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1 White House, “Remarks by the President on Comprehensive Immigration Reform,” under “Briefing Room: Speeches & Remarks,” http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/01/29/remarks-president-comprehensive-immigration-reform (accessed June 5, 2014).

5

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2 Mark Zuckerberg, “Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg: Immigration are the key to a knowledge economy,” Washington Post, April 10, 2013, under “Opinioin,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/mark-zuckerberg-immigrants-are-the-key-to-a-knowledge-economy/2013/04/10/aba05554-a20b-11e2-82bc-511538ae90a4_story.html?hpid=z3 (accessed on April 12, 2013). 3 Ami Sedghi, “Facebook: 10 years of social networking, in numbers,” Guardian, February 4, 2014, under “Technology Datablog,” http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/feb/04/facebook-in-numbers-statistics (accessed on June 2, 2014).

6

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oy y e a •

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e , 2013 , R Hutchison 1981 U m

y R

y tR y

i y s e m R Edward P. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Policy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981), 492—504. 5 y m 2000

RVivek Wadhwa, The Immigrant Exodus: Why America is Losing the Global Race to Capture Entrepreneurial Talent (Warton Digital Press, 2012). ; David Heenan, Flight Capital: The Alarming Exodus of America’s Best and Brightest (CA: Davies-Black Publishing, 2005). s Borjas 1980

m s George J. Borjas, “Who Leaves? The Outmigration of the Foreign-Born,” The Review of Economics and Statistics 78, no.1(1996) : 165-176.

7

R m y

i yasR 21 y sR Saskia Sassenls s

m

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s AnnaLee Saxenian 7

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6 Saskia Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001) 7 AnnaLee Saxenian, The Argonaunts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy (Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2006). 8 Vivek Wadhwa et al., “Losing the World’s Best and Brightest: America’s New Immigrant Entreprenurs, Part V” (March 19, 2009, http//ssm.com/abstract=1362012 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1362012 (accessed June 5, 2013). 9 e Hollifield y yasRHollifield 2012

U migration g s y

p.348 m RJames F. Hollfield. ”Migration and International Relations,” The Oxford Handbook of the Politics of International Migration. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 345-379. Hollifield

Freeman 1994 Zolberg 2000 m 1 1

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m s

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10 Stephen S. Cohen and Gary Field, “Social Capital and Capital Gains: An Examination of Social Capital in Silicon Valley,” in Understanding Silicon Valley: The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region. ed. Martin Kenney (Stanford: Stanford Press, 2000), 190-217.

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11 AnnaLee Saxenian, Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant’s Entrepreneurs. (San Francisco: Public Policy of California, 1999).

10

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12 International Organization for Migration, World Migration Report 2010: The Future of Migration: Building Capacities for Change (Geneva: IOM, 2010), 3. 13 Graeme Hugo, Migrants in Society: Diversity and Cohesion (Global Commission on International Migration, 2005, http://iom.ch/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/policy_and_research/gcim/tp/TP6.pdf (accessed June 5, 2013) 14 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division, World Population Policies 2009, 2010, http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2009/Publication_complete.pdf (accessed June 5, 2013).

12

(international migration study)

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s

s 15R

R e e y

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Chain Migration i

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yas i yg sg m 18R

y m i

y lsR s Aristide R. Zolberg (2000) U S

15 e s y Samers (2010) Castles and Mill (2009) Brettell and Hollfield (2008) R(Michael Samers, Migration (New York: Routledge, 2010).; Stephen Castles and Mark J. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World: 4th ed. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).; Caroline B. Brettell and James F. Hollifield, Migration Theory: Talking across Disciplines. 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2008). 16 y s Gary P. Freeman R U

client politics y d s(1995)Ri y d e m U

y y sRg y 20e m s R(Gary P. Freeman, “Modes of

Immigration Politics in Liberal Democratic States,” International Migation Review 29, No.4 (Winter, 1995): 881-902.) 17 Douglas S. Massey, “International Migration at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century: The Role of the State,” Population and Development Review 25, no.2 (June 1999): 303. 18 Ibid.

