2017 ckespf o,hzmw pdrhtkyfcskyfri tntef;udef;...2017ckespf o,hzmw pdrhcefycgjri tntef;udef;...
TRANSCRIPT
2017 ckeSpfo,HZmw
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© 2017 Natural Resource Governance Institute
2017 ckeSpf o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI tnTef;udef;
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a&eH? "mwfaiGUeSifh owåKwGif;u@rsm;udk ydkifydkifedkifedkifpDrHedkif&efrSm vG,fulonfh udpör[kwfyg/ txl;ojzifh 0ifaiGenf;? 0ifaiG tv,ftvwfedkifiHrsm;tzdkY rSmydkícufcJonf/ odkYaomfvnf; o,HZmwpDrHtkyfcsKyfrI tnTef;udef; (Resource Governance Index) azmfjycsufrsm;udkMunfhygu ,if;udpöonf ajz&Sif;r&edkif atmif cufcJonfjyóemawmh r[kwfyg/ tqifhowfrSwfcsuf rsm;udk avhvmMunfhrnfqdkygu yHkaoowfrSwfcsufrsm;? tqdk; jrifrIrsm;udk azmfxGuf ausmfjzwfvmonf zGHUjzdK;qJedkifiHrsm; udk awGUjrif&rnfjzpfonf/ rl0g'qdkif&mwGifvnf;aumif;? tzHkzHk aomu@rsm;wGif vnf;aumif; wdk;wufrIrsm;&SdvmjyD edkifiHwdk; wufa&;twGuf obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk awmfwnfhrSefuef onfhenf;vrf; rsm;jzifhtoHk;csvmedkifMuonf/ odkYaomfvnf;edkifiH tm;vHk;onf vrf;aMumif;rSefay:odkY a&muf&Sdvmonfawmh r[kwfyg/ tcsdKUaomtm;vHk;onf obm0o,HZmwrsm; enf;rSef vrf;rSeftoHk;jyKae&mrS vrf;aMumif;vGJoGm;onf rsm;udkvnf; vwfwavmeSpfrsm;wGif awGYjrif&rnfjzpfonf/ csrf;omonfedkifiH jzpfap? qif;&JonfedkifiHwGifjzpfap wvGJpDrHrIrsm;eSifh tusifhysuf vmbfpm;rIrsm;&Sd edkifonf/ ,if;a&m*gqdk;tusifhqdk;rsm;udk tjrpf jywfacsrIef;&efrSmrjzpfedkifyg/ odkYaomfvnf; edkifiHom;rsm;? owif; pmq&mrsm;? Oya'jyKtrwfrsm;? edkifiHa&;orm;rsm;? ukrÜPDrsm;? &if;eSD;jr§KyfeHSolrsm;eSifh ynm&Sifrsm;\MudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIjzifh avsmY yg;oGm;atmif MudKMudKwifwifaqmif&Gufedkifygonf/ xdkodkYaqmif &Gufedkif&ef Natural Resource Governance Institute rS pepf wusjyKpkxm;onf tcsuftvufrsm;onf rsm;pGmtoHk;wnfh rnf jzpfonf/
obm0o,HZmw pDrHrIrsm;ydkrdkwdk;wufvma&;twGuf tm;xkwf &mwGif taxmuftuljzpfap&ef oufaocHjzpf&yfrsm;? pm&Guf pmwrf;rsm; cdkifcdkifrmrmwifjyedkifa&;twGuf NRGI rS 0efxrf; rsm;onf tm;oGef;cGefpdkufaqmif&GufcJhMuygonf/ o,HZmwpDrH tkyfcsKyfrI tnTef;udef;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh tcsuftvufrsm; onf o,HZmwxkwfvkyfonfedkifiHrsm;\ pD;yGm;wdk;wufrI? vlae rIb0w&m;rSswrI rsm;ay:aygufvma&; MudK;yrf;rIrsm;wGif t axmuftyHhjzpfaprnf[k arSsmfvifhygonf/
Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León edkifiHwumpD;yGm;a&;eSifh edkifiHa&;ygarmu©?a,;vfwuúodkvfruúqDudk or®wa[mif;Natural Resource Governance Institute 'g&dkufwm bkwftzGJUobmywd
2 | WWW.RESOURCEGOVERNANCEINDEX.ORG
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Daniel KaufmannOuúXeSifh trIaqmift&m&SdcsKyfNatural Resource Governance Institute
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2017 Resource Governance Index
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edkifiHaygif; 81 edkifiHrS uRrf;usifolaygif; 150 OD;yg0ifvsuf okawoejyKvkyfonf/ tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;onf/ tajzrsm;xnfhoGif;onf/
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vkyfief;tqifajyaqmif&GufedkifrI (enabling environment) tajctaeudk oHk;oyfedkif&eftwGuf vkyfief;XmepDrHrI (institutional governance) eSifh yGifhvif;jrifomrIqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk qufvufpkaqmif;onf/
6 | WWW.RESOURCEGOVERNANCEINDEX.ORG
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40 YUOP 60.29 RET
2017 ckeSpf o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI tnTef;udef;
edkifiH&Sda&eH? "mwfaiGUeSifh owåKwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm; pDrHBuD;Muyf &eftwGuf tmPmydkifrsm;toHk;jyKonfh rl0g'rsm;? vkyfief;aqmif &GufyHkrsm;udk avhvmwdkif;wmonf/ qef;ppfrIwpfckjcif;pDwdkif;udk pkaygif;&rSwf (composite score) jzifhtajzxkwfay;onf/ edkifiHtrsm;pkwGif a&eHeSifh"mwfaiGYu@ odkYr[kwf wGif;xGufu@ teufrS u@wpfckudk qef;ppfonf/ edkifiHaygif; 8 edkifiHwGifrl u@ 2 ckvHk;udk qef;ppfonf/qef;ppfrIwckjcif;pDwdkif;twGuf acgif;pOfoHk;ck wdkif;wmcsuf&rSwf rsm;udk tajccHumpkaygif; trSwfwGufcsuf azmfxkwfjyD tqifh owfrSwfonf/ acgif;pOf 2 ckonf ar;cGef;pk\tajzrsm;ay:wGif okawoeynm&Sifrsm;\ tao;pdwfqef;ppfrIay:wGif tajccH jcif;jzpfjyD;? edkifiH\wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;pDrHyHkudk wdkuf&dkufwdkif; wmonf/ yxracgif;pOfjzpfaom wefzdk;owfrSwfjcif; (value realization) wGifrI wl;azmfcGifhcsxm;ay;rI? wl;azmfjcif;? xkwf vkyfjcif;? obm00ef;usifumuG,fxdef;odrf;jcif;? tcGeftc aumuf,ljcif;? edkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm;pDrHrI tp&Sdonfhudpö&yfrsm; yg0ifonf/ 'kwd,acgif;pOfjzpfaom 0ifaiGpDrHrIwGif edkfifiHtqifh& oHk;p&dwf? o,HZmw0ifaiGcGJa0rI? o,HZmw&efyHkaiGxm;&SdrI tp &Sdaomudpörsm;yg0ifonf/ tqifhowfrSwfcsuf\ wwd,acgif; pOfonf edkifiH\vkyfomudkifom&Sdaom tajctae? vkyfief;t qifajypGmaqmif&Gufedkifonfh tajctaeudk wdkif;wmonf/ pDrH udkifwG,frI e,fy,fwpfckvHk;udk us,fjyefYpGmavhvmedkif&ef ,cif u avhvmazmfxkwfxm;onfh okawoersm;udkvnf; xnfh oGif;toHk;jyKedkifonf/ 3
tnTef;udef;wGif rnfonfht&mrsm;udk tuJjzwfoenf;/
