sl. 1: Shematini prikaz razvoja zvezdastega okrasa. 1 Diski z robnimi rebri; 2 diski z rebri; 3 diski z rebri inpunciranimi kroci; 4 diski z rebri, punciranimi kroci in zvezdastim motivom; 5 diski z rebri, punciranimi kroci,zvezdastim motivom in iztolenimi bunicami (verjetno kasneja razliica).


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67Star decoration on Late Bronze Age helmets, cups and decorated discs in central and south-eastern Europe

he decorated discs and other sheet-bronzeobjects decorated with the star moti show a great

variety in orm and differences in distribution. Tetext below addresses the origin o this decoration ineastern and central Europe, ocussing mainly on its

development and chronology during the Late BronzeAge. It also briefly discusses the northern Europeanfinds o bronze cups and south-eastern Europeanfinds o helmets, discs and ceramic cups, which areclosely related to these decorated discs and havetheir origin in the preceding Middle Bronze Age.

DECORATION

he star moti consists o individual arcs arranged

in a ring, with the ends o the arcs acing outwards(Fig. 1: 4,5). As the decorative moti develops, theends o individual arcs become joined. In addition,some discs have ring-and-dots positioned centrallyunder each arc. he disc rom Brandgraben (Cat.No. 2), on the other hand, has large round bosses(Pl. 1: 2) instead o the ring-and-dots. he star motiis usually encircled by ribs, which can be oundon both helmets and discs. On discs, however, theribs are positioned very close to the smooth edgewithout visible traces o breakage (Pls. 13), which

justiies their interpretation as not being brokeno rom a large object such as a helmet. he outerrings o ribs usually consists o three; exceptionsare the disc ragments rom Augsdor (Cat. No.1), Brodski Varo (Cat. Nos. 34), Pamuk (Cat.No. 13) and Poljanci II (Cat. No. 8) with our ribsand the ragment rom Nadap (Cat. No. 14) withive (Tab. 1). On bronze cups, the outer ribs aresubstituted with two or more lines o decorativebosses (Pl. 5), which irst appear in Ha A1. hissuggests a later date or the bronze cups than or

the cap helmets and decorated discs, which isconsistent with the relative dating o the bronzecup hoards (Dresden-Dobritz, Osternienburg, Vi-ernheim; Cat. Nos. 6870) to Ha A2B1 (Martin2009, 16). However, a small number o (possiblyearlier) star-decorated discs also bears decorativebosses (Pl. 1: 4,6,8,10); namely the ragments romNagyvejke (Cat. No. 15), Brodski Varo (Cat. Nos.34), Gornji Slatinik (Cat. No. 6), Poljanci II (Cat.No. 8) and Veliko Nabre (Cat. No. 10); the lasttwo with small embossed pellets only. he disc

rom Brandgraben (Cat. No. 2) might also allinto this group (Pl. 1). Ceramic cups (Tab. 3)show no urther decoration apart rom severalribs running either parallel or perpendicular to

Cat.No.

Disc

Ploa

Outerribs

Ronarebra

Ribsstar

Zvezdasta

rebra

Innerribs

Notranja

rebra

1 Augsdor 4 4

2 Brandgraben 3 3

3 Brodski Varo 4 3

4 Brodski Varo 3 3

5 Budinina ? 4 4

6 Gornji Slatinik 2 57 Poljanci I 3 3

8 Poljanci II 4 6 3

9 Slavonski Brod 3 ? ?

10 Veliko Nabre 3 4

11 Privina Glava 3 5

12 Pestavlky ? 3

13 Pamuk 4 3

14 Nadap 5 12 4

15 Nagyvejke 3 3

16 Nova Bingula 3 5

17 ermoie ? 5

Cat.No.

Helmet

elada

Lowerribs

Spodnjarebra

Middleribs

Sredinskarebra

Innerribs

Notranjarebra

Ribsstar

Zvezdastarebra

50 Hungary (?) 3 - 6 5

51Northern Hungary(?)

3 - 7 4

52 Paks 3 - 5 3

53 iar nad Hronom 3 - 7 3

54Unknown;Auction Cahn I

6 6 5

55Markovac-Grunjac,Serbia

4 - - -

56 Veliko Nabre 4 ? ? ?

57 Poljanci I 3 ? ? ?

58 Elsterwerda 3 ? ? ?

59 Guttmann AG 246 4 6 9 -

60 Guttmann AG 1126 3 - 3 -

Tab. 1: Overview o decorative characteristics on caphelmets and discs decorated with ribs and the star moti.Tab. 1:Preglednica okrasnih znailnosti na kapastih eladahin diskih, okraenih z rebri in zvezdastim motivom.


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the rim (Fig. 4), with the exception o the cuprom Zlat Moravce-Kaice (Cat. No. 93) withchevrons placed between the parallel lines (Mrtz2011b, Fig. 3: B). he star moti (as on Fig. 1:4)has also been ound on the interior o a number

o ceramic cups, as well as on their exterior. heceramic cups rom Augustin-ipia Ormeniului(Cat. No. 73) and Alba Iulia Monolit, Romania(Cat. No. 72), appear to be closely related to thestar-decorated discs, as they similarly have the starmoti surrounded by an outer ring o ribs runningparallel to the rim or the base. Other types osheet-bronze objects with the star moti are rareand, so ar, there is only the sheet-bronze ragmentrom Sacoti, Romania (Rusu 1990, Pl. III: 3; theragment is lat and not bent, as suggested by the

sketch by Rusu), that could represent a ragmento a belt plate.

ORIGIN

he star moti irst appears on cast bronze ob-jects rom the Middle Bronze Age in south-easternand central Europe, including dress pins o thepre-Lusatian culture (Fig. 2). Similar decorationoccurs on the pommel discs o solid-hilted swords

or Vollgrischwerter rom BA BHa B1 (Fig. 3:112), as well as on disc-headed axes (Fig. 3: 13)rom central and southern Europe (Martin 2009,49, note 89; Coblenz 1951, 156, note 69). he star

moti is combined with ring-and-dots already onthe pommel discs o the early solid-hilted swords(Fig. 3: 1,2,7,8), but also on later swords (Fig. 3:3,4,9). It is important to note that the star moti oncast bronze objects consists o a circular arrange-

ment o separate arcs, the ends o which are notconjoined, the only exception with conjoined arcsbeing the swords rom Bingula-Divo and Krasz-nokvajda (Fig. 3:10,11). Mrtz (2011b) suggestedanother possible origin o the star moti, namelythe group o luted (kanneliert) ceramic cups withgarland decoration. However, the origin in the castbronze objects seems more likely, because there

Fig. 2:Dress pins with the star decoration. All bronze; not to scale.Sl. 2:Igle z zvezdastim okrasom. Vse bron; ni v merilu.13 Olmo di Nogara (I) (Cupit 2006, Figs. 5, 6); 4 Perov-Pedmost (Cz) (Sala 2005, Pl. 33: A3); 5 Jordanwlski (Pl) (Gedl 1983, No. 143); 6,7 Kietrz (Pl) (Gedl 1983, Nos. 145, 146); 8 Wrocaw-Ksie Wielkie (Pl) (Gedl1983, No. 226).

Fig. 3:Swords o dierent types rom BA B2Ha B1 (112)and a butt-headed axe rom Winklarn (13), all with thestar decoration. All bronze; not to scale [scale 11 = 1:3].Sl. 3: Mei razlinih tipov iz asa Bd B2Ha B1 (112)in kolutasta sekira iz Winklarna (13), vse z zvezdastimokrasom. Vse bron; ni v merilu [M. 11 = 1:3].1 Absam/Hall (A) (Krmer 1985, Pl. 1: 4); 2 Breitenbach(A) (Krmer 1985, Pl. 3: 13); 3 Kirchberg am Wagram (A)(Krmer 1985, Pl. 11: 62); 4 Greiner Strudel (A) (Krmer1985, Pl. 11: 63); 5 Wrschach (A) (Krmer 1985, Pl.16: 96); 6 Hinterri (A) (Krmer 1985, Pl. 16: 97); 7 Korr (H) (Kemenczei 1991, Pl. 11: 56); 8 Stechow(D)

(Wstemann 2004, Pl. 58: 419); 9 amsi (H) (Kemenczei1991, Pl. 19: 85); 10 Bingula-Divo (Srb) (Harding 1995,Pl. 30: 237); 11 Krasznokvajda (H) (Kemenczei 1991,Pl. 40: 178,179); 12 Strachotice (Cz) (hovsk 2000,160, Pl. 9: 15); 13 Winklarn (A) (Mayer 1977, Pl. 7: 79).


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is an overlap in both the distribution area andchronological horizon, which is not the case withthe luted (kanneliert) pottery. Moreover, the starmoti on cast objects is not the main decorativeelement, but merely one in a wide repertoire o

decoration including wave and spiral decoration(Mozsolics 1967, 3349; Hnsel 1968, 6165; David2002, 92158; Sicherl 2004, 8697).

he starmoti on Austrian swords lasts until thoseo ype Erlach, dated to Ha A1; on later swords,such as ype Wrschach, the arcs develop into acontinuous waveband (Fig. 3: 5,6). In Moravia,the star moti can be ound on solid-hilted swordsrom Ha B with bowl-shaped pommels, such as thatrom Strachotice (Fig. 3: 12). wo swords o ypeR, Variant I, rom Krasznokvajda, Hungary, even

show a double ring o star decoration on the pom-mel disc (Fig. 3: 11). In the Balkans, swords withstar decoration belong to ype Dreiwulst and dateto Ha A1, such as that rom the Budinina hoard(Harding 1995, Pl. 29: 234), which also contains anumber o discs (Cat. Nos. 5 and 28), and rom thehoard o Bingula-Divo (Fig. 3: 10) (Harding 1995,Pl. 30: 237), which includes two discs (Cat. Nos.23, 27). We cannot, thereore, assume that the stardecoration is transmitted rom older bronze cast tolater sheet-bronze objects, as suggested by Mrtz

(2011b, 98). Alternatively, we can suggest that thedevelopment o the star moti on cast objects, suchas swords, underwent a separate development, withan early adoption and later modiication o suchdecoration on sheet-bronze objects such as discs,helmets and cups (Fig.1), therein representing di-erent developmental trajectories. he star motiin general appears to have gone out o ashion onsheet-bronze objects such as helmets by Ha A2and on bronze cups by Ha B1.

