3102-3102tishreen.edu.sy/sites/default/files/research_letter/majed y. hamameh+++.pdfspecies:...
TRANSCRIPT
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أمام لجنة الحكم المؤلفة من السادة :
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3102-3102
( م55
011 )
،
535536546
Calanus robustior, Xanthocalanus agilis, Scolecithrix bradyi, Scolecithricella dentata,
S.auropecten S.ovata , S.minor, Diaixis pigmaea, Vittoria longifurca, V. parva , Copilia vitra
A`,B`,C`
A,B,C
511,095,077 530, 550, 551
Paracalanus parvus Clousocalanus furcatus Corycella rostrata Temora stylifera
Oithona plumifera Limacina inflata Oithona nana Oikopleura dioica Larvae Bivalvia
Pleopis tergestina Sagitta inflata ،
Pleopis polyphemoidis, Labidocera brunscens,
L .pavo,L. acutifrons, Pontella mediterranea , Acartia clausi , A. grani , A. negligens, Oithona
nana , Larvae Bivalvia, Oikopleura dioica .
C,Aمن المحّطات 55- 1
05-55B
،المحّطات -
C`,B`,A`--
Copepoda
050055053
5359
651160605
Eurythermic EuryhalineEurybiont
, Limacina inflataOikopleura dioica,Temora stylifera, Corycella rostrata ,Paracalanus parvus
Calocalanus styliremis . ,Oithona similis,Noctiluca miliaris ,Oithona nana
Stenothermic ،ة الملوحةضّيق و Stenohaline. البيئية ةالكبئنبت ضّيق منوهي بذلك
Stenobiont ،Podon intermedius, Labidocera pavo,Pontella mediterranea
Oncaea curta , Euchirella intermedia, Scaphocalanus echinatus
, Monstrilla longiremis,, Chiridius poppei Acartia discaudata
Doliolum denticulatum Rhopalonema funerarium ,
Copepoda
,Temora stylifera, Corycella Paracalanus parvus
, Limacina inflat , Oithona nana , Noctiluca miliaris,OithonaOikopleura dioica rostrata ,
Calocalanus styliremis , Euterpina acutifrons.similis,
4552521
42635254075555
3737, 41
Paracalanus parvus ,, Clousocalanus furcatus Corycella rostrata,Temora stylifera
Oithona plumifera,,Limacina inflata, Oithona nana,Oikopleura dioica,Larvae Bivalvia
Pleopis tergestina, Sagitta inflata
المحّطات
;; ;;
المحّطات 1-5
210655;01451;726553 A
552550764455B-
C665652
المحّطات
3142 ;372754;355756
091156095955 ;;095257
Cladocera
346597 559567;451501;
2154925525 ;;93505
Acartiidae
5371505
59555025953565
5443555
415439653575595
Paracalanus parvus , Clousocalanus furcatus, Corycella rostrata, Oithona plumifera
Limacina inflata, Oithona nana,Oikopleura dioica,Larvae Bivalvia, Sagitta inflata
542555
0095551
-039553
-390,20
752259 في
569754في 359756
554457في 5401,6
502550في 537953
096652
المحّطات
29295705-5
215054203557
55-05573455
05-574005355-05479455
المحّطات
62245605-542445205-5
55-05
المحّطات
51-55495759011-51
37345951-55369357
011-51513250
51-55363154011-51512155
51-55570656011-51
02095551-55
011-51
3653,7
3156,50736,05
695,555494
1,971,99
م( 55-05)1,540
15420
1,99( م011-51)
م( 55-05)1,630
1,650
1,990( م011-51)
Evadne spinifera(5- 1 )م
1,351547
-5) 1,551546( م 1 -55)
1,410م( 1
1,450( م 1 -55)
Paracalanus parvus(5- 1 )م
1,051,06
1,121,05( م 1 -55)
1,151,36م( 1 -5)
1,151,53( م 1 -55)
furcatus Clousocalanus(5- 1 )م
1,151,19
1,171,01( م 1 -55)
1,161,12م( 55-05)( 1 -5)
1,151,12( م 1 -55)
Oikopleura dioica(5- 1 )م
1,710
م( 1 -5) 1,591,73( م 1 -55)
1,561,22
1,541,22( م 1 -55)
C,B,A
Dendrogramme
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
مدينت جبلت . ، الساحليتالغزارة ، المياه التوزع العمودي ،العوالق الحيوانيت ،:مفتاحيوكلماث
Abstract
The vertical distribution of zooplankton in the coastal region of Jableh city has been
studied, both qualitative and quantitative, and spatial and temporal variations .
