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Legislation

There is no specific legislation controlling the labelling and composition of vegetable oils in

the UK. In the UK, giving misleading information about food to consumers and selling food

that is not of the nature, substance or quality demanded by the consumer is covered by

the general provisions of the Food Safety Act 19902

. More specific legislation covering

the labelling of food is given by the Food Labelling Regulations 19963which require that

the name used for a food shall be sufficiently precise to inform the purchaser of its true

nature and to enable it to be distinguished from products with which it could be confused.

Methodology

Sampl ing

A total of 61 samples were purchased during October and early November 2001 by

Trading Standards and Environmental Health Departments and by Food Standards

Agency officials. The samples were obtained in nine regional locations throughout the UK

(Birmingham, Caerphilly, London, Northern Ireland, Richmond, Warwickshire, West

Lothian, West Yorkshire, and South Gloucestershire). The samples collected were all

described on the label as corn oil. They were collected mainly from national, regional and

local retailers (92%) but also from wholesalers, catering suppliers and cash & carries (8%).

It was noted that batch codes were illegible for two of the products collected.

The UK market for corn oil has been in decline since the original survey was conducted

and now represents, at most, only 5% of volume sales of liquid vegetable oils. There are

very few branded products and most sales are of own-label oils.4 The aim of the survey

was, therefore, to obtain as many different products as possible.

Analyt ical appro ach

The analytical protocol comprised two phases.

First phase analysis

The 13C/12C ratio of corn oil is significantly different to that of the other oils of major

commercial importance (as it employs the C-4 photosynthetic pathway as opposed to the

more common C-3 pathway). Consequently, the stable carbon isotope ratio (SCIR) may

be used as a means of detecting C-3 vegetable oils in corn oil. This was, therefore, one of

the principle methods used in the survey.

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Fatty acids are the major chemical components of vegetable oils and the different types

and amounts of fatty acids present in a pure oil tends to be characteristic and, to a

considerable extent, distinguishes one oil from another. Analysis of the fatty acids (and

the iodine value a measure of the degree of saturation of the oil) can also, therefore, be

used as a means of detecting the presence of undeclared oils and was also used toassess authenticity.

The fatty acid composition (and iodine value) and the SCIR were determined for all

samples. Any samples which did not comply with the relevant specifications (see

interpretation of results) were considered to contain undeclared oil and were to be further

analysed in order to try to determine the nature of this.

Second phase analysis

Oils are complex mixtures and contain many components other than fatty acids, for

example desmethylsterols and tocols (tocopherols and tocotrienols). As with the fatty acid

profile, the desmethylsterol and tocol composition of an oil tends to be characteristic and

analysis of these compounds can be used as supplementary criteria in the identification

and authentication of different oils. For corn oil, in particular, the main potential adulterant

oils are the cheaper oils, rapeseed and soyabean. Rapeseed oil is characterised by a high

concentration of brassicasterol and soyabean oil by a high concentration of -tocopherol.

Elevated levels of brassicasterol or-tocopherol in corn oil can, therefore, be indicative of

the presence of rapeseed and soyabean oil respectively. In view of this, the second phase

of analysis was to involve determination of the desmethylsterol and tocol compositions of

samples containing undeclared oil.

Methods of analysis

The methods of analysis employed are internationally recognised standard procedures.

Fatty acid composition - ISO 5508 and ISO 5509. 5,6

Iodine value (calculated from the fatty acid data) - AOCS Cd 1b-87. 7

Stable carbon isotope ratio - There are no standard protocols for the determination of the

13C/12C isotope ratio. The method used involved burning the sample to form carbon

dioxide which is purified by GLC and then analysed using a stable isotope ratio mass

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spectrometer to determine the relative proportions of 12C and 13C. Isotopic compositions

were presented as a ratio of the heavy isotope 13C to 12C measured as parts per thousand

with respect to an international standard PDB (Pee Dee Belamnite).

Tocopherols and tocotrienols (tocols) composition - ISO 9936.8

Desmethylsterol composition - ISO 6799. 9

Interpretation of results

Authenticity was assessed by comparing the results of analysis with a purity specification

for corn oil. This is contained in the Codex Standard for Named Vegetable Oils which was

adopted formally by the Codex Alimentarius Commission in July 2001.

10, 11

It alsocontains specifications for the main potential adulterants rapeseed oil (low erucic acid)

and soyabean oil. The specifications comprise various chemical and physical criteria

including acceptable ranges for fatty acids, iodine value, desmethylsterols, tocols and

SCIR (corn oil only).

Results & discussion

Details of the oils collected for the survey are given in Appendix 1.

All of the 61 samples complied fully with the fatty acid (and iodine value) and SCIR

specifications for corn oil contained in the Codex Standard, and we therefore believe them

to be correctly named on the label.

Conclusions

The results of the survey suggest that corn oil now sold in the UK is named correctly on

the label. This represents a significant improvement on the situation in 1995 and suggests

that suppliers have reviewed their processing procedures and implemented more rigorous

quality control. Manufacturers will wish to review their provisions for printing batch codes to

ensure that these are clearly legible throughout the lifespan of the product.

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Further information

Simona Origgi-Fernando

Food Standards Agency

Food Labelling and Standards Division

Room 115B Aviation House125 Kingsway

London WC2B 6NH

Tel: +44 (0) 20 7276 8160

Fax: +44 (0) 20 7276 8193

E-mail: [email protected]

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Authenticity of corn (maize) oils - sample details and analytical results - Appendix 1

Samplecode

Brand name Batch code

BIR01 Consumers Pride '100% pure corn oil'Pride Oils Plc, Pride House, Crown Road, Middlesex EN1 1DZ

L1213 08:34

BIR02 Consumers Pride '100% pure corn oil'Pride Oils Plc, Pride House, Crown Road, Middlesex EN1 1DZ

01835 Time 10:37

BIR03 KTC 'Pure corn oil'KTC (Edibles) Ltd, Becon Works, Friar Park Road,

Wednesbury, West Midlands WS10 0JU

1229



1300K

BIR05 Consumers Pride '100% pure corn oil'

Pride Oils Plc, Pride House, Crown Road, Middlesex EN1 1DZ

01365 Time 11.38



1267K

BIR07 East End 'Pure corn oil'East End Foods Plc, East End House, Kendrick Way, West

Bromwich B71 4EA

LA1253 09:25


Bromwich B71 4EA

LF12453 13:40



1246K



1283K


Bromwich B71 4EA

IAI/Y/150/96

BIR12 Consumers Pride '100% pure corn oil'


L1044 07:00

BIR13 Indus Corn oil '100% pure premium cooking oil'Indus Foods Limited, 55-58 Startford Street, North

Sparbrook, Birmingham B11 1BU

601

BIR14 Vita d'Or '100% pure corn oil'Lidl UK GmbH, 19 Worple Road, London SW19 4JS

L+1240 04:24

CA01 Mazola 'Pure corn oil'Bestfoods UK Ltd, Claygate House, Esher, Surrey KT10 9PN

L1218 02:34

CA02 Vita d'Or '100% pure corn oil'

Lidl UK GmbH, 19 Worple Road, London SW19 4JS

L+1240 04:37

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CA03 Co-Op 'Pure corn oil'CWS Ltd, Manchester M60 4ES

1193 HA

FSA01 Waitrose 'Corn oil'Waitrose Limited, Bracknell, Berkshire

U 1095

FSA02 Tesco 'Pure corn oil'Tesco Stores Ltd, Cheshunt EN8 9SL

A1 278 13:00

FSA03 ASDA 'Pure corn oil'ASDA Stores Limited, Southbank, Great Wilson Street, Leeds

LS11 5AD

L+1283 17:23

FSA04 Waitrose 'Corn oil'Waitrose Limited, Bracknell, Berkshire

M 1261

FSA05 Consumers Pride '100% pure corn oil'Pride Oils Plc, Pride House, Crown Road, Middlesex EN1 1DZ

L1026 02:31

FSA06 Vita d'Or '100% pure corn oil'Lidl Ireland GmbH, Great Connell Road, Newbridge, Co.

Kildare

L1219 19:38

FSA07 Vita d'Or '100% pure corn oil'Lidl Ireland GmbH, Great Connell Road, Newbridge, Co.

Kildare

L1232 12:28

NI35 Super Valu 'Corn oil - 100% pure and natural'SuperValu Supermarkets Ltd, Laurel House, PO Box 929,

Robinhood Industrial Estate, Dublin 22, Ireland

07:47

NI36 Co-Op 'Pure corn oil'CWS Ltd, Manchester M60 4ES

1172 HB

NI37 St Bernard 'Corn oil'

Dunnes Stores (Bangor) Ltd, 28 Hill Street, Newry BT34 1AR

L0314 B22

NI38 Sainsbury's 'Pure corn oil'Sainsbury's Supermarkets Ltd, Stamford Street, London SE1

9LL

L1124

NI39 Mazola 'Pure corn oil'Bestfoods UK Ltd, Claygate House, Esher, Surrey KT10 9PN

L1179 18:42

NI40 Super Valu 'Corn oil - 100% pure and natural'SuperValu Supermarkets Ltd, Laurel House, PO Box 929,

Robinhood Industrial Estate, Dublin 22, Ireland

10:01

NI41 St Bernard 'Corn oil'Dunnes Stores (Bangor) Ltd, 28 Hill Street, Newry BT34 1AR LA 1101 14:05

RM01 Sainsbury's 'Pure corn oil'Sainsbury's Supermarkets Ltd, Stamford Street, London SE1

9LL

L1197 06:01

RM02 Consumers Pride '100% pure corn oil'


02147 Time 11:31

RM03 Waitrose 'Corn oil'

Waitrose Limited, Bracknell, Berkshire

Q 1107

RM04 Tesco 'Pure corn oil'

Tesco Stores Ltd, Cheshunt EN8 9SL

1 249 A3 07:37

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SG01 Tesco 'Pure corn oil'Tesco Stores Ltd, Cheshunt EN8 9SL

1 249 A3 08:13

SG02 Mazola 'Pure corn oil'Bestfoods UK Ltd, Claygate House, Esher, Surrey KT10 9PN

L1179 19:02

SG05 Co-Op 'Pure corn oil'CWS Ltd, Manchester M60 4ES

1219 HA

SG06 Sainsbury's 'Pure corn oil'Sainsbury's Supermarkets Ltd, Stamford Street, London SE1

9LL

L1197 05:05

SG07 Vita d'Or '100% pure corn oil'Lidl UK GmbH, 19 Worple Road, London SW19 4JS

L1232 11:03

SG10 Consumers Pride '100% pure corn oil'Pride Oils Plc, Pride House, Crown Road, Middlesex EN1 1DZ

01323 Time 11:55

WA01 Sainsbury's 'Pure corn oil'Sainsbury's Supermarkets Ltd, Stamford Street, London SE1

9LL

L1197 04:52

WA02 ASDA 'Pure corn oil'

ASDA Stores Limited, Southbank, Great Wilson Street, LeedsLS11 5AD

L+1261 16:27

WA03 Vita d'Or '100% pure corn oil'

Lidl UK GbmH, 19 Worple Road, London SW19 4JS

L1232 11:59

WA04 KTC 'Pure corn oil'

KTC (Edibles) Ltd, Becon Works, Friar Park Road,Wednesbury, West Midlands WS10 0JU

0362K

WA05 Best-in Catering 'Pure corn oil'

Bestway, London NW10 7BW

1102 K

WA06 Consumers Pride '100% pure corn oil'


05038 Time 14:59

WA07 Best-in Catering 'Pure corn oil'

Bestway, London NW10 7BW

0349 K

WL01 ASDA 'Pure corn oil'

ASDA Stores Limited, Southbank, Great Wilson Street, LeedsLS11 5AD

L+1261 15:08

WL02 Mazola 'Pure corn oil'

Bestfoods UK Ltd, Claygate House, Esher, Surrey KT10 9PN

L1208 03:19

WL03 Co-Op 'Pure corn oil'

CWS Ltd, Manchester M60 4ES

1233 HA

YO01 Morrisons 'Corn oil'

Wm Morrison Supermarkets Plc, WF2 OXF

L1197 10:54

YO02 Morrisons 'Corn oil'

Wm Morrison Supermarkets Plc, WF2 OXF

L1098

YO03 Consumers Pride '100% pure corn oil'


05972 Time 15:59

YO04 East End 'Pure corn oil'East End Foods Plc, East End House, Kendrick Way, WestBromwich B71 4EA

LEE1199 14:04

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YO05 Olympic '100% pure corn oil'Olympic Oils Ltd, Gaskill Road, Speke, Liverpool L24 9GS

26053

YO06 SOP 'Pure corn oil'Southern Oil Products Edibles (London) Limited, 7 Aston

Fields Road, Whitehouse Industrial Estate, Runcorn,Cheshire WA7 3DL

illegible

YO07 KTC 'Pure corn oil'KTC (Edibles) Ltd, JS House, Moorcroft Drive, WednesburyWS10 7DE

1236K

YO08 Best-in Catering 'Pure corn oil'Bestway, London NW10 7BW

1177 N24K

YO09 Olympic '100% pure corn oil'Olympic Oils Ltd, Gaskill Road, Speke, Liverpool L24 9GS

65B95

YO10 SOP 'Pure corn oil'Southern Oil Products Edibles (London) Limited, 7 AstonFields Road, Whitehouse Industrial Estate, Runcorn,

Cheshire WA7 3DL

illegible

Note: All samples complied with the Codex Alimentarius acceptableranges for fatty acids (and iodine value), and for the stable carbonisotope ratio (SCIR).

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