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筆記試験（１００分）

リスニングテスト（約３５分）

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実用英語技能検定主催：公益財団法人 日本英語検定協会後援：文部科学省

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1級

� 2 �

Grade 1Start from the next page.

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Grade 1

� 3 �

(1) When Beth was given the assignment, it seemed like an ( ) task. Toher surprise, though, she finished on time.

1 ineligible 2 inanimate3 insurmountable 4 inebriated

(2) A: Did you understand yesterday’s economics lecture?B: No, I was completely ( ) by it. It was as though the teacher wasspeaking a foreign language!

1 tethered 2 lathered 3 whittled 4 baffled

(3) Although Trevor’s disease is a serious one, he has an excellent ( ) forrecovery because he is young and the condition was discovered early.

1 prognosis 2 coercion 3 pinnacle 4 gradation

(4) Eastford University was once in the very top ( ) of the nation’sschools. Today, however, it is considered to be just average.

1 unison 2 echelon 3 paradigm 4 tundra

(5) The novel was fiercely criticized by reviewers, with one even saying the authorwas completely ( ) of literary talent.

1 pliant 2 audacious 3 effusive 4 devoid

(6) Last week, a member of the purchasing department staff was fired for taking( ). He was receiving money for ordering parts from a supplier whosegoods were of poor quality.

1 backdrops 2 kickbacks 3 shortcomings 4 loopholes

(7) Margaret tried to ( ) her cat down from the tree with a bowl of milk,but it refused to move.

1 fling 2 coax 3 smear 4 glide

(8) The salesman ( ) the virtues of the sports car at length, but thecustomer was not convinced it was worth its high price.

1 inscribed 2 enthralled 3 extolled 4 abridged

(9) A: The boss refused my request for leave to go to my sister’s wedding inCanada.B: You should ask Tim for help. He has a lot of ( ) with the boss. I’msure he could get permission for you.

1 cohort 2 clash 3 cavity 4 clout

To complete each item, choose the best word or phrase from among

the four choices. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the

question and mark your answer.1

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Grade 1

� 4 �

(10) To avoid confusing customers by suddenly putting a completely new version ofits software on the market, the company introduced ( ) changes over atwo­year period.

1 incremental 2 parenthetical 3 opulent 4 buoyant

(11) Amanda tried to get the project’s due date changed, but her supervisor refusedto ( ). “The deadline must be met,” he said.

1 emulate 2 leer 3 pervade 4 budge

(12) Despite being accused of serious crimes, the defendant looked on ( )throughout her trial. Many people were disturbed by her lack of emotion.

1 ruefully 2 exquisitely 3 nominally 4 impassively

(13) After his vacation, the man wrote to the travel agency with a ( ) ofcomplaints about everything from the rude hotel staff to the poor meals.

1 litany 2 renunciation 3 melancholy 4 remittance

(14) When he lost his job, Dylan became ( ). After a couple of weeks,though, he began to feel more positive and decided to start looking for work.

1 cumbersome 2 despondent 3 poised 4 magnanimous

(15) When the bus driver suddenly braked hard, all the passengers ( )forward. Luckily, no one was seriously injured.

1 ambushed 2 rebuked 3 lurched 4 bellowed

(16) The dentist waited until the ( ) took effect before beginning the work.He did not want the patient to feel any pain.

1 anesthetic 2 remuneration 3 scourge 4 tycoon

(17) Good writers often have the ability to create ( ) stories. They can moveus to tears with a few well­chosen words.

1 gullible 2 fastidious 3 poignant 4 nebulous

(18) Eva hoped to ( ) her children’s interest in music by taking them toconcerts and buying them musical instruments.

1 oust 2 irk 3 spurn 4 pique

1

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Grade 1

� 5 �

(19) Jonathan has a ( ) attitude to work. He often comes in late, rarelymeets his deadlines, and never shows respect to his superiors.

1 cavalier 2 beguiling 3 deferential 4 savvy

(20) A: Bill, I’m sorry, but I won’t be able to lend you that $100 after all.B: Oh no! You can’t ( ) on your promise now. I need that money topay my rent.

1 placate 2 renege 3 faze 4 appease

(21) One of the tent ropes was ( ), so Paula moved the tent peg to tightenit up.

