2502230 hfd 1 overview

บทที่ 1 Human Factors in Design

- นิยาม

- ความเปนมา ของ

Human Factors / Ergonomic

ั ป - วัตถุประสงค

- ขอบเขต

12502-230 Human Factors and Design: kulthida teachavorasinskundepartment of industrial design, faculty of architecture, CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY

บทนํา่ ่เมือ่จะทําการออกแบบใดๆเพือ่การใชงานของมนุษย

จําเปนตองคํานึงถึง human characteristics ความสะดวกจาเปนตองคานงถง human characteristics ความสะดวก

ในการใชที่ตอบสนองจุดมุงหมายการใชงาน ความุ ุ

ปลอดภัย ความสวยงาม รวมถึงความสัมพันธระหวาง

ั ิ ั ั้มนุษยกับผลิตภัณฑนัน

การคนควาวิจัยเกี่ยวกับ Human factorsไมวาจะเปนเรื่องของการคนควาวจยเกยวกบ Human factorsไมวาจะเปนเรองของ

มนุษยกับผลิตภัณฑหรือสิ่งแวดลอม ลวนมีจุดประสงคุ ุ

หลักคอืการออกแบบที่เหมาะสม


บทนํา(ตอ)ในยุคแรกการศึกษามุงเนนความตองการจาก

PRODUCTION เปนหลัก คอื เนนประสิทธิภาพการผลิตPRODUCTION เปนหลก คอ เนนประสทธภาพการผลต

/ ผลงาน / ผลผลิต ‘‘productivity oriented’productivity oriented’

ยุคตอมา การออกแบบอุตสาหกรรม จะพจิารณา

ประสิทธิภาพการผลิต หรือ ประโยชนใชงาน function

ั ไป ั f t ึ่ ป ี่ ไป ิโควบคูกันไปกับ feature ซึงเปลียนไปตามผูบริโภค

‘‘consumerconsumer-- user oriented’oriented’consumerconsumer user orientedoriented


ั ั้ ั ํ ป ึ

บทนํา(ตอ)ดังนัน นักออกแบบจําเปนตองศกึษาความสัมพันธระหวาง ผใช และ ผลิตภัณฑ โดยมีความสมพนธระหวาง ผูใช และ ผลตภณฑ โดยม

- หลักเกณฑพิจารณาน้ําหนักความสําคญัญ

- สามารถเลือกใชขอมูลไดอยางถกูตอง

- พจิารณาทั้ง designer-consumer-producer

interaction


นิยามE iE i ( )ErgonomicsErgonomics ( Europe)

NOMOS = LAWERGOS = WORK

Human FactorsHuman Factors ( US, Canada, Japan):

NOMOS = LAWERGOS = WORK

the application of the information

to the design of thingsto the design of things

Human Engineering ( US Military)

Engineering PsychologyEngineering Psychology ( US):

the human capabilities and limitationsthe human capabilities and limitations


TERMINOLOGY

ERGONOMIC (1)ERGONOMIC (1)

th t h l f k d i b d th : the technology of work design based on the

human biological science; anatomy, physiology, human biological science; anatomy, physiology,

and psychology

“an interdisciplinary science which studies the

relationships between people and their

environments


TERMINOLOGY

ERGONOMIC (2)

: the study of the problems of people in adjusting to

their environment, the science that seeks to adapt

work or working conditions to suit worker / user


นิยาม (ตอ)Wh t i HUMAN FACTORSWhat is HUMAN FACTORS“ An interdisciplinary science which studies the

relationships between people and their environments based on 4 factors;

1.Morphological factor ปจจัยดานรูปทรงโครงสราง2 Kinesiological factor ปจจัยดานการเคลื่อนไหว2.Kinesiological factor ปจจยดานการเคลอนไหว3. Physiological factor ปจจัยดานกายภาพ4. Psychological factor ปจจัยดานจิตวิทยา


What is Human Factors ( 4 factors)

1. MORPHOLOGICAL FACTORS

: branch of biology dealing with form and structure

2. KINESIOLOGICAL FACTORS

:


What is Human Factors

3. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS

: the science of the normal functions of living things

4. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

:


TERMINOLOGY

KINESIOLOGY

: the science or study of human muscular

movementsmovements

METROLOGYMETROLOGY

: the science of weights and measuresg


ความเปนมา(1)Early History _____Ergonomics

Greek Educator : Wojcieh Jastrzebowski (1799-1882)Greek Educator : Wojcieh Jastrzebowski (1799-1882)

Industrial Revolution: healthful, safe, comfortable working conditon (late1800s - early 1900s)

Early 1900s Human FactorsEarly 1900s______Human Factors

Scientific Management >>> Industrial Engineering

(Frederic Winslow Taylor,1898)

M ti St d Sh M t H F t Motion Study, Shop Management>>>Human Factors

( Frank Bunker Gilbreth and Lilian Gilbreth, 1909)


( , )


Frederic Winslow Taylor Typing pool



Economical hand-finger movement by motion studyMotion study


ความเปนมา(2)

World War II:

- the tests for selecting the proper person for jobsg p p p j

- the development of improved training procedures

>>> fitting the person to the job

>>> fitting the equipment to the persong q p p

E i tEquipmentPerson Job


19 1960 f 19


1945 - 1960: the end of WWII 1945

The Birth of a professionalThe Birth of a professional- engineering psychology laboratories

