2.1 edkifihom;esifh vlritzgjutpnf; 2.1 - zwf&ef1/ ausmif;om; 3 od;rs 4 od; txd yg0ifonfh...

$: 2.1 EdkifiHom;ESifh vlrItzGJUtpnf; 2.1 - zwf&ef1/ ausmif;om; 3 OD;rS 4 OD; txd yg0ifonfh tzGJUrsm; zGJUapyg/ (oifaxmuful pm&Guff 2.2.1) yg ]ynma&;\ a&SUc&D;} udk avhvm zwf½Iapyg$
66rkcfOD; ynma&; - wuf<uvIyf&Sm;EdkifiHom; oifaxmuful avhusifhcef;rsm;

EdkifiHom;ESihf vlrItzGJUtpnf;tMum;

qufEG,fcsuf

vlrItzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfESihf tzGJU0ifjzpfol EdkifiHom;rsm;tMum;

enf;vrf; 4 &yf t& EDS;ET,f ywfoufaeMuonf/

xdkenf;vrf; wdkYrSm EdkifiHa&;t& qufEG,frI? vlrIa&;t&

qufEG,frI? ,Ofaus;rIt& qufEG,frIESifh pD;yGm;a&;t&

qufEG,frIwdkY jzpfMuonf/

1/ EdkifiHa&;t& qufEG,frI

EdkifiHa&;t& qufEG,frIwGif vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yftwGif;

usifhoHk;onfh EkdifiHa&;qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf wm0efwkdY

yg0ifMuonf/ xdkqufEG,frIonf tzGJU0ifwpfOD;pD\

EdkifiHa&;todESifh EdkifiHom;wpfOD; usifhoHk;onfh t&nftcsif;

rsm;? wefzdk;rsm;tay:wGif tajccHaeonf/

]EdkifiHom;} wpfOD;taejzifh atmufazmfjyyg todynm?

t&nftaoG;rsm;udk ydkifqkdifxm;&rnf/

• vlrIwnfaqmufyHkESihf qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfrI yHkpH/

• EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;? avmfbDrsm;taMumif;ESif h

vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; xda&mufpGm yg0ifEdkifrnfh

enf;vrf;rsm; (Oyrm/ / xkwfazmf qE´jyjcif;?

tBuHjyKpm ay;ydkYjcif;/)

• vwfwavm EdkifiHa&; jzpfpOfrsm;/

2/ vlrIa&;t& qufEG,frI

vlrIa&;t& qufEG,frIwGif vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif;&dS

EdkifiHom; wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD;tMum; qufEG,frIrsm;udk qdkvdk

ayonf/ EdkifiHom;rsm;taejzihf wpfOD;tay:wpfOD;

opömapmifhxdef;&ef? pnf;vHk;&ef vdktyfonf/ xdkYtjyif

vlrIqufqHa&;qdkif&m t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh qufEG,fyHkrsm;udk

od&dSxm;&ef vdktyfonf/

xdkodkY azmfaqmifay;Edkif&eftwGuf -

• vspfvsL½IrIrsm;udk wdkufzsufNyD;? vlYtcGifhta&;

wdkYudk xdef;odrf;umuG,f&rnf/

• rwluGJjym;rIrsm;tMum; wpfom;wnf; &yfwnf

Ekdifatmif BuHaqmifMu&rnf/ (Oyrm/ / vlenf;pk

EdkifiHom;rsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;tkyfpkrsm;/)

• vlrIa&;qdkif&m jyóem&yfrsm; (Oyrm/ / vlenf;pk

wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ta&;) ESifh usef;rma&;? vlrIa&;?

,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m nDrQrItaMumif;wdkYudk odjrif

em;vnfxm;&rnf/

3/ ,Ofaus;rIt& qufEG,frI

vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yftwGif; ,Ofaus;rIwpfck wlnDpGm

rQa0 usifhoHk;ydkifqkdifjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ xdkqufEG,frIonf

,Ofaus;rI tarGtESpfudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufjcif;? ordkif;ESifh

bmompum;qdkif&m A[kokwrsm; tp&dSonfwdkYtay:

wnfrSDaeMuonf/

,Ofaus;rIt& qufEG,frIudk atmufyg tcsufrsm;u

yHhydk;ay;Edkifonf/

• ,Ofaus;rIrsm; usifhoHk; zvS,fjcif;/

• vlrsdK;a&; cGJjcm;rIrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom cGJjcm;qufqHrI

rsm;udk wGef;vSef wdkufzsufjcif;/

• ½dk;&mtqifh? trsdK;om;tqifh? urÇmYtqifh tp

&dSaom ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfrsm;ESifh ordkif;aMumif;

tpOftvmwdkYudk av;pm; wefzdk;xm;jcif;/

4/ pD;yGm;a&;t& qufEG,frI

þqufEG,frIwGif EkdifiHom;wpfOD;csif;pDESifh aps;uGuftMum;

qufEG,frIudk tajccHxm;onf/ xdktxJwGif tvkyfvkyfcGihf?

tedrfhqHk; vlaerItqifhtwef; cHpm;cGihf tp&dSonfwdkYvnf;

tBuHK;0ifayonf/ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m t&nftcsif;rsm;

(vkyfief;ydkif;qdkif&mESifh tjcm;pD;yGm;a&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;) ESifh

toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIqdkif&m ynma&;wdkUuvnf; ta&;

ygaom tcef;u@rS yg0ifvsuf&dSonf/

xdkqufEG,frItwGuf atmufyg tcsufrsm;u yHhydk;ay;Ekdif

onf/

• toufarG;0rf;ausmif; ynm&yfqdkif&m oifwef;

ay;jcif;ESihf tvkyftudkiftcGihftvrf;rsm; zefwD;

ay;jcif;/

• pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif vlenf;pk tkyfpkrsm;

twGufyg xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;jcif;/

• *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;aMumifh ay:aygufvmonfh

pdefac:rI tcuftcJrsm;udk twlwuG &ifqdkifNyD;

pD;yGm;a&;t& yl;aygif;rIrsm;udk azmfaqmifay;jcif;/

Adapted from Compass pp. 141-2

2.1 EdkifiHom;ESifh vlrItzGJUtpnf;

2.1 - zwf&ef


(u) ,Ofaus;rI

- ½dk;&m"avh

- toif;tzGJU

- EdkifiHom;

(c) yef;wdkif

- atmifjrifNyD;ajrmufrI

- &v'f

- &nf&G,fcsuf

(*) pnf;rsOf;rsm;

- cGihfjyKonf

- jyKvkyfonf

- vlrItodkif;t0dkif;

(C) ordkif;

- twdwfumv

- rwdkifrD (a&S;,cifu)

- pmwrf; (tcsuftvuf)

(i) ½dk;&m"avh

- ,Ofaus;rI

- ordkif;

- wlnDrI

(p) ,HkMunfrI

- cHpm;csuf

- tawG;

- t,ltq

(u) vlvwfwef;pm; yrmP rsm;jym;rI&dSNyD;? vlvwfwef;pm;

wdkYuom tmPmydkifpdk;xm;Ekdifonfh vlYtzGJUtpnf;

rsdK;rSom jynfhpHkrI&dSonfh EkdifiHa&;todkif;t0dkif;[k

trnfwyfEkdifayrnf/

(c) vlwkdif;onf vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfudk udk,fpm;jyKaeonf/

(*) rdrdwdkY aemufuG,fwGif ajymqdkaom pum;u rdrd

vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; rnfol rnf0g jzpfonfudk

azmfjyaeonf/

(C) touf 30 t&G,f txd vufrxyf&ao;ygu

xdktrsdK;om;udk vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ tEÅ&m,faumif[k

owfrSwfEkdifonf/

(i) touf 31 ESpf t&G,ftxd vufrxyf&ao;ol

trsdK;orD; rsm;onf t½HI;orm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/

(p) udk,fydkifonfh ydkufqHudk trsm;twGuf ay;p&mrvdk/

xdkydkufqH&zdkYtwGuf tjyifxGuf tyifyef;cH tvkyfvkyf

&onf/ xdkydkufqHudk trsm;tusdK;twGufqdkNyD; ay;vSL

jzKef;wD;ypfjcif;u ½l;ESrf;jcif;om jzpfw,f/

(q) urÇmBuD;onf vlYtzGJUtpnf;BuD;wpf&yfyif jzpfonf[k

jrifrdonf/

2.1 - a0g[m&rsm;

2.1 - tqdkrsm;


2.1 EdkifiHom;ESifh vlrItzGJUtpnf;

vkyfaqmifcsuf 1 ]toGifwlrS MunfjzLrnf}/

taMumif;t&m rwluGJjym;onfh tzGJUi,frsm; zGJUpnf;wnfaqmuf avhvmjcif;/

&nfrSef;csuf vlenf;pkESifh vlrsm;pktMum; qufEG,frIrsm;udk avhvm azmfxkwfEkdif&ef &nf&G,fonf/

oifaxmuful ypönf;rsm; ausmif;om;wpfOD;csif;pDtwGuf -

a&mifpHk puúL odkYr[kwf a&mifpHk pwpfum pm&Gufrsm;/

xdkpm&Gufrsm;udk a0iS&mwGif ta&mifwpfckpDtwGuf ta&twGuf rwlnDap&? wpfcsKdUaom

ta&mifrsm;twGuf pm&Gufwpf&Gufom xm;Ekdifonf/ (Oyrm / / ausmif;om; 16 OD;

yg0ifonfh twef;twGuf tjyma&mifpm&Guf 4 &Guf? teDa&mif 4 &Guf? t0ga&mif 3 &Guf?

tpdrf;a&mif 3 &Guf? trnf; 1 &GufESihf tjzL 1 &GufpD a0rQapEkdifonf/)

vkyfaqmifyHk tqifhqifh

1/ a&mifpHkpwpfum pm&Gufrsm;udk ausmif;om;wdkY\ ezl; odkYr[kwf tuÐsay:wGif uyfapyg/ xkdodkY uwf&mwGif rdrdwdkY

rnfonfhta&mif &&dSxm;aMumif; rod&dSap&/

2/ xdkYaemuf ta&mifwloltcsif;csif; tzGJU zGJUapyg/ xdkodkY tzGJU zGJU&mwGif pum;rajym&? udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rIjzifhom qufqH

ajymqdk&rnf/

3/ xdkodkY tzGJU zGJU NyD;aemuf vlrsm;aom tzGJUwGif yg0ifol ausmif;om;rsm; taejzihf rnfodkY cHpm;&onf? wpfOD;wnf;ae&aom

ausmif;om;rsm; taejzihf rnfodkY cHpm;&onfudk aqG;aEG;apyg/

aqG;aEG;&ef ar;cGef;rsm;

1/ tzGJUrsm; zGJU&mwGif wpfOD;tay: wpfOD; ulnD½dkif;yif;jcif; &dSygovm;/

2/ rdrdESifh ta&mifwloludk awGU&onfh tcgwGif rnfodkY cHpm;&oenf;/

3/ rdrdwdkY\ oufqkdif&m todkif;t0dkif;twGif; rnfodkYaom tzGJUrsm;wGif yg0ifvIyf&Sm;vsuf &dSoenf;/ (Oyrm/ / abmvHk;

toif;? ausmif;? bmoma&;toif;)/

4/ xdktzGJUrsm;udk 0if&mwGif uefYowfcsufrsm; &dSygovm;/

5/ rdrdwdkY\ vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGif; rnfokdYaomolrsm; csefvSyfcHxm;&oenf;/ (Oyrm/ / vlenf;pk? wpfudk,f&nf wpfum,orm;rsm;)/


þpmrsufESmonf tvGwfom jzpfonf/


E - democracy1/ tD; - 'Drdkua&pD (E - democracy) qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;

2008 ckESpfwGif bm;&uf tdkbm;rm; tar&duefEkdifiH\ or®wtjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr§mufcHcJh&onf/ xdka&G;aumufyGJ

twGuf pnf;½kH;vHIYaqmf&mwGif 0ufqdk'frsm;? bavmh*frsm;? vlrIuGef&ufpmrsufESmrsm; tp&dSonfjzifh enf;ynmwdkY

toHk;jyKcJhonfudk awGU&dS&onf/

xdkjzpf&yftNyD; ta&SUOa&my? ta&SUtv,fydkif;ESifh urÇmhae&mtESHYrS vlrIvIyf&Sm;olrsm;onf tD; - 'Drdkua&pDbufodkY

OD;vSnhfvmcJhMuonf/ enf;ynmtopfrsm;udk vlrIvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif toHk;csjcif;jzifh tm;vHk;yg0ifvmEkdifNyD;? vlwef;aph

qufqH ajymqdkvmEkdifaponf/ vsifjrefvG,fulrI &dSvmonf/ owif;pm? wDAGDrsm;uJhodkY tuefYtowfrsm; r&dSawmh/

'Drdkua&pDqefvmonf[k axmufcHajymqdkxm;Muonf/

,cifu taMumif;t&mwpfckudk wifjy&eftwGuf *sme,fwdkufodkY pmydkY&onf? yHkESdyfxkwfa0rnfudkvnf; apmifhpm;&onf/

,cktcgwGifrl bavmhbfrsm;wGif rdrdwdkY a&;csifajymcsifaom taMumif;t&mudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymqdkvmEkdifonf/

rdrdwdkYa'o udk,fpm;jyK vTwfawmftrwfudk a'otaMumif; today; tBuHjyKvdkvQifvnf; tD;ar;vf ydkY½Hkom

jzpfonf/ 'Drdkua&pD ydkqefvmonfh rD'D,mtopfudk toHk;jyKNyD; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf?

ukefusp&dwf enf;enf;jzihf rQa0 od&dSvmEdkifonf/ þonfyifvQif ]tD; - 'Drdkua&pD} udk axmufcHyHkazmfvdkolwdkYtwGuf

tm;wufzG,f&myif jzpfayawmhonf/

2/ tD;-'Drdkua&pD\ jyóem&yfrsm;

tD; - 'Drdkua&pDonf aumif;uGufrsm;pGm&dSonf rSefaomfvnf; jypfcsuftcsdKU &dSaeao;onf/ yxrOD;qHk;taejzihf

rD'D,mtopftqef; rSeforQonf <u,f0aom wkdif;jynfrsm;rS vufwpfqkyfpm vlcsrf;omrsm;twGufom

jzpfaeao;onf/ 'kwd,tm;jzifh xdkrD'D,mwdkYudk vlrIvIyf&Sm;olrsm; uJhokdYyifvQif tpdk;&u vTrf;rdk; xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdif

onf/ xkdYtwlyif vli,ftrsm;pkrSmvnf; azsmfajza&;twGufom owif;rD'D,mwdkYudk t"du oHk;pGJaeMuonf/

aemufqHk;tcsuftaejzifh xkdpepfwGif vlrIjyóem&yfBuD;rsm;twGuf pepfwus tav;ay;NyD; toHk;csMujcif;xuf