1 idyllic 2 deceased 3 slack 4 specious

(22) A: Have you decided what to do during the Christmas holidays?B: Not yet, but I’m ( ) the idea of visiting my brother in Paris.1 jockeying for 2 meting out 3 mulling over 4 lousing up

(23) Brenda had always wanted to live abroad, so when her company announced itwould be opening a branch in Istanbul, she immediately ( ) a transfer.

1 squared off against 2 put in for3 loaded up on 4 picked up after

(24) Reggie does not have any ambitious plans for the future. He is happy to just( ), enjoying each day as it comes.

1 coast along 2 creep in 3 bunch up 4 fire away

(25) The principal said if the student did not ( ) to having cheated on thetest, he would be suspended. After admitting to it, he was made to write a letter ofapology.

1 pan out 2 nail down 3 mill around 4 own up

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Grade 1

� 6 �

An Ancient Work ForceWhile many archaeologists seek mummies and golden treasures beneath

Egypt’s sands, Mark Lehner is on a quest to investigate a more mundane subject:the lives of the laborers who constructed the pyramids. Though Lehner’s researchis not glamorous, he contends that his archaeological finds are beginning to reveal,in his words, “( 26 ).” During his long career, Lehner’s discoveries haveshed light on the logistics of feeding, organizing, and providing accommodationfor the thousands of laborers needed for the massive construction projects. He hasunearthed not one but two lost cities which housed workers in the vicinity of thepyramids. Lehner argues the epic scale of the undertaking was integral to thedevelopment of national unity because it brought together laborers fromthroughout the enormous kingdom, which, as Lehner notes, effectively “bound allthese disparate areas . . . into a whole.”

Lehner’s findings contradict the common belief that the construction of thepyramids ( 27 ). This idea originates in the writing of the Greek historianHerodotus, who made the claim in his Histories many centuries after thepyramids’ completion. However, Lehner’s excavations of the food preparationfacilities and the massive barracks in which workers were housed have turned upevidence of slaughtered cattle and numerous religious inscriptions. These indicatethat the builders who worked on the pyramids were not being forced to laborunder the threat of whips but rather were motivated by feasts of prime beef andincreased odds of obtaining an eternal afterlife.

While the skilled main work force was permanent, a rotating system ofmanual laborers was also utilized. Though service was mandatory, the durationappears to have been temporary, and these laborers would have had a strong( 28 ). Lehner explains this attitude, saying, “People were not atomized,separate individuals with the political and economic freedom that we take forgranted.” In Egypt’s hierarchical civilization, every single individual had a duty toprovide service to someone else even the most elite officials in the kingdom. AsLehner’s work continues, evidence is accumulating that the Egyptian pharaohspresided over a civilization even more complex and cohesive than had beenpreviously imagined.

(26) 1 what is really contained in the pyramids2 the degree of conflict in the region3 how the pyramids helped to build Egypt4 the world’s oldest construction techniques

(27) 1 stimulated the economy 2 occurred over multiple generations3 was carried out using slave labor 4 led to Egypt’s decline

(28) 1 fear of the skilled builders2 sense of social obligation3 desire for job security4 motivation to finish the project quickly

Read each passage and choose the best word or phrase from

among the four choices for each blank. Then, on your answer sheet,

find the number of the question and mark your answer.2

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Grade 1

� 7 �

Language DiversityThe human race exhibits an incredible degree of linguistic diversity, with

more than 7,500 documented languages in existence today. Researchers have longbeen puzzled, however, by the question of why languages ( 29 ). The SouthPacific nation of Papua New Guinea, for example, covers less than 0.5 percent ofEarth’s land area yet is home to about 10 percent of the planet’s languages.Russia, for all its immensity it covers a whopping 11 percent of Earth’s landarea is home to a mere 1.5 percent of the planet’s languages. A global­scaleanalysis performed by biologist Xia Hua of the Australian National University hasrecently offered some insight into the phenomenon, examining the twopredominant theories: isolation and ecological risk.

Hua concluded that the isolation theory ( 30 ). Landscape features suchas rivers have long been regarded as barriers, and the resulting isolation wasbelieved to lead to distinctions in languages among various groups. Hua’s researchdid confirm a direct link between the presence of rivers and the number oflanguages in a region. However, further analysis indicated that rivers were onlycontributing to diversity because they facilitated the survival of smallerpopulations. Hua writes that rivers “seem to act more as an ecological resourcethan a barrier to interaction.”