he ceramic vessels decorated with the star

moti most likely have their predecessors in theceramic cups with garland decoration (Fig. 4).he garland decoration consists o individualarcs arranged horizontally, with the ends o thearcs conjoined and usually acing upwards. Suchcups were ound at iszared and iszapalkonya,Hungary, both sites connected with the Fzesabonyculture (Hansen 1994, 260; Mrtz 2011b, 101).hey are also known rom the uto Brdo-GhrlaMare culture, which is contemporary with the irstappearance o similarly decorated, but cast bronze

objects, such as pins and sword hilts (Mrtz 2011b,101; Hnsel 1968, 133142; andor, Chicideanu2003, 9197). he star moti on ceramic objectsirst appears on luted-neck pottery o the Lusatian

Fig. 4:Pottery with the star or garland decoration (72,73,

88,89 ,91). he numbers reer to those in the Catalogue,Tab. 3.Ceramic; dierent scales(c. 1:8).Sl. 4:Lonenina z zvezdastim ali girlandnim okrasom (72,73,88,89,91). tevilke se nanaajo na tevilke v Katalogu,tab. 3. Vse keramika; razlina merila(pribl. 1:8).72 Alba-Iulia-Monolit (Ro) (ater Ciugudean 2010 Pl.XII: 4); 73 Augustin-ipia Ormeniului (Ro) (ater / poCiugudean 2010 Pl. XVI: 5,6,12,14); 88 Simeria (Ro)(ater / po Ciugudean 2010 Pl. XI: 1,4); 89 Susani (Ro)(ater / po Mrtz 2011b, Fig. 1.A); 91 eleac (Ro) (ater /po Ciugudean 2010 Pl. XIII: 2).

culture and spreads eastwards to the Kyjatice undGva cultures (Kemenczei 1979, 84), reaching asar as Babadag, Romania (Cat. No. 74). he motiappears to survive until as late as the Mezcst


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group and the Late Hallstatt period (Pankau 2004,7273). Apart rom the garland-decorated pot-tery, the star moti on cups was most likely alsoinluenced by cap helmets decorated with the starmoti. he close connection in decoration between

the ceramic and the metal cups is no coincidence,because most ceramic vessels are graphite-coated,polished and bearing lugs, thus imitating the lusterand shine o bronze vessels and cups decorated withthe more typical Late Urnield moti o pellets andbosses (Mrtz 2011b, 98100). he later ceramiccups with engraved star decoration rom Moravia,Silesia and the western Carpathians (Fig. 4) mightalso have imitated the older luted-neck ceramicrom the Carpathian Basin (Mrtz 2011b, 101).

Elsewhere in Europe, similar bronze vessels deco-

rated with the star moti are known rom Denmarkand northern Germany. he ragment o a cup romGyldensgrd, Denmark, shows a star-like motion the base with bosses in the arcs (Sprockho1930, 49 ; hrane 1962, 112116). More similarare the decorated ragments rom Kivik, Sweden(Randsborg 1993, 55 ). Further cast bronze cupswith similar, but incised decoration were ound inLptin (Mrtz 2011b, 96; Jacob 1995, 11 ; Hundt1958) and Seddin, both Germany (Mrtz 2011b,96; Martin 2009, 19 , Pl. 1: 1; Kersten 1958, 19,

no. 117). Further parallels or the decorated cupso Variant Osternienburg-Dresden, are knownrom stermarie, where a cast bronze cup wasound (hrane 1962, 116 , Fig. 6: 7a). However,the bronze cups rom Kivik and Gyldensgrd aswell as the later one rom Lptin are clearly o localmanuacture, inspired by and imitating the woodenbowls decorated with bronze and tin (Randsborg2011, 188), which was already suggested or thecup rom Seddin (Martin 2009, 20; hrane 1962,132141; Hundt 1958, 3440; Sprockho 1930, 49

). hese cups, however, are not connected to theones rom central or eastern Europe.

DEPOSITION

here appears to be an exclussive depositionpractice or each type o object with star-decoration:helmets, discs, cups and pottery. All decorateddiscs were ound in hoards, which typically includetools, weapons or armour and ornaments, provid-

ing little clue as to the social or practical unctiono the discs. he only exception is the hoard romZalaszentmihly-Ptrte (Cat. No. 26), which consistso ornaments only (Mller 1972). he presented

disc rom this hoard is almost complete and doesnot appear to have been intentionally broken ordamaged. Cap helmets with star decoration, onthe other hand, were deposited in hoards only assingle ragments o either a cap or a knob. he ew

complete inds o helmets appear all to be strayinds, as suggested by the helmet rom Paks (Cat.No. 52), the only complete helmet with a certainind context. Attention must also be drawn to thehelmet rom the ormer Guttmann collection (Cat.No. 60), which was reportedly ound together withtwo disc pendants, two bracelets and an arrowhead (Born, Hansen 2001, 64, Fig. 58). Bronzecups are usually ound in graves; only the cupsrom Dresden-Dobritz (Cat. No. 68) have beenound as part o a hoard. Ceramic cups with the

star moti, on the other hand, are known romboth settlements and graves.

DISTRIBUTION

he star decoration on central European LateBronze Age sheet-metal objects and pottery is muchmore widely distributed (Fig. 5) than suggestedby Mrtz (2011b, 103). A list o star-decorateddiscs (Pl. 1) was irst published by Peter Knig

(2004, 181, List 15; Pl. 91). It comprised the indsrom Augsdor, Brodski Varo, Budinina, GornjiSlatinik, Nova Bingula, Pamuk, Poljanci II, PrivinaGlava and Veliko Nabre. He distinguished betweenragments with concentric circles and ragmentswith ring-and-dot decoration (Pl. 2 and3), such asthose rom Bingula-Divo, Boljani, Gornji Slatinik,Klievac-Pomrlovo and Zalaszentmihly-Ptrte.He (2004, 76) also suggested that the discs withthe star moti were mainly distributed in Syrmiaand Slavonia.

Te concentration o star-decorated discs indicatesthat their place o origin should be sought in thearea o Slavonski Brod, in the Posavina region. Temoti spreads to the northwest, where the numbero decorative elements increases. Te simplest ormo the decorated discs, with circular ribs only (Pl. 3),shows a concentration around Slavonski Brod,reaching as ar west as Budinina (ollowing theDrava valley upstream), to Majdan in the east andEsztergom in the north; the latter disc is most likelyan item o trade up the Danube. Te distribution

area o these discs, excluding the outlying findsrom Majdan and Esztergom (45, 46), correspondsroughly with the distribution core o the discs withribs and ring-and-dot decoration; reaching in the


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Fig. 5:he distribution map o the star decoration. he numbers reer to those in the Catalogue(171),Table 2 (7293),and in Addendum (A1, A2).Unlocated sites (Hungary ?): 50,51,54,59,60.Sl. 5:Karta razprostranjenosti zvezdastega motiva. tevilke se nanaajo na tevilke v Katalogu (171), natabeli 2 (7293)

in v Dodatku (A1, A2).Nelocirana najdia (Madarska ?): 50, 51, 54, 59, 60.

1Augsdor/Velden (A)2Brandgraben (A)34Brodski Varo (Hr)5Budinina (Hr)6Gornji Slatinik (Hr)7Poljanci I (Hr)8Poljanci II (Hr)9Slavonski Brod (Hr)10Veliko Nabre (Hr)11Privina Glava (Srb)

12Pestavlky (Cz)13Pamuk (H)14Nadap (H)15Nagyvejke (H)16Nova Bingula (Srb)

17ermoie (Slo)18Markovac-Grunjac (Srb)19Boljani (BiH)20Brodski Varo (Hr)21Poljanci IV (Hr)22 Jurka vas ((Slo)23Bingula-Divo (Srb)24Klievac-Pomrlovo (Srb)25Muov II (Cz)26Zalaszentmihly-Ptrte (H)

27Bingula-Divo (Srb)28Budinina (Hr)2931Brodski Varo (Hr)32Gornja Vrba (Hr)33Otok-Privlaka (Hr)

34Veliko Nabre (Hr)35Boljani (BiH)36Gornji Slatinik (Hr)37Brodski Varo (Hr)38Veliko Nabre (Hr)39Boljani (BiH)40Jadrina (BiH)41Kuita (BiH)42Jarak I (Srb)43, 44Privina Glava (Srb)

45Majdan (Srb)46 Esztergom-Szentgyr-gymez (H)47Otok-Privlaka (Hr)48Veliko Nabre (Hr)

49Brodski Varo (Hr)52Paks (H)53iar nad Hronom (Sk)55Markovac-Grunjac (Srb)56Veliko Nabre (Hr)57Poljanci I (Hr)58Elsterwerda (D)61Strassengel (A)62Guteria (Ro)63Wllersdor (A)

64 Hoko Pohorje ((Slo)65Uioara de Sus (Ro)66 Meznyrd (H)67Seddin (D)68Dresden-Dobritz (D)

Discs with ribs, ring-and-dots and the star motif / Diski z rebri, punciranimi kroci in zvezdastim motivom:117

Discs with ribs and ring-and-dots / Diski z rebri in punciranimi kroci: 1826

Discs with ribs (and eventually other decorative elements?) / Diski z rebri (in mogoe e z drugim okrasom?): 27 35

Discs with ribs / Diski z rebri: 3646;discs with ribs, variant / diski z rebri, razliica: 47; discs simplest version, examples /

diski najpreprosteja razliica, primeri: 4849

Cap helmets with rib and star decoration / Kapaste elade z rebri in zvezdastim motivom: 5054, A1, A2; fragments and related helmets /

odlomki in z odlomki povezane elade: 5566

Bronze cups / Bronaste skodele: 6770

Further finds / Druge najdbe: 71

Ceramic vessels / Keramine posode: 7293


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east and down the Danube to Klievac-Pomrlovo(24) and in the west up the Sava and the Krka toJurka vas (22), while in the north they spread morewidely ollowing the Danube, March and Dyje riv-ers as ar as Muov (25). Te most richly decorateddiscs, those with ribs, ring-and-dot decoration and

the star moti also have the widest distribution area,with its main concentration in east Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia. Tey spread even urtherto the north, to Pestavlky (12) located betweenthe Eger and Elbe valleys, most likely ollowingthe March river. In the west, their distributionarea reaches as ar as Augsdor (1) (ollowing theDrava valley) and Kainischtal (ollowing the Murand Liesing valleys). Several such discs are alsoknown rom western Hungary, more precisely romNadap, Pamuk and Nagyvejke (1315), ollowing

the Danube, and are probably connected with thedistribution o the star-decorated cap helmets inthis region. Te distribution o these discs testifiesto an increasing contact with the north and westollowing the main rivers (with the exception o thefind rom Pestavlky, all discs have been ound closeto such rivers). It also reveals an increasing numbero decorative elements. Te example rom Velem/St.Vid, Hungary, which is usually discussed in rela-tion to decorated discs (Mller-Karpe 1959, 112;Gleirscher 2007, 48), show none o the decorative

characteristics discussed above and has thereorenot been included in this study.