Vertical zooplankton samples were combined from three regions differ from each other
in their environmental characteristics that make them distinct impact on the vertical
distribution of zooplankton in both quality and quantity, these areas are: Alasilah, Alzzouzo
Castle, Albhes River estuary .
Zooplankton samples were collected vertically, continuously and gradually in each
region of the foregoing regions and in two stations for each of them: the first close to the
beach (the depth of the water about 52 m), the second far from the beach (up the depth of
water to 011 m), and collected at each station in three layers of water, and a total sample
included three layers together .
Sampling accompanied with different hydrophysical and hydrochemical measurements
such as: water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen in the foregoing depths, as well as
transparency .
Vertical sampling of zooplankton was performed in the period between August 5112
and December 5101, where the number of Cruises executed during the study period were 52
ones. The number of studied samples in all regions of the study were (552) sample. The total
number of hydrophysical and hydrochemical measurements that have been taken in
conjunction with the process of collecting samples of zooplankton in all regions of the study
were (5222).
The results of the hydrophysical and hydrochemical measurements in all sampling areas
during different seasons showed that there were differences between these regions on the one
hand, and on the other stations. The measurements differences were not significant in the
near-shore stations among its depths, while seemed more pronounced at stations far from the
beach, making an impact on the vertical distribution of zooplankton and abundance .
The number of species that have been identified in all regions of sampling during the
study period were (522) species. The number of species in Alasilah area were (525) species,
and in the area of Alzzouzo Castle were (525) species, the number of species that have been
identified in the area of Albhes River estuary were (525) species .
Throughout the study (00) species have been registered , they are:
Calanus robustior, Xanthocalanus agilis, Scolecithrix bradyi, Scolecithricella dentata,
S.auropecten S.ovata, S.minor, Diaixis pigmaea, Vittoria longifurca, V. parva, Copilia
vitra .
It was observed that the stations offshore (A `, B`, C `) were more diverse than nearby
stations from the beach (A, B, C) .The number of species in the second stations in areas
Alasilah, Alzzouzo Castle, Albhes River estuary were (022, 025 ,511) consecutively, while
the number of species in the first stations in the same areas were(551, 550, 520)
consecutively .
It was found throughout this study that there were species where their existence
(stability) were very high in all areas of sampling, both in the terminals away from the beach,
or near it, and in every region of the sampling. Among them, for example :
Paracalanus parvus, Clousocalanus furcatus, Corycella rostrata, Temora stylifera, Oithona
plumifera, Limacina inflata, Oithona nana, Oikopleura dioica, Larvae Bivalvia, Pleopis
tergestina, Sagitta inflata……..
The study revealed the presence of species and taxonomical factions in the stations near
the beach (shallow) and the degree of presence (firmness) is higher than in the distant stations
far from the beach (big deep), or they did not show at all, like:
Labidocera brunscens , L. Pavo, L. acutifrons, Pontella mediterranea, Pleopis
polyphemoidis, Acartia clausi, A. grani, A. negligens, Oithona nana, Larvae Bivalvia,
Oikopleura dioica……….
During the study it as found that the aqueous layer (1-52 m) of near-shore stations (C, A)
was the most diverse among all the other layers of water, while the aqueous layer (02-52 m)
from the station (B) in Alzzouzo Castle area was the most diverse in the station itself. While
the aqueous layer (1-2 m) was the least diversified in all near-shore areas of all sampling
stations. In the offshore stations (C `, B`, A `) the aqueous layer (1-011 m) was among the
most diverse of all the other layers of water, while the aqueous layer (1-52 m) was the least
diversified in all stations away from the beach.