The ecological risk hypothesis holds that factors such as climate and resourceavailability are prime determiners of language diversity, and Hua found thatharsher climatic conditions in a region result in fewer languages being spoken.Her research indicated that language diversity correlates strongly to latitude, withvastly more languages being spoken in equatorial regions and fewer in northernand southern regions. In regions near the equator, which boast consistently warmtemperatures and plentiful rainfall, growing seasons are much longer. It seemslogical, therefore, that ( 31 ). This allowed a diverse range of languages todevelop among independent, smaller cultural groups. In contrast, regions withcold, barren winters made communication among groups of people over distancesessential for obtaining resources and maximizing productivity, so the developmentof disparate languages was not favored. The ecological risk hypothesis issupported by the latitudinal patterns of language diversity observed worldwide.

(29) 1 evolve so quickly2 are gradually disappearing3 have tended to become more similar4 are spread across the world so unevenly

(30) 1 ignores a crucial part of human nature2 confuses diversity with change3 only applies in the absence of natural barriers4 is not fully supported by her data

(31) 1 there would be an emphasis on travel2 less cooperation would be required3 certain types of crops would be desirable4 language would take on greater importance

2

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Grade 1

� 8 �

Chile under PinochetIn Chile’s 1970 presidential race, voters elected Salvador Allende, a Marxist who ran

on a socialist platform of nationalizing the mineral industry and redistributing land andincome. Just three years later, the Chilean army, led by General Augusto Pinochet,overthrew Allende and installed a military dictatorship. Pinochet and his supporters wereconvinced the previous regime had led the nation to the brink of civil war. AlthoughAllende had been legitimately elected, his socialist government’s policies and actionscaused turmoil among the people and threatened commerce, creating an unbridgeable gulfthat divided the country. These divisions were encouraged by the US government, whichdrastically reduced aid to Chile as a means of political opposition, and by foreigncorporations with interests in valuable minerals such as copper. In any case, Pinochet’scoup d’état ended Chilean democracy, which dated back to the 1930s, and ushered in anera of repression and brutality unparalleled in the nation’s history. Pinochet bannedopposition parties, suspended the constitution, and cracked down on political dissent. Hisregime had more than 100,000 citizens arrested, tortured tens of thousands, and murderedsome 3,000 “enemies of the state.” For many Chileans, the next 17 years were anightmare of fear and repression.

Following the takeover, Pinochet appointed a group of US­educated Chileaneconomists who, in stark contrast to Allende’s nationalization and central planning,instituted a radical free­market economic policy that led to high levels of unemploymentand bankruptcies within the financial sector. Wages decreased and welfare spending wasslashed, hitting the lowest segment of society the hardest. Still, after an economic crisis in1982, Chile’s GDP began to grow at a steady average rate of 5.9 percent, the fastest inLatin America. Foreign companies whose assets had been seized by the Allendegovernment were invited back, and state­owned companies were privatized, although thecopper industry by far the biggest earner of foreign currency remained under directstate control. The export sector flourished, and poverty levels fell from 50 percent in 1984to 34 percent in 1989. Although some world leaders credited Pinochet for theseachievements, the crucial role of the country’s vast mineral wealth cannot beunderestimated.

During the second half of his dictatorship, Pinochet’s iron grip relaxed slightly. Anew constitution in 1980 opened the way to a plebiscite, in which the people could givean up­or­down vote on his continued rule. Pinochet hoped his economic success wouldenable him to remain in power, but in 1988, Chileans voted for a restoration ofdemocracy with 56 percent in favor and 44 percent opposed. Stepping down in 1990,Pinochet nevertheless retained command of the armed forces and laid claim to a lifelongSenate seat. Chile continued to prosper as a result of successive administrations buildingupon the economic foundations he had put in place, and the country is widely considereda Latin American success story. Yet it was only when the shackles of dictatorship wereremoved that an investment­led boom would improve overall living standards. While hissupporters believe he saved the country from becoming a communist state in the mold ofCuba, for many Chileans, Pinochet’s economic successes will always be overshadowed bythe oppression they endured under him.

Read each passage and choose the best answer from among the

four choices for each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the

number of the question and mark your answer.3

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Grade 1

� 9 �

(32) What does the author of the passage imply in the first paragraph?1 Doubts about whether Salvador Allende’s government had beendemocratically elected caused suspicions about its political goals.

