361

52

;fd'bflos jgdf cfl>t ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf

nflu ;xof]uL k'l:tsf

ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd

;d"x Ps cGtu{tsf lhNnf -wgs'6f, t]x|y'd, ef]hk'/ / ;ª\v'jf;ef_ x?df ;+~rflnt lqmofsnfkx?;Fu ;DjlGwt :yfgLo ;ª\3—;+:yfx¿, ;xhstf{, :yfgLo

;|f]t JolQm tyf sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf nflu tof/ ul/Psf]

53

k|sfzg ;fd'bflos jgdf cfl>t ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf nflu ;xof]uL k'l:tsf

n]vg h}nas'df/ /fO{, k|sfz emf, clgtf >]i7

k|sfzs km/]i6PS;g g]kfn / cf/cf/Pg

;jf{lwsf/ km/]i6PS;g g]kfn / cf/cf/Pg

l8hfOg tyf n]–cfp6 ;~hLajL/ ah|frfo{

efiff ;Dkfbg d'lQmgfy l3ld/]

lrq ;'/]Gb|/fh clwsf/L

pknAw x'g] :yfg k|sfzs ;+:yfsf sfof{no, sf7df8f}{, g]kfn

k|sfzg ldlt d+l;/, @)&! -l8;]Da/, @)!$_

ISBN 978-9937-2-8993-1

;|f]t ;Gbe{ /fO{, h}nas'df/, emf, k|sfz / >]i7, clgtf . @)&! . ;fd'bflos jgdf cfl>t ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf nflu ;xof]uL k'l:tsf . km/]i6PS;g g]kfn / cf/cf/Pg .

54

b'O{ zAb

ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmdsf] k|d'v nIo eg]sf] jg;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodaf6 ;dfj]zL cfly{s ljsf; ug'{ / ul/aL tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjnfO{ Go"g ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg' /x]sf] 5 . pNn]lvt nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ax'cfoflds lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{ cfjZos 5 . oxL ;Gbe{df, sf]zL kxf8L rf/ lhNnf -wgs'6f, ;ª\v'jf;ef, ef]hk'/, / t]x|y'd_ df klg ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd cGtu{t ljleGg lsl;dsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ . h;dWo] ;fd'bflos jgdf cfl>t ul/a tyf ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{] lqmofsnfk klg Ps xf] .

pNn]lvt lhNnfx¿df ax' ;/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;fd'bflos jgdf cfl>t ul/a tyf ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug]{ lqmofsnfkx¿sf] of]hgf th'{df tyf ;~rfngnfO{ ;xh agfpg] p2]Zon] of] k'l:tsf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmdsf] n6 ! df cf/cf/Pg;Fu k|d'v ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf sfo{/t /x]sf] km/]6PS;g g]kfnaf6 o; sfo{qmddf ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf of] k'l:tsf tof/ ePsf] 5 .

o; k'l:tsfdf ;fd'bflos jg If]qsf] ;|f]tx¿df cfl>t ul/a tyf ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu s]÷s:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ s]÷s;/L of]hgf agfpg] tyf ;~rfng ug]{ eGg] ljifonfO{ ;/n efiff z}nLdf k|:t't ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . of] k'l:tsf ;fd'bflos jg If]qsf] ;|f]tx¿df cfl>t ul/a tyf ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu ;~rfng ul/g] lqmofsnfkx¿df ;+nUg ;d'bfosf ;xhstf{ tyf :yfgLo ;|f]tJolQmsf nflu lgs} pkof]uL x'g] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 . o; k'l:tsfn] ;fd'bflos jg If]qsf] ;|f]tx¿df cfl>t ul/a tyf ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu s]xL cfwf/e"t ljlw tyf k|lqmofx¿ ckgfpg' kg]{ s'/fnfO{ ;+:yfut ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg] cfzf lnOPsf] 5 . cfjZos ljlw tyf k|lqmofx¿af6 ;~rfng ul/g] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿n] ck]lIft nIox¿ xfl;n x'gsf ;fy} o;n] cfjZos tYofª\sx¿sf] b:tfj]hLs/0f ug{ ;xh x'g] / ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw, ;xsfo{ tyf cfk;L ljZjf;sf] ljsf;df klg d2t k'¥ofpg ;Sg] kSsf 5 .

o; k'l:tsf n]vg tyf k|sfzgsf dfWodaf6 ;fd'bflos jg If]qsf] ;|f]tx¿df cfl>t ul/a tyf ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfddf d2t k'¥ofpg' ePsf]df o; k'l:tsfsf] n]vgdf ;+nUg ;a}nfO{ d'/Ld'/L wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

8f= k|jL0f dfgGw/sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsg]kfn u|fdL0f k'glg{df{0f ;+:yf -cf/cf/Pg_

55

wGojfb 1fkgu|fdL0f ;dfhsf w]/}h;f] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿ ;d'bfo jl/kl/ /x]sf jg;|f]t;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . oxL sf/0f, g]kfndf ;fd'bflos jgsf] cjwf/0ff tyf ;kmn cEof;x¿n] jg;|f]tdf cfwfl/t u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cfwf/nfO{ lbuf] agfpg d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 . olt dfq geO{ ;fd'bflos jgsf] cEof;n] jg;|f]tsf] lbuf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0fsf] sfddf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos jgsf] o:tf] ;kmntfsf k5fl8 :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf / lqmofzLntf k|d'v sf/s x'g\ . o;} u/L ;fd'bflos jgsf If]qdf sfd ug]{ tyf ;xof]u ug]{ ;ª\3 ;+:yf tyf lgsfox¿sf] of]ubfg klg Tolts} dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . oBlk, ;fd'bflos jg If]qsf ;|f]tx¿df cfl>t s}of}+ ul/a tyf ljkGg 3/ kl/jf/x¿ hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cfwf/e"t ;|f]t, ;fwg tyf ;'ljwfx¿af6 jl~rt g} 5g\ . o;sf ljleGg sf/0fx¿dWo] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ ljlwjt\ tyf k|lqmofut ¿kdf ;+~rfng ug{ jf x'g g;Sg' klg Ps k|d'v sf/0f xf] .

g]kfnsf s}of}+ ;fd'bflos jgx¿n] cfˆgf] jg If]qsf pkef]Qmf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfddf pbfx/0fLo sfd u/]sf 5g\ eg] s}of}+ ;fd'bflos jgx¿ eg] cfnf]lrt klg ag]sf 5g\ . oxL ;Gbe{df o; k'l:tsfn] ;fd'bflos jg If]qx¿df cfl>t ul/a tyf ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfddf d2t k'¥ofpg] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 . ljz]if u/L of] k'l:tsf ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd ;+~rfng eO/x]sf sf]zL kxf8L rf/ lhNnf -wgs'6f, t]x|y'd, ef]hk'/, / ;ª\v'jf;ef_ sf ;fd'bflos jg If]qsf ;|f]tx¿df cfl>t ul/a tyf ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug]{ lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwt jg sd{rf/Lx¿, :yfgLo ;|f]tJolQmx¿ / ;fd'bflos jg ;d"xsf ;xhstf{sf nflu pkof]uL x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

o; dxTTjk"0f{ k'l:tsfsf] n]vgdf ;+nUg ;a}nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . o; k'l:tsfsf] n]vg k|lqmofdf cfˆgf] 1fg, cg'ej, l;sfO k|bfg ug'{x'g] ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd ;+~rfng eO/x]sf rf/ lhNnfsf :yfgLo ;|f]t JolQmx¿, :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿, sd{rf/Lx¿ ;a}nfO{ d'/Ld'/L wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . o; k'l:tsfsf] efiff ;Dkfbg ug'{x'g] d'lQmgfy l3ld/], k'l:tsfsf] l8hfOg tyf n]–cfp6 ug'{x'g] ;~hLajL/ ah|frfo{, / k|sfzgnufot cGo k|lqmofdf k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ¿kdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' x'g] ;a}nfO{ wGojfb . cGTodf, o; k'l:tsfsf] ;du| n]vgdf cfjZos ;'emfj tyf ;Nnfx lbg'ePsf]df ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd÷ ;le{; ;kf]6{ o"lg6sf sfGtL l/;fn, /fd' ;'j]bL tyf xl/;rGb| /fO{nfO{ x[bob]lv wGojfb JoQm ug{ rfxG5' .

8f= s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]n

sfo{sf/L ;+of]hs

km/]i6PS;g g]kfn

56

zAbsf] cy{cled'vLs/0f M sfo{qmd ;~rfng k"j{ lbg] ;xefuLtfd"'ns k|lzIf0f jf ljz]if

kl/l:yltdf ug}{kg]{ lgb]{zg .

cIfo sf]if M d"n wg gdfl;g] u/L a}+sdf /flvg] sf]if .

cfsl:ds sf]if M ljkGgn] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf aLrdf s]xL xflg x'Fbf ;xof]u ug{ lgdf{0f ul/Psf sf]if .

Sn:6/ (Cluster)

M ;fgf] ;d"xdf cfpg', ljkGg 3/w'/Lsf] ;fgf] ;d"x, Ps} jf glhs} jf ;dfg rfxgf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] ;fgf] ;d"x .

aLp k'FhL M cfocfh{Gfsf nflu ;'?sf] nufgL k'FhL .

ljkGg M b}lgs cfjZostfsf] nflu k};f gePsf jf ;a}eGbf sd cfDbfgL ePsf jf hLjg wfGg g} wf}wf} kg]{ JolQm jf 3/w'/L .

3'DtL sf]if M Ps ljkGgn] ;xof]u k|fKt u/L pQm ;xof]uaf6 kmfObf ePkl5 pQm /sd cyjf ;fdu|L csf]{ ljkGgnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ k||lqmof .

hLljsf]kfh{g M hLjgnfO{ ;/n, ;xh tl/sfn] afFRg ;Sg] cfwf/ tyf pkfox? .

kfFr ;DklQ M JolQmsf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] dfkg ug]{ cfwf/ -dfgjLo, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, k|fs[lts, / ef}lts_

cg'udg M ;do ;dodf x]g]{ / hfFr ug]{ sfo{ h;n] ubf{ 7"'nf] uNtL x'g'eGbf cl3 g} cfjZos kl/jt{g jf kl/dfh{g ug{ ckfOg] ljlw .

d"Nofª\sg M sfo{qmd ;~rfngkl5 clGtddf 7Ls 5 ls 5}g egL hfFlrg] lqmofsnfk .

;/f]sf/jfnf M s'g} sfo{ jf ultljlw;Fu ;/f]sf/ ePsf ;DalGwt JolQm jf ;d"x .

57

ljifo;"rL

b'O{ zAb wGojfb 1fkgzAbsf] cy{;xof]uL k'l:tsfsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro

!= kl/ro !=! k[i7e"ld !=@ hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgf -lnk_ lsg < !=#= hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf] :j¿k@= hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf r/0fx¿ @=! ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] 5gf]6 @=@ sfo{;ldlt;Fu k|f/lDes 5nkmn @=# klxrfg ePsf ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] kfFr ;Dkltsf] ljZn]if0f s_ dfgjLo ;|f]t v_ ;fdflhs ;|f]t u_ cfly{s ;|f]t 3_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t ª_ ef}lts ;|f]t @=$ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg ;d"xsf] e"ldsf tyf st{Josf af/]df 5nkmn @=% hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f @=^ ljkGg 3/w'/Lsf] kfFr ;|f]tx¿sf] cj:yf tyf o;sf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] of] hgfsf] cg'df]bg @=& sfo{qmdsf] ;Demf}tf @=* sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog @=( lg/Gt/ cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg @=!) ;DalGwt lgsfox¿nfO{ sfo{qmdsf af/]df lgoldt hfgsf/L

cg';"rL cg';"rL ! of]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug]{ cf}hf/x¿ kmf/fd !=! 3/w'/L :t/Lo tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug]{ gd"gf kmf/fd kmf/fd !=@ tYofª\s ljZn]if0f -sDkfOn_ kmf/fdsf] gd'gfcg';"rL @ 3/w'/L :t/sf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] k~raifL{o gd'gf kmf/d tflnsf @=! hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgf tflnsf @=@ 3/w'/L :t/Lo ljkGgd'vL hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{of]hgf tflnsf @=# ;d"x :t/Lo hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] gd'gf

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58

cg';'rL # hLljsf]kfh{g cled'vLs/0f / of]hgf lgdf{0f uf]i7L] ;q of]hgfcg';'rL $ ljkGgd'vL hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmd ;Demf}tf kqsf] gd'gf kmf/d $=! ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x / ;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yf aLrsf] ;Demf}tf gd'gf kmf/d $=@ ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x / ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ ljkGg aLr ul/g] ;Demf}tf gd'gf kmf/d $=$ ljkGg ju{sf pkef]QmfnfO{ ;fd'bflos jgsf] hUuf cfod"ns sfo{df k|of]u ug{ lbFbf ul/g] ;Demf}tfsf] gd'gf cg';"rL % ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d'x, ljkGg, ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf, / kl/of]hgfsf] e"ldsfsf] ljj/0fcg';"rL ^ 3/w'/L :t/Lo hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmd cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgsf] gd'gfcg';"rL & e/kfO{sf] gd'gfcg';"rL * ;xhstf{df x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx¿

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59

60

;xof]uL k'l:tsfsf] ;fdfGo kl/rok[i7e"ldax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd g]kfn, l:j;, a]nfot / lkmgNof08 ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ;xof]u tyf ;fe]mbf/Ldf ;+~rflnt sfo{qmd xf] . o; sfo{qmdsf] k|d'v p2]Zo eg]sf] jg ;|f]tsf] bL3{sfnLg tyf ;dtfd"'ns ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg ub}{ ul/a tyf ljkGg ;d'bfox¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg' /x]sf] 5 .

ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd ;g\ @)!# b]lv b]zsf @# lhNnfdf ;+~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . of] sfo{qmd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljut aL; jif{sf] cg'ej, l;sfOx¿ tyf pknlJwx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL cfufdL b; jif{sf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . of] sfo{qmd b'O{ r/0f -;'?jftsf] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg / sfo{qmd nfu" ug]{ r/0f_ df ljefhg u/L ;DkGg ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 . xfn klxnf] jf ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg r/0f cGtu{t tLg jif]{ sfo{qmdx¿ -;g\ @)!@ b]lv @)!%_ ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfo{qmd g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfkm" nufot cGo ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ klg ;xefuL u/fO{ ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;femf sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ /0fgLlt lnPsf] 5 .

klxnf] r/0f cGtu{tsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;+~rfng ug{sf nflu @# lhNnfnfO{ % ;d"xx¿df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . tL ;d"x cGtu{t ljefhg ul/Psf lhNnfx¿ lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

-s_ k"j{ jf ;d"x ! -t]x|y'd, wgs'6f, ;ª\v'jf;ef / ef]hk'/_-v_ dWo k"j{ jf ;d"x @ -cf]vn9'ª\uf, vf]6fª / /fd]5fk_, -u_ klZrdL t/fO{ jf ;d"x # -gjnk/f;L, ¿kGb]xL / slknj:t'_, -3_ klZrd jf ;d"x $ -kj{t, afun'ª / DofUbL_, -ª_ dWoklZrd jf ;d"x % -bfª, Ko'7fg, ?s'd, /f]Nkf / ;Nofg_, / -r_ klZrd / dWo klZrd jf ;d"x ^ -jemfª, c5fd, sflnsf]6, b}n]v / hfh/sf]6_ .

61

k"jL{ jf ;d"x Ps cGtu{t /flvPsf lhNnfx¿df ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmdsf] klxnf] r/0fsf lqmofsnfkx¿ g]kfn u|fdL0f k'glg{df{0f ;+:yf -cf/cf/Pg_ / km/]i6PS;g g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf ;+~rfng ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;Demf}tf eP cg';f/sf lqmofsnfkx¿ lhNnf tyf ;d"x:t/df ;~rfng ug{sf nflu lhNnf:t/sf s]xL ;ª\3 ;+:yf tyf ;fd'bflos ;ª\u7gx¿nfO{ ;fe]mbf/ ;+:yfsf ¿kdf 5gf}6 u/L lgwf{l/t lqmofsnfkx¿ ;+~rfng x'b}F cfPsf] 5 .

oxL ;Gbe{df of] k'l:tsfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g'kg]{ ;d"x ! cGtu{t /x]sf lhNnfx¿df /x]sf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿df cfl>t ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfddf ;+nUg JolQm jf :yfgLo ;|f]t JolQmx¿nfO{ pQm sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf] nflu ;xof]u ug'{ xf] . o; k'l:tsfn] ;d"x Ps cGtu{t /x]sf rf/ lhNnfdf ;fd'bflos jg ;d"xx¿df cfl>t ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfdsf] k|lqmof / ljlwx¿df Ps¿ktf Nofpg klg d2t ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

k'l:tsf tof/ ug{ ckgfOPsf] ljlw tyf tl/sfx¿o; k'l:tsf tof/ ug{sf nflu lgDg cg';f/sf ljlw tyf tl/sfx¿ cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 .

ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt n]v /rgf, gLlt, P]g, lgodfjnL, lgb]{lzsf tyf k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ycWoog / cfjZostf cg';f/ ;fef/ .

;DalGwt ljifodf ;}4flGts tyf Jojxfl/s 1fg / cg'ejx¿ ePsf JolQmx¿;Fu y5nkmn tyf k/fdz{ .

o; k'l:tsfsf] k|of]ustf{ -h:t}M— :yfgLo ;|f]t JolQm_ / ;DalGwt lhNnfx¿df o; ysfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu k'l:tsfsf] 8dL n]vgdf s]lGb|t eO{ 5nkmn tyf k/fdz{ .

8dL n]vgdf cfwfl/t eO{ s]xL ;d'bfox¿df ul/Psf] k|of]uaf6 Jojxfl/s ;'emfj tyf y;Nnfxx¿ lnPsf] .

of] k'l:tsfdf s] 5 <o; k'l:tsfdf ;fd'bflos jg ;d"xx¿df cfl>t ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug]{ lqmofsnfk ;DkGg ug{sf nflu ckgfOg] ljlw tyf k|lqmofx¿sf] JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . tL k|lqmofx¿nfO{ ljleGg v08x¿df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} JofVof ul/Psf ljlw tyf k|lqmofx¿nfO{ a'‰g ;lhnf] xf];\ egL cfjZostf cg';f/sf s]xL lrqx¿, afs; tyf tflnsfx¿df klg /flvPsf 5g\ .

of] k'l:tsf s;sf] lglDt < of] k'l:tsf ;fd'bflos jg ;d"xx¿df ljkGgx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ ug]{ sfddf ;+nUg ;d'bfosf ;xhstf{ tyf :yfgLo ;|f]t JolQmx¿sf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . o; k'l:tsfsf] k|fylds k|of]ustf{ eg]sf] ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmdsf] klxnf] r/0fsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf @# lhNnfdWo] ;d"x Ps cGtu{t /x]sf rf/ lhNnfdf /x]sf ;fd'bflos jg ;d"xx¿df

62

ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug]{ lqmofsnfkx¿df ;+nUg ;xhstf{ tyf :yfgLo ;|f]t JolQmx¿ x'g\ . oBlk, of] k'l:tsf g]kfndf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;fd'bflos jg ;d"xx¿df ;DalGwt ljifodf sfd ug]{ ;a}sf nflu pkof]uL x'g] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 .

o; k'l:tsfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf ljifoj:t'x¿sf] qmda4tfsf] 9fFrfo; k'l:tsfnfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

k|yd efu M o; efudf k'l:tsf n]vgsf] ;fdfGo ;Gbe{, hLljsf]kfh{g zAbsf] ;fdfGo kl/rosf ;fy} k'l:tsf n]vgsf] ;fdfGo p2]Zosf af/]df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

bf];|f] efu M o; v08df ;d"xx¿df ljkGgd'vL sfo{qmdsf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf] af/]df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . o; cGt{ut ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] 5gf}6, sfo{ ;ldlt;Fu k|f/lDes 5nkmn, ;d"x :t/df ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0f jf cGo pko'Qm ljlwåf/f pkef]Qmfx¿sf] :t/ lgwf{/0f -ljkGg klxrfg_, cfd;efåf/f ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0fsf] ljj/0f / sfo{qmd cg'df]bg, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;d"x / ljkGgdf of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog / lg/Gt/ cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgsf] af/]df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . cGtdfM k'l:tsfsf] clGtddf plNn]lvt lqmofsnfkx¿ ;DkGg ug{sf nflu yk cfjZos ljlw tyf k|lqmofx¿ cg';"rLsf ¿kdf JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} k'l:tsfsf] o; v08df, k'l:tsf tof/ ubf{ cWoog tyf ;fef/ ul/Psf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ lbOPsf] 5 .

lgisif{of] k'l:tsf ax' ;/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf ^ ;d"xx¿ dWo] ;d"x Psdf /x]sf $ lhNnfdf /x]sf ;fd'bflos jgdf cfl>t ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfddf ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ p2]Zon] tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . o; k'l:tsf tof/ ubf{ k|of]u ul/Psf ljlw / k|lqmofx¿ tyf k'l:tsf n]vgsf nflu cWoog ul/Psf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ kof{Kt / k"0f{ gx'g ;S5g\ . oBlk, o; k'l:tsf ;DalGwt lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{sf nflu pkof]uL x'g] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/, ;xof]uL lgsfo tyf ;+:yfx¿ / k/fdz{ lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL x'g] JolQmx¿k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ug{ rfxG5f}F . ;fy}, o; k'l:tsfdf ePsf sdLsdhf]/Lx¿sf af/]df ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfasf] ck]Iff klg ub{5f}F .

h}na /fO{

km/]i6PS;g g]kfn

63

1

kl/ro!=! k[i7e"ld

afFRg kfpg' dfgjsf] klxnf] clwsf/ xf] . o;df ;xh ¿kdf vfg, nfpg / a:g kfpg'kg]{ cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ . t/ o;/L hLjg rnfpgsf] nflu s;}sf] bof jf dfofdf dfq geO{ Pp6f JolQmn] clwsf/sf] ¿kdf kfpg' kb{5 . cem} o;nfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ xf] eg] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] hLjg afFRgsf] nflu rflxg] ljleGg vfnsf Ifdtfx¿ h:t} ef}lts, cfly{s, k|fs[lts tyf ;fdflhs ;|f]tx¿ tyf tL ;|f]tx¿df kx'Fr / To;sf nflu rflxg] cfjZos lqmofsnfkx¿ kb{5g\ . ;du|df eGg] xf] eg], Pp6f /fxtd'vL jf lgjf{xd'vL hLjgaf6 clwsf/d'vL jf ;Ddflgt hLjg lgjf{x ug{' g} hLljsf]kfh{gsf] d'Vo dd{ xf] .

;fd'bflos jgsf] Ps k|d'v p2]Zo eg]sf] ;d"xsf pkef]Qmfx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' xf] . t/ ;fdfGotof ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿ -;fjp;_ sf] ljwfg tyf sfo{of]hgfx¿df pkef]Qmf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj:yfdf s;/L ;'wf/ Nofpg] eGg] s'/fdf s]xL cNksfnLg of]hgfx¿, h:t}M— jg k}bfj/sf] lgMz'Ns ljt/0f, C0fsf] Joj:Yff eP klg oL of]hgfx¿ /fxtd'vL of]hgfsf] ¿kdf dfq} ;Lldt ePsf] x'gfn] jg sfo{qmd casf lbgdf ;fFRr} g} ;d'bfosf ljkGg ;b:ox¿sf] nflu g} xf] eg] hLljsf]kfh{gsf of]hgfx¿ bL3{sflng Pjd\ clwsf/d'vL agfpg cfjZos 5 .

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xdf ePsf] jg ;|f]t Pjd\ cfly{s ;|f]tsf] plrt ;b'kof]un] ;d"x / ;d"xsf pkef]Qmf 3/w'/L ;b:ox¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wfg{nfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg clwsf/ / st{Josf] ¿kdf of]hgf agfpg h?/L b]lvG5 . t/ To;f] gu/L ;du|df ;d"x :t/df dfq ljZn]if0f u/L ;fdfGo vfnsf] ;d"xut of]hgf dfq agfpg] rng 5 . t;y{ To:tf sfo{of]hgfx¿n] ljkGgtfsf sf/0fx¿sf] ;txL ¿kdf laZn]if0f ug{] u/]sf] / To;/L klxrfg ul/Psf ljkGgx¿sf] ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf vf;} 6]jf k'Ug g;Sg] oyfy{nfO{ dx;'; u/L 3/w'/L :t/sf] 5'§f5'§} of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f cfjZos 5 . o;/L hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgf (Livelihood

Imporvement Plan-LIP) jf lnk ;fjp;sf] of]hgfsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ efu xf] . o:tf 3/w'/L :t/sf of]hgfx¿ ;fd'bflos jgsf ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 cg'df]bg u/fO{ nfu" ul/G5 . o:tf of]hgfn] afXo ;xof]uL ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;d"xsf] cfjZostf klxrfg ug{ / cfjZos ;xof]u ug{ ;d]t d2t ub{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] k|efljt ePsf ljkGgx¿sf] klxrfg u/L of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;d]t 6]jf k'¥ofpFb5 .

!=@ hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgf -lnk_ lsg <

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xdf ;+nUg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s cj:yf ;fwf/0ftof km/s km/s x'g] ub{5g\ . o;}u/L ljkGg 3/w'/Lsf] cfjZostf, rfxgf / Ifdtfx¿ klg km/s km/s x'G5g\ . s'g} ljkt kbf{ jf cK7Øf/f] kbf{ pQm ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu Pp6f 3/w'/Ln] lng] /0fgLlt tyf pQm 3/w'/Lsf] hf]lvdsf] cj:yf csf]{eGbf km/s x'Gf ;S5 . pkef]Qmfx¿sf] km/s km/s IfdtfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L Ifdtf clea[l4 tyf dfgjLo ;|f]t ljsf; sfo{qmd

2

;~rfng ug{ Pjd\ ;xof]uL lgsfox¿af6 pgLx¿n] ljkGg / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xnfO{{ ;xof]usf] If]q klxrfg u/L ;dGjosf] jftfj/0f agfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf ;xof]u ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug{' cfjZos kb{5 . o;} cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ljkGg 3/w'/Lsf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf lglDt ;fdfGotof tn pNn]v ul/P cg';f/sf p2]Zox¿ /flvPsf] x'G5 .

;d"x tyf 3/w'/L :t/df cfjZostf cg';f/ ljkGgd'vL hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmd 9of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug{' .

ljkGg, dlxnf, blnt, hghflt tyf k5fl8 kfl/Psf ju{ tyf ;d"xx¿sf] cj:yfdf 9km/s lsl;dn] ;xof]u ug{ / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' .

k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t lbuf] cfocfh{gsf pkfox¿ klxrfg u/L jgdf cfl>t 9ljkGg tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfox¿sf] hLjg:t/ psf:g' .

jghGo j:t'x¿sf] ;ª\sng, d"No z[ª\vnf ljZn]if0f, lbuf] pkof]u Joj:yfkg, n3' 9C0f Joj:yfkg, n3' pBd h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' .

u|fdL0f ko{6g / jGohGt' ;+/If0f afkt k|fKt x'g] nfef+z ljt/0fsf] Gofof]lrt 9Joj:yfkg ug'{ .

jftfj/0fLo ;]jf afkt k|fKt e'QmfgLsf] ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ug'{ . 9

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] gsf/fTds c;/ Go"gLs/0f ug{ agfOg] ;fd'bflos cg's"ng 9sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfesf] ljt/0fsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ .

!=#= hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf] :j¿k

;fd'bflos jgsf] dfWodaf6 ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpgsf nflu pknAw ;f]tsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug{ lgtfGt cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos lgod tyf of]hgfx¿ agfpg] tyf lg0f{o k|lqmofx¿df ljkGg ;d'bfo tyf ju{x¿ h:t}M— ljkGg, blnt, hghflt, dlxnf cflbsf] ;|f]tdf kx'Fr a9fpgsf nflu ;dfg rfxgf ePsf ;d"xx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . o;f] ug{ ;lsPdf ;d'bfodf /x]sf ljkGg JolQm tyf 3/w'/Lx¿n] Goflos nfe tyf clwsf/ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . g]kfndf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿leq o:tf] cEof;sf] :yfkgf ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . pQm cEof;n] ;du| g]kfnL ;dfh tyf b]z ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . oBlk pQm cEof;nfO{ ;+:yfut ¿kdf :yflkt ug{sf nflu y'k|} k|of;x¿ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . pQm cjwf/0ff tyf cEof;nfO{ s;/L nfu" ug]{ eGg] ljlw tyf k|lqmofnfO{ tn lrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

gf]6M hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf] sfdnfO{ ;fd'bflos jg;Fu ;DalGwt cGo ljljw sfo{qmdx?, h:t} ;'zf;g, aLp k'FhL, hf]8f sf]if cflb, sf ;fy} :yflgo ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?;Fu ;dGjo u/L Ps ;dli6ut -Kofs]h_ sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ k|of; ug]{ .

3

lrq !M hLljsf]kfh{g of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf] ¿k/]vf

ePsf

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf

4

hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf r/0f@=! ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] 5gf}6

ljkGgd'vL hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] 5gf}6 ;a}eGbf klxnf] sfd xf] . o;sf nflu lhNnfsf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fu 5nkmn u/L lhNnfsf] s'g 7fpFdf, s'g If]qdf s:tf ;fd'bflos jgx¿ 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lng' cfjZos x'G5 . / o;}sf cfwf/df :ynut cWoog tyf e]63f6 ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

;fd'bflos jg ;d"xsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿ w]/} ePsf], b'u{d If]q, cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf] If]q tyf ;d"x, hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 a9L hf]lvd ePsf If]q tyf ;d"xnfO{ k|fyldstfdf kfg{ kxn ug'{ kb{5 . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf] 5nkmn klg olb lhNnfdf oL pNn]v ul/Psf s'/fx¿ af/]df tYofª\s eP tL tYofª\sx¿sf] vf]hL u/L cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf] 5nkmn tyf k/fdz{{ / pknAw tYofª\sx¿sf cfwf/df hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] jg ;d"xsf] 5gf}6 ul/;s]kl5 ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L, h:t}M— pQm jg ;d"xsf] hDdf 3/w'/L ;ª\Vof, If]qkmn, ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0f -s, v, u / 3 ju{x¿_ df kg]{ 3/w'/L ;ª\Vofsf] ljj/0f, ;fd'bflos jg ;d"xsf] sfo{qmdsf] k|fyldstfx¿, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;|f]tx¿sf] cj:yf cBfjlws ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;xhstf{x¿nfO{ cled'vLs/0f ug]{, of]hgf agfpg], ;do;Ldf tf]Sg] sfo{ klg ul/G5 . olb ;d"xdf ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0f gu/]sf] eP :t/Ls/0f ug{sf] nflu pTk|]l/t u/fpg] sfo{ klg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

5

gf]6M s_ olb ;d"xx¿nfO{ klxnf g} kl/of]hgfn] 5gf}6 ul/;s]sf] 5 eg] k'gM 5gf}6 ul//fVg'kg]{ h?/L kb}{g .

v_ olb ;d"x :t/df ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0f gu/]sf] eP ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0f ul/g' ub{5 . o;sf nflu pko'Qm ljlwx¿sf af/]df ;DalGwt ;d"xnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' cfjZos x'G5 . w]/} ljlwx¿dWo] tnsf afs;df pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/sf ljlwx¿ pkof]uL b]lvG5 .

u_ 5gf}6 ePsf] ;d"x tyf ;~rfng ul/g] sfo{qmdsf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L lhNnf, Onfsf tyf :yfgLo ;a} lgsfox¿, h:t}M— lhNnf jg sfof{no, Onfsf jg sfof{no, lhNnf ;fjp; dxf;ª\3 cflb, nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 .