The study showed that Copepoda group was the most abundant from other animal groups,
the number of species that have been identified in the area, including Alasilah (050) species,
and in the area of Alzzouzo Castle (055) species, in the area of Albhes River estuary (052).
The summer season was the most diverse season, where the number of species in it (522)
species, in addition to (2) genus, followed by spring, where the number of species were (512)
species, in addition to (5) genus, then winter, where The number of species in it (511) species,
in addition to (5) genus, while autumn is less diverse season, where the number of species in
it were (050) species, and (2) genus of zooplankton .
It was observed through the comparison between the four seasons during the years 5112-
5101, that there were different species and taxonomic factions, appeared in all seasons, where
some of these species were found with high varying presence (firmness), while some others
were found with lower varying presence (constancy). These species were characterized, and
taxonomical groups aforementioned by adaptation to living in a wide range of temperature
changes (Eurythermic), as well as salinity (Euryhaline), these were organisms with wide
adaptable environmental (Eurybiont), as is the case for the following species :
Limacina inflata, Oikopleura dioica, Temora stylifera, Corycella rostrata, Paracalanus
parvus ,Calocalanus styliremis, Oithona similis, Noctiluca miliaris, Oithona nana,
Euterpina acutifrons .
There were species and genera found during one season of the year without the other
seasons (20 species and 0single-genus),this may be due to that they can live only in a narrow
range of temperature changes (tight adaptable thermal) Stenothermic, and with narrow saline
adaptation Stenohaline . They thus belong to the organisms groups with narrow
environmental adaptation .
Mention some of them, for example: species: Podon intermedius, Labidocera pavo,
Pontella mediterranea, appeared in the summer only .
Species: Oncaea curta, Euchirella intermedia, Scaphocalanus echinatus, appeared in the
winter only. Species: Monstrilla longiremis,Chiridius poppei, Acartia discaudata appeared
in the spring only. Species: Doliolum denticulatum , Rhopalonema funerarium, at noon in
the autumn only .
During the study, it was found that Copepoda were the dominant faction between other
groups in term of the number of species that have contributed during the different seasons of
the year. The number of types of this group in the summer (055) species, but in the winter, the
number of these species (002) species, and contributed to this bunch in the spring with a
number of the species reached (012). Finally, the number of species in the autumn (20).
It was noticed through the study of the vertical distribution of zooplankton in the
different seasons of the year, and in the different layers of water, that the largest number of
species were in the stations near the beach and distant stations from it, appeared in all
aquifers. Mention some of them, for example :
Limacina inflate, Oikopleura dioica, Temora stylifera, Corycella rostrata, Paracalanus
parvus, Calocalanus styliremis, Oithona similis, Noctiluca miliaris, Oithona nana,
Euterpina acutifron .
The average total abundance of zooplankton was (2522.21) individual / m 2 for the whole
sampling regions, where the highest value for the abundance of zooplankton in Alzzouzo
Castle area, in which the average abundance (2252.22) individual / m 2, followed by Albhes
River estuary that the average abundance (2022.52) individual / m 2, while the lowest value
for the abundance of zooplankton in Alasilah area, where the average abundance (2222, 21)
individual / m 2 .
Species and different animal factions appeared in high abundance in all areas of, recall,
for example: Paracalanus parvus, Clousocalanus furcatus, Corycella rostrata, Temora
stylifera, Oithona plumifera, Limacina inflata, Oithona nana, Oikopleura dioica, Larvae
Bivalvia, Pleopis tergestina, Sagitta inflata .......
The stations near the beach (B, A, Cِ) were more abundant than offshore stations (C `,
B`, A `). With an average abundance in stations (C, B, A) (225232; 2202; 502235) individual /
m 2 on the sequence, while the average abundance in stations (C `, B`, A `) were (550130 ;
5212.25; 5050.2) individual / m 2 consecutively .
