(2:4)● 11th President: James K. Polk (1845-1849)

● Manifest Destiny: belief it is God's will the U.S. expands

● U.S. Claims Texas and California– Mexican War (1846-1848)– Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended war

● Mexico gives U.S. 500,000 square miles of territory● U.S. Paid Mexico $15 million dollars, plus paid Mexican

government debts to Americans

– Do they come In as “Free” or “Slave” states?

(2:4)

(2:4)● The New Territory (California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona,

New Mexico, parts of Colorado and Wyoming)

● Wilmot Provisio: slavery shall not exist in new territories● “Popular Sovereignty”: Each new territory will decide for

itself if it wants to be a Free or Slave State

– Idea by Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan

(2:4)● California Gold Rush

● By 1849, 80,000 people arrived in California (“forty-niners”)

● California now had enough people to apply for statehood

● 15 “Free” states and 15 “Slave” states without California...what would California be?

(2:4)● The 12th President: Zachary Taylor (1849-

1850)● Died of cholera

● The 13th President: Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)● Compromise of 1850

– Allow California as a “Free State”– Rest of territories would be “Slave”– Congress would not interfere with Slave Trade– Government would help find escaped slaves

(2:4)● The Fugitive Slave Act

● Part of the Compromise of 1850● Runaway slaves brought into custody● Judge received $10 if they ruled for the slaveholder,

$5 if they ruled for the slave● The Act made many Northerners anti-slavery

(2:4)● The Underground Railroad

● Abolitionists who helped slaves escape to the northern U.S. or Canada

(2:4)● “Uncle Tom's Cabin” (1852)

● Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe● Story of a runaway slave and his evil owner● Created a wave of anti-slavery sentiment in north● Sold millions of copies

(2:4)● The 14th President: Franklin Pierce (1853-

1857)● The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

– Nebraska would be granted “Free State” status, while Kansas would be a “Slave State”

– Repealed anti-slavery parts of the Missouri Compromise● South may secede if not

● “Bleeding Kansas”– Northerners and Southerners went to Kansas to vote on

the slavery question– Armed conflict

(2:4)● The 15th President: James Buchanan (1857-1861)

● The Dred Scott Decision (1857)– Dredd Scott was a slave taken north to work– He claimed he was now “free”– Case went to the Supreme Court

● Ruling: African-Americans were not citizens, so they could not sue in courts

(2:4)● John Brown's Raid

● Violent abolitionist● Took over U.S. Armory at Harper's Ferry (Virginia)

(2:4)● “The Great Triumvirate”

● John C. Calhoun● Henry Clay● Daniel Webster