4 denny, mei 2011(eksergi)rev
DESCRIPTION
Abstrak Refrigeran hidrokarbon yang banyak digunakan mempunyai merk dagang HCR-12 Hycool. Pada uji inidigunakan mesin pendingin dengan kompresor hermetik (lemari es) yang biasa menggunakan R-12.Pengujian ini dilakukan selama 2000 jam. Uji kecocokan ini adalah membandingkan viskositas,keasaman, jelaga, kandungan air, Al, Mn, Cu, Fe dan Si sebelum dan sesudah pengujian. Viskositas pelumas setelah pengujian pada temperatur 400C dan 1000C untuk kompresor dengan menggunakanrefrigeran HCR-12 adalah 20,34 cSt dan 4,05 cSt. Tidak terjadi perubahan Total Acid Number (TAN),soot dan kandungan air pada pelumas kompresor tersebut. TAN pelumas setelah dan sebelum pengujianadalah 0,07 mg KOH/g. Kandungan Al, Mn, Cu, Fe dan Si pada pelumas kompresor denganmenggunakan refrigeran HCR-12 berturut-turut adalah 1, 0, 3, 0, 3 ppm. Selain itu dilakukan uji visualkompresor hermetik setelah digunakan selama 2000 jam. Dari uji visual tidak ada kerusakan permukaankomponen kompresor. Dengan demikian HCR-12 dapat digunakan untuk kompresor hermetik yang biasamenggunakan R-12. Keyword :Uji Kecocokan, Kompresor Hermetik, Refrigerant HCR-12TRANSCRIPT
5/14/2018 4 Denny, Mei 2011(Eksergi)Rev - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/4-denny-mei-2011eksergirev 1/7
DLSDUJN Ituokb Wdlonl Dodujn V`b : O`/ 5 Hdn 5=;; < 4= ( 46
4=
Tin Ldc`c`lko Udfunjduko ACU(;5 ]kgk L`h}uds`u Aduhdwnl U(;5
Towtl Hdsno ]dognojno
H/ Gdoo~ Stunoguk
Itutsko Wdlonl Hdsno ]`bnwdlonl Odjdun SdhkukojIb/ ]u`f/ A/ Stgkuw`" S/A/ " Wdhekbkoj" L`wkl ]`s 6;>>SHS" Sdhkukoj 4=35>
Wdb}/ :7:37;:" :76675= !Atownoj." Fkq/ :7:53>6
D(hknb 9 gdoo~stunogukM~ka``/c`h/sj
Keswukl
Udfunjduko angu`lkue`o ~koj eko~kl gnjtoklko hdh}to~kn hdul gkjkoj ACU(;5 A~c``b/ ]kgk tin non
gnjtoklko hdsno }dognojno gdojko l`h}uds`u aduhdwnl !bdhkun ds. ~koj enksk hdojjtoklko U(;5/
]dojtinko non gnbkltlko sdbkhk 5=== ikh/ Tin ldc`c`lko non kgkbka hdhekognojlko vnsl`snwks"
ldkskhko" idbkjk" lkogtojko knu" Kb" Ho" Ct" Fd gko Sn sdedbth gko sdstgka }dojtinko/ Vnsl`snwks
}dbthks sdwdbka }dojtinko }kgk wdh}dukwtu 7==
C gko ;===
C towtl l`h}uds`u gdojko hdojjtoklkoudfunjduko ACU(;5 kgkbka 5="37 cSw gko 7"=4 cSw/ Wngkl wduikgn }dutekako W`wkb Kcng Othedu !WKO."
