NGN NG BO CH TING VITT GIA NH BO N BO TRC TUYN1

L Khc Cng

1. Gn 150 nm tri qua t khi t bo Vit ng u tin, Gia nhbo, ra i ti Si Gn. Trong khong thi gian y, t t bo u tin - mtt cng bo ca chnh quyn Php trn vng t Nam K thuc a, bo chVit Nam trng thnh vt bc vi hn 700 n v bo ch cc loihnh v l ting ni ca hn 90 triu ngi dn ca mt nc Vit Nam clp. y cng l khong thi gian ht sc quan trng trong s pht trin cach Quc ng Latin. T mt h thng ch vit c cc nh truyn giophng Ty t ra nhm mc ch truyn gio v ngi Vit Nam c thhc c ting Latin v B o Nha nh Alexandre de Rhodes ni rtrong phn u cun T in Vit B La (Dictionarium annamiticumlusitanum, et latinum, 1651), ch Quc ng tr thnh mt h thng vn tmang tnh quc gia, phng tin chuyn ti cc phong cch chc nng ngnng ht sc phong ph v a dng ca ting Vit, trong c phong cchngn ng thng tn - bo ch. Trong gn 1,5 th k , ting Vit v phongcch ngn ng thng tn - bo ch ting Vit thay i nh th no thch ng vi s pht trin ca x hi Vit Nam, v thc hin s mnhtruyn thng?

2. Cho n thi nh Nguyn, Vit Nam cha c bo. Cc vua nhNguyn, t Minh Mng tr i, lnh cho cc tu bun khi sang HongKong phi mua bo ting Anh, ting Php mang v v nh cc nh truyngio phng Ty dch cho nghe.

Hu bn th k XIX, trong hon cnh quc ph gia vong, bo ch VitNam ra i v gn cht vi nhng din bin ca lch s nc nh. Nm 1859,Php chim thnh Gia nh. Hai nm sau, ngy 29-9-1861, t Le BulletinOfficiel de lExpdition de la Cochinchine (Nam K vin chinh cng bo) rai. T bo ting Php ny c bn thc dn xem l phng tin truynt nhng lut l ca mu quc n ngi dn Si Gn Gia nh. Nm1862, Php chim ba tnh min ng Nam K, v cng trong nm ny, tbo th hai, Le Bulletin des Communes (Lng x cng bo), c n hnh.N c in bng ting Hn c th ph bin rng trong gii quan li ngiVit vn cha thng tho ting Php. Nm 1964, t bo ting Php Le

1 ng trong Gia nh bo, t bo Vit ng u tin. 2006. Nxb. i hc Quc gia TPHCM. Trang 128-142.Sa cha 2013.

Courrier de Saigon (Th tn Si Gn) ra i. Sau t bo ny mt nm, vgia hai ln Php xm chim ba tnh min ng (1962) v ba tnh min Ty(1867), chnh quyn thc dn cho ra mt t bo in bng ch Quc ngLatin u tin Vit Nam, t Gia nh bo. Bo Courrier de Saigon s 7,ngy 5.4.1865 thng bo v s ra i ny: "Trong thng ny (tc thng4.1865 LKC) s c s th nht mt t bo in bng ting An-nam thngthng. Di mt hnh thc thu hp n bn s gm cc tin tc thuc a,gi c nhiu loi hng v mt vi nim hu ch cho ngi bn x. T bos ra hng thng v s pht khng trong cc trng hc hc sinh khtrong cc lng mc c th c c ..." 2. T bo do mt thng ngn ngiPhp trong Soi ph Nam K tn l Ernest Potteaux lm Chnh Tng ti. Su tin ra mt ngy15.4.1865, gm 4 trang, kh 25x32 cm. L do khin tcng bo ny c in bng ch Quc ng thay v ting Php hay ting Hnnh cc t bo ra trc c ni r trong vn th ca Thng c NamK gi B trng B Thuc a Php ngy 9.5.1865: t Gia nh Bo c dn chng ng h mt cch nng nhit v nhiu a phngnhng em b bit c ch Quc ng c bo cho cha m chng nghe.Nh vy t bo ny xut bn mi thng mt ln s l mt s hu ch khngth chi ci c v n gp phn vo vic thay th ch ca chng ta v chHn, mt th ch m ch c mt thiu s quan li hiu bit m thi3.

Ngy 16.9.1869, ngi cng tc vi Gia nh bo t khi mi ra i,ng Trng Vnh K, c giao chc v Chnh tng ti. Vai tr ca nhngTrng Vnh K, Hunh Tnh Ca (ch bt), hp cng cc tr thc, nh bongi Vit u tin nh Tn Th Tng, Trng Minh K, th hin rtr qua nhng cch tn mnh m ca Gia nh bo: tnh cht cng bo ngycng gim, ni dung t bo phong ph hn vi nhng thng tin v cuc sngca ngi dn, chuyn lng x, nhng bi nghin cu v lch s, trang vnhc ngh thut nh th, chuyn c tch,; c su tn hc, ch Quc ng;v.v. Bo cng tng 4 k/thng, tng trang bng hnh thc trang ph,

3. V mt ngn ng, Gia nh bo c th xem l bc phc tho tingVit Nam B sinh ng trong gn 50 nm (1865-1910), trn nhiu bnhdin: chnh t, t vng, c php, phong cch.