Although poorly provenanced, the completedecorated cap helmets (Pls. 45) show a concen-tration in Hungary (Cat. Nos. 5054, 5960). heragments o (star?) decorated cap helmets are allpart o large Late Bronze Age hoards o mixedcontents and a much wider distribution than thecomplete helmets. Helmets and their ragments withthe star moti are known rom Elsterwerda (58),Germany, in the north, to Guteria (62), Romania,

in the east, and rom Strassengel (61), Austria, inthe west, to Poljanci (57), Croatia, in the south.wo ragments rom the Nadap hoard, Hungary(Makkay 2006, Pl. 5: 10,11) might also belong to

decorated cap helmets, which would mean thatthe cap helmets were deposited together with anolder, conical helmet (Mdlinger 2013). he irstknown complete helmet with rib decoration (Cat.No. 50) was mistakenly published as a bowl byJzse Hampel (1887, Pl. 66: 5). Gero von Merhart

(1941, 4 ) classiied it as a part o his group odecorated cap helmets despite all other helmets othis group being without a knob. Hugh Hencken(1971, 146 ) provided an alternative corpus o caphelmets with star decoration and added urther,presumably related, ragments. wo more completecap helmets, supposedly ound in Hungary, withcast knobs and decoration related to that on thestar-decorated cap helmets are known rom theormer Guttmann collection; as a consequence oa private sale, their present location is unknown.

Christo Clausing (2001, 212, Fig. 9: 2) mentionedanother complete cap helmet related to this group;it was sold at an auction in Basel, but no details onits present location are known. he most recentinds o decorated cap helmets are rom iar nadHronom (Bartk 2009) and Paks (Gal 2001) (Cat.Nos. 53, 52). he latter represents the only knowncomplete helmet with a reliable provenance andmore detailed ind circumstances.

Apart rom the above, a number o ragmentsrom various contexts were also considered part

o this cap helmet group, but had to be excludedrom this study or several reasons. Henckensgroup o cap helmets with star decoration (1971,146 ) includes ragments rom Uioara de Sus andPalotaboszk (Boszk), assuming them to be theprecursors o the later cap helmets with cast knobs.However, the sheet-bronze ragments rom Uioarade Sus (Petrescu-Dmbovia 1978, 133, no. 184,Pl. 198: 10261027) appear to be decorated withincised rather than embossed ribs. Furthermore,a comparison with other helmets showed the rivet

holes to be too small or bronze rivets, though it ispossible that they were used or attaching urtherbronze plates to it. Tey also do not show the rowo possible rivet holes parallel to the rim or the ribs.

69 Osternienburg (D)70Viernheim (D)71Milostea-Sacoi (Ro)72Alba-Iulia-Monolit (Ro)73Augustin-ipia Orme-niului (Ro)

74Babadag I (Ro)75 Bobda II (Ro)76 Bogata (Ro)

77Cua-Sighetiu (Ro)78Cicu (Ro)79Debrecen-Nyulas (H)80Grniceti (Ro)81Hunedoara (Ro)82Kietrz (Pl)

83 Krm (H)84Lechina de Mure (Ro)85Poroszl-Aponht (H)

86Prgy (H)87Remetea Mare-Gomila lui Pitu (Ro)88Simeria (Ro)89Susani (Ro)90aktabj (H)91eleac (Ro)

92ilica (Ro)93 Zlat Moravce-Kaice (Sk)A1Bajmok (Srb)A2Dusnok (H)


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Te ragment rom the Palotabozsk hoard, on theother hand, more likely ormed part o a decoratedcist than a helmet (Clausing 1996, 419, Fig. 5: 38).ibor Kemenczei (1979, 8082) added to Henckensgroup the helmet ragments rom Poljanci I and Veliko

Nabre, but also ragments o undetermined objectsrom Bizovac, Bonyhd and Nagyvejke. Clausing(2001, 208) excluded the ragment rom Bizovacwithout urther explanation, possibly based on theobservation o Amlia Mozsolics (1985, 26) that itwas more likely a ragment o a cuirass because othe rim with a parallel row o holes spaced ca 1cmapart and the ragmentary decoration and two ribswith cord-like impressions parallel to the rim notknown rom other helmets. One o the ragmentsrom Bonyhd shows parallel ribs, but no rim or

(rivet) holes parallel to it (Mozsolics 1985, Pl. 40:13), though at least our o the ragments alreadypublished by Mozsolics show both. One o thesealso shows a particular corrosion in the area o therivet holes, which reaches rom the rim to abovethe holes and is most likely a residue o an organiclining (Mozsolics 1985, Pl. 40: 14). However, theragment does not show ribs parallel to the edge andcould thereore not have been part o a decoratedcap helmet. Te ragments rom Nagyvejke appear tobe parts o a disc (Cat. No. 15). Te ragment rom

Keszhidegkut, Hungary (see e.g. Schauer 2003, Fig.3: 3), is not considered in this study because the ribsare comparatively too thin and too widely spacedto suggest a helmet. Another ragment, rom Suseni(Rusu 1990, 70, Pl. 1: 1), does not show rivet holesat all and is excluded rom the discussion becausethe cap helmets with rib and star decoration tendto have numerous closely spaced rivet holes. Forthe sheet-bronze ragment (62) rom the Guteriahoard, Clausing (2001, 214) already assumed thatit was not part o a helmet. Te knob rom the

same hoard, on the other hand, very probably didorm part o a (star-) decorated cap helmet, sinceit is very similar to the knobs rom Paks, iar nadHronom (52, 53), the two helmets rom the ormerGuttmann collection (59, 60) and the helmet sold atan auction in Basel. Also, the knob rom Strassengel(61) is cast on the sheet-bronze cap o the helmet.Te base o the knob is slightly stepped (getreppt),as we know it rom the above-mentioned helmets.wo urther knobs rom possible cap helmets areknown rom plnaca and echirghiol, Romania

(Petrescu-Dmbovia 1978, Pl. 115: 277; 157: 614).Te knob rom plnaca has a smooth shank andlacks ribbing. Both knobs are highly ragmentedand miss lower and upper ends, making their

proper identification problematic; they are thus notincluded in the discussion.

Only two cap helmets have been ound togetherwith cheek plates, namely the helmet rom iarnad Hronom and the unprovenanced helmet rom

the ormer Guttmann collection (Cat. Nos. 53, 60).For that reason, cheek plates can be associatedwith the broader group o cap helmets only to acertain point (Pls. 45). he cheek plates romWllersdor, Uioara de Sus, Meznyrd and HokoPohorje (Cat. Nos. 6366) are typologically closeto those rom iar nad Hronom and the ormerGuttmann collection, which are kidney-shapedand have an embossed middle section with rivetholes lining the edge. he ragments rom Uioarade Sus and Hoko Pohorje additionally show rivet

holes running across the embossed section, sug-gesting an organic lining. One o the ragmentsrom Uioara de Sus, however, has no rivet holesin the parts preserved. Further single cheek platesare known, such as the lat plates rom Weissigand Schmiedehausen, as well as the lat decoratedexample rom Podcrkavlje-Slavonski Brod; they arenot considered in this study because they diertoo much rom the cheek plates rom iar andHronom and the ormer Guttmann collection.

he bronze cups with star decoration (Pl. 5:

6770) show a linear distribution rom Viernheim,Hessen, in the south-west, to Seddin, Brandenburg,in the north-east, that does not overlap with thedistribution area o ceramic or other contemporarysheet-bronze objects with star decoration. Never-theless, it is considered as part o the wide rangeo transcontinental orms, because bronze cups,such as those o ype Friedrichsruhe, are similarlywidespread rom Jtland in the north to ran-sylvania in the south-east (Martin 2009, 3652).In terms o depositional circumstances, the cups

rom Osternienburg and Viernheim (Cat. Nos. 69,70) being ound in urn graves is not surprising,as this ollows the local burial rite.

I should also mention the sheet-bronze ragmentrom the Milostea-Sacoi hoard, Romania (Cat. No.71), because it marks the south-eastern border othe star-like decoration on sheet-bronze objects.he ragment was most likely part o a belt, assuggested by both parallel ends rolled around abronze wire. he decoration consists o two groupso three ribs parallel to the rolled ends, while above

these two arcs consisting o three parallel lineswith conjoined ends can be seen (Rusu 1990, Pl. 3:3). hough not arranged in a circular or star-likepattern, the ormal similarity is clear.


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he decorated ceramic cups (Fig. 4) are dis-tributed rom Silesia, southern Poland, Moravia,the western Carpathians to the Romanian Coastand were known in the Lusatian (Furmnek,Veliaik, Vladr 1999, Fig. 36: 21; 37: 10), Wysocko

(Sulimirski 1931, Pl. XII: 7), Kyjatice, Gva andBabadag I cultures, respectively (Pankau 2004,7273). Generally, there inds rarely appear in theUrnield cultures (Kemenczei 1979, 84). he stardecoration appears irst on the luted pottery othe Lusatian culture at the end o the Late BronzeAge and spreads eastwards over eastern Hungaryto the Kyjatice (Chidioan, Emdi 1982, 77) andGva cultures to ransylvania (Rusu 1963, 187, note30). he moti can be ound on ceramic vesselsuntil the Late Hallstatt period (Studenikov 1986,

Pl. 2: 8; Stegmann-Rajtr 1992, Fig. 23: 15). helatest inds so ar seem to be rom Kietrz, Poland,dated to Ha B2/3 or Period V o the Nordic BronzeAge (Grave 215; Mrtz 2011b, 99, Fig. 3: A; Gedl2000, 92; Gedl 1979, 46).

DATING

In some cases, all the dierent types o discswere ound together, in a single hoard (e.g. Brodski

Varo or Veliko Nabre), which could lead to anassumption o the discs appearing within a verylimited chronological horizon o BA DHa A1 (i.e.Vinski-Gasparinis Periods I/II see Tab. 2) andbeing largely contemporary, possibly suggesting arapid adoption o known decorative elements, suchas the ring-and-dot and circular arrangement o

arcs. hese individual motis eventually join andorm the star moti or the irst time. However, thedistribution o the dierent types o discs do notallow or such an assumption o contemporaneity.he distribution o the star-decorated discs the

latest type, perhaps only those with bosses over-laps with the distribution o the helmets. hissuggests that it was the discs that inluenced thedevelopment o the star-decorated cap helmets.It seems unlikely that the decoration o helmetsderives rom the contemporary star-decoratedpottery, because the latter has been dated to thecentral European Late Bronze Age, i.e. roughly toHa B2/3 (Pankau 2004, 7074).

