gmnfc · 2015. 3. 31. · (c"t ep) ’gckkb’ :\k[k[f bkdgsf \ygnip .b okbzgpb,fczt \gmnfc ftec...
TRANSCRIPT
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FSGDKBF[K[K\:’BKKCG’)PET"C(
B.PINGY\BPGZBKOCFNMG\TZCF,GEKGQCETFFZB[GRF
~1|BPZZCKBPK:TZCFXZKMF[KTGZ,GBKRFRKJN\BNBCVRKTXPF,GBKQBEOKGXBKEKIGC\GCTZCF[CNGNC.
~2|MKGQEBPZPZ:BKRFRKJN\BNBCVRKTXPF,V[KJBEBKQBEOKGXBCTZCF[CNGNC!~3|PFGE\KPB:FRKPKNKFKMBENBBDCFKFGFEZBDCFKF,BCNBDCFKFGFEZBDCFKF,BKPB:NB,YBP[PTNQ.
~4|GZCISEBBPZZCKKXIY:BEOKGXBKEKIGC\GCTZCF[CNGNC.
C.PINGY\BPGZBKORGSV\CFNMG\TZCF,GEKGQCETFF[RKKF
~5|GMPF[KTGZF?
~6|BPZZCRIPQ:[N[FCEKTNKQNIKQ.
~7|GZC[[\BPZ:BVKNGTNFBIEGCEBIE.
~8|TNFBIEGCEBIESNYBET\L?BNBBKPB:BVKNGTNFBIECCEBIE.
D.[RKPT[KOEGPKOCEPGKG\C[OBKKCGGCTZCF
~9|BPZBKKCG:FGFYBKPRBYPKFEZCKBNTHZCZXEGY>K[DGZSKO:"EZCKBNTHZCZKXIY",GK[DGZSKO:"EZCKKXIY",GMX"NK[DGZSKO:"ZCKBNTHZCZKXIY",GK[DGZSKO"ZCKBNKTHZ"S\O,GRZBF[X"N:"ZCKBNTHZ"S\O
-
FPKPZB[NBKKCGC[OZCKBNTHZCZXEGY,G[\KFTZG\[NZCMFRB
~16|BPZBKKCGP[GOZCKBNTHZCZXEGY:BNKFNLBEOCTZCK[C\G\KG\ZP[N[VZSBG\.
~17|BPZZCMFRB:NBBPZQBNBNCK\KF,BCNNBG[VKHKF{BPBKERYKJSPKL.
~18|GBKMBEBPZK,BPZZCMFRB:NBRXZMBBNBBVKNGNCK\KF.
~19|BPZZCMFRB:CEKEKFGFTGCEB,GBVKNGMSBEFZSRBNBB[MI.
138PSM\SGMF{VZYZCKTK:NGNCGTZCF
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PSGZ\F\NPGE~1|BPZZCKBPKTZCFXZKMF[KTGZGBKRFRKJN\BNBCVRKTXPF{KZG[NPKSGMFED,RET"C=T"D)C[OZCKBKKCGCZRDZK(.~3|BDCFKFGFEZBDCFKF{ZBGECZKBCKKNTKN,PET"B)VZYE,SGDKBD,’TZCF’,~36|(.~4|BEOKGXBKEKIGC\GCTZCF[CNGNC{F[GGECZKZCFNTKN,[O)~35|(.~5=7|GMPF[KTGZF?BPZZCRIPQ[N[FCEKTNKQNIKQ.GZC[[\BPZBVKNGTNFBIEGCEBIE{KZG[NPK[O,RET"D,GF[GGCCNKSGMFNDT"B.~9,11|GBKK\KFFGBDCZBTZCFYPKF...BKK\GTZCFNYPKF{NTKN,PDT"C=PET"B)VZYE,SGDKBD,’TZCF’,~6|,"TZCF{[NGIKCK\EKQFGBEPKK\KNF"(.ICKJICKJ...ICKJICKJ{F[GGP[RFSGMFEG;\GSV\BSGMFDB)PFE’NKCZPQ,TP’266(;NTKN,PDT"C=PET"B,)VZYE,SGDKBD,’TZCF’,~27|(.GNBCZKL...GNBCZKL{ZBGKZG[NPKSGMFED,RET"C=T"D.~10=12|PRFDRCKBKOFGB...PRFDRCKBKOFGB{NTKN,PET"B=T"C)VZYE,SGDKBF,’RCKBKO’(.~14=15|PGTEYJQDT"B.~14|GF[CKTK\\[PJRFGRJ[\F{[PG\MDKB.~15|TCGEFHZFRT"C.~16|BNKFNLBEOCTZCK[C\G\{F[GGVSIKORT"C)"CRKCKK[QRFGDENBFGGBHNKQPXGZNXKEGQCPTNK[C\B"(.