]tay:,H tajymrsm;} jzifhom tcsdefjzKef;aewwfMuonf[k axmufjyxm;Muonf/ xdk ]tay:,H tajymrsm;} onf

vlrIta&;t&mwdkYtaMumif; ]tod} ay;Ekdifrnf jzpfaomfvnf; vufawGUusrI? eufeJrI tydkif;wGifrl tm;enf;wwfayonf/

Adapted from : http://www.economist.com/node/10638222

2.2 acwfopfvlUabmif tzGJUtpnf;rsm;

2.2 - zwf&ef


(u) *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;

- urÇm

- qufoG,frI

- ukefoG,frI

(c) vkyfief;

- tvkyftudkif

- tvkyf&Sif olaX;

- tvkyfcefYxm;rI

(*) vlrIb0tawGUtBuHKrsm;

- cHpm;csuf

- tajctae

- b0

(C) rwluGJjym;rI

- rwlnDrI

- vl

- tpktzGJUrsm;

(i) (Virtual)

- tGefvdkif;

- ppfrSefrI

- twkta,mif

(p) yl;aygif;rI

- cHpm;csuf

- jyifyolpdrf;rsm;

- vkyfief;

(u) vufrxyfbJaevQif ydkrdk aysmf&TifEkdifrnf/

(c) a&TUajymif;tajccsolrsm;onf b0tajctaet&

½kef;uef MudK;pm;aeMu&onf/

(*) vlwdkif;onf wefzdk; wlnDonf/

(C) rdrdwdkY\ EdkifiHwGif EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm; vma&muf aexdkif

Mujcif;udk *kPf,l&rnf/

(i) rdrdwdk Y wkdif;jynfrS vlrsm;twGuf tvkyfr&d S/

EdkifiHjcm;om; rsm;uom vma&mufvkyfudkifaeMujcif;udk

&yfwefYypf &rnf/

(p) udk,fhtvkyform;udk udk,fBudKufovdk qufqHcGihf

&dSonf/ EdkifiHwum pGufzufrIrsm;udk *½kpdkufaep&m

rvdk/

(q) trsdK;orD;rsm; rnfrQ atmifjrifEkdifonfudk Munfhjcif;jzifh

xdkvlYtzGJUtpnf;\ wdk;wufrIudk wkdif;wmEkdifonf/

(Z) vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfu tjcm;vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf

wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;vmatmif wGef;wifay;Ekdif[k rMum;bl;ao;/

(ps) &mZ0wfrIrsm; tm;vHk;onf todkif;t0dkif;wpf&yfvHk;\

tjypfaMumifhom jzpfonf/

(n) t½dk;qHk;? tm;tenf;qHk; vlwpfa,mufu tmPm

tBuD;qHk; oluJhodkY EdkifiHom;qkdif&m? pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m?

vlrIa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udk cHpm;EkdifNyDqkdvQif

'Drdkua&pD cHpm;&NyD[k &J&JBuD; qkdEdkifonf/

(#) wpfjcm;aom ,Ofaus;rIrsm;taMumif; EdIif;,SOf avhvm

zl;ao;jcif; r&dSu rdrdwdkY udk,fydkif ,Ofaus;rIudk twGif;

usus odNyD[k rqdkEdkif/

2.2 - a0g[m&rsm;

2.2 - tqdkrsm;


2.2 acwfopfvlUabmiftzGJUtpnf;

vkyfaqmifcsuf 1 ynma&;ESifh tifwmeuf/

taMumif;t&m tem*wf ynma&;\ tvm;tvmrsm;udk qef;ppfavhvmjcif;/

&nfrSef;csuf tem*wfwGif jzpfEkdifacsEdkifonfh ynmoifMum;rI yHkpHrsm;udk wGufxkwfqef;ppf&ef

&nf&G,fonf/


(oifaxmuful pm&Guff 2.2.1) yg ]ynma&;\ a&SUc&D;}/


1/ ausmif;om; 3 OD;rS 4 OD; txd yg0ifonfh tzGJUrsm; zGJUapyg/ (oifaxmuful pm&Guff 2.2.1) yg ]ynma&;\ a&SUc&D;} udk

avhvm zwf½Iapyg/

2/ ynma&;tay: tifwmeuf\ oufa&mufrIrsm;udk jzpfEkdifacs&dSonfhtvdkuf owfrSwfapyg/ xdkodkY owfrSwf&mwGif

jzpfEdkifacst&dSqHk; tajctaeudk xdyfqHk;wGif owfrSwfapNyD;? jzpfEkdifacs tenf;qHk;udk atmufqHk;wGif xm;&dSazmfjyapyg/

3/ xdkYaemuf rdrdwdkY\ owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk tjcm;tzGJUrsm;ESihf EdIif;,SOf oHk;oyfapyg/ tzGJUtm;vHk; oabmwlonfh

owfrSwfcsuf wpf&yf &&dSatmif aqG;aEG; aqmif&Gufapyg/

4/ tem*wfumv ynma&;pepfudk tifwmeufu rnfrQtxd oufa&mufEkdifaMumif; wpfwef;vHk;taejzihf

aqG;aEG;apyg/


1/ tifwmeuftajcjyK ynma&;ESihf pmoifcef; tajcjyK ynma&;wdkYtMum; rnfrQ jcm;em;rI &dSoenf;/

2/ tifwmeuftajcjyK ynma&;ESihf pmoifcef; tajcjyK ynma&;wdkY\ aumif;usdK;? qkd;usdK;wdkYudk aqG;aEG;azmfjyyg/

3/ tGefvdkif;ynma&;u tem*wf\ rlvwef;? tv,fwef;ESihf txufwef; ynma&;wdkYudk rnfrQtxd oufa&mufrI

&dSEdkifaMumif; aqG;aEG;azmfjyyg/


1/ q&mrsm; ausmif;om;wdkif;udk pmoifay;

aep&m rvdkawmh/ ausmif;om;rsm;

ar;p&m&dSrS? tGefvdkif;jzihf oif,l&mwGif

tcuftcJ wpfpHkwpf&m ay:vmrSom

q&m? q&mrxH vma&muf ar;jref;

Edkifonf/

2/ pmar;yGJrsm;udk tGefvdkif;jzif hom

ppfaq;rnf/ pmar;yGJ &v'fudkvnf;

puúefYydkif;twGif; od&SdEdkifrnf/ (Oyrm -

tifwmeuf toHk;jyK TOEFL pmar;yGJ)

3/ ausmif;oHk;zwfpmtkyfrsm;udk tGefvdkif; oif½dk;rsm;jzifh tpm;xkd;vmEdkifrnf/ ausmif;oHk; zwfpmtkyfyg

taMumif;t&mwdkYonf ESpfMumvmonf ESifhtrQ acwfrrDawmh/ tGefvdkif; tcsuftvufwdkYrSmrl

vG,fvG,fululyif jyifqif jznhfpGufEkdifonf/

4/ touf 5 ESpf t&G,fcefYwGifom tajccHynm&yfrsm;jzpfonfh pma&;pmzwf? uD;bkwftoHk;jyKjcif;ESifh

*Pef;ocFsm ponfwdkYudk oifMum;&eftwGuf ausmif;wuf&ef vdkrnf/ xdktajccHynmrsm; jynfhpHkonfESihf

tdrfwGifom tGefvdkif; toHk;jyKNyD; ynmqufvuf oif,lEkdifrnf/

5/ ausmif;om;rsm; taejzifh wpfywfwpfcgom ausmif;wuf&ef vdkrnf/ xkdodkY wuf&jcif;rSmvnf;

tzGJUvdkuf oif,l&onfh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;jzpfonfh udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;tm;upm;? o½kyfaqmifjcif;

tEkynm tp&dSonfwdkYudk avhusifh&eftwGufom jzpfonf/ xkdbmom&yfwdkYrSm tGefvdkif;jzifh

oifMum;avhusifhjcif; rjyKvkyfEkdifacs/

6/ tem*wf&dS ausmif;rsm;wGif qif;&Jom; ausmif;om;rsm;om &dSMuawmhrnf/ xdkausmif;om;rsm;rSm

tGefvdkif;ynma&;twGuf vdktyfonfh oifaxmuful uGefjyLwm ypönf;rsm;udk rwwfEdkifMuacs/

7/ ausmif;om;rsm;rSm rdrdwdkY oif,lvdkonfh bmom&yfudk pdwfBudKufa&G;cs,fEkdifrnf/ tGefvdkif;tajcjyK

oif½dk;rSmvnf; ynma&;qdkif&m aps;0,fpifwmwpfckvdk jzpfvmvdrfhrnf/

8/ ausmif;om;rsm; taejzihf avhusihfcef;rsm;? ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm;? aqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk eD;pyf&m

ausmif;om; tcsif;csif;tMum; csufwif; (Chat room) toHk;jyKNyD; jyKvkyfvmEkdifrnf/

9/ tem*wfwGif pmoifausmif;rsm;onf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ajymif;vJoGm;vdrfhrnfr[kwf/ ausmif;pmMunfhwdkuf

rsm;wGifrl 0bffqdk'f tajcjyK ausmif;oifcef;pm tcsuftvufrsm; ydkrdk &&dSvmEdkifrnf/


]vlUtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yftwGif; oufqkdifyg0ifjcif;} ESihf ]udk,fydkif

p½dkufvu©Pm}

]udk,fydkifp½dkufvu©Pm} wdkYonf rdrdwdkY rnfol rnf0g

jzpfonfudk xif[yfvsuf&dSonf/ xdkp½dkufvu©PmwdkYwGif

wefzdk;xm;rIrsm;? ,HkMunfcsufrsm;? pdwf0ifpm;rIrsm; tp

&dSonfwdkYjzifh zGJUpnf;yg0ifMuonf/ xdkYtjyif tawGUtBuHKrsm;?

qufqHrIrsm;ESihf &yfwnfaexdkifvsuf&dSonfh vlrItodkif;t0dkif;

wdkYuvnf; tqdkyg p½dkufvu©PmwdkYtay:wGif vTrf;rdk;vsuf

&dSaeonf/ odkYjzpfí ]p½dkufvu©Pm} wdkYudk ar;cGef;xkwf

tajz&SmMunfh&mwGif tajztrsdK;rsdK; uGJjym;Edkifayonf/

]p½dkufvu©Pm} qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;

p½dkufvu©Pmwpf&yfwGif tpdwftydkif; trsdK;rsdK;wdkY aygif;pyf

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tay: rnfodkY ½IjrifonfwdkYtay: tajccHaeonf/ Oyrm

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cGJjcm;Edkifayonf/

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twGuf vkyfudkif&SmazGrIu p½dkufvu©Pmtay:

vTrf;rdk;Edkifonf/)

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tcef;u@rsm;? wm0ef,lxm;&rIrsm;u rdrdwdkY\

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(Oyrm/ / pum;ajymuRrf;usifol? tm;upm;wGif

xl;cRefol? pDrHcefYcGJwwfol? ponfjzifh/)

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&dSonf/ ]uRefronf q&m0efjzpfonf}? ]uRefronf rGef

jzpfonf}? ]uRefronf trsdK;orD;jzpfonf} ponfjzifh

p½dkufvu©Pmwpf&yfwnf;udkom udk,fpm;jyKaejcif;

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[lí p½dkufvu©Pm 3 &yfvHk;udk udk,fpm;jyKaeEdkifonf/

xdkrQomru vlwpfOD;\ p½dkufvu©Pmonf tpOf

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t& ywf0ef;usif\ oufa&mufrIrsm;aMumifhvnf; ajymif;vJrI

&dSEdkifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf vkyfief;cGiftwGif;&dS p½dkufvu©Pm

ESifh tdrfjyefa&mufcsdef p½dkufvu©Pm? tm;upm; jyKvkyfaecsdef

p½dkufvu©PmwdkY wlnDMuvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/

]vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yftwGif; oufqkdifyg0ifjcif;} qdkonfrSm

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• arwåmtajccHonfh qufqHa&;/

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&dSoenf;

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vu©Pmtay: BuD;pGmoufa&mufonfvnf; &dSonf/

(Oyrm - rdbaqGrsdK;wdkY\ vTrf;rdk;rI) wpfcsdKUaom vTrf;rdk;rI

rsm;rSmrl oufa&mufrI tm;enf;wwfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf

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2.3 - zwf&ef


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- yg0ifrI

- cGJjcm;qufqHrI

- EkdifiHom;rsm;

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- aumif;rGefrI

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awmfMuonf/

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trsdK;om;rsm;\ obm0om jzpfonf/

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Edkifonf/ trsdK;om; 2 OD;wnf;jzifh rvkyfEkdif/

(p) vlom;tm;vHk; aumif;rGefaom tem*wfudk wlnDpGm

ydkifqdkifcGihf &dSonf/

(q) trsdK;om;rsm;onf trsdK;orD;rsm;xuf vlrsdK;a&;

ydkcGJjcm;wwfMuonf/

(Z) qif;&Jolrsm;onf csrf;omolrsm;xuf aiGtaMumif;

ydkawG;onf/

(ps) vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif; qdkonfrSm rdrd\ udk,fydkif p½dkuf

vu©Pmudk qHk;½HI;jcif;yif jzpfonf/

(n) <u,f0rIESif h zGHUNzdK;rIwdk Yu trsdK;om;,Ofaus;rI

vu©Pmwpf&yf ydkifqdkifxm;jcif;xuf ydkta&;BuD;onf/

(#) *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;u uREkfyfwdkY\ udk,fydkif oD;oefY

vu©Pmrsm;udk qHk;½HI;apEkdifonf/

(X) EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm; usKyfwdk YEd kifiHrSm aexdkifaewm

rjzpfoifhbl;? 'Dvdk aeaeMuvdkY&dS&if usKyfwdkY&JU udk,fydkif

vu©Pmudk vuffvTwffqHk;½HI;&Ekdifw,f/

2.3 - a0g[m&rsm;

2.3 - tqdkrsm;


2.3 ukd,fydkifoD;oefYvu©Pm

vkyfaqmifcsuf 1 ]wpfOD;udk wpfOD; wHqdyfuyfjcif;}/

taMumif;t&m ausmif;om;wpfOD;pD taejzihf tusifhp½dkufwpfckpDudk udk,fpm;jyKapNyD;? xdkp½dkufrsm;ay:

tajccHvsuf wpfOD;tay: wpfOD; qufqHapjcif;/

&nfrSef;csuf vltcsif;csif;Mum; ]tpGJrsm;} jzifh wHqdyfuyfjcif;ESihf 4if;\ oufa&mufrIrsm;udk avhvm

qef;ppfwwfap&ef &nf&G,fonf/

oifaxmuful ypönf;rsm; ausmif;om;wpfOD;pDtwGuf -

pwpfum pm&Gufrsm;/ (xdkpm&Gufwpf&GufpDay:wGif ]ysif;&dol}? ]xl;cRefol}? ]pmnHhol}? ]npfwD;

npfywfaeol}? ]OD;aqmifol}? ]½dkif;pdkif;ol}? ]aysmfaysmfaewwfol}? ]Muifemwwfol} ponfjzihf

tusifhp½dkufrsm;udk a&;om;xm;&rnf/)