With the exception o the ind rom Paks, theind circumstances o the helmets are unknown.

he same goes or the two closely related helmetswith rib decoration only (Cat. Nos. 59 and 60).Also, the helmets are dated on the basis o theragments in the Veliko Nabre, Poljanci I, BrodskiVaro and Elsterwerda hoards (Cat. Nos. 5658),whereby the Croatian hoards all date to Period II(Vinski-Gasparini 1973) or Phase II (Vasi 1994,13). he hoard rom Elsterwerda is also dated tothe Early Urnield period (Ha A1) (Martin 2009,120). his dating accords with the earlier dating ocap helmets with rib decoration (Borchhardt 1972,

120122) and the dating o those with star decora-tion to Ha A1 according to Mozsolics. However,one problem remains ragments o these helmetscannot be positively assigned to either the star-decorated cap helmets or the simple rib-decoratedcap helmets. At present, we can only integratethese helmet ragments into the broader group o

Mller-Karpe1959

hovsk1979

hovsk1979

Novotn2001

Vinski-Gasparini1973

Mozsolics1985

Petrescu-Dmbovia1978

Montelius1900

Bz C2 Odany I Forr II

Bz D Huln Bluina Drslavice Mal Vieska Buzica I/IIplyiAranyos

Uriu-DomanetiIII

Ha A1 Pestavlky DraburgDucov-Martinek-Bodrog

II Kurd Cincu-Suseni

Ha A2 Leany eleznrenianskeBohuslavice

III Gyermely uria-JupalnicIV

Ha B1 Kenvky Kleedor Somotor-Lky IV Hajdbszrmen Moigrad-uteu

Ha B2/3Boskoviceernotn

HerrnbaumartenGroweikersdor

Liptovsk-Mikula V RomndFizeu Gherlii-Sngeorgiu dePdure

V

Tab. 2:Parallelisation o the European Bronze Age chronology select areas (ater Stockhammer 2004, sl. 1: 3).Tab. 2:Kronoloka tabela bronaste dobe v Evropi izbrana obmoja (po Stockhammer 2004, Fig. 1: 3).


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decorated cap helmets, rather than assigning themto any o the speciic typological and chronologicalgroups outlined above. Having said that, the rapiddevelopment o decoration on discs, beginningwith the simple star moti, suggests that the earli-

est helmets with similar star decoration must verylikely have appeared at the end o Period II, in HaA1, adopting the star moti rom the discs. hetransmission o the star moti rom the decoratedcentral and eastern European Middle Bronze Agecast bronze objects to sheet-metal objects suchas discs, helmets and cups leaves the question owhy the ring-and-dot decoration was not adoptedon helmets and cups. Helmets are the most likelymedium by which the star moti was transmittedrom the south-eastern BA DHa A1 discs to the

north-western Ha A2B1 decorated bronze cups.his is urther suggested by the adoption o thestar- and rib-decoration only. However, the ribdecoration was transormed into a row o bosseson the bronze cups, representing a more contem-porary version o the simpler, older rib decoration.he star moti on pottery appears irst on theluted pottery o the Lusatian culture at the endo the Late Bronze Age and spreads eastwards tothe Kyjatice und Gva cultures, reaching as ar asBabadag, Romania. he moti is ound amongst the

Mezcst group up until the Late Hallstatt period(Pankau 2004, 7273; Stegmann-Rajtr 1992, Fig.23: 15). he star decoration on ceramic cups wasmost likely inluenced by the appearance o thestar-decorated cap helmets, as discussed above.

CONCLUSION

Te date and distribution o the star-decoratedhelmets, discs, as well as bronze and ceramic cups

suggests that the star moti most likely first appearedon discs in the area o Slavonski Brod, Croatia.Te origins o the star moti can be traced back tocentral European Middle Bronze Age cast objectssuch as dress pins, axes and swords, some o whichcontinue to show this type o decoration until Ha B.Te decorated discs, however, show a process odevelopment in their decorative complexity, the rich-est variant discs with ribs, ring-and-dot and stardecoration being transmitted almost completelyto cap helmets. Tese helmets can so ar only be

dated on the basis o their ragments being oundin the hoards rom Period II afer Vinski-Gasparini.Te distribution o both the helmets and the richlydecorated discs leads to a reasonable assumption

o the helmets dating to Ha A1, spreading rapidlyover Hungary and up to Elsterwerda in the northand Guteria in the south-east. Te Elsterwerdafind also connects the helmets with the decoratedbronze cups, which show the adoption o the star

decoration sometime in Ha A2/B1. Te distributiono the star decorated helmets and the later ceramiccups overlaps, whereby the latter appear to imitatethe bronze objects, which would suggest that thestar decoration was transmitted to the ceramiccups rom the helmets, using the older garlanddecoration as basis.

Addendum

Recently, Gbor V. Szab (2013) discussedstolen and illegally excavated Bronze Age metalinds rom Hungary, including two decorated caphelmets, a ragment o a helmet and a cheek plateand another potential cheek plate. he latter, a25cm long sheet-bronze ragment resembling acheek plate in shape, is more likely a metal ittingon an organic object rather than a cheek plate,mainly due to its length. It ormed part o a hoardrom olcsva-Vrhegy (?), Hungary, which alsocontained our spiral armlets, two cauldrons, three

cups and a torque. he current location o this HaB1 hoard is unknown, though it was most likelysold to the United States (Szab 2013, 798803).

One o the helmets with rib and star decoration(our ribs arranged into a star on the top, six ribsin the middle and three ribs at the rim) o possibleorigin rom Bajmok, Serbia, was presented to theMunicipal Museum o Subotica, Serbia, in February2011 (Fig. 6:A1). Another similar (or the same?)helmet was already presented to the museum 25years ago (Szab 2013, 805). he current location

o the helmet(s) is unknown.he second helmet noted by Szab was attempted

to be sold by a person working in Dusnok, Hun-gary, on a dredge-boat at the end o the 1990s;Szab noted that the helmet might later have beensold in Germany, because the person was earulo selling the helmet to the Hungarian NationalMuseum oicially (2013, 806). Only a poor-qualitysketch o the helmet remains (Fig. 6:A2). It wassuggested that this is the same helmet as the onerom a private collection in Nordrhein-Westalen,

Germany, which was sold at the Jean-David CahnAG in 2002 (Cat. No 54; Pl. 4). However, thesketch rom the Dusnok helmet shows ive ribs inthe centre, while the auctioned helmet shows six.


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Also, the knob o the latter is straighter and notbent as on the sketch o the Dusnok helmet. It isthereore more reasonable to assume the presenceo two dierent helmets.

he discovery o a Ha A1 bronze hoard inPzmndalu, Hungary, was reported in December2011 and its contents rescued by archaeologists(Szab 2013, 811). he hoard consists o hundredso melted, broken ragments, but also o undam-aged bronze objects including two rim ragmentso a cap helmet, two rib-and-star decorated rag-ments o a decorated cap helmet, a cheek plate othe same type o helmet with lines o embosseddots along the rim and ragments that highly likely

belong to a cuirass. Another hoard was ound just3 m away rom the irst one, possibly containingremains o a conical helmet (or a vessel) (see Szab2013, Fig. 17). Further excavations in the area are

Fig. 6:Recently published helmets rom Bajmok, Serbia (A1), and Dusnok, Hungary (A2). All bronze; not to scaleSl. 6:Nedavno objavljeni eladi iz Bajmoka v Srbiji (A1) in Dusnoka na Madarskem (A2). Vse bron; ni v merilu.

(Ater / po Szab 2013.)

planned or the summer o 2013, with the aim oclariying the context o the hoards.

In view o the above, the total number o com-

plete decorated cap helmets should be corrected toat least ten and the total number o ragments ourther helmets to seven. With the new ind o acheek plate rom Pzmndalu, possibly belongingto the helmet rom the same hoard, we know o atleast 22 decorated cap helmets in total.

Acknowledgements

First o all, I would like to thank the Austrian Science

Fund (FWF) and the FP7/Marie Curie Actions who weresupporting the research with the Schrdinger-ellowshipno. J 3109-G21 as well as Paolo Piccardo rom the Di-partimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale (DCCI),Universit di Genova, where the project has been carried


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out. Very special thanks go to all who supported me andoered help in sieving through museum documenta-tion: Jacqueline Balen, Ivan Drni and Sanjin Miheli(Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu), Juraj Bartk (Archeologickmzeum SNM, Bratislava), Katalin Bir, Ildik Szathmriand dm Szab (Magyar Nemzeti Mzeum, Budapest),

Oliver Dietrich (Institut r Prhistorische Archologie,Berlin), Paul Gleirscher (Landesmuseum Krnten, Kla-genurt), Michael Hemm (Montanmuseum Altbckstein),Szilvia Honti (Somogy Megyei Mzeumok Igazgatsga),Peter Knig (Heidelberg), Marko Mele (UniversalmuseumJoanneum, Graz), Lidija Miklik-Lozuk (Muzej BrodskogPosavlja, Slavonski Brod), Gabriella Nadori (Szent Ist-

vn Kir ly Mzeum, Szkesehrvr), Drago Mndescu(Muzeul Judeean Arge), Mnika Merczi (Balassa BlintMzeum, Esztergom), Claudia Pankau (Johann WolgangGoethe-Universitt, Frankurt), Nataa Peri and VesnaIsabegovi (Muzej istone Bosne, uzla), Vradyn Pteri(Vrosi Mzeum), Dragana Rajkovi (Muzej Slavonije,

Osijek), Milan Sala (Moravsk zemsk mzeum, Brno),Mrta Vizi (Wosinsky Mr Megyei Mzeum, Szekszrd)and Ivan Vrani (Arheoloki Institut, Beograd). I thankMarcella Nagy rom the Vas Megyei Mzeumok Igazgatsga,Szombathely, or showing me the disc rom Velem. I alsothank Steven Matthews and the reviewers or helpul com-ments and linguistic corrections.

CATALOGUE

he running numbers in the catalogue reer to the Cat.Nos. in the text, on the plates and the distribution map(Fig. 5). he publications printed in bold type representthe source rom which the illustrations o objects presentedon the plates were taken.

ekoe tevilke v Katalogu ustrezajo katalokim t. vbesedilu, na tablah in na karti razprostranjenosti (sl. 5).Med objavami so krepkozapisani citati za slike na tablah.