2 Allende’s removal was believed to be necessary to reverse politicaldecisions that were threatening Chile’s social and financial stability.

3 Augusto Pinochet mistakenly believed the United States would support himif he attempted to remove Allende from power.

4 Military leaders sympathetic to the United States hoped Allende’s removalwould allow the Americans to control Chile’s mineral resources.

(33) What conclusion can be drawn about the economic achievements of Pinochet’sregime?

1 Although Pinochet claimed his policies were more successful than those ofAllende, many actually had very similar results in the long term.

2 Forcing weakly performing finance companies out of business was a keyfactor in allowing the economy to recover in the early 1980s.

3 Despite the growth in Chile’s economy, foreign countries were reluctant toinvest there because of its overreliance on its mineral wealth.

4 Had the government not maintained control of the copper industry,Pinochet’s economic policies might not have been as successful as they were.

(34) What does the author of the passage believe is true of Chile’s return todemocracy?

1 Pinochet’s insistence on retaining a position within the governmentregardless of the result of the plebiscite ultimately led to him losing power.

2 Despite voting against Pinochet, the majority of Chileans believed long­termimprovements to the economy would be more likely if he could stay in power.

3 The country’s increased prosperity was only made possible by ensuring thatPinochet maintained control of the military and kept his political influence.

4 Pinochet provided the basis for economic prosperity, but major economicgrowth would not have been possible without political freedom.

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Grade 1

� 10 �

The Positive Side of PsychopathsPsychopaths who are, incidentally, most often men constitute roughly 1 percent

of the population. What sets psychopaths apart is their inability to empathize with theemotions of other people. Self­centered, superficially charming, and persuasive, theypursue their goals with cold detachment, using whatever means they consider necessary.Moreover, they have little consideration for the social consequences of their actions.Taken at face value, these traits would appear to be highly dangerous and toxic, asreinforced by the popular Hollywood conception of the psychopathic killer. But thenotion of the “successful psychopath” has existed for a long time. In the 1940s, Americanpsychologist Hervey M. Cleckley articulated this apparent contradiction, postulating thatmany psychopaths are able to assume a veneer of normalcy which enables them to play alegitimate role within society.

In his 2012 book, The Wisdom of Psychopaths, psychologist Kevin Dutton expandedon Cleckley’s thesis. Dutton controversially asserted that in certain professions and high­pressure situations, the attributes of psychopaths not only help them function but alsoposition them to excel. Emotional detachment and fearlessness help them advance inbusiness and earn them distinction in military service. Dutton posits a spectrum ofpsychopathy, with violent criminals at one end and elite soldiers and CEOs at the other.The crucial distinction, he says, is how psychopaths choose to channel their uniquepersonality traits, none of which are “inherently bad in themselves” but are detrimental“when they are deployed inflexibly.” In other words, if psychopaths apply theirruthlessness too strongly or inappropriately, it transforms into callousness. Arepsychopaths able to modulate their own behavior? Dutton believes so: “The key is havingthe right combination of traits at the right levels and in the right context.” He believes thecontributions of psychopaths tend to be short term rather than long term, but concludesthat the small number of them occupying key positions represents a net gain for societyoverall.

Psychologist Martha Stout, author of The Sociopath Next Door, is working to alertpeople to the dangers of psychopathy and disputes Dutton’s claim. Countering his ideathat psychopathy is present in degrees, she points out that so­called moderate psychopathswould be more accurately characterized as narcissists people who are egotistical andlack empathy, but who “nonetheless, in their own way, can love.” By definition,psychopaths are without a conscience, and are thus incapable of caring or exhibiting the“wisdom” Dutton optimistically ascribes to them. Stout also holds that the grounds onwhich Dutton bases his arguments are shaky. “Most of the science that he cites possessesa relationship to his thesis that is equivocal at best, and at worst downright misleading,”she writes. Evidence from recent studies supports Stout’s position. Researchers havefound that, despite their charm, psychopaths in management positions often createcounterproductive, chaotic work environments marred by bullying, conflict, and a lack ofwell­being among employees. Moreover, a study of hedge fund managers conducted bythe University of Denver found that those with psychopathic tendencies produced lowerreturns over time. They may be effective at gaining power, but when it comes to usingthat authority constructively, psychopaths seem to fall short.

3

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Grade 1

� 11 �

(35) What best characterizes Hervey M. Cleckley’s position regarding the “successfulpsychopath”?