acgif;pOf 3 ckatmuf&Sd rl0g'qdkif&macgif;pOfcGJrsm;\ &rSwfrsm;ay: tajccHjyD; acgif;pOf 3 ck\&rSwfrsm;udk wGufcsufazmfxkwfonf/ wefzdk;owfrSwfjcif;eSifh0ifaiGpDrHrIacgif;pOfatmufrSacgif;pOfcGJrsm;onf pDrHrItydkif;udk t"duxm;jyD NRGI \ obm0o,HZmw usifhxHk; (Natural Resource Charter) yg usifhxHk;wpfckjzpfaom rlabmifcsrSwfjcif;eSifh qufpyfvsuf&Sdonf/ o,HZmwrsm;jzifh vlrIb0zlvHkatmif aqmif&Gufedkif&ef tpdk;&rsm;eSifh vlabmif todkif;t0dkif;rsm;taejzifh tcsdwftqufrdpGm csrSwf&rnfh qHk; jzwfcsufrsm;udkazmfxkwfrnfh tao;pdwfavhvmenf;? tm;enf; csufrsm;azmfxkwfrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;yg0ifonfhrlabmifjzpfonf/ tqifhwpfckwdkif;twGuf &rSwf 100 ay:wGif tajccHum tqifh owfrSwfonf/ toHk;jyKolrsm;taejzifh pkaygif;&rSwf? acgif;pOf tvdkuf? acgif;pOfcGJtvdkuf&rSwfrsm;udk edkifiHtvdkufMunfh&Iedkif onf/trSwfay;yHkpH toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh tqifhowfrSwfcsuf& rSwfrsm;wGif cRwfacsmfrI tenf;i,f&Sdedkifonf/ &rSwfrsm;tenf; i,fuGmjcm;rIay:tajccHjyD;tqHk; owfrSwfcsufcs&efrSm vufawGU tm;jzifh enf;vrf;rusvSyg/ xdkYaMumifh &v'frsm;udk &rSwft vdkufr[kwfyJ aumif;? oifh? tvGefnHh? us&SKH; [lípGrf;aqmifrI tajcjyKum tkyfpkcGJowfrSwfonf/
WWW.RESOURCEGOVERNANCEINDEX.ORG | 7
edkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm;
a'otay:
oufa&mu
frI
tcGefaumufcHjcif;
vdkifpifcsxm;ay;jc
if;
edkifiHt
qifh bwf*su
fcsx
m;ay;rI
o,HZmw0ifa
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cGJa0rI
o,HZmw&efyHkaiG pkaqmif;xm;&SdrI
wm0efcHrIeSifhjynfolYtoH
xkwfazmfwifjyedkifrI
tpdk;&t
kyfcsKyfrI
,Eå,
m;pdk;rdk;rI
pnf;u
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rsm;\ t
&nftao
G;w&m;Oya
'pdk;rdk;rI
tusifhy
sufvmb
fpm;rI
xdef;csKyfe
dkifrI
edkifiHa&;wnfjidr
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tMurf;zu
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tcsuftv
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pkpkaygif;tqifhowfrSwfcsuf acgif;pOftvdkuf&rSwf acgif;pOfcGJtvdkuf&rSwf
o,HZmwpDrHtkyfcsKyfrItnTef;udef;
8 | WWW.RESOURCEGOVERNANCEINDEX.ORG
1 aemfa0 86 77 84 97
2 csDvD 81 74 81 90
3 jAdwdef 77 70 68 95
4 uae'g(t,fvfbmwm) 75 69 59 97
5 tar&duef(ruúqDudkyifv,fauGU) 74 66 63 93
6 b&mZD; 71 62 78 72
7 udkvHbD,m 71 59 85 67
8 Mopaw;vs(taemuf) 71 65 51 96
9 tdE´d, 70 75 66 69
10 udkvHbD,m 69 59 82 67
11 tif'dkeD;&Sm; 68 64 76 65
12 tif'dkeD;&Sm; 68 64 76 65
13 *gem 67 65 65 70
14 x&DeD'ufeSifhwdkbm*dk 64 64 57 71
15 rGef*dkvD;,m; 64 63 54 73
16 yD&l; 62 68 57 62
17 ruúqDudk 61 64 54 65
18 abmhqGmem 61 40 62 81
19 ruúqDudk 60 62 53 65
20 bmuDemzmqdk 59 66 54 57
21 zdvpfydkif 58 55 52 67
22 tm*sifwD;em; 57 58 54 58
23 awmiftmz&du 57 50 40 80
24 *gem 56 61 37 70
25 umZufpwef 56 53 54 61
26 wleD&Sm; 56 60 40 67
27 rav;&Sm; 56 49 41 77
28 tdkifA&Dudkpfh 55 60 60 46
29 w&kwf 55 52 54 59
30 uifr&Gef; 54 59 70 33
31 edkif*sm 54 55 60 47
32 tDauG'g 54 51 58 52
33 ul0dwf 54 44 51 67
34 bdkvD;AD;,m; 54 61 51 49
35 rmvD 53 48 70 42
36 wefZef;eD;,m; 53 65 40 53
37 armf&dkudk 52 56 35 64
38 um*spf 51 57 51 44
39 tdkref 50 32 43 76
40 ZrfbD,m 50 58 35 58
41 rdkZrfbpf 50 66 42 43
42 wefZefeD;,m; 49 54 40 53
43 ta&SUwDarm 49 49 57 42
44 ,lu&def; 49 61 40 45
45 AD,uferf 48 57 30 59
obm0o,HZmwpDrHtkyfcsKyfrI pkpkaygif;&rSwfeSifh acgif;pOftvdkuf&rSwfrsm;
tqifhowfrSwfcsuf
edkifiHqef;ppfonfh
u@pkpkaygif;&rSwf
wefzdk;owfrSwfrI&rSwf
0ifaiGpDrHrI&rSwf
vkyfief;tqifajypGmaqmif&GufedkifrI&rSwf
2017 ckeSpf o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI tnTef;udef;
tqifhowfrSwfcsuf
edkifiHqef;ppfonfh
u@pkpkaygif;&rSwf
wefzdk;owfrSwfrI&rSwf
0ifaiGpDrHrI&rSwf
vkyfief;tqifajypGmaqmif&GufedkifrI&rSwf
WWW.RESOURCEGOVERNANCEINDEX.ORG | 9
46 ygyltm e,l;*DeD 47 50 50 40
47 tZmbdkif*sef
wleD;&Sm;
47 49 43 49
48 46 40 30 67
49 qD&D,m vD,Gef 46 62 35 40
50 &k&Sm; 45 47 40 47
51 ,l*ef'g 44 42 42 47
52 vdkifab;&D,m; 44 59 30 41
53 umwm 43 33 19 77
54 tm&yfapmfbGm;rsm;edkifiH 42 32 16 78
55 edkif*sD;&D;,m; 42 50 44 31
56 *GmwDrmvm 41 42 35 46
57 tDoD,dk;yD;,m; 40 46 38 37
58 uGef*dk 39 45 44 29
59 bm&def; 39 27 26 63
60 tD*spf 39 45 30 41
61 tD&wf 38 52 47 16
62 tD&ef 38 36 45 34
63 *DeD,m 38 53 24 37
64 vmtdk 38 42 30 41
65 *gbGef 36 18 47 44
66 usK;bm; 36 29 23 57
67 b*Fvm;a'&SfU 36 39 35 34
68 rm'g*gpum 36 36 34 38
69 aqmf'Dtma&As 36 23 24 60
70 tef*dkvm 35 50 31 25
71 tmz*efepöwef 34 58 31 14
72 csuf'f 34 39 43 19
73 t,fvfa*s;&D;,m; 33 40 25 35
74 AifeDZGJvm; 33 48 34 17
75 uGef*dk 33 52 35 12
76 awmifql'ef 32 42 47 5
77 jrefrm 31 44 30 19
78 ,Drif 30 50 28 11
79 uarÇm'D;,m; 30 31 18 40
80 OZbufupöwef 29 40 25 22
81 ZifbmabG 29 37 30 20
82 armf&DwefeD;,m; 29 41 10 36
83 jrefrm(ausmufpdrf;) 27 33 30 19
84 uGef*dk 25 44 20 12
85 tDauGwm *DeD,m 22 29 18 17
86 ql'ef 21 26 26 11
87 vpfAsm; 18 27 20 6
88 wmcfhrifpwef 11 11 0 21
89 tDx&D,m 10 15 5 10
a':vmbDvD,HeSifhcsD wefzdk;&Sdonfh a&eH? "mwfaiGU odkYr[kwf "mwfowåKodkufrsm;&Sdonfh edkifiHrsm;&Sd edkifiHom;rsm;taejzifh zlzlvHkvHkjzifh wdk;wufonfhb0udk ydkifqdkif&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; o,HZmwaygrsm;onfh edkifiHrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIEIef;onf o,HZmwr&Sdonfh edkifiHrsm;xufaeS;onf/ 4 pDrHrIydkif; t&nft aoG;jcm;em;rIaMumifh ,if;uJhodkY uGmjcm;aejcif;jzpfonf/ 5 o,H ZmwpDrHrItqifhowfrSwfcsufyg 81 edkifiHteuf 47 edkifiHonf a&eH?"mwfaiGUodkYr[kwfwGif;xGufvkyfief;rsm; t"duaqmif&Gufae onfh obm0o,HZmwayg<u,f0onfhedkifiHtjzpf edkifiHwum aiGaMu;&efyHkaiG (International Monetary Fund) tzGJUBuD;u owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ 6 tqifhowfrSwfcsufavhvmrIt& ,if; edkifiHtrsm;pkrSm o,HZmwpDrHrIwGif tm;enf;? eHkeJY odkYr[kwf tajcwnfr&atmif ysufjym;aeonfudk awGYjrif&rnfjzpfonf/ ,if;udpöonfxm0&wnfonfh 0da&m"dawmhr[kwfyg/ abmhqGm em? tif'dkeD;&Sm;? rGef*dkvD,m; eSifhaemfa0wdkYonf o,HZmw<u,f 0onfhedkifiHjzpfouJhodkY pGrf;aqmif&nfydkif;wGif aumif; odkYr[kwf oifh taetxm;wGif&Sdaeonfh edkifiHjzpfonf/