2 Theo Nguyn Ph Phong, Tranh lun v p dng ch quc ng.http://chimvietvni.free.fr/index2.htm.3 Theo Hunh Vn Tng, 2000. Bo ch Vit Nam t khi thu n 1945. Nxb. TPHCM.Trang 68.

3.1. V chnh t, do ch Quc ng Latin nhng nm 80 ca th kXIX cn ang trong giai on hon thin; hn na, do ch c c t ncPhp, theo mu t ca ting Php, nn mt s k hiu nh du thanh, dungang trn ch , cn thiu hoc cha chnh xc. Chng hn, thng kmt bi di 183 t trong phn Cng v s 4 (15.7.1865), c 31 t bt ubng ph m th u b in thnh d. T s bo th 5 (15.8.1865), conch bt u xut hin, nhng vn cn ln ln gia d vi ; v d:Qung ng - Qun-dng; nga c - nga dc. m /j/, /z/ cng c ghikhng thng nht; khi vit l j, khi vit l d, gi, hoc z (/jn/dn/zn;jch/dch/zch). Thng k mt on di 394 t trn Gia nh bo s 4 th cn 15 t c ph m u d c in l j4. Ngoi ra cn hng lot nhngkhc bit so vi chnh t hin hnh nh: gii (thng)/ giy; ngy/ngy;tranh (ginh)/chanh; sa/sa; s/s; min/ming; (tin, ng) cc/ct; (ru)cht/chc; bn /bng ; quyn/quin; trit/tryt;- quc/quc,mng/mng; tng (tri)/tng; nht/nht; th t/th t; chn/chn/chng;nht/nht, nht (trnh)/nht; mng/mng; chu/chiu;...; du ngang trongc s dng nh du cc t ghp, c bit l trong a danh, nhn danhnh Nam-k, Nguyn-nh-tc, Nguyn-trng-hip xut hin u n; ccdu thanh c t kh thoi mi, khi trn m chnh, khi trn m m;.

Th c li vi on Gia nh Bo thi k u hnh dung v chnht ca ch Quc ng giai on phi thai:Hi ng ny by gi l hi ng cc quan mc lng nh n m lm ramt b ring . Ngoi cc vic quan, khng lo g n cc vic cng, khngthuc g php quan tr cng nh bn Pha-lang-sa c lo mt s nh ta mini chanh cng nhau ti tr khn ngoan, v mi ngi tu sc tu bc m loht lng hoc vic lm t lm rung hoc vic ngh nghip no th csinh ra li ch c v da phn, dc thn ra nhng cch thin h thinh skh hn.Ay vy, Hi-ng by gi ang tra, dang lp s cc ging, cc th ngi tatrng mi ni nhng cch ngi ta jng m lm, nhng tn km ging n dkia, cc k s vic canh nng, vic ngh nghip ngi taGia-dnh-bo Pha-lang-sa mi in ra yt th v vic treo giy ngy 25 thng6 gi th 6 sm mai ti pha tin thnh c c hai giy ch ring v ngiAnnam.mt l xe b chy dc dn ni th nht l c 150 quan tin th hail l 50, th ba l 25 ri giy nga Annam, ngi Annam mc d Annam

4 Theo Ng Y Vn v nhiu ngi khc. 2003. Lch s bo ch Vit Nam, giai on 1865-1945. ti nghin cu khoa hc sinh vin Trng HKHXH&NV HQG-HCM.

ci dc. th nht l 300 quan tin; th hai l 100; th ba 50.Cn mt giyv cc nga Annam, nga Mani, nga nh khc: th nht 400; th hai 200.Ai c mun th ngy y my ba trt phi dn nh quan Tham-binThng th khai cho r mnh mun thi kho no, v li my ba trc phtp nga hng ngy cho n chy my phc, phi cho n n la n c phikh, phi ly ru mnh xoa bp cho n, phi chi phi ra n cho sch, thdng c d n va nng m chy m hi tc th n ngui n lnh di, c bynhiu du lm vy th nga mnh mi lnh mnh dc ly giy.

Khi ch Quc ng dn dn n nh th hnh thc chnh t trn Gianh bo ngy cng gn vi chnh t ting Vit hin hnh. Th c mt tintrn s 4.9.1883, gn 20 nm sau ngy ra s u tin. Chnh t chnh xc hn,vic s dng cc du cu nh du phy (,), du chm phy (;), du hai chm(:) v xung dng kh hp l:Le Gonverneur de la Cochinchine francaise, chevalier de la Lgiondhonneur et officier dAeadmie,Hm nay c gi tin dy thp cho cc quan tham bin ht Nam-k m niv cc vic sau ny:Tu Chateur - Renard ko cc sc c, ti ni l ngy hm qua (29 aou,di tu c ch ng de Champeaux l quan Gim c Nam-k, c emnhng iu th c v s ng Harmand, l commissaire gnral, thay mtnc Langsa, cng cc quan ton quin Annam lm li ha c cng k tnti Hu, l ngy 25 aouCc iu th c k ra sau ny:Trong nc Annam cng t Bc-k u chu chng ta bo h trn phpchc chn;Tnh Bnh-thun nht nh st nhp t Nam-k;n Vng-cha v cc n Thun-an phi c lnh tr phng hoi hoi;Cc o bnh Annam, triu nh Hu sai ra Bc-k, phi tryt v lp tc,cn cc binh lnh t ti Bc-k, bi v s bnh yn th gi y s c;Truyn cho cc quan Annam tnh thnh no u phi v m lnh vicnh c, li Nh nc Langsa c cp bng cho ai, th nh nc Annam cngphi y theo;Trong cc tnh Bc-k u phi c quan Langsa , cng phi c qun binhcho m n p;Cc trng quan thu trong c v nc Annam u thuc trn trong tayNh nc Langsa;t dy thp b t Saigon ra H-ni;Quan Khm s ti Hu c vic s din tu cng vua Annam;Dc sng D u phi t binh, trong mi ch cn kp u phi lm n;ng bc ln-nh ti t Nam-k u thng dng trong c v nc Annam;