1 As most psychopaths are men, gender bias in society results in thedangerous negative traits they possess being overlooked or excused.

2 A large number of psychopaths are able to adapt to conventionalexpectations and therefore function as apparently normal members of society.

3 No long­term progress in treating psychopaths can be made until thepublic’s tendency to associate psychopathy with criminality is challenged.

4 Addressing the negative emotions psychopaths feel about their condition isthe first step in helping them to interact constructively with others.

(36) How does Kevin Dutton justify his theory that psychopaths have a role to playin society?

1 Applied correctly and in the proper proportions, the characteristics thatdefine them can be utilized to enable them to outperform their peers.

2 The short­term results they obtain are more beneficial and far­reaching thanthe small, steady gains made during the career spans of normal people.

3 Psychopaths whose activities harm society are outnumbered by those whosespecific attributes will help them rise to the top of their profession.

4 Since no person is fundamentally bad, society does not need to change thebehavior of psychopaths, even when it is extreme.

(37) What does the author of the passage suggest about Dutton’s argument?1 Dutton’s lack of experience working directly with victims of psychopathicbehavior makes his argument less convincing than Martha Stout’s.

2 Dutton’s argument cannot be considered credible because he seems to havepurposely altered evidence and data.

3 Despite flaws in Dutton’s thesis, he is correct in his belief that psychopathstend to function well in the workplace for only a short time.

4 Dutton’s thesis is likely incorrect given that psychopaths in leadershippositions usually produce negative overall outcomes in the long term.

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� 12 �

(38) What was true of genetic manipulation before CRISPR?1 It was not until it became possible to insert DNA into organisms thatmutagenesis could be sped up enough to be widely practical.

2 Although the desired changes to genes might be achieved, scientists foundthey would be reversed within a few generations.

3 Radiation and chemical treatments enabled changes to be made accuratelybut turned out to be no faster than manipulating genes through breeding.

4 The techniques that were available to scientists were either lacking inprecision or could not be applied in an efficient manner.

(39) In bacteria, the DNA stored between CRISPRs1 causes enzymes to mistakenly attack healthy DNA that has been altered bythe activity of an attacking virus.

2 is used in molecules that guide enzymes which are capable of cutting apartthe DNA of a virus.

3 helps to ensure that the molecules containing healthy DNA are able torepair the enzymes that have been infected by a virus.

4 can transform enzymes into spaces that are ideal for storing moleculescontaining the bacteria’s DNA.

Gregor Mendel’s discovery ofthe principles of genetic inheri­tance in the 1860s opened the wayfor scientists to manipulate plantand animal genes. In the earlyyears of genetic manipulation,however, the rate of mutagenesis,or genetic change, could not becontrolled directly through selec­tive breeding, so results were oftenunpredictable and required genera­tions of trial and error. Later de­velopments, such as employing ra­diation and chemical treatments,succeeded in accelerating mutage­nesis, but produced results just asrandom as breeding did.It finally became possible to

directly manipulate an organism’sgenome through the insertion offoreign DNA in the 1970s, but thefirst techniques developed werenot suitable for targeting a specificlocation on the genome. Evenwhen the targeting of specificgenes through the synthesis of ar­tificial proteins became a reality,an elaborate and time­consuming

process was necessary to adapt thedelivery system for each individ­ual gene. This severely restrictedthe techniques’ potential applica­tions.It was not until 2012 that sci­

entists developed a technologycommonly referred to as CRISPR,which has tremendous potential asa superior method for manipulat­ing genes. CRISPR stands forClustered Regularly InterspacedShort Palindromic Repeats. In na­ture, CRISPRs are used by bacte­ria to defend themselves from vi­ruses and consist of repeating se­quences of DNA building blocks,or nucleotides, within the bacte­ria’s DNA which are able to storesegments of DNA from viruses.When a bacterium is attacked by avirus and is successful in extermi­nating it, the bacterium sends outenzymes which collect the virus’sDNA. They then cut it into smallersections and store it between thebacterium’s CRISPRs as a refer­ence to be used in case of future

attacks. If the bacterium is at­tacked by the same virus again, thestored DNA from the previouslydefeated virus is copied into mole­cules, which then assist a preda­tory enzyme in navigating to aspecific site in the virus’s genome.The enzyme then chops a sectionout of the virus’s DNA, therebymaking it harmless.The discovery of a preexisting,

natural mechanism capable of al­tering specific DNA sequences toremove, add, or alter genetic mate­rial turned out to be a godsend togeneticists. In the years since, sci­entists have figured out not onlyhow to trick CRISPRs into huntingfor and cutting non­viral DNA, butalso how to insert desired DNA se­quences into the spaces betweenthe CRISPRs and use the naturalcellular repair mechanisms ofDNA to patch up where cuts havebeen made. CRISPR can be util­ized to target and remove or re­place any segment of any organ­ism’s DNA. Additionally, because