tqifhowfrSwfcsuft& csrf;omonfhedkifiHrsm;onfvnf; o,H ZmwpDrHrIqdkif&m jyóemrsm;eSifh &ifqdkif&onfom jzpfonf/ taemufMopaw;vs\vdkifpifcsxm;ay;jcif;eSifhtcGefaumufjcif;qdkif&m&rSwfrSm edrfhonf/ tar&duefonfvnf; ruúqDudk yif v,fauGY&Sd obm00ef;usifrysufqD;atmif csrSwfonfhrl0g'rsm;? aqmif&GufrIrsm;tm;enf;ojzifh&rSwf 100 wGif 50 om&&Sdonf/ tqifhowfrSwfcsufyg 0ifaiGjrifhrm;onfhedkifiH 13 ck7Sdonfhteuf ta&SUtv,fydkif;rSmyg 0ifonfh 6 edkifiHvHk;\ &rSwfrSm aumif; odkYr[kwf oifh tqifhwGifyifr&Sdyg/ tqdk;qHk;rSm aqmf'Dtma&As jzpfjyD &rSwf 36 rSwfom&Sdonf/qefYusifbuftaejzifh 0ifaiGtv,ftvwf? 0ifaiGedrfhedkifiHt awmfrsm;rsm;\ &rSwfrsm;rSm olUtdk;eSifholUqef tm;&zG,fjzpfonf/ b&mZD;? tdE´d,? udkvHbD,mwdkYonf tqifh 10 wGif&yfwnfae Muonf/ tqifhowfrSwfcsufwGifyg0ifonfhtqif;&JqHk;edkifiHrsm; onfyifvsif pkpkaygif;&rSwftaejzifh aumif; odkUr[kwf oifh taetxm;wGif r&Sdoifhwdkif tcsdKUaom acgif;pOfcGJrsm;wGif &rSwf aumif;rsm; &&SdaeMuonf/
ordkif;aemufcH? yx0Dtaetxm; qifwlonfhedkifiHrsm;onfyif wGif;xGufo,HZmwpDrH&mwGif jcm;em;rI rsm;&SdaeaMumif; tqifh owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk avhvmygu awGUjrifedkifonf/ pGrf;aqmif &nfydkif;wGif uGm[csufBuD;MuD;rm;rm;&Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ,l a&;&Sm; (tm&Stv,fydkif;) a'owGifjzpfonf/ rGef*dkvD,m;onf 100 wGif 64 rSwf&&SdjyD; wmcfhrifpwefonf 11 rSwfom&&Sd onf/ vufwiftar&duwGifvnf; csDvD 81 rSwf? udkvHbD,m a&eHeSifh "mwfaiGUu@ 71 rSwf7&SdjyD 4if;wdkYtdrfeD;csif; AifeDZGJvm; onf 33 rSwfom &&Sdonf/ edkifiHrsm;wckeSifhwckMum; jcm;em;rIrSm BuD;rm;ojzifh a'oBuD;wpfckvHk;\ pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm;udk ySsrf;rSscs rnfqdkygu wvGJwacsmf&v'frsm; jzpfay:edkifonf/ atmifjrifae onfh edkifiHrsm;udkMunfhjyD; teD;tyg;rS edkifiHrsm;taejzifhwGif;xGuf udpörsm;atmifjrif&efpDrH&efrSmjzpfedkifaomaMumifh twk,ledkifonf/
edkifiHwpfck\ pkpkaygif;&rSwfeSifh acgif;pOf? acgif;pOfcGJtvdkuf qef;ppfrI&v'frsm;udk wdkufqdkifMunfhygu uGJjym;rIBuD;BuD; rm;rm; &Sdonfhudk awGU&rnf/ &rSwftrsm;qHk;eSifh tenf;qHk;acgif;pOf tMum; uGm[rIrSm &rSwf 20 txuf&Sdonfudk qef;ppfrIw0uf ausmfwGif awGU&onf/ qD&D,mvD,GefedkifiHonf wefzdk;jzwfrI qdkif&mwGif &rSwf 62 &&SdjyD 0ifaiGpDrHrI&rSwf 35 rSwfom&&Sdonf udkOyrmtjzpfavhvmedkifonf/ ,if;yHkpHrsdK;(0ifaiGpDrHrItydkif;&rSwf enf;jcif;)udk tar&duef? uae'guJhodkYaom csrf;omonfh edkifiH rsm;? a&eH<u,f0onfh yg;&Sm;yifv,fauGUrS edkifiHrsm;wGifvnf; awGUjrifedkifonf/tqifhowfrSwfcsufjyKvkyf&ef avhvmcJhorSsaom acgif;pOfcGJ tm;vHk;wGif aumif; odkYr[kwf oifh &&SdcJhonfhedkifiHrSmtenf;i,f om&Sdonf/ ,if;jcm;em;rIrsm;udk ta&;w,ljyifqifoifhonf/ xda&mufatmifjrifonfh o,HZmwpDrHrI (wl;azmfrI&&Sdonfh aumif;usdK;csrf;omcHpm;edif&ef) wckjzpf&efrSm rl0g'rsm;tm; aumif;&ef? vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;pepfus&ef vdktyfonf/ 7 Oyrm tm;jzifh udkvHbD,m\a&eHeSifh"mwfaiGUonf o,HZmw&efyHkaiGpD rHrIwGiftrSwf 100 &&Sdaomfvnf; a'ocHeSifhywf0ef;usiftum tuG,fay;edkifrI tydkif;wGif 36 rSwfom&&Sdonf/ edkifiHtaejzifh pkaqmif;jcif;eSifhwnfjidrfa&; &efyHkaiGrsm; (stabilization fund)
awGU&Sdcsufrsm;
edkifiHtrsm;pkrSm pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m (governance) tcuftcJrsm;xkeSifhxnfeSifh &ifqdkifae&qJ jzpfonf/
pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIaumif;eSifh "e<u,f0rItMum;qufpyfrIr&Sdyg
wlnDonfha'owGif;rSmyif tvGefuGJjym;onf o,HZmwpDrHrIyHkpHrsm;udkjrifawGUedkifonf/
edkifiHtvdkuf tvGefuGJjym;onfh o,HZmwpDrHrI yHkpHrsm;udk jrifawGUedkifonf/
10 | WWW.RESOURCEGOVERNANCEINDEX.ORG
2017 ckeSpf o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI tnTef;udef;
pkpkaygif;&rSwfonf acgif;pOfcGJtvdkuf &rSwfuGJjym;rIudk vTrf;rdk;vdkufonf/
csrSwf&ef xufxufjrufjruf aqmif&Gufxm;edkifaomfvnf; wif; usyfonfhpnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm;? tumtuG,fay;rIrsm;r&Sdygu a&eHeSifh"mwfaiGUvkyfuGuf teD;tem;rS &yf&Gmrsm;taejzifh ajzr &onf qHk;&HI;rIrsm;eSifh awGUMuHK&rnfh tvm;tvmrsm;&Sdedkifonf
jzpfaomaMumifh a&eHwl;azmfjcif;onf udkvHbD,mwpfedkifiHvHk;udk tusdK;jzpfxGef;aponf[k tcdkiftrm,lqedkif&ef cufcJoGm;jyDjzpf onf/
WWW.RESOURCEGOVERNANCEINDEX.ORG | 11
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
4 80
36 100
30 88
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
&rSwftedrfhqHk; acgif;pOfcGJ -
o,HZmw&efyHkaiG
&rSwftedrfhqHk; acgif;pOfcGJ -
a'otusdK;pD;yGm;
&rSwftedrfhqHk; acgif;pOfcGJ -
edkifiHtqifh&oHk;p&dwfa&;qGJjcif;
&rSwftjrifhqHk; acgif;pOfcGJ -
a'otusdK;pD;yGm;
pkpkaygif;&rSwf
pkpkaygif;&rSwf
pkpkaygif;&rSwf
uGm[csuf 76 rSwf&Sdonf/
uGm[csuf 64 rSwf&Sdonf/
uGm[csuf 58 rSwf&Sdonf/
&rSwftjrifhqHk; acgif;pOfcGJ -
tcGefaumufcHjcif;
&rSwftjrifhqHk; acgif;pOfcGJ -
o,HZmw&efyHkaiG
42
71
48
edkif*sD&D,m;
udkvHbD,m - (a&eHeSifh"mwfaiGU)
AD,uferf
4 |uae'g(t,fvfbmwm)| | 75
5 | tar&duef(ruúqDudkyifv,fauGU) | | 74
17 | ruúqDudk | | 61
19 | ruúqDudk | | 60
56 | *GmwDrmvm | | 41
14 | | | 64
7 | udkvHbD,m | | 71
10 | udkvHbD,m | | 69
32 | tDauG'g | | 54
66 | | | 36
16 | yD&l; | | 62
34 |bdkvD;AD;,m; | | 54
2 | csDvD | | 81
22 | tm*sifwD;em; | | 57
6 | b&mZD; | | 71
44 | ,lu&def; | | 49
aumif;
oifh
nHh
tvGefnhH
us&HI;
a&eHeSifh"mwfaiGU
owåKwGif;
tqifh
74 | AifeDZGJvm; | | 33
14 | x&DeD'ufeSifhwdkbm*dk | | 64
1 | aemfa0 | | 86
3 | jAdwdef | | 77
65 | *gbGef | | 36
85 | tDauGwm *DeD,m | | 22
30 | uifr&Gef; | | 54
55 | edkif*sD;&D;,m; | | 42
58 | uGef*dk | | 39
70 | tef*dkvm | | 35
13 | *gem | | 67
24 | *gem | | 56
63 | *DeD,m | | 38
20 | bmuDemzmqdk | | 59
60 | tD*spf | | 39
26 | wleD&Sm; | | 56
48 | wleD&Sm; | | 46
49 | qD&D,m vD,Gef | | 46
28 | tdkifA&Dudkpfh | | 55
52 | vdkifab;&D,m; | | 44
35 | rmvD | | 53
82 | armf&DwefeD;,m; | | 29
87 | vpfAsm; | | 18