1/ oifykef;ay:wGif ]tusifhp½dkufrsm;}udk a&;om;xm;yg/ xdktusifhp½dkufykdif&Sif yk*d¾KvfwdkYtay: vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGif; rnfokdY

qufqHavh&dSaMumif; ausmif;om;tcsif;csif;tMum; aqG;aEG;apyg/

2/ ausmif;om; 6 OD;cefY yg0ifonfh tzGJUrsm; zGJUay;yg/ xdkYaemuf tzGJUwpfckpDudk vkyfaqmifcsufwpfckpD cGJa0csxm;ay;yg/ (Oyrm - ydkpwm

qGJapjcif;? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*rsm;udk a½TUapjcif;)/

3/ xdkYaemuf ausmif;om;wpfOD;pD\ ezl;ay:wGif ]tusifhp½dkuf} rsm; a&;om;xm;&dSonfh pwpfumpm&GufwpfckpD uyfay;yg/ rdrdwkdY

rnfonfh p½dkufudk udk,fpm;jyKaeaMumif; ausmif;om;rsm; rodap&/

4/ xdkodkY pwpfum pm&Gufrsm;udk uyf&mwGif ausmif;om;wpfOD;pD\ yifudk,ffp½dkufESifh teD;pyfqHk;wlatmif q&mjzpfolu

a&;om;xm;&dS&rnf/

5/ xdkYaemuf tzGJUvdkuftaejzihf oufqdkif&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&rnf/ xdkYtwl ausmif;om;wdkY\ ezl;ay:wGif

awGU&dS&onfh p½dkufrsm;twkdif; xdkausmif;om;wdkYtay: jyKrlqufqHMu&rnf/

6/ ]ysif;&dol} [k wHqdyfuyfcHxm;&ol ausmif;om;tay: tjcm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;u vlysif;wpfa,muf[kom oabmxm;

qufqH&rnf/ odkY&mwGif xkduJhokdY wHqdyfuyfcHxm;&aMumif; tqdkyg ausmif;om;udk ajymrjy&/

7/ tzGJUvdkuf vkyfaqmifcsuf tNyD;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkY rnfonfhfh p½dkufudk udk,fpm;jyKaeaMumif; cefYrSef;&rnf/

8/ xdkYaemuf wpfwef;vHk;taejzihf atmufazmfjyyg ar;cGef;wdkYudk aqG;aEG;apyg/


1/ xdkvkyfaqmifcsufudk aqmif&GufaepOftwGif; ausmif;om;rsm;taejzihf rnfodkY cHpm;&oenf;/

2/ wpfOD;tay:wpfOD; ]tusifhp½dkufrsm;} jzifh wHqdyfuyfqufqHjcif;u rnfonfh tcuftcJrsm; BuHKawGU&apEdkifoenf;/

3/ xdkvkyfaqmifcsuftwGif; ausmif;om;rsm; taejzihf rdrdwdkY &&dSxm;onfh pwpfumyg ]tusifhp½dkufrsm;} twdkif; jyKrlygovm;/

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,HkMunfrI&dSonfh trlt&m vkyfaqmif&rnf/ ]ysif;&dol} pwpfum &&dSxm;onfh ausmif;om;onfvnf; bmrQrvkyfbJ

ae&rnf/

4/ vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif;wGif rnfodkYaom yHkpHrsm;jzihf ]wHqdyfuyf} wwfMuoenf;/ xdkodkY wHqdyfuyfjcif;u wHqdyfuyfcH&ol

tay: tjrifESihf xkdol\ vlrIb0tay:wGif rnfodkY oufa&mufrI &dSoenf;/

5/ þvkyfaqmifcsufyg ]tusifhp½dkufrsm;} tvdkuf wHqdyfuyfjcif;udk tjyifavmuwGifa&m awGU&dSEkdifygovm;/ xkdokdY

owfrSwfjcif;u rQwaom vkyf&yf[k qdkEkdifygovm;/


vufawGUusifhoHk;tyfonfh pHwefzdk;rsm;

]vufawGUb0twGif; usifhoHk;tyfonfh pHwefzkd;rsm;} acgif;pOfjzihf usif;ycJhonfh ydkpwmNydKifyGJonf vli,fvl&G,fwdkY\

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ausmif;om;aygif; wpfaomif;cefY yg0if,SOfNydKifcJhMuNyD; rdrdwdkY\ vlrIb0wefzdk;tay: tjrifrsm;udk rQa0cJhMuonf/ xdkodkY

rQa0&mwGif ausmif;om;wdkY\ udk,fydkifb0tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk tajccHNyD; wifjyolrsm; &dSouJhokdY wpfcsdKUuvnf; rdom;pk

oli,fcsif;wdkY\ tjzpftysufrsm;? pdwful;,Of Zmwfaumifrsm;? &yf&Gmywf0ef;usifwGif awGU&dS&onfh udk,fusdK;rbuf

pGrf;aqmifcJholwdkY\ taMumif;rsm;udk tajccHNyD; wifjyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/

atmufyg udk;um;csufrsm;onf ydkpwmNydKifyGJ0if qk&ausmif;om;tcsdKU\ a&;om;aumufEIwfcsufrsm; jzpfonf/

• David McKenzie (12? 13 ESpf) / /] onf;cHpdwfarG;zdkYqdkwm cufcJw,f? 'gayr,fh tjriftrsdK;rsdK;? t,ltq

trsdK;rsdK;udk vufoifhcHEdkifpGrf; qdkwmuawmh onf;cHEdkifpGrf;xufudk ydkcufcJw,f}/

• Bhupinder Singh - Sihota (13? 14 ESpf) / / ]udk,fhvGwfvyfrItwGuf &ifqkdifwkdufyGJ0ifjcif;udk &mZ0wfrIvdkY

trnfrwyfEdkifyg}/

• Jade Macdonald (15? 16 ESpf) / / ]oyGwftlvdkufaeonfh urÇmwpfckxJrSm vlpGrf;aumif;wdkY? vlxk acgif;aqmifwdkY

qdkwmawGu b,fvdkrS tm;udk;&rSm r[kwfbl;? udk,fhudk,fudkyJ tm;udk;Mu&rSm/ tqHk;rSm trsm;tusdK; qdkwmxuf

udk,fhtusdK;udkyJ MunfhwwfMuvdkYyJ/}

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xif[yfvsuf&dSonf/

• Anton Chekhov / /]b,fiwHk;ityJjzpfjzpf tusyftwnf; awGUrSmyJ/ tJhvkdvlawG&JU b0[m wpfaeYxufwpfaeY

ukefqkH;wmeJUtrQ wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh ysufpD;qHk;½HI;&vdrfhr,f}/

• Stephen Covey / /]rdrd\ trltusifhudk tajymjzihf rzkef;uG,fEkdif}/

• Albert Einstein / /]trSm;rvkyfzl;bl;vkdU a<u;aMumfwJhol[m bmqdkbmrQ [kwfwdywfwd rvkyfbl;olawGyJ}/

• Henry Ford / / ]vkyfEkdifw,f? jzpfEkdifw,fvdkY xif&if tJh'Dhtwdkif; jzpfvmvdrfhr,f? udk,fu rvkyfEdkifbl;?

rjzpfEdkifbl;vdkY acgif;cgaer,fqdk&ifawmh vufawGUrSmvnf; jzpfvmrSm r[kwfbl;}/

• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi / /]tem*wfqdkwm ypöKyÜef&JU tusdK;qufawG jzpfw,f}/

• Peter Wentz / / ]enf;enf;av;rQ pdwfusa&m*g rcHpm;&zl;bl;vdkY qdkwJholawG[m urÇmBuD;eJU tqufjywf

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2.4 wefzdk;rsm;

2.4 - zwf&ef


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(p) vGwfvyfrI

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(u) vlwdkif; ]udk,fhbufom udk,f,uf} wwfMuonf/

(c) trsdK;orD;rsm;onf trsdK;om;rsm;ESihf rnfonfhtcg

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(i) wd&pämefrsm;udk owfjzwfpm;oHk;jcif; rjyKoifh/

(p) 14 ESpfatmuf uav;rsm; tvkyfvkyfcGihf r&dS/

(q) uav;rsm;udk bmomwdkif;ESifh &if;ESD;uRrf;0if apoifhonf/

t&G,fa&mufonfh tcgrSom rnfonfh bmom0if

jzpfrnfudk qHk;jzwfapoifhonf/

(Z) vlrGJawGudk axmufyHhay;urf;rnfh tpdk;& pDrHudef;rsm;

twGuf usKyfwdkY tcGef ray;Edkif/

2.4 - a0g[m&rsm;

2.4 - tqdkrsm;


2.4 pHwefzdk;rsm;

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taMumif;t&m tjrifwpf&yf? ,HkMunfcsufwpf&yf rnfokdY aygufzGm;vmonfudk aqG;aEG;NyD;? umva&GUvsm; rIaMumifh

rnfokdY ajymif;vJEkdifonfudk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;/

&nfrSef;csuf acwfpepfwdkYu vlBuD;ESihf vli,fwdkY\ ,HkMunfcsuf tjrifrsm;tay: rnfodkY vTrf;rkd; oufa&mufvsuf

&dSonfudk qef;ppf&ef &nf&G,fonf/

oifaxmuful ypönf;rsm; ausmif;om; 4 OD;rS 5 OD; txd yg0ifonfh tzGJUrsm; zGJUay;Ekdifonf/ tzGJUwpfzGJUpDtaejzihf -

(oifaxmuful pm&Guff 2.4.1) &dS ]vufcH,HkMunfcsuftrsdK;rsdK;} yg pm&Gufydkif;rsm;udk tnDtrQ cGJa0

&&dSxm;&rnf/


1/ ausmif;om; 4 OD;rS 5 OD;txd yg0ifonfh tzGJUrsm; zGJUay;yg/ xdkUaemuf (oifaxmuful pm&Guff 2.4.1) &dS ]vufcH,HkMunfcsuf trsdK;rsdK;}

yg pm&Gufydkif;rsm;udk tnDtrQ cGJa0xm;ay;yg/

2/ rdrdwdkY &&dSxm;onfh pm&Gufydkif;rsm;udk tajccHNyD; tqdkyg ]vufcH,HkMunfrI} tay: tjrifoabmxm;rsm;udk tzGJUtwGif; aqG;aEG;apyg/

3/ xdktjrifoabmxm;rsm;onf rdrdwkdY\ rdbrsm;? bkd;bGm;rsm;\ tjrifoabmxm;rsm;ESihf wkdufqdkifrI&dSEdkkif r&dSEdkif? rnfodkYaom

uGJjym;rIrsm; &dSEkdifonfudkyg aqG;aEG;apyg/

4/ atmufygwdkYudk aqG;aEG;apyg/

• xdkvufcH,HkMunfrIrsm;tay: rnfonfh taMumif;tcsufrsm;u vTrf;rkd;vsuf &dSoenf;/

• xdkvufcH,HkMunfxm;csufrsm;onf rnfonfh enf;vrf;t& rdrdwdkY\ rodpdwftwGif; tjrpfwG,fvmcJhoenf;/

• xdk,HkMunfcsuf tjrifrsm;u usdK;aMumif;qDavsmfrI &dSygovm;/ tb,fhaMumifhenf;/

• xdk,HkMunfcsufrsm;onf rnfonfwdkUtay: tajccHaeMuoenf;/ (Oyrm/ / odyÜHenf;ynm? bmoma&;? tpOftvm,HkMunfrI)

• rdrdwdkY\ rdbbkd;bGm;wdkY\ tjrifoabmxm;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;wdkY\ tjrifoabmxm;wdkYtMum; tb,ftaMumif;wdkYaMumifh

uGJjym;ae&oenf;/

5/ txufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifNyD;ygu tzGJUtwGif; aqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk twef;odkY wifjyajymqdkapyg/


1/ xdkvufcH,HkMunfrIrsm;tay: rnfonfh taMumif;tcsufrsm;u vTrf;rkd;vsuf &dSoenf;/ xdkvufcH,HkMunfcsufrsm;udk

EdIif;,SOfMunfhjcif;jzihf tem*wfvlYtzGJUtpnf;ESihf twdwfumvu vlYtzGJUtpnf;wdkYudk pdwful; yHkazmfMunfhEkdifygovm;/

2/ xdk,HkMunfcsufrsm; taejzifh rnfonfh taMumif;&yfwdkYaMumifh ajymif;vJvm&oenf;/

3/ xdkvufcH,HkMunfxm;csufrsm; teufrS ajymif;vJjcif; r&dSonfh ,HkMunfcsufrsm; &dSygovm;/ rnfonfh ,HkMunfcsufrsm;u

ajymif;vJjcif; r&dSoenf;/

4/ ,HkMunfcsuf tjrifwpf&yfudk vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yftwGif;&dS olwdkif;u twlwuG udkifpGJusifhoHk;jcif;jzihf rnfonfh tusdK;w&m;rsm;

&&dSEdkifoenf;/

5/ xdkvufcH,HkMunfcsufrsm;u uREkfyfwdkY\ b0wGif rnfodkYaom twm;tqD; uefYowfcsufrsm; BuHKawGUapEkdifoenf;/

6/ uREkfyfwdkY\ vufcH,HkMunfxm;csufrsm;udk rnfonfwdkYu ajymif;vJypfEdkifoenf;/

7/ xdkodkY ajymif;vJ&ef vG,fulrI &dSEdkifygovm;/ rnfokdYaom ,HkMunfrIrsm;udk ajymif;vJypf&ef cufcJoenf;/ rnfonfwdkYu vG,fulrI

&dSEdkifoenf;/ tb,fhaMumifhenf;/

8/ uREkfyfwkdY\ om;orD;ajr;jrpfrsm; vufxufwGif ]vufcH,HkMunfcsufrsm;} ajymif;vJvmEkdifygovm;/ rnfonfwdkY ajymif;vJEkdifoenf;/

9/ aemifrsdK;quf\ vufcH,HkMunfcsufrsm;u uREkfyfwdkY\ tjrifoabmxm;rsm;ESihf rnfodkY rnfyHk uGJjym;Ekdifoenf;/

10/ rnfonfh taMumif;wdkYaMumifh uGJjym;&oenf;/


oifaxmuful pm&Guf (2.4.1) - vufcH,HkMunfxm;csuf trsdK;rsdK; (pm-1)