CRISPR Gene Editing

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� 13 �

(40) What do people in the agricultural industry see as a key benefit of performinggene editing with CRISPR?

1 Crops can be modified without taking the risk of inserting genes fromforeign organisms into them.

2 Gene editing of agricultural crops with CRISPR will become accessible andefficient once appropriate regulations are implemented.

3 By transferring genes from harmful organisms into crops, it will be possibleto make them immune to disease and insect­related damage.

4 CRISPR could enable scientists to enhance immunity to diseases in pigsand other livestock, thereby reducing dependence on medication.

(41) One reason some people urge caution when dealing with CRISPR is that1 its promotion as a possible cure for cancer is exaggerated, as research intoagricultural applications has revealed substantial drawbacks to its use.

2 the genetic changes that it causes in organisms may not be passed down inthe long term, despite its benefits in the short term.

3 it is unrealistic to think the complete elimination of diseases like malariacan be accomplished using just one technology.

4 scientists’ knowledge of the way it works is too limited for them to foreseeall the potential effects of editing species’ DNA.

it is self­contained and self­di­rected, CRISPR can achieve, in afew hours and at a negligibleprice, what previous techniquestook weeks or months to accom­plish.While numerous industries are

interested in CRISPR, the immedi­ate beneficiaries are the medicaland agricultural sectors. The tech­nology offers the possibility of notonly eliminating diseases that stemfrom gene defects but also poten­tially changing the face of medi­cine by expanding the roles ofbeneficial genes. Imagine directingimmune cells to fight canceroustumors or growing transplantablehuman organs in pigs to namejust two projects that researchersare optimistic about. Agriculturalscientists envision attaining long­cherished goals such as creatingcrops resistant to insect pests anddisease or developing new cropvarieties packed with nutrition.Since CRISPR edits DNA so pre­cisely and allows for genetic

editing instead of including aliengenes in the target organism, itsproponents in the agricultural sec­tor believe it can allay the fears ofgenetic contamination that are as­sociated with genetically modified(GM) products, allowing CRISPR­created crops to circumvent thecriticism and strict regulations GMcrops are subject to.The principles of genetic in­

heritance predict individual geneshave a 50 percent chance of beinginherited by the next generationduring sexual reproduction. In the­ory, CRISPR can increase thatprobability to nearly 100 percent,which would empower scientiststo spread a modified gene through­out an entire species to effect a de­sired change. Scientists envisionchanging the rules of inheritanceto eradicate mankind’s worstafflictions by engineering their ex­tinction or that of the species thatspread them. Malaria, Lyme dis­ease, and invasive species are al­ready being targeted for eradica­

tion with this technology, despitethe potential for unintended conse­quences.Those consequences, however,

are one reason critics say CRISPRgene editing is no magic bullet.The knock­on effects of destroy­ing, say, every Anopheles mos­quito on Earth in order to elimi­nate malaria are almost certainlygreater than anyone can anticipate.Furthermore, there have been in­stances in lab experiments inwhich CRISPR has targeted aDNA sequence at locations otherthan where scientists expected theDNA cut to occur. Additionally,recent studies have shownCRISPR­edited cells can triggercancer. At this point, the risks anduncertainty surrounding howCRISPR works and how inheri­tance of its genetic changes willaffect subsequent generations aretoo great to take anything but acautious approach.

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Grade 1

� 14 �

●Write an essay on the given TOPIC.● Give THREE reasons to support your answer.● Structure: introduction, main body, and conclusion● Suggested length: 200 240 words●Write your essay in the space provided on Side B of your answer sheet.Any writing outside the space will not be graded.

TOPICCan renewable energy sources replace fossil fuels?