Recorded the highest abundance of zooplankton in the stations near the beach in the
aqueous layer (1-2 m) of all sampling areas, where the values in this layer of the stations near
the beach (C, B, A) were (210535; 01221; 2252 1.2) individual / m 2 on the sequence, while
the lowest recorded abundance of zooplankton in the aqueous layer A2 (2-02 m) of Alasilah
area, where the value in this class (2222.0) individual / m 2, while the (2522.2 ) individual /
m2 in the aqueous layer B5 (02-52) m from Alzzouzo Castle area, but in the area of Albhes
River estuary, has recorded abundance in the lower aqueous layer C2 (2-02)m and reached
(5555.2) individual / m2. For the abundance of zooplankton in the aquifers of the stations
offshore (C `, B`, A `), it has been more prolific in the aqueous layer (52-21 m) of all
sampling areas, where the values in this class (2122; 2222.2; 2522.5) individual / m 2on the
sequence, while the lowest recorded abundance of zooplankton in the aqueous layer (21-011
m) of sampling all regions, reaching values in this layer (0211.5 ; 0252.2; 0222 2) individual
/ m 2 consecutively .
It was showed that there were species and taxonomical factions emerged in the stations
near the beach profusely higher than it is in the distant stations from it, or they did not show it
at all, as shown in the abundance of the largest aquifers near the surface .
Cladocera characterized stations near the beach with relatively large abundance for its
members compared with the abundance in the offshore stations, bringing the average
abundance in stations (C, B, A) near the beach were (225.22; 522.52; 251, 01) individual / m 2 on the sequence, while the average abundance in stations (C `, B`, A `) offshore were
(21.22; 22.25; 22.02) individual / m 2consecutively .
As for the types of species Acartiidae, it has emerged profusely higher at stations near
the beach than it is in the distant stations on the beach in all areas of sampling, and in spite of
the emergence of these species in all areas of sampling, but it was recorded the highest
abundance in Alzzouzo Castle area .
It was observed that Copepoda group was the most abundant group, the average
abundance in the areas of sampling stations in the following form: In Alasilah area (5221.02)
individual / m 2, which was (2552.2 individual / m
2) in Terminal A and (0205.2 individual /
m 2) at the station A `, and in the area of Alzzouzo Castle (5222.02) individual / m
2, which
was (2552.20 individual / m 2) and in Terminal B (50520.2 individual / m
2) at the station B `,
either in the area of Albhes River estuary, the average abundance in this region (5222.52
individual / m 2) , which was (2252 individual / m
2) in Terminal C and (0222.2 individual /
m 2) in the terminal C .
The highest values of abundance of zooplankton were in spring, while the average
abundance where (2222.52) individual / m2, followed by autumn, (2122) individual / m
2,
then the summer season, (2255) individual / m 2, while the lowest value for the abundance of
zooplankton in winter , (2222.22) individual / m 2 .
Different animal types and factions were appeared with high profusely in all seasons of
the year,, for example: Paracalanus parvus, Clousocalanus furcatus, Corycella rostrata,
Oithona plumifera Limacina inflata, Oithona nana, Oikopleura dioica, Larvae Bivalvia,
Sagitta inflata
Cldocera appeared profusely high in the summer, with an average abundance is limited
to values between (522.52 individual / m 2) in the stations offshore and (0025.51 individual /
m 2) in the stations nearby. And was stationed mainly in the surface layer of water (1-2 m) of
the stations near the beach, and ( 1 -52 m) stations away from the beach, where the average
abundance of these organisms in the surface layer of water (1-2 m) ( 0225.2 individual / m 2),
while in the aqueous layer ( 1 -52 m) of stations away from the beach, the average abundance
of these organisms were (220.20 individual / m 2 ) .
The abundance at stations near the beach during the four seasons, is higher than at
stations far from the beach. In the spring, the average abundance in the stations near the beach
(2522.2 individual / m 2), while the stations in the offshore (2222.5 individual / m
2). While
in autumn, the average abundance in nearby stations from the beach (2522.2 individual / m 2),
while the stations in the offshore (5201.5 individual / m 2), and for the summer, bringing the
average abundance in the stations near the beach (2222.2 individual / m 2), while the stations
in offshore (5222.2 individual / m 2), in the winter, the average abundance in the stations near
the beach (2022.0 individual / m 2), while the stations in the offshore (0255.2 individual /
m2) .
