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Abstract : The landscape of Jaipur is transforming into a harsh urbanscape stamping out eco-system services from its eco-systems, leaving it increasingly unsustainable and vulnerable to climate change impacts. The strands of biodiversity, habitats, sustainability and climate change are inter-twined and operate in the context of prevailing natural conditions. Jaipur is one of the first planned cities of late medieval India. Today it is being developed as a Smart City. Even with the increasing pressure on development it could extract much greater eco-system services if the existing spatial format was far more naturalized. Is it possible given the increasing densification of Jaipur? This study is an attempt to understand the natural conditions of Jaipur and offer a plan to modify those conditions within the existing urban fabric to ensure greater climate change resilience and sustainability. It also offers a GIS map showing the various interventions proposed. The map can be availed of in soft copy to incorporate changes and suggestions in due course. Note :Those who are familiar with Jaipur and would like to know what this report has to recommend by way of action plans may skip earlier sections and direct their attention to Sections 12 to 24 [p. 75 – 171] In order to correctly reference this work, copy the following format:

Citation: Naturalizing Jaipur : A Plan For Enhancing Climate Resilience, Urban Biodiversity And Habitats, Natural Heritage Division, INTACH, New Delhi (2017)

Team

Mr. Manu Bhatnagar, Principal Director, Natural Heritage Division, INTACH Dr. Ritu Singh, Director, Natural Heritage Division, INTACH Mr. Abhishek Kumar, Project Officer, Natural Heritage Division, INTACH Ms. Nimisha Deshwal, Consultant Planner, Natural Heritage Division, INTACH

ABOUT INTACH The Indian National Trust for Art & Cultural Heritage is a national NGO registered under the Societies Act in 1984.

The Secretaries of the Ministries of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, of Urban Development and of Culture are ex-officio members of its Governing Council. The organization is recognised as a Centre of Excellence by GoI and is mandated to preserve and conserve the heritage of India. Headquartered at Delhi, the organization has volunteer chapters in 180 districts of the country. INTACH is organized in Divisions looking after Architectural Heritage, Material Heritage, Natural Heritage, Intangible Cultural Heritage, INTACH Heritage Academy, Heritage Education.

THE NATURAL HERITAGE DIVISION (NHD)

Nature is the well spring of culture and if nature thrives so will culture. Several organizations work separately in the field of environment or of culture. The Natural Heritage Division’s unique niche is hard core environmental issues and projects. Over the years the diverse projects of the Division have generated substantial in-house experience and capacities but also coalesced into thematic programs FOCUS AREAS

→ Lake And Wetland Conservation → Water Issues & Rivers → Unconventional Wastewater Treatment → Urban Biodiversity → Natural Heritage Documentation → Traditional & Sustainable Agriculture → Geo-Heritage → Conserving Landscapes → Wildlife Outside Protected Area

Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage Natural Heritage Division 71, Lodhi Estate, New Delhi-110003 Email id: intachnhd@hmail.com Website: www.intach.org Phone: 011-24641304, 24692774 Fax: 91-11-24611290

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Urbanization and the Changing Landscape .......................................................................................................................... 1

2. What Is Urban Biodiversity ................................................................................................................................................................. 3

3. The Benefits of Urban Biodiversity ............................................................................................................................................ 3

4. The Nature of Urban Biodiversity .................................................................................................................................................5

5. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8

6. Rich Natural Past of Jaipur .................................................................................................................................................................. 10

7. Transition ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18

8. Natural Features .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 26

9. Urban Heat Islands ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 63

10. Climate Change Impacts .................................................................................................................................................................... 65

11. The Ecological Zonation of Jaipur ............................................................................................................................................ 66

12. The City as an Ecosystem .............................................................................................................................................................. 69

13. Enhancing Climate Resilience, Biodiversity and Habitats in Jaipur: The Plan..................................... 72

14. The Way Forward ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 111

15. Mapping ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 73

16. Typology of Available Patches and Corridors ............................................................................................................. 74

17. The Protected Area System of Jaipur ................................................................................................................................. 75

18. The Jaipur Park System ...................................................................................................................................................................... 76

19. Unprotected Potential Patches ................................................................................................................................................... 76

20. Agricultural Land ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 89

21. Heritage Sites ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 94

22. Village Commons [Gram Sabha Lands] ................................................................................................................................ 95

23. Individual Buildings/Structures And Small Garden Patches .............................................................................. 95

24. Corridors.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 104

25. Annexures ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 112

26. References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................174

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 : Ecosystem Services ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Figure 2 : Benefits of Urban Trees ........................................................................................................................................................... 6

Figure 3 : Layout Plan of Walled city of Jaipur .......................................................................................................................... 10