English Composition4

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Grade 1

� 15 �2019年度第3回検定一次試験（1級） copyright2020　公益財団法人日本英語検定協会 無断転載・複製を禁じます

Grade 1

� 16 �

No. 1 1 He is still considering his options.

2 He agrees with the woman’s choice.

3 He prefers a candidate with experience.

4 He thinks it is time for someone new.

No. 2 1 He thinks his wife will be upset about the cost.

2 He thinks the accident was not his fault.

3 His insurance will not cover the repairs.

4 His insurance fees will increase.

No. 3 1 A price reduction might be possible.

2 She cannot give an answer today.

3 Longer stays require earlier reservations.

4 October is a rather busy time.

No. 4 1 The seminar she attended was a waste of time.

2 She could not complete the business deal.

3 The electronics firm will not negotiate the price.

4 Her ability to negotiate has improved recently.

Part 1 Dialogues: 1 question each Multiple-choice

Part 2 Passages: 2 questions each Multiple-choice

Part 3 Real-Life: 1 question each Multiple-choice

Part 4 Interview: 2 questions Multiple-choice

Listening Test

There are four parts to this listening test.

※ Listen carefully to the instructions.

Part 1

2019年度第3回検定一次試験（1級） copyright2020　公益財団法人日本英語検定協会 無断転載・複製を禁じます

Grade 1

� 17 �

No. 5 1 Terry should discuss his problems with his teacher.

2 Terry should spend less time studying vocabulary.

3 Terry should use a different method to learn words.

4 Terry should let her help him study for the test.

No. 6 1 Improve her job performance.

2 Ask her colleagues for advice.

3 Begin looking for a new job.

4 Make her work ambitions clearer.

No. 7 1 Having a meeting this afternoon.

2 Picking Mr. Li up for dinner at 7.

3 Giving Mr. Li time to rest.

4 Discussing business over dinner.

No. 8 1 He was recently promoted at work.

2 He has turned his life around.

3 He has decided to return to college.

4 He had an argument with his boss.

No. 9 1 A dog breeder is the safest option.

2 They should not take in any more dogs.

3 Shelter dogs are fine if you choose carefully.

4 It is easier to train younger dogs.

No. 10 1 His emphasis on productivity has been beneficial.

2 His lack of supervision gives his staff freedom.

3 His excessive spending strains their budget.

4 His hiring practices are better than the previous boss’s.

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Grade 1

� 18 �

(A) No. 11 1 It can kill harmful plants.

2 It helps soil produce more oxygen.

3 It can prevent the release of carbon into the air.

4 It releases carbon faster than regular fertilizers do.

No. 12 1 Its potential effect on soil may be exaggerated.

2 Its use can improve crop quality and quantity.

3 It is most suitable for modern agriculture.

4 It might cause long­term environmental damage.

(B) No. 13 1 It prevents blood clot formation near an injury.

2 It reduces patients’ blood pressure.

3 It changes the composition of blood.

4 It boosts the body’s ability to close a wound.

No. 14 1 It can be reused a number of times.

2 It removes harmful bacteria from wounds.

3 It can be made more cheaply than ordinary bandages.

4 It does not have to be removed.

Listening Test

Part 2

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Grade 1

� 19 �

(C) No. 15 1 Sell products that are not designed to last long.2 Label older products as new products.3 Make repair manuals difficult to understand.4 Hire too few workers with technical skills.

No. 16 1 By suing manufacturers.2 By reselling used parts and products.3 By encouraging the sharing of information.4 By purchasing goods online.

(D) No. 17 1 It does not include some types of income.2 It does not measure wealth distribution in a country.3 The way it is measured has changed over time.4 Economists disagree on how to calculate it.

No. 18 1 Their people suffer from high levels of crime.2 Their people do not enjoy gender equality.3 Their people should be taxed more.4 Their people are more likely to be content.

(E) No. 19 1 The clothes people wear can affect their performance.2 Dressing similarly improves people’s relationships.3 People’s clothes rarely affect how others judge them.4 Clothing color has little effect on cognitive performance.

No. 20 1 Inmate numbers declined rapidly.2 Inmates’ behavioral problems were reduced.3 Inmates were punished more frequently.4 Inmates refused to wear the new uniforms.

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Grade 1

� 20 �

(F) No. 21 Situation: You plan to enter a doctoral program in engineering

and need a research grant. You have not yet decided on

your research focus. A recent graduate offers the following

advice.

Question: What should you do first?