Discs with ribs, ring-and-dot decorationand star decoration

(Pl. / t. 1:118)

1.Augsdor/Velden,Carinthia, AustriaHoard; ragment; length: 6.2 cm; breadth: 6.3 mm;

thickness: 0.5 mm; weight: 18 g Landesmuseum Krnten,Inv. no. 6383 g, .

Date:Ha A1 (Mller-Karpe 1959, 22, 112, 129) or HaA2 (v. Brunn 1968, 64, 302).

Bibliography:Gleirscher 2007, 4853, Fig. 1: 1; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 86; v. Brunn 1968, 64, 302; Mller-Karpe

1959, 22, 112, 129, 278 [with literature beore 1900], Pl.129: 22.

2.Brandgraben, Styria, AustriaHoard; ragment; length: 4.6 cm; breadth: 4.65 cm;

thickness: 0.5 mm; weight: 5.7 g KammerhomuseumBad Aussee, Cat. no. 124/Find no. 141.

Date:according to the miniature-cuirass rom the samedeposit roughly BA D/Ha A to Ha B1 (Windholz-Konrad2008, 50).

Bibliography:Windholz-Konrad 2008, 4857, 137, Fig.2: 3.47.

3.Brodski Varo,Brodsko-posavska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragment; measurements: 5 5.5 cm; thickness:

0.8 cm; weight: 12 g Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu, no Inv. no.Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 212).

Bibliography:Karavani 2009, 116118; Clausing 2003,132; Fig. 47: 68; Schauer 2003; Clausing 2001, 216, Fig. 8:6; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 178; 212, Pl. 57: 5.

4.Brodski Varo,Brodsko-posavska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragment; measurements: 2.9 2.9 cm; thick-

ness: 0.3 cm; weight: 2 g Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu,no Inv. no.

Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 212).Bibliography:Karavani 2009, 116118; Schauer 2003;

Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 178, 212. (4 is not part o the disc 3).

5.Budinina, Krapinsko-zagorska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragment; 6.2 5.7 cm; thickness: 0.5 mm;weight: 20 g Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu, Inv. no. 10.699.

Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 212).Bibliography:Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 212, Pl. 79: 4.

6.Gornji Slatinik,Brodsko-posavska upanija, CroatiaHoard; three ragments (ac); measurements and weight

see below Brodsko Posavlje Muzej Slavonski Brod, Inv.no. A-280.

Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 214).Bibliography: Clausing 2003, 132, Fig. 61: A 2527;

Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 214, Pl. 69: 1315.

Fragment a(Vinski-Gasparini 1973, Pl. 69: 13): 6.2 cm 5 cm; thickness 0.51.0 mm; weight: 13 g. Fragments band c (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, Pl. 69: 14,15; itting together):11.2 cm 3.9 cm; thickness 0.6 mm; weight: 13.6 g.

7. Poljanci I,Brodsko-posavska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragment; dm: ca. 11 cm; thickness: 0.1 mm;

weight: 26 g Brodsko Posavlje Muzej Slavonski Brod,Inv. no. 1807.

Date: BA DHa A1 (Miklik-Lozuk 2009, 46; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 218).

Bibliography: Miklik-Lozuk 2009, 46; Clausing 2003,Fig. 65, 47; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, Pl. 48: 29.

8.Poljanci II,Brodsko-posavska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragment; dm: approx: 21.5 cm; weight: 22.7 g

Muzej Slavonije Osijek, Inv. no. 7827.


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Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 218), resp.Ha A (Bulat 19731975, 37).

Bibliography: Karavani 2009, 117; Kudeli 2007, 11;Clausing 2003, 132, Fig. 67: 27; Clausing 2001, 216, Fig. 8:10; Hansen 1994, 570, no. 224, Pl. 34: 2; Vinski-Gasparini1973, 218; Bulat 19731975, 28, Pl. XV: 10.

9.Slavonski Brod,Brodsko-posavska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragments; measurements: 3.3 1.9 cm; weight:

3.8 g Rmisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz,Inv. no. O.40515/127.

Date:BA DHa A1 (Clausing 2003, 200).Bibliography:Clausing 2003, 131, Fig. 40: 130; Schauer

1986, 900904.

10.Veliko Nabre, Osjeko-baranjska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragments; length: 6 cm/3.5; breadth: 4 cm/3.3 cm;

weight: 6 g/2 g; Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu, Inv. no.10.240.

Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 218).Bibliography:Karavani 2009, 116118; koberne 2001,

21; Clausing 2001, 216, Fig. 8: 5; Vinski-Gasparini 1983,654660, Pl. XCIII: 15; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 186, Pl. 44: 5.

11. Privina Glava, Sremski okrug, SerbiaHoard; ragment; height: 4.5 cm; width: 5.9 cm Narodni

muzej Beograd, Inv. no. 2128.Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 84).Bibliography: Clausing 2001, 216, Fig. 8: 4; Popovi

1975, 71, Pl. LXV: 7; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 84, 105, 107;Garaanin 1954, 2527, Pl. 14: 4.

12.Pestavlky, Okres Plze-jih, Czech RepublicHoard; ragment; length: 2.8 cm; breadth: 2.4 cm; weight:

2 g Moravsk zemsk mzeum Brno, Inv. no. 57.067.Date: Ha A1, resp. depot horizon Pestavlky (Sala

2002, 269 ).Bibliography: Maala 1985, 170, Pl. XI: 10, XV: 7; v.

Brunn 1968, 302; Mller-Karpe 1959, 112; Rzehak 1907,95 , Pl. 3: 21.

13. Pamuk,kom. Somogy, HungaryHoard; ragment; length: 5.4 cm; breadth: 3.5 cm;

thickness: 1 mm; weight: unknown Somogy Megyei

Mzeumok Igazgatsga, Kaposvr, Inv. no. 66.191.25.Date: horizon Kurd (Kemenczei 1988, 23; Mozsolics1985, 169).

Bibliography:Clausing 2001, 216, Fig. 8: 7; Kemenczei1988, 23, 31, 54, Pl. 68: 15; Mozsolics 1985, 168 , 344,Pl. 106: 22.

14. Nadap,kom. Fejr, HungaryHoard; almost complete; dm: ca. 23.5 cm; weight: unknown

Szent Istvn Kirly Mzeum, Szkesehrvr, no Inv. no.Date: BA DHa A1 (most recently Uckelmann 2008,

18 with urther literature).Bibliography:Uckelmann 2008, 18 ; Makkay 2006, 7,

Pl. I; Clausing 2001, 218; Jankovits 19992000, Fig. 1: 2;Jankovits 19981999, Fig. 1: 2; Hansen 1994, 546, H 451;Calzecchi-Onesti 19871988, 77 no. 12; Schauer 1988, 184,Fig. 4; Petres 1982, 57 , Fig. 1: a,b.

15.Nagyvejke,HungaryHoard; three ragments; 3.0 2.5 cm; 3.4 3.2 cm; 3.3

2.5 cm; thickness: 0.1 cm; weight: unknown Adm BriBalogh Museum Szekszrd, Inv. no. 69.220.89; 69.220.63.

Date:BA DHa A1 (Mszros 19711972, 47).Bibliography: Clausing 2001, 208, 216, Fig. 8: 13;

Kemenczei 1979, 80 , note 6; Mszros 19711972, 32 ,nos. 125, 129; 63, Pl. 13: 35,9.

Another ragment with ribs only might possibly belongto the same disc.

16.Nova Bingula,Sremski okrug, SerbiaHoard; ragments o two (?) discs; dm: approx. 13 cm;

weight: 63 g Muzej Sremska Mitrovica, Inv. no. unknown.Date:BA DHa A1 (Knig 2004, 70; Vasi 1982, 268).Bibliography:Popovi 1975, 38, no. 77, 15, Pl. XXXVI: 15.

17.ermoie (Ptuj), SloveniaHoard; ragment; length: 4.1 cm; breadth: 3 cm; thick-

ness: 0.7 mm; weight: 6.7 g Universalmuseum JoanneumGraz, no Inv. no.

Date:Ha A (Catalogue 2011, 42).Bibliography:Catalogue 2011, 4243, Cat. no. 13; Karl,

Modl, Porod 2009, 4660; ere, inkovec 1995, 138 [no.5], 146148; Smodi 1955. All publications beore 2011discuss the hoard in general, but do not mention the rag-ment concerned.

18. Markovac-Grunjac,Banat, SerbiaHoard; our ragments (ad); diameter reconstructed:

10 cm; measurements biggest ragment: 6.4 4.2 cm; weight:

5.6 g Gradski muzej Vrac, Inv. nos. 10.750, 10.753.Date:HaA1 (Jovanovi 2010, 81).Bibliography:Jovanovi 2010, 98, Pl. 57: 479,482.

Discs with ribs and ring-and-dot decoration(Pl. / t. 2: 1926)

19.Boljani, Graanica, uzla canton, Bosnia and andHerzegovina

Hoard; ragment; length: 4.6 cm; thickness: 1 mm;weight: 4.9 g Muzej istone Bosne, uzla, Inv. no. 3420.

Date:BA DHa A1 (Knig 2004, 191194).

Bibliography: Karavani 2009, 116118; Knig 2004,191194, Pl. 19: 74; Jovanovi 1958, no. 25.

20.Brodski Varo, Brodsko-posavska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragment; measurements and weight unknown

Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu, Inv. no. unknown.Date:BA DHa A1(Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 212).Bibliography:Karavani 2009, 116118; Clausing 2003,

132, Fig. 55: 412; Schauer 2003; Clausing 2001, 216; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 178, 212, Pl. 55: 22.

21.Poljanci IV,Brodsko-posavska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragment; measurements: 6.6 3.33.5 cm;

thickness: 0.40.7 mm; weight: 6.9 g Brodsko PosavljeMuzej Slavonski Brod, Inv. no. A-4026.

Date:BA DHa A1 (Miklik-Lozuk 2009, 47).


16/44


Bibliography:Miklik-Lozuk 2009, 108, no. 257; Miklik-Lozuk 2004, 32, Pl. IX: 2.

22. Jurka vas(Novo mesto), SloveniaHoard; ragment; length: 3.7/5.2 cm; breadth: 3.3/3.4 cm;

weight: 1.6/2.7 g Narodni muzej Slovenije, Inv. no.