n sau s giao hi ti Hu cho c nh php bun bn, php quan thu,cc mn thu, cng cc vic nhnh nhc;Cc quan ton quin Annam u xin ti thu phi t Khm s li cho mau;Li giao c ny gi v Paris, cho ng Prsident de la Rpublique nhot.Le GouvernearCharles THOMSON

3.2. V t ng, Gia nh bo phn nh mt cch ton din vn tlc by gi ca phng ng Nam B. Ngoi mt s t ng ting Php cnri rt trong cc vn bn, nht l nhng t ng ch thng ngy, chc v hocquc hiu Php, (chng hn: Septembre; Juin; Prsident de laRpublique; Le Gonverneur de la Cochinchine francaise; Rpubliquefrancaise, Libert galit Fraternit), c th ni vn t ng m ngidn Nam B cui th k XIX, u th k XX s dng u xut hin trnGia nh bo. Quan im ca Trng Vnh K v nhng ng s l dngmt th ting Annam rng ngi bnh dn t hc c th c c nnt ng trn Gia nh Bo rt t t Hn Vit. y cng l im cn lu bibo ch ting Vit xut bn ti Bc K v Trung K cng thi k, hoc sauGia nh bo mt thi gian ngn, vn y dy t Hn Vit. T ng trn Gianh bo ht sc gin d, d hiu, m cht phng ng; chng hn: muatrt nm (mua c nm); to bun bn (c s bun bn); s heo (c s chnnui heo); s y (vic y); lm li (ra quyt nh); l thng (thng l); dythp (in tn); ni la dy (ni la hot ng); n thng (thng); ng(c, ); mc nng (b hn); mc/ mt (bn); 8 gi ban mai (8 gi sng);ve (chai, l); nh chi (nh ht, rp ht); ng (ng ); khng (chp thun);lo do (nho nhc); Ngoi ra trn Gia nh bo vn cn c nhiu t ngc, kh ph bin vo thi y, nhng nay khng cn s dng hoc s dnghn ch nh: nht trnh (bo); tm thng (bnh thng); nin canh (tuitc); truyn bo (thng bo); nh (ngng); bin (vit); C th ni y lmt kho ng liu ht sc phong ph cho nhng nh nghin cu phng nghc, t nguyn hc. N h m cho ta thy mt s cch cu to t ca tingVit th k XIX m nay khng cn, hoc thay i. Chng hn mc nngcng quy lut cu to vi mc ma, nhng khc vi trng hp mc ma,ting Vit hin nay hu nh rt t dng t hp mc nng. Nh chi (c sdng song song vi nh ht) cng l mt t l tai, d cho y l mt kiu ktcu khng l cht no (ss. nh ht, nh tr, nh thi u). n thng by gikhng cn c dng, trong khi nhng t ng cng loi vi m hnh cu to n + ng t nh n v, n ci, n hi, n gi, n nm, vn thngdng trong ting Vit hin i. y l nhng cch cu to rt Nam B, cth, sinh ng, hnh nh.

3.3. V c php, Gia nh bo l bn sao li n ting ni ca ngidn Nam B. T khi Trng Vnh K nm quyn iu hnh, ng ch trngvit trn tut nh li ni ca ngi bnh dn. Trong sut mt thi giandi, k c sau khi Trng Vnh K qua i (1.9.1898) t Gia nh Bo kh nht qun trong phng chm .