Z["KTZCFXZKMF[KTGZNYPQPVZ[[KTGZF.BKRFRKJN\BNBCVRKTXPF{BKQECZBIZRBDETPF,EPGMI[FKBPXGF.BCNFKMBEBDCFKFN[ORJKN\NGNC,GFEZBDCFKFN[OTZCF{BKPBNKVGYCF,EBKMBFGMIFJGCB.GMPF[KTGZFEBPZQNTKN{XZKMF[KTGZ.[N[FCEK{[K[CMNBIETNKQNIKQ.TNFBIEGCEBIESNYBET\L{TNFP[PTCNBCE,GCECNBTNF,GPBKNYKIFCTNFCNBCE,FBNBPKRMZ.TNFBIECCEBIECEBIEGCGTNFBIE,GEKG,GMKBPZKRQNTKN)SGMFNC,C([N[FJVIKO{NDCKNGNCFGBEBPZKRQ,[\FBTZCFBZGMF[N[FJVIKO,BCNTZCF[FKGPYKVKQCFCVRKTXPF{MNEFGSDK,GF[\BRFDGNFCKBPGZCKG\,TRVKOBZGMKOGKVKO,[PRMZBPXGFCTKQKVF.BKKCGBCGFEZC.ICKJICKJN[GQRKTRGT.PRFDRCKBKOFKBCDCGNKQ,GNBKSGERCKBKO,FNMLBKRFXZKMFCZMF.YZKK\BBK\NKMVZKOGKG[CKFO.GPY[Y[KQCMZPKBTGEZKQB\FMZPKOC[CKTK\.GBMNKHK\KBC[MZIVKZ\FMZPKO,GBKRQPVYKZKQNTRKKO.BZKLBGNBBZKLJGCNT[G\MQBGNB,BZKL{N[GQECZFDGQ,GCTHZBK[NGEGPF:GTZG\PNMBNBBZKLNRBNPKIHK.BPZNKFNBBZKLNVK[B\FVGZTVTGN\OPVKZG\[CKTK\GF\GZFBPZF:NBMNFGNBNSIGZF,BCNFY[YG[PG\Z,MENYPQ.BPZZCKBNTHZCZXEGYMEGFGK\KEBKZ{MCZTCZGBZCTKO[RF[BRKEZCBZWFHB\.GNBIPK\KCZBKR[NBZBK\KCQBEO.EPFNLCBGZIBE\YRQMEKQ[PFNLCEZLK[ZMBEOHF.BVYZHK\KBNI[GMKBNTRKKO.GFCVZKJKBG\QVZGJG\PMKSLNY[Y[FMZPKO.GPK[ZKY[YG[C[CKTK\.PNSYNNF[NKLBCRKONIGW.S\GPKVKNK[F[Z[KOPDGNKO,GXZKLNMSG\O[NBKKC[FBKNQ,GBGYGPKBKNRKFGB[NBKPG\,GBKRGTG[FNF[CKIQBNBNYKKPQ{[ZK.VKNKCYTKO.GIEBCZGKKBKNRKMPGGCZBBG\OCIZCG\O)KIHYBNMD({NRYGCFTVZ[TNF[Z[KOGNFHKHG[KFBZLG\KIGI,GFBKNQP[CKI,ML[PT\K,NK[RBBIZKRB:NFCZKBB\FBKNQGNF[CKIG.NBKFNLMG’BNBK[CG\NGCTGEKGODEGN,GKMKQNGSTGE\[C\.BNBNCK\KF[FGNLNCK\G,GFOBKROKGETKO[KCBFKGO,GBKQPMKRKONXGZMG,GFGBMGTSTNKFO.BCNNBG[VKHKFBPBKERYJSPKLBKRGSPGLTNCRKFCK\,GRG[BTPGSTGE\G,GTNPF[CKEGRSPL.BVKNGNCK\GEPF[PGXBBOPTJBOZC[NGFGB,BUTNVKMQNBKFNL,GMN[MQNBG[VKHKF,[NBKPXBMNGO.MSBEFZSRBSTGEFPGTJ\,EDKOYJRKOPJGDRKQCYPIC[GPQ[NFQ.
139 FSGDKBF[K[K\:’BKKCG’)PET"C(
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\YXKZ
CKSGESGDKBHGTGPEYGCW[NBZCTPSGZG\FY[GZG\CEPG\P\YGV\FBPGZBKOC[OBKKCG.FZB[GRF,PKPZBGCFFRIKG\NRGFDFTZCF,PKGIS\CCCNKNZCKBPK,NBNBKKCG,BLP\GLF[GGBFNPYCKNFCKZG[NPKSGMFED,RET"D=T"E,GPRK\GIFSGDKBFCCNK\TXPF,TGNF[PKPZBHGRPSZFCPYGZTNKEKZCKBPKC[OBKKCG.ZCISEBIGNYC[OZCKKXIYTNBI\FFRIKG\[CPKPZBHGGNVKFBKQKGXBKOKEKIGCFCTZCF[CNGNC.ZCRIPQGZC[[\RINYKOCY[ZNFRIKFRGSV\,[K[NTZCF[KTGZ:NVKZCRIPQF[KTGZFGB[NG[FTRVKONIKO,GNVKZC[[\EKCTRUBIETOTNFBIE.NVKFPSGZ\F[RKKFRMIBKKCGC[TF[BPGZB{TEKFRGSIINGYKOCB[ZNHKFGKG{RJNTZCFPCNKNCZLYGEO.CPSGZ\F[NK[K\P\BZBKKCG[KIFCKQBPGZB{MRZBFZCKBNTHZ,BLDOTNMLINGYKOTEKFRGSI{NCKQBEO[FYVKETNFNMG\[CKTK\.FPSGZ\FZCKTK\FKBPKPZB[CFPGSZBKKCGP[GOF\RBZCKBNTHZCZCKXEGY[BSGZNNM\KG\ZP[NG[VZSBG\CTZC[C\.ZCMFRBPTKZTNMLPRKSKGRGFBK[K,GPECZKGTGNF[JTOFBKSGZFGBNGGEB[KFKFBGMNPGMQNSTGEG\F[C\.
PQFPSYRG\FTGNG\P\GLFEKGQ:)B(RK\QNKKISB\BK-FCFKZG\CY[ZN[PG\FBPGZBKOCSGDKBNRKSKGQPMGGQNFS\KZB\HFG\G[NBKKCG.PGXTMBQ[BKKCGHFFGBFGBBKKCG[BMNV\TMG"OGRGEFTNKEKZCBBGZCRIPQNVKCCNKTCGEFHZFNFT"C,G[FMTKSB\ZCKKGIRQM[NBFYVKETNKGOJGC[RK[NDNGKG\NVKCCNKZB[F[RFMBT"B.CSGDKB[NRGFGBR\VSMBPGZBBPKQNMNECZ,BLMEKNFXKDGMLRYJCTNFDPZBCBPXTKOMEKNJ[J[B\HFG\GGB\HFG\FBPGZBKO[B\ORY[Z[PG.)C([BN\[KTGZFTZCFTSYFCPYGZFCBGZLFTZCG\.PINGY\ZCRIPQGZC[[\CTRKKQPSVZFTRVKOTSYFCPYGZFCFESKO,GFKBFGT\YFPFY[ZFFPYGZKGFGTCZFNSGDKB[NRGTNKEKCTNFDPZB[NRG.)D(FSKVGZTNFBPGZBGFBK[[FYVKETNF[CKTK\PHMKZFSKVGZCKZG[NPK[CKTK\EC,NFT"B,[ODGTZP[GPECKFGEKOTNFYNG\KFOCFNMG\[CKTK\.PJZ\FSKVGZ[NRGFKBNBHQB\FZG[OFRGXZTNKEKFSKVGZFFGB[KFGEKBZWK[ZBNNBFYVKEGTNF[CKTK\.)E(FBKSGZNXB\NEZLCTZC[C\NBFKFY[GZCPYGZCXGZLNFMKQB\STGEG\F[C\.FI[[CFNMFHGGCPYGZG\BIZKOFY[GZKOCKXKBFNEZLCTZC[C\FGB[FRGSTKPXBB\TXPGPIGWN\IGOTOMRKS\F[C\,M[BKQNGBV[ZG\NIHGZFCK\F.
PFNLFSGDKBG\GNEG\KF
FSGDKBFBPGZBK\FPYGZK\
TNVRKFRZBK\SGDKBHGM[\KSGDKG\RVZEG\,GMLFKBR\VSFTNKEKIGYZKFCCNK[TSYGCF:1
INYKOB=C{[TRKKRO[KTGZTZCFGRJKN\FCVRKTXPF{RI[CGNSGDKBCVRKTXPF,
FPYCKNFNSGDKB[CKZG[NPKSGMFED,RET"D=T"E:
ZCKHTGZB[NI[BKNNZCKERKBNCZKFEZCYJKRB,[PT\PBCKL:JTGRFCZMFGRKJN\CVRKTXPFGK[NF[KTGZ?B\BZCKBKKCGCZRDZKC[OZCIGRFGBPZJTPB:2JTGRFCZMFGRKJN\CVRKTXPF,GK[NF[KTGZNB[PT\K.\PQBPZKQZC[[\GZCRIPQCZKTYC,IEBPZ:[N[FCEKTNKQ,GIGZRB:BVKNGCEBIE.
1ZBGK[ZBNCGZDRSYK,PSM\SGMF[N\NPGECCNK,PYGZG\KFGEZMKTZKM\F,EKSZJXKF,ZP\DQ\[N"J,TP’628=629;RITPKRI,TZKM\PSM\G\SGMFGPGTEYJQPQF\NPGEFCCNK,\NBCKC\[P"J,TP’.131GMLP[\PTDOPECZKBCZFOGKKS,TNFKXKZFFSVZG\K\[NFBPGZBKO,RKGKGZY\[M"C,TP’212,FTZF26,FP\KKISNVKSYBG\~9=19|[NFSGDKB[NRGMBNYGCWTXPBK[BKRGMGNNB\INY)B([NFSGDKB.
2RZBF[K[NPIGYB\FPKNF’JTPB’[BKQNFP[PTMBQ.PS\CZ[PEGCZCEKJGDZVKF[NFPKNFFCBF:’JTGRF’.
140PSM\SGMF{VZYZCKTK:NGNCGTZCF
-
NTGP\HB\,INYKOD=FRI[CGNYGCWTXPBK[NBZCTFPKPZG\GPT[KO[TRKKROBPGZBBG
BPGZBKOC[OBKKCG,M[CINYOK[NBPGZBHFHKYFNZCKBNTHZCZXEGY.NVKFDKZSB
[CEVGSGKNRFMGNNYGCWHFBZCTFVZKJKO:
)B(TEG\BKKCGCRGDTNEZL[CFRJNZCKBNTHZCZXEGYTZCF:IKCGJNNBCZMF~9|;
)C(PT[FEGPFCBKKCGGCIHYKF,RMEKZC,[FCKBGNGTZCF,GBUFGBICJCFNNB
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[PKJF~13|;
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BGNO\KBGZHF[NPCRFFIGPZ[NVRKRG,EFKKRG[\KSGDKG\RVZEG\{SGDKBCTRKKQ[KTGZTZCF,
G’YGCWBKKCG’{PTGZZMPF\FKG\,[TNINYPFQMCZTPEGFIGYZKO[IKNYGMLB\FSGDKG\:
.1SEZF’SGDKG\’FKFXZKLNFKG\FVGL:SGDKBF,’RCKBKO’,PET"B=T"C,TGSY\
C[BN\PTPERGFDFTZCF{PRFDRCKBKO,KSGERCKBKOBGPXGGFPF\GZF.NYGCW
’BKKCG’HKYFK[KZFNTRKKQHF:[RKFPT[KOFZB[GRKOP[P[KONCTNFSGDKB[NRG
FGMIFNML[ZCKBNTHZCZXEGYGZCSCZG[TZCFFKBPRFDRCKBKO.FKKRGPXVKO
BVGB[YGCW’BKKCG’KGCBNVRKFSGDKBCTRKKQ[KTGZTZCF,GNBBIZKG.3
.2VKSYB~4|VG\I\CPKNKO’GZCISEBBPZZCKKXIY...’,NNBIHZFTNFPKNF’BPZ’{
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PINGY\PVKCRKVNGD\B.ZCKBPKGZCKKXIYFOBPROCRKVNGD\B,GFOBPRO
INGYKODOCSGDKB[NRG,BGNONBGZFSDRGQ[CGPRGSI\VKSYB~4|FKKRGPXVKO[DO
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3CGZDRSYKGTPKRI)NTKN,FTZF1(RHYYG[RKFON[BNFHG.CGZDRSYKRKSFNV\GZB\FCTKFCJTRF[FPKNKO’YSCZPRFDRCKBKOFGB’RGSVGTNKEKCTNFDPZBCSGDKB[NRGC[NCPBGIZKISK\.GBMQ,RZBF[PKNKOBNGFQ\GSV\[NCTNFDPZBGBKRQINYPECZKBKKCG)[FZKCPT[FF[RK,HFFTGSYCRMEKZC,BKQ’PS#VZ’INGVK[RK\QNKKISNGPKNKOBNG,GCZGZ[PEGCZCTGZLFYGCW(.BGNOBKQCMLMEKNFSCKZB\F\GVTF:PPFRV[L,BG[YGCWBKKCGFKFYKKOMCZMYGCW,G[GCWMBQTNKEKCTNFDPZB[FGSKUB\FFTZFCTRKKQ’PRFDRCKBKO’,GBOMQ,FKFTNKGN[CXGPKENBIZVZYE,SGDKBF,BG[FPT[KOCTZCFRGSVGYGEOC[NHKY\ONTRKKRRG,GFPT[KOFBIZKORGSVGBIZMLBDCBHMGZBKKCG,GDOBHFKFTNCTNFSGDKBN[CWB\FPT[KOCTZCFCPYGPO,[OFOKMGNKON[P[SKGTNPBQEBPZ"PRFDRCKBKOFGB".)N[\KFBV[ZGKG\FNNGCFKGGXZG\O[NYCXKOZBGGKKS,[O,TP’218=.220(
TPKRIPSCKZ[CSKEGZYEGOFGCBFPT[FCRMEKZCGCTZCFPKENBIZVZYE,SGDKBF,’RCKBKO’,PET"B=T"C.CTNDPZBBIZ)"PIGHBK?"(,FKFNGMCZYGCWRVZE[NPT[FGPKPZBCBKKCG)FPT[FCTRKKQF[PKJFGFPKPZBCTRKKQTZC[C\(,GFGBZXFNFGSKUBG\ONYGCW[NVRKG,GNMQFGXKBB\FPT[FCRMEKZCPPYGPGG[KNCFMNCSGUFSGDKB.)NET\TPKRI,C[NCFBIZGQReSIPIE[FPT[FCRMEKZCMEK[K\BKONVZKJKOFBIZKOCYGCW,GFVLNPT[FCBKKCGGCZCKBNTHZCZXEGY,G[RKFSKVGZKOR[\PZGHFNXEHFCRGSIEVGSGKNRFGCTEKORGSVKO(.BGNOTPKRIBKRGPSCKZPEGTFKFXGZLN[C[B\FSEZC[T\FGSV\FPT[KOPFSKEGZFPIGHBK:FNGBBV[ZFKFNFGSKUPT[KOBNGNBIZFPT[FCRMEKZCGYGEOFSGDKBCTRKKQ[KTGZTZCF,GMEZMO[NYCXKO[RGXZGC[KJFHG.ZBGGKKS)NTKN,FTZF1(,TP’.231P[MRTKOCPKGIEECZKGKKS[O,[BKQCKQFGSV\PKPZG\NYGCWNCKQFGSV\"[MCFRGSV\[CIGPZF\NPGEKFZDKN",G["FYGCW[RYCTCPYGOPSGKORT[FINY[NF\NPGEFFGNLGP\V\IEZLFGSV\[MCFTN[MCF,FQ[MCFCXGZ\FP[LBGCKZGZSGDK\KRGSUFQ[MCFCXGZ\PYGZG\KSGEKKORGSVKO[HFT\FFGCBGNCKFP"E".GBKQHGEZMO[NCTNKFSGDKG\N[C[B\SEZFIGPZ[NVRKFO[NBNXGZLCCGBONFGSKU[MCF.
4ZYCTKZGCKQVBT"CGCPYCKNFCIGNKQVDT"BPXBRGCZGCFTEKOPCRFB-SKPJZKTORKSGIHF[NFTPEFFBIZGRF,GCPINGY\P[GN[\EGGYB:"ZCFGRBBPZ...GZC[PGBNCZKXIYBPZ...GZCKBKNTB/BNTHZBPZZCKKGIRQ...".CPYZKOBIZKO,DOM[PXBRGCT+ECGEEPCRFB=SKPJZKMHFTO[\KETG\CNCE)MDGQCM"KPKRMQ[NCCBPXKTBPHT"C(,PXBRGC[BZFTEKO[RKPSZRKONMNETFBGN[GQFXTFPSGDBIZ.
5ZBGNTKN,FTZF.2
141 FSGDKBF[K[K\:’BKKCG’)PET"C(
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NFRKI[FDKZSBC[T\TZKM\FSGDKBFK\F:"BPZBKKCG,BPZZCKBPK")ZCKBKKCG
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FSKVGZKO,GCPYGO[PG[NZCKBNTHZCZXEGYPXBRGCTEKO[GRKONPT[FFTZCF[CVKSYB~9|B\"ZCKBNTHZCZKXIY"GB\"ZCKKXIY".10PMKGGQ[BPGZBC[OZCKBNTHZCZKXIYBKRG
PGMZNRGP[GOPYGOBIZ,FET\RG\R\[FDKZSBFRMGRFCPT[FFTZCFFKB"ZCKKXIY".GBO
MQ,FZK[K[Y[ZBKRJDZNKCKQFPKPZB[CVKSYB~9|NCKQPINGY\ZCKBPKGZCISEBC[OZCK
KXIY[CVSYBG\~1,4|.ZCKBPK)BGZCKBKKCGC[OZCKBPK(VGSY[K[NKJGNB\FTZCFCVRK
TXPF;ZCISEBPGSZC[OZCKKXIY[BKQXGZLCML,GBKNGBKKCGPGSZ[FKFRGMIM[FCKBG
NZCKKXIYCFG[TRBZCFTZCFMEK[KKJNRFCVRKTXPF!FZK[FPKPZBFZB[GRFCYGCW
6TPKRI)NTKN,FTZF1(.7ZBGNFNQ,PEGZ’PFNLFSGDKBG\GNEG\KF:BKKCGS\O,ZCKBKKCGCZRDZKGBKKCGRMEZC’.8ZBGZ["KSGMFPET"B,E"FENBTCEKRQNF[CTF;PET"C,E"FBKKCG.9CEKGQCVZYE,SGDKBF,’RCKBKO’,TKGRKFVKZG[NVKSYB~5|.10N\KTGEGNEKGQZBGNFNQ,PEGZ’PFNLFSGDKBG\GNEG\KF:FBPGZBKOFBIZKOFPGHMZKOCSGDKB’.
142PSM\SGMF{VZYZCKTK:NGNCGTZCF
-
’BKKCG’MVK[PYGCNN\IGOBG\F~9=19|FKBINYBKRJDZNKPFEKGQ[NPTNFFKPRF.GMVK
[RZBFNFNQ,PS\CZ[FPT[FCBKKCGGCIHYKFGCRMEKZCFGBDKZSBINGVK\NPT[FCBKKCG
GCZCKKXIY,[RGXZFGRGSVFC[NCPBGIZKISK\.11
PJTPKOBNGYZGCN[TZ[K[NFGSKUCZB[FSGDKBB\FPKNKO’BPZBKKCG’,GNZBG\B\KSGE
FSGDKBCYGCW[NBZCTFPKPZG\[NBKKCG[CVSYBG\~1,9,13,16|.BCNDOCNBGFMKRZBF
CZGZ[FSGDKBFBPGZBK\FYEGPFFK\FP]Y[FBI\,GMNNFVKSYBG\BNGKIETOPKPZG\
[NBPGZBKORGSVKO{~4,14=15,17=19|{MENFNQ:12
~1|BPZBKKCGBPZZCKBPK:TZCFXZKMF[KTGZ,GBKRFRKJN\BNBCVRKTXPF,GBKQBEOKGXBKEKIGC\GCTZCF[CNGNC.
~4|GZCISEBBPZZCKKXIY:BEOKGXBKEKIGC\GCTZCF[CNGNC.
~9|BPZBKKCG:FGFYBKPRBYPKFEZCKKXIY,GBKK\KFFGBDCZBTZCFYPKF.[YKN,ICKJICKJGNBCZKL.
~13|BPZBKKCG:FGFYBKPRBYPKFEZCKBNTHZ...B\BNYPKFFFGBDCZB...FEZGB\KGBPZNKF:PBKPKTCE?BPZNKF:BVYZHK\KBNI[GMKBG\QVZKJKBNY[YG[KMZPKO.
~14|GY[YG[KPK[ZK?GFB\RKB:GF[CKTK\\[PJRFGRJ[\F.\[PJRF{PNY[Y[;GRJ[\F{PNSYN!~15|BPZZCTGYCBCZIPB:\ZKY[YG[KFGG{IES\GPKVKNK,GIEBCZGKKBKNRK.BCZGKKBKNRK{BSGZ;S\GPKVKNK{[ZK.
~16|BPZBKKCGP[GOZCKBNTHZCZXEGY:BNKFNLBEOCTZCK[C\G\KG\ZP[N[VZSBG\.
~17|BPZZCMFRB:NBBPZQBNBNCK\KF,BCNNBG[VKHKF{BPBKERYKJSPKL.~18|GBKMBEBPZK,BPZZCMFRB:NBRXZMBBNBBVKNGNCK\KF.~19|BPZZCMFRB:CEKEKFGFTGCEB,GBVKNGMSBEFZSRBNBB[MI.
NVKHF,PKPZBEGPFNHGFPGCB\CKZG[NPKC[O"ZCKBKKCGCZRDZKBPZZCIGRF"FGCBF
CSGDKBFCCNK\FBPGZBK\CN[GQ’~BPZBKKCG|BPZZCKBPK’~1|,GCXPGENFFGCBFETF
RDEK\CN[GQ’GZCISEBBPZZCKKXIY’~4|.PKENBIZPMQFCKBBKKCGSKGTN[KJ\ZCKBPK~9|,NBPGZ:B\F,ZCISEB,PGSZC[OZCKKXIY[KGXBKOKEKIGCFCTZCF[CNGNC,BCNBRK
ZBK\KB\ZCKKXIYRGJNTZCFNIGE,DOBONNBCZMF.13BDCPKPZBHGFGCBG[\KPKPZG\
RGSVG\[NBKKCGFP\Y[ZG\NEPGKG\BZWK[ZBNKG\~13,16|.MVK[RRPYNFNQ,14RZBF
[FEPG\[CVKSYB~13|XZKMFNFKG\ZCKBNTHZS\O,EFKKRGZCKBNTHZCQVE\,GFEPG\
[C[PFPGSZBKKCGCVKSYB~16|FKBBMQZCKBNTHZCZXEGYF\RB,[FZKFN[GQ’P[GO’~16|
PXCKTTNML[NBPEGCZCECZKO[[PTBKKCGFKK[ZPVKZCKBNTHZCZXEGY,GVTZFEGZG\
BKRGPGY[FCFY[ZHF.RPXB[FCSKSNYGCWBKRG[NG[PKPZG\[NBKKCGFY[GZG\CZCK
BNTHZCZXEGY,MVK[RZBFCPCJZB[GQPRGSIEVGSGKNRF,15BNBBGSUPKPZG\[PSZBKKCG
TOHKYFN[NG[FBGBZCTFPIMPKBZWK[ZBN)[NG[FBPGZBKOG\RB(:ZCKBPK{NVK
F[IHGZFPGXTNTKN~1|,ZCKKXIY~9|,ZCKBNTHZ~13|GZCKBNTHZCZXEGY~16|.RKSKGRG\NBIE
[PG\BNGDZPGNZKCGKDKZSBG\CTEKOF[GRKO.16
PMNFBPGZMBQTGNF[VKSYB~9|FKBPZMKCBG\RJKGI[GCCSGDKBFBPGZBK\FPYGZK\,GBKQ
11ZBGNFNQ,PEGZ’PFNLFSGDKBG\GNEG\KF:BKKCG,ZCKBKKCGCZRDZKGBKKCGRMEZC’.NMVNPT[KOGFMVN\PT[KOCCCNKCMNN,ZBGPF[M\CPG"ZS. Friedman, ‘‘A Good Story Deserves Retelling: The Unfolding of the Akiva Legend’’,
Jewish Studies Internet Journal 3 (2004), pp. 55-93.12MNNRGMBQB\MNFIGPZFBPGZBKCSGDKBVZJNPINGY\ZCRIPQGZC[[\FPGCB\CVKSYBG\~6=7|.MVK[RZBFNFNQ,
PS\CZ[TGZLFSGDKBFTCKZPINGY\HGPSGDKB[TRKKRFFES[R[ZGTNKG.ZBGNFNQ,TKGRKFVKZG[NVKSYBG\~5=8|.13ZBGNFNQ,TKGRKFVKZG[NVKSYB~9|.14ZBGNFNQ,PEGZ’PFNLFSGDKBG\GNEG\KF:FBPGZBKOFBIZKOFPGHMZKOCSGDKB’.15DKZSBHGPG[VT\PVKZG[Z["K.ZBGNTKN,FTZF.816N\KTGEZBGNFNQ,PEGZ’PFNLFSGDKBG\GNEG\KF:FBPGZBKOFBIZKOFPGHMZKOCSGDKB’.
143 FSGDKBF[K[K\:’BKKCG’)PET"C(
-
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’RCKBKO’,PET"B=T"C,GFKBPGCB\CFHEPRG\ZB[GRF:NBFK\FMNNBV[ZG\NFYEKOB\
FVKSYBG\~9=10|GB\[BZPKPZG\BKKCG[CFP[LNVKSYBG\~1=8|,P[GO[VKSYB~9|FKB
PTRF[NBKKCGNECZKZCISEB[CVKSYB~4|.RZBFBVGB[FPT[FCBKKCG[CVSYBG\~9=10|
FGBFPYGZK,GBKNGFPT[FCRMEKZC[CVKSYBG\~11=12|FGBDKZSBP[RK\NSKVGZHF,GNFNQ
RSCKZB\FKGGXZG\FPT[FCRMEKZC.17
PNBM\TGZLFSGDKB
NSGDKBBPGZBK\YEGPFHGFGSKUCTNFDPZBIGPZBPGZBKFNYGIPPYGOBIZ,GECZKTZKMF
P[NG:
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.2EKGQFNYGIPPYGZBIZCTRKKQ[KTGZTZCF[FGHMZCPKPZ\ZCKBPK[CVKSYB~1|
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FSGDKBFYGEP\.
FGSV\~2=3|FZIKYFB\[\KFETG\CPINGY\ZCKBPK{ZCKKXIYHGPHG,GFGSV\VKSYBG\~5=8|FZIKYFB\\DGC\G[NBKKCGNECZKZCISEBPECZKZCISEBTXPO,PF[TZTZ
CPYX\B\F\IG[F[PEGCZCP[BGP\QBIKEGYGFZRJK.BGNOFGSV\FTZG\CSDRGQ
V[KJ\BCTKXGPG[NEKGQFKB\GVTFRVGXFCCCNK.CB[ZNFGSV\VKSYBG\~5=8|CTRKKQPSVZ
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NBIZFPINGY\ZCKBPK{ZCKKXIY,P[GO[FCKJGK’TZCFXZKMF[KTGZ’CECZKZCKBPK
P\KKISNVKV[GJGNBGZLFTZCG\,18GZXGKFKFNFCFKZ{YZGCMMNFBV[ZNPINGY\
TXPF{[NBHGFP[PTG\BNKCBETGZLFSGDKB,BNBPEGCZCPINGY\CTRKKQPSVZFTZCG\.
SEZFKGOFFNM\KFHFDCZTNFXGZLCYGFZRJKG\CVGNPGSBKKCGGZCISEBCTRKKQTPE\ZCK
KXIY.TNMNVRKO,KK\MQ[CTNFSGDKBSPLTNML[DOVKSYB~1|V\IFC[NCHFCPKNKO
’BPZBKKCG’,NVKF[IHGZFPGXTNTKN,GNMQZXUFYGCWFKFCZGZ.PSKCFHGNBZBFFTGZLMN
YG[KC\GSV\FFTZF"YSCZPRFDRCKBKOFGB"CVKSYB~10|{FKFCZGZNG[VKSYBHGFKB
TEKKQINYPEKGQGSGDKBFCBKOPKENBIZFSGDKB’RCKBKO’,PET"B=T"C,[CFPINGY\CRGDT
NPTPEPXGG\TZCF,BOKSGERCKBKOBOPRFDRCKBKOFKB.
BKKCGS\O,ZCKBKKCGCZRDZKGBKKCGRMEZC
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FEGZG\,RZBF[K[NHFG\B\BKKCGTOZCKBKKCGCZRDZK,[FZKCPYCKNF[CKZG[NPKRPSZF
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RDZKC[OZCFGRB,NBIZ["B\B"{MMNFRZBFPCCN.BKKCGHFFKF\NPKEG[NZCKIKKB
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ZCKBKKCGCZRDZKGZCKIKKBCZBCBBKYNTGNFFGBB\ZBEFGFPJG[NGIKRKSQGNBPJG[NGIK\[ZK,GTCEKIEKGPB,GNBBPZGNFGGNBPKEK.[PTZCKKGIRQGBKYVE.BPZNFG,NBG
17ZBGNFNQ,PEGZ’PFNLFSGDKBG\GNEG\KF:BKKCGS\O,ZCKBKCGCZRDZKGBKKCGRMEZC’.18ZBGNFNQ,TKGRKFVZG[NVKSYBG\~1=8|.
144PSM\SGMF{VZYZCKTK:NGNCGTZCF
-
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GNMQKK\MQ[FGBPSZCCCNB\FECZKO[[PTPVKZCKBPK,GMQB\FIGGKG\[IGGFTOZCK
KXIYGTOK\ZFBPGZBKOFBZWK[ZBNKOFPGHMZKOCFP[LFYGCW,GCBZWK[ZBNPSZB\
FECZKO[[PTPVKZCFGRBCCCN.RZBF[FKFCCNKCPYGZG)[FZKF[OBKKCGPGMZNRG
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GCBZWK[ZBNFGSPL,GNMQRYZB[O’ZCKBKKCGCZRDZK’.19
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K[ZBN?PPFRV[L:BOFDKZSB[CKZG[NPKFKBFPYGZK\,GZCFGRBFGBCTNFPKPZB,MKXE
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GPEGCZCFNMFBZWK[ZBNK\[PSZBKKCGCCCNC[OZCKBPK,MKXESCZGTGZMKFKZG[NPK
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RKSGIVKSYB~1|CSGDKK\RGCBP\YZGCPBGENECZKZCKBKKCGCZRDZKC[OZCIGRFCKZG[NPK,
BCNFPTKKQCPKPZG\[CCCNKGCKZG[NPKKZBF[FQBKRQHFG\:
CCNKKZG[NPK
~BPZBKKCG|BPZZCKBPKZCKHTGZB[NI[BKNNZCKERKBNCZKFEZCYJKRB,[PT\PBCKL:JTGRFCZMFGRKJN\CVRKTXPFGK[NF[KTGZ?B\BZCKBKKCGCZRDZKC[OZCIGRFGBPZ...:
.1TZCFXZKMF[KTGZ.4JTGRFCZMF
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)3(BKQBEOKGXBKEKIGC\GCTZCF[CNGNC.
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PCCNNBZWK[ZBNB\PRFDRJKN\FTZCFCFG[TRBZCF.BU[\NPKEKGFCCNKO[NZCK
KGIRQZBGCRGFDPRFDCCNK,FKG[SCZG[PEGCZCFP[LK[KZ[NPXGG\TZCF[CPYE[,[K[
NFPTPE[NPXGGFPQF\GZFBG[NFNMFNP[FPSKRK,G[FKBEGIF[C\DONBIZFIGZCQ.
FNLZGIG\HFFKFIHYTEMEKML[ZCKSKPGQRBNWNFGZG\NPSEZKFNGINEBGDNML[NB
19GMVK[RGFDKOIGYZKONFSCKZB\IKNGVKTGNB/ZCTGNB/ZCKTGNBGB\IKNGVKHTKZB/HTKZK/ZCKHTKZB/ZCKHKZB/ZCHKZB,GMKGXBCBNG,[NDCKFORINYGFIGYZKOMPFFKGGPKHFFNPK.ZBGI’BNCY,PCGBN\NPGEKO,\NBCKC\[N"F,TP’262,399,618=.622
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145 FSGDKBF[K[K\:’BKKCG’)PET"C(
-
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NTKNPS\CZ[RPSZGTNKEKBKKCGCZRDZKCRGSI:"TZCFXZKMF[KTGZ,GBKRFRKJN\BNBCVRK
TXPF,GBKQKGXBKOKEKIGCFCTZCF[CNGNC".
BGNOZCKHTGZB/HKZB,[TNFCTXPGPCCN{MGZPIXC\G[NPRFDTZCF{NBZWK[ZBN,
VYVYCFGZBFHG,GCKY[NET\MKXERFDCTRKKQZCYJKRBFCCNK.ZCKHTKZB[NIBVGBNERKBN
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[FGBBKKCGS\O[CCCNK,PCCNNBZWK[ZBN,FGBPSZC[OZCFGRBB\TPE\G[NZC
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[ZCFGRBHFFGBZCFGRB/IRBCZKFEZCYJKRB,\NPKEO[NZCFGRB21GZCISEB,22
GBKKCG,[BGNKNBFXNKINPXGBB\ZCERKBN,PSZB\PRFDZCYJKRBPVKBIKGZCFGRB.
GCBP\,\[GC\ZCKBKKCGCZRDZKNZCKHKZBBKRFHFFNINGJKQTOFFNMF[RPSZFC[OZCK
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GBKNGZCKBPKSCGZFKF[K[NTZCF[KTGZ.NDCKFRJKNFCVRKTXPF,NTGP\HB\,KETZCK
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[NDGKKO.GHFN[GQFSGDKB[O,FPGSC\TNP[RFTCGEFHZFCGFPGRFB\FV\CKQFECZKO
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-
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152PSM\SGMF{VZYZCKTK:NGNCGTZCF
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CTNSGDKK\RGFTCKZB\ECZKZCRIPQGZC[[\P[ONMBQ,GFSGDKB[NRGXGJJFCBZWK[ZBN
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MFNMG\FES[CNGNC.ZYC[NCPBGIZKG\ZFG[PJGFECZKOPPYGPOFPYGZKCSGMFNDT"B.
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[TNFTZCG\NFKG\"ZCG\GBZGMG\GDCGFG\BIET[ZBPFMEK[KFGDGIG\TNFPHCIBPF",
GFGBXKKQB\FVSGY"BSZGIDCTCG\KOTEYZRG\FPHCI".FZK[DOFTZCG\[NPXGG\TZCF
PMGRG\’TCG\KO’,GBOMQ,DOCRGDTBNKFQK[NEBGD"[\FBTCG\GYKKP\"{NVKZCRIPQTN
KEKFCB\"[N[FCEKTNKQNIKQ",GNVKZC[[\TNKEKFCB\CEBIETOTNFBIE,[DOFGB
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~1=4|BPZZCKBPK:TZCFXZKMF[KTGZ,GBKRFRKJN\BNBCVRKTXPF,GBKQBEOKGXB
KEKIGC\GCTZCF[CNGNC.MKGQEBPZPZ:BKRFRKJN\BNBCVRKTXPF,V[KJBEBKQ
BEOKGXBCTZCF[CNGNC!PFGE\KPB:FRKPKNKFKMBENBBDCFKFGFEZBDCFKF,BCN
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KEKIGC\GCTZCF[CNGNC
153 FSGDKBF[K[K\:’BKKCG’)PET"C(
-
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BORXBP\GLFRIF[ZCFTPETN[NGGNBFGEFNBCKK,BHKCZGZPECZKZCF[NPBQEBPZ
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PYKKPKOB\PXGG\TZCFC[[\FKPKOFZB[GRKO[NSGMG\PCNKNFKG\PGETKONFCEN
MN[FGCKQTZCFN[BZFPKRKO,GPCNKNFMKZCMNNCML[PYKKPKO[\KPXGG\)BGPXGGF
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BG\FVTPKKO,GCVGTNBKQRGFDKOML,BCNBOZCFNBIHZCG,FGBSCGZMRZBF[BKQXGZL
CJYSPKGIEMEKNYKKOB\PXGG\TZCF.BCKKFGNLC[KJ\ZCKBPKMBQ,GZCF{C[KJ\ZCK
KXIY.GDOCTNFV[KJ\BCSGDKB[NRGBKRGPXKT[NET\ZCKKXIYIKKCBEONFDCKFB\
FTZCFGNIHGZGNFDCKFF.FGBPXKTHB\ZYMFSCZNMVKNG\[CECZKZCKBPK,FPCY[
NFGXKBPBV[ZG\HG.GRZBF[CTNFV[KJ\BF\CSSTNECZKBCKKCSGDKBDNTKN.
PEGTSGCZKOZCKKXIYBNKCBEZCISEB,GZCF,[RK\QNXB\KEKIGC\TZCFCTZCF[CNGNC,
MRZBFBUNNBRJKNFRGSV\?K[RQMPFBV[ZGKG\:
.1CVKSYB~9|NFNQPGSZBKKCG[ZCKKXIYRFDNICGJCTZCF.BOMQ,FZK[K[
KKIGECTZCFCFG[TRBZCF:NBIZYKGOPXGG\BZCT\FPKRKOCFG[TRBZCF
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TZCFCDCGNKQMN[CTF.51
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DOBKNGFKKRGRGJNKOTZCFBI\MZCKTYKCB,P[GO[PEGCZCPRFDRCKBKO
CTNPB,GFZKRK\QNYKKOB\PRFDFRCKBKOCPYCKNN\YR\ZCQKGIRQCQHMBKNKJGN
TZCFG[BZPKRKOCDCGNKQCIGNFPGTEMGNGGCFG[TRBZCF.
.4BCKKBPROJTQMNVKZCFNTKN,CSGDKBD,’TZCF’,PDT"C=PET"B,VKSYB~37|,
["PT[KOCMNKGOENBYTCEKRQFMK"NFDCKFB\FTZCFVTPKKO,BCNBCKKMRZBF
FRKI[DONPBQEBPZKGXBKOKEKIGCFCTZCF[CNGNCK[NFDCKFTZCFHGCVRK
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50CEVGS:"ZCB",BCNXZKLNFKG\:"ZCF".51ZBGNTKN,CEKGQCVZYE,SGDKBD,"TZCF",PEGZ’PFNLFSGDKBG\GNEG\KF:PXGG\TZCF’,NKEFTZF3,GFTZF3[O.
154PSM\SGMF{VZYZCKTK:NGNCGTZCF
-
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FPKRKOMPFVTPKOCKGO,C[T\FCZMFGC[T\FRTRGTKOCFNN,GNVKV[GJO[N
ECZKZCF,ZCISEBGZCKKXIY,FOSCGZKO[TZCFRKJN\DO[NBCVRKTXPF.FZK
[RK\QNGPZ[MCZCRTRGTF[RKKXBBEOKEK’TZCF’CTZCF[CNGNC.
GBUTNVKMQ,BKKCGPGSZCVKSYB~9|NFNQ[FCKBGNVRKZCKKXIYTZCFNIGE,GFGBICJCF
CNBCZMF.NTKNJTRG[K[CMLP[GOVYVGYCPKPZ\ZCISEBP[GOZCKKXIY,BGNOGEBK
[BKQMBQZBKFPMZT\CRGDTNTPE\G[NZCKKXIY,[FZKDONPBQEBPZ"KGXBKQKEKIGCF
CTZCF[CNGNC"PG\ZNKJGNTZCFPBNGFPGCBG\TNKEK[NKIKCK\EKQ,52GKK\MQ[BUPXGGF
PQFPGCIZNT[G\MQ.53
CPYCKNF[CKZG[NPKREGQTRKKQRGSU,GFGB[BN\FCZMFTNFTZCF.ZCKBKKCGCZRDZKPGSZ
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M[RJNTZCFNIGE.HB\GTGE:ZCFJGTQ[PYKKPKOB\RGFDFTZCFHMZNPYE[DOC[[\
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[BONBMQNBFKFCTNFSGDKBPTKZTNPT[FZCKKXIYBNKCBEBKKCG:"YSCZPRFD
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