1/ ]urÇm jym;onf} qdkonfh t,ltq/2/ ]rdom;pk wpfcktwGif; rnfol tmPmtrsm;qHk;

ydkifqdkifxm;oifhonf} ESihf oufqdkifonfh ,HkMunfrI/

3/ ]vltrsm;a&SUwGif uav; EdkYwdkufauR;jcif;} ESihf

oufqdkifonfh tjrif/

4/ ]bmoma&;tay: apmfum;ykwfcwf ajymqdkoifhonf}

[k vufcH,lqxm;rI/

5/ vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jyD; uav;,l&rnf [lonfh

vufcHrI/

6/ ]taemufwdkif;0wfpHk 0wfqifjcif;} qkdif&m ,HkMunfrI/

7/ ]uGm&Sif;jcif;} qkdif&m t,ltqrsm;/ 8/ ]bmomrJh} [lonfh t,ltq/

9/ ]rdef;uav;ESifh a,mufsm;av;udk xdef;ausmif;&m

wGif yHkpHwpfrsdK;pDjzihf usifhoHk;oifhonf} [lonfh

,lqcsuf/

10/ ]oaEwm;jcif;} qdkif&m ,HkMunf vufcHxm;csufrsm;/

11/ ]trsdK;orD;rsm; tvkyfvkyfjcif;} ESihf oufqkdifonfh

,HkMunfrIrsm;/

12/ ]aq;rifaMumif} xkd;jcif;tay: tjrifrsm;/

13/ obm0ab; tEÅ&m,frsm;onf zefqif;&Sif\

tjypfay;rIjzpfonf [laom t,l/

14/ ]pdwfa&m*g jzpfjcif;onf &Sufp&maumif;onf}

[lonfh t,ltq/



15/ ]trsdK;orD;rsm; wpfOD;wnf; c&D;oGm;jcif;} tay:

tjrifrsm;/

16/ ]vdifwljcif; vufxyfrI} tay: ,lqcsufrsm;/

17/ ]tvkyfwpfckwnf;tay: trsdK;om;? trsdK;orD;

wef;wl vkyfudkifEkdifrI} qdkif&m ,lqcsufrsm;/

18/ ]tom;pm;oHk;jcif;} tay: tjrifrsm;/

19/ ]ukd,f0efzsufcsrI} tay: ,HkMunfvufcHxm;csufrsm;/ 20/ ]vdifvkyfief;} tay: ,HkMunfvufcHxm;rIrsm;/

21/ ]rdom;pktwGif; trsdK;om;? trsdK;orD;wdkY\

tcef;u@} qkdif&m ,HkMunfcsufrsm;/

22/ ]&mxl;*kPfodefBuD;oltay: av;pm;orI qufqHoifh

roifh}/

23/ ]uav;rsm;udk xdef;ausmif;jcif;} qdkif&m ,HkMunfcsuf

rsm;/

24/ ]rnfonfh vlrsdK;jzpfu OmPf&nf ydkaumif;onf?

rnfonfh vlrsdK;u OmPf&nfedrfhusonf} [lonfh

tjrifrsm;/

25/ ]wdkif;jynftwGuf? bmoma&;twGuf tepfemcH

ay;qyfNyD; aoonftxd vkyfaqmifoGm;jcif;u

jrifhjrwfonf} [lonfh ,HkMunfcsuf/

26/ ]vufrxyfcif vdifqufqHjcif;u tjypfjzpfonf}

[lonfh tjrif/

27/ ]EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;} tay: tjrifrsm;/ 28/ ],Mwm? aA'if? ewfe*g;} wdkYtay: ,HkMunfrIrsm;/


29/ ]BudK;rdefYay;jcif;} tay: tjrif/30/ ]aq;vdyfaomufjcif;onf usef;rma&;ukd qdk;&Gm;pGm

xdcdkufapEkdifonf} [lonfh ,HkMunfxm;rI/

31/ ]t&ufaopm aomufpm;jcif;ESihf rl;,pfaq;

okH;pGJrI} wdkYtay: tjrifrsm;/

32/ ]vufrxyfbJ twlaejcif;} tay: ,HkMunfxm;

csufrsm;/

33/ ]vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfrI} tay: ,lqcsufrsm;/34/ ]vli,frsm; rnfokdY rnfyHk jyKrl&rnf} [lonfh

t,ltqrsm;/

35/ ]aumif;rGefaom ynma&;} tay: tjrifrsm;/36/ ]wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK; wpfOD;ESihf cspfol&nf;pm;

jzpfjcif;} tay: ,lqcsufrsm;/

37/ ]vlBuD;olrrsm;udk av;pm;&rnf} [lonfh ,HkMunf

xm;csufrsm;/

38/ ]rnfonfh owif;tcsuftvufu rSefuefrI

&dSonf} [lonfh vufcH,HkMunfrIrsm;/



2.4 pHwefzdk;rsm;

vkyfaqmifcsuf 3 urÇmwpf0Srf;rS tcGifhta&;rsm;/

taMumif;t&m ekdifiHtoD;oD;rS vli,fwdkY\ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk avhvmoHk;oyfNyD; rdrdwkdY\ udk,fydkif

tcGifhta&;rsm;udk qef;ppfoHk;oyfjcif;?

&nfrSef;csuf EdkifiHtoD;oD;&dS vli,fwkdY\ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk EdIif;,SOf avhvmEkdif&ef &nf&G,fonf/


(oifaxmuful pm&Guff 2.4.2) yg ]vli,ftoH}/


1/ (oifaxmuful pm&Guff 2.4.2) yg ]vli,ftoH}wdkYukd avhvm zwf½Iapyg/

2/ xdkYaemuf EkdifiHtoD;oD;&dS vli,frsm;taejzihf rnfokdY rnfyHk tcGifhta&;&&dSrI uGJjym;MuaMumif; aqG;aEG;apyg/

wpfwef;vHk;taejzifh jzpfap? tzGJUvkduftaejzihfjzpfap vkyfaqmifapyg/

3/ xdkYaemuf rdrdwdkY jrefrmEdkifiH&dS vli,frsm;\ tcGifhta&;&&dSrI tajctaersm;ESihf xdktajctaersm;tay: rnfodkY ½IjrifrdaMumif;

a&;om; jyKpkapyg/

4/ xdka&;om;xm;csufrsm;udk EdIif;,SOfoHk;oyfapyg/

5/ xdka&;om;csufrsm;udk tjcm;aom vli,ftzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkYjzpfap? tGefvdkif;ay:wGifjzpfap xkwfazmfwifjyvdkygu

wifjyapEkdifrnf/


1/ avhusifhcef;yg EdkifiHtoD;oD;rS vli,frsm; taejzihf jrefrmvli,frsm; &&dSonfh tcGifhta&;rsdK;udk cHpm;&&dSEkdifMuygovm;/

2/ xdkEkdifiHtoD;oD;rS vli,frsm;onf &oifh&xkdufonfh tcGihfta&;rsm;udk qHk;½HI;vsuf&dSonf[k xifjrifygovm;/


'Dtar&durSm 16 ESpf jynfhw,fqdk&if um;armif;cGifh &Sdw,f/ touf 21

ESpf a&mufrS t&ufaomufcGihf &dSw,f/ tJh'Dvdk toufuefYowfcsufawG

owfrSwfxm;ay;wm jzpfoifhw,fvdkY uRefawmfxifw,f/

t&G,fa&mufNyD; olawGtaeeJYvnf; aoewfudkifpGJcGifh &dSw,f/ tJh'Dvdk

tcGihfta&;rsdK;u ypfcwfowfjzwfrIawG? rawmfwqrIawG jzpfvmapygw,f/

'gayr,fhvnf; uRefawmfwdkY tar&duefawGu aoewfwpfvufydkifrS jzpfr,fvdkY

vufcH ,lqaeqJyg/

rdkufu,f? tar&duef

u

uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiHrSm 18 ESpf txuf vli,fwdkif; ppfrIxrf;Mu&w,f/ a,mufsm;av;awG qdk&if vaygif; 30? rdef;uav;awGqkd&ifvnf; 18 v avmuf xrf;aqmifMu&w,f/ wdkif;jynfumuG,fa&;qdkwm ta&;ygw,f

qdkwmawmh vufcHygw,f? 'gayr,fhvnf; ppfrIxrf;&wJhtwGuf vlawGu ydkNyD;

tMurf;zufvdkpdwf BuD;pdk;vmapw,f/atAD? tpöa&;

aqmf'Dtma&AD;,m;EdkifiHrSmawmh trsdK;orD;wdkif; acgif;tp ajctqHk;

vHkvHkNcHKNcHK 0wfMu&w,f/ t&ufaomufcGihfvnf; r&dSbl;/ 'DvdkuefYowf

xm;wmvnf; aumif;ygw,f/ t&ufaomufjcif;u usef;rma&;? vlrIa&;

jyóemawGudk ay:aygufvmapEdkifw,fav/

tmrwf? aqmf'Dtma&AD;,m;

uRefawmfwdkY umvuwåm;jynfe,frSm ynma&;ESihf tajccHvpm cHpm;cGihfqkdNyD; owfrSwfxm;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh vufawGUrSmawmh tJh'DtcGifhta&;awG rcHpm;&ygbl;/ uRefawmfqdk wpfaeY 8 em&D tvkyfvkyf&ayr,fh vpmu a':vm 1 a':vmavmufawmif r&bl;/ ynmvnf; aumif;aumif; roifcJh&wJh twGuf tvkyf&zdkYvnf; rvG,fvSbl;/

tmeE´m? tdE´d,

uRefrwdkUEkdifiHrSm ]wpftdrfaxmif uav;wpfa,mufEIef;} qkdNyD;

owfrSwfxm;w,f/ 'DvdkowfrSwfrSvnf; vlOD;a& xdef;csKyfEkdifrSmyg/

NyD;awmh t&G,fa&mufolawG taeeJYvnf; rJay;cGihf &dSMuygw,f/

udk,fpm;vS,favmif;awG tm;vHk;u uGefjrLepfygwD0ifawGyg/ uRefrwdkY

EdkifiHawmf&JU ygwDBuD;udk uRefrwdkY tm;vHk; axmufcHMuwm aumif;wJh

vkyf&yfyg/ 'gayr,fhvnf; 'Drdkua&pDqef&if ydkaumif;r,f xifwmyJ/

*sif;vD? w½kwfEdkifiH

oifaxmuful pm&Guf (2.4.2) - vli,ftoH

c

*

C

i


pHwef;zdk;rsm;\ ta&;ygrI

vGwfvyfonfh vlrItzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfwGif ta&;ygrI&dSNyD; tESpfom& jynfh0onfh wefzdk;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fusifhoHk;zdkY&ef

vdktyfvSonf/ xdkodkY a&G;cs,fusifhoHk;&mwGif ]vGwfvyfpGm ,HkMunfcGihf? awG;ac:cGihf} [lonfh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tokH;cs

Mu&onf/ xkdrQomru xdkwefzkd;rsm;udk xkwfazmf wifjy&mwGifvnf; ]vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfcGifh} [lonfh tcGihfta&;udk

tusdK;&dS&dS toHk;cs&efrSm ta&;ygvSayonf/

yk*¾dKvfa&;qkdif&m wefzdk;rsm;

yk*¾dKvfa&;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifh[lonf oufqkdif&m vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; a&G;cs,frIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfonfh

twGufaMumifh ay:aygufvm&jcif; jzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYtay:wGif rnfolY rnfolurQ zdtm;ay;NyD; twif;t"r®

,HkMunfouf0ifapjcif;? wefzdk;rsm;udk twif;vdkufemcdkif;jcif; jyKcGihfr&dS/ vlwdkif;taejzihf udk,fydkifa&G;cs,fcGihf &dS&rnf/

odkYr[kwfu udk,fhb0udk,fyif yJhudkifxdef;ausmif;Ekdifjcif; r&dSawmh/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; i,f&G,fpOftcsdefuwnf;u

a&G;cs,frIrsm;jzifh vufyGef;woD; &dSaejcif;u vli,frsm;\ cH,lcsufESihf udk,fydkif p½dkufvu©PmwdkYudk yHkazmf xkqpf&mwGif

ta&;ygvSonfudk awGU&dSEkdifayrnf/

vlrItzGJUtpnf;twGif;&dS wefzdk;rsm;

vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfvHk;\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;azmfaqmifay;onfh tcgwGif yk*¾dKvfa&;qkdif&m vGwfvyfcGihfrsm;u

ta&;ygrI &dSonfudkvnf; awGU&onf/ xdkvGwfvyfcGihfwdkYu yl;aygif;yg0ifrI &dSonfh vlrIpdwf"mwfudk arG;zGm;ay;aponf/

rwluGJjym;rIrsm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;onfh vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfwGif wefzkd;rsm;? ,HkMunfrIrsm;tMum; y#dyu©wdkY

jzpfyGm; ay:aygufvmwwfonf/ okdYjzpfí tqdkyg vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzihf rnfonfh vlrIwefzdk;rsm;udk pHxm;

owfrSwfoifhaMumif; qHk;jzwf&efrSmvnf; r&dSrjzpf vdktyfjyefonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf ]aqG;aEG; tajz&Smjzif;}? ]tMurf;

rzufjcif;}? ]oabmxm;BuD;jcif;} wdkYudk pHwefzkd;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;jcif;jzihf rwluGJjym;rIrsm;jzihf zGJUwnfxm;onfh

vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfonf ydkrdk wnfNidrfrI&dSNyD; tzGJU0ifwdkif;\ tusdK;udk jznfhpGrf;ay;apEdkifvdrfhrnf/

xdkuJhokdY r[kwfygu pHwefzkd;rsm;udk wefzdk;rxm;wwfonf vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfonf ]vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfajymqkdcGihf} \

t&omudkvnf; cHpm;&&dSEkdifvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/

ekdifiHom;ynma&;ESifh wefzdk;rsm;

EkdifiHom;ynma&;qdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm;onf pmoifcef;twGufomr[kwf? vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGufyg ta&;ygvSonf/

'Drdku&wfwpfusonfh vlrItzGJUtpnf;wpf&yftwGif;wGif rnfolu rnfonfh wefzdk;rsm;twdkif; jyKrlusifhBuH&rnf[k

rnfonfh tmPmydkifurQ owfrSwfxm;rnfr[kwf/ xdkYtwlyif ausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; rnfonhf wefzkd;udkjzihf vdkufem

apmihfxdef;&rnf[k q&mrsm;u Muyfrwfxdef;csKyfaep&mrvdk/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fwdkifom vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:cGihfudk

toHk;csNyD; udk,fhtm;udk,fpdkufum a&G;cs,frIrsm; jyKvkyf&rnf jzpfayonf/

Adapted from - Teaching Democracy p.19

2.5 vlrIwefzdk;rsm;\ vGefqGJrI

2.5 - zwf&ef


(u) trSDtcdk uif;rJhjcif;

- vGwfvyfonf

- wpfoD;yk*¾vjzpfjcif;

- ydkif;jcm;rI

(c) n§dEIdif;rI

- oabmwlnDonf

- olwpfyg;

- tay;t,lvkyfjcif;

(*) av;pm;wefzdk;xm;rI

- em;vnfrI

- oabmxm;BuD;jcif;

- cGJjcm;qufqHonf

(C) vufcHEdkifpGrf;

- olwpfyg;

- tjrifoabmxm;

- oabmxm;BuD;rI

(i) tMurf;zufjcif;

- wdkufcdkufjcif;

- xdyg;apmfum;rI

- tEdkifusifhonf

(p) oabmxm;uGJvGJrI

- vufoifhrcHjcif;

- oydwfarSmufjcif;

- xdyfwdkufawGUrI

(u) 14 ESpf txuf trsdK;orD;i,fwdkif; oaE¨wm;qD;jcif;

qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk od&dSxm;&rnf/

(c) vdifwlcsif; vufxyfxdrf;jrm;rIudk w&m;0if jzpfapoifhonf/

(*) rdef;rvsmtcsif;csif; vufxyfrIonf rSefuefaom vkyf&yf

r[kwf/

(C) vufxyfjcif;onf acwfumvESihf roihfavsmfawmh/

(i) trsdK;om;jzpfolu ZeD;jzpfolxuf aiGydk&SmEkdif&rnf/

(p) rdef;rwpfa,mufonf tdrfwGifom ae&rnf/

2.5 - a0g[m&rsm;

2.5 - tqdkrsm;


2.5 vlrIwefzdk;rsm;\ vGefqGJrI

vkyfaqmifcsuf 1 tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh wefzdk;rsm;/

taMumif;t&m pHwefzdk;ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk vllUtcGifhta&; aMunmpmwrf;yg azmfjyyg&dScsufrsm;ESihf

EIdif;,SOf avhvmjcif;/

&nfrSef;csuf wefzdk;tcsif;csif;Mum; vGefqGJrIrsm;udk avhvmoHk;oyfNyD; vlUtcGifhta&; aMunmpmwrf;ESihf

csdefxdk; oHk;oyfEkdif&ef &nf&G,fonf/

oifaxmuful ypönf;rsm; ausmif;om; 4 OD;rS 5 OD; txd yg0ifonfh tzGJUrsm; zGJUEkdifonf/ tzGJUwpfzGJUpDtaejzihf -

(oifaxmuful pm&Guff 2.5.1 - u odkYr[kwf 2.5.1 - c) yg ]tcGihfta&;ESihf wefzdk;rsm;}?