Figure 4 : Spatial Orientation Of The Walled City Of Jaipur ........................................................................................... 11

Figure 5 : Historical Sources Of Water Supply To Jaipur City ................................................................................... 14

Figure 6 : Plan Of Garden In Front Of Hawa Mahal (Adapted From Kapad-Dwara Document) ... 17

Figure 7 : Jaipur Walled City Footprint With Its Prominent Natural Features ................................................ 18

Figure 8 : Sketch Representing The Drainage Slope Of Jaipur City ...................................................................... 19

Figure 9 : A Glimpse of the Amanishah watershed .............................................................................................................. 35

Figure 10 : A Closeup of the Amanishah Watershed (Fig 9) ....................................................................................... 35

Figure 11 : Waste Water Discharge On The Amanishah Watershed ..................................................................... 37

Figure 12 : Hydro geological section from Harmara to Sanganer (A to A') ................................................... 44

Figure 13 : Flouride Concentration in Groudwater .................................................................................................................. 52

Figure 14 : Nitrate Concentration in Groundwater (Shallow Aquifer) .................................................................... 53

Figure 15 : Location of Different Monitoring Stations in Jaipur with Adjacent Administrative Zones ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 56

Figure 16 : Trend of Air Quality in the monitoring station area in Jaipur (summer) ................................ 57

Figure 17 : Trend of Air Quality in the monitoring station area in Jaipur (winter) ..................................... 57

Figure 18 : Annual Total Rainfall (1971-2011) .................................................................................................................................... 59

Figure 19 : Average Temperature Projection, Jaipur (2017) ......................................................................................... 60

Figure 20 : Monthly Normal Maximum And Minimum Temperatures With Total Rainfall ............... 60

Figure 21 : Monthly Normal Relative Humidity ............................................................................................................................. 61

Figure 22 : Land Surface Temperature Map (A) 2000 (B) 2011 – Jaipur City ............................................... 64

Figure 23 : Observed Impacts for Climate Change..............................................................................................................66

Figure 24 : Landscape Components ................................................................................................................................................... 70

Figure 25 : Patches & Corridors ................................................................................................................................................................ 71

Figure 26 : Sparsely Vegetated Hill Side of the Nahargarh Ridge/Forest ..................................................... 75

Figure 27 : Central Park And Surrounding Green Scenery Has Potential For Woodlots And Wildscapes .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 76

Figure 28 : Nevata Lake (Potential Patch) ....................................................................................................................................... 78

Figure 29 : Embankment on the Amanishah Nallah................................................................................................................. 79

Figure 30 : Birds On The Amanishah Nallah Amidst Rubble, Sewage And Eutrophication ............. 79

Figure 31 : Hudson Crossing Park Pocket Wetland, NY, USA .................................................................................... 80

Figure 32 : Waterbody near Malhotra Extension below Vishwakarma Industrial Area ....................... 80

Figure 33 : Potential Site For Pocket Wetland (Ganda Nallah, Subhash Nagar Main Road, Jaipur)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 81

Figure 34 : Sewage Treatment Plant near Sitapura Industrial Area ........................................................................ 82

Figure 35 : Potential Green-Able Space, Warehouse near Smriti Van, Jaipur ............................................... 82

Figure 36 : Quarry near Gunawata .......................................................................................................................................................... 83

Figure 37 : Potential Local Nature Reserves for Jaipur ....................................................................................................... 85

Figure 38 : Riparian Buffer Along The Amanishah Nallah Functioning As Green Belt .......................... 86

Figure 39 : Eg. Of Parking with Screen Hedges/Young Plants That Will Provide Shade Canopies in Future [Reducing Heat Island Effect, Porous Paving Would Help Rainwater Percolation] ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 87

Figure 40 : Public Land Lying Vacant near the Amanishah Nallah [near Mansarovar] ............................ 88

Figure 41 : Trees Planted on Land under Jurisdiction of Forest Department, Jaipur [near Smriti Van] ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 89

Figure 42 : Simple Tree Planting Excluding Lower Vegetation Tiers Is Sub-optimal (near RIICO Indutrial Area) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 89

Figure 43 : Urban-Rural Population Trends (1950-2050), India ................................................................................. 90

Figure 44 : Ram Bagh Palace, Jaipur ................................................................................................................................................... 94

Figure 45 : Albert Hall Museum, Jaipur ............................................................................................................................................... 94

Figure 46 : Aerial Image of Village Jamwa, Jaipur Regipon .......................................................................................... 95

Figure 47 : Rooftop Gardening In Practice .................................................................................................................................... 96

Figure 48 : Mexico City's Vertical Pillar Gardens .................................................................................................................... 101