73 | t,fvfa*s;&D;,m;
usL;bm
| | 33
37 | armf&dkudk | | 52
qef;ppfonfhu@ &rSwf
edkifiH
urÇmteSHYrS o,HZmwpDrHtkyfcsKyfrI tajcjyajryHk
o,HZmwpDrHtkyfcsKyfrI edkifiHtvdkuf &rSwfrsm;eSifhtqifhrsm;
2017 ckeSpf o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI tnTef;udef;
79 | uarÇm'D;,m; | | 30
29 |w&kwf | | 55
15 | rGef*dkvD;,m; | | 6425 | umZufpwef | | 56
80 | OZbufupöwef | | 29
88 | wmcfhrifpwef | | 11
38 | um*spf | | 51
71 | tmz*efepöwef | | 34
50 | &k&Sm; | | 45
68 | rm'g*gpum | | 36
41 | rdkZrfbpf | | 50
81 | ZifbmabG | | 29
18 | abmhqGmem | | 61
23 | awmiftmz&du | | 57
8 | Mopaw;vs(taemuf) | | 71
43 | ta&SUwDarm | | 49
46 | ygyltm e,l;*DeD | | 47
11 | tif'dkeD;&Sm; | | 68
12 | tif'dkeD;&Sm; | | 68
64 | vmtdk | | 38
67 | b*Fvm;a'&SfU | | 36
45 | AD,uferf | | 48
21 | zdvpfydkif | | 58
77 | jrefrm | | 31
83 | jrefrm | | 27
47 | tZmbdkif*sef | | 47
33 | ul0dwf | | 54
53 | umwm | | 43
59 | bm&def; | | 39
54 | tm&yfapmfbGm;rsm;edkifiH | | 42
62 | tD&ef | | 38
9 | tdE´d, | | 70
69 | aqmf'Dtma&As | | 36
78 | ,Drif | | 30
61 | tD&wf | | 38
76 | awmifql'ef | | 32
57 | tDoD,dk;yD;,m; | | 40
72 | csuf'f | | 34
89 | tDx&D,m | | 10
31 | edkif*sm | | 54
86 | ql'ef | | 21
51 | ,l*ef'g | | 44
75 | uGef*dk | | 33
84 | uGef*dk | | 25
36 |wefZefeD;,m; | | 53
42 |wefZefeD;,m; | | 49
40 | ZrfbD,m | | 50
39 | tdkref | | 50
27 | rav;&Sm; | | 56
o,HZmwpDrHtkyfcsKyfrI &rSwftenf;qHk; edkifiHrsm;onf 4if;wdkYcsrSwfxm;onfh
Oya'rsm;udk vdkufem&efjzpfekdifajc enf;onf/
14 | WWW.RESOURCEGOVERNANCEINDEX.ORG
70
66
59
50
47
36
22
34
64
73
uGm[csuf 3 rSwfuGm[csuf 2 rSwf
uGm[csuf 9 rSwf
uGm[csuf 13 rSwf
uGm[csuf 14 rSwf
ay;rSwf100
Oya'rlabmif
vufawGUaqmif&GufrI
edkifiH (1) edkifiHudkqef;ppfrI
pGrf;aqmif&nf
aumif;
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nHh
tvGefnhH
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aumif; oifh
nHh
tvGefnhH
us&HI;
2017 ckeSpf o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI tnTef;udef;
edkifiHwck\ &rSwfwGufcsuf&mwGif Oya'rlabmif (legal framework) eSifhOya'taumiftxnfazmfrI (implementation) &rSwfrsm;udkyg xnfhoGif;wGufcsufonf/ Oya'rlabmif&rSwf wGufcsuf&mwGif o,HZmwpDrHrIudk yHkazmfonfh Oya'rsm;eSifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;\ vTrf;jcHKpdk;rdk;edkifrI? t&nftaoG; (Oyrm - pmcsKyf rsm;zGifhjy&ef enf;Oya' owfrSwfxm;jcif;&Sdr&Sd) wdkYeSifhqufpyf onfh tnTef;udef;rsm;udk xnfhoGif; wGufcsufonf/ taumif txnfazmfrItydkif;udk wdkif;wmjcif;jzifh tpdk;&w&yftaejzifh 4if; a&;qGJxm;onfh rl0g'rsm;eSifh Oya'rsm;udk ydkifydkifedkifedkif taumif txnfazmf edkifjcif;&Sdr&Sd od&Sdedkifonf/rSefuefaumif;rGefonfhpDrHrI (good governance) qdkonfrSm enf;Oya'aumif;rsm;&SdouJhodkY ,if;udk toufoGif;&ef cdkifrm onfh xdef;aMumif;apmifhMunfhrIrsm; (strong oversight) vnf;&Sd aejyD; vufawGUaqmif&GufedkifpGrf; (competence)? aqmif&Gufvdk pdwf (willingness) wdkY aygif;pyfjzpfay:aejcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ tnTef;udef; tcsuftvufrsm;t& rnfonfhedkifiHu rnfonhf twdkif;twmtxd aqmif&Gufaeonfudkod&Sdedkifonf/ Oya'rl abmifqdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm;udk tqifhowfrSwfcsufar;cGef;jyKpk&m wGifwefzdk;owfrSwfcsufwGifvnf;aumif;?taumiftxnfazmfrIydkifar;cGef;rsm;udk tjcm;aumufEIwfcsufrsm; azmfxkwf&efvnf; aumif;toHk;jyKonf/ yxrwGif edkifiHrsm;taejzifh 4if;wdkY Oya' rsm;\ t&nftaoG;rsm;udk jrifhwif&efvdkonf/ aemufwcsufrSm edkifiHrsm;onf twnfjyKxm;onfOya'rsm;udk toufoGif; vdkufem&ef ysufuGufaeMuonf/ edkifiHrsm;\ Oya'rlabmif &rSwfrsm;udk ySsrf;rSscsMunfhygu 100 wGif 54 rSwf&&SdMuygonf/ taumiftxnfazmfusifhoHk;rItydkif; (practice) wGif 45 rSwf&&Sd MujyD ySsrf;rSsuGmjcm;csuf 9 rSwf&Sdonf/ pDrHrIt&yf&yfwGif tajc taeqdk;aeonfh edkifiHrsm;wGifOya'rlabmifeSifh vufawGUusifhoHk; rIMum; uGm[csufrSm ySsrf;rSstm;jzifh 14 rSwfjzpfonf/
Oya'owfrSwfcsufrsm; tcdkiftrmr&Sdonfhwdkif vufawGUaqmif 7GufrItydkif;wGif pepfwus&Sdonfh edkifiHtcsdKU&Sdonf/ Oyrm rav; &Sm;edkifiHjzpfonf/ Oya'rlabmifwGif jyXmef;xm;onfxuf vufawGU taumiftxnfazmfrIydkif;ydkí tm;aumif;aeaom edkifiHrsm;teuf txif&Sm;qHk;jzpfonf/ edkifiHydkifa&eHukrÜPDjzpf aom yx&dkeyf(Petronas)onf tcsuftvufzGifhjyjcif;? pmcsKyf csKyfqdkjcif;eSifh qdkifonfhudpörsm;udk av;av;pm;pm;aqmif&Guf usifhoHk;onf/ Oya't& ,if;odkUaqmif&Guf&rnf[k jyXmef;xm; jcif; r&SdyJeSifh aqmif&Gufaejcif;jzpfonf/ jcHKíajym&vSsif Oya'rl abmifr&SdyJ vufawGUydkif;aumif;rGef aejcif;onf tcsdefra&G; tvG,fwul tajymif;ujyefjzpfoGm;edkifonfh udpöjzpfonf/Oya'eSifh vufawGUaqmif&GufrIMum; tus,fjyefUqHk; uGm[csuf &Sdonfh acgif;pOfcGJ 2 ckrSm a'ocHrsm;tusdK;? jynfe,frsm;odkU o,HZmw0ifaiGcGJa0ay;rIwGifjzpfonf/ a'ocHrsm;tusdK;twGuf &nf&G,fjyKpkxm;onf Oya'rsm;twGuf ySsrf;rSs&rSwfrSm 64 rSwf &Sdaomfvnf; ,if;Oya'rsm; trSefwu,ftaumiftxnfazmfrI tydkif;&rSwfrSm 23 rSwfom&Sdonf/ obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef ysufuGufrIaMumifh tjzpf rsm;onfudkawGU&onf/ jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;odkY o,HZmwcGJa0ay; jcif;qdkif&m Oya'rsm;wGif edkifiHrsm;\ ySsrf;rSs&rSwfrSm 76 rSwfjzpf aomfvnf; trSwfwu,ftaumiftxnfazmfrIydkif; ySsrf;rSs&rSwf rSm 45 rSwfom&Sdonf/ obm0o,HZmw0ifaiGrsm;udk jynfe,f tmPmydkifrsm;odkY vTJajymif;ay;onfh edkifiHtqifhtpdk;& 33 zGJU teuf 23 zGJUomvSsif ,if;vTJajymif;ay;rIrsm;udkpm&if;ppf&rnf[k Oya'csrSwfxm;onf/ qef;ppfrIjyKvkyfcJh&mwGif trSefwu,f pm&if;ppfrI jyKvkyfcJhonfh tpdk;& tzGJU 12 zGJUom&Sdonf/tqifhowfrSwfcsufyg tcsuftvufrsm;t& tusifhysufvmbf pm;rIudk aumif;pGmcsKyfudkifwdkufzsufedkifrSmomvSsif edkifiHrsm;tae jzifh 4if;wdkYcsrSwfxm;onf Oya'rsm;vdkufem&ef tvm;tvmrsm; onfhudkawG&onf/ Oya'eSifh vufawGUusifhoHk;rItydkif; uGJjym;rI onf Oya'rsm; vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmf&ef enf;ynm pGrf;aqmif&nftm;enf;rI wckwnf;aMumifh omr[kwfaMumif;udk ,if;tcsufu oufaocHvsuf&Sdonf/