3_ o;/L pQm sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ cGo lgsfox¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L tL lgsfox¿n] klg pQm If]q jf ;fjp;df s'g} sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf pgLx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ tyf ;fe]mbf/L ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

afs;M !M ;fjp;sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0fsf ;fdfGo ljlwx¿

hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgf -lnk_ sf] nflu cfjZos tYofª\s ;ª\sng ;xeflutfd"ns tl/sfaf6 ug'{k5{ . o;sf nflu ;xhstf{n] ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ lnksf] hfgsf/L, dxTj tyf tl/sfsf] af/]df a'emfO{ ;xeflutfd"ns u|fdL0f n]vfhf]vf (PRA) sf] ljleGg tl/sfx¿ ckgfpg' kb{5 . oL dWo] d'Vo tl/sfx¿ lgDg 5g\ . olb oL hfgsf/Lx¿ ;fjp;;Fu klxnf g} 5g\ eg] ltg} tYofª\s k|of]u ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . olb 5}g eg] ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0fsf] a]nf ;Dk"0f{ tYofª\s lng'kg]{ x'G5 . ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0fsf] cEof;af6 ljkGg egL klxrfg ul/g] s]xL k|d'v cfwf/x¿

Hofnf u/L hLjg u'hf/f ug]{ jf wfGg], ykl/jf/df sdfpg] jf cfly{s cfo cfh{g ug]{ JolQm jf dflg; gePsf], yhUUffljxLg, ;fgf] eTs]]sf] 3/, 3/ ePsf] :yfg klg hf]lvddf /x]sf], y:jf:Yosf] lauF|bf] cj:yf, pkrf/ ug{ s'g} cfo;|f]t gePsf] jf c;dy{, y

;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0fsf k|lqmofx?P]ltxfl;s 36gfqmd ljZn]if0fM o;df ;d"xsf a"9fkfsf tyf hflgkmsf/x¿;Fu To; y;d'bfodf 36]sf k|d'v 36gfx¿ tyf tL 36gfx¿sf] jg ;|f]tsf] lbuf]kg tyf pkef]Qmfx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf k/]sf c;/x¿sf] af/]df qmlds ¿kdf JofVof ug{nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{] . ;xeflutfd"ns ;|f]t gS;f tof/LM o;df jg, ;d'bfo / 3/w'/L :t/df ePsf dxTTjk"0f{ ;|f]tx¿ yb]vfOG5g\ . o;n] ;d"xdf ePsf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;xL pkof]u u/L ;b:ox¿sf] hLjg:t/ ;'wfg]{ of]hgf agfpg ;xof]u u5{ . df};dL kfqf] tof/L M pkef]Qmf ;b:ox¿ s'g dlxgfdf a9L Jo:t / s'g dlxgfdf km';{lbnf yx'G5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;fdfGo tYofª\s lgsfNg Psflt/ ul/g] lqmofsnfkx¿ / csf]{lt/ dlxgfx? /fvL of] kfqf] tof/ kfl/G5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] gS;fª\sgM 8fn]3fF;, e'OF{3fF;, u}x| sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ - y NTFP_ lj?jfx¿sf] tyf cfod"ns sfo{qmdsf] k|fyldsLs/0f ug{ Dofl6«S; :t/Ls/0f jf hf]8L :t/Ls/0f -Pairwise ranking) u/L lgsfNg ;lsG5 . -gf]6 M olb ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0f u/]sf] eP pQm ljj/0f g} dfGo x'g]5 / gu/]sf] ePdf dfq ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0f ul/G5 . lj:t[t k|lqmofsf] nflu ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0fsf] dfu{lgb]{lzsf k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 ._

6

@=@ sfo{;ldlt;Fu k|f/lDes 5nkmn

hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu 5gf}6 ul/Psf ;d"xsf sfo{;ldlt;Fu a;L hLljsf]kfh{g of]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg s'/fx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn cf/De ul/G5 . ;f] 5nkmndf ;DalGwt ;fjp;sf] cj:yfsf af/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/Lx¿sf] ;ª\sng, cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f -h:t}M— ljwfg tyf sfo{of]hgfdf hLljsf]kfh{g ;DalGw k|fjwfg 5 ls 5}g, ljkGg klxrfg ePsf] 5 ls 5}g, cfDbfgLsf d'Vo ;|f]t cflb_ ug'{ h?/L x'G5 .

o;/L cWoog kZrft ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0fsf] ljj/0f ;ª\sng ug]{ / ljZn]if0f ug]{, hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljkGGf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof olsg ug]{, ;d"xn] ug]{ ljleGg vfnsf ;xof]ux¿ -cfly{s, k|fljlws cflb_ sf] Joj:yfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L / k|lta4tf lng] h:tf s'/fx¿sf nflu sfo{;ldltn] a}7saf6 cg'df]bg u/L cfde]nfdf cg'df]bgsf] nflu k|:tfj ug]{, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;ldlt tyf ;lqmo ;b:ox¿af6 Ps sfo{bnsf] u7g ug]{ h:tf sfdx¿sf nflu ;DjlGwt ;fjp;sf] sfo{ ;ldlt;Fu k|f/lDes e]63f6 tyf 5nkmn ug{' kb{5 . o;} u/L pQm k|f/lDes 5nkmndf sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf tof/L tyf sfof{Gjog k|lqmofsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljlw tyf k|lqmofx¿sf -;xefuL ;ª\Vof lgwf{/0f, ;DkGGftf :t/Ls/0fsf] ldlt, :yfgsf] 6'ª\uf], cled'vLs/0fsf nflu sfo{qmd of]hgf lgdf{0f, ;xefuL ;ª\Vof olsg ug]{, klxrfg ePsf ljkGg 3/w'/L;Fu e]63f6 Pjd cfjZos tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug]{, tYofª\ssf nflu kmf/d eg]{, sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu ;d"xsf sfo{bn jf 6f]nLsf] u7g cflb_ af/]df klg ;fdfGo 5nkmn u/L lg0f{o ul/G5 . ;Dej eP jf cfjZos eP pQm sfo{;ldlt;Fu lnlvt ;Demf}tf klg ug'{kg]{ x'g ;Sb5 . ;Demf}tf ug{'kg]{ jf gkg]{ s'/fsf] lg0f{o ;DalGwt ;xhstf{n] g} lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb5 .

7

@=# klxrfg ePsf ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] kfFr ;DklQsf] ljZn]if0fo; r/0fdf sfo{ ;ldlt;Fusf] k|f/lDes 5nkmn tyf ;Demf}tf cg';f/sf] ldlt, ;do, tyf ljlwsf cfwf/df cfjZos tYofª\sx¿ ;ª\sng ug]{ k|of; ul/G5 . klxrfg ePsf] ;fjp;sf] ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] cj:yfsf] cfwf/e"t tYofª\sx¿ cBfjlws ug{sf] nflu dfgjLo, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, k|fs[lts / ef}lts ;DklQx¿sf] cj:yf s] s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf af/]df 5nkmn, tYofª\s ;ª\sng tyf ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfd ul/G5 . o;sf nflu ;xhstf{n] k|Zgx¿sf] ;fdfGo ;"rL agfO{ pQm ;"rLsf] cfwf/df tYofª\ssf] ;ª\sng ug'{ kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ cfˆgf] ljrf/ nfb\g] ;Defjgfaf6 hf]lug ;lsG5 .

o; k|lqmofdf ;fdfGotof hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf] of]hgf sfo{Gjog ug{ 5gf}6 ePsf jf tf]lsPsf] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{g;Fu ;DalGwt kfFr ;DklQsf] tYofª\s ;ª\sng tyf ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu 3/w'/Lx¿;Fu e]63f6 tyf 5nkmn ul/G5 . pQm e]63f6sf] a]nfdf cfjZos tYofª\sx¿ ;ª\sng ug{sf nflu cg';"rL ! df ePsf] kmf/fd g++= ! eg{ ;lsPdf cfjZos tYofª\sx¿ ;ª\sng ug{ ;lsG5 . kl5 kmf/fd g= ! cg';f/sf] tYofª\snfO{ kmf/fd g+= @ cg';f/ sDkfOn ul/G5 / cfjZos of]hgf tof/L ul/G5 .

gf]6M s_ kfFr ;DklQsf] ljZn]if0f ug{sf] nflu ;xhstf{n] ljleGg tl/sf tyf pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;Sb5 . h:t}M— ljkGgsf] 3/ 3/df uP/ cyjf ljkGgx¿ dfq Ps} 7fpFdf hDdf u/]/ cyjf ljkGg / ;ldltsf k|ltlglwx¿;Fu a;]/ klg ug{ ;Sb5 . cg's"ntfsf] cfwf/df h'g;'s} pkfo klg ckgfpg ;lsg]5 ._

v_ kfFr ;DklQsf] ljZn]if0f klxn] g} eO{ ;s]sf] eP ToxL tYofª\snfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ s]xL tYofª\sx¿ rfFlx pknAw gePsf] v08df pknAw gePsf] tYofª\sx¿ dfq} ;ª\sng u/] k'U5 .

s_ dfgjLo ;|f]t MdfgjLo k'hL cGtu{t JolQmsf] hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu rflxg] ;Lk, Ifdtf, sfo{ zlQm÷bIftf, :jf:Yo ;DalGWf ljZn]if0f / ;'emfj, lzIff h:tf s'/fx¿ kb{5g . oL s'/fx¿n] JolQmnfO{ k[ys lsl;dsf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf /0fgLltx¿ ckgfO{ hLljsf]kfh{gsf nIox¿ xfl;n ug{ d2t ub{5 . 3/ kl/jf/sf] :t/df x]g]{ xf] eg] o;n] sfd ug]{ z}nL, ;f]Rg] zlQm, sfdsf] kl/df0f / u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . oL s'/fx¿n] cGtTjuf]Tjf 3/kl/jf/sf] ;ª\Vof, kfl/jfl/s cfo;|f]t, n}+lustfsf] cfwf/df z}lIfs :t/, zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s Ifdtf, bIftf, g]t[Tjsnf, :jf:Yo l:ylt cflb h:tf s'/fx¿sf] lgwf{/0f klg ub{5 . oL ;"rgfx¿n] ;fdfGotof tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]Hg d2t ub{5 .

:jf:Yodf ;'wf/ Nofpg] sfo{qmd jf :jf:Yodf ;'wf/sf] nflu s] ug{ ;lsG5 < y3/sf ;b:ox¿sf] z}lIfs ljsf;sf] nflu s] ug{ ;lsG5 < y;Lk, bIftf ljsf; tyf pkof]usf] nflu s] ug{ ;lsG5 < ys:tf tflnd, ;Lkx¿ 5g\ < s:tf tflnd dfu]sf 5g\ < tflndsf] nflu sf];Fu ;DfGjo yug'{knf{ <

8

dfly pNn]lvt s'/fx¿sf] ;"rgf k|fKt eO;s]kl5 df};dL kfqf]sf] ljZn]if0faf6 k|fKt km';{lbnf] ;do klxrfg u/L To; cg';f/ tflnd, e|d0f tyf cGo sfo{qmdx¿ /fVg ;lsG5 . h;sf nflu s'g ;dodf tflnd lbg' plrt xf]nf, s;nfO{ tflnd lbg plrt xf]nf eGg] s'/fsf] x]Ssf /fVg h?/L x'G5 .

v_ ;fdflhs ;|f]t

;fdflhs k"FhL eGgfn] s'g} klg ;dfhnfO{ u'0ffTds tyf ;ª\VofTds ¿kdf Ps cfk;df cGt/;DalGwt agfO{ /fVgsf] nflu ljBdfg ;dfhdf /x]sf cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s ;d"x, ;~hfn, ;fdflhs lgod, d"No tyf dfGotf / ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿nfO{ hgfpFb5 . csf]{ cy{df eGg] xf] eg] ;fdflhs k"FhL cGtu{t JolQm, ;d"x, ;ª\3 ;+:yf, ;dfhdf /x]sf k|fljlws / Joj:yfksLo dfgj ;++;fwgx¿ tyf ltgLx¿sf] kx'Fr, cGt/;DaGw / k|efjnfO{ hgfpFb5 . o;sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg tyf pkof]usf nflu ;'zf;g, ;dfj]zLs/0f, n}+lustf / hftLo ;dtf cflbnfO{ k|jw{g ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . oL ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx¿sf nflu lgDg cg';f/sf k|Zgx¿ ;xof]uL x'g ;S5g\ .

ljleGg k|sf/sf ;~hfn, ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿df ljkGg ju{sf] kx'Frsf] cj:yf 5 jf 5}g < y5}g eg] s;/L pgLx¿sf] kx'FrnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 < o;sf nflu s] ug'{knf{ <

sfo{;ldltdf ljkGg ju{sf ;b:ox¿sf] k|ltlglwTj 5 ls 5}g < 5}g eg] s;/L pgLx¿sf] y;dfj]zLs/0f / k|ltlglwTj ug{sf nflu s] s:tf vfnsf Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 <

;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ s'g–s'g ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿;Fu cfa4 5g\ < s'g ;+:yfaf6 s]–s] ;]jfx¿ ykfO/x]sf 5g\ < s] ;Defjgf 5 <

s'g} klg ;ª\3 ;+:yf;Fu ;dGjo ug{ g;s]sf 3/w'/Lsf] of]hgfdf ;'emfj lbg] . y;d"xdf /x]sf ;b:ox¿sf] l:ylt ;'wfg{ sf];Fu ;dGjo ug'{knf{ < y;d"xdf s'g ;]jfsf] a9L cfjZostf b]lvG5 / pQm ;]jfsf] ;]jf k|bfos;Fusf] ;DaGw ys;/L lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 <

gLlt, lgod, of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog k|lqmof, ;d"xsf] sf]if kl/rfng, C0f nufgLdf ysltsf] kf/blz{tf 5 < ;fy} oL k|lqmofx¿df dlxnf, blnt, hghfltsf] s:tf] ;xeflutf 5 <

o;sf/0f, hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] tof/L tyf sfo{fGjog ug{sf nflu agfOg] of]hgfsf nflu oL s'/fx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;'emfj lbg ;lsG5 .

u_ cfly{s ;|f]t

dflg;sf] hLjgofkgsf] nflu cToGt} k|d'v e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ljleGg s'/fx¿dWo] cfly{s jf ljQLo kIf klg Ps xf] . pQm s'/fn] JolQm jf 3/ kl/jf/sf] hLjgofkgdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . ;fjp;df /x]sf clt ljkGg, dlxnf, blnt, k5fl8 kfl/Psf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ ;d"xn] klg cfˆgf] sf]ifsf] lglZrt efu pgLx¿sf] cfl{y{s ;zlQms/0fsf] nflu ljlgof]lht

9

ug'{k5{ . o;sf cnfjf ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu ;Dks{, ;dGjo tyf k}/jL u/L cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg] sfddf ;d"xsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 . tL ljkGg ju{x¿;Fu 5nkmn / ;xsfo{ u/L cfly{s ;zlQms/0fsf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ tyf 3/kl/jf/sf] hLljsf]kfh{g of]hgf agfO{ of]hgfa4 9ª\udf lgwf{l/t ;dodf hLljsf]kfh{gdf pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ x'g] u/L sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 . ;d'bfodf /x]sf ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBf]ux¿df klg tL ljkGg ju{nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{] u/fpg] tkm{ ;d"x pGd'v x'g'k5{ . s]xL Joj;fo ug{ OR5's ljkGg pkef]QmfnfO{ ;fjp;n] ljleGg ljQLo ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;Dks{, ;dGjo / k}/jL u/L C0f k|bfg ug]{ u/fpg] jftfj/0f agfpg' kb{5 .

hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ;'wf/sf] of]hgf agfpgsf nflu ;DalGwt 3/w'/Lx¿sf] cfly{s cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L tyf laZn]if0f ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . cfly{s cj:yfsf] laZn]if0fsf nflu ;fdfGotof tn pNn]v ul/Psf s'/fx¿] dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .

hUufaf/L, kz'kfng tyf v]tLkftL pTkfbgsf] cj:yf s]–s:tf] 5 < y;d"xsf] sf]ifdf ePsf] ljkGg aLp k"FhL] Joj:yf / pQm sf]ifaf6 pQm 3/w'/Ln] kfPsf] ynfesf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <;d"xsf] ljkGgd'vL 3'DtL sf]ifaf6 kfPsf] nfe tyf ;x'lnot C0fsf] cj:yf s] s:tf] y5 <jg tyf u}/ jg pBdx¿sf] cj:yf tyf tL pBdx¿df pQm 3/w'/Lsf] nufgL tyf nfe y-/f]huf/L, cfDbfgL cflb_ sf] cj:yf s] s:tf] 5 < ;DalGwt ;fjp;df cfsl:ds sf]ifsf] Joj:yf eP gePsf] / pQm sf]ifaf6 cfjZos yk/]sf] a]nf nfe -cfkb ljkt\sf] a]nfdf, :jf:Yo pkrf/, kz' :jf:Yo pkrf/_ kfP gkfPsf] cj:yf s] s:tf] 5 < ;DalGwt ;fjp;df ;b:otf z'Nsdf ldgfxf eP gePsf] cj:yf s] s:tf] 5 < y;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] cj:yfn] pQm 3/w'/LnfO{ nfe eP gePsf] ycj:yf s] s:tf] 5 <;fjp;;Fu cfod"ns sfo{qmdsf] nfuL C0f nufgL eP gePsf] / pQm sf]ifn] ;Dalwt y3/w'/LnfO{ nfe u/] gu/]sf] cj:yf s] s:tf] 5 < s'g Joj;fox¿ k|fyldstfsf] ;"rLdf k/]sf 5g\ < s'g Joj;fox¿ w]/} 3/w'/Lx¿n] y/f]h]sf 5g\ <Joj;fox¿sf] nflu pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cj:yf s] 5 < ;|f]t ;fwg h'6fpg ;Sg] y;Defjgf s] 5 <

