2014 genetics of populations výukový materiál ge 02 - 54 tvůrce: mgr. Šárka vopěnková...
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2014
GENETICS OF POPULATIONS
Výukový materiál GE 02 - 54
Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková
Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller
Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů
Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005
Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR
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population: a group of individuals of the same species,
living on a specific area individuals can loosely crossbreed among
each other and they arise out of the same ancestor
they have got common gene fund (complex of alleles, which are kept genetically)
GENETICS REGULARITIES OF POPULATIONS
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CAN YOU RECOGNIZE POPULATIONS ?
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1) autogamic population individuals reproduce by autogamy (self-
fertilization) each individual produces both male and
female gametes the new individual is formed by the fusion
of gametes originating from one individual
KINDS OF POPULATIONS
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homozygotic individual (homozygotic dominant homozygotic recessive) can produce only homozygotic descendants
in autogamic population appear permanent decrease of heterozygotes
increasing share of homozygotes
GENETICS REGULARITIES OF POPULATIONS
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2) alogamic population the individual arises by the fusion of 2
gametes coming from different individuals a special case is - panmictic population large population which has a non-limited
possibility of reciprocal crossbreed
GENETICS REGULARITIES OF POPULATIONS
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panmixia = by no means limited possibility of reciprocal crossbreed of any individual with any other member of the population
every male gamete has identical probability to meet any female gamete
GENETICS REGULARITIES OF POPULATIONS
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in virtue of Hardy-Weinberg´s law can be figured out genotypical composition of panmictic population
HARDY-WEINBERG LAW
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the law is in force by these conditions (assumptions):
no mutations occur (at least not at the observed gene)
no selection occurs no migration occurs population must be panmictic and very
numerous
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valid for panmictic populationsvalid for panmictic populationsfrequency of dominant allele at a frequency of dominant allele at a specific gene in the gene fund of specific gene in the gene fund of populationpopulation
frequency of the recessive allelefrequency of the recessive allele
platí:platí:
p + q = 1 p + q = 1 ((100%)100%)
probability of encountering two probability of encountering two dominant alleles (arising a dominant alleles (arising a dominant homozygot)dominant homozygot)
probability of encountering two probability of encountering two recessiverecessive allelesalleles
probability of arising a heterozygotprobability of arising a heterozygot
so total genotypic composition of so total genotypic composition of population stands goodpopulation stands good
p x p = pp x p = p22
q x q = qq x q = q22
(p x q)+(q x p) = 2pq(p x q)+(q x p) = 2pq
pp22 + 2pq + q + 2pq + q22 = 1 = 1
pp
HARDY-WEINBERG LAW
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autogametic and panmictic population: completely different way of reproduction different population– genetic relations in the nature those extreme types rare 100 % self-pollinating plant species does
not exist
GENETICS REGULARITIES OF POPULATIONS
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ABO SYSTEM
Frequency of allele IB for basic blood group B (in %) in European populations. Its frequency makes a gradient decreasing from the east to the west. The highestIs in Middle Asia and lowest in northeast Spain. It is still remarkable consequenceOg migration waves – historical invasions of Mongolian Tartars in Europe after the breakdown of Roman. Invaders left there the allele IB in their descendants.
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GENETICS REGULARITIES OF POPULATIONS
Decrease of laetal recessive allele frequency during the rotation ofPanmictic population which is nowadays formed only by heterozygots. Even if Arising recessive homozygots cannot survive, the allele will never disappear because it is still kept in heterozygots (selection pressure does not counteract)
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GENETICS REGULARITIES OF POPULATIONS
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Hardy - Weinberg balance for 2 alleles
Task 1: In the population (9800 individuals total) there
occurs a hypothetical genetically determined feature.
The dominant form of this feature is conditioned by the dominant allele A, the recessive form of the feature is conditioned by a recessive allele.
Dominant phenotype occurred by 4998 individuals.
Determine the gene frequency of dominant and recessive alleles (the population is in HW balance).
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CHALUPOVÁ-KARLOVSKÁ, Vlastimila. Obecná biologie: středoškolská učebnice : evoluce, biologie buňky, genetika : s 558 řešenými testovými otázkami. 2., opr. vyd. Olomouc: Nakladatelství Olomouc, 2010, 206 s. ISBN 978-80-7182-282-0
SOURCES