(oifaxmuful pm&Guff 1.4.1 c) yg ]vlUtcGifhta&; aMunmpmwrf;}/


1/ ausmif;om; 4 OD;rS 5 OD; txd yg0ifonfh tzGJUrsm; zGJUay;yg/ oifaxmuful pm&Guf (u) ESihf (c) wkdYteufrS ESpfouf&mudk

,lapyg/

2/ rdrdwdkY a&G;cs,fxm;onfh oifaxmufulpm&Gufyg taMumif;t&mwdkYudk avhvmzwf½Iapyg/ azmfjyyg&dSonfh tqdk

wpfckcsif;pDtay: tjrifoabmxm;rsm;udk tzGJUvdkuftaejzihf owfrSwfap&rnf/ azmfjyyg&dSonfh tcsufrsm;udk

t<uif;rJh oabmwlygu (u) ? omrmef oabmwlïHqdkygu (c)? oabmrwlqdku (*)? oabmwl? rwl rjywfom;ygu

(C) [lí owfrSwfapyg/

3/ xdkYaemuf tqdk wpfckcsif;pDudk azmfjyyg wefzdk; y#dyu©rsm;ESihf wGJpyfap&rnf/

4/ NyD;aemuf tqdkwpfckcsif;pDtwGuf ]vlYtcGihfta&; aMunmpmwrf;} yg tcsufrsm;ESihf wGJpyfap&rnf/

5/ tzGJUvdkuftaejzihf qHk;jzwf&mwGif rnfonfh tqdkwdkYudk owfrSwf&ef cufcJaMumif; aqG;aEG; azmfjyapyg/

6/ xdkYaemuf txufyg aqG;aEG;csufrsm;? wGJpyfxm;csufrsm;udk wpfwef;vHk;odkY wifjyapyg/


1/ rnfonfh tqkdrsm;u tjiif;yGm;rI tjzpfqHk;enf;/

2/ rnfonfh tqkdrsm;u pdwf0ifpm;zG,f taumif;qHk; jzpfoenf;/

3/ rnfonf tqdkjyKcsufrsm;u ta&;tBuD;qHk; jzpfonf[k xifoenf;/ tb,fhaMumifhenf;/

4/ vlYtcGifhta&; aMunmpmwrf;xJrS rnfonfh tcsufrsm;u pdwf0ifpm;p&m taumif;qHk; jzpfoenf;/ ta&;tMuD;qHk;

jzpfoenf;/ ta&;ygrI avsmhenf;oenf;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

5/ vlYtcGifhta&; aMunmpmwrf;yg tcsufrsm;udk vufawGUavmu twGif;wGif taumiftxnf azmfEkdifrnf[k

xifygovm;/ tb,fhaMumifhenf;/

6/ vlYtcGifhta&; aMunmpmwrf;udk vlom;tm;vHk; vkdufemMurnf qdkygu rnfokdYaom vlUtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf

ay:xGef;vmEkdifrnfenf;/


tqdkrsm;

1/ wpfcsdKUaom tvkyftudkifrsm;wGif trsdK;om;rsm;udkom

vkyfcGifhay;oifhonf/

2/ pD;u&uf? t&uf paom tEÅ&m,f&dS ukefypönf;rsm;ukd

w&m;0ifaMumfjimcGihf ray;oifh/

3/ tMurf;zufrIrsm; jzpfyGm;apEkdifonfh pmayrsm;? a[majymrI

rsm;udk cGihfrjyKoihf/

4/ owif;pmrsm;onf rdrdwdkY a&;csif? ajymcsifaompmudk

y#dyu©rsm; jzpfyGm;ay:aygufaponfhwkdif a&;cGihf&dSonf/

5/ trsm;jynfolESifh oufqdkifonfh yGJvrf;obifrsm; usif;yrnf

qdkygu &mZ0wfjypfcsuf &dScJhzl;olrsm;udk BudKwif zrf;qD;

xdef;odrf;xm;&rnf/

6/ refae*smrsm; taejzihf tvkyform;rsm;udk vpmay;&mwGif

rdrdwdkY BudKufESpfoufovdk ay;ydkifcGihf &dS&rnf/

7/ vlwdkif; rdrdwdkY ESpfoufonfh ae&mwGif &Sifoef&yfwnfcGifh

&dSonf? vGwfvyfpGm oGm;vmcGifh &dSonf/

8/ uav;wdkif; touf 18 ESpf jynfhonf txd ausmif;wuf

&rnf/

9/ t&G,fa&mufNyD;olwdkif; vGwfvyfpGm rJay;ydkifcGihf &dSonf/

tpGef;a&muf ygwDrsm;udkvnf; rJay;Ekdif&rnf/

wefzdk; y#dyu©rsm;

(u) vGwfvyfrIESihf jynfolYusef;rma&;tMum;&dS wefzdk; y#dyu©/

(c) ynma&;^nDrQrIESihf vGwfvyfrItMum;&dS wefzdk; y#dyu©/

(*) vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmf ajymqdkcGifhESihf Nidrf;csrf;rI? vHkNcHKrI

wdkYtMum;&dS y#dyu©/

(C) jynfolYvHkNcHKa&;ESihf vGwfvyfrIwdkYtMum;&dS y#dyu©/

(i) 'Drdkua&pD^vGwfvyfcGihfESihf vHkNcHKrIwdkYtMum;&dS y#dyu©/

(p) onf;cHrI vGwfvyfrIESifh vlYtodkif;t0dkif;^,Ofaus;rIrsm;

tMum;&dS y#dyu©/

(q) usm;^r wef;wlnDrQrIESihf ,Ofaus;rI wefzdk;wdkY tMum;&dS

y#dyu©/

(Z) vGwfvyfrIESihf vHkNcHKrIwdkYtMum;&dS y#dyu©/

(ps) w&m;&dSvlaerI rQwrIESifh vGwfvyfrIwdkY tMum;&dS y#dyu©/

oifaxmuful pm&Guf (2.5.1-u) - tcGifhta&;ESifh wefzdk;rsm; (vG,ful)

tqdkrsm;

1/ wuúodkvfNyD;ajrmufrSom tvkyfvkyfcGihf ay;oifhonf/

2/ vlrsdK;? EdkifiHom;? bmom rnfrQ uGJjym;ygap vGwfvyfpGm

vufxyfxdrf;jrm;cGihf &dSonf/

3/ ESdyfpuf tMurf;zufrIjzifh tzrf;cHxm;&onfh &mZ0wfom;

udk ESdyfpuftMurf;zufNyD; ao'Pf csrSwf&rnf/

4/ vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yftwGif; touft&G,f? ynm

t&nftcsif;? vkyfydkifcGihf? <u,f0rI rnfrQ uGJjym;ygap

t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk wef;wlrQa0 cHpm;tyfonf/

5/ vlwdkif; ajr,mydkifqdkifEdkifatmif tpdk;&rS ajr,mrsm;udk

jyefvnfcGJa0 csxm;apoifhonf/

6/ wdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ ordkif;? yx0DwdkYESihf oufqdkifonfh

ausmif;oif½dk;rsm;wGif tqdkyg wdkif;&if;om;wdkYESihf

oufqdkifonfh ordkif;? yx0Dtcsuftvufrsm;udkom

xnfhoGif; oifMum;&rnf/ tjcm;aom wkdif;&if;om;rsm;

taMumif; ryg&dS&/

7/ w&m;cGifwdkif;udk trsm;jynfol a&SUarSmufwGifom qHk;jzwf

csrSwf&rnf/

8/ rnfonfh tdrf? ausmif;? taqmuftOD;? vkyfief;rqdk

vkdtyfrI taetxm;t& &Jrsm; &SmazGEkdifonf/

9/ tvkyform;rsm; taejzihf or*¾rsm; 0ifa&mufvkdu

0ifa&mufcGihf &dSonf/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufa,mufaMumifh

twif;t"r® 0ifa&mufrI r&dSap&/

wefzdk; y#dyu©rsm;

(u) w&m;Oya'ESihf vlYtcGihfta&;wdkY tMum;&dS wefzdk; y#dyu©/

(c) yGifhvif;jrifomrIESihf udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGihfwdkY tMum;&dS

wefzdk; y#dyu©/

(*) yk*¾vydkifqdkifrIESihf nDrQrIwdkY tMum;&dS y#dyu©/

(C) vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGihf oabmxm;BuD;rIESihf Nidrf;csrf;rI?

vHkNcHKrIwdkY tMum;&dS y#dyu©/

(i) vGwfvyfrIESihf oabmxm;BuD;rIwdkY tMum;&dS y#dyu©/

(p) udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGihfESihf w&m;Oya'^vHkNcHKrIwdkY tMum;&dS

y#dyu©/

(q) 'Drdkua&pD^nDrQrIESifh ynma&;wdkY tMum;&dS y#dyu©/

(Z) nDrQrIESihf vlrIvdktyfcsufwdkY tMum;&dS y#dyu©/

(ps) pnf;vHk;rIESihf ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIwdkY tMum;&dS y#dyu©/

oifaxmuful pm&Guf (2.5.1-c) - tcGifhta&;ESifh wefzdk;rsm; (cufcJ)


urÇmhacgif;aqmifESpfOD;\ acgif;aqmifrI yHkpHrsm;

r[wår *ED´\ acgif;aqmifrI t&nftaoG;rsm;

1/ tjrifus,fonfh acgif;aqmif

wdkif;jynfwpfjynf&dS EkdifiHom;rsm;onf ]pnf;pepfwus zGJUpnf;xm;onfh tkyfcsKyfrIpepf} wpf&yfatmuftwGif;

rdrdbmom xdef;ausmif;vsuf &Sifoef&yfwnfMu&rnf jzpfaMumif; r[wår *E´Du ½IjrifcJhonf/ tpdk;&wpf&yftaejzihf

EdkifiHom;rsm;tay: tmPmtvGeftrif; oufa&mufrI &dSjcif;u tusdK;rrsm;vSaMumif; a0zefxm;onf/ EdkifiHom;rsm;

bufuvnf; udk,fhwm0efudk,f ,lMu&rnf/ *E´D\ tjrifwGif vlYtcGihfta&; (human rights) qdkonfxuf wm0ef,l

pdwf&dSjcif; (human duties) u ydkta&;ygaMumif; qdkxm;onf/

2/ pHerlemjy acgif;aqmif

*E´Donf ]opömvrf;pOf} udk vufudkifjyKxm;ol jzpfonf/ rw&m;rI? rrQwrI rSeforQudk tMurf;rzufenf;vrf;jzifh

wdkufzsuf&ef &nf&G,fonf/ tMurf;rzufjcif; vrf;pOfudk vufudkifxm;NyD; tmPmydkifrsm;ESihf vufrwGJa&; enf;vrf;jzifh

Nidrf;csrf;pGm vIyf&Sm;cJhonf/ þvrf;pOfudk ]tmPmzDqefa&;} (civil disobedience) [kvnf; vlodrsm;onf/

tdEd´,om;wdkif; NAdwdoQ tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? tavhtxrsm;udk qefYusif&ef twGufvnf; *E´Du vHIUaqmfcJhonf/ NAdwdoQ

t0wftxnfrsm;udk r0wf? ½dk;&mt0wftpm;rsm;udkom ukd,fwdkif &ufvkyfcJhonf/ tdEd´,jynfolwdkYuvnf; ol\

vrf;pOfudk vdkufemcJhMuonf/ þonfyifvQif NAdwdoQawmfvSefa&; vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;\ trSwfoauFwwpfck jzpfvmcJhonf/

*E´D\ acgif;aqmifrIonf pHerlemjyKjcif; enf;vrf;jzifh t"du OD;aqmifcJhonf[k qdkEkdifayonf/

3/ w&m;&dS vlaerItwGuf wdkufyGJ0ifol

*EDonf trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;twGufvnf; vHIUaqmf BudK;yrf;EkdifcJhol jzpfonf/ cifyGef;onf qHk;½IH;xm;&ol trsdK;orD;rsm;

tay: zdESdyftMurf;zufrIrsm;udkvnf; wGef;vSefcJhonf/ xdkYtjyif tjrpfwG,fvsuf&dSonfh Zmwfpepfudk z,f&Sm;ypfNyD; ]Zmwfedrfh}

wdkYtay: rn§mrwm tEdkifusifhrIrsm;udk &yfwefYypf&eftwGufvnf; EId;aqmfcJhayonf/

rmwifvlomuif;\ acgif;aqmifrI t&nftaoG;rsm;

1/ pdwfEdI;qGay;ol acgif;aqmif

rmwifvlomuif;onf ol\ tZößwåtwGif;rS ]a'go} udk pdwfcGeftm; tjzpfodkY xkwfazmfwl;qGNyD; ]tajymif;tvJ}

ay:aygufvmatmif vHIUaqmfEdkifcJhol jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkY tajymif;tvJudk azmfaqmif&mwGifvnf; tcuftcJ rnfrQ

BuHKawGU&ygap aqG;aEG;rIrsm;? nd§EdIif;rIrsm;udk usifhoHk;jcif; r&dS/ EdkifiHom;tcGihfta&;rsm; tjynfht0 cHpm;&&dSEkdifapa&;

twGufom OD;wnfvIyf&Sm;cJhayonf/

2/ pHerlemjy acgif;aqmif

uif;\ udk,fydkif wefzdk;xm;rIrsm;uvnf; ol\vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk touf0ifapcJhonf/ uif;onf ol\ &Jabmf&Jbuf rsm;tay:

MoZm&dSol? pdwf"mwfcGeftm; ay;EkdifcJhol acgif;aqmifwpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/ tvmbm;rm;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom bmrif*efqEjy

vIYHaqmfrI tygt0if vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;aMumifhvnf; 29 Budrf wdwd tzrf;cHcJh&onf/ xdkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk vltrsm; od&dSvmMuNyD;

rD'D,mu tm½Hkpdkufvmap&eftwGufvnf; trsdK;orD;rsm;? vlenf;pkrsm; ydkrdk yg0ifvmap&ef pnf;½Hk; vHIUaqmfEdkifcJhayonf/

3/ txuf - atmuf yHkpHjzifh OD;aqmifol

uif;\ txuf - atmuf OD;aqmifrI yHkpHrsdK;u yGifhvif;jrifomrIudk vdkvm;NyD; 'Drdkua&pDudk av;pm;wefzdk;xm;ol

vlrIvIyf&Sm;olrsm;tMum; *,ufxapcJhonf/ okdY&mwGifvnf; uif;taejzihf rdrd\ i,fom;rsm;tay: ESdrfjcif;? zdESdyfjcif;

r&dS? ulnDapmifha&SmufolwpfOD; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; ynmrwwfol atmufajcvlwef;pm;rsm;uyg ol\ OD;aqmifrI

vufatmufudk cdkvIHvmcJhMuonf/

xdkrQomru uif;onf oHwrefpdwfxm; arG;jrLolvnf; jzpfonf/ tzGJUtpnf;twGif;&dS tzGJU0ifrsm;\ ajymqdkrIrsm;?

tjiif;yGm;rI rsm;udk wpfav;wpfpm; em;axmifwwfNyD;? xdktBuHjyKcsufrsm;udk tajccHvsuf enf;rSefvrf;rSef OD;aqmifEkdifol

jzpfonf/

2.6 vlUtzGJUtpnf;ESifh acgif;aqmifrI

2.6 - zwf&ef


(u) yGifhvif;jrifomrI

- tpdk;&

- jynfol

- od&dSEdkifonf

(c) tmPm

- xdef;csKyfonf

- acgif;aqmif

- EkdifiHa&;

(*) qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif;

- a&G;cs,frI

- qHk;jzwfonf

- awG;ac:onf

(C) udk,fpm;jyKjcif;

- a&G;cs,frI

- vlYtodkif;t0dkif;

- vlYtodkif;t0dkif;

(i) apmfum;rI

- tEÅ&m,f&efpG,f

- xdef;csKyfonf

- aMumuf&GHUrI

(p) xdef;uGyfxm;rI

- zdESdyfrI

- tpdk;&

- jynfol

(u) acgif;aqmifrsm;onf vlrItzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf\

tc&m jzpfonf/

(c) EdkifiHawmfwGif &efol wpfyg;om &dSonf/ xkd&efolrSm

xdkEdkifiH\ tpdk;&yif jzpfonf/

(*) tmPm tyfESif;cHvdkuf&ol rnfolrqdk xdktmPm

aMumifhyif azmufjyef tusihfysuf vmvdrfhrnf/

(C) rnfolwpfOD; wpfa,mufwGifrQ tjcm;oltay:

trdefYMoZm ay;cGihf r&dS/

(i) EdkifiHa&;tmPmudk jynfolvlxkxHodkY t<uif;rJh tyfESif;

rxm;oifh/

(p) vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfvHk;\ tusdK;udk a&S;½INyD; tzGJU0if

wpfOD;\ tcGihfta&;rsm;udk tav;xm;onfh? wm0ef,lrI

&dSonfh cdkifrmtm;aumif;aom acgif;aqmifrI rsdK;udk

uREkfyfwdkY azmfaqmifMu&rnf/

2.6 - a0g[m&rsm;

2.6 - tqdkrsm;


2.6 vlUtzGJUtpnf;ESihf acgif;aqmifrI

vkyfaqmifcsuf 1 rsufuef; &xm;wGJ/

taMumif;t&m rsufpdrdSwfxm;ol aemufvddkufrsm;udk rsufpdzGihfol acgif;aqmifu OD;aqmifjcif;/

&nfrSef;csuf wpfOD;tay: wpfOD; ,HkMunfrIESihf qufqHajymqdkrI tm;aumif;vmap&ef/

oifaxmuful ypönf;rsm; pmoifcef;twGif;wGif twm;tqD;rsm; yg0ifonfh vrf;aMumif;wpfck OD;pGm jyKvkyf&rnf/

(xkdvrf;aMumif;wGif ausmfvTm;&ef vdktyfonfh t&mrsm;? a&SmifauGUoGm;&rnfh ukvm;xkdifrsm;?

iHkYa&Smif&rnfh BudK;wef;rsm; xm;&dSEkdifonf/ odkY&mwGif ab;Oy'f rjzpfap&/)

ausmif;om; 5 OD;rS 6 OD; txd yg0ifonfh tzGJUrsm; zGJUEdkifonf/ tzGJUwpfzGJUcsif;pDwGif acgif;aqmif

wpfOD;pD &dS&rnf jzpfNyD; tzGJU0ifrsm;twGuf rsufvHk; umxm;&ef t0wfrsm; vdktyfrnf/


1/ ausmif;om; 5 OD;rS 6 OD; txd yg0ifonfh tzGJUrsm; zGJUay;yg/ xdkYaemuf acgif;aqmifjzpfolrS vGJí tjcm;aom tzGJU0ifrsm;\

rsufvHk;udk t0wfjzihf pnf;xm;Mu&rnf/ acgif;aqmifjzpfol taejzihf EIwfjzihfvnf;aumif;? xdawGU jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;

qufoG,fajymqdkjcif; rjyK&/

2/ tzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh acgif;aqmifjzpfolwdkY rnfodkY qufoG,fEkdifrnfudk OD;pGm owfrSwfxm;&dSap&rnf/ xdkodkY owfrSwf&mwGif

toHwpfckckjzifh owfrSwfxm;&dSEdkifonf/ Oyrm - avcRefoHudk ]b,fvSnfh} [k owfrSwfxm;NyD;? ]atmuf} [k toH

us,fus,fjzifh atmfjcif;u ]atmufiHkY} [k owfrSwfxm;Ekdifrnf/

3/ acgif;aqmifjzpfol taejzifh rdrd\ tzGJUom;rsm; rnfonfh ae&mrS pwifxGufcGmNyD;? rnfonfh ae&mwGif tqHk;owf&rnf?

rnfonfh tcuftcJrsm; ausmfvTm;&rnfudk BudKwif od&dSxm;&rnf/

4/ xdkYaemuf rsufpdrSdwfxm;onfh tzGJU0if tm;vHk;udk wpfwef;wnf; taetxm;jzihf wpfOD;udk wpfOD; csdwfwGJxm;apyg/

5/ xdkodkY csdwfwGJxm;NyD;ygu owfrSwfxm;onfh vrf;aMumif; pwif a&GUvsm;Ekdifrnf/ xdkodkY tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmfvTm;onfh

tcgwGifvnf; acgif;aqmifjzpfolu pum;ajymjcif;? xdawGU qufqHjcif; rjyK&/ tEã&m,f rjzpfatmifvnf; Muyfrwf ay;&rnf/

6/ owfrSwfxm;onfh vrf;aMumif; tqHk;odkY a&mufygu ausmif;om;tcsif;csif;Mum; tawGUtBuHK cHpm;csufrsm;udk rQa0

ajymqdkapyg/

7/ xdktawGUtBuHKrsm;ESifh vufawGU jyifyrS tajctaersm; rnfodkU qufpyfaeaMumif; aqG;aEG;apyg/


1/ acgif;aqmifESifh tzGJU0ifrsm;tMum; qufqH ajymqdk&eftwGuf enf;AsL[mudk rnfodkY &&dScJhoenf;/

2/ xdkenf;AsL[mudk tzGJU0ifwdkif; oabmwlrI &dSygovm;/

3/ rnfuJhodkYaom enf;pepf vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukd toHk;jyKcJhoenf;/

4/ rnfodkYaom acgif;aqmifrI yHkpHrsm;udk usifhoHk;cJhoenf;/

5/ vkyfaqmifcsufrprDwGif BudKwifavhusifhrIrsm; vkyfaqmifcJhygovm;/

6/ xdkavhusifhrIrsm; tNyD; jyifqifrItcsdKU jyKvkyfcJhygovm;/

7/ rnfonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh acgif;aqmifESihf tzGJU0ifrsm;tMum; qufqH ajymqdkcJhMuoenf;/

8/ xdkenf;vrfrsm;u tzGJUtwGif;&dS qufqHajymqdkrItpGrf;ESihf tzGJUvdkuf vkyfaqmifjcif; t&nftaoG;wdkYudk rnfokdY xif[yfaeoenf;/

9/ xdkvkyfaqmifcsuftNyD; rnfonfh oifcef;pmrsm; &&dSoenf;/

10/ xdkvkyfaqmifcsufu acgif;aqmifrIESihf pyfvsOf;NyD; rnfonfh oifcef;pmrsm; &&dSapoenf;/


2.6 vlUtzGJUtpnf;ESihf acgif;aqmifrI

vkyfaqmifcsuf 2 prf;acsmif;wpfzufurf;odkY ul;jzwfrnf/

taMumif;t&m tzGJUvdkufvkyfaqmifrI tpGrf;jzifh ]ausmufwHk;} uav;rsm;udk eif;jzwfum jrpfwpfzufurf;odkY

ul;jzwfjcif;?

&nfrSef;csuf wpfOD;tay:wpfOD; ,HkMunfrIESihf qufqHajymqdkrI tm;aumif;vmap&ef/

oifaxmuful ypönf;rsm; ]prf;acsmif;} udk udk,fpm;jyKrnfh ae&mvGwfwpfck? vkkyfaqmifcsuftwGuf ausmif;om; 5 OD;rS

7 OD; txd yg0ifonfh tzGJUrsm; zGJUEkdifonf/ tzGJUwpfzGJUpDtwGuf - ]ausmufwHk;} rsm;udk

udk,fpm;jyKrnfh uwfxlpm&GufBuD; (odkY) t0wfp (odkY) A3 qdkuf pm&GufBuD; 4 csyf/


1/ tzGJUrsm; tm;vHk;udk ]prf;acsmif;} \ wpfzufurf;wGif &yfapyg/ tzGJUwpfzGJUpDtwGuf prf;acsmif;udk jzwfoef;&ef

ausmufwHk; 4 csyfpD &dS&rnf/

2/ xdkYaemuf tzGJU0iftm;vHk; vufcsif;wGJNyD; ]prf;acsmif;} udk jzwf&rnf/ xdkodkY jzwf&mwGif ausmufwHkk;rsm;ay:wGifom

ajccscGihf &dSonf/

3/ ]prf;acsmif;} xJodkY tzGJU0ifwpfOD;OD; ajcacsmfNyD; usygu jrpfwpfzufurf;rS jyefp&rnf/

4/ tzGJU0iftm;vHk; ]prf;acsmif;} udk ab;uif; vHkNcHKpGm jzwfoef;Ekdifygu vkyfaqmifcsufudk atmifjrifpGm NyD;ajrmufrnf

jzpfonf/

5/ xdkYaemuf vkyfaqmifcsuftwGif; BuHKawGU&onfh tawGUtBuHKrsm;? tcuftcJrsm;udk aqG;aEG;ap&rnf/


1/ tzGJUtwGif; wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; rnfodkY qufoG,f ajymqdkcJhMuoenf;/

2/ ]prf;acsmif;} udk jzwfoef;&mwGif tzGJUtwGif; ae&mtajymif;tvJ jyKvkyfcJhygovm;/ tb,fhaMumifh ajymif;vJcJh&oenf;/

3/ ]prf;acsmif;} udk jzwfoef;aepOftwGif; wpfzufurf;txda&mufatmif ul;jzwfap&ef rnfonfwdkYu wGef;tm;ay;

cJhoenf;/

4/ xdkodk Y ul;jzwfEkdifap&eftwGuf rnfonfh qufqHajymqdkrIrsdK;udk toHk;jyKcJhoenf;/ rnfolY pum;udk

em;axmifcJhMuoenf;/

5/ xdkvkyfaqmifcsufwGif rnfonfu tcufcJqHk; jzpfcJhoenf;/

6/ ]prf;acsmif;} xJodkY ajcacsmfjyKwfusygu tzGJUtwGif; rnfodkY wHkHYjyefcJhMuoenf;/


Oya' qdkonfrSm

1/ Oya'onf vlwdkif;ESihf oufqdkifonf

EkdifiHawmfwpf&yf aumif;rGefpGm vnfywfEkdifa&;twGuf Oya'rsm;u ta&;ygvSonf/ Oya'rsm;onf EkdifiHwGif;&dS

jynfolwdkif;? tajctae&yfwdkif;tay: oufa&mufrI&dSonf/ odkY&mwGifvnf; uav;oli,frsm; tygt0if tcsdKUaom

vlrItkyfpkrsm;rSm toufrjynfhcif tcsdeftxd Oya'oufa&mufrIrS uif;vGwfEkdifonf/

2/ Oya' trsdK;rsdK;

Oya'rsm;udk ]EkdifiHom;Oya'} ESihf ]&mZ0wfOya'} qdkNyD; cGJjcm;xm;&dSEdkifonf/ EkdifiHom;Oya'onf vlrItzGJUrsm;ESihf

vlyk*d¾Kvf (EdkifiHom;) wdkYtMum;&dS tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;Ekdif&ef &nf&G,fonf/ &mZ0wfOya'rsm;rSmrl tpdk;&\

a&;qGJ jy|mef;xm;csufrsm; jzpfNyD; ]w&m;0ifjcif;r&dS} [k owfrSwfxm;onfh trltusifhrsm; tBuHK;0ifayonf/

3/ Oya'ESifh EdkifiHa&;

rnfonfh Oya'rQ jynfhpHkjcif; r&dS/ jynfhpHkrI &dSvdrfhrnfvnf; r[kwf/ Oya'rsm;udk vlom;rsm;u a&;qGJowfrSwfxm;jcif;om

jzpfNyD; tpOfajymif;vJae&ef vdktyfonf/ tcsdKU Oya'rsm;rSm acwfumvESifh rudkufnDEkdif? xda&mufrI r&dSEkdif?

rrQwEdkifawmh/ EkdifiHa&;pepfwdkif;wGif Oya'rsm;udk tpdk;&uom jy|mef;xm;Mujcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf;

Oya'rsm;udk EkdifiHa&;rS wpfoD;wpfjcm; cGJxkwfxm;Edkifrnf r[kwfacs/

4/ w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;a&;

'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif EdkifiHom;wkdif; Oya'jyKa&;wGif yg0if&ef vdktyfonf/ xdkodkY yg0ifEkdif&eftwGuf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;

a&G;cs,f jy|mef;xm;&dSMuonf/ xdka&;qGJjy|mef;aom Oya'rsm;onf EdkifiHom;wdkif;tay: oufa&mufrI&dSap&ef? Oya'

txufwGif rnfolrQ r&dSap&efvnf; vkdtyfvSonf/ þonfudkyif w&m;Oya'pdk;rkd;a&;[k owfrSwfac:a0:Muonf/