13

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s20R Wayne A. Cornelius and Takeyuki Tsuda(2004) y gap hypothesis m

s21Rt Wayne A. Cornelius and Marc R. Rosenblum (2005) y

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19 Aristide R. Zolberg, “Matters of State: Theorizing Immigration Policy,” in C. Hirschman, et al. The Handbook of International Migration, (New York: Russell Sage, 2000), 71. 20 Daniel Tichenor, Diving Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America (New Jersey: Priceton University Press, 2002). 21 Wayne A. Cornelius and Takeyuki Tsuda, “Controlling Immigration: The Limits of Government Intervention” in Wayne A. Cornelius at el., Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective 2nd ed. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004): 3-48. 22 Wayne A. Cornelius and Marc R. Rosenblum, “Immigration and Politics,” Annual Review of Political Science 8 (June 2005): 99-119. 23 James F. Hollifiled and Carole J. Wilson, “Right-Based Politics, Immigration, and the Business Cycle, 1890-2008,” in Barry R. Chiswick ed. High-Skilled Immigration in a Global Labor Market. (Washington D.C.: AEI Press, 2011), 50-80.

14

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e s25R U

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20 s R g i yg

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R

eyasR y yasRt

m i y

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24 Royal Society, “Emigration of Scientists from the United Kingdom: Report of a Committee Appointed by the Council of the Royal Society (London: Royal Society, 1963). 25 Khalid Koser and John Salt, “The Geography of Highly Skilled International Migration,” International Journal of Population Geography 3, (February 1997): 285-303. 26 Ibid. 27 Robyn Iredale, “The Need to Import Skilled Personnel: Factors Favouring and Hindering its International Mobility,” International Migration Review 37, no.1 (March 1999) 89-123. R 28 OECD, International Mobility of the Highly Skilled (Paris: OECD Publication Service, 2002). 29 OECD, The Global Competition for Talent: Mobility of the Highly Skilled. (Paris: OECD Publication Service, 2008). 30 g Diving Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America (2002)

Controlling Immigration: The Limits of Government Intervention(2004) y

y g R U a g Threaty R Michael S. Teitelbaum and Myron

Weiner ed., Threatened Peoples, Threatened Borders: World Migration & U.S. Policy. (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995) R

15

i y R a o

s g y i yasg sR

21 m m y

Ayelet Shachar d

m ly o m g U

interjurisdictional competition s31R d y

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31 Ayelet Shachar, “The Race for Talent: Highly Skilled Migrants and Competitive Immigration Regimes,” New York University Law Review 81 (April 2006) U Toronto, Legal Studies Research. Papar No. 883739. http//ssrn.com/abstract=883739 (accessed May 15, 2014). 32 Gary P. Freeman and David K. Hill, “Disaggregating Immigration Policy: The Politics of Skilled Labor Recruitment in the U.S.,” Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 19 (Fall 2006): 7-21. 33 Philip L. Martin, “ GATS, Migration, and Labor Standards,” International Institute for Labor Studies, Disscussion Paper (Geneva: ILO, 2006), http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_193612.pdf (accessed May 15, 2014)

16

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34 Paul Krugman, Geography and Trade, (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991) 35 ,1989 R 36 Saxenian,1999, Wadhwa 2007 37 Smith 1999 H-1B 1990

sR e Ri

y

Michael P. Smith, “The New High-Tech Bracero: Who is the Employer? What is the Problem?” B.

17

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es

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tertiary level s m y

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Chaloff and Lamaitre (2009) OECD m s

y 3 i g

Lindsay Lowell ed. Foreign Temporary Workers in America: Politics that Benefit the U.S. Economy. (Westport: Quorum Book, 1999). 38 OECD, 2011 39 OECD, 2002. 40 OECD. 2002. 41 Loudeline Auriol and Jerry Sexton, “Human Resouces in Science and Technology: Measurement Issues and International Mobility,” in International Mobility of Highly Skilled (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2002): 13-38.

18

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NSF 42 Jonathan Chaloff and George Lamaître, “Managitn Highly-Skilled Labor Migration: A Comparative Analysis of Migration Policies and Challenges in OECD Countries,” OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 79, (Paris, OECD Publishing, 2009), http://dx.doi.org/10/1787/225505346577 (accessed August 7, 2013). 43 2006 5 18 . 44 , 21 5 29 , https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/jinzai/dai2/houkoku.pdf (accessesd August 7, 2013) 45 Wall Street Journal, June 9, 2011. 46 Washington Post, August 9, 2011. 47 White House,“Remarks by the President in the State of the Union Address, Feb 12, 2013,” under “Briefing Room: Speeches and Remarks,” http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/remarks-president-state-union-address (accessed August 1, 2013).