3_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t

;fdfGotof hn, hdLg, hª\un / hgfj/x¿nfO{ Kf|fs[lts k"FhL jf ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . oL ;|f]tx¿n] dflg;sf] hLjgofkg, cfocfh{g nufotsf If]qdf pNn]vgLo e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . oL k|fs[lts k'FhLåf/f ljkGg ju{sf] cfly{s ;zlQms/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] xf] eg] o;sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg / ;Da4{gdf ljkGg ju{sf] kx'Fr / clwsf/ x'g' kb{5 . o;sf] ;fy} k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;DalGw x/]s lqmofsnfkdf ;dfj]zL 9ª\un] ljkGg, dlxnf, blnt, k5fl8 kfl/Psf,

10

k|fs[lts k|sf]kdf k/]sf / åGå kLl8t, cflbjf;L hghflt h:tf ju{x¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ u/fpgdf ;fjp;x¿ tTk/ /xg'k5{ .

o;sf/0f hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgfsf nflu ;DalGwt 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿dfly s] s:tf] kx'Fr 5 / pgLx¿sf] kx'Frdf ;'wf/ ug{ s] ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L tyf ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu tn lbOPsf s'/fx¿ ;xof]uL x'g ;S5g\ .

jg k}bfj/ lgMz'Ns jf ;x'lnot b/df ljt/0f eP gePsf], jg If]q pgLx¿sf] cfo cfh{g y;'wf/sf nflu 5'6Øfpg] sfd eP gePsf] / jgdf /f]huf/Lsf] nflu pQm 3/w'/LnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv] g/fv]sf] cj:yf s] s:tf] 5 <

bfp/f, 8fn]3fF;, 3fF;, ;f]t/ cflbsf] dfFu / cfk'lt{sf] cj:yf s] s:tf] 5 < ycfk"lt{ sd eP ck'u jg k}bfj/ s;/L NofOG5 < cfk'lt{ a9fpg] ;Defjgfx¿ s]–s] y5g\ < cfk'lt{ a9L eP a]r]/ cfocfh{g ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgfx¿ s]–s] 5g\ <

;fd'bflos jgdf nufpg ;lsg] jg k}bfj/x¿sf] ljj/0f tyf ;Defjgf s]–s] 5g\ < y;fd'bflos jgsf] cj:yf / To;sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Djw{gsf nflu ;b:on] ug'{kg]{ sfd ys]–s] x'g\ <

lghL hUufdf s]–s] af]6la?jfx¿ 5g\ < cfjZos k|hflt nufpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf s] 5 < ylghL hUufdf 8fn]3fF;, e'OF3fF;sf] k|fyldsLs/0f / k|fyldsLs/0fdf k/]sf 8fn]3fF;, ye'OF3fF;sf la?jfx¿ nufpg sf];Fu ;dGjo ug'{knf{ <

pNn]lvt k|Zgx¿sf cfwf/df ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cj:yf, pQm ;|f]tx¿af6 k|fKt ul//x]sf] cfly{s nfe tyf ug{' kg]{ / ;lsg] s'/fx¿sf] hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 .

ª_ ef}lts ;|f]t

ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ cGt{ut ef}lts ;|f]t, ;fwg tyf ljsf; k"jf{wf/sf ;fwgx¿ kb{5g\ . h:t}M ;8s, af6f]3f6f], k'n, vfg]kfgL, lah'nL, l;FrfO, ;f}o{ phf{, vfgf ksfpg] UofF; jf uf]a/ UofF;, ljBfno, :jf:Yo rf}sL, :yfgLo xf6ahf/ cflb . oL ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿df ljkGg ju{sf] kx'Fr / lgoGq0f jf clwsf/ a9fpg cfjZos sbdx¿ p7fpg' k5{ . cfˆgf] kl/jf/ jf ;d'bfonfO{ cfjZos kg]{ To:tf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu ;Dks{, ;dGjo / k}/jL ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;fy} ljkGg ju{nfO{ kfgL, lah'nL, h:tf clt cfjZos s'/fx¿sf] z'Nsdf ldgfxf jf s]xL k|ltzt 5'6 ug]{ tkm{ klg Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{kb{5 .

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfddf s] s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 / oL ;'ljwfx¿dfly pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr s;/L a9fpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L tyf ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . oL s'/fx¿sf] hfgsf/L tyf ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu lgDg s'/fx¿n] ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5 .

11

;dfhdf ePsf jf pknAw ePsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿df kx'Frsf] cj:yf s] s:tf] 5 < ykx'Fr gePsf] eP s] sf/0fn] x'g ;s]g <

tL ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿df kx'Fr a9fpgsf nflu s]–s] ug{ cfjZos 5 < yef}lts k"jf{w/x¿df kx'Fr a9fpgsf nflu s'gs'g ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿;Fu s] s:tf] ;dGjo yug'{k5{ <

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf ljkGg ju{nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 < ePsf] 5}g eg] ys] s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <

pNn]lvt k|Zgx¿sf dfWoodaf6 ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/df kx'Fr a9fpg] sfdsf] cfwf/e"t of]hgf agfpg ;3fp k'¥ofpFb5 .

@=$ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg ;d"xsf] e"ldsf tyf st{Josf af/]df 5nkmn

of] sfo{qmd ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf nflu ePsf] sf/0f o; k|lqmofdf ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jgsf] e'ldsf lgs} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf] of]hgf /fd|f] tyf Jofjxfl/s agfP klg pQm sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogb]lv lnP/ cg'udg, d"Nofªsg tyf To; cg';f/sf] cfjZos ;'wf/ ug]{ sfd ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg ;d"x, ljz]if u/L sfo{;ldltsf] x'G5 . o;sf/0f, tf]lsPsf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] dfly pNn]lvt kfFr ;|f]tx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ul/;s]kl5 pQm tYofª\ssf cfwf/df ;DAlGwt ;fd'bflos jgn] pQm 3/w'/Lx¿sf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|lqmofdf sxfF, s'g 7fpFdf, slxn], s:tf] e"ldsfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 eGg] s'/f ;DalGwt ;xhstf{n] :ki6 ¿kdf atfO{ pQm cfjZos e"ldsfsf] af/]df sfo{;ldlt;Fu 5nkmn ug'{kb{5 . o; 5nkmnkl5 ;DalGwt jgsf] sfo{;ldlt;Fu pgLx¿n] ug'{kg]{ / lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] e"ldsfsf] af/]df klg pQm of]hgfdf :ki6 ¿kdf Joj:yf jf pNn]v ul/Psf] xf];\ . o;/L 5nkmndf klg pNn]v ul/Psf] e"ldsf pgLx¿sf] k"0f{ hfgsf/L tyf l:js[lt kl5 dfq} /fv]kl5 cfd e]nfdf pgLx¿n] pQm e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ k|lta4tf ;xh ¿kdf ug{ ;Sb5g\ . h;n] ubf{ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jgn] pQm of]hgfsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lnFb} of]hgfsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog ug{ klg tTk/ x'g ;sf];\ -;DalGwt ;fjp;sf] e"ldsfx?sf] pbfx/0fsf nflu cg';'rL %æsÆ x]g'{xf]nf_ .

12

@=% hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f M

dfly pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jgsf ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿sf] cfjZos tYofª\sx¿sf] ;ª\sng, tL tYofª\sx¿sf] ljZn]if0f tyf ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jgsf sfo{ ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿;Fu pgLx¿n] pQm of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu lgjf{x ug{] e"ldsf tyf st{Josf af/]df 5nkmn eO;s]kl5 tL s'/fx¿sf cfwf/df of]hgf lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 . pQm of]hgf ;fdfGotofM b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'g ;Sb5 .

@=%=! ;d"x :t/Lo of]hgf M

3/w'/L :t/Lo of]hgfaf6 cfPsf tYofª\sx¿nfO{ Psd'i7 ¿kdf ljZn]if0f u/L cfPsf lgrf]8 -sDkfOn_ sf cfwf/df tL 3/w'/Lx¿sf nflu Pp6f ;femf of]hgf agfpg ;lsG5 . pQm of]hgfdf ;DalGwt 3/w'/Lx¿sf] aflif{s sfo{qmdx¿ Ps} 7fpFdf /fvL of]hgf agfOG5 / o;/L agfOPsf] of]hgfdf ;xof]uL ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;xof]u s;/L, slxn] / sxfF lng] eGg] s'/fx¿sf af/]df :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v ul/G5 . o; k|lqmofdf ;DalGwt jg ;d"xn] pQm of]hgf 3/w'/L :t/df sfo{Gjog ug]{ sfdnfO{ ;xh agfpg] sfd ub{5 . o;sf nflu ;DalGwt jg ;d"xsf sfo{ ;ldltn] of]hgf cg';f/sf lqmofsnfkx¿ sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ug]{ sfd ub{5 / pQm s'/f ;DalGwt of]hgfdf :ki6 ¿kdf JofVof ul/G5 .

gf]6M ;d"x :t/Lo of]hgfsf] gd'gf cg';"rL @ sf] tflnsf # df lbOPsf] 5 .

@=%=@ 3/w'/L :t/Lo of]hgf M

;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0f, ljkGg klxrfg / ljkGgsf] of]hgf lgdf{0f eO{ ;s]kl5 ;a} tYofª\snfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L cfPsf] glthf Pjd\ ljkGg ;b:on] agfPsf] of]hgfsf] k|ltj]bg n]vg ul/G5 . h'g s'/f of]hgfsf] k|ltj]bg n]vgn] ;Demf}tf ug{sf] nflu cfwf/ aGb5 . ;ª\sng ul/Psf tYofª\s tyf ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df 3/w'/L :t/sf] of]hgf klg lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o; of]hgfdf k|To]s 3/w'/L :t/Lo tYofª\s ljZn]if0faf6 cfPsf glthfx¿sf cfwf/df l;kmfl/; ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿sf] JolQmut 3/w'/L lgdf{0f ul/G5 . o;/L l;kmfl/; ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ Ps tflnsfdf /fvL aflif{s nIo / ;xof]uL lgsfo ;d]t tf]sL 3/w'/L :t/Lo of]hgf tof/ kfl/G5 .

;d"x / ljkGgnfO{ cfjZos of]hgf agfpg / pQm of]hgfsf] sfo{Gjog ug{sf nflu s]xL cj:yfx¿df cfjZos cg';f/sf cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ klg x'g ;Sb5 . ;fdfGotofM pQm cled'vL sfo{qmddf ljkGGf 3/w'/Lsf lhDd]jf/ ;b:o, sfo{;ldltsf lhDd]jf/ ;b:ox¿, sfo{bnsf ;b:ox¿ ;xefuL x'g]5g\ .

;d"x :t/Lo / 3/w'/L :t/Lo of]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ tnsf afs; @, #, / $ nfO{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ 5 .

gf]6 M s_ cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmdsf] ;q of]hgf (Session Plan) sf] gd'gf cg';"rL # df lbOPsf] 5 .

v_ 3/w'/L :t/Lo sfo{of]hgfsf] gd'gf cg';"rL @ sf] tflnsf ! / @ df lbOPsf] 5 .

13

afs; @M hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf] of]hgf agfpFbf 5nkmn ug'{kg]{ a'Fbfx¿

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/af6 t'ngfTds ?kdf a9L k|efljt 3/w'/Lx?nfO{ o; •sfo{qmdsf] nlIft ;d"xdf s;/L kfg]{ eGg] ljifo .ljkGg tyf ;fdflhs alx:s/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d"x, h:t} blnt, dlxnf, hghflt cflb, •x?nfO{ nlIft ;d"xdf s;/L kfg]{ eGg] ljifo .;d"xnfO{ sfo{qmd k|lt pQ/bfoL / lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ cfjZos k|lzIf0f •tyf Ifdtf ljsf;sf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ .klxrfg ePsf ljkGg / ;d"xsf cu'jfx? aLr sfo{qmdsf] ljifodf 5nkmn .•ljkGg 3/w'/Lsf] cfjZostf, rfxgf, Ifdtf / k|lta4tf .•:yfgLo ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf .•l56f] k|ltkmn lbg ;Sg] / sd hf]lvd ePsf sfo{qmdsf] 5gf]6 .•pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] ug{ ;Sg] ef}lts jf cfly{s ;xof]u .•cGo ;xof]uL lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf .•ahf/sf] Joj:yf .•;d"x / ljkGg ;b:ox¿sf] 6f]nL lgdf{0f -;fdfg vl/b jf ;dGjoGffTds e"ldsf •lgjf{x_ .sfo{qmdsf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf k[i7 kf]if0fsf nflu cfjZos k|lqmofsf] ;d"x leq} •lgdf{0f .klxrfg ePsf ljkGgx¿sf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] cBfjlws vfsf tof/L .•

k|ToIf cfDbfgL / /f]huf/L a9fpg] vfnsf -hl8a'6L v]tL, afF; lgufnf] cflb_ jghGo •sfo{qmd / kz'kfng, dx pTkfbg, Rofp v]tL, t/sf/L v]tL, k;n cflb .:yfgLo jg pBf]ux¿df ;+nUgtf -h:t}M h'; pTkfbg, a]t afF;sf ;fdu|L, cNnf], •hl8a'6L, 5fnf h'Qf, xft] sfuh, jg:klt sf]Onf cflb_ .lzIffdf ;xof]u -h:t}M 5fqj[lt, z}lIfs ;fdu|L, k|f}9 lzIff cflb_ .•cfocfh{gsf nflu ;fd'bflos jgsf] hUuf 5'§ofpg] .•jgk}bfj/ lgMz'Ns jf ;x'lnot b/df pknAw u/fpg] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ .•;ldltsf ;fy} cGo kbdf g]t[Tj ug]{ cj;/ lbO{ g]t[Tj ljsf; u/fpg] .•tflnd, uf]i7Ldf k|fyldstfsf ;fy ljkGg, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dlxnfx¿sf] •;xeflutf u/fpg] .;ef a}7sdf efu lnPsf] ;dodf k|f]T;fxg :j¿k vfhf jf vfgf tyf plrt •kfl/>ldssf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .cfkb ljkbdf ljz]if ;xof]u ug]{ jf ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf .•

afs; #M hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgfdf kg]{ ;Defljt k|d'v sfo{x¿

14

afs; $M hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf] of]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ JolQmsf] kfFr ;DklQ / FREELIFEHHO aLrsf] ;DaGw

kfFr ;DklQ FREELIFEHHO

dfgjLo ;DklQ /f]huf/L, lzIff, ;dfj]zLs/0f, :jf:Yo;fdflhs ;DklQ k|ltlglwTj, /f]huf/L, ;dfj]zLs/0f, cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fu ;DaGw

tyf ;dGjocfly{s ;DklQ sf]if, pBddf z]o/, pBddf /f]huf/L, pBf]uaf6 k|fKt nfe, jftfj/0fLo ;]jf

afkt k|fKt e'QmfgLk|fs[lts ;DklQ jg k}bfj/x¿, jg If]qsf] hUuf 5'§ofpg], lghL hUuf, kfgL -vfg] tyf

l;FrfO{_ef}lts ;DklQ jg If]qsf] hUuf 5'§ofpg], dfgjLo ;xof]u -3/ agfpg ;fdu|L ;xof]u_,

ejg, ;8s, ljh'nL, oftfoft, ;~rf/ cflbgf]6M FREELIFEHHO = Fund -/sd÷sf]if_, Representation -k|ltlglwTj_, Education -lzIff_, Employment -/f]huf/L_, Land -hdLg_, Inclusion -;dfj]zLtf_, Forest products -jg k}bfjf/_, Enterprise -pBd_, Health -:jf:Yo_, Humanitarian support -dfgjLo ;xof]u_ and Others -cGo_ .

@=^ ljkGg 3/w'/Lsf kfFr ;|f]tx¿sf] cj:yf tyf o;sf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] of]hgfsf] cg'df]bg M ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xdf ;femf ljifoj:t'x¿sf af/]df cfd;efn] cg'df]bg ug]{ k|rng 5 . o;sf nflu ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] ;a} pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbO{ cfde]nfsf] cfof]hgf ub{5 . hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf] of]hgf klg ;femf sfo{qmd ePsf] sf/0f cfd;efsf] cfof]hgf u/L tof/ ul/Psf] of]hgfnfO{ cfd;efaf6 cg'df]bg ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf nflu of]hgf lgdf{0f eO{ ;s]kl5 pQm of]hgfnfO{ cg'df]bg ug{sf nflu Ps cfd;efsf] cfof]hgf ug'{kb{5 .

15

cfd;efdf cg'df]bg ul/g'kg]{ ljifox¿ ;fdfGotofM ;DalGwt 3/w'/Lx¿sf] cfjZos tYofª\sx¿, ljZn]if0fkl5 k|fKt gfdfjnL, klxrfg ePsf ljkGGf 3/w'/Lsf] gfdfjnL, ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ ljkGg 3/w'/Lsf] gfdfjnL, kfFr ;DklQsf] ljZn]if0fsf] tYofª\s, 3'DtLsf]ifsf] cjlw lgwf{/0f, 3'DtLsf]if ;~rfng ljlw, kfl/t ePsf] aflif{s sfo{qmd / ah]6, ul7t sfo{bnsf] gfdfjnL kfl/t, ;d"xn] ljkGg 3/w'/LnfO{ lbOg] ;xof]usf] lsl;dsf] klg klxrfg u/L kfl/t ug]{ -cfly{s ;xof]u, jg If]q 5'§ofpg], jg k}bfj/ lgMz'Ns jf ;x'lnot, ljkGgx¿nfO{ ;ldltdf sf]6f lgwf{/0f, tflnd uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL u/fpg], 5fqj[lt, pBddf ;xof]u, :jf:Yodf ;xof]u, cGo ;ª\3;+:yf;Fu ;DfGjo_ sfdx¿sf ;fy} ;d"x :t/Lo of]hgf / 3/w'/L :t/Lo of]hgf kb{5g\ . cg'df]bg eO;s]sf] sfo{qmd / gfdfjnL ;d"xn] ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿df k7fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . pQm of]hgfsf s]xL ljifo cfd;efaf6 cg'df]bg x'g g;s]sf] v08df pQm ljifodf yk 5nkmn u/L cfd;efsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ pQm of]hgfdf kl/dfh{g ul/g' kb{5 .

t/ sltko cj:yfx¿df cfd;efsf] cfof]hgf gx'g ;Sb5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf sfo{ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ pQm sfo{qmnfO{ nfu" ug{ klg ;lsG5 t/ o;f] ug'{kg]{ eP ;Dk"0f{ ljlw, k|lqmof tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf af/]df sfo{;ldltn] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf ;"rgf lbg'kb{5 . h:t}M— 6f]n 6f]nsf ;"rgf kf6Lx¿df ;"rgf 6fF:g] ug'{ kb{5, h;n] ubf{ ;d'bfosf ;a}n] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsof];\ . o;} u/L pQm ;"rgfdf sfo{ ;ldltn] oL ;a} s'/fx¿ kl5 cg's"n x'g] ;dodf ;DkGg x''g] cfd;efdf k]z ug]{ ;t{ klg pNn]v ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 h;n] ubf{ pQm ;d"xsf] kf/blz{tf sfod x'G5 .

@=& sfo{qmdsf] ;Demf}tf

hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f / n]vg kZrft pQm of]hgf cg';f/sf] lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ul/G5 . pQm of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug'{ k"j{ ;DalGwt kIfx¿sf aLr cf}krfl/s ;Demf}tf x'g]5 . h;sf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿ aLr 5nkmn jf uf]i7Lsf] ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . ;Demf}tf ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt 3/w'/L;Fu sfof{Gjog ug{] lgsfon] Ps ;dembf/L kq tof/ ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 . h;df ljkGGf 3/w'/Lsf ;b:o, ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmfsf cWoIf jf k|ltlglw, jg sfof{no, ;xof]uL cGo lgsfox¿ kb{5g\ .

pQm ;Demf}tf sfo{qmdsf] cg'df]bg cfd;efaf6 eO;s]kl5 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . pQm ;Demf}tf ljleGg tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}M— cfd;efs} lbg, cfd;ef ;DkGg ePkl5 jf cfd;efkl5 s'g} klg lbgdf ljkGg 3/w'/Lsf] 3/ 3/df uP/, cyjf ;ldlt / ljkGgsf] 5''§} e]nfsf]

16

cfof]hgf u/]/ ug{ ;lsG5 . sfo{qmdsf] ;Demf}tf ubf{ ljkGg, pkef]Qmf / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] e"ldsf k|i6 ¿kdf pNn]v ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . sfo{qmd ;Demf}tfdf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, ;xof]uL lgsfo, jg sfof{no, ljkGg ;b:ox¿sf] pkl:yltdf ul/G5 .

of] ;Demf}tf cfjZostf cg';f/sf txx¿df ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} klxnf], ;Demf}tf kl/of]hgfn] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x;Fu ug]{ / kl5 ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] ;DalGwt ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿;Fu ug]{ . bf];|f], kl/of]hgfn] ;d"xsf] sfo{;ldltsf] /f]xj/df ljkGgx¿;Fu dfq klg ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/, ;Demf}tf ubf{ ;d"x / ;DalGwt ljkGg 3/w'/Lsf] cg's"ntfnfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 -;Demf}tfsf] gd'gf cg';"rL $ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5_ .

gf]6M x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] PsPs k|lt ;Demf}tf kq x/]s ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿ h:t}M jg ;d"x, ljkGg ;b:o, ;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yf, ;/sf/L lgsfo cflbdf klg k7fpg' h?/L x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿ hfgsf/ x'g ;s'g\ / pgLx¿n] ug]{ yk ;xof]usf] klg of]hgf agfpg ;s'g\ . sfo{qmd ;Demf}tfkl5 ah]6 lgsf;f k|lqmof ;Demf}tf cg';f/ x'g]5 ._

@=* sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsfo{qmdsf] ;Demf}tf kZrft sfo{qmdsf] ck]lIft nIo xffl;n ug{sf nflu pQm of]hgfsf] ;xL ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfd dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfpF5 . To;sf] nflu lgDg lnlvt a'Fbfx¿nfO{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ x'G5 .

;Demf}tfkl5 ;fdfg jf j:t' vl/b / ljt/0f M sfo{qmd ;Demf}tfdf eP cg';f/ ah]6 ylgsf;f kl5 ljkGg ;b:ox¿n] cfˆgf] of]hgf cg';f/sf] j:t' tyf ;fdfg vl/b, ahf/sf] 6'ª\uf] ug]{ / :yfgLo ;|f]t h'6fpg] . tflnd ;~rfngsf] nflu ;dGjo M hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmdkl5 leGgleGg ljkGgx¿nfO{ ycnucnu tflnd rflxg] x'g;S5 To;sf] nflu tflndsf] Joj:yf ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .;DalGwt lgsfox¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{ M pQm of]hgfnfO{ ;kmn ¿kdf sfo{Gjog ug{sf nflu ycfjZostf cg';f/sf] ;]jf k|bfg ug{' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu ;DalGwt ;xof]u ug]{ jf ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox¿, ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x / ljkGgsf] e"ldsfx¿nfO{ dWogh/ /fv]/ sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ x'G5 -;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] e"ldsf cg';"rL % df lbOPsf] 5_ .

@=( lg/Gt/ cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgsfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu ;do ;dodf ljleGg lsl;dn] ul/g] lqmofsnfknfO{ cg'udg elgG5 . of]hgf cg';f/sf] pknlAw eP gePsf] hfgsf/L tyf cfjZos ;'wf/ jf kxnsf nflu ;do ;dodf pQm sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu of]hgfdf g} Ps cg'udg 6f]nLsf] lgdf{0f ul/g'kb{5, h'g s'/f pQm sfo{qmdsf] of]hgfdf g} :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v ePsf] x'G5 .

hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] ;kmntfsf nflu klg ljkGg 3/w'/Lx¿n] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug{ ;'? u/]kl5 ;do ;dodf sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h:t}M— ;d"xsf cg'udg

17

6f]nLaf6 ljkGg 3/w'/Lsf] aLp k"FhLaf6 vl/b ug'{kg]{ ;fdfg 7Ls 5 of 5}g, 5}g eg] s;/L pko'Qm ;fdfg vl/b ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf af/]df lgoldt hfgsf/L / ;'emfa lbg ;lsG5 . cg'udg ubf{ ;+nUg ljkGg JolQm tyf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] ;~rfng u/]sf] sfo{qmdsf] ljifodf dx;'; u/]sf ;sf/fTds / sdhf]/ -;'wf/ ug'{kg]{_ kIfx¿ ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . cg'udg sfo{ k|lqmofd'vL Pjd\ ;xof]u kfPsf 3/w'/LnfO{ k|f]T;fxg x'g] tj/af6 x'g' h?/L 5 . cg'udg sfo{nfO{ ljleGg lgsfox¿n] ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

;xof]u kfPsf ljkGg 3/w'/L :jod\n] :jMcg'udg ug]{ . y;xof]u kfPsf ljkGg ;b:ox¿sf] ;d"xaf6 cg'udg ug{ ;Sg] . y;fjp;sf sfo{;ldlt jf cg'udg ;ldltn] ug]{ . y;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿af6 . y

sfo{;ldltsf] a}7sdf cGo ljifoj:t' h:t} ljkGgd'vL sfo{qmdsf] ;dLIff ug{nfO{ ;d"xnfO{ k|]l/t ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h;df ljkGg 3/w'/Lsf ;b:ox¿n] df}lvs jf lnlvt k|ltj]bg a'emfpg], ;d:ofsf] af/]df sfo{ ;ldltdf u'gf;f] /fVg] jftfj/0f agfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lhnf] kb{5 .

s'g} klg sfo{qmd jf ultljlw ;~rfng eO/x]sf] a]nfdf jf ;DkGg ul/;s] kZrft ul/g] u'0f:t/ ljZn]if0f tyf dfkgnfO{ g} d"Nofªs\g elgG5 . ljkGgd'vL hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmd ;~rfng kZrft klg sfo{qmdsf] aLrdf / cGTodf d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 . d"Nofª\sg ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 -cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg kmf/fdsf] gd'gf cg';"rL ^ df lbOPsf] 5_ .

@=!) ;DalGwt lgsfox¿nfO{ sfo{qmdsf af/]df lgoldt hfgsf/Lo; k'l:tsfsf] dflysf ljleGg v08x¿df g} pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ ;fd'bflos jgsf ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yf, lgsfo tyf ;d"xx¿ 5g\ . tL ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ pQm sfo{qmdsf] ;'?jftb]lv sfo{qmd ;lsP kl5sf] lqmofsnfk tyf cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L lbg' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . o;sf/0f, hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf] sfo{qmdsf nflu ;DalGwt ;fjp;sf] 5gf}6b]lv lnP/ pQm sfo{qmd ;DkGg eP kl5sf] cj:yf, sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] ljlw tyf tl/sfx¿sf af/]sf ;do ;dodf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿nfO{, vf; u/L lhNnf jg sfof{no, ;DalGwt Onfsf jg sfof{no, lhNnf ;fjp; dxf;ª\3 cflb, nfO{ lnlvt jf cf}krfl/s ¿kdf hfgsf/L lbg' kb{5 .

18

19

cg';"rL

20

21

cg';"rL !M of]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug]{ cf}hf/x¿

kmf/fd !=!M 3/w'/L :t/Lo tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug]{ gd'gf kmf/d

!=!=! dfgjLo ;|f]t;Fu ;DalGwt

s_ kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f

3/w'/L g++= ========== ;d"xdf kb ======= kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof ==== d= === k'= ====

qm=;+= ;b:ox¿sf] gfd gftf lnË pd]/ z}lIfs :t/ k];f ;Lk s}lkmot

!=

@=

#=

$=

%=

v_ dfgjLo ;|f]t ljsf;sf] cj:yf -ls;fgsf] nflu rflxg] tflndx¿_

l;=g+= kfPsf tflndsf] gfd

dlxnf k'?if tflnd lbg] ;+:yf÷lgsfo

yk cfjZostflnd s] 5 <

xfnsf cj:yf -sltn] s]

ul//xsf] 5g\_

s}lkmot

!=

@=

#=

$=

%=

!=!=@ ;fdflhs ;|f]t;Fu ;DjlGwts_ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;ª\3–;+:yfx¿sf ljj/0fM -;d"xut tYofª\s ;ª\sng kmf/fdaf6 lng]_

qm= ;+= ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf]

gfd

xfn k|fKt eO/x]sf;]jfx¿

k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ;]jfsf If]qx¿-;Defjgfx¿_

s;sf] ;dGjodf <

s}lkmot

!=

@=

#=

$=

%=

22

v_ kl/jf/sf ;b:o cfj4 ePsf] ;ª\3, ;+:yf, ;d"xjf ;+~hfnsf] gfd tyf kb

qm=;+=;ª\3, ;+:yf, ;d"x jf

;+~hfnsf] gfdcfj4 JolQmsf]

gfdkb dlxnf k'?if s}lkmot

!

@

# u_ kfl/jfl/s lg0f{odf ePsf] e"ldsfsf] cj:yf

qm=;+= ljj/0f dlxnf k'?if b'j}

! ;fdflhs lqmofsnfk

@ cfly{s lqmofsnfk

# cGo=====================================

!=!=# cfly{s ;|f]t;Fu ;DalGwts_ hUuf tyf v]taf/Lsf] ljj/0f

hUufsf] lsl;d kl/df0fs] s] v]tL ul/G5 <

s] ug{ ;lsG5 <:jfldTj

s}lkmotdlxnf k'?if

v]t

kfvf]af/L

v/af/L

v_ kz'kfng -j:t'efp_ ;DalGw ljj/0f

j:t'efpsf] k|sf/ ;+ª\Vof :yfgLo pGgt:jfldTj

s}lkmotdlxnf k'?if

ufO{÷afR5L

e}F;L÷kf8L

uf]?÷;fF9] ÷afR5f

/fFuf]÷kf8f

afv|f÷af]sf÷ kf7fkf7L

aª\u'/÷ ;'Fu'/ kf7fkf7L

xfF;, s'v'/f

cGo uf]7÷vf]/

23

u_ Joj;fox¿sf] k|fyldsLs/0f

l;=g+=ljz]iftfx¿

-5gf]6sf cfwf/x¿_

;DefJo Joj;fox¿ -% ;aeGbf sd k|fyldstfdf kg]{_

:jfldTjs}lkmot

dlxnf k'?if!= @= #= $= %=

!=

@=

#=

$=

%=

^=

&=

*=

s"n :sf]/

k|fyldsLs/0f -k|fKt :sf]/sf cfwf/df

/}+lsª_

3_ aflif{s cfDbfgL -a]r]sf] dfq_ / vr{

aflif{s cfDbfgL ljj/0f aflif{s vr{ ljj/0f

zLif{s cfDbfgL ¿= zLif{s vr{ ¿= s}lkmot

!= cGgafnL -wfg, ux'F ds}, sf]bf], cflb_

!= vfBfGg nufot cGo vfg]s'/f

@= t/sf/L / cGo gub] jfnL-a];f/, cb'jf_

@= lzIff

#= cGo jg k}bfjf/ ljqmL -h8La'6L, 3fF;, cd[;f] cflb_

#= cf}ifwL pkrf/

$= kz'kfng $= slif, kz'kfng vr{-lap, dn, l;FrfO{, /f]u, bfgf_

%= Hofnf dhb'/L, gf]s/L, k]G;g %= n'uf, sk8f

^= Jofkf/, ef8f ^= sf7, bfp/f

&= Jf}b]lzs /f]huf/L &= lah'nL, df]afOn, 6]lnkmf]g, kfgL

*= cGo *= uf]7÷vf]/÷3/÷ lgdf0f{ dd{t

hDdf hDdf

24

ª_ art tyf C0f kl/rfng sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf

art hDdf u/]sf ;+:yf

xfn ;Ddsf] s"n jrt

/sd

k|fKt aflif{s Jofhb/

jrtsf p2]Zojrt s;sf nflu jf s;n] u/]sf]

dlxnf k'?if

C0f lnPsf] ;+:yf

C0f /sdltg'{ kg]{ aflif{s

Jofhb/C0fsf] k|of]hg÷ C0fsf p2]Zo

C0f s;sf nflu jf s;n] u/]sf]

dlxnf k'?if

!=!=$ k|fs[lts ;|f]t;Fu ;DalGwts_ lghL hUufdf ePsf af]6lj?jfx¿sf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= ljj/0f d'Vo k|hfltx¿ OsfO kl/df0f cGo s] s] x'g ;S5g\< s}lkmot

!= sf7, bfp/f

@= 8fn]3fF;

#= 3fF;, e'OF3Ff;

$= kmnk"mn

%= cGo

^= u}/sfi7

^=!

^=@

^=#

25

v_ jg k}bfj/sf] aflif{s dfu / cfk"lt{sf] l:ylt

qm=;+= Jfg k}bfjf/ OsfO{dfu

kl/df0f

cfk"lt{ kl/df0f -jgsf k|sf/x?_s}lkmot

;f= s= lghL ;/sf/L cGo s"n cfk"'lt{

!= bfp/f Eff/L

@= 8fn] 3Ff; Eff/L

#= 3fF; Eff/L

$= ;f]Q/ Eff/L

%= sf7 So'=lkm6⁄aNnf

^= cGo

!=!=% ef}lts ;|f]t;Fu ;DjlGwt

s_ cfwf/e"tk"jf{wf/ tyfef}lts ;DklQsf] cj:yf

qm=;+= k'jf{wf/ tyfef}lts ;DklQ

ePsf]] gePsf] k|sf/-sRrL jf kSsL, yfO{ jf c:yfO{_

cj:yf-/fd|f], 7Ls}, hf]lvdk"0f{_

s}lkmot

lghL

! 3/

@ uf]7

# zf}rfno

$ vfg]kfgL

% lah'nL

^ uf]j/Uof+;

& ;fOsn

* ;8s

( l;FrfO

!) ;f}o{ phf{

!! ljBfno

!@ :jf:Yorf}sL

!# xf6 jhf/

cGo ==============

26

kmf/d

!=@

M tY

ofª\s ljZ

n]if0f -sDk

fOn_ kmf/ds

f] gd

'gf

!=@=!

kl/j

f/ ;

ª\Vof

, z}lIfs

tyf

hUu

f hdLg

sf] :j

fldTj

sf] cj:

yf

qm=

;+=

3/d

'nLs

f] gf

d, y/

7]ufg

f

;b:

o ;ª\V

ofhDd

fz}lIfs

cj:

yf -lz

Iffs

f] tx_

hUu

f hld

gsf]

:jfld

Tj

-/f]kgL

_

jg k

}bfj/

cfl>

t c

j:yf

d=

k'=d=

k'=^ ;Dd

^ b]lv

!)!)

dfly

lg/I

f/v]t

jf/L

kfvf

sf7

bfp/f

:ofp

nf÷

;f]Q

/8fn

] 3f;

u}x|

sfi7

h8L

j'6L

cGo

! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !%

hDd

f

26

27

!=@=@

aflif{s

cfDbfgL

sf ;|f]t

x¿

qm=

;+=

3/d

'nLs

f] gf

d, y/

kz'wg

ljZ

n]if0

f c

fDbfgL

sf ;|f]t

x¿sf] -k|fy

ldstf cfw

f/_

pkn

Aw e

Psf] ;Lk

e]8f÷

af

v|f

ufO{÷

uf]?

e};L

aFu'/

s'v'/f

cGo

v]tL

Hofn

f÷

dhb'/

Lkz

'kfng

gf]s/L

Jofkf/

cGo

8sdL{

l;sdL{

l;nfO{÷

s6fO

cGo

! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !% 27

28

!=@=# ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] ul/aL ljZn]if0f

qm=;+= 3/d'nLsf] gfd, y/cfly{s cj:yf gfh's aGg'sf sf/0fx¿

klxnf] sf/0f bf];|f] sf/0f t];|f] sf/0f rf}}yf] sf/0f

!

@

#

$

%

^

&

*

(

!)

!!

!@

!#

!$

!%

29

cg';

"rL @M

3/w

'/L :

t/sf] hLlj

sf]kfh

{g ;'w

f/ o

f]hgfsf] k~

rai

fL{o g

d'gf kmf/fd

tfln

sf @=!M

hLlj

sf]kfh

{g ;'w

f/ o

f]hgf

-pke

f]Qmf

;b:

ox¿;Fu

5nkmn u

/L 3

/w'/L :t/

sf] of

]hgf

lgD

g cg';

f/sf] 9fFrfd

f lgdf{0f ug

{ ;ls

G5_

3/d

'nLs

f] gf

dM

======

======

====

;d"xs

f] gf

dM ===

======

of]h

gf c

jlwM===

======

=====

cf=j

= ===

======

======

=b]lv

====

======

==== ;Dd

.

qm=;

+=lqmo

fsnfkx¿

% j

if{sf nIo

aflif{s k

l/df0f -n

Io /

ah]6_

:yfg

-sxFf u

g]{<_

s;sf]

;dGj

odf

s;sf]

;xo

f]us}lkmo

tOs

fOkl/d

f0f

ah]6

¿=

jif{ !

jif{ @

jif{ #

jif{ $

jif{ %

nIo

ah]6

nIo

ah]6

nIo

ah]6

nIo

ah]6

nIo

ah]6

!=k|fs[lt

s ;

|f]t

!=!

!=@

@ef}lt

s ;

|f]t

@=!

@=@

#=

cfly

{s ;

|f]t-c

fo c

fh{gs

f sfo

qmdx¿

_

#=!

#=@

$=

dfg

jLo

;|f]t

$=!

$=@

%=;fd

flhs

;|f]t

%=!

%=@

29

30

tflnsf @=@M 3/w'/L :t/Lo ljkGgd'vL hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{of]hgf

sfo{qmdsf] gfd M==============================================================ljkGg JolQmsf] gfd÷7]ufgf M=======================================================================;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] gfd÷7]ufgf M==================================================of]hgf tof/ u/]sf] ldlt M===================================

!= hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] nIoMs_ ====================v_ ==================u_ ===============

@= hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] p2]ZoMs_ ==========v_ ===========u_ ==================

#= lhljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgftof/ ul/Psf] 3/ kl/jf/sf] jt{dfgcj:yfMs_ dfgjLo cj:yf

qm=;= 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?df ePsf] l;k tyf Ifdtfx?pQm l;ksf];Fu 5

s}lkmotdlxnf k'?if

!

@

#

$

v_ ;fdflhs cj:yf

qm=;=cfj4 ePsf] ;ª\3, ;+:yf, ;d"xjf

;+~hfnJolQmsf] gfd

cfj4 ePsf] JolQms}lkmot

dlxnf k'?if

!

@

#

qm=;=kfl/jfl/s lg0f{odfePsf] e"ldsfsf]

cj:yfJolQmsf] gfd

cfj4 ePsf] JolQms}lkmot

dlxnf k'?if

!

@

#

31

u_ cfly{s cj:yf

cfDbfgLsf] ljj/0f vr{sf] ljj/0fs}lkmot

qm=;=cfDbfgL x'g]

;|f]tx?Ps aif{sf] hDdf cfDbfgL -?=_

qm=;=vr{ ul/g] lzif{sx?

Ps aif{df ul/g] hDdf vr{

! !

@ @

# #

$ $

% %

hDdf

3_ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cj:yf

qm=;= Jfg k}bfjf/ OsfO{dfu

kl/df0f

cfk"lt{ kl/df0f

s}lkmot;f=j= s=j= lghL ;/sf/L cGo

s"n cfk"'lt{

!= bfp/f Eff/L

@= 8fn] 3Ff; Eff/L

#= 3fF; Eff/L

$= ;f]Q/ Eff/L

%= sf7 So'=lkm6÷aNnf

^= cGo

ª_ ef}lts cj:yf

s|=;= 3/df ePsf d'Vo ;fdfgx? ;+Vof s;n] j9L k|of]u ub{5 s}lkmot

dlxnf k'?if

!

@

#

$

;fj{hlgs ;'ljwfx?

%

^

&

*

32

$= cfo cfh{g ;DaGwL of]hgf

qm=;+= lqmofsnfk OsfO slxn] s;n]

cfly{s nufgL -¿_

s}lkmotJolQm ;d"x

cGo =====

hDdf

!

@

#

$

%= ;/;kmfO{ tyf :jf:Yo ;'wf/ of]hgf

^= lzIffsf] of]hgf

&= hUuf hdLg tyf af;:yfg ;'wf/ of]hgf -olb hUufsf] of]hgf agfpg] xf] eg] To;sf] nflu

klg ;Demf}tf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 ._

*= cGo of]hgf

sfo{of]hgf tof/Ldf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ JolQm M;+:yf M

33

tfln

sf @=#M

;d"x

:t/

Lo h

Lljsf]kfh

{g ;'w

f/ o

f]hgfsf] gd

'gf

;fd

'lxs t

yf ;

fj{hlgs ljs

f;;Fu

;Da

lGwt

of]hgf

x¿ -lz

Iff,

:jf:Yo

, vfg

]kfgL

, ;8s

, kf]v

/L, l

;FrfO, c

flb;Fu

;Da

lGwt_

.

;d"x

:t/s

f tY

ofª\s

;ª\s

ng

kmf/fd

sf] cfw

f/df ljZn

]if0f -k—kl/d

f0f,

a—ah

]6_

qm= ;++

JolQ

msf]

gfd

lqmo

fsnfkx¿

% j

if{sf nIo

jflif{s k

l/df0f -n

Io /

ah]6_

:yfg

-sxfF u

g]{<_

ck]lIft ;

xof]u

Llgsfo

;dGj

o ug]{

lgsfo

s}lkmo

tOs

fOkl/d

f0f

ah]6

¿=

jif{ !

jif{ @

jif{ #

jif{ $

jif{ %

ka

ka

ka

ka

ka

! @ # $ % -gf]6M ;d"x

:t/s

f tYo

fª\s ljZ

n]if0

f ul/;s]kl5 ;

d"xs

f ;b:

ox¿;Fu 5

nkmn u

/L o

f] kmf/d e

g'{ kb

{5_

33

34

cg';"rL #M hLljsf]kfh{g cled'vLs/0f / of]hgf lgdf{0f uf]i7L] ;q of]hgfkl/rofTds ;qM ;a} ;xefuLn] kl/ro ug]{

p2]Zo

ljkGgd'vL hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmd ;DaGwL hfgsf/L x'g] •3/w'/L :t/sf] hLljsf]kfh{g of]hgf lgdf{0f x'g] •;fd'bflos jgdf ljkGgnfO{ ;xo]fu ug]{ ;+oGq lgdf{0f x'g]•;xof]u sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] of]hgf lgdf{0f x'g]•

z;q of]hgf

l;=g+= ljifoj:t'x¿ ;fdu|L / ;|f]tx¿ ljlw ;xhstf{

klxnf] lbg

! 3/w'/L :t/Lo hLljsf]kfh{g kmf/d eg]{{

kmf/d ljkGGgsf] 3/df uP/ eg]{ ÷ sfo{qmddf g} kmf/d eg]{

bf];|f] lbg

@= ;fd'bflos jgdf ljkGgsf] kx'Fr-;dLIff_

;DalGwt ;d"xjg k}bfjf/sf] ;b'kof]usf]if kl/rfngg]t[Tj, tflnd, uf]i7L / cGo sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf

;d"x sfo{ / k|:t'lt

#= ;fd'bflos jgn] ljkGgnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf pNn]vgLo pbfx/0fx¿

lhNnfdf ljkGg klxrfgsf] cj:yfsf] hfgsf/LljleGg ;fjp;÷uflj;x¿n] ;xof]u u/]sf] pbfx/0f:jf:Yo / lzIffsf] nflu cIfosf]if Joj:Yff

pbfx/0fx¿ lbFb} 5nkmn ug]{

$= ;fd'bflos jgdf ljkGgsf] lx:;f

clwsf/, jg P]g / lgodfjnL, jg sfo{of]hgf, dfu{lgb]{lzsfdf ljkGg ;DaGwL Joj:yf s:tf] 5 <

5nkmn

%= ljkGgx¿n] ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf / cj;/sf] vf]hL

tnsf] gf]6df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 5nkmn / ;d"x sfo{

35

^= 3/w'/L :t/sf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgf -kmsf{pg] ;Ddsf] of]hgf eg]{_ .

3/w'/L of]hgf kmf/d, of]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f, cg'dflgt cfDbfgLsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{

k|To]s ljkGgnfO{ ;f]w]/ ug]{

t];|f] lbg

&= ;d"xdf hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ ;DaGwL ;+oGq lgdf{0f

ljkGgd'vL 3'DtLsf]if cg'bfg;d"xsf] of]ubfgcfufdL lbgdf kmfObf kfpg] ljkGgs]f 5gf]6cg'udg k|lqmof -sfo{qmd ;+of]hssf] Joj:yf_k|ltj]bgljkGg, ;d"x, lh=j=sf / kl/of]hgfsf] e"ldsf

*= sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f vl/b k|lqmofljt/0f k|lqmofsfof{Gjog :yfgahf/

(= 3/df e/]sf] hLljsf]kfh{g kmf/dsf] of]hgfsf] kf6f] eg]{

e/]sf] kmf/dsf] of]hgf eg]{

!)= ;Demf}tf ug]{ ;Demf}tf kq k9]/ ;'gfpg] / x:tfIf/ ug]{

36

cg';"rL $M ljkGgd'vL hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmd ;Demf}tf kqsf] gd'gf

kmf/fd $=!M ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x / ;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yf aLrsf] ;Demf}tf gd'gf

;Demf}tf g+=M ==============================

ljkGg 3/w'/L s]lGb|t hLljsf]kfh{g ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;Demf}tf–kq

====================================== / =====================================;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x aLrsf] ;Demf}tf_

s_ klxnf] kIfM ============================================================== -;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf_

v_ bf];|f] kIfM sfo{qmd +;~rfng ug]{ ;d"x

;d"xsf] gfd 7]ufgf M========================================

sfo{qmdsf] lsl;d M=====================================

klxnf] :t/sf] ljkGg 3/w'/L ;ª\Vof M ===========================================

;fjp;x¿af6 ljkGgx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ;'wf/sf nflu ljz]if k|fjwfg /fvL ;'? ul/Psf ljkGgd'vL sfo{s|dx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ x]t'n] o; ===============================================================-;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf_ n] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿nfO{ ljutsf jif{x¿b]lv g} ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;} qmddf ljkGgx¿sf] hLjg lgjf{xdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf ljkGgx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] rfxgf / Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ k|lqmofsf] ;+:yf / ;fjp;sf] ;+o'Qm tTjfjwfgdf yfngL ePsf] 5 . h;n] nfesf] clwsf+z lx:;f ljkGgsf] kl/jf/df g} / s]xL lx:;f ;d"xsf] sf]ifdf hfg] s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ u/L 3/w'/Ldf cfwfl/t 3/w'/Lsf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] xf] . of] sfo{qmd ;d"xn] 5fg]sf klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] :t/sf ljkGg 3/w'/Lsf] ;xof]usf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xdf k4lt :yflkt ug{ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . k|fyldstf qmdfg';f/ ;d"xn] klxnf] :t/nfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf / qmdzM bf];|f] tyf t];|f] :t/sf ljkGg pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ub}{ n}hfg] 5 . klxnf] ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ 3/w'/Ln] ;xof]u kfPsf] ==============dlxgf÷jif{ leq ;xof]usf] &% k|ltzt a/fa/ ;xof]u tf]lsPsf] 3/w'/LnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/L cfo :t/df a[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg d~h'/ eO{ of] ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf 5f}+ .

sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xdf ljkGg ;xfotf sf]if :yfkgf x'g] .

ljkGg pkef]Qmfx¿n] ljleGg lsl;dsf cfo cfh{gsf lqm|ofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ .

37

ljkGg pkef]Qmfsf] :jf:Yo l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] .ljkGgx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf] nflu ljleGg lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo x'g] .ljkGgx¿sf] art a[[l4 sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g] .ljkGgx¿ ;xsf/Ldf cfj4 eO{ pBd :yfkgf ug{ ;Ifd x'g] .ljkGgx¿nfO{ kfFr ;DklQsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmddf kx'Fr u/fP/ hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

cfzftLt glthfx¿ -s'g} lglZrt ;do leq_

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xdf ljkGg ;xfotf sf]if / art j[l4 sf]if :yfkgf x'g] .;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] sf]if ljkGgx¿sf] Joj;fo ;~rfngdf nufgL x'g] .sfo{qmdaf6 ljkGgx¿sf] cfo cfh{gdf a[[l4 eO{ hLjg lgjf{x ;xh x'g] .ljkGg pkef]Qmfx¿sf] hLjg lgjf{x ug{sf] nflu hf]lvd 36\g] .ljkGg pkef]Qmfx¿sf] aRrfx¿ ;fIf/ x'g] .ljkGg pkef]Qmfx¿sf] :jf:Yo l:yltdf ;'wf/ eO{ hLjg lgjf{x ug{ ;xh x'g] .ljkGgx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ x'g] .

sfo{qmdsf] ljj/0f

3/w'/Ldf cfwfl/t =========================================================== sfo{qmd .cfjZos tflndx¿ .Ifdtf clea[[l4 sfo{qmdx¿ .

========================= tflnd .;fd'bflos jg ;'zf;g tyf clwsf/ ;DalGw cGt/lqmof uf]i7L .

;Demf}tfsf ;t{x¿M

!= of] sfo{qmd ;DalGwt ;d"x, ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf jf lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/Lsf] k|ToIf lgu/fgLdf ;~rfng x'g]5 .

@= klxnf] ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ 3/w'/Ln] ;xof]u kfPsf] ============== dlxgf÷jif{ leq ;xof]usf] &%Ü a/fa/ ;xof]u tf]lsPsf] 3/w'/LnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/L cfo :t/df a[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' kg]{5 .

#= sfo{qmdsf] ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfn] pknJw u/fP a/fa/ /sdsf] @%Ü /sd o; sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu ;d"xn] pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .

$= o; sfo{qmdsf] lgoldt cg'udgsf] nflu cg'udgstf{ tf]Sg' kg]{5 . %= ;d"xnfO{ Joj:yfkg vr{ afkt k|fKt /sd cg'udgstf{nfO{ kfl/>lds :j¿k k|bfg

ug{ ;lsg] 5 . ^= ;xof]u ;'/If0f ladfsf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xaf6 /sd hDdf u/L ladf

sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ul/g] 5 .

38

&= ;d"xn] ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ 3/w'/L;Fu ;Def}tf ug'{ kg]{5 . ;f] ;Demf}tf ubf{ agfPsf lgodx¿ ;DalGwt 3/w'/Ln] kfngf ug'{ kg]{5 .

*= olb k|fKt ;xof]u hf]lvddf k/]df jf b'3{6gf eP]df ;d"x / ;DalGwt 3/w'/L aLr 36gf d'r'Nsf tof/ u/L ;xof]u ;'/If0f ladf sf]ifaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5 .

(= k|:t't ;Demf}tf nfu" x'g g;Sg] jf k|efjsf/L gePsf] kl/l:yltdf ;fem]bf/x¿sf] cfk;L ;dembf/L / 5nkmnaf6 ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ hfgsf/L lbP/ s'g} klg avt ;+zf]wg jf /2 x'g ;Sg]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt ;fjp;n] JolQmn] lnPsf] /sd lkmtf{ lnO{ kl/of]hgf jf ;DalGwt ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf / ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwsf] ;xdltdf ;f]xL ;d"xsf] csf]{ k|fyldstfsf] qmddf k/]sf] ljkGgnfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .

!)= ;d"xn] cfkmgf] sf]ifjf6 ljkGg 3/w'/Lsf] ;xof]usf] nflu vr{ ug]{ ePdf o;} sf]ifdfkm{t ul/g] 5 .

klxnf] r/0fsf] ;xof]usf] ljj/0f

l;=g+= ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] gfd

;xof]usf] lsl;d

3/w'/L g+= :t/Ls/0f g+= kl/df0f ;xof]u /sd

!

@

#

$

%

bf];|f] r/0fsf] ;xof]usf] ljj/0f

l;=g+= ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] gfd

;xof]usf] lsl;d

3/w'/L g+= :t/Ls/0f g+= kl/df0f ;xof]u /sd

!

@

#

$

%

39

t]];|f] r/0fsf] ;xof]usf] ljj/0f

l;=g= ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] gfd

;xof]usf] lsl;d 3/w'/L g+= :t/Ls/0f g+= kl/df0f ;xof]u /sd

!

@

#

$

%

;Demf}tf cf/De / cGToo; ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog cjlw klxnf] r/0fsf] ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿n] bf];|f] r/0fsf] 3/w'/LnfO{ ;xof]u x:tfGt/0f u/] kZrft cGTo x'g]5 . t/ ;d"xn] eg] sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ /xg' kg]{5 .

sfo{qmd cf/De ldlt M =================================== sfo{qmd ;dfkg ldlt M =======================================

ah]6kl/of]hgf÷;+:yfsf] tkm{af6

;d"xsf] tkm{af6 ¿=

cGo lgsfo ¿=

s"n hDdf ¿=

3/w'/L ;xof]u ¿=

;d"xsf] nflu Joj:yfkg vr{

-!%Ü_ ¿=

ladf ;'/If0f sf]if ;xof]u ¿=

ah]6 lgsf;f k|lqmof

ah]6 lgsf;f k|lqmof sfo{qmdsf] k|s[lt x]/L km/s km/s x'g ;Sg]5 . o; sfo{qmdsf] ah]6 lgsf;f ;DalGwt nfeflGjt JolQm tyf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x;Fusf] 5nkmnaf6 to x'g]5 . klxnf] ls:tfsf] /sd ;b'kof]u eP/ b]lvPsf] k|ultsf] cfwf/df bf];|f] ls:tf lgsf;f ul/g] 5 .

kl/of]hgf÷;+:yfn] ;xof]u ug]{ hDdf ¿= klxnf] ls:tfsf] ¿= bf];|f] ls:tfsf] ¿=

40

cg'udg÷d"Nofª\sg

ljkGgx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] ug{' kg]{5 . ;d"xsf] cg'udg sfo{nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ :yfgLo ;|f]t JolQm jf ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfsf ;xhstf{n] jf cfjZos k/]df ;xof]u ug]{ ;+:yfn] ;d]t cg'udg ug]{ 5g\ . cg'udg ubf{ ;+nUg ljkGg JolQm tyf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] sfo{qmdsf] ljifodf dx;'; u/]sf ;sf/fTds / sdhf]/ kIfx¿ -;'wf/ ug'{kg]{_ ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ug{' kg]{5 . ;Demf}tf cjlw ;lsPkl5 cGTodf ;a} ;+nUg ;fem]bf/x¿sf] ;xeflutfdf cg'udgsf] af/]df 5nkmn eO{ sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf af/]df ;dLIff ul/g] 5 .

k|ltj]bg

nfeflGjt JolQm, ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x tyf ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf eP ;f] n] klg cfjlws ¿kdf sfo{qmdsf] k|ult ljj/0f df}lvs tyf lnlvt ¿kdf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfodf k]; ug'{ kg]{5 . k|ltj]bgdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ;'?b]lv g} eP u/]sf pknlAw tyf ;d:ofx¿sf] af/]df pNn]v ug{' kg]{5 . sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{sf] qmddf ePsf tfTsflng /fd|f tyf g/fd|f b'a}vfn] d'Vo 36gfx¿ h:t} M— ===================================================== ==================== cflb x'gf;fy lnlvt jf df}lvs ¿kdf nfeflGjt JolQmn] ;d"xdf / ;d"xn] ;DalGwt ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf jf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfodf hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{5 . ;fwf/0ftof ;d"xn] #÷# dlxgfdf lnlvt k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .

–––––––––––––––––;d"xsf] tkm{af6Gffd M

kb M

ldltM

–––––––––––––––––;xof]uL ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf

–––––––––––––––––

kb M

ldltM

41

kmf/d $=@M ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x / ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ ljkGg aLr ul/g] ;Demf}tf gd'gf-gf]6 M ;xhstf{n] cfˆgf] cg's"n cg';f/sf] ;Demf}tf kqnfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5 ._

-s_ ljkGg 3/w'/L s]lGb|t hLljsf]kfh{g ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;Demf}tf—kq

-;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x / ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ ljkGg aLr ul/g] ;Demf}tf _

s_ klxnf] kIf M ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x

;d"xsf] gfd 7]ufgf M========================================v_ bf];|f] kIf M ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ ljkGg 3/w'/L M ================== 3/

3/w'/L hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf nflu ul/g] sfo{qmdn] cfkm"df cfpg] kl/jt{g / kmfObfsf] af/]df cfkm+}n] cg'dfg u/L cfˆgf] sfo{of]hgf cfkm+} lgdf{0f u/L cfkm"nfO{ a9L kmfObf x'g] vfnsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu xfdL ljkGg 3/w'/L / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x aLr b]xfosf lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ d~h'/ eO{ of] ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ub{5f}+ . o; sfo{qmddf cGo ;xof]uL lgsfox¿sf] ;d]t k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ;xof]usf] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 .

ljkGgx¿sf] ljj/0f

l;=g+= ljkGgsf] gfd ;xof]usf] lsl;d kl/df0f /sd b:tvt s}lkmot

hDdf ¿=

=============================== ================================== =============================

ljkGgsf] gfd ;d"xsf] tkm{af6 ;xof]uL ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf

;d"xsf] gfd gfd gfd

kb kb kb

ldlt ldlt ldlt

42

v_ ljkGgd'vL hLljsf]kfh{g ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] ;Demf}tf kqsf] gd'gf;Demf}tf kq

===========================================,g]kfn -o;kl5 =====elgPsf]_ ======================================= ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -o;kl5 ;d"x elgPsf]_ / pQm ;d"xdf 5gf]6 ePsf ljkGg 3/d'nL -o;kl5 3/d'nL elgPsf]_ aLr ljkGgd'vL hLljsf]kfh{g ;xof]u sfo{qmd -o;kl5 sfo{qmd elgPsf]_ sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu tLgj6} kIf tkl;nsf a'Fbfx¿df ;xdt eO{ of] ;Demf}tf kqdf x:tfIf/ u/L u/fO{ PsPsk|lt lnof}+ lbof}+ .

tkl;n

!= 3/d'"nLn] agfPsf] hLljsf]kfh{g of]hgf cg';f/ sfo{qmddfkm{t tf]lsPsf] /sd xfnsf] nflu klxnf] k|fyldstfdf k/]sf] ==============================of]hgfdf dfq nufgL ug'{ kg]{5 .

@= of]hgf cg';f/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug'{cl3 ug'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ tof/L 3/d"nL cfkm}+n] ug'{kg]{ 5 .

#= sfo{qmddfkm{t 3/d'nLnfO{ k|fKt x'g] /sd ¿= ==============-cIf/]kL ======================== ================================================= / ;d"xsf k|ltlglwsf] pkl:yltdf ====================================== nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

$= sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] =============== dlxgf÷jif{kl5 of]hgf cg';f/ x:tfGtl/t ;fFjf /sd 3/d'nLn] ;d"xnfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{5 . 3/d'nLn] /sd lkmtf{ ubf{ Jofh eg] a'emfpg' kg]{ 5}g .

%= e}kl/ x'g hfg] gf]S;fgLsf] xsdf cg'udg 6f]nLn] l;kmfl/; u/] adf]lhd jf:tljs gf]S;fgLsf] dfqf / sf/0f x]/L pQm =================

^= 3/d'nLn] hLljsf]kfh{g of]hgf cg';f/ sfd gu/L /sd cGoq k|of]u ePsf] kfOPdf cg'udg 6f]nLsf] l;kmfl/;df ;f] /sd c;'n u/L ;f]xL ;d"xdf 5gf}6 ePsf] csf]{ ljkGgnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/g] 5 .

&= ;d"xn] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] ldltb]lv g} ljkGg 3/w'/L / sfo{qmdsf] 5'§} clen]v v8f u/L cfjlws ¿kdf tYofª\s cWofjlws ug]{5 .

*= of] ;Demf}tfdf s'g} a'Fbf yk ug{ jf eO{ cfPsf a'Fbfx¿df ;+zf]wg ug{ jf s'g} a'Fbf x6fpg' k/]df ==========================/ ;DalGwt 3/d'nLn] ;d"xsf] /f]xj/df ug'{kg]{ 5 .

;fd'bflos jg p=;= sf] tkm{af6 ljkGg 3/w'/Lsf] tkm{af6 =================sf] tkm{af6

Gffd M gfd M gfd M

b:tvt M b:tvt M b:tvt M

kb M kb M

ldlt M ldlt M ldlt M

43

kmf/d $=#M ljkGg ju{sf pkef]QmfnfO{ ;fd'bflos jgsf] hUuf cfod"ns sfo{df k|of]u ug{ lbFbf ul/g] ;Demf}tfsf] gd'gf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xleqsf ju{sf pkef]Qmfx¿ ;+nUg pk;d"xnfO{ cfod"ns sfo{qmdsf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg If]q ;'DkFbf ul/g] ;Demf}tf kqsf] gd'gf .

=================c~rn===============lhNnf==================g=kf=÷uf=lj=;===========j8f g+==========l:yt===========;d"'x leq /x]sf sfo{of]hgfdf pNn]v u/]cg';f/sf] ljkGg ju{ ;+nUg ePsf] tf]lsPsf] p2]]Zo k"/f ug{ ul7t======pk;d"x -o;kl5 bf];|f] kIf elgPsf]_ n] xfd|f] ;fd'bflos jg If]q leqsf] k"j{=============== klZrd======= ================== pQ/====================blIf0f================leqsf]==============x]S6/ jgIf]q tkl;ndf pNn]v u/]sf] ;t{df cfod"ns sfo{qmd u/L cfocfh{g ug{sf] nflu of] ;Demf}tf kq tof/ u/L lnof+} lbof+} . of] ;Demf}tf s'g} klg kIfaf6 pNnª\3g ePdf ;d"xsf] ljwfg, sfo{of]hgf / oxL ;Demf}tf kq tyf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ;x"Fnf a'emfpmFnf .

tkl;n!= ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 :jLs[t sfo{qmdsf] ;Ldfleq /x]/

sf/jfxL ul/g] 5 .

@= ;fd'bflos jg If]q leq cGgafnL -h:t} wfg, ds},======_ afnL nufpFbf / leq\ofpFbf vghf]t ug'{kg]{ -h:t} cb'jf, xn]bf] cflb_ afnL nufpg kfOg] 5}g .

#= bf];|f] kIfn] tof/ u/]sf] sfo{of]hgf adf]lhdsf] sfd lg/Gt/ @ -b'O{_ jif{;Dd ug{ g;s]df jf sfo{of]hgf ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ u/]df jg If]q klxnf] kIfn] lkmtf{ lng ;Sg]5 . t/ lkmtf{ lnFbf ;kmfO{sf] df}sfjf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g .

$= of] ;Demf}tfsf] cjlw===========jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/ sfo{qmd ;Gtf]ifhgs ePdf k'gM yk ;Demf}tf ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

%= bf];|f] kIfn] jg k}bfjf/ x/]s ;fwf/0f ;efdf cfˆgf] ;d"xdf ePsf] sfd sf/jfxL tyf o;sf] pknlJwsf] hfgsf/L lgoldt ¿kn] k|:t't ul//xg' kg]{5 .

^= klxnf] kIfn] a]nf a]nfdf bf];|f] kIfsf] sfdsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;Sg]5 .

&= bf];|f] kIfn] jg k}bfjf/sf] laqmL ljt/0f u/L s]xL /sd art u/]df To;nfO{ ;d"xn] lg0f{o u/] cg';f/ klxnf] kIfsf] sf]ifdf hDdf ug'{ kg]{5 . To;}u/L klxnf] kIfn] bf];|f] kIfnfO{ cfocfh{g sfo{qmdsf] nflu jflif{s cfDbfgLsf] sDtLdf #% k|ltzt /sd jf ;fdfg jf b'j}sf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{5 . o;sf] ;fd'lxs ;dLIff tyf cg'udg b'j} kIfn] ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

*= cGo s'g} ljifodf c;dembf/L jf ljjfb b]vfk/]df dWo:ytf ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 . o; dWo:ytf ;ldltdf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf dxf;ª\3, lhNnf jg sfof{no, :yfgLo lgsfo, o; sfo{qmddf ;xof]u ug]{ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿ ;+nUg x'g]5g\ . ;f] dWo:ytf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df ;fwf/0f ;efn] ljjfbsf] pko'Qm lgsf; lbg' kg]{5 . t/ dWo:ytf ;ldltn] l;kmfl/; ubf{ ;fdflhs Gofo, ;fd'bflos jgsf] cjwf/0ff adf]lhd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;fwf/0f ;efdf pko'Qm lg0f{osf] nflu klxnf] kIfn] ;xhLs/0fs]f e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{5 .

44

(= of] jg If]q ;w}+sf] nflu 5'6ØfPsf] gePsf]n] ;Demf}tf cjlwleq ;d'lrt tl/sfn] pknlAw lnO{ cfˆgf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ bf];|f] kIf nfUg' kg]{5 .

!)= bf];|f] kIfdf /x]sf pkef]Qmfx¿sf] klxnf kIfsf] h:t} clwsf/ ;d"xdf ;'/lIft /xg]5 .

!!= ;d"xnfO{ clt cfjZos k/L pk;d"xnfO{ lbPsf] jg lkmtf{ lng' k/]df bf];|f] kIfsf] nufgL / pknlAwsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L pko'Qm Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

!@= bf];|f] kIfn] rog u/]sf] sDtLdf Ps hgfsf] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;ldltdf clgjfo{ k|ltlglwTj ePsf] x'g]5 .

bf];|f] kIf ;fIfL klxnf] kIf

gfd M gfd M gfd

;xL ;xL ;xL

ldlt M

45

cg';"rL %M ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d'x, ljkGg, ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf / kl/of]hgfsf] e"ldsfsf] gd'gf ljj/0f

s_ ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xM

;d"xsf] sf]ifsf] cj:yf x]/L ;ldlt / ;d"xdf 5nkmn / lg0f{o u/L ljkGgx¿nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ .

hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmdsf nflu cfjZos j:t' tyf ;/;fdfg vl/b ug{ nfeflGjt JolQmx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{ .

ljkGgx¿af6 lkmtf{ cfPsf] /sdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;d"x leq ljkGg 3/w'/L ;xof]u sf]if (HoPF) sf] Joj:yf ug]{ / ;f] sf]if ;~rfng k4ltsf] (system) ;+:yfut ljsf; ub}{ hfg] .

sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u ug]{ ;fy}} nuftf/ cg'udg ug]{ .nfeflGjt JolQmn] lbPsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L kl/of]hgf jf ;DalGwt ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfdf k]; ug]{ .

cGo lgsfox¿;Fu klg cfjZostfg';f/ ;dGjo u/L yk ;xof]u h'6fpg] tyf lt lgsfox?;Fu ;Defljt ;xsfo{sf nflu kxn ug]{ .

Joj;fo ;~rfng ubf{ cfjZos kg]{ jg k}bfjf/ ;x'lnot b/df jf lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg] .

sfo{qmd ;Demf}tfdf ;xefuL x'g] .ljkGg / ;d"x aLr sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu ;Demf}tf ug]{ .sfo{qmdsf] d"Nofª\sg / ;dLIffdf ;xefuL x'g] .hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ 3/w'/LnfO{ s'g} ck|Tofl;t 36gf, h:t} C0fsf]

lng]sf] d[To", cfocfh{g lqmofsnfksf nflu vl/b u/]sf] kz'kG5Lsf] d[To", k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 afnLsf] gf; cflb, h:tf e}kl/ cfpg] ck|Toflzt 36gfsf ljifodf 36gf x]/L cfjZostf cg';f/sf] Joj:yf -h:t} C0f ldgfxf, cg'bfg ldgfxf, yk ;xof]u cflb_ ug]{ sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L lng] .

v_ ljkGgsf] e"ldsfM

cfkm"n] wfGg / ug{ ;Sg] lqm[ofsnfksf] 5gf]6 ug]{ / sfd ug{ k|ltj4 / cfFl6nf] eO{ lg/Gt/ sfddf nfUg] .

;Demf}tfdf ;xefuL x'g] tyf ;Demf}tf cg';f/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ .cGo l5d]sL ljkGg kl/jf/x¿nfO{ sfo{qmd tyf l;s]sf] 1fg, ;Lksf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] .

tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] k|ltj]bg jf hfgsf/L lbg] .

46

hLljsf]kfh{gsf] sfo{ of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;d"x;Fu lnPsf] /sdsf] ======= /sd ls:tfaGbLdf a9Ldf ==================== dlxgf÷jif{ leqdf ;d"xnfO{ lkmtf{ ul/;Sg' kg{]5 . cyjf lhG;L ;fdfg lnPsf] dWo] j:t' ;f6f;f6 sfo{qmddf ================dlxgf÷jif{ leqdf cfkm"n] kfPsf] ;ª\Vof÷kl/df0f a/fa/ j:t' lkmtf{ ul/;Sg' kg{]5 .

sfo{qmdsf] d"Nofª\sgdf ;xefuL x'g] .

u_ ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf M

ljkGgx¿sf] nflu dfudf cfwfl/t Jofjxfl/s hLljsf]kfh{g of]hgf tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ .

kl/of]hgf;Fu sfo{qmdsf] ;Demf}tf ug]{ ;fy} ljkGg / ;d"x aLr sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu ;Demf}tf ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ .

;Demf}tf cg';f/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ .cGo ;DalGwt lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;xof]u h'6fpg] .sfo{qmdsf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{ / tf]lsP ad]flhd k|ltj]bg k]; ug]{ .;du| sfo{qmdsf] ljZn]if0ffTds dWofjlw / clGtd k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ .sfo{qmdsf] d"Nofª\sgdf ;xefuL x'g] .

3_ kl/of]hgf÷;+:yf M

ljkGgsf] hLljsf]kfh{g of]hgf agfpg] tyf ljkGg 3/w'/L ;xof]u sf]ifsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / k4lt lgdf{0f (System Development) ug{ ;]jfk|bfos, ;d"x, ;ldlt / ;DalGwt 3/w'/LnfO{ d2t ug]{ .

;Demf}tf cg';f/sf] cfly{s tyf cfjZos k/]df k|fljlws ;xof]u ug]{ .cGo lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo ug]{÷u/fpg] .a]nf a]nfdf cg'udg ug]{÷u/fpg] tyf sfo{qmdsf] d"Nofª\sgdf ;xefuL x'g] .

47

cg';"rL ^M 3/w'/L :t/Lo hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmd cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgsf] gd'gf

!= ljkGgsf] gfd ,y/ M–

@= 7]ufgf M–

#= ;fd'bflos jgsf] gfd / 7]ufgf M–

$= ljkGgn] sfo{qmd ;'? u/]sf] ldlt M–

%= s'g–s'g lgsfoaf6 s] s:tf] ;xof]u kfpg' ePsf] 5 <

lgsfosf] gfd cfly{s k|fljlws cGo

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x

jg kl/of]hgf÷;+:yf

cGo !

cGo @

^= hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu kfPsf] ;xof]u

afv|f kfng

aFu'/ kfng

s'v'/f kfng

cfly{s ;xof]u

cf/g ;xof]u

36\6sf] ;xof]u

5fqj[lQxft]sfuhpBf]u

tflnd uf]i7L

jgsf] hUuf

cGo

&= hLljsf]kfh{g ;xof]usf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <

*= ;xof]uk|lt tkfO{+sf] wf/0ff s:tf] 5 <

clt /fd|f] /fd|f] 7Ls} ;Gtf]ifhgs

-clt /fd|f], /fd|f], 7Ls} / ;Gtf]ifhgs eg]/ h'gdf 7Ls nufOG5 To;df lsg / s;/L eg]/ sf/0f n]Vg]_

(= tkfO{+n] kfPsf] ;xof]un] s] /fd|f] eO/x]sf] 5 < olb cK7Øf/f] k/]sf] eP To;sf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu s] ug'{eof] <

!)= o;af6 tkfO+{sf] hLjg :t/ ;'wf/ x'g] b]Vg' ePsf] 5 < olb cK7Øf/fx¿ 5g\ eg] tL s] s] x'g\ <

!!= of] ;xof]u kfPkl5 tkfO{+df s] s] kl/jt{g b]Vg' ePsf] 5 <

!@= tkfO+{n] kfPsf] ;xof]udf slt /sd vr{ eof], slt afFsL 5 / afFsL /sd s] ug'{eof] <

!#= pQm ;xof]usf] /sdn] k'Uof] ls k'u]g < k'u]g eg] lsg <

!$= ;du|df cg'udgstf{n] cWoog ubf{ ;DalGwt ljkGgsf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ lbOPsf] ;xof]un] kf/]sf] c;/ s:tf] kfpg' eof] < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

48

;d"x÷;ldlttkm{ gfd M ================= kb M ==========

!= ljkGg pkef]Qmfn] kfPsf] ;xof]u af/]df hfgsf/L 5 ls 5}g <

@= ljkGgx¿sf] nflu of] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf s:tf] vfnsf] ;xof]u ug'{ ePsf] 5 <

#= ljkGgn] kfPsf] sfo{qmd s;/L ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ <

$= ;du|df ljkGgk|lt ;d"x÷;ldltsf] wf/0ff s:tf] 5 <

clt /fd|f] /fd|f] 7Ls} ;Gtf]ifhgs sf/0f

-clt /fd|f], /fd|f], 7Ls} / ;Gtf]ifhgs eg]/ h'gdf 7Ls nufOG5 To;df lsg / s;/L eg]/ sf/0f n]Vg]_

cg'udgsf] nflu kmf/d klxnf] cg'udgsf] ldlt M

l;+= g+= ljkGgsf] gfd ;xof]usf] ljj/0f k|ultsf] l:ylt

bf];|f] cg'udgsf] ldlt M

l;=g+= ljkGgsf] gfd ;xof]usf] ljj/0f k|ultsf] l:ylt

gf]6 M – sfo{qmd ubf{ s] slt cfDbfgL jf 3f6f ePsf] 5 k|i6;Fu v'nfpg] .

cfuGt's k'l:tsf M cg'udg JolTfmn] eg]{ kmf/d

l;+= g+= cfuGt'ssf] gfd ;+:yfsf] gfd 7]ufgf ;'emfj ldlt b:tvt

gf]6 M– o; kmf/ddf sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt eP/ hfg] JolQm jf ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿ h:t}M—-jg kl/of]hgf÷lh=j=sf=÷u}/ ;/sf/L ;ª\3 ;+:yf_n] cGt/lqmof÷5nkmn h:tf sfo{qmd ubf{ ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbgsf] nflu dfq of] kmf/d el/g] 5 .

49

cg';"rL &M e/kfO{sf] gd'gf

===============================================================, ============================================= ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x / ;d"xdf 5gf}6 ePsf ljkGgx¿ aLrsf] ljkGgd'vL hLljsf]kfh{g ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;Demf}tf kq adf]lhd ug]{ u/fpg] u/L tkl;ndf plNnlvt /sd a'lemlnO{ of] e/kfO{ ul/lbof}+ .

l;=g+= 3/d"nLsf] gfd y/ sfo{qmdsf] gfdhDdf a'lemlnPsf]

/sd -¿=_a'lemlng]sf] b:tvt

!

@

#

$

%

^

&

*

lzIff tyf :jf:Yof]krf/ cIfo sf]ifs]f :yfkgf======================================================= tyf ============================= ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, ================ ;+o'Qm ;xof]udf ======================================================== kl/of]hgfsf] tkm{af6 /sd ¿===================tyf ===========================================;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] tkm{af6 ¿===================================/ uf=lj=;= sf] tkm{af6 ¿==========================/ cGoaf6 ¿=====================u/L hDdf ¿============================= sf] lzIff tyf :jf:Yof]krf/ cIfosf]ifsf] :yfkgf ul/g] 5 . ;f] sf]ifsf] /sd ufpFdf /x]sf art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf /flvg] 5 / Aofhsf] /sdaf6 p7]sf] /sdaf6 lZfIffdf 5gf]6 ePsf ljkGg pkef]Qmfx¿sf] aRrfx¿nfO{ 5fqj[lQsf] ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg] / :jf:Yosf] nflu ljkGg pke]fQmfx¿nfO{ Go"gtd Aofhb/df jf ;d"xsf] lg0f{odf ;xof]u :j¿k s]xL /sd pknAw u/fOg] 5 .

========================== ========================== =======================

ljkGgsf] tkm{af6 ;d"xsf] tkm{af6 kl/of]hgf÷;+:yf

gfd gfd gfd

kb kb kb

ldlt ldlt ldlt

50

cg';"rL * M ;xhstf{df x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx¿

;xhstf{x¿ k|i6, ;/n efiffdf ;a}nfO{ ;dGjo / ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;Sg] .•xFl;nf], ldhfl;nf], OdfGbf/, w}o{, ;a} ju{x¿nfO{ ;d]6L ;xh} 3'nldn x'g ;Sg] .•;d"xdf a;]/ ljleGGf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9ª\uaf6 ;~rfng Pjd\ ;xhLs/0f •ug{ ;Sg] .

;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fu klg k|efjsf/L ;dGjo, ;xsfo{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ •;Sg] h:t} M ;fjp; dxf;ª\3, jg sfof{no, uflj;, u};;, lhlj; jf bft[lgsfox¿ cflb .

n}+lus cjwf/0ff, ;dfj]zLs/0f, hLljsf]kfh{g Pjd\ cGo gLlt lgodk|lt ;+j]bgzLn •x'g / sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf .

;xhLs/0f ug]{ ljifosf] bVvn ;fy} ldlxg]lt .•;d"xdf tflnd, ;]ldgf/, 5nkmnsf] sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;xh ¿kdf ;xhLs/0f ug{ •;Sg] .

gofF ljifo j:t'x¿ l;Sg / l;sfpg OR5's .•/fhg}lts ¿kdf KfIfkft /lxt jf lgikIf /xg ;Sg] Ifdtf .•;d'bfonfO{ cfly{s ef/ glbg] .•

51

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

s]og]kfn, @)!) . ul/aL tyf ;fdflhs cGofosf cGt/ lglxt sf/0fx¿sf] ljZn]if0f Dofg'cn . sf7df8f}+M s]o/ g]kfn .

s]o/ g]kfn, @)!@ . hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgf ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf . sf7df8f}+M s]o/ g]kfn .

lhNNff jg sfof{no, /fd]5fk, @)^# . ljkGgd'vL hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog k'l:tsf -;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xdf /xg] / ljkGgdf /xg]_ .

t]Da, x]d,@))^ . FREELIFEHHO . kl/ro / sfof{Gjog ljlw . g]kfn l:j; ;fd'bflos jg kl/of]hgf .

g]kfn ;/sf/, @))( . ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] dfu{bz{g . sf7df8f}+M jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfno .

g]kfn l:j; ;fd'bflos jg kl/of]hgf, @)^# . ljkGgd'"vL hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog k'l:tsf -;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xdf /xg] / ljkGgdf /xg]_ .

g]kfn ;/sf/ . @)&) . gful/s ;r]tgf s]Gb|df hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgfsf nflu ;xof]uL k'l:tsf . ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno÷ :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd, sf7df8f}+ .

ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd . @)!# . ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd s;/L ug]{ gf]6 ->[+vnf gDa/ !!_M :yfgLo jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx?df 3/w'/L hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgf . ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd, sf7df8f}+ -8«fˆ6 ;fdu|L_ .

jg ljefu, @)^% . ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; dfu{bz{g, bf];|f] kl/dfh{g, @)^% . sf7df8f}+ .

/fO{, h}nas'df/, e08f/L, sdn, @)&! . ;fd'bflos jgdf ;'zf;g ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu ;xof]uL k'l:tsf . km/]i6PS;g g]kfn / cf/cf/Pg, sf7df08f} .

NSCFP, (Issue Paper 8). NSCFP's Livelihood Improvement Program: Challenging CFUGs and Disadvantaged people to Realize the rights to not be poor. Nepal Swiss Community Forestry Program (NSCFP)

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