5/ Oya'ESifh vlYtcGifhta&;rsm;

aemufqHk;tcsuftaejzifh Oya'rsm;onf vlYtcGifhta&;wdkYESifh wpfom;wnf; us&rnf/ w&m;Oya'rsm; rQwrI&SdNyD;

zdESdyfrIrsm;? tmPm&Sifrsm;\ vufudkifwkwf rjzpfap&efvnf; vkdtyfvSonf/ 'Drdkua&pDpepfwdkif;vkdvdkwGif

zGJUpnf;yHktajccH Oya'rsm; a&;qGJjy|mef;xm;Muonf/ xdkodkY jy|mef;&mwGifvnf; ]vlom; tcGifhta&;rsm;} udk EdkifiHawmf\

Oya'rsm;xuf OD;pm;ay;xm;&dS&onf/ tcsdKUaom wkdif;jynfrsm;wGifrl zGJUpnf;yHktajccH Oya'qdkif&m cHk½Hk;xm;&dSum

zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'ESihf Oya'csrSwfrIrsm; udkufnDrI&dSatmif xdef;ausmif;xm;&dSMuayonf/

Adapted from : Living Democracy p. 176

2.7 pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh Oya'

2.7 - zwf&ef


(u) jypfrII

- Oya'

- w&m;r0if

- tusOf;axmif

(c) Oya'rsm;

- tpdk;&

- pdk;rdk;onf

- cGihfjyKonf

(*) w&m;Oya' pkd;rdk;a&;

- jynfol

- vdkufemjcif;

- tpkd;&

(C) w&m;rQwrI

- xdkufwefaom

- Oya'rsm;

- qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfjcif;

(i) zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'

- pm&Gufpmwrf;

- Oya'rsm;

- jyifqifjcif;

(p) yk*¾v ydkifqdkifrI

- ydkifqdkifonf

- 0w¬Kypönf;

- vlyk*d¾Kvf

(u) vufrSwfrjzwfbJ &xm;pD;Edkifonf? bwfpfum; pD;Ekdifonf/

zrf;rrdzdkYom vdkonf/

(c) vlowform;awGudk ao'PfyJ csoifhw,f/

(*) tjypfay;jcif;aMumifh aumif;usdK;ryGm;Edkif/

(C) pnf;urf;Muyfrwfxm;rIrsm;u vli,frsm;udk jyóem

uif;a0;aprnf/

(i) aq;vdyfaomufoHk;jcif;udk urÇmwpf0Srf;wGif wm;jrpf

xm;oifhonf/

(p) BudrfvHk;jzifh qHk;rjcif;udk ausmif;rsm;wGif cGihfjyKoifhonf/

(q) rl;,pfaq; taysmhpm;rsm;udk w&m;0if toHk;jyKap

oifhonf/

(Z) jypfrIusL;vGefolrsm;onf pdwfydkif;qdkif&m az;rrIudk

vdktyfaeolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ jypf'Pfray;oihf/

(ps) ao'PfcsrSwfjcif;tm; vHk;0zsufodrf;oifhonf/

2.7 - a0g[m&rsm;

2.7 - tqdkrsm;



vkyfaqmifcsuf 1 ]abmvfyif} *drf;?

taMumif;t&m pnf;urf;csufrsm; BudKwif owfrSwfrxm;onfh *drf;wpfckudk aqmhupm;&rnf/

*drf;pwifrSom q&mjzpfolu pnf;urf;csufrsm; csrSwfoGm;&rnf/

&nfrSef;csuf rrQwonfh w&m;Oya' jyKpkrIrsm;udk udk,fwdkifcHpm; od&dSEkdifap&ef &nf&G,fonf/

oifaxmuful ypönf;rsm; ausmif;om;tm;vHk; puf0dkif;yHkpH 0dkif;zGJUrwfwyf&yf&eftwGuf ae&mvGwfwpfckESihf

abmvfyif wpfacsmif;/


1/ ausmif;om;tm;vHk; puf0dkif;yHkpH 0dkif;zGJU rwfwyf&yfapyg/ xdkYaemuf ausmif;om;wpfOD;udk abmyifwpfacsmif;ay;NyD;? *drf;pNyD

jzpfaMumif; aMunm&rnf/ tqdkyg *drf;twGuf rnfonfh pnf;urf;csuf (vkyfaqmifcsufrQ) BudKwifowfrSwfxm;jcif; rjyK&/

(rnfokdY pwif vkyfaqmif&rnfudk ausmif;om;rsm;tMum; a0cGJr& jzpfoGm;rnf jzpfaomfvnf; *drf;pwif&efom xyfrH ajymjyyg)/

2/ puúefYtenf;i,fMumrS ausmif;om;vufxJrS abmvfyifudk jyefvnf,lNyD; þ*drf;taMumif; pwif&Sif;jyay;yg/ ausmif;om;rsm;

taejzihf rdrdwdkY &&dSonfh abmyifudk ab;uyfvsuf rwfwwf&yfaeonfh ausmif;om;xH vufqifhurf;ay;&rnf jzpfonf/

3/ xdkuJhodkY ausmif;om;rsm; abmyifudk vufqifhurf;ay;aepOf puúefY 30 cefY tMumwGif &yfwefY&ef trdefYay;yg/ xdkausmif;om;rsm;

teufrS aemufqHk; abmyif &&dSxm;ol ausmif;om; 2 OD;udk pnf;urf;csdK;azmufonf[k ajymNyD; puf0dkif;xJrS xkwfy,f&rnf/

rnfonfh taMumif;aMumifh pnf;urf;csdK;azmufonf[k ajym&oenf;[k ar;ygu ]wpfOD;udk wpfOD; abmyif vufqifhurf;&mwGif

vufrSm;NyD; ay;rdonf} [k pGyfpGJ ajymqdk&rnf/

4/ xkwfy,fcHxm;&onfh ausmif;om;rsm;rSvGJNyD; aemufwpfBudrf qufvuf upm;&rnf/ puúefY 30cefY tMumwGif &yfwefY&ef xyfrH

trdefYay;yg/ vufqifhurf;ay;&mwGif vrf;aMumif;ajymif;jyef jzpfaeonf[k taMumif;jyNyD; ausmif;om; 2 OD;udk xkwfy,fypf&rnf/

5/ xdkYaemuf *drf;qufvuf upm;&eftwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fwdkif pnf;urf;topfwpf&yf csrSwfapyg/ Oyrm - abmyifukd

vufqifhurf; ay;vdkufNyD;onfh tcgwdkif; ]ckef} &rnf? odkYr[kwf wpfywfvSnfh ay;&rnf[k owfrSwfEkdifonf/

6/ *drf;udk qufvuf upm;yg/ þtBudrfwGif abmyifudk vufqifhay;urf;&mü aES;vGef;onf[k taMumif;jyNyD; ausmif;om;

2 OD;udk xyfrH xkwfy,fyg/

7/ aemufwpfBudrf *drf;upm;&mwGifvnf; tjyma&mif tuÐs 0wfxm;jcif;aMumifh (odkYr[kwf) tjcm;aom taMumif;wpfckckjyNyD;

ausmif;om; 2 OD;udk xyfrHxkwfy,fyg/

8/ *drf;udk xyfrHupm;yg/ ,cktMudrfwGif ausmif;om; tm;vHk; (odkYr[kwf) ausmif;ol tm;vHk;udk xkyfy,fypf&rnf/

9/ aemufwpfBudrf xyfrHupm;onfhtcgwGif q&mjzpfoludk,fwdkif puf0dkif;xJwGif 0ifa&muf upm;ay;&rnf/ rnfonfh

taMumif;jycsufrQ ay;aep&m rvdk/

10/ upm;aepOftwGif; ½kwfw&uf &yfcdkif;&rnf/ xkdYaemuf rdrdonf (q&mjzpfolonf) tEdkif&&dSol jzpfonf[k aMunmNyD;

*drf;udk tqHk;owf&rnf/

11/ txufyg vkyfaqmifcsuftay: tjrifrsm;udk wpfwef;vHk;taejzihf aqG;aEG;apyg/


1/ þ*drf;onf *drf;aumif;wpfck jzpfonf[k jrifygovm;/ *drf;udk BudKufESpfoufygovm;/

2/ *drf;ESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;tMum; rnfonfh jyóem&yfrsm;udk owdrlrdoenf;/

3/ xdk*drf;u vufawGUtajctaersm;udk rnfodkY xif[yfvsuf &dSoenf;/



vkyfaqmifcsuf 2 Oya'qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;? tb,fhaMumifh vdktyf&oenf;/

taMumif;t&m Oya'rsm; xm;&dS&onfh taMumif;&if;rsm;udk avhvm qef;ppfNyD; ta&;BuD;qHk;jzpfonfh

Oya' rsm;udk avhvm qef;ppfjcif;/

&nfrSef;csuf Oya'rsm; rnfonfh taMumif;aMumifh jy|mef;xm;&onfESihf ta&;ygrI &dSonfh Oya'rsm;udk

avhvm qef;ppfEkdif&ef &nf&G,fonf/


(oifaxmuful pm&Guff 2.7.2) yg ]Oya'qkdif&m t,ltqrsm;}/


1/ (oifaxmuful pm&Guff 2.7.2) yg ]Oya'qkdif&m t,ltqrsm;} udk avhvm oHk;oyfapyg/ azmfjyyg tqdkwdkYudk

vufcHoabmwljcif; &dS? r&dS aqG;aEG; qHk;jzwfapyg/

2/ tzGJUrsm;zGJU NyD; azmfjyyg tqdkwpf&yfpDudk aqG;aEG;apyg/ rnfonfh taMumif;&if;wdkYaMumifh vufcHoabmwlonf?

uefYuGufonfudkyg xnhfoGif; azmfjyapyg/

3/ ausmif;om;rsm;taejzihf tjcm;aom vlta,muf 200 cefY ESifhtwl uEÅm&uRef;wpfckay:wGif ydwfrdaeonf qdkygpdkY/

xdkuRef;ay:wGif rnfodkYaom ta&;ygrI t&dSqHk; Oya' 5 &yf csrSwf usihfoHk;rnfudk aqG;aEG;apyg/

4/ xdkaqG;aEG;csufrsm;ESifh rnfonfh taMumif;wdkYaMumifh jy|mef;&onfudk tzGJUvdkuftaejzifh twef;odkY wifjyapyg/

5/ xdkYaemuf wpfwef;vHk;oabmwlnDonfh Oya' 5 &yfudk a&;qGJowfrSwfapyg/


1/ Oya'rsm;udk tb,fhaMumifh vdktyf&oenf;/

2/ oifaxmufulpm&Gufyg Oya'qdkif&m t,ltqrsm;teuf rnfonfu rSefuefrI t&dSqHk; jzpfonf? ta&;ygqHk;

jzpfonf[k xifoenf;/ tb,fhaMumifhenf;/

3/ oifaxmufulpm&Gufyg Oya'qdkif&m t,ltqrsm;teuf rnfonfu rSefuefrIr&dS? ta&;ygrI r&dS[k xifoenf;/

tb,fhaMumifhenf;/


oifaxmuful pm&Guf (2.7.2) - Oya'qdkif&m t,ltqrsm; (2 pHk)

Oya'qdkonfrSm -

(u) Oya'rsm;onf EdkifiHom;wdkif; rdrdudk,fudk umuG,fEkdif&ef a&;qGJjy|mef;xm;&jcif; jzpfonf/

(c) Oya'rsm;onf tumtuG,f jyKay;&ef a&;qGJxm;jcif;om jzpfonf? xdef;csKyfuefYowf&ef r[kwf/

(*) Oya'rsm;udk BudKufonfjzpfap rBudKufonfjzpfap tpOf av;pm;vdkufem&rnfom jzpfonf/

(C) Oya'rsm; oufa&mufrI &dSap&eftwGuf vufawGUtaumiftxnf azmfay;&rnf jzpfouJhodkY jypf'Pfay;rIrsm;jzifhvnf;

Muyfrwfxm;&ef vdkonf/

(i) vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; vlom;wdkif; wef;wlnDrQ qufqHcH&ap&ef Oya'rsm;u wGef;tm;ay;Edkifonf/

(p) yef;rsm;onf a&ESihf ajrMoZm aumif;rGef jynfhpHkpGm &&dSrS yGifhvef;Edkifrnf jzpfouJhodkY w&m;rQwrIonfvnf;

cdkifrmawmifhwif;onfh Oya'rsm; &dSrSom touf0ifEkdifrnf/

(q) Oya' enf;enf;&dSrS vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf ydkrdk om,m0ajymEdkifrnf/

(Z) uREkfyfwdkY\ udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGihfrsm;udk Oya'rsm;uom ay;pGrf;Ekdifonf/ xdkYtwl EGrf;yg;ol rsufESmrGJwdkYtay: tMurf;zuf

tEdkifusifhrIrsm;udkvnf; Oya'rsm;jzifhom tumtuG,f jyKay;Edkifvdrhfrnf/

(ps) Oya'csdK;azmufjcif;twGuf taMumif;jycsufay;NyD; jypf'PfrS ra&Smif&Sm;Ekdif/

(n) jynfolvlxk\ oabmxm;ajymif;vJwkdif; Oya'tm; jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; rjyKvkyfoifhay/ rsdK;quf wpf&yftwGuf

rSefuefaom Oya'onf aemifvmaemifom;wdkY twGufvnf; rSefuefrI &dSrnfom jzpfonf/

(#) Oya'csdK;azmufxm;olrsm;onf Oya'udk wpf&HwpfqpfrQ rcsdK;azmufxm;olrsm;uJhodkY Oya' tumtuG,fudk cHpm;ydkifcGifh

&dSonf/

(X) EdkifiHtm;vHk;wGif Oya'wpf&yfwnf; owfrSwfusifhoHk;oifhonf/

(!) rdrdwdkY\ vkyf&yfu tjcm;olwpfOD;tay: xdcdkufemusifjcif; r&dSao;orQ rnfonfh Oya'urQ pGufzufcGifh r&dS/

Oya' qdkonfrSm -

(u) Oya'rsm;onf EdkifiHom;wdkif; rdrdudk,fudk umuG,fEkdif&ef a&;qGJjy|mef;xm;&jcif; jzpfonf/

(c) Oya'rsm;onf tumtuG,fjyKay;&ef a&;qGJxm;jcif;om jzpfonf? xdef;csKyfuefYowf&ef r[kwf/

(*) Oya'rsm;udk BudKufonfjzpfap rBudKufonfjzpfap tpOf av;pm;vdkufem&rnfom jzpfonf/

(C) Oya'rsm; oufa&mufrI &dSap&eftwGuf vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmfay;&rnf jzpfouJhodkY jypf'Pfay;rIrsm;jzifhvnf;