Zooplankton abundance varied in the different layers of water from nearby stations
from the beach between one season and another, in the spring the highest abundance recorded
for layer of water (1-2 m), where the average in this class (2222.2) individual / m2, while the
minimum value for it were found in the aqueous layer (2-02 m) (2150.2) individual / m2, and
in the autumn highest abundance recorded in the aqueous layer (1-2 m), where the average in
this class ( 2025.2) individual / m2, while the minimum value for it in the aqueous layer (02-
52 m) (2222.2) individual / m2, but for the summer, the average abundance recorded the
highest value in the aqueous layer (2-02 m) (2200.2 individual / m2), while the minimum
value has been in the aqueous layer (02-52 m), reaching (2222.5 individual / m2), in the
winter, the highest abundance of zooplankton recorded in the aqueous layer (02-52 m) from
the stations near the beach, where the average in this class (5222.5) individual / m2, while the
minimum value for it in the aqueous layer (2-02 m) (2222.2) individual / m2. Note of the
above, that the layer (2-02 m) is the richest in zooplankton quantified in the summer, while it
is the poorest in the spring, the layer (1-2 m) is the richest in the spring and fall, the layer (02
- 52 m) is the poorest layer in the summer, autumn and winter .
Zooplankton abundance varied in the different layers of water from distant stations on
the beach between one season and another, in the spring the highest abundance recorded in
the aqueous layer (52-21 m) (2222.2 individual / m2), while the lowest value was in the
aqueous layer (21-011 m), where was (2222.2 individual / m2), and in the autumn the highest
abundance recorded in the aqueous layer (52-21 m) (2522.2 individual / m2), while the
minimum value was in the aqueous layer (21-011 m), reaching (5122.0 individual / m2),
while in the summer, the average abundance recorded the highest value in the aqueous layer
(52-21 m) (2521.2 individual / m2) , while the minimum value has been in the aquifer (21-
011 m), reaching (5121.2 individual / m2), in the winter, the highest abundance recorded in
the aqueous layer (52-21 m) (5205.5 individual / m2), while the minimum value has been in
the aquifer (21-011 m), reaching (0202.5 individual / m2). And from here we find, that the
richer layer of zooplankton was quantified (52-21 m) in all seasons of the year, while the
poorer layer was (21-011 m). The
Copepoda group was the most abundant of other groups during the different seasons of the
year. The average abundance was in spring (2522.2) individual / m2, and in the autumn the
average abundance (2155.5) individual / m2, while in the summer the average abundance
(0225.02) individual / m2, followed by Cladocera group, with an average abundance (522.55)
individual / m2, and in the winter, the average abundance (5222) individual / m
2.
The study of the guide divergence (species diversity) in the areas of sampling showed
different values and the highest values recorded at stations far from the beach, where it ranged
between (1.22 and 1.22), while it ranged between (1.52 and 0) in the stations near the beach.
It was also noted that the highest values were recorded in the aqueous layer (02-52 m) from
the stations near the beach, which ranged between (1.22 and 0), while in the terminals away
from the beach, the highest values recorded in the aqueous layer ( 21-011 m), where it was
(1.22). In the four seasons of the year, the highest values recorded to guide divergence in the
terminals away from the beach, where it ranged between (1.52 and 0), and the highest value
in the aqueous layer (02-52 m) from the stations near the beach, where it ranged between
(1.55 and 0), while in the terminals away from the beach, the highest values recorded in the
aqueous layer (21-011 m,) where the value ranged between (1.22 and 0 ( .
It was observed from studying the coefficient control for species Evadne spinifera in
the areas of sampling that the highest value recorded in the aqueous layer (1-2 m) of the
stations near the beach, where it ranged between (1.25 and 1.22), while at stations far from
the beach, the highest values recorded in the aqueous layer (1-52 m,) ranging between (1.22
and 1.25). In the four seasons of the year the highest values of the coefficient control recorded
in the aqueous layer (1-2 m) of the stations near the beach, where it ranged between (1.21 and
0), while in the terminals away from the beach, the highest values recorded in aqueous layer
(1-52 m), where the value ranged between (1.25 and 0 (.