P 10819/2; P 10818/12.Date:horizon II = Ha A (urk 1996, 110 , 121 ).Bibliography:Gleirscher 2007, 4853, Fig. 1: 3,4; ere,

inkovec 1995, 197204 [no. 15], Pl. 91: 51,52; rampu-Orel 1996, 225; urk 1996, 110 , 121 ; Gabrovec 1983,72, 7578, Pl. VI; Knez 1975, 214; Mller-Karpe 1959, 278[with earlier literature beore 1931], Pl. 130.

23.Bingula-Divo,Sremski okrug, SerbiaHoard; ragments; dm: ca. 15 cm; thickness: 0.50.9 mm;

weight: 24 g Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu, Inv. no. 4046.Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 211).Bibliography: Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 211, Pl. 86: 1;

Mller-Karpe 1959, 112; Peroni 1956, 76, 89; Holste 1951,7 , Pl. 12: 19.

24.Klievac-Pomrlovo,Branievski okrug, SerbiaHoard; ragment; dm: 12.5 cm; weight: 10 g Narodni

muzej Beograd (?), Inv. no. unknown.Date:Ha A1 (Jacanovi, Radoji 2001, 89).Bibliography: Jacanovi, Radoji 2001, 74, no. 119,

Pl. 11: 4.

25.Muov II,Okr. Beclav, Czech RepublicHoard; ragment; measurements: 3.8 3.7 cm; weight:

2 g Muzeum Moravsk Krumlov, Inv. no. 212.Date:Kurd horizon = Ha A1 (Sala 2002, 261).Bibliography: Sala 2005, 357371, 507, Pl. 218: 261;

Sala 2002, 269, Fig. 5: 14.

26.Zalaszentmihly-Ptrte, kom. Zala, HungaryHoard (?); ragment; dm: 11.711.8 cm; thickness: 0.2

0.5 mm Gcseji Mzeum, Zalaegerszeg, Inv. no. 69.11.9.Date:BA DHa A1 (Mller 1972, 72) or horizon Gyer-

mely = Ha A2 (Mozsolics 1985, 71, 216).Bibliography:Mozsolics 1985, 71, 216; Mller 1972, 60,

64 , Fig. 6: 1, 7: 1.

Discs with ribs (and eventually more?)(Pl. / t. 2: 2735)

27.Bingula-Divo,Sremski okrug, SerbiaHoard; ragment; measurements and weight unknown

Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu, Inv. no. unknown.Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 211).Bibliography: Vinski Gasparini 1973, 108, Pl. 86: 20;

Mller-Karpe 1959, 112; Peroni 1956, 76, 89; Holste 1951, 7 .

28. Budinina, Krapinsko-zagorska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragment; 4.8 5.2 cm; thickness: 0.2 mm;

weight: 10 g Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu, Inv. no. 10.698.Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 212).Bibliography:Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 105, Pl. 79: 8.

29. Brodski Varo,Brodsko-posavska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragment; measurements and weight unknown

Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu, Inv. no. unknown.Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 212).Bibliography:Karavani 2009, 116118; Clausing 2003,

132; Clausing 2001, 216; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 178, 212,

Pl. 53: 25.

30.Brodski Varo,Brodsko-posavska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragment; measurements: 5.6 6.2 cm; thick-

ness: 1 mm; weight: 16 g Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu,Inv. no. 21.182.

Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 212).Bibliography:Karavani 2009, 116118; Clausing 2003,

132; Clausing 2001, 216; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 178; 212.

31.Brodski Varo,Brodsko-posavska upanija, CroatiaHoard; seven ragments (ag) rom dierent discs, max.

six; measurements and weight see below Arheolokimuzej u Zagrebu, no Inv. no.


132; Clausing 2001, 216; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 178, 212,Pl. 58: 2. Fragmenta:dm: 6.7 cm; thickness: 0.5 mm; weight: 12 g. Fragment b:2.8 3.7 cm; thickness: 0.2 mm; weight: 2 g. Fragment c:5.3 2.3 cm; thickness: 0.15 mm; weight:2g. Fragmentd:2.3 1.2 cm; thickness: 0.2 mm; weight:< 1 g. Fragment e: 5.5 2.3 cm; thickness: 0.2 mm;weight: 2 g. Fragment:3.8 3.8 cm; thickness: 0.2 mm;weight: 4 g. Fragmentg:3.7 2.4 cm; thickness: 0.2 mm;

weight: 4 g. Fragmentsand g belong to the same disc.32.Gornja Vrba,Brodsko-posavska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragment; measurements: 3.6 4.4 cm; thick-

ness: 0.5 mm; weight: 10 g Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu,Inv. no. 3442.

Date: BA DHa A1, mainly Ha A (Knig 2004, 49;Vinski Gasparini 1973, 89).

Bibliography: Knig 2004, 49; Vinski Gasparini 1973,180, 214, Pl. 51: 25.

33.Otok-Privlaka,Vukovarsko-srijemska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragment; measurements: 4.3 4.7 cm; thick-

ness: 0.5 mm; weight: 10 g Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu,Inv. no. 23/8.Date:Ha A1.Bibliography:Hansen 1994, 569; Mller-Karpe 1980, 804;

Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 217, Pl. 28: 14; Holste 1951, 5 .

34.Veliko Nabre,Osjeko-baranjska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragments; length: 6 cm/3.5 cm; breadth:

4 cm/3.3 cm; weight: 6 g/2 g; Arheoloki muzej uZagrebu, Inv. no. 10.220.

Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 218).Bibliography:Karavani 2009, 116118; koberne 2001, 21;

Clausing 2001, 216; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 186, Pl. 44: 6,8.


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35. Boljani,uzla canton, Bosnia and HerzegovinaHoard; two ragments (a, b); measurements and weight

see below Muzej istone Bosne posjeduje uzla, Inv. no.unknown.

Date:BA DHa A1 (Knig 2004, 191194).Bibliography: Knig 2004, 191194, Pl. 19: 72,73;

Jovanovi 1958.Measurements and weight ater P. Knig (2004, 193): No.

72(= a): dm: 5 cm; loop height: 1.3 cm; weight 11 g No.73 (= b): dm: 6.2 cm; loop height: 1.3 cm; weight: 11.9 g.

Discs with ribs(Pl. / t. 3: 3646)

36. Gornji Slatinik,Brodsko-posavska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragment; measurements and weight unknown

Brodsko Posavlje Muzej Slavonski Brod, Inv. no. A-279.Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 214).Bibliography:Clausing 2003, 132, Fig. 61: A 25; Vinski-

Gasparini 1973, 214, Pl. 69: 12.

37. Brodski Varo,Brodsko-posavska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragment; measurements: 3.1 7.0 cm; 5.0

3.5 cm; thickness: 1.00.5 mm; weight: 6 g + 6 g Arheolokimuzej u Zagrebu, no Inv. no.


132; Clausing 2001, 216; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 178, 212,Pl. 58: 10,11.

38.Veliko Nabre, Osjeko-baranjska upanija, CroatiaHoard; three ragments; dm: 11.2 cm; thickness: 0.5 mm;weight: 2 g + 6 g + 8 g; Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu,Inv. no. 10.242.

Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 218).Bibliography: Karavani 2009, 116118; Clausing 2001,

216; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 186, Pl. 44: 6.

39. Boljani,uzla canton, Bosnia and HerzegovinaHoard; ragment; dm: 6.6 cm; loop height: 0.9 cm; weight:

8.1 g; 3.9 g side ragment Muzej istone Bosne, uzla.Date:BA DHa A1 (Knig 2004, 191194).Bibliography:Knig 2004, 191194, Pl. 19: 71; Jovanovi

1958.

40.Jad rina , Graanica, uzla canton, Bosnia andHerzegovina

Hoard; ragment; dm: approx 9 cm; loop: 1 cm height;thickness o the metal sheet: 0.51.0 mm (in the centre);weight: 24.6 g (all three ragments together) ZemaljskiMuzej Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, Inv. no. 2587025876,2587825882.

Date:BA DHa A1 (Knig 2004).Bibliography:Knig 2004, Cat. no. 11, Pl. 20: B9.

41.Kuita,Brod (Bosanski Brod), Republika Srpska,

Bosnia and HerzegovinaHoard; ragment; dm: 17.2 cm; thickness: 0.30.4 mm;

weight o the ragments: 7.7 g; 5 g; 4 g, 3.8 g; 2.7 g; 2.6 g;

1.7 g; 1.3 g; 1 g (total: 29.8 g) Zaviajni Muzej Doboj,Inv. no. 17921887 (whole hoard).

Date:BA DHa A1 (Knig 2004).Bibliography:Knig 2004, Cat. no. 15, Pl. 4: 58.

42.Jarak I,Sremski okrug, Serbia

Hoard; ragmented disc; dm: 12.8 cm; weight: unknown Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu, Inv. no. 2470.

Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 214).Bibliography: Vasi 1999, 13; Vinski-Gasparini 1973,

180, 214.

43. Privina Glava,Sremski okrug, SerbiaHoard; ragment; dm: 10.811.0 cm, weight unknown

Narodni muzej Beograd, Inv. no. 2090.Date:BA DHa A1.Bibliography:Popovi 1975, 71, Pl. LXVI: 3; Garaanin

1954, 2527, Pl. 14: 1.

44.Privina Glava,Sremski okrug, SerbiaHoard; ragment; dm: 13.6 cm; weight unknown

Narodni muzej Beograd, Inv. no. 2089 ad.Date:BA DHa A1.Bibliography:Popovi 1975, 71, Pl. LXVI: 2; Garaanin

1954, 2527, Pl. 14: 2.

45.Majdan, Severnobanatski okrug, SerbiaHoard; ragment; dm: 15.1 cm; thickness loop and plate

together: 11 mm; weight: 78.9 g Gradski Muzej Vrac,Inv. no. 1228.

Date: Ha A (Raajski 1988) resp. date: BA DHa A1

(Vinski Gasparini 1973; Vasi 2003, 91).Bibliography:Vasi 2003, 90; Raajski 1988, 19, 23, Fig. 31.

46.Esztergom-Szentgyrgymez, Kom. Komron, HungaryHoard I; two ragments; measurements and weight

unknown Balassa Blint Mzeum Esztergom, Inv. no.69.1.284; 289.

Date:Kurd horizon, B Vb = Ha A1 (Mozsolics 1985, 118).Bibliography:Mozsolics 1985, 116 , Pl. 138: 14,16.

Discs with ribs: variant(Pl. / t. 3:47)

47.Otok-Privlaka, Vinkovci, CroatiaHoard; ragment; measurements: 6.0 4.8 cm; thick-

ness: 0.7 mm; weight: 14 g Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu,Inv. no. 23/7.

Date:Ha A1.Bibliography:Hansen 1994, 569; Mller-Karpe 1980, 804;

Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 217, Pl. 28: 13; Holste 1951, 5 .

Discs simplest version, examples(Pl. / t. 3: 4849)

48. Veliko Nabre,Osjeko-baranjska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragment; dm: 16.4 cm; thickness: 0.5 mm;

weight: 22 g Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu, Inv. no. 10.218.Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 218).


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Bibliography:Karavani 2009, 116118; Clausing 2001,216; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 186, 218.

49. Brodski Varo, Brodsko-posavska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragment; measurements and weight unknown

Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu, Inv. no. unknown (ixed in

show case).Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 212).Bibliography:Karavani 2009, 116118; Clausing 2003,

132; Clausing 2001, 216; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 178; 212,Pl. 58: 3.

Cap helmets with rib and star decoration(Pl. / t. 4: 5054)

50.Hungary (?)Single ind; ind circumstances unknown; almost

complete; height: 13.5 cm; dm: 13.0 20.8 cm; weight:not possible to measure, since ixed with modern bronzesheet Magyar Nemzeti Mzeum, Inv. no. 62.1.213.

Date:Ha A (Mozsolics 1955; Kemenczei 1979, 80).Bibliography: Schauer 2003, 196, Fig. 3: 1; Clausing

2001, 215; Born, Hansen 2001, 63, Fig. 56; Gal 2001, 49;Kemenczei 1979, 79 , Fig. 4,5; Mller-Karpe 1959, 113;Mozsolics 1955, 37, Fig. 3; Hampel 1887, Pl. 66: 5a,b;Hampel 1886, Pl. LXVI: 5a,b.

51. Northern Hungary (?)Find circumstances unknown; almost complete; height:

13.1 cm; dm: 17.2 20.9 cm; weight: 292 g Magyar

Nemzeti Mzeum, Inv. no. 77.4.1.Date:Ha A.Bibliography:Clausing 2001, 215, Fig. 7, 1; Gal 2001, 49;

Born, Hansen 2001, 62, Fig. 55; Gal 2001, 46 ; Mozsolics1985, 25, 208, Pl. 136: 2; Kemenczei 1979, 7989, Figs. 13.

52.Paks,kom. olna, HungarySingle ind (Danube); complete; height: 11.5 cm (cap),

3.5 cm (socket); dm: 17.0 20.5 cm; weight: 340 g VrosiMzeum Paks, Inv. no. 2002.11.

Date:Ha A.Bibliography:Gal 2001, 46 f, Figs. 4,5; Clausing 2001,

215, Fig. 9: 1.

53.iar nad Hronom,okr. iar nad Hronom, SlovakiaFind circumstances unknown; complete; height: 12.1 cm

(socket: 5.5 cm); dm: 20.8 18.2 cm (socket: 12.5 36.0 mm); cheek plates: 11.0 8.4 cm; thickness: edge:0.8 mm; weight: 385 g (cheek plates: 33.3 g and 39 g);cheek plates: approx. 0.5 mm Archeologick mzeumSNM, Inv. no. AP 75.990.

Date:Ha A.Bibliography:Bartk 2009,3748,Fig.1 ,2,36.

54.Unknown (Hungary?)Find circumstances unknown; complete; height: 19.5 cm;

max. dm: 22.5 cm; weight: unknown present repositoryunknown; sold at the auction Cahn in Basel, 19. 10. 2002;ormer in private hands in Nordrhein-Westalen, Germany.

Date:Ha A.

Bibliography: Clausing 2001, 212, 214 f, Fig. 9: 2;Auktionskatalog Jean-David Cahn AG, Auktion 4, 19. 10.2002 (Leipzig 2002), 64, no. 315, Pl. 57: 315.

Fragments and related helmets

(Pls. / t. 4: 5559; 5:6066)

55. Markovac-Grunjac, SerbiaHoard: ragment; 6 4.1 cm; weight: 10.1 g Gradski

muzej Vrac, Inv. no. 10.755.Date:HaA1 (Jovanovi 2010, 81).Bibliography:Jovanovi 2010, 70, 98, Pl. 59: 497.Potentially another ragment rom the hoard is also

part o a helmet (Jovanovi 2010, Pl. 59: 481).

56.Veliko Nabre,Osjeko-baranjska upanija, CroatiaHoard; ragment; length: 11.5 cm; breadth: 5.8 cm;

weight: 28 g Arheoloki muzej u Zagrebu, Inv. no. 10.237.Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 218) resp.

Ha A1.Bibliography:Karavani 2009, 116118; Schauer 2003,

Fig. 3: 6; Clausing 2001, 216, Fig. 8: 5,11; Hansen 1994,574, JU 315; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 186; Pl. 44: 2.

57. Poljanci I, Brodsko-posavska upanija, CroatiaHoard I; ragment; length 10.5 cm; width 7.1 cm;

thickness: 0.04 0.08 cm; weight 23.5 g Brodsko PosavljeMuzej Slavonski Brod, Inv. no. A 1805.

Date:BA DHa A1 (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 218) resp.Ha A1.

Bibliography: Karavani 2009, 101, no. 39; 116118;Miklik-Lozuk 2009, 69, Cat. no. 88; Clausing 2003, Fig.65: 50; Schauer 2003, Fig. 3: 8; Clausing 2001, 210, 216,Fig. 8: 9; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, 87, 183, 218, Pl. 48: 31.

58.Elsterwerda,Lkr. Elbe-Elster, Brandenburg, GermanyHoard; ragment; measurements: 5.9 3.75 cm; thick-

ness: 0.250.3 mm; weight: unknown LandesmuseumSachsen-Anhalt, Halle, Inv. no. 10.727.

Date:Ha A1 (Martin 2009, 120).Bibliography:Mrtz 2011b, 102; Mrtz 2011a; Martin

2009,99, no. 133d; Clausing 2001, 208216; Hansen 1995;v. Brunn 1968, 143, 156, 317, no. 57; Grnberg 1943, 78,

91; Agde 1939, 170, Fig. 4; Sprockho 1937, 8, Fig. 3;Bornschein, Gandert 1929, 145 .

59. Hungary (?)Find circumstances unknown; complete; height: 18.5 cm;

dm: 20.8 18.0 cm; thickness: 0.50.8 mm; socket: height:5 cm; hole in the socket: 3.2 cm deep; socket dm: 1.6 1.5 cm; base dm: 3.6 3.0 cm; helmet weight: 345 g present repository unknown; ormer Guttmann-collection,Inv. no. AG 246.

Date:13th/12 thcent. BC (Born, Hansen 1991, 235).Bibliography:Schauer 2003, Fig. 2; The Art o Warare.

The Axel Guttmann Collection,Part 1. Auction catalogue

Christies, 6. 11. 2002 (London 2002), 14, no. 10, sale 9482;Clausing 2001, 215, Fig. 7: 2; Born, Hansen 2001, 6165,175, 270, 231235, Pl. IXX; 323; 235, Fig. 178182.


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60. Hungary (?)Find circumstances unknown; soil context (?); complete;

height: 16.5 cm; dm: 21 16.0 cm; thickness: 1.01.5 mm,on the edge 2 mm; let cheekplate: 11.2 7.4 cm; rightcheek plate: 11.4 7.8 cm; socket: height: 5 cm; rectangularopening: 0.9 1.0 cm, deepness 5 cm; thickness socket: on

top 1.8 cm, in the middle 1.5 cm and on the base 2.7 cm;helmet weight: without cheekplates 407 g; let cheek plate:36 g; right cheek plate: 40 g; total weight: 483 g presentrepository unknown; ormer Guttmann-collection, Inv.no. AG 1126.

Date:13th/12 thcent. BC (Born, Hansen 1991, 241).Bibliography:Clausing 2001, 215, Fig. 7: 3; Born, Hansen

2001, 6266,68, 74, 175, 235 , 270, Pl. XIXII, 237 , 242,Figs. 183191, 270.

61. Strassengel,Styria, AustriaHoard; ragment o a socket; height: 4.4 cm; dm: 1.4 cm

(socket), 2.8 cm (base); weight: 63.2 g UniversalmuseumJoanneum Graz, Inv. no. 7219.

Date:Ha B (Pittioni 1954, 517) or BA DHa A (Mller-Karpe 1959, 113) resp. Ha A.

Bibliography:Gleirscher 2007, 4853, Fig. 4: 4; Clausing2001, 214 ; Hansen 1994, 526, A 498; Primas 1986, 91 ,no. 527; Hencken 1971, 155, Fig. 122; Mller-Karpe 1959,113, note 5, 277, Pl. 126: A1; Pittioni 1954, 517.

62.Guteria(Szenterzsbet/Hammersdor), RomaniaHoard II; ragment o a socket; height: 4.1 cm; dm knob:

1.96 cm; shat lenght: 2.81 cm; dm hole in knob: 8 mm; dmbase: 2.0 1.8 cm; dm hole on the base: 4.5 mm; weight:

unknown Muzeul National Brukenthal, archaeologicalcollection, Inv. no. 546 (old and new).Date:see below.Bibliography:Soroceanu 2008, 85, no. 3334; Gleirscher

2007, 4853, Fig. 4: 2; Clausing 2001, 215, Fig. 10; Bader1991, 92, no. 190; Rusu 1990, 70 , Pl. V: 5; Schauer 1988,184; Bader 1983, 38, no. 22; Petrescu-Dmbovia 1978,120 f, no. 141, Pl. 115: 277; Holste 1962, Pl. 8; Petrescu,Dmbovia 1960, 148; Petrescu-Dmbovia 1978, 120122[with earlier literature about the hoard in general], Pl. 115:277. Mozsolics 1955, 39; Holste 1951, 2427; v. Merhart1941, 12, note 15, no. 10; Hampel 1892, 143155, Pl. XV:5; Hampel 1986, 56; Goos 1876, 226; Reissenberger 1872.

G. v. Merhart dated the hoard according to the earlierHungarian hoards to BA DHa A (1941, 13). G. Kossackplaced the hoard in Ha A1 (1954, 17) and A. Mozsolics,due to the later inds at the Magyar Nemzeti Mzeum, tothe transition horizon Ha A/B (1955, 46). M. Petrescu-Dmbovia notes some older BA D objects as well and placesthe hoard in Ha A (1960, 148), as does H. Mller-Karpe(1962, 271). M. Rusu places the hoard in Ha A1 (1963, 184),as well as P. Schauer (1988, 184). M. Gimbutas dated it inBA D (1965, 328). It is quiet clear, that the hoard can bedated accurate only i all pieces in all dierent museumswere studied systematically.

63.Wllersdor,Lower Austria, AustriaHoard; ragment; measurements: 8.5 5.2 cm; thickness:

0.70.8 mm; weight: 28 g Naturhistorisches MuseumWien, Inv. no. 37.404.

Date:Ha A (Pittioni 1954, 534).Bibliography:Bartk 2009, 44; Borchardt 1972, 44, Fig.

6: A3; Hencken 1971, 179, Fig. 146; Mller-Karpe 1962,272; Mller-Karpe 1959, 108110, 113 , 226, Pl. 135B;136; Pittioni 1954, 411414, Figs. 287, 417, 814, note 686[with earlier citations].

64. Hoko Pohorje(Maribor), SloveniaHoard; ragment; measurements: 3.9 3 cm; weight:

3.5 g Pokrajinski muzej Maribor, Inv. no. 2146.Date:Ha A.Bibliography:Mrtz 2011a, 371; ere, inkovec 1995,

177179 [no. 13], Pl. 83: 168,156: 5; Hansen 1994, 564,JU 96; Mller-Karpe 1959, 279.

65. Uioara de Sus (Felsmarosjvr), jud. Alba, RomaniaHoard; ragments o two cheek plates; measurements:

ca. 3.3 3.6 cm and 6.0 4.2 cm Muzeul de istorie Cluj,Inv. no. III 6005 and III 5319.

Date:Ha A1 (Rusu 1963, 184 ).Bibliography:Rusu 1990, 76; Moszolics 1985, 25; Hencken

1971, 180, Fig. 148: a,b; Petrescu-Dmbovia 1960, Petrescu-Dmbovia 1978, 132135, Pl. 198: 1025,1030; Rusu 1963,184187; Schauer 2003, 197, Fig. 3: 5,6.

66.Meznyrd,kom. Borsod-Abaj-Zempln, HungaryHoard; one almost complete cheekplate; max. width:

7.9 cm; lenght: 10.5 cm; weight unknown Herman OttMuzeum Miskolc, Inv. no. 74.38.1.

Date:Ha A1 (Kemenczei 1979, 83; Hellebrandt 19992000,207; Born, Hansen 2001, 64).

Bibliography:Born, Hansen 2001, 64, Fig. 57; Hellebrandt19992000; Vachta 2008, 123, list V.1.5, no. 9; Hansen1994, 545, H 426; Patay 1990, 19, no. 4; Moszolics 1985,149 ; Kemenczei 1984, 149, no. 20; Kemenczei 1979, 83,note 14; Hellebrandt 1973, 16.

Bronze Cups(Pl. / t. 5: 6770)

67.Seddin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, GermanyGrave; complete cast bronze cup; max. dm: 12.8 cm;

dm base: 4.8 cm; height: 11 cm; thickness: 1.02.5 mm;

weight: 704 g Museum Stralsund, no Inv. no.Date:BA C/DHa A2 (Martin 2009, 16).Bibliography: Martin 2009, 1920, Pl. 1: 1; Schauer

1985, 176 ; Mller-Karpe 1980, 330; Sprockho 1933,19, no. 117, Pl. 11.

68.Dresden-Dobritz, Saxony, GermanyHoard; complete cups type Friedrichsruhe, variant

Osternienburg-Dresden, group Dresden-Dobritz and groupOsternienburg (Inv. no. 2317/52); measurements and Inv.no. see below Museum Dresden.

Date:Ha A2B1 (Martin 2009, 16).Bibliography:Mrtz 2011b, 95; Martin 2009, 40, no. 28,

Pl. 7: 33, 9:3941 [one o the seven complete cups romDresden-Dobritz], 10: 4244; Kaiser 2007, 102, no. 70;


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Coblenz 1992; Stratan, Vulpe 1977; v. Brunn 1968, 316 ,no. 53; Coblenz 1951, 137 , Fig. 4.

Measures:Inv. no. 2317/52: height: 7 cm; dm: 18.018.5 cm; thick-

ness: 0.3 mm; weight: 183.3 g.Inv. no. 2318/52: height: 5.6 cm; dm: 14.3 15.5 cm;

thickness: 0.3 mm; weight: 96.6 g.Inv. no. 2319/52: height: 5.7 cm; max. dm: 14.5 cm;

thickness: 0.3 mm; weight: 105.2 g.Inv. no. 2320/52: height: 4.9 cm; max. dm: 12.5 cm;

thickness: 0.3 mm; weight: 77.5 g.Inv. no. 2321/52: height: 4.25 cm; dm: 12.8 cm; thickness:

0.3 mm; weight: 77.3 g.Inv. no. 153/17/1: height: 4.5 cm; dm: 12.513.0 cm;

thickness: 0.30.5 mm; weight: 80 g.Inv. no: 175 ; height: 4.5 cm; dm: 13.3 cm; thickness:

0.3 mm; weight: 78.4 g.

69.Osternienburg, Saxony-Anhalt, GermanyGrave 29, hill 2; almost complete cup, base is missing;

type Friedrichsruhe, variant Osternienburg-Dresden,group Osternienburg; height (actual): 4.6 cm; max. dm:13.6 cm; weight: unknown Museum Kthen, Inv. no. EK:25/21ag, no. B 358.

Date:Ha A2B1 (Martin 2009, 16).Bibliography: Mrtz 2011b, 95; Martin 2009, 42, no.

36, Pl. 8: 36; v. Brunn 1968, 291; v. Merhart 1941, 36;Sprockho 1930, 90.

70.Viernheim, Hessen, GermanyUrn grave; complete cup type Friedrichsruhe, variant

Osternienburg-Dresden, group Dresden-Dobritz; height:6.1 cm; max. dm: 14.6 cm; dm: o the base: 4 cm Hes-sisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Inv. no. A 1957: 8.

Date:late Urnield period.

Bibliography: Mrtz 2011b, 95; Jacob 1995, 18 f, no.5, Pl. 2: 5; Hansen 1994, 477, D 1096; Kubach 1977, 461;Herrmann 1966, 153, no. 535; Jorns 1960.

Further finds

71. Milostea-Sacoi, jud. Vlcea, RomaniaHoard; ragments; measurements: approx. 11.3

11.4 cm Muzeul de Istorie a Judetului Vlcea, Inv. no.1299, 1323.

Date:BA DHa A (Nania, Holtei 181).Bibliography:Rusu 1990, 77, Pl. III: 3; Petrescu-Dmbovia

1977, 120; Nania, Holtei 1972, 173.

Ceramic cups(Tab. 3; Fig. / sl. 4: 72,73,88,89,91)

7293. For reasons o clarity and readability, the ce-ramic cups with star decoration are listed in Tab. 3withthe literature concerned.

Tab. 3:Ceramic cups with the star decoration (quoted rom Pankau 2004, 7273, with comments). Reerences to the

igures in this article are placed in [brackets] ater the indspot.Tab. 3:Keramine posode z zvezdastim okrasom (povzeto po Pankau 2004, 7273, s komentarji). Sklici na slike v lankuso podani v [oklepajih] za navedbo najdia.

Cat. No. / Kat. t.[Fig. / Sl.5]

Site / Najdie Reference / Objava

72Alba-Iulia-Monolit, Romania[Fig. 4:72]

Gva I pottery: Ciugudean 2010, Pl. XII: 4; Ciugudean2009, 69 , Pls. II: 5, IX: 5.

73Augustin-ipia Ormeniului, Romania[Fig. 4:73]

Gva I pottery in settlement: Ciugudean 2010, Pl. XVI:56,1214.

74 Babadag I, Romania Pankau 2004, 72-73; Jugnaru 1997, Figs. 2: 3, 3: 9.

75 Bobda II, Romania Horedt 1967a, 18.

76 Bogata, Romania Inv. No. 211-9 and 215, Muzeul Unirii Alba Iulia.77 Cua-Sighetiu, Romania Nmeti 19811982, Pl. XV: 1.

78 Cicu, Romania Winkler, akcs 1980, Figs. 6: 7,9; 24: 2.

79 Debrecen-Nyulas, Hungary Kemenczei 1984, Pl. 125: 910,14.

80 Grniceti, Romania Lszl 1994, Fig. 30B: 15.

81 Hunedoara, Romania Ciugudean 2010, Pl. XI: 1.

82 Kietrz, PolandMrtz 2011b, 99, Fig. 3: A; Gedl 2000, 92; Gedl 1979, 46(HaB2/3 respectively Period V).

83 Krm, Hungary Kemenczei 1984, Pl. 136: 11.

84 Lechina de Mure, Romania Horedt 1963, Fig. 3.

85 Poroszl-Aponht, Hungary Patay 1976, 199.

86 Prgy, Hungary Kemenczei 1984, Pl. 148: 17.87 Remetea Mare-Gomila lui Pitu, Romania Gum 1993, Pl. 36: 3,5.

88Simeria, Romania[Fig. 4: 88]

Ciugudean 2010, Pl. XI: 4.


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Cat. No. / Kat. t.[Fig. / Sl.5]

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89Susani, Romania[Fig. 4: 89]

Mrtz 2011; Stratan, Vulpe 1977, 3946, Pls. 526.

90 aktabj, Hungary Kemenczei 1984, Pl. 161: 2.

91 eleac, Romania[Fig. 4: 91]

Gva II pottery; Ciugudean 2010, Pl. XIII: 2; Vasiliev,Aldea, Ciugudean 1991, Fig. 45.

92 ilica, Romania Lupu 1989, Pl. 5: 2.

93 Zlat Moravce-Kaice, Slovakia Mrtz 2011, 99, Fig. 3: B; Kujovsk 1994.

Igria groupMrtz 2011, Fig. 4; Andrioiu 19821983, Pl. 5: 6.12;Chidioan, Emdi 1982, Fig. 5: 13; Emdi 1980, Figs. 6:24, 19: 159, 22: 183, 23: 198.

Lusatian culture Furmnek , Veliaik, Vladr 1999, Fig. 36: 21, 37: 10.

Mezcst groupKemenczei 1989, Fig. 8: 2; Metzner-Nebelsick 2000, Fig.10.

Piliny culture Chidioan, Emdi 1982, 77.

Silesia Gollob 1960, Pls. 9:5; 23: 13; 25: 15; 33: 11. Urnfield culture Stegmann-Rajtr 1994, Fig. 1: A8.

Wysocko culture Sulimirski 1931, Pl. XII: 7.


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