rdrdowfrSwfxm;onfh pnf;urf;rsm;udk rdrdudk,fwdkifvdkufem&efysufuGufjcif;
tusifhysufvmbfpm;rI xdef;csKyfjcif;
aumif;^oifh
tajcysuf^z&dkz&Jjzpf
nHh
3
12
13
Oya'eSifhvufawGUaqmif&GufrItydkif;&rSwfuGm[csuf
WWW.RESOURCEGOVERNANCEINDEX.ORG | 51
aumif;^oifh
nHh
tajcysuf^z&dkz&Jysuf
rnfonfhtwGufaMumifh o,HZmwpDrHtkyfcsKyfrI tqifhowfrSwf csuf&v'frsm; ta&;yg&oenf;/ o,HZmwpDrHrI rSm;,Gif;ygu qdk;usdK; BuD;BuD;rm;rm;rsm; &Sdygovm;/ o,HZmwpDrHrIta&;BuD; &jcif; taMumif;BuD; 3 &yfudk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;onf/
o,HZmw<u,f0rIrsm;eSifh pDrHyHkwdkYonf tqifhowfrSwfcsufjyKpk &efqef;ppfcJhonfh edkifiHrsm;&Sd 1.8 bDvD,Haom vlqif;&Jrsm;\ b0udktajymif;tvJjzpfedkifonf/ 8 vlqif;&Jw0ufeD;yg;cefYonf o,HZmw pDrHrI? tm;enf;? nHhzsif; odkYr[kwf z&dkz&Jjzpfaeonfh edkifiHrsm;wGif aexdkif&SifoefaeMuonf/ o,HZmw wl;azmfrIudk aumif;pGmpDrHjcif;rS &&SdvmonfhtusdK;tjrwfrsm;onf ,if;uJhodkU aomedkifiHrsm;udk qif;&JrGJawrIrS vGwfajrmuf&ef vrf;cif;ay;edkif rnf jzpfonf/ cdkifrmonfhvkyfief;Xmersm;r&Sd? rl0g'rsm;r&Sd? tusifhysuf vmbfpm;wdkufzsufrI avsmhcsedkifjcif;vnf;r&Sdqdkygu o,HZmwusdefpmatmufrS vGwfajrmuf&ef cufcJaetHk;rnfjzpf onf/ qif;&Jom;rsm; qif;&JjrJjzpfjyDvufwqkyfpm vlwef;pm;rSm qufvuf csrf;omaetHk;rnfjzpfonf/ vkyfief;Xmersm;eSifhrl0g' rsm;tm;enf;jcif;? tusifhysufvmbfpm;rI jrifhrm;jcif;\ tusdK; qufrsm;udk rMumao;rDumvtwGif; txift&Sm;jrifawGUvm& onf/ ukefpnfaps;EIef;rsm; jrifhwufaecsdef 2004 rS 2014 ckeSpf twGif; x&DvD,HeSifhcsDonfh a&eH? "mwfaiGU? owåKwGif;xGufrsm; wl;azmfcJhaomfvnf; o,HZmw <u,f0onfhedkifiHrsm;\ wl;azmf a&;eSifhrqdkifonfh u@rsm;\ wdk;wufEIef;rSm aps;EIef;tjrifhr a&mufrDumv\wdk;wufrIEIef;eSifhxl;rjcm;em;yifjzpfonf/ 9 yHkrSef tm;jzifh wl;azmfa&;eSifhrqdkifonfh u@rsm;rSm tvkyftudkif trsm;qHk; ay;edkifonfjzpfaomaMumifh qif;&JrGJawrIavsmhcs&ef t"duonfjzpf&m ,if;udpöonf ta&;ygonf/ 10
wl;azmfrIjyKvkyfonfh ae&mteD;tyg;wGifaexdkifolrsm;eSifh ywf 0ef;usiftwGuf o,HZmwpDrHrI onfta&;ygonf/ o,HZmw pDrHrItm;aumif;onfh edkifiHrsm;&Sd a&eHeSifh"mwfowåKwl;azmfa&; ukrÜPDBuD;rsm;onf obm00ef;usif xdcdkufrItenf;qHk;jzpf atmifowdxm; aqmif&GufMuonf/ (xkwfvkyfrIvkyfief;pOfw avsmufxkwfvTwfonfhumAGefaMumifhwurÇmvHk;ay:oufa&mufrIBuD;BuD;rm;rm;&Sdonfhwdkif) o,HZmwpDrHrI avsmh&Jonf edkifiHrsm; wGif ukrÜPDrsm;onf obm00ef;usifeSifh a'ocH&yf&Gmrsm;\ epfemrIudk *&krpdkuf ayghayghavsmhavsmh aqmif&GufMuonf rsm; vnf;7Sdonf/ ZrfbD,m&Sd umzljrpf npfnrf;rIrsm;onf tarZkef awmjyKef;rIxdtp&Sdaom obm0ef;usifqdkif&m ysufqD;rItrsdK;rsdK; onf pnf;rJhurf;rJhwl;azmfonfh ukrÜPDrsm;aMumifh[k wpdwf wydkif;tm;jzifh owfrSwfedkifonf/
vGefcJhonfh q,fpkeSpf3eSpfwGif urÇmhwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;onf urÇmajrmufydkif;rS awmifydkif;wdkYa&GUoGm;onf/ o,HZmwodkuf rsm;onfvnf; OECD edkifiHrsm;wGifxuf OECD tzGJU0if r[kwfonfhedkifiHrsm;wGif ydkíawGU&Sdvmonf/ 11 pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI nHh? tm;enf; odkYr[kwf tajcysuf z&dkz&Jtajcaejzifh o,HZmw xkwfvkyfrIonf tem*wfwGifvnf; qufvufwdk;jrifhvmzG,f jzpfonf/ wcsdefwnf;rSmyif &kyf<uif;avmifpm xkwfvkyfolrsm; &ifqdkif&rnfh ra&&mrIrsm;vnf; rsm;jym;vmedkifonf/ &moDOwk ajymif;vJrIudk wdkufzsuf&eftwGuf vlom;rsm;onf &kyf<uif; avmifpm toHk;jyKjcif;udk pGefYcGmtoGif;ajymif;vJ&rnfjzpfonf/ urÇmwpf0Srf;wGif tajymif;tvJrsm; tvsiftjrefaqmif&Gufedkif jcif;r&Sdygu qif;&Jaom edkifiHrsm;onf &moDOwk ajymif;vJjcif;\ qdk;usdK;rsm;udk tBuD;tus,fcH&rnfjzpfonf/ ,if;toGifajymif; rIonf avmifpmxkwfonfh edkifiHrsm;\ tkyfcsKyfpDrHyHkudk prf;oyf rnfjzpfonf/ 12
o,HZmwpDrHtkyfcsKyfrI ta&;BuD;&jcif;taMumif;
o,HZmwwvGJpDrHrdygu qif;&JrGJawrIEIef;jrifhwufaponf
pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI aumif;ygu obm0aMumifhjzpfay:onfh ab;'Pfrsm;udk avsmhcsedkifonf/
o,HZmwpDrHrIonf tem*wfwGifydkí ta&;ygvmrnf
16 | WWW.RESOURCEGOVERNANCEINDEX.ORG
2017 ckeSpf o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI tnTef;udef;
tkyfcsKyfpDrHrI tqifhjrifhwifjcif;qdkonfrSm vkyfief;Xmersm;tqifh jrifhwifjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ a&eH? "mwfaiGUeSifh wGif;xGufrsm;wl; azmfaeonfh edkifiHrsm;wGif awGU&avh&Sdonfh Xmersm;udk tqifh owfrSwfcsufyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk toHk;csjyD; teD;uyf avhvmqef;ppfedkifonf/ ,if;udpötwGuf edkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm; eSifho,HZmw&efyHkaiGonf (sovereign wealth funds) t"duus onfh Xmersm;jzpfonf/
edkifiHtrsm;pk\wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifedkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm;onf t"duae&mrS yg0ifaeonf/ edkifiHzGHUjzdK;a&;twGuf a&eHeSifh"mwf owåKrsm;udk toHk;jyKazmfaqmifonfh vkyfief;rsm;&SdouJhodkY tusifhysufvmbfpm;jcif;? vkyfief;vnfywf tjrwfxGufatmif aqmif&GufedkifrIr&Sdojzifh edkifiH\o,HZmwrsm; jzKef;wD;ypfonfh vkyfief;rsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ tnTef;udef;wGif yHkpH 2 rsdK;vHk;wGif avh vmxm;jyD;? edkifiHydkifvkyfief; 74 ck\ pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIrsm;udk qef;ppf xm;onf/ tqifhowfrSwfcsufwGif csDvDedkifiH\ Codelco onf pDrHrIpepftusqHk; edkifiHydkifvkyfief;jzpfonf/ tD&DwD,efedkifiH\ edkifiHydkif wl;azmfa&;aumfydka&;&Sif;onf tqdk;qHk;jzpfonf/ ,if; z&dkz&Jjzpfaeonf[k owfrSwfcH&onftkyfpkwGif Saudi Aramco vnf; yg0ifaeonf/ ,if;onf urÇmay:wGif tBuD;qHk;pGrf;tif ukrÜPD jzpfonf/ &rSwf 100 teuf 27 rSwf om&&Sdonf/ yGifhvif;jrifomrI r&Sdjcif;onf tm;enf;csufwpfck jzpfonf/ aqmf'Dtma&As tmPmydkifrsm;taejzifh ,if;ukrÜPD\ &S,f,m rsm;udk aps;uGufwifvdkonfqdkygu yGifhvif;jrifomrItydkif;udk tm;xnfh&efvdkonf/ &if;eSD;jrKyfeSHolrsm; OyrmedkifiHom;rsm;tae jzifh owif;tcsuftvuf ydkíjynfhpHkpGm&&Sd&ef vdkonf/edkifiHydkifrsm;eSifhywfoufjyD; tnTef;udef;yg tcsuftvufrsm;udk Munfhrnfqdkygu jyóemjzpfedkifonhf ae&mtrsm;tjym;rsm;udk jrif&rnfjzpfonf/ vkyfief;qdkif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;zGifhjy jcif;? edkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm;pDrHrI eSifhqdkifonf pnf;rsOf;rsm;twGuf edkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm;\ ySsrf;rSs&rSwfrSm 56 rSwfjzpfaomfvnf;a&eH? "mwfaiGU? wGif;xGufrsm; a&mif;csjcif;eSifhywfoufjyD ySsrf;rSs&rSwf rSm 22 rSwfom&Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tDauGa'g? ul0dwf? ruúqD udk?aqmf'Dtma&As? ql'ef?tm&yfapmfbGm;rsm;edkifiH? AifeDZGJvm; edkifiHrsm;rS edkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm;onf edkifiHydkifa&eHrsm;a&mif;csjcif; ESif hqd ki fonfhtcsuftvuftenf;i,fud komxkwfjyefonf/ a&eHxkwfvkyfonfh edkifiHtrsm;pkwGif ,if;uJhodkYa&mif;cs&onf0if aiGonf o,HZmw0ifaiG\ trsm;pkjzpfaeaomaMumifh ,if;udpö onfta&;BuD;onf/ tm;aumif;onfh pDrHBuD;MuyfrIr&Sdygu vmbfpm;azmufjyefrIjzpfay:&ef tvm;tvmrsm;onf/ 13
tqifhowfrSwfcsufjyKvkyf&eftwGuf edkifiH&efyHkaiG 33 ckudk qef; ppfrIrsm;jyKvkyfcJhjyD ,if;wdkY\pkpkaygif; wefaMu;onf tenf;qHk; 3.3 x&DvD,H&Sdonf/ &efyHkaiGrsm;udk avhvmjcif;jzifh pDrHrIt&nf taoG; trsdK;rsdK;udkjrifawGUedkifonf/ tqifhowfrSwfcsuft& udkvHbD,m\ (savings and stabilization fund) onf pDrHrI taumif;qHk;&efyHkaiG jzpfonf/ pDrHrI&rSwftaumif;qHk; xdyfwef; a&mif;yHkaiG 6 ckwGif *gem? wDarmvufpfwD uJhodkYaom edkifiHrsm;rS &efyHkaiG vnf;yg0ifonf/ tqifhowfrSwfcsuf trSwfay;pepf t& csDvD? udkvHbD,meSifh*gemwdkY\ &efyHkaiGpDrHrI&rSwfonf uae 'g eSifh aemfa0edkifiHwdkYxuf ydkonf/txl;pdk;&drf&rnfh udpöwckrSm z&dkz&Jtqifha&mufaeonfh &efyHkaiG 11 ck&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYteuf tm&yfapmfbGm;rsm;edkifiH\ (Abu Dhabi Investment Authority) vnf;yg0ifonf/ tnTef;udef; twGuf qef;ppfcJh&mwGif &efyHkaiGyrmP 'kwd,trsm;qHk;jzpfjyD; tar&duefa':vm bDvD,H 590 udk pDrHvsuf7Sdonf/ &rSwf tenf;qHk;&onfh &efyHkaiGrsm;wGif tvGeftuRHpGefYpm;jcif;? pDrH p&dwfrsm;jym;jcif;? edkifiHa&;tusdK;tjrwfarSsmfonfh &if;eSD;jrKyfeSH jcif;rsm;udk awGYjrif&onf/ 14 tvG,fwulazmfxkwfr&edkifonfh pDrHrItvGJrsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;&Sdaeedkifao;onf/ t,f*sD&D; ,m;? tef*dkvm? csuf'f? tDauGwdk&D,,f*DeD,m? *gbGef?edkif*sD;&D; ,m;? umwm? aqmf'Dtma&As? ql'efeSifh AifeDZGJvm;wdkYrS o,H Zmw&efyHkaiGpDrHrIrSm odkodyfvGef;ojzifh pDrHrItvGJrsm;aMumifhqHk;&HI; rI yrmPrnfrSs&Sdonf odkYr[kwf &efyHkaiG &if;eSD;jrKyfeSHrIrsm;rS tjrwfrsm;udk rnfolu cHpm;aeonfudk pHk;prf;ír&yg/
o,HZmwpDrHtkyfcsKyfrI aqmif&Gufaeonfh Xmersm;
edkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm;
o,HZmw&efyHkaiG
WWW.RESOURCEGOVERNANCEINDEX.ORG | 71
edkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm;
edkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm;pkpkaygif;a&mif;&aiGtar&duefa':vm oef;aygif;? ckeSpf
edkifiH
18 | WWW.RESOURCEGOVERNANCEINDEX.ORG
csDvD Codelco 11,693 90
tdE´d, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation of India 23,374 87
tm*sifwD;em; Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales 14,236 83
aemfa0 Statoil 45,873 80
armf&dkudk Office Chérifien des Phosphates 4,890 79
tif'dkeD;&Sm; Antam 680 78
,lu&def; Naftogaz 6,596 76
*gem Ghana National Petroleum Corporation 180 75
x&DeD'ufeSifhwdkbm*dk Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago Limited 3,047 75
ruúqDudk Petróleos Mexicanos 52,241 74
udkvHbD,m Ecopetrol 18,998 73
bdkvD;AD;,m; Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos 6,812 70
tZmbdkif*sef State Oil Company of the Azerbaijan Republic 32,309 70
zdvpfydkif Philippine Mining Development Corporation 2 70
ZrfbD,m Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Investment Holdings 163 69
tif'dkeD;&Sm; Pertamina 41,763 66
wleD;&Sm; Entreprise Tunisienne des Activités Pétrolière 621 66
tD&wf South Oil Company pm&if;r& 66
ul0dwf Kuwait Petroleum Company 106,002 65
rav;&Sm; Petronas 63,412 65
b&mZD; Petrobras 97,314 65
awmiftmz&du African Exploration Mining and Finance Corporation 18 65
wefZef;eD;,m; Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation 35 64
AD,uferf PetroVietnam 7,232 64
umZufpwef Kazmunaigaz 492 63
tdkifA&Dudkpfh Société Nationale d’Opérations Petrolière de Cote d’Ivoire 539 61
AifeDZGJvm; Petróleos de Venezuela 55,339 58
w&kwf China National Petroleum Company 68,419 58
tef*dkvm Sonangol 19,135 56
&k&Sm; Gazprom 90,571 56
tDauG'g Petroecuador 8,174 56
umwm Qatar Petroleum 463,355 55
b*Fvm;a'&SfU Petrobangla 1,039 54
rdkZrfbpf Empresa Nacional de Hidrocarbonetos 115 53
uifr&Gef; 1,096 52
ta&SUwDarm Timor Gás & Petróleo, Empresa Pública 10 50
um*spf Kyrgyzaltyn 485 50
ygyltm e,l;*DeD Petromin 76 49
ay;rSwf100wGif&&SdonftrSwfaygif;
2017 ckeSpf o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI tnTef;udef;
WWW.RESOURCEGOVERNANCEINDEX.ORG | 91
t,fvfa*s;&D;,m; Sonatrach 70,366 47
csuf'f Socièté des Hydrocarbures du Tchad pm&if;r& 46
ZifbmabG Zimbabwe Mining Development Corporation 307 45
edkif*sD;&D;,m; Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation 6,992 44
OZbufupöwef Uzbekneftegaz National Holding Company pm&if;r& 41
*gem Sankofa Prestea Limited 19 41
uGef*dk Société Nationale des Pétroles du Congo pm&if;r& 40
rGef*dkvD;,m; Erdenes Mongol 1,246 40
,Drif Yemen Oil and Gas Corporation pm&if;r& 40
usK;bm; Unión Cuba-Petroleo pm&if;r& 39
armf&DwefeD;,m; Société Nationale Industrielle et Minière 1,117 38
*DeD Société Guinéenne du Patrimoine Minier 1 38
rm'g*gpum Kraomita Malagasy pm&if;r& 36
tD*spf Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation pm&if;r& 36
uGef*dk Gécamines pm&if;r& 35
edkif*sm Société de Patrimoine des Mines du Niger 127 35
wleD&Sm; Compagnie de Phosphate de Gafsa 260 35
jrefrm Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise pm&if;r& 35
wefZefeD;,m; State Mining Corporation pm&if;r& 33
vpfAsm; National Oil Corporation pm&if;r& 32
tdkref Oman Oil Company 724 32
bm&def; Bahrain Petroleum Company 5,310 32
abmhqGmem Debswana 3,922 29
awmifql'ef Nile Petroleum Corporation pm&if;r& 28
aqmf'Dtma&As Saudi Aramco pm&if;r& 27
tm&yfapmfbGm;rsm;edkifiH Abu Dhabi National Oil Company pm&if;r& 27
uGef*dk Société Nationale des Hydrocarbures (previously Cohydro) pm&if;r& 25
tDoD,dk;yD;,m; Adola Gold Mine pm&if;r& 24
tD&ef National Iranian Oil Company pm&if;r& 22
jrefrm Myanmar Gems Enterprise pm&if;r& 16
ql'ef Sudanese Petroleum Corporation pm&if;r& 13
,l*ef'g * Uganda National Oil Company 0 13
*gbGef Gabon Oil Company pm&if;r& 11
wmcfhrifpwef Turkmengas State Concern pm&if;r& 10
tDauGwm *DeD,m GEPetrol pm&if;r& 7
tDx&D,m Eritrean National Mining Corporation pm&if;r& 4
edkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm;pkpkaygif;a&mif;&aiGtar&duefa':vm oef;aygif;? ckeSpf
ay;rSwf100wGif&&SdonftrSwfaygif;edkifiH
* ,l*ef'gedkifiHydkif a&eHukrÜPDudk 2016 eSpfvnfwGifrS zGJYpnf;jcif;jzpfonf/ vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIr&Sdoavmuf jzpfaomaMumifh edkifiHydkifvkyfief;atmuf acgif;pOfcGJrsm;rS tnTef;udef;rsm;eSifh oufqdkifjcif;r&SdvSyg/ pDrHrIeSifhqdkifonfh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; tjynftpHkr&Sdao;aomaMumifh tqifhowfrSwfcsufavhvmolrsm;taejzifh ukrÜPD\ pGrf;aqmif&nfudk tuJjzwfaomtcg qifjcif&rnfjzpfonf/
edkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm;pkpkaygif;a&mif;&aiGtar&duefa':vm oef;aygif;? ckeSpf
ay;rSwf100wGif&&SdonftrSwfaygif;edkifiH
rSwfcsuf/ edkifiHay:wGifrlwnfí 2015 odkYr[kwf 2016 pDrHrI tay:tuJjzwftrSwfay;jcif;jzpfonf/
o,HZmw&efyHkaiG
20 | WWW.RESOURCEGOVERNANCEINDEX.ORG
udkvHbD,m Savings and Stabilization Fund 3,240 100
udkvHbD,m Savings and Stabilization Fund 3,240 100
*gem Ghana Stabilization Fund 208 93
csDvD Economic and Social Stabilisation Fund 13,966 92
aemfa0 Government Pension Fund Global 926,940 90
ta7SUwDarm Petroleum Fund 16,238 88
uae'g(t,fvfbmwm) Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund 17,900 88
x&DeD'ufeSifhwdkbm*dk Heritage and Stabilization Fund 5,880 74
tD&ef National Development Fund of Iran 53,307 70
yD&l; Fiscal Stabilization Fund 7,904 69
umZufpwef National Fund of Kazakhstan 62 67
abmhqGmem Pula Fund 6,040 65
Mopaw;vs Western Australian Future Fund 300 61
ul0dwf Kuwait Investment Authority 524,000 61
tZmbdkif*sef 33,600 52
tdkref State General Reserve Fund 34,000 47
ruúqDudk Oil Revenues Stabilization Fund 5,901 45
rav;&Sm; National Trust Fund 3,019 42
rGef*dkvD;,m; Fiscal Stability Fund 250 42
&k&Sm; National Wealth Fund 73,570 40
,l*ef'g Petroleum Revenue Investment Reserve 72 36
vpfAsm; Libyan Investment Authority 67,000 32
bm&def; Future Generations Reserve Fund 400 32
tef*dkvm 4,882 25
*gbGef 1,000 23
AifeDZGJvm; Fondo de Desarollo Nacional 17,250 22
tm&yfapmfbGm;rsm;edkifiH Abu Dhabi Investment Authority 589,800 21
t,fvfa*s;&D;,m; Fonds de Régulation des Recettes 7,570 21
aqmf'Dtma&As SAMA Foreign Holdings 514,000 18
csuf'f Mécanisme de stérilisation des revenus pétroliers provenant de l’exploitation des trois champs de Komé, Miandoum et Bolobo pm&if;r& 17
tDauGwm *DeD,m Fund for Future Generations 80 7
ql'ef Oil Revenue Stabilisation Account pm&if;r& 7
edkif*sD;&D;,m; Excess Crude Account 2,400 4
umwm Qatar Investment Authority 338,400 4
2017 ckeSpf o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI tnTef;udef;
tpdk;&rsm;\ wm0efcHrIudkazmfxkwfvdkonf edkifiHom;rsm;twGuf txl;ta&;ygonfh udpöeSpf&yfjzpfaom yGifhvif;jrifomrI eSifh edkifiH om;tcGifhta&;usifhoHk;edkifrIudkvnf; tnTef;udef;wGif tuJjzwf xm;onf/ 4if;wdkY teD;tem;&Sd edkfifiHa&;? vlrIa&;Xmersm;udk vGwfvyfpGmeSifhteSpfom&&SdpGm vTrf;rdk;edkifrI&Sdr&Sdudk qef;ppfwdkif; wmonf/
o,HZmwwl;azmfa&;pDrHrI eSifht"duoufqdkifonfh rl0g'tcsuf tvufrsm; zGifhjyrItwdrfteuf? zGifhjyrIyHkpHrsm;udk tqifhowf rSwfcsufwGif qef;ppfwdkif;wmonf/ txl;tav;xm; qef;ppf& rnfh zGifh[xkwfjyefrI (disclosures) 3 rsdK;7Sdonf/ tpdk;&odkYay; oGif;onfh tcGeftcrsm;? tpdk;&eSifhaqmif&Gufonfh vkyfief;rsm;rS tusdK;tjrwf&aeonfh ukrÜPDrsm;rS yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ yk*¾dKvfa&; tcsuftvufrsm;? ukrÜPDeSifh tpdk;Mum;rS tay;t,l obmwl nDcsufrsm; udkod&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/tpdk;&toHk;jyKedkifonfh 0ifaiGyrmPrnfrSs&Sdonf? ukrÜPDtae jzifh ay;aqmif&rnfhtcGeftjynft0 ay;oGif;jcif;&Sdr&Sd? wl;azmfrI jyKvkyfaeonf pDrHudef;onf edkifiHtwGuftusdK;&Sdr&Sdudk apmifh Munfhvdkonfh edkifiHom;rsm;? owif;pmq&mrsm;? vTwfawmf trwfrsm;twGuf ukrÜPDrsm;rS tpdk;&odkYay;oGif;onf yrmPeSifh qdkifonfh tcsuftvufrsm;od&Sd&efrSm tvGefta&;yg;onf? toHk;wnfhonfrwnfhonfrSm tcsuftvufrsm;\wdustao; pdwfusrIay:wGif rlwnfonf/ tnTef;udef;jyKpk&mwGif ukrÜPD tvdkuf ay;oGif;onfh tcGeftcrsm;xkwfjyefYrI twdkif;twmudk qef;ppfonf/ tqifhowfrSwfcsufyg edkifiHw0ufcefYonf ukrÜPD wckrS tpdk;&odkYay;oGif;onf tcGeftcpkpkaygif;udkom azmfjyMu onf/ owif;tcsuftvufwdusrIeSifh ywfoufvmvSsifawmh ,cifudk NRGI oHk;oyfrIwGif wifjycJhonfh wl;azmfonfh vkyfief; cGifwckjcif;rS tpdk;&odkY ay;oGif;&efvdktyfonf aiGaMu;yrmPudk azmfjyonfh pDrHudef;tqifh tpD&ifcHrItwdkif; usifhoHk;aqmif&Guf onfqdkonfrSm &Sm;yg;vSonf/ ukrÜPDtvdkuf tcGeftcay;oGif;rI zGifhjyonfhedkifiHtrsm;pkrSm o,HZmwwl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; yGifhvif;jrifomrI azmf aqmifonfh vkyfief;pOf (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative) tzGJY0ifedkifiHrsm;jzpfonf/ ukrÜPDrsm; ay;oGif;rItydkif; yGifhvif;jrifomrIeSifhywfoufvmvsif edkifiHwumpHEIef;twdkif; jzpf ay:ap&ef EITI u vrf;zGifhay;cJhonf[k qdkedkifonf/ odkYaomf vnf; pDrHudef;tqifhxd yGifhvif;jrifomrI azmfaqmifedkif&ef edkifiH rsm;taejzifh aqmif&Gufedkif&ef udpörsm;pGm usef&SdaeqJjzpfonf/
ukrÜPDrsm;onf tcGeftcrsm; a&Smif&Sm;edkif&eftwGuf vkyfief;zGJU pnf;yHktumtuG,f,laejcif;&Sdr&Sd? tmPmydkifrsm;taejzifh 4if; wdkYMuyfrwf&ef wm0ef&Sdonfh vkyfief;rsm;wGif udk,fusdK;pD;yGm; yg0ifaerI&Sd r&Sdudk edkifiHom;rsm;taejzifh od&Sdedkif&eftpdk;&tmPm ydkifrsm;? ukrÜPDrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;tusdK;tjrwfqdkif&m udpöt00 eSifhqdkifonfh tcsuftvuf trsdK;rsdK;udk xkwfjyefay;&rnfjzpf onf/ tqifhowfrSwfcsuftwGuf zGifhjyxkwfjyefrI 2 rsdK;udk qef;ppfrIrsm;jyKvkyfcJhonf/ ukrÜPDrsm;wGif yg0ifxnfhoGif;xm; onfh tpdk;&tmPmydkifrsm;\ aiGaMu;t&if;teSD;? ukrÜPDrsm;\ trSefwu,f tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&Sdol (ukrÜPDudk tjynfht0xdef;csKyf xm;ol odkYr[kwf ukrÜPDvkyfief;rsm;rS tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&&Sdaeol)\ tcsuftvufrsm; zGifhjyrItajctaeudk qef;ppfonf/ tnTef; udef;udk avhvmMunfhrnfqdkygu tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm; taejzifh 4if;wdkY\ b@ma&;ydkifqdkifrIrsm;udk vlod&SifMum; odkYr[kwf tpdk;&tmPmydkifrsm;odkY zGifhjy&ef Oya'rsm;t& owfrSwfxm; onfh edkifiHta&twGufrSm trsm;pkjzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; qef;ppfrIjyKvkyfcJhonf 89 edkifiHteuf 11 edkifiHonfom tpdk;& trIxrf;rsm;\ ydkifqdkifrIqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm; tjynfhtpHkudk trsm;jynfolod&Sdap&ef csjyedkifcJhonf/ trSefwu,f tusdK;cHpm; ae&onfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ tcsuftvufrsm;udk trsm;jynfol od&Sdap&ef xkwfjyefrIrSm trnfcHrSsomjzpfonf/ tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&Sd oleSifhqdkifonfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfjyaponfh Oya'owf rSwf&ef edkifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif tpDtpOf&Sdaeaomfvnf; (EITI vkyfief;pOft&aomfvnf;aumif;) trSefwu,f Oya'csrSwf usifhoHk;aeonfedkifiHrsm;rSm 5 edkifiHom&Sdonf/ ukrÜPDrSwfwrf;,l onfhtcgwGif ,if;tcsuftvufyg0if&rnfh[k owfrSwfxm; onf edkifiHta&twGufrSm 5 edkifiHyif rjynfhyg/ tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&Sd oleSifhqdkifonfh tcsuftvufudkazmfjy&ef? trsm;jynfolodkY wif jy&ef Oya'csrSwfonfhedkifiHrsm;wGifyif jyXmef;csufrsm;eSifh vuf awGUtaumiftxnfazmfrItydkif;wGif xda&mufrI&Sdap&ef jyifqif rIrsm; tifwdkuftm;wdkufaqmif&efvdktyfaeonf/edkifiHwGif;wl;azmfaeonfh pDrHudef;rsm;\ uwdu0wfeSifhpnf;urf; owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk edkifiHom;rsm;taejzifh od&Sd&efvdktyfonf/ 4if;uwdu0wfeSifh pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk pmcsKyfrsm;? vdkifpifoabmwlnDcsufrsm; azmfjyxm;onf/ qef;ppfrIjyKvkyfcJh onfh edkifiH 89 edkifiHwGif pmcsKyfeSifh vdkifpifrsm;zGifhjy&ef Oya't& jyXmef;xm;onfedkifiH 22 edkifiHom&Sdonf/ pmcsKyfzGifhjy&ef jyXmef; rIudk qm[m&teD; tmz&duedkifiHrsm;wGif trsm;qHk; awGUjrif&jyD ,la&&Sm;? taemuf Oa&my ?ajrmuftar&duwdkYwGif awGUjrif&rI tenf;qHk;jzpfonf/ zGifhjyxkwfjy&ef Oya'owfrSwfcsuf&Sdygu pmcsKyfzGifhjyrI tBudrfta&twGuf jrifhwufvmonfudk tqifh owfrSwfcsufyg tcsuftvufrsm;t& twnfjyKedkifcJhonf/ zGifh jy&efOya'jyXmef;xm;onfh edkifiHaygif; 22 edkifiHteuf 16 edkifiH rStpdk;&onf tcsdKUaompmcsKyfrsm;udk zGifhjyxkwfjyefcJhonf/ qefY usifhbuftaejzifh zGifhjyxkwfjyef&ef Oya'jyXmef;xm;rI r&Sdonfh edkifiH 67 edkifiHteuf 18 edkifiHrS tpdk;&rsm;onf pmcsKyfrsm;udk xkwfjyefcJhonf/
yGifhvif;jrifomrI eSifh edkifiHom;tcGifhta&;
yGifhvif;jrifomrI
WWW.RESOURCEGOVERNANCEINDEX.ORG | 12
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk apmifhMunfh? jyefvnfoHk;oyfrnfh wuf<uaom? tcsuftvuftjynfhtpHk &&Sdxm;aom t&yf bufvltzGJUtpnf;r&Sdygu pmcsKyfpmwrfrsm;eSifh vdkifpifrsm;uJhodkY aom pD;yGm;a&;eSifhqdkifonfh udpö&yfrsm; zGifhjyxkwfjyefrItwGuf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf arsSmfrSef;ouJhodkY tusdK;xl;rnfr[kwfyg/ edkifiHom;rsm; tcGifhta&; usifhoHk;rIqdk&mwGif tpdk;&rsm;taeeSifh wm0efcHrI&Sd&ef zGifhjyxkwfjyefxm;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk edkifiH om;rsm;taeeSifh vGwfvyfpGm udkum;toHk;csedkifcGifhvnf;yg0ifyg onf/ zGifhjyxkwfjyefrItydkif;wGif wdk;wufrItcsdKU&Sdaomfvnf; edkifiHom;rsm;\tcGifhta&;usifhoHk;cGifhudk txl;wif;usyfxm;onfh tZmbdkif*sef? w&kwf? AD,uferfuJhodkYaom edkifiHrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk twdkif;twmwckxd xkwfjyefonf/ odkY aomfvnf; wm0efcHrI? jynfolYtoHemcHrIwGif tvGeftajctae qdk; onfhedkifiHrsm;jzpfonf/ edkifiHom;rsm;taejzifh tpdk;&a&G;cs,f &mwGif yg0ifcGifh? vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfajymqdkcGifh? vGwfvyfpGm pk&Hk;cGifh? owif;pmvGwfvyfcGifh tp&Sdonfrsm;udk wdkif;wmqef;
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22 | WWW.RESOURCEGOVERNANCEINDEX.ORG
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