19

g y • m •

m R U

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g y y

Rg g

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y

m g

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m o

s50Rt y S

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48 National Science Board, “Science and Engineering Labor Force,” in Science and Engineering Indicators 2014 (Arlington VA: National Science Foundation): 3-52. 49 United Nations, World Population Policies 2009, (New York: United Nations): 35-36., http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2009/Publication_complete.pdf (accessed August 7, 2013). 50 Ibid.

20

i y s sRg

m H-1B R1965s m

i Rt

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sRi m y H-1B i

6 5 sR y H-1B 1970 i

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1974 1978 1986 S i 54R1993i i sR1990

te

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51 demand-driven supply-driven Chaloff and Lamaître (2009) R 52 Edwina O’shea, “Missing the Point(s): The declining fortunes of Canada’s economic immigration program,” Transatlantic Academy Paper Series, (Washington D.C.: Transatlantic Academy, 2009) http://trends.gmfus.org/doc/TA_OShea_web.pdf (accessed August 4, 2013) 53 Ibid. 54 e Alan G. and David A. Green, “The Economic Goals of Canada’s Immigration Policy; Past and Present,” Canada Public Policy 25, no.4 (December, 1999): 425-451. 433, Table1 R

21

i s55R2002 s

m i sR2008a o

m s m

U Canadian Experience Class visa i sR2013U 2013 Economic Action Plan 2013 y

s m m g

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55 O’shea, 2009. 56 Government of Canada, Department of Citizenship and Immigration, “2014 Immigration Levels Plannning; Public and Stakeholder Consultations,” under “Backgrounders-2013,” http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/backgrounders/2013/2013-06-21.asp (accessed September 27, 2015) 57 Lesleyanne Hawthorne, “Picking Winners:” The Recent Transformation of Australia’s Skilled Migration Policy,” International Migration Review 39, No.3 (Fall 5): 663-696. 58 Lesleyanne Hawthorne, “English Language Testing and Immigration Policy,” in Geoff Brindley and Gillian Wigglesworth ed. Access: Launguage Test Design and Delivery. (Sydney: Macquarie, 1997): 9-29. 59 Janet Philips and Harriet Spinks, “Skilled Migration: Temporary and Permanent Flows to Australia,” Parliament of Australia, Department of Parliamentary Services, http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/prspub/1601351/upload_binary/1601351.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf (accessed September 27, 2015)

22

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s U Business Innovation and Investment Programme m U s Distinguished Talent

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y R1988 6 yU

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60 Philips and Spinks. 61 Australia Government, Department of Immigration and Border Protection, “Fact Sheet- Overview of skilled migration to Australia,” under “Fact Sheets and Forms,” http://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/24overview-skilled#d (accessed September 28, 2015)

23

y 62R2008 i sR2012 5 m

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No.217 (2004 4 ), http://cis.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/Common/pdf/dp/2004/dp217.pdf (accessed August 4, 2013).

24

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s i y R R s im R

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25

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g a i s a s m

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y U

70 y R m s

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Alfred Marshall Principle of Economics Vol.1.5th Edition 1907 y g

y i y sR U y

R l m m S s

s a R

R y y n n g

63 U U y U

yas g U y U

U i s 62 R(P.E. , P , 2007 Peter E. Drucker, Post-Capitalist Society, (New York: Harper Business, 1993).

64 i m U l

U sR( , , , 1996 ) 65 Ibid.,8. 66 Ibid.,8-9. 67 Michael Polanyi y Rt

m R s y Rt

i y R 68 Personal Knowledge, 1958 ( 1985 ) y y i The Tacit Dimension, 1966 ( 1980 ) y i y sR 69 , , , 1980 , 35. 70 Ibid.,51.

26

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m g g y i

m y R y g yay

sme R 71 y sR y m

e

y sR sU g U i s

g U U esU y sRe

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U s Fritz Machlup sR U y g U y

m g e g s

72R U mg g g g

U s s m yU y

m U y m U

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i g

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71 Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics, Vol.1 Fifth Edition (London: Macmillan and Co., 1907): 271, 255. 72 Fritz Machlup, The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States (Priceton: Princeton University Press; 1962). , 1969 , 73 Machlup, 13-15. 15-18. 74 ly

5 m

e g s Ibid., 3-43. 1-63 75 Ibid. 76 Ibid.,44-50. 55-63.