Muyfrwfxm;&ef vdkonf/

(i) vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; vlom;wdkif; wef;wlnDrQ qufqHcH&ap&ef Oya'rsm;u wGef;tm;ay;Edkifonf/

(p) yef;rsm;onf a&ESihf ajrMoZm aumif;rGefjynfhpHkpGm &&dSrS yGifhvef;Edkifrnf jzpfouJhodkY w&m;rQwrIonfvnf; cdkifrm

awmifhwif;onfh Oya'rsm; &dSrSom touf0ifEkdifrnf/

(q) Oya' enf;enf;&dSrS vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf ydkrdk om,m0ajymEdkifrnf/

(Z) uREkfyfwdkY\ udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGihfrsm;udk Oya'rsm;uom ay;pGrf;Ekdifonf/ xdkYtwl EGrf;yg;ol rsufESmrGJ wdkYtay: tMurf;zuf

tEdkifusifhrIrsm;udkvnf; Oya'rsm;jzifhom tumtuG,f jyKay;Edkifvdrhfrnf/

(ps) Oya'csdK;azmufjcif;twGuf taMumif;jycsufay;NyD; jypf'PfrS ra&Smif&Sm;Ekdif/

(n) jynfolvlxk\ oabmxm;ajymif;vJwkdif; Oya'tm; jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; rjyKvkyfoifhay/ rsdK;qufwpf&yftwGuf

rSefuefaom Oya'onf aemifvmaemifom;wdkY twGufvnf; rSefuefrI &dSrnfom jzpfonf/

(#) Oya'csdK;azmufxm;olrsm;onf Oya'udk wpf&HwpfqpfrQ rcsdK;azmufxm;olrsm;uJhodkY Oya' tumtuG,fudk cHpm;ydkifcGifh

&dSonf/

(X) EdkifiHtm;vHk;wGif Oya'wpf&yfwnf; owfrSwfusifhoHk;oifhonf/

(!) rdrdwdkY\ vkyf&yfu tjcm;olwpfOD;tay: xdcdkufemusifjcif; r&dSao;orQ rnfonfh Oya'urQ pGufzufcGifh r&dS/



vkyfaqmifcsuf 3 ajymif;vJcsdef wefNyDvm;/ (uav;vkyfom;qkdif&m Oya'rsm;udk avhvm qef;ppfjcif;)/

taMumif;t&m uav;vkyfom;rsm;taMumif; avhvm od&dSNyD;? tqdkyg uav;rsm;bufu

&yfwnfoHk;oyfjcif;/

&nfrSef;csuf uav;vkyfom;qdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;udk avhvm qef;ppfEdkifap&ef/


(oifaxmuful pm&Guff 2.7.3) yg ]uav;vkyfom;qkdif&m Oya'rsm;}/


1/ (oifaxmuful pm&Guff 2.7.3) yg uav;vkyfom;qkdif&m Oya'rsm;udk avhvm zwf½Iapyg/

2/ ESpfa,mufwpfwGJ wGJay;NyD; atmufazmfjyyg ]aqG;aEG;&ef ar;cGef;rsm;}udk aqG;aEG;ap&rnf/

3/ atmufyg owfrSwfcsuf wpf&yfpDtwGuf rnfodkYaom ]uav;vkyfom;qkdif&m Oya'rsm;} udk jy|mef;oifhaMumif;

tqdkwpf&yf jyKpkapyg/

(u) touf 13 ESpfatmuf uav;rsm;

(c) touf 13 ESpfrS 15 ESpf Mum;&Sd uav;rsm;

(*) touf 15 ESpf txuf uav;rsm;

4/ xdkYaemuf jyKpkxm;onfh tqdkrsm;udk wpfwef;vHk;odkYjzpfap? tzGJUrsm; zGJU í jzpfap wifjy aqG;aEG;apyg/

5/ wpfOD;csif;taejzihfjzpfap? tzGJUvdkuftaejzifhjzpfap? ESpfa,mufwpfwGJjzpfap rdrdwdkY\ oufqdkif&m &yf&Gmukd,fpm;vS,f?

tBuD;tuJxHodkY ]uav;vkyfom;qdkif&m tBuHjyKvTm} wpf&yf a&;om;jyKpkNyD; ay;ydkYapyg/


1/ jrefrmedkifiHwGif rnfokdYaom uav;vkyfom;qdkif&m Oya'rsm; &dSoenf;/

2/ xdkOya'rsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemrI &dSygovm;/ vdkufemrI&dS? r&dS rnfodkY qef;ppfEdkifrnfenf;/

3/ touf 13 ESpf t&G,fuav;rsm;twGuf oifhawmfonf[k xifjrifrdonfh tvkyftudkifrsm;udk a&;om;jyKpkay;yg/

xdktouft&G,f&dS uav;rsm;twGuf rnfonfh tvkyftudkifrsm;u oifhawmfrI r&dSoenf;/

4/ 13 ESpf t&G,f uav;wpfOD;onf atmufyg umvtydkif;tjcm;twGif; tvkyfcsdef rnfrQ &dSoifhoenf;/

• ausmif;zGihfcsdef

• tm;vyf&ufrsm;

5/ ausmif;tm;vyf&uf umvtwGif; vpmay;tvkyf 2 ywfcefY uav;wdkif; vkyfudkifcGihf &&dSoifhhygovm;/

6/ uav;vkyfom;rsm;twGuf tenf;qHk; vkyfcvpm[lí tvkyf&Sifrsm;bufu owfrSwfxm;oifhonf[k xifygovm;/

rnfrQtxd owfrSwfxm;oihfoenf;/


oifaxmuful pm&Guf (2.7.3) - uav;vkyfom;qdkif&m Oya'rsm;

tdE´d,wGif tjrpfwG,fvsuf&dSonfh

uav;vkyfom; jyóemMari Marcel Thekaekara a&;om;onf/

a'vDrSm&dSwJh oli,fcsif;qDudk vGefcJhwJh wpfywfausmfavmufu uRefr tvnfoGm;cJhw,f/ olu uav;oli,fqdkif&m

tcGifhta&;awGtwGuf vIyf&Sm;aeolwpfOD;yg/ HAQ qdkwJh tzGJUtpnf;&JU wnfaxmifolaygh/

HAQ udk uRefr ra&mufcif wpfywfausmfausmfavmufu zkef;0ifvmw,f/ uav;oli,fawGtay: tvGJoHk;pm;jyKrI

awGtaMumif; wdkifMum;vmwJh zkef;yg/ taemufb*Fvm; ESihf tdE´d, tv,fydkif; *sm*efe,frSm&dSwJh 13 ESpf t&G,f

tdrfazmfuav; ESpfa,muftaMumif; wdkifMum;vmw,f/ olwdkY emrnfawGu tm&SmESihf qmrm/ (emrnf&if; r[kwf/)

tm&Sm&JU rdom;pkawGu taemufb*Fvm;e,f *smydkif*l&DqdkwJh tqif;&JqHk;aom e,fNrdKUuav;rSm aeMuw,f/ wpfaeYrSm

a'vDNrdKUom;awGeJY awGUNyD; olYudk tvkyfaumif;aumif; &Smay;r,fvdkY ajymw,f/ 'DvdkeJYyJ Mo*kwfvrSm q&m0ef vifr,m;

tdrfrSm tvkyfvkyf jzpfoGm;w,f/ vlcsrf;om &yfuGufBuD;xJrSmaygh/ wpfvudk ½lyD;aiG 2200 (43 a':vm) ay;r,fvdkY

ajymxm;w,f/ 'gayr,fh vufawGUrSmawmh rjzpfvmcJhbl;/ vpmvnf; ray;bl;/ vpmtaMumif; yg;pyf[ vdkufwmeJU

olYudk qJqdk ½dkufESufawmhwmyJ/

wevFmwpfnrSm tm&Sm q&m0eftdrfuae tdrfeD;em;csif; ywf0ef;usifudk tultnDawmif;zdkY xGufajy;vmcJhw,f/

tdrfeD;csif; ta':BuD;u olYudkawGUawmh tHhtm;oihfoGm;w,f/ aemuftaMumif;pHkodwJhtcg &Judk taMumif;Mum;ay;w,f/

HAQ zkef;eHygwfudkyg awmif;vdkufw,f/ tm&Smu t&rf; vefYaewJhtwGuf pum;awmif rajymEkdif&Smbl;/ aemufawmh

&JawGa&mufvmNyD; aq;½Hkwifay;Muw,f/

rMumcifrSmyJ &JawGu tJh'D tvkyf&Sif q&m0ef vifr,m;udk zrf;qD; ta&;,lvdkufw,f/ olwdkY&JUvkyf&yf[m tdE´d,&JU

Oya't& jypfrIajrmufw,fvdkY qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f/

'kwd,jzpf&yfrSmawmh qmrmqdkwJh tdrfazmfuav;rav;/ olYudk OD;av;jzpfolu tvkyftudkif&SmazGa&; ukrÜPD wpfckrSm

a&mif;pm;vdkufNyD; olYudk pGefYypfcJhwm/ tJh'Duae a'vDu vluHkxHktodkif;t0dkif;wpfckrSm tdrfazmfoGm;vkyf&w,f/ aeYwdkif; 6 em&DrSm

tdyf&mx&w,f/ tdyf&mEdk;w,f qdkwmeJU tdrfoefY&Sif;a&; a0,sm0pöawGtm;vHk; odrf;BuHK;vkyf&w,f/ tdrfomaq;&w,f?

t0wfavQmf? yef;uefcGufa,muf tm;vHk; aq;aMumxm;&w,f/ 'gayr,fh wpfaeYudk xrif; oHk;eyfjynfhatmif rpm;&bl;/

aygifrkefU 2 csyf avmufyJ pm;&&Smw,f/

wpf&ufrSm oltvkyfvkyfaewJh tdrf&Sifrdom;pku xkdif;udk ESpfywfavmuf tvnftywfoGm;Muw,f/ qmrm

wpfa,mufwnf; tdrfrSm wHcg;ydwfNyD; cseffxm;cJhw,f/ vomaqmifrSm idkae&SmwJh qmrmudk tdrfeD;csif;awGu awGUoGm;NyD;

&Judk taMumif;Mum;ay;Muw,f/ tdrf&SifawG&JU vkyf&yf[m Oya'udk csdK;azmufwmyJvdkY &JawGu qHk;jzwfvdkuf MuNyD;

xdkif;EkdifiHuae jyefa&mufwmeJY tjypfay;zdkY toifh apmifhaeMuw,f/

'Dvdk tjzpfrsdK;awG[m tdE´d,EdkifiHxJu tdrfazmfiSm;xm;wJh NrdKUjyaevlxktwGif;rSm awGU&wwfavh &dSygw,f/ NrdKUBuD;

jyBuD; aeolawGtwGuf tdrfazmfvdktyfEIef;u jrifhrm;vsuf &dSw,f/ tJh'Dvdk jrifhrm;vmwmeJYtrQ aus;vufu

vma&muf vkyfudkifMuwJh tdrfazmfawGtay: tEdkifusifhrI? apmfum;rIawG[mvnf; jrifhwufaew,f/ aus;vufu

vma&mufvkyfudkifwJh tvkyform;awG&JU b0u ulu,f ay;r,fhol r&dS? umuG,f apmifha&Smufay;r,fholvnf; r&dS Mu&Sm/

,aeYtcsdefrSawmh tdE´d,EkdifiHrSm cdkifrmawmifhwif;wJh Oya'awG &dSvmNyDvdkY ajymEdkifygNyD/ 'gayr,fhvnf; Oya'awG

tm;vHk; EkdifiHom;awG&JU vufawGUb0xJtxd oufa&muf Ekdifjcif; r&dSMuao;bl;/ Oya' csdK;azmufayr,fh tjypfay;

ta&;,l rcH&olawGvnf; 'keJYa';yJ/ 'Djyóem&yfawGu tdEd,EdkifiHom;wdkif;tay: Ncdrf;ajcmufaewJh? uRefrwdkY tm;vHk;

&ifqdkifausmfvTm;Mu&r,fh tcuftcJawGyJ jzpfygw,f/

Adapted from : The Daily Telegraph (UK)



vkyfaqmifcsuf 4 Oya'wdkY\ tcef;u@/

taMumif;t&m ]pnf;rsOf;rsm;} ESihf xdkpnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; xm;&dS&onfh taMumif;&if;wdkYudk wGJpyfNyD;

xdktaMumif;&if; wdkYudk ta&;ygrItvdkuf owfrSwfjcif;/

&nfrSef;csuf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; Oya'rsm;taMumif;? Oya'rsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm; tMum;&Sd

qufEG,fcsufudk ydkrdk od&Sdvmatmif oif,lavhvm&mwGif tultnDay;&ef jzpfonf/

oifaxmuful ypönf;rsm; ausmif;om; 3 OD;rS 4 OD; txd yg0ifonfh tzGJUrsm; zGJUay;Ekdifonf/ tzGJUwpfzGJUpDtwGuf

(oifaxmuful pm&Guff 2.7.4) yg ]Oya'rsm; xm;&dS&onfh taMumif;&if;ESihf pnf;rsOf;rsm;}/


1/ ausmif;om; 3 OD;rS 4 OD; txd yg0ifonfh tzGJUrsm; zGJUay;yg/ xdkYaemuf ]Oya'rsm; xm;&dS&onfh taMumif;&if;ESihf

pnf;rsOf;rsm;} ukd wGJpyfapyg/

2/ xdkodkY wGJpyfNyD;ygu tzGJUtcsif;csif; wkdufqdkif ppfaq;apyg/

3/ NyD;aemuf Oya'rsm; xm;&dS&onfh taMumif;&if;wdkYudk ta&;ygrItvkduf owfrSwfap&rnf/ oabmxm;tudkufnD

qHk;aom taMumif;&yfudk xdyfqHk;wGif owfrSwfNyD;? oabmxm; rudkufnDonfh taMumif;&yfrsm;udk atmufqHk;wGif

owfrSwfap&rnf/


1/ þvkyfaqmifcsufyg a&G;cs,frIrsm;u rdrdwkdY\ vufawGUb0ESifh udkufnDrI &dSygovm;/

2/ tcsdKUaom Oya'pnf;urf;rsm;udk csrSwf&mwGif taMumif;&if; cdkifvHkrI r&dS[k xifjrifrdygovm;/ xdkodkY taMumif;&if;

rcdkifvHkbJ csrSwfxm;onfh Oya'rsm;udk vufawGUb0wGif vdkufemjcif; &dSygovm;/ tb,fhaMumifh vdkufem&oenf;/

3/ Oya'pnf;urf;rsm; csrSwfxm;&onfh taMumif;&if;wdkYteuf rnfonfh taMumif;&if;wdkYu ta&;ygrI t&dSqHk;[k

xifoenf;/


oifaxmuful pm&Guf (2.7.4) - Oya'rsm; xm;&Sd&jcif; taMumif;&if;ESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;

2.1 edkifihom;esifh vlritzgjutpnf; 2.1 - zwf&ef1/ ausmif;om; 3 od;rs 4 od; txd yg0ifonfh...

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