y l mt th ting Vit c st cht Nam B v vn cn hi hmli vn c bin ngu, song i, nhp nhng nh th. Hy c bi din nmca Trng Minh K t mt bi th c tiu l Con di vi hai conchn theo phong v La Fontaine, rt c kh nng l mt bi th dch tting Php:Lun v cm thHai chn m c cnh ku l loi cm; bn chn m c lng ku l loi th:Sch sn th ni loi c cnh c 360 th, m phng hong lm ln; loi clng c 360 th, m k ln lm ln; loi c vy c 360 th m ra lm ln;loi c vi c 360 th m rng lm ln; loi ging ngi c 360 th mngi lm ln.Sch thuyt nguyn ni rng: loi bay cy n tri, cho nn lng chim ng,chim b ct cng nh cy; loi chy nm c n c, cho nn loi nai hu,lng ging nh c. Loi bay a gi, loi chy a t, loi nc khngnhm mt; loi kh, t nhm mt. Loi chy, mi trn p mi di; loibay, mi di giao mi trn. Con trng, kin t p kin hu; con mi, kin huxp trn kin t. t lng chim b vo nc, chm l trng, ni l mi; i con trng lch s hn con mi. Loi c sng c gc, hm trn khng crng ca rng kha, loi khng sng hai hm rng. Loi nai hu minm phi gii gic, n thng by thng tm rng gc c thay gc mi; khiy ngi ta i sn bn m ly nhung, ngha l sng non n.Loi chim chng mng khng ng, c th ba ngn trc mt ngn sau; cth hai ngn trc hai ngn sau; c th bn ngn trc mt ngn sau nhg c nm mng. Loi cm th th ming th mi, loi ca, loi cn trngthng th tai, th mang.Mun vt ha sinh, hoc bi hnh ha, hoc bi kh ha, hoc non sanh,hoc thai sanh. Hnh ha l nh su ha bm, ngi ta ni su ha ty, cnhm ha nai, ln ha chn n, l cch ha git snh, r c ng ha rad, l u truyn vn khng ai ng thy. Kh ha l nh c mc sanh omm, nc ma sanh con qung.Sch bt vt ty ni trong nhng cy ci cng l xc th vt, li c nhngvt my may c a phn ra, con mt mnh khng ng thy, hip nhau mha sanh th khc. Sch Nhu ni vn vt u bi m dng ng hnh msanh ra; thy Chu ni rng: h khi m dng tng c tng cu th csanh ha, hu th l tt hu th khi. Sch ty k c hn 60 nguyn hnh.

Loi chim, loi c, loi cn trng nh ra, trch, su, k , rn, ch thng trng. C th nh rn lc li con. C nc, c voi u c v con.Chn di u l loi thng cm h th, hay bay, hay chy, chnh l loibn chng c v. Loi cn trng, c th c bn chng, c th c hai ci vhoc hai ci v thy hay m b cng hay. Loi rn u khng chng, unxng sng m b. (4.9.1883)

Ting Vit trn Gia nh bo m cht khu ng, nhiu ch di dng,nhiu th, l, m, s,... Th quan st hai mu qung co trn Gia nh bo,s ra ngy 9.5.1893:NG PAUL BEER L NG CHNH S HEO LNG BNH-HA GIA-NHNgy nay ng Paul Beer rao cho thin h ng hay trong s heo ca ng cbn heo ln v heo nh nhiu lm gi bn heo t mt ng bc ln cho nmi ng, nu ai c mun mua th v trong s heo ng PAUL BEER c tru nhiu lm, ln lm, c bn hm nhiu cho heo n, gi n mt thngdu hi l mt tin su, cn mt i du hi l hai tin, nu ai c mun muan m mua, bng mt th vit th cho ng hay cng c.Nh ai c lng c ng, hoc l lng ui, hay l lng cnh, ming l thlng cho nhin, th xin em n ti nh in mi, ng Catinat, s 119 s ctn Pht, l th k s s chiu mau, mi ci lng c ng gi l 3 chim yl lng gii, cn th lng vn-vn, th l 2 chim; hay l nh ai c bt ngc ng, m mun bn nguyn con, th cng chu mua cho mi con gi l 15chim.

Tr nhng bi c hi hm vn chng nh bi dch th ca TrngMinh K nu trn vi cch vit kh cht ch, ngn gn, sng sa; cnli hu ht nhng tin, bi, qung co, trn Gia nh bo u c ditrung bnh 90-100 ch/cu. Mi cu hu nh chim trn mt on. Hai muqung co trn l mt v d. V di y l mt v d khc, mt on tincng bo, di hn 100 t/cu!Tht l ngi mun s lnh chng thy s g sng danh hn l gn gilng nc nh mnh cho (c m thn trng hng chc my lng M-tr,Vnh-qui, Lc-thun, Ph-vn, v tnh Dh-tng, ngy 30 thng nhunng ngot trc, ai gi c dn mnh cho khi trm cp cho khi b ngngi cn lan ng khen lm: quan ln Nguyn-Sai ly lm trngcho nn c gi li thm v c ban phn thng cho cc lng y phnthng ring cho cc ngi c cng hn (s 5, 15-8-1865)

Li vit nm na, trn tut theo sut Gia nh bo cho n khin nh bn vo nm 1910. Khi Gia nh bo chun b kt thc s nghipdi 45 nm ca n, th Bc K, mt t bo u tin in bng c ch Hn lnQuc ng Latin ra i l ng c Tng bo (s u tin ra ngy 28.3.1907).