s``w gko lkogtojko knu }kgk }dbthks l`h}uds`u wdusdetw/ WKO }dbthks sdwdbka gko sdedbth }dojtinko
kgkbka ="=: hj L@Aj/ Lkogtojko Kb" Ho" Ct" Fd gko Sn }kgk }dbthks l`h}uds`u gdojko
hdojjtoklko udfunjduko ACU(;5 eduwtutw(wtutw kgkbka ;" =" 3" =" 3 }}h/ Sdbkno nwt gnbkltlko tin vnstkb
l`h}uds`u aduhdwnl sdwdbka gnjtoklko sdbkhk 5=== ikh/ Gkun tin vnstkb wngkl kgk ldutsklko }duhtlkko
l`h}`odo l`h}uds`u/ Gdojko gdhnlnko ACU(;5 gk}kw gnjtoklko towtl l`h}uds`u aduhdwnl ~koj enksk
hdojjtoklko U(;5/
Ld~z`ug 9Tin Ldc`c`lko" L`h}uds`u Aduhdwnl" Udfunjdukow ACU(;5
;/ ]dogkatbtko
Udfunjduko snowdwnl ~koj bkojstojhdog`hnoksn }kskuko ekut(ekut non gnldwkatn
hdhnbnln snfkw hdutskl bnojltojko wdutwkhk
~koj hdojkogtoj sdo~kzk CFC sd}duwn U(
;5 gko U(;3/ Gn Nog`odsnk" bkukojko
}dojjtokko udfunjduko snowdwnl ~koj hdutskl
bnojltojko gnwkojjk}n gdojko }`snwnf/ ]kgk
etbko Ikotkun ;>>1 hdowdun }dunogtswunko gko
}dugkjkojko UN hdojdbtkulko SL o`/ ;;=
gko ;;; ~koj edunsn }dbkojjkuko nh}`u
ekako ~koj gk}kw hdutskl `y`o !@GS"
@y`od Gd}bdwnoj Steswkocd. sduwk}dojak}tsko }u`gtlsn ekukoj(ekukoj
}dojjtok @GS/ Ededuk}k etbko ldhtgnko"
SL O`/ ;;= gko ;;; gnudvnsn gdojko
gnldbtkulkoo~k SL Hdh}dunogkj O`/ 7;=
gko 7;; }kgk wkato ~koj skhk/ @bda sdeke
nwt }dojjtoklko udfunjdukow kbwduokwnvd ~knwt
udfunjdukow angu`lkue`o hdhdubtlko
}dodbnwnko towtl hdojdwkatn }dojkutao~k
wduakgk} ldc`c`lko }dbthks okwtukb }kgk
l`h}udss`u aduhkwnl U(;5/ ]dojtinko non
klko hdhedunlko jkhekuko gkun ldwkakoko
l`h}uds`u aduhdwnc U(;5 gdojko udfunjdukow
ACU(;5/ ]dojtinko gnbkltlko sdbkhk 5===
ikh sdwdbka nwt gnbkltlko nos}dlsn wduakgk}ldutsklko }kgk ]dutekako }dbthks itjk
klko gnkokbnsns sd}duwn lkogtojko b`jkh
}dbthks" lkgku ldkskhko gkun }dbthks
vnsl`snwks lnodwnl" wnwnl o~kbk hno~kl
}dbthks" lkogtojko knu gko ldukl gkun
}dbthks/ ]dojtinko hdojkct }kgk }dodbnwnko
~koj gnbkltlko `bda Stlthku Gdv`wwk gll
~koj wdbka hdojkct }kgk }dodbnwnko gko
}dojdhekojko ~koj gnbkltlko gn Udsdkuca
Cdowdu f`u Udfunjdukwn`o kog Adkw ]th}s
Bwg ~koj edlduikskhk gdojko Tonvdusnw~ `f Akoo`vdu" Jduhko~/
5/ Wd`un L`h}uds`u Aduhdwnl
Uthka l`h}uds`u aduhdwnl U(;5 wduetkw
gkun ekik gdojko }dojduikko bks" sdanojjk
eknl l`h}uds`u hkt}to h`w`u bnswunl wkl
gk}kw gn}dunlsk wko}k hdh`w`oj uthka
l`h}uds`u/ @bda lkudok nwt" l`h}`odo gkun
l`h}uds`u aduhdwnc U(;5 akutsbka
wdu}duck~k gko gk}kw gnkogkblko/
5/14/2018 4 Denny, Mei 2011(Eksergi)Rev - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/4-denny-mei-2011eksergirev 2/7
Tin Ldc`c`lko Udfunjduko ACU(;5 ]kgk L`h}uds`u Aduhdwnl U(;5 !Gdoo~ S.
4;
Jkheku ;/ L`h}uds`u Aduhdwnl
Ldwdukojko Jkheku ;9
;/ Stcwn`o kccthtbkw`u
5/ Stcwn`o wted
3/
Ld}kbk snbnogdu7/ ]nsw`o
4/ ]`u`s dojl`b
6/ Gnscakujd kccthtbkw`u
:/ Swkw`u
1/ Uthka l`h}uds`u
>/ Cukol sakfw
;=/ Nowduokb gnscakujd wted
;;/ @nb gnscakujd wted
;5/ Cukolcksd
;3/ U`w`u
;7/ Gnscakujd wted kccthtbkw`u;4/ Gnscakujd wted
;6/ ]n}k }dojnsnko udfunjduko/
3/ Hdw`gd ]dodbnwnko
]kodb }dukbkwko }dojtinko ~koj
gnjtoklko sd}duwn wdubnakw gkbkh Jkheku 5/
Jkheku 5/ ]kodb }dukbkwko }dojtinko
]kukhdwdu(}kukhdwdu }dojtltuko ~koj
gnwdowtlko towtl hdojdwkatn }dojkuta ~kojwduikgn }kgk }dbthks udfunjduksn sdbkhk
edu`}duksn 5=== ikh o`osw`} skkw
hdojjtoklko ekako }dognojno ACU(;5"
kgkbka9
k/ Vnsl`snwks lnodwnl }dbthks !cSw.
e/ Fbksa }`now
c/ Zdku hdwksb !}}h.g/ Wnojlkw ldkskhko }dbthksWKO !hj
L@Aj.
d/ S``w kog Zkwdu c`owdows
]dusnk}ko kokbnsns hno~kl }dbthks
]dusnk}ko lkbn non gnwtitlko gkbkh akb
}dojdhksko }dbthks aksnb }dojtinko ~koj
klko gn ekzk ld Bke`ukw`unth
]DUWKHNOK Iklkuwk/ Bkojlka(bkojlka
~koj gnbkltlko kgkbka 9k/ Hdoj`s`ojlko udfunjdukow gkun snswdh
!bdhkun ds./ Akb non gnbkltlko sdedbth
}dbd}ksko l`h}uds`u gkun snswdh towtl
hdojanogkun ldeklkuko skkw }dojdbksko"
lkudok udfunjduko angu`lkue`o edusnfkw
fbkhhkebd/
e/ Hdo~nk}lko e`w`b }dokh}toj }dbthks/
E`w`b wdubdena gkatbt gnedusnalko towtl
hdojanbkojlko l`w`uko" ldhtgnko
gnidhtu sdbkhk » 1 ikh/
c/ Hdbd}ks l`h}uds`u gkun snswdh gdojko
ckuk hdojdbks skhetojko(skhetojko
}n}k }kgk snswdh/
g/ Hdotkoj }dbthks gkun l`h}uds`u
ldgkbkh e`w`b ~koj wdbka gnsnk}lko"
ldhtgnko e`w`b gnwtwt} uk}kw sdanojjk
udklsn gdojko tgkuk btku gk}kw gnanogkun/
]dusnk}ko kokbnsns sdckuk vnstkb
Towtl hdbnakw ekjnko gkbkh l`h}uds`u"akuts hdhedbka uthka l`h}uds`u gdojko
hdojjtoklko jdujkin edsn/ Ekjnko(ekjnko
~koj akuts gn}duakwnlko" ~knwt9
k/ Lkwt} gnscakujd
e/ Lkwt} stcwn`o
c/ ]nsw`o
g/ Cukolsakfw
]u`sdgtu kokbnsns vnsl`snwks
Kokbnsns non eduwtitko towtl hdojdwkatn}dutekako vnsl`snwks hno~kl }dbthks gn
5/14/2018 4 Denny, Mei 2011(Eksergi)Rev - slidepdf.com
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DLSDUJN Ituokb Wdlonl Dodujn V`b : O`/ 5 Hdn 5=;; < 4= ( 46
45
l`h}uds`u sdbkhk 5=== ikh `}duksn" klnekw
educkh}tu gdojko udfunjduko gko hdojkbkhn
}dutekako wdh}dukwtu" wdlkoko" gko
l`owkhnoksn/
]u`sdgtu kokbnsns vnsl`snwks }dbthks9
;/ Hdojangt}lko vnsl`hdwdu gko hdojkwtuwdh}dukwtuo~k !7=
=C gko ;==
=C./
5/ Vnsl`hdwdu gnenkulko sdbkhk ededuk}k
hdonw sdanojjk stat ~koj gnnojnolko
wduck}kn/
3/ Sdwnk} lkbn hdojjtoklko" akuts
hdojlkbneuksn vnsl`hdwdu wdusdetw
gdojko hdojjtoklko ̀ bn swkogku/
7/ Aksnb lkbneuksn gkun `bn swkogku }kbnoj
wngkl hdh}to~kn snh}kojko 2;$ gkun
onbkn vnsl`snwks ~koj wdbka gnwdowtlko
}kgk hksnoj(hksnoj wdh}dukwtu/4/ Hdo~nk}lko }dbthks ~koj klko gntltu
vnsl`snwkso~k/
6/ Hdhkstllko }dbthks ld gkbkh jdbks
tltu sdeko~kl ;4 hb/
:/ Hdotkojlko }dbthks gn jdbks tltu ld
gkbkh wketoj vnsl`hdwdu/
1/ Hdhkstllko wketoj vnsl`hdwdu ld
gkbkh }dukbkwko vnsl`hdwdu gnjnwkb
gdojko hdojjtoklko }doid}nw ~koj wdbka
gnsdgnklko/
>/ Hdhkstllko wketoj vnsl`hdwduo~k
!sdeknlo~k hdhnbna s}nogdb ~koj
hdh}to~kn onbkn fklw`u }dojkbn ~koj
ldcnb" st}k~k gn}du`bda aksnb }dojtltuko
vnsl`snwks ~koj bdena wdbnwn./
;=/ Hdokunl }dbthks ~koj kgk }kgk wketoj
vnsl`hdwdu" sdanojjk }duhtlkko }dbthks
oknl skh}kn ekwks kwks ~koj wdbka
gnwdowtlko gdojko hdojjtoklko }`h}k
vklth/
;;/ Hdhnogkalko }`snsn sznwca }kgk }`snsn@O /
;5/ Hdhenkulko }dbthks hdojkbnu }kgk
wketoj vnsl`hdwdu skh}kn ekwks ekzka
~koj wdbka gnwdowtlko/
;3/ Hdodlko w`he`b sznwca skkw }dbthks
hdo~dowta ekwks ekzka gkun wketoj
vnsl`hdwdu/
;7/ Hdhekck eduk}k vnsl`snwks }kgk gns}bk~/
;4/ Towtl hdh}du`bda aksnb vnsl`snwks" aksnb
}dhekckko }kgk gns}bk~ gnlkbnlko
gdojko fklw`u }dojkbn gkun wketojvnsl`hdwdu wdusdetw/
Jkheku 3/ Vnsc`hdwdu
]u`sdgtu kokbnsns fbksa }`now
Kokbnsns non eduwtitko towtl hdodowtlko
wnwnl o~kbk gkun hno~kl }dbthks sdwdbka
edu`}duksn sdbkhk 5=== ikh/ Towtl kokbnsns
non hdojjtoklko C@C !Cbdvdbdog @}do
Ct}./
Jkheku 7/ C@C !Cbdvdbdog @}do Ct}.
]u`sdgtu kokbnsns fbksa }`now gdojko
hdojjtoklko C@C kgkbka9
;/ Hdojnsn hkojltl gdojko Tsdg @nb
!skh}db. skh}kn wkogk ekwks
5/ Hdhkokslko skh}db gdojko ldcd}kwko
}dhkoksko 54 skh}kn 3==Fhdonw/ Inlk
stat skh}db ;===F gn ekzka wnwnl o~kbk
~koj gn}dulnuklko hklk hdojtukojn
}dhkoksko sdanojjk ldcd}kwko
}dhkoksko towtl 4==F ~koj wduklanu gn
ekzka wnwnl o~kbk gn}dulnuklko > skh}kn;;
=Fhdonw/
5/14/2018 4 Denny, Mei 2011(Eksergi)Rev - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/4-denny-mei-2011eksergirev 4/7
Tin Ldc`c`lko Udfunjduko ACU(;5 ]kgk L`h}uds`u Aduhdwnl U(;5 !Gdoo~ S.
43
3/ Gnhtbkn gkun 4==F gn ekzka wnwnl o~kbk"
wdsw fbkhd gnbdzkwlko gn kwks hkojltl
wnk}(wnk} ldoknlko 4=F sdckuk e`bkl(ekbnl
gkbkh zklwt ; gdwnl/
7/ Hdockwkw wdh}dukwtu gnhkok wduikgn
skhekuko k}n }kgk }duhtlkko hno~kl }dbthks ldwnlk wdsw fbkhd gnbdzkwlko/
Wnwnl k}n gk}kw gn ekck }kgk skkw hno~kl
wdueklku sdbkhk 4 gdwnl/
]u`sdgtu kokbnsns hdwkb c`owdow
Kokbnsns non eduwtitko towtl hdojdwkatn
zdku hdwkb ~koj wduikgn sdbkhk edu`}dusn
5=== ikh o`o(sw`}/ Towtl kokbnsns non
hdojjtoklko NC] ! Nogtcwnvdb~ C`t}bdg
]bkshk./ ]u`sdgtu kokbnsk hdwkb c`owdow gdojko hdojjtoklko NC]9
;/ Hdonhnhekoj tsdg `nb skh}kn » ; jukh/
5/ Hdbkutwlko tsdg `nb ld gkbkh ;= hb
q~bdo /
3/ Hdo~dwnoj k}n gkbkh utkoj }dheklkuko
gdojko hdojjtoklko s`fwzkud/
7/ Sdedbth hdhtbkn }dojtinko"
hdhkstllko Q~bdo ld gkbkh utkoj eklku
towtl hdodwukbnsnu/
4/ Hdhkstlko `nb swkogku 4= }}h gko ;==
}}h !c`o`swko zdku hdwkb. sdekjkn
swkogku/
6/ Hdhkstllko tsdg `nb ~koj klko
gnkokbnsns lkgku zdku hdwkb(o~k/
Jkheku 4/ NC] ! Nogtcwnvdb~ C`t}bdg ]bkshk.
]u`sdgtu kokbnsns s``w kog zkwdu c`owdow
Kokbnsns non eduwtitko towtl hdojdwkatn
s``w kog zkwdu c`owdow ~koj wdulkogtoj }kgk
}dbthks" sdbkhk edu`}dusn 5=== ikh o`o(sw`}/ Towtl kokbnsk non hdojjtoklko FWNU
!F`tundu Wukosf`uh Nofuk Udg ./ ]u`sdgtu
kokbnsk s``w kog zkwdu c`owdow gdojko
hdojjtoklko FWNU9
;/ Hdojangt}lko FWNU/
5/ Hdhenkulko kbkw zkuhnoj(t} sdbkhk »;=
hdonw/3/ Sdedbth hdhtbkn }dojtinko"
hdhedusnalko }duhtlkko ‒lunswkb lkck‘
gdojko bkutwko w`btdod/
7/ Hdotkojlko @nb udfdudocd }kgk
}duhtlkko lunswkb sdckuk hdukwk/
4/ Hdodlko w`he`b scko }kgk s`fwzkud
FWNU/
6/ Hdhekognojlko aksnb `nb udfdudocd
gdojko gkwk eksd" ~koj wdbka gnhnbnln
`bda s`fwzkud FWNU /
:/ Inlk aksnb gkun `nb udfdudocd hdhnbnln}do~nh}kojko ltukoj gkun » 4$" kbkw
gk}kw gnlkwklko eknl/
1/ Hdhedusnalko }duhtlkko lunswkb gdojko
bkutwko w`btdod sdedbth }dojtinko tsdg
`nb edunltwo~k/
>/ Hdotkojlko tsdg `nb }kgk }duhtlkko
lunswkb sdckuk hdukwk/
;=/ Hdodlko w`he`b scko }kgk s`fwzkud
FWNU /
;;/ Hdocdwkl aksnbo~k gkbkh edowtl }unow(
`tw /
;5/ Hdojtbkojn bkojlka ld(;= towtl
}dojtinko tsdg `nb idons bkno/
Jkheku 6/ FWNU !F`tundu Wukosf`uh Nofuk Udg ./
]u`sdgtu kokbnsns WKO
Kokbnsns non eduwtitko towtl hdojdwkatn
wnojlkw ldkskhko ~koj wdulkogtoj }kgk
}dbthks/ Towtl kokbnsk non hdojjtoklko
Wnwunhdwdu / ]u`sdgtu kokbnsk WKO gdojko
hdojjtoklko Wnwunhdwdu sdekjkn edunltw9
;/ Hdonhekoj tsdg `nb skh}kn » ;4 jukh/
5/ Hdbkutwlko tsdg `nb wdusdetw ld gkbkh
bkutwko s`bvdo/
5/14/2018 4 Denny, Mei 2011(Eksergi)Rev - slidepdf.com
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DLSDUJN Ituokb Wdlonl Dodujn V`b : O`/ 5 Hdn 5=;; < 4= ( 46
47
3/ Hdo~nk}lko L@A gkbkh dwko`bkbl`a`b
sdekjkn }doj(wnwuko/
7/ Hdo~nk}lko bkutwko swkogku !s`bvdo."
aksnb gkun bkutwko swkogku klko hdhnbnln
}`wdosn`hdwdu ;"3; hV gdojko w`bdukosn
» ; $/4/ Hdhkstllko tsdg `nb ~koj stgka
gnbkutwlko gdojko s`bvdo ld gkbkh
Wnwunhdwdu /
6/ Hdhenkulko ededuk}k hdonw sdanojjk
wduikgn wnwuksn/
:/ Aksnb ldbtku gkbkh edowtl }unow(`tw R
Jkheku :/ Wnwunhdwdu
7/ Aksnb gko ]dhekaksko
]dbthks okwtukb l`h}uds`u non gnetkwsdckuk latsts towtl l`h}uds`u aduhdwnc U(
;5 sdanojjk gk}kw edlduik sdckuk eknl }kgk
wdh}dukwtu l`h}uds`u/ ]dbthks eduekako
gksku }dbthks hnodukb idons ok}awdonc/ ]kgk
Wkedb ; gko 5 edunltw klko gn}dubnakwlko
gkwk hno~kl sdedbth }dojtinko/
Wkedb ;/ Gkwk }dbthks sdedbth }dojtinko
O` ]dhdunlskko Hdw`gdAksnb
ACU(;5
; Vnsc`snw~ Lnodhkwnc cSW KSWH(774
(}kgk 7==C 55";:
(}kgk ;===C 7"5>
5 W`wkb Kcng Othedu hjL@Aj KSWH G(667 ="=:
3 Fbksa ]`now C@C ;1=
7 Nofukudg B`z Anja FWNU
S``w = =":= =
Zkwdu = ="3= =
4 Hdwkb C`owdow }}h KSWH G(4;14
Kb =
Ho =
Ct =
Fd =
Sn =
Wkedb 5/ Gkwk }dbthks sdstgka }dojtinko
O` ]dhdunlskko Hdw`gdAksnb
ACU(;5
; Vnsc`snw~ Lnodhkwnc cSW KSWH(774
(}kgk 7==C 5="37
(}kgk ;==
=
C 7"=45 W`wkb Kcng Othedu
hjL@Aj
KSWH G(667="=:6
3 Fbksa ]`now C@C ;:5
7 Nofukudg B`z Anja FWNU
S``w = =":= =
Zkwdu = ="3= =
4 Hdwkb C`owdow }}h KSWH G(4;14
Kb ;
Ho =
Ct 3
Fd =
Sn 3
Sdgkojlko gkwk khekoj ekwks }dbthks ~koj
hksna gk}kw gnjtoklko gkbkh l`h}uds`u
aduhkwnl U(;5 kgkbka sdekjkn edunltw non9
Wkedb 3/ Gkwk khekoj ekwks }dbthks l`h}uds`u
aduhdwnc
O` ]dhdunlskko Vkbtd !hkqnhkb.
; Vnsc`snw~ Lnodhkwnc cSW O`w Kbb`zdg »3=$
!Kbb Vnsc`snw~.
5 W`wkb Kcng Othedu hj L@Aj ="3
3 Zdku Hdwkb }}h
Kb ;=
Ct ;4
Fd 54
Sn ;4
Kokbnsns vnsl`snwks
Gkun aksnb }dojtinko }dbthks ~koj
gnbkltlko gn bke`ukw`unth ]dHK] ]duwkhnok
hdotoitlko kgko~k }dotutoko vnsl`snwks
}kgk }dbthks/ Udfunjdukow ACU(;5 }kgk
wdh}dukwtud 7==C sdedbth gnbkltlko
}dojtinko vnsc`snwks lnodhkwnl 55";: gko
sdwdbka }dojtinko vnsc`snwks lnodhkwnl 5="37sdgkojlko }kgk wdh}dukwtud ;==
=C sdedbth
gnbkltlko }dojtinko vnsc`snwks lnodhkwnl
7"5> gko sdwdbka }dojtinko vnsc`snwks
lnodhkwnl 7"=4/ Wduikgno~k }dotutoko
vnsl`snwks non gnsdekelko `bda ededuk}k akb
~knwt9
;/ Educkh}tuo~k }dbthks gdojko udfunjduko
}kgk skkw }dbthks edlduik }kgk snswdh
udfunjduksn/
5/ Oknlo~k wdh}dukwtu lduik }dbthks ~koj
gnsdekelko `bda wdlkoko udfunjdukow ~koj
gnhkh}kwlko sduwk `bda lduik h`w`u
5/14/2018 4 Denny, Mei 2011(Eksergi)Rev - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/4-denny-mei-2011eksergirev 6/7
Tin Ldc`c`lko Udfunjduko ACU(;5 ]kgk L`h}uds`u Aduhdwnl U(;5 !Gdoo~ S.
44
bnswunl/ Oknlo~k wdh}dukwtu non
hdo~dekelko hdbdhkao~k nlkwko kowkuk
h`bdltb }dbthks ~koj hdojklnekwlko
wtutoo~k vnsl`snwks }dbthks/
3/ Jdsdlko kowkuk l`h}`odo ~koj edujdukl
gkun l`h}uds`u sdanojjk hdojklnekwlkooknlo~k wdlkoko gko wdh}dukwtu }kgk
bk}nsko fnbh gnkowkuk gtk b`jkh ~koj
edujdsdlko/
]dotutoko vnsl`snwks }dbthks non hksna
gkbkh ekwks ~koj gnudl`hdogksnlko ~knwt
hksna gnekzka 3= $ gkun vnsl`snwks }dbthks
ekut/
Kokbnsns WKO
Edugkskulko aksnb }dojtinko WKO wdubnakwekazk wngkl kgk }donojlkwko onbkn WKO
sdwdbka snswdh edulduik sdbkhk 5=== ikh wk}n
zkbkt}to wngkl kgk ldoknlko }kgk onbkn WKO
sdwdbka }dojtinko udklsn `lsngksn wdwