3F(CRM / TEM) 국토 해양부 항공 안전 세미나

대한항공 운항 훈련원 B777 Captain 장 병 노 CRM Developer / Instructor

목 차

• CRM/TEM의 변천사

• CRM / TEM 개념

• 3F 소개

목 적

• 대한 항공 TEM MODULE 소개

• CRM / TEM 적용 능력 향상

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Threat & Error Management

1st Generation- Cockpit Resource Management(81~86)

Started by UA, 각 개인의 관리스타일과 상호간의 Skill에 초점, 잘 못된 기장의 변화에 목표 – F/O의 조언 수용, 스타일 변화와 개인행동의 취약점 수정.

2nd Generation- Crew Resource Management(86~)

Delta Airlines, Teambuilding에 주목, Error Chain & Accident 인과 관계, Situational Awareness and Stress Management Concepts

Decision Making, Briefing, etc…

3rd Generation-Advanced CRM(90~)

Technical training에 CRM 통합 적용, 구체적 기량과 행동에 초점, H/F 평가 강조, 영역 확대 - Dispatchers, Flight Attendants, Engineers…

4th Generation-Integrated CRM(94~)

CRM을 기술적 훈련에 포함(CRM Skills), CRM embedded in procedures/checklists(통합과 절차화) AQP/LOFT.

5th Generation- Error Management(96~)

인간 능력한계 인정( human error is ubiquitous), Manage Errors by Avoidance/Trapping/Mitigation,

문화권에 적합한 CRM 강구.

6th Generation?

Understanding TEM

CRM CRM/TEM

Threat & Error 관리, 대응 방안

UAS (Undesired A/C State)

(ICAO/IATA, LOSA, 조종사 협회, 항공사, 택사스 대학)

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allery.com

TEM Model & Countermeasures Skills

ERROR AVOIDANCE

THREAT

CREW ERROR

UNDESIRED A/C

STATE

INCIDENT

THREAT MANAGEMENT

ERROR MANAGEMENT

UNDESIRED A/C

STATE MNMT

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allery.com

TEM Countermeasure Skills

Error Avoidance

Threat Management

Error Management

Undesired A/C State

Management

Planning

Task Execution

Review / Modify

Communication

Leadership

Evaluation of

Plans

Inquiry

Assertiveness

*

Team Climate

Briefing

Stating Plans

Workload Assignment

Contingency Management

Monitor/Crosscheck

Workload Management

Vigilance

Automation Management

* : Known Threats

Introduction of 3F

Simple Memorable Applicable

TEM Module 3F

Anticipate

Recognize

Recovery

TEM Module 3F

Forecast

Find

Fix

1

1

Flight Crew Training Center CRM Group / 30

TEM Module (3F)

Forecast Find Fix

Error UAS

Accident,

Incident,

Violation

Threat

1

2

Flight Crew Training Center CRM Group / 30

Types of Threat (Forecast)

Known Unexpected Latent

How to manage Threats

Preparation &

Briefing

SA

Situation

Awareness

DM

Decision

Making

Co

Communication

PW

Planning & Workload

Management

CC

Crew

Coordination

Errors

FIND

T/O

TRIM

How to manage Error

Detect &

Correct

SA

Situation

Awareness

DM

Decision

Making

Co

Communication

PW

Planning & Workload

Management

CC

Crew

Coordination

Undesired

Aircraft

State PULL UP

UNSTABILIZED

FIX

WINDSHEAR

How to manage

Undesired A/C State

Recover

SA

Situation

Awareness

DM

Decision

Making

Co

Communication

PW

Planning & Workload

Management

CC

Crew

Coordination

Always Remember

It will help you to be safe in flight!

ORECAST

IND

IX