y l hu thn ca t bo ting Hn i Nam ng vn Nht bo (1891).Nhng bi ng trn ng c tng bo, tuy gn nh cng thi vi Gia nhbo giai on hu k, nhng li c mt phong cch ngn ng rt gn vingn ng bo ch hin i. Hy c mt bi vit trn chuyn mc Nhi nb, do o Th Loan, mt bt danh ca cy bt ni ting Nguyn Vn Vnh,vit:K ny em xin bn mt iu trng nht trong i, l iu gi th.Lm thn con gi mt i sng kh do mt s ly chng, m ly chngxa nay c c tu mnh kn chn bao gi?cha m bo th no th phith m cha m g chng cho ch ct ly ci danh. Con ng ny, chu b kiath thun g,.. Con gi mi ln, mi m mt ra trn gian, bit th no lthun hay khng thun. T ra ch c cc c g, thun vi nhau, ly vi nhau,n lc mnh ln ln th s xong ri, d c iu g khng ng th cngphi ngm ng nut cay.Em thit tng t xa ti gi, con trai nc Nam khng ra g, m cngnhm mt bt tai, ly ngi ta m y o ngi ta, th nh. Nhng tby gi, nu con trai bit suy xt phi chng, th trc khi ly v, hnnn so mnh xem, c th lm cho v c sung sng hay khng, c yuc m t k bit rng mnh cng ng ngi ta yu hay khng, ch ngc thy ca th cm u cm c, m lm kh ngi ta.Con gi, lng cha yu ai, l qi nh thn tin. Ngi n ng ch nyc n ci, m dm xm phm l k v phu.S ly nhau phi c thun cha m, nhng ct c. C cha ci m gt, lch vt mt ti vi.Sau na em xin cc c cht ra, th phi nui chng ti, cho qua buici ct. Ci gi th l ci lo, m i c ma xun l qu mi nhm maxun, sao cc c bt v bt chng, trc na sinh n qu sm, khngc con ci khe mnh, sau na mi ba tui ranh, lm con cn cha xong, lm v, lm m th no c? (23.5.1907)

Nam Phong Tp ch ra i min Bc nm 1917 cng c mt vnphong tng t: sc tch, cht ch, dng nhiu bin php v phng thc tut, nhiu t Hn Vit v t phng ng Bc B. N i lp hon ton vi lihnh vn nh ngn ng ni, di, nhiu t ni, nhiu qun ng, nm na,ca Gia nh bo. Di y l mt bi chnh lun ca Phm Qunh, linhhn ca Nam Phong vi di trung bnh ch c 24,5 ch/cu, thm ch cnngn hn di ca cu trn bo ch hin i!TRNG I-HCC lm ting lm ch c n nh gi ra trong tr ta nhng cnh-tngnhn-nhao. Ch i-hc cng l mt ch nh th. Ni n tn i-hcm ta tng-tng n mt ci lu-i nhn, nguy-nga trong mt gc ph-

phng. ngy ngy nhng ng gio o-mo, sch cp y tay, ln lnxung xung trn bc ; hc-tr l nm l ba tui trc i mi, rang taynhau va i va ngh-lun trong ng ph; bc chn vo th vng-vngnhng ting din-thuyt, bung ny ging trit-l, bung kia lun vn-chng, nhi ng gio t trn din-i xung nh mun thu-thp c tinh-thn ca bn thiu-nin ngi y.T ngy quan Ton-Quyn SARRAUT ngh-nh t trng i-hc ng-dng, th ting i-hc thnh-hnh khng bit chng no; ci cnh-tng trang-nghim nh trn kia thng phng-pht trong thn-tr ta, cngngy cng to, cng ngy cng r, nh mun thnh-hnh vy.Quc-dn i vi trng i-hc sp lp ny cng mong mi, cng kht-khao nh ng khi i-hn c trn ma ro. Cha ai r th-thc trngth no m ai cng nao-nc mun vo hc. Ngi mong chng tt-nghiptrung-hc, k mu b hn cng-vic lm, quyt-ch vo i-hc cho cam.Cng kh v l nhit-thnh vy.Nhng ci vn- v s cao-ng gio-dc nc ta, khng phi ly mtci lng nhit-thnh xung m gii c. Phi hiu tn-ch s hc, phithuc tnh-th quc-dn, phi bit g c g m nh nc lp trng i-hc,v nh g m bn ta nn mong-mi, cng c l-tng th s cao-ng gio-dc nc ta by gi phi nh th no mi c gi l hon-ton. lmy on trong ci vn- nhn, chng ti nh nghin-cu trong bi ny.(14.7.1917).

C th ni, thi k s khai ca bo ch Vit ng, s khc bit giaphong cch ngn ng bo ch, nu nh c th dng thut ng phong cchngn ng bo ch y, gia hai vng Nam K v Bc Trung K, l khr. y l s khc bit gia li din t ca nhn dn hai khu vc cphn nh trn mt bo. Ngoi ra, n cn do s tc ng ca nhng nh bou tin Nam K trong vic chn la cch din t bnh dn, nm na,khng gt gia, nh kiu n ni ca ngi bnh dn. Trong vai tr caTrng Vnh K l rt quan trng, C th iu ny cn xut pht t thiquen ca nhn dn Nam B rt thch loi vn k chuyn kiu ni th LcVn Tin, c vn c iu d nh, d thuc khi truyn khu; li l mcmc nghe qua l hiu ngay, khi cn gii thch li thi, dng di. Li vit y,li ni y xem ra ph hp vi ci tng ca nhng ngi mang gm i mci phng Nam chn cht, phng khong. Quan nim y cng nhhng su sc n vn hc ch Quc ng cui th k XIX, u th k XXvi nhng i biu nh Trng Vnh K (1837-1898), Nguyn Trng Qun(1865-1911), L Hong Mu (1879-1941), Nguyn Chnh St (1869-1947),H Biu Chnh (1885-1958), bi hu ht nhng nh vn Nam B ny ulm c hai tay, va vit bo, va vit vn (cng l l thng v Nam B,

bo i trc vn). C ngi thch, c ngi khng thch li din t trntut . Nh th ng H tng ni v vn H Biu Chnh: c th c,thch th cng thch, duy chng ti khng chu c li vn vit trn truthng tut hi ht ca ng, ti khng chu vn chng ca H BiuChnh, trong lc mi ngi chung quanh ti hoan nghnh nhit lit5.