27

30 y g y

s77R 1964 Gilbert Burck y i sR

1958 1963 5 s78R

1963 1950 5 GNP 43y g s79Ri 2400 i y

36% y g i s80R a e

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s84R g e 1990 OECD

y s : i s85Rg U m

77 Ibid.,348-376. 419-449. 78 Gilbert Burck, “Knowledge: The Biggest Growth Industry of Them All,”Fortune. (November, 1964): 128-131, 267-268, 270. 79 Ibid. 80 Ibid. 81 Marc Uri Porat, The Information Economy: Definition and Measure (Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1977) ( , , 1982 )R

The Information Economy s 1970 knowledge information i

y n l y s Benoît Godin, “Knowledge Economy: Fritz Machlup’s Construction of a Synthetic Concept,” Project on the History and Sociology of S&T Statistics Working Paper No. 37, 2008, http://www.csiic.ca/pdf/godin_37.pdf (accessed June 4, 2014): 4. g 1964 U U

y y R 82 15-30. 83 Godin. 84 Godin. 85 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard: Benchmarking Knowledge-based Economies (Paris: OECD Publishing, 1999).

28

i U sR

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y s86Rg 1980OECD 2.8% g GDP 87R

i sROECD25 64 13 y s88R

y i s GDP 89R i

y commonly identified manufacturing industries y

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1960 y y i sR

g sR1999OECD s OECD 1980 1990 ey

86 R&D OECD, Frascati Manual: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development, 6th Edition (Paris, OECD Publishing, 2002.) R 87 OECD, 1999, 16. 88 Ibid.,26. 89 Ibid.,18. 90 Ibid.,18 91 Ibid.,18. 92 Ibid.,20. 93 Ibid.,20. 94 Ibid.,8. 95 Ibid.,114.

29

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32

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m s y Romano L. Mazzoli and Alan K. Simpson, “Enacting Immigration Reform, Again”, Washington Post, September 15, 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/14/AR2006091401179.html (Access July 29, 2015)

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s ey sg R 189 James G. Gimpel and James R. Edwards, Jr., The Congressional Politics of Immigration Reform (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1999), 180. 190 Gimpel and Edwards, 186. 191 Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1989, (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1990), 475. 192 1989 7 13 358 m Senate vote 117 81 40 4117 14 3 2 1 1 193 m i sR

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255 U.S. Department of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Service, “NEWS RELEASE: INS Announces H-1B Procedures As Fiscal Year 2000 Cap Approaches”, http://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/files/pressrelease/H-1BFY00Cap_031700.pdf (accessed Aug 15, 2015) 256 m OpenSecret.org Center for Responsive Politics R

http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/issuesum.php?id=IMM&year=2000 (accessed Sep 1, 2015). 257 Congressional Quarterly Almanac 2000, 15-3 258 Dan Balz, “Confident Bush Woos High-Tech Leaders; Visit Marks Start of Candidates’ Race for Silicon Valley’s Wealth and Influence,” Washington Post, July 2, 1999. 259 Marjorie Valbrun, “Renewed Bids for Visas for High-Tech Workers Reflect the Political Influence of Silicon Valley,” Wall Street Journal , September 15, 1999. 260 The American Presidency Project, “Political Party Platforms: Republican Party Platform of 2000. July 31, 2000,” http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25849 (accessed September 14, 2014).

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268 U.S. Government Accountability Office,H-1B Foreign Workers: Better Tracking Needed to Help Determine H-1B Program’s Effects o U.S. Workforce, (Washington, D.C.: GAO, 2003). 269 Senate Commmittee on the Judiciary, 2003, Examining the Importance of the H-1B Visa to the American Economy: hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, 108th Cong., 1st sess., 2003. 270 Senate Commmittee on the Judiciary, 2003, Examining the Importance of the H-1B Visa to the American Economy: hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, 108th Cong., 1st sess., 2003. 271 Senate Commmittee on the Judiciary, Examining the Importance of the H-1B Visa to the American Economy. 272 Ibid.,2. 273 Ibid.,5-7. 274 Ibid.,14.

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m y White House, “President Bush Proposes New Temporary Worker Program,” Jan 7, 2004, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/01/20040107-3.html (accessed Aug 15, 2015).

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L m U21 e L-1The L-1 Visa and American Interests in the 21st Century Global Economy y

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1635 L-1 y Senate Committee on Judiciary, The L-1 Visa and American Interests in the 21st Century Global Economy: hearing before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Citizenship of the Committee on the Judiciary, 108th Cong., 1st sess., 2003. 283 Consolidated Appropriations Act, PL. 108-447.,IV Title 284 U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service, “Press Release - USCIS to implement H-1B visa reform Act of 2004, December 9, 2004,” http://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/files/pressrelease/H-1B_12_9_04.pdf (accessed July 20, 2014).

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