Figure 49 : Potential Site, Jaipur .............................................................................................................................................................. 101

Figure 50 : Green Space Created Under A Flyover In Delhi .......................................................................................102

Figure 51 : Potential Site For Greening And Vertical Landscaping At Durgapura, Jaipur ................102

Figure 52 : Mechanics Of A Rain Garden ....................................................................................................................................... 103

Figure 53 : Rain Barrels As Alternative To Rain Gardens For Densely Populated Areas .................. 103

Figure 54 : Kartarpura Nallah, Jaipur ................................................................................................................................................... 105

Figure 55 : Ganda Nallah, Jaipur .............................................................................................................................................................. 105

Figure 56 : Amanishah Nallah, Mansarovar, Jaipur ................................................................................................................. 106

Figure 57 : Amanishah Nallah, Sanganer, Jaipur........................................................................................................................ 106

Figure 58 : Vegetation On Road Median On Railway Station Road ..................................................................... 107

Figure 59 : Roundabouts In Jaipur With Intense Vegetation ...................................................................................... 107

Figure 60 : Flood Plains Of Amanishah Nallah Need To Be Left Undeveloped And Protected............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 108

Figure 61 : Park Beside The Railway Track On J.P Phatak Road, Jaipur ............................................................. 110

Figure 62 : Transmission Line Planting Guidelines (Bonneville Power Administration) ....................... 110

LIST OF MAPS

Map 1 : Jaipur's Urbanizing Neighborhood.......................................................................................................................................... 9

Map 2 : Water Bodies In The City Of Jaipur And Adjacent Areas ........................................................................... 13

Map 3 : Historical Map Of Jaipur Showing Location Of Various Orchards And Gardens .................. 16

Map 4 : City of Jaipur, 1971 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 23

Map 5 : Land Use Plan of Jaipur City,1991 ....................................................................................................................................... 24

Map 6 : Land Use Plan of Jaipur City, 2011 ..................................................................................................................................... 25

Map 7 : Bedrock Topography, Jaipur Urban Area ................................................................................................................... 26

Map 8 : Structural Map of Jaipur ............................................................................................................................................................... 28

Map 9 : Geomorphology of Jaipur district .................................................................................................................................... 30

Map 10 : Drainage Map of Jaipur ............................................................................................................................................................... 32

Map 11 : Forest Cover, Jaipur City ............................................................................................................................................................38

Map 12 : Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Jaipur ............................................................................................................................. 42

Map 13 : Hydro Geological Map Of Jaipur District .................................................................................................................. 45

Map 14 : Hydrogeomorphological Map of Jaipur City ......................................................................................................... 47

Map 15 : Hydogeomorphological Map of Jaipur Region .................................................................................................... 48

Map 16 : Groundwater Potability Map................................................................................................................................................. 54

Map 17 : Groundwater Salinity, Jaipur District, CGWB ........................................................................................................ 54

Map 18 : Water Level Trends (1984 - 97) ........................................................................................................................................ 55

Map 19 : Fault Lines and Lineaments, Jaipur Region............................................................................................................... 58

Map 20 : Major Biogeographic Zones of India .......................................................................................................................... 67

Map 21 : Natural Divisions of Jaipur ........................................................................................................................................................ 68

Map 22 : Water Channels As Potential Habitat For Riverine-Wetland Biodiversity ............................... 77

Map 23 : Possible Stepping Stone Matrix for Zone 3, Jaipur ..................................................................................... 109

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 : Common Animals Recorded Historically In Jaipur ............................................................................................. 15

Table 2 : Temporal Change In Land Use Of Jaipur, 1975-1991 ...................................................................................... 21

Table 3 : Population Growth In Jaipur ................................................................................................................................................. 22

Table 4 : Geological Succession of Jaipur City Area ........................................................................................................... 27

Table 5 : Soil Type And Distribution In The Aravallis ......................................................................................................... 29

Table 6: Geological Units of Amanishah Watershed ........................................................................................................... 33

Table 7 : Ground Water Prospects, Amanishah watershed .......................................................................................... 34

Table 8: Concentrationof Heavy Metals in Amanishah Nalla .......................................................................................... 36

Table 9 : Plant Communities For Jaipur Region ......................................................................................................................... 39

Table 10 : Depth Of Water Level In Jaipur City ........................................................................................................................ 49

Table 11 : Changes In Water Supply Of Jaipur ........................................................................................................................... 50

Table 12: Status Of Water Supply In Jaipur ....................................................................................................................................51

Table 13 : Air Quality Index, Jaipur .......................................................................................................................................................... 56

Table 14: Urban Forestry Potential Areas ....................................................................................................................................... 86

Table 15 : Attributes of Urban Agriculture .................................................................................................................................... 92