Qua thi gian, li din t y c nhiu thay i, v vi tc khnhanh. Bo ch Si Gn Thnh ph H Ch Minh c nhng n lc vtbc nh hnh mt phong cch ngn ng ca mnh: va gi li s phngkhong truyn thng, va hng theo chun mc ca ting Vit vn ho.Hnh nh trn bnh din phong cch, ngn ng bo ch Nam B m tiu biul ngn ng bo ch Thnh ph H Ch Minh, chuyn nhanh hn ngnng vn hc, trong mc tiu hng n mt ngn ng gt gia ting Vithin i, trong sng, m bn sc dn tc. Ngn ng bo ch vng tny bt i i cht cht dn d Nam B, nhng nh th m i chng hn.

4. Cui nhng nm 80 ca th k XX, loi hnh bo ch th t, botrc tuyn, ra i ti Hoa K. Nh bo ni, bo trc tuyn c th cp nhtthng tin nhanh chng v d dng hn bo in. Nh bo hnh, bo trc tuync c hnh nh ln m thanh. Tuy nhin, bo trc tuyn cn li hi hn ctruyn hnh v pht thanh: cng chng c th xem li mt bi bo pht trc vo bt c lc no; c th xem phn tin m rng lin quan n phn tinchnh; trch xut nhanh chng nhng bi vit cng b; in hoc lu trthng tin vo my tnh lm ti liu; gi thng tin cho bn b; v nht ltng tc gia ngi vit ngi c ngy cng c tng cng; Botrc tuyn cn qua mt bo in, bo ni, bo hnh tc chuyn ti, cpnht thng tin. Khi anh bo in va vit xong bi chuyn cho to son, anhbo ni chun b cc thit b pht sng, anh bo hnh cha xong khu huk th bo mng c y thng tin nng hi , thm ch c c mthanh, hnh nh ng bn cnh ch, hnh nh tnh. Tm li, trong k nguynmi ca truyn thng, k nguyn thng tin trc tuyn, bo in ang i mtvi mt ch th cc k nguy him. Trong vi nm ti rt c kh nng chngta s khng cn thy nhng ngi pht bo t t bo qua khe ca nh,khng cn na ting p ca quen thuc lc bnh minh. T bo vn cc, nhng khng ch trong bui sng, m sut ngy. y l t bo in tvi mt chui vn bn k thut s, m thanh, hnh nh, ho, trn mnhnh my tnh. Mt dng tt c-trong-mt (all-in-one). "Chng ti lun nh

5 Tm Vu, Nguyn Vn Trung, Nguyn Vn Y. 1998. Vn hc ch Quc ng Si Gn Gia nh cui th k XIX, u th k XX trong a ch vn ho Thnh ph H Ch Minh.Tp II: Vn hc Bo ch Vn hc. Nxb. TPHCM. Trang 304.

gi Google l mt con king kong khng l, nng ti hng trm t v sn sng nghin bt c ai", Mike Smith, gim c iu hnh Trung tm qun ltruyn thng ca i hc Northwestern pht biu. Mi y, cng vi s rai ca blog - mt th loi truyn thng mi, hng triu "nh bo cng dn"- thut ng ch cc blogger - cng xut hin. i ng ny sn sng nggp bi v cho cc t bo, cng nh t xut bn cc cu chuyn ca h trnblog. Ai cng bit internet s lm thay i th gii, nhng kh c th onbit thng tin trc tuyn s tin n u!

4.1. Cng vi nhng cuc cch mng v mt k thut, ngn ng botrc tuyn cng c nhng thay i quan trng ph hp vi nn tng kthut, tc knh truyn - mng World Wide Web (WWW). V ph hp vicng chng ca n mt cng chng tr, lun i hi mt cch thng tin/xl thng tin nhanh, nhy, ng v gn.

Ba phng chm quan trng ca mt ngi vit bo trc tuyn l: 1)ngn; 2) ngn; v 3) ngn. Cy bt Roy Peter Clark chuyn vit cho mtwebsite nghin cu v truyn thng, ni: Vit ci g th vit nhng phidi 800 t. C th y cng cha phi l gii hn cui cng. Mi ngy tach c th dnh mi pht cho vic c bo. Vic va c, va ngm ngi,nu c chng trong thi bui ny, l c vn hc. c/nghe/xem bo mngkhc vi c/nghe/xem cc loi bo truyn thng, v hu nh phi c trongkhi ang lm vic c quan, vn phng. Va c bo, va lm vic; valm vic va c bo. c nm thng tin l chnh. c cp nht thngtin nng, khng phi li c nhm nhi. c bit ngay lc ny nghi nbng ti u ri? Liu Vn Quyn ch b nghi hay l dnh n bn tht? V in k in t ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh kt thc ra lm sao?...V vy phi vit tht ngn. Bi ngn. on ngn. Cu ngn.

Gao s Chua Chong Jin (i hc K thut Nanyang Singapore)tng than vi ngi vit: Hc tr ca ti do ny lm bi thi m c nhmail hay chat vi bn. Cc lc. Ngn ngn. Thm ch thay cho t ci,anh/c ta v ci mt ci. D thch hay khng, ngn ng tng lai cngs nh th, t ra l ngn ng bo ch. Nm 2000, chng ti th thng k2000 s ca bn t bo Si Gn Gii phng, Tui tr, Thanh nin, NgiLao ng, di trung bnh ca cu khin ti git mnh: trm trm 40t/cu! Ngha l ngang di ca cu vn ting Anh th k XVII (45 t/cu).Nhiu t bo cc a phng khc, ch s y c th ln n 60, thm ch 70.Kt qu kho st ca Franoise Richadeau v kh nng nh tc thi ca bno con ngi trong vic c sch, bo cho thy: ngi c c hc vn trungbnh v thnh thong mi c bo ch nh c mt chui 8 t; ngi c ctrnh v thng xuyn c bo cng ch nh 16 t. Khng phi ngunhin m Kinh thnh, n phm c s lng ngi c v c dch ra nhiu

ngn ng nht trn th gii, c di trung bnh l 16 t/cu. Trong kholun tt nghip i hc chuyn ngnh bo ch S hnh thnh v pht trinca bo trc tuyn vnexpress.net, tc gi L Nguyn Duy Khng cho bit: di trung bnh ca cu trn bo Vnexpress l 20,7 t/cu. Vn cn di,nhng so vi bo in th c mt bc tin quan trng (thng k trn t boin t Nhn dn, do ch yu l nhng bi v t bo in chuyn sang, ch sny l 44,5). Tc gi cn ch ra rng, cng mt ch , nhng bo in, chnghn bo Lao ng (v sau cng c post ln t Lao ng Online), cuc di gp i so vi t Vnexpress, t bo ch c phin bn in t6. Hyc th mt on, ngn ng ht sc bnh thng, nhng nh ngn ( ditrung bnh 15,5 t/cu) nn hiu qu thng tin cao:

Nh rt, ng hng tn kho ca cc i l c dp thanh ton. ogi, o phao bn "chy" nht, gi dao ng t 200.000 - 250.000ng/chic. Ti tin mng hn, c th chn 1 chic o len dy dn gi50.000- 70.000 ng. Mt b th thao m p cng ch trn di 100.000ng.

Cng vi "chiu" bn hng quen thuc, hng tn, hng "li mt" uc gn tn gi hp dn "i h gi". u ma m c hng i h gi,nghe cng l. Nhng khch hng chng my quan tm, ch cn r, m v"va mt" (H Ni rt, Vietnamnet, 9.12.2005).

Ngn ng tiu trn bo trc tuyn ngy cng c sc. Ngoi u (titre), cn c cc loi tiu khc nh m (surtitre), ph (soustitre),tiu b phn (intertitre). V hu ht u c t vi s dng cng. t tiu thng tin, loi thng thy trn bo in, m xut hin rt nhiu tiu tnhthi, hp dn, gi s t m bng li vit trc din, ngn, anh: Phn ban:thy tr ang ngi trn la!, Gn i hnh chnh U 23 VN lm vic vicng an, Chelsea kt liu Arsenal, Xmbu c, Ti i! ngkhc, Mc tm thn v hc, Hoa qu bo qun bng ho cht: ngin, kin ch, H thnh bia o, Ln i tc, Nng dn m hitho ti nh, Chng cng thc gic, em cng chn ch, Sng th:c t, mt nhiu, Mt chi danh thip, ng gi mi trng,Trai bao,(Vnexpress, Vietnamnet). Cc loi tiu khc cng th. Hyxem 3 trung ca bi H Ni rt: 1) Qun o m bn khng kp th;2) Cm hp li t hng; 3) Tr nhp vin gia tng.

4.2. Vit Nam, trc nhng nm 1980, khng c nh phong cchhc no nhc n phong cch thng tn bo ch. N mc nhin c nhp

6 L Nguyn Duy Khng. 2004. S hnh thnh v pht trin ca bo trc tuynvnexpress.net. Kho lun tt nghip i hc.Ttrang 46-51.

chung vi phong cch chnh lun, thm ch vi phong cch khoa hc. nnm 1982, cc tc gi C nh T, L Anh Hin, Nguyn Thi Ho, VBnh ln u tin cp n vn bn bo ch, v xem thng tn bo ch lmt phong cch c lp. Hai c im d thy ca phong cch ny l: 1)ngn ng bo ch l ngn ng s kin; v 2) ngn ng bo ch l ngn ngtnh lc, ngn gn.