(US Army Air Corp > US Air Force)- first civilian company

1949 : Ergonomic Society (UK)

1957: The Human Factors Society (US)

SPUTNIK (Russia)

1959 th I t ti l E i A i ti172502-230 Human Factors and Design: kulthida teachavorasinskun

department of industrial design, faculty of architecture, CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY

1959: the International Ergonomics Association


1960-1980: A Period of Rapid Growth

before: HF in US >>> military industrial before: HF in US >>> military - industrial

after: HF in US >>> space programp p g

*** the incident at Three-Mile Island Nuclear Power Station

1980 and beyond:

- computer revolution: - ergonomic design equipment

- user friendly softwareuser friendly software

- human factors design approach



Early 1980s:

HF review to identify and correct design deficiencies of - HF review to identify and correct design deficiencies of all the nuclear power control room

- forensics / product liability litigations

- HF expert witness:

1 อธบิาย human behavior expectation1.อธบาย human behavior-expectation

2.กําหนด issues of defective designg

3.ประเมนิ the effectiveness of warnings and instruction


Schematic of the nuclear power plan at Three Mile Island


p p

Nuclear plant


ความเปนมา(6)In the future:In the future:Beyond the issues of;

Tangible criteria: - productivity

- Safety- Safety

Intangible criteria: - satisfaction

- Happiness

The increased rate of technological developmentThe increased rate of technological development



HF considerations EARLY in the design&development phase

‘ Functional effectiveness / human welfare’


Focus of HF1 Human beings and their interactions ith 1. Human beings and their interactions with

products, equipment, facilities, procedures, and p , q p , , p ,environments used in work and everyday living

2. The emphasis is on human beings and How the design of things influence peopleHow the design of things influence people

3. Change the things people use and the 3. Change the things people use and the environments in which they use these things to B h h bili i li i i Better match the capabilities, limitations, and needs of people


and needs of people

HF: scope (1)

C i t f P h lConsists of: - Psychology

Physiology- Physiology

Biomechanics- Biomechanics

- Anthropology- Anthropology

Aims: designing for the human useAims: - designing for the human use

optimizing working and living - optimizing working and living conditions


HF: scope (2)Objectives: Objectives:

1 To enhance the effectiveness and 1. To enhance the effectiveness and efficiency with which work and other activities are carried out, increased convenience of use, reduce errors and increased productivityreduce errors, and increased productivity

2. To enhance certain desirable human values, including improved society, reduced fatigue and stress increased comfort greater fatigue and stress, increased comfort, greater user acceptance, increased job satisfaction,


and improved quality of life

HF: scope (3)

ไ ่ในการออกแบบ ไมยากที่จะทําใหงานบรรลุวัตถประสงคเบื้องตน เนื่องจาก มีลําดับวตถุประสงคเบองตน เนองจาก มลาดบความสําคัญในการพิจารณา และ วัตถุประสงคุสวนใหญมกัจะเชื่อมโยงกัน

ใ เชน การออกแบบอุปกรณทํางานใหปลอดภัย และใชงาย จะสงผลใหเกิด ความลาปลอดภย และใชงาย จะสงผลใหเกด ความลา(fatigue)จากการใชงานนอยลง จึงชวยเพิ่มความพอใจของผูบริโภค


HF: scope (4)

“H F t di d li “Human Factors discovers and applies information about human behavior information about human behavior,

abilities, limitation, and other abilities, limitation, and other characteristics to the design of tools, gmachines, systems, tasks, jobs, and

environment for productive, safe, comfortable, and effective human use.”


( Chapanis, 1985)

HF Approach (1)

1. Systematic application of relevant

information about human capabilities,

limitations, characteristics, behavior,

and motivation to the design of things

and procedures people use and the

environments in which they use them322502-230 Human Factors and Design: kulthida teachavorasinskun

department of industrial design, faculty of architecture, CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY

2 Scientific investigation to discover HF Approach (2)2. Scientific investigation to discover

relevant information about human and relevant information about human and their responses to things, environment, p g , ,etc. This information serves as the basis for making design recommendations and predicting the probable effects of various design lt ti


alternatives.

HF Approach (3)

3. Evaluation of the design of

products to ensure that they products to ensure that they

satisfied their intended objectives


HF profession characteristics (1):

1.commitment to the idea that things, machine, system, etc. are built to serve human b ibeings and must be designed always with the user in mindalways with the user in mind



2.recognition of individual differences in human capabilities

d li it ti d and limitations, and an appreciation of their design appreciation of their design implicationsimplications



3.conviction that the design of things, 3.conviction that the design of things,

procedures etc procedures, etc.

influence human behavior influence human behavior

and well beingand well-being



4.emphasis on empirical data and evaluation in the design process



5.reliance on the scientific method and the use of objective data to test the hypotheses and generate basic data about human behavior



6.commitment to a systems orientation

and a recognition that things,

procedures, environments, and people p p p

do not exist in isolationdo not exist in isolation


Human Factors is NOT1 Just applying checklists and 1. Just applying checklists and

guidelinesguidelines

2 Using oneself as the model for 2.Using oneself as the model for designing thingsg g g

(- the individual differences,- the unique characteristics of user

l ti )populations)3 COMMON SENSE


3. COMMON SENSE

2502230 hfd 1 overview

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