1 Ask a professor who has taught you before.

2 Make inquiries about engineering professors.

3 Read some journal articles on your general research field.

4 Contact the local government about the grant application.

(G) No. 22 Situation: Your doctor is explaining your options for givingbirth. You do not want to be separated from your baby at

any time. You have $1,500 to pay any costs not covered by

insurance.

Question: Where should you give birth?

1 In the hospital’s maternity ward.

2 In the in­hospital birth center.

3 In a private birthing center.

4 In your home.

Listening Test

Part 3

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Grade 1

� 21 �

(H) No. 23 Situation: You are a department manager at a company inCanada. You are being transferred to Japan in eight weeks.

Your boss tells you the following.

Question: What should you do first?

1 Reach out to the sales department manager.

2 Start training Alberto for the position.

3 Consult with a recruitment agency.

4 Contact the personnel department about Evelyn.

(I) No. 24 Situation: An assistant at the dentist’s office is explaining howto use a kit to whiten your teeth at home. Two of your teeth

were replaced by implants last year.

Question: What should you do to get the best results?

1 Schedule an earlier follow­up appointment.

2 Start with longer whitening sessions.

3 Monitor changes in the color of your teeth.

4 Use desensitizing cream before each session.

(J) No. 25 Situation: You are a Japanese citizen living in Japan. Youwould like to buy a house in Australia as an investment. A

real estate agent tells you the following.

Question: What should you do first?

1 Apply to become a resident of Australia.

2 Find a property to purchase.

3 Submit an approval document.

4 Obtain an Australian tax file number.

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Grade 1

� 22 �

No. 26 1 They should not be made to feel that they have failed.

2 They should do physical exercise to help them become

mentally stronger.

3 They should spend time with people who have similar

conditions.

4 They should get more support from their families.

No. 27 1 It is important for them to monitor their own stress levels.

2 The good ones have usually faced emotional challenges

themselves.

3 It helps if they have had experience working in the business

world.

4 The work can seriously affect their own personal

relationships.

Listening Test

Part 4

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Grade 1

� 23 �2019年度第3回検定一次試験（1級） copyright2020　公益財団法人日本英語検定協会 無断転載・複製を禁じます

■一次試験の結果について■

1）英検ウェブサイトでの解答速報（http://www.eiken.or.jp） 1月27日 13:00以降

2）結果通知方法

◆個人申込の場合

一次個人成績表に合否結果を記載して，2月18日までに送付します（合格の場合は，一次個人成績

表の右上部分が二次受験票になります）。未着の場合は2月18日以降に英検サービスセンター03（3266）

8311（平日9:30～17:00）までお問い合わせください（お問い合わせの際には個人番号もお知らせ

ください）。

◆団体申込の場合

一次個人成績表は2月18日までに申込責任者あてに送付します（個人あてには送付しません）。

2月19日までに二次受験票を受け取っていない場合は，申込責任者へお問い合わせください。

■二次試験について（一次試験合格者のみ）■ ※試験日程は必ずご自身で事前にご確認ください。

1）試験日 A日程：2月23日（日） B日程：3月1日（日）

・二次試験の受験日は，A日程・B日程のうち，申込方法・希望受験地等に基づき協会が指定しま

す。試験日・受験会場・集合時間は二次受験票（一次個人成績表の右上部分）で通知します。こ

れを切り離して受験会場にお持ちください。

・いかなる場合も二次受験票で指定された試験日・受験会場・集合時間での受験となり，変更はで

きません。

・日程区分については，英検ウェブサイトの【二次試験のＡ／Ｂ日程の区分けについて】をご確認

ください。

・ダブル受験（隣接した2つの級を一緒に受験）の場合，それぞれの級について二次受験票に記載

の日程での受験となり，級により異なる日程での受験となる場合があります。

・年齢は申込時に申請した生年月日に基づいて算出します（一次試験の答案に異なる生年月日を記

入されても反映されません）。

・申込情報に不備がある場合，協会が指定した日時での受験となり，【二次試験のＡ／Ｂ日程の区

分けについて】のとおりの日程とならない場合があります。

・一部特別会場（海外・離島等），障がい者特別措置にて二次試験を受験する場合についてはＡ日

程とします。

2）受験地（11都市の受験地から選べます）

・解答用紙（Ａ面）「二次希望受験地」の中から選び，マークしてください。