L ngn ng th hin s kin nn ngi vit bo phi u tin chonhng loi t ng phn nh s kin. Trong vai tr ca ng t v danh tl rt quan trng. L ngn ng s kin nn hy chnh s kin, thng quas m ho bng ngn ng, tc ng n bn c, thuyt phc bn c. Tcng ca bo ch s mnh m hn nu s kin t ni, thay v nhng liku gi, h ho ca ngi vit (tt nhin l tr th loi x lun, bnh lun).Bn c hin i khng cn th ng nh trc y nn h mun t mnhtm ra cu tr li t cc s kin m nh bo cung cp. H khng cn thch lidt tay ch vic, anh phi lm nh th ny, anh khng c lm nh thkia. Thng tin ngy cng a chiu, v cng chng mun tm ra u l chnl trong ci a chiu y. Ngn gn, ni nh A. Tchekhov, lun l b chca ti nng. Nh bo cn vit ngn v c gi khng c nhiu th gi. Vitngn cn l v nhng yu cu v tip nhn, trnh nhiu thng tin nh ni trn. 16 t/ cu l tiu chun ca bo ni, mt phn no l bo hnh;nhng loi hnh bo ch m vic tip nhn thng tin ch yu, hay mt phnl qua thnh gic. Li ni gi bay, nn cn ni ngn. Vi bo in v bo trctuyn, trung bnh 20 t/cu l ti a, khng nn hn.

T nhng tiu ch ny, c th ni phong cch thng tn bo ch tingVit xut hin cha lu, d bo ch ting Vit c cch y gn 1,5 th k.Vy n xut hin vo lc no? Theo chng ti, c l ly ct mc 1986 lthch hp. y l nm t nc bc vo i mi. Trc , bo ch cachng ta l bo ch bao cp. Nhiu t bo ch yu l thng tin mt chiu.Chnh s nng n ca c ch quan liu bao cp nh hng trc tip nhot ng bo ch. Tnh cnh tranh rt thp. Trong tnh hnh , ngn ngbo ch cng rt chm i mi. Li vit mang nng tnh ch quan, ku gi,h ho. Nhiu bi bo nng v thuyt ging hn l cung cp thng tin, cungcp s kin mt cch chn tht, khch quan. T khi nc ta m ca, bo ch c nhng thay i ln trong c thay i trn bnh din ngn ng boch. Ngn ng bo ch ngn gn hn tng cng lng thng tin. Ccht vn trc din hn, thin v thng tin s kin, khng thuyt gio chungchung. Qung co, v theo vi n l phong cch ngn ng qung co - mtphong cch c quan h mt thit vi phong cch ngn ng thng tn bo ch-, cng xut hin tr li cng vi nn kinh t th trng.

Nu chn nm 1986 lm nm ra i ca phong cch thng tn bo chting Vit hin i th bo trc tuyn l loi hnh bo xut hin khi phongcch ny hnh thnh v tng i n nh. Nm 1998, tp ch Qu hngl t bo u tin ca Vit Nam c a ln mng. Nm 2000-2001 bngn bo trc tuyn Vit Nam vi s ra i ca hng lot bo trc tuyn nthun (ch c phin bn in t) cng nh bo in c thm phin bn in t.Bo trc tuyn Vit Nam tha hng nhng thnh tu nhiu mt ca boch truyn thng, bt u t Gia nh bo, k c nhng thnh tu v ngnng. Cc nh bo trc tuyn hin nay hu ht l nhng ngi t bo inchuyn sang, nhng do nhng yu cu ca loi hnh truyn thng mi, h c nhng thay i ng k v ngn ng, cch a tin. Hy vng trong mttng lai gn, khi chng ta o to c nhng nh bo trc tuyn chuynbit, phong cch ngn ng bo ch trn bo trc tuyn s c mt s chuynbin mnh m hn, ph hp vi xu th pht trin chung ca th gii. Mtphong cch pht huy tnh nhanh, gn, trc din ca truyn thng trc tuyn;ng thi hn ch n mc c th chp nhn c nhng sai st kh trnhkhi ca loi hnh bo pht, bo 24/24 gi ny ( chnh xc, ngunthng tin, li chnh t/dng t/t cu).

TI LIU THAM KHO1. ng Sn Ca. 1999. Gia nh bo, t bo Vit ng u tin. Kho luntt nghip i hc ngnh Bo ch Trng HKHXH&NV-HQG-HCM.2. Kenton W. Elderkin. 1996. The Future of the Newspaper Industry:How Electronic Newspapers Will Outrun their Competition. ElderkinAssociates.3. L Nguyn Duy Khng. 2004. S hnh thnh v pht trin ca botrc tuyn vnexpress.net. Kho lun tt nghip i hc ngnh Bo chTrng HKHXH&NV-HQG-HCM..4. Nhiu tc gi. 1998. a ch vn ho Thnh ph H Ch Minh, tp II:Vn hc Bo ch Gio dc. Nxb. TPHCM.5. Nhiu tc gi. 1999. Ting Vit trn cc phng tin truyn thng ichng. Hi Ngn ng hc TPHCM - Vin Ngn ng hc Vit Nam - TrngHKHXH&NV xut bn.6. Ng Y Vn v nhiu ngi khc. 2003. Lch s bo ch Vit Nam,giai on 1865-1945. ti nghin cu khoa hc sinh vin TrngHKHXH&NV-HQG-HCM.7. Hunh Vn Tng. 2000. Bo ch Vit Nam, t khi thu n 1945.Nxb. TPHCM.