It was observed from studying the coefficient control for species Paracalanus parvus in
the areas of sampling that the highest value recorded in the aqueous layer (1-2 m) of the
stations near the beach, where it ranged between (1.05 and 1.05), while at stations far from
the beach, the highest values recorded in the aqueous layer (1-52 m), ranging between (1.12
and 1.05). In the four seasons the highest values of the coefficient control recorded in the
aqueous layer (1-2 m) of the stations near the beach, where it ranged between (1.12 and
1.25), while in the terminals away from the beach, the highest values recorded in the aqueous
layer (1-52 m), where the value ranged between (1.15 and 1.52 ( .
It was observed from studying the coefficient control for Clousocalanus furcatus in the
areas of sampling that the highest values recorded in the aqueous layer (1-2 m) of the stations
near the beach, where it oscillated between (1.12 and 1.12), while at stations far from the
beach, the highest values recorded in the aqueous layer (1-52 m), ranging between (1.12 and
1.01). In the four seasons of the year the highest values of the coefficient control recorded in
layers (2-1) and (02-52 m) from the stations near the beach, where it oscillated between (1.15
and 1.12), while in the far stations of the beach, the highest values recorded in the aqueous
layer (1-52 m), where the value ranged between (1.12 and 1.12 ( .
It was observed from studying the coefficient control for Oikopleura dioica in different
regions of the sampling that the highest values recorded in the aqueous layer (1-2 m) of the
stations near the beach, where it oscillated between (1.21 and 0), while in the stations
offshore, the highest values recorded in aqueous layer (1-52 m), ranging between (1.22 and
1.22) .In the four seasons of the year the highest values of the coefficient control recorded in
the aqueous layer (1-2 m) of the stations near the beach, where it oscillated between (1.25 and
1.22), while in the terminals away from the beach, the highest values recorded in the aqueous
layer (1-52 m), where the value ranged between (1.22 and 1.22).
It was noticed from studying the link between the depths and the average abundance in
the stations near and far from the beach that the link was significant at the 25 level, and that
the relationship vassals counterproductive and strong, any increase in the depth decreases the
average abundance, it was observed high impact rates of the depth on the average spatial
abundance in both stations. As it was noted by studying the average abundance in seasons
four and during the study period as a whole, the average abundance was less valuable to it at
the layer 1-52 m, while the highest value in layer 1-2 and 2-02 m in all seasons of the year
and with possibility of 225.
It was noticed from studying the link between the depths and the average abundance in
the four seasons and during the study period as a whole, that the link was significant at the 25
level, and that the relationship vassals counterproductive and strong, any increase in the depth
decreases the average abundance with the exception of winter stations (C, B, A), where the
relationship was weak, it was observed high impact rates of the depth on the quarterly average
abundance in both stations, near-shore and distant from it.
Values of correlation recorded high impact when studying the link between
environmental factors and the depths of the one hand, and the abundance of the other hand,
during the seasons of the year, allowing the prediction about the future abundance.
The studying of similarities and differences in the values of stability as shown by the tree
kinship Dendrogramme that Alzzouzo Castle area divided into two sections: a section similar
in the values of persistence with Alasilah area, a station near the beach, and a section similar
in the values of persistence with area of Albhes River estuary, the station away from the
beach.
The studying of the similarities and differences in the values of stability, revealed that
winter and spring were similar in terms of their values, while summer and autumn were
similar in the values of stability.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Keywords: Zooplankton, Vertical distribution, Abundance, Coastal waters, Jableh city.
Syrian Arab Republic
Ministry of High Education
Tishreen University
Faculty of Science
Zoology Department
Vertical distribution of zooplankton under the influence of
some major environmental factors in the coastal zone of
Jableh city.
Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. in the aquatic environment
Zoology Department- Faculty of Science
Prepared by
Majed Y. Hamameh
Supervisor
Prof.Dr. Kamal S. Al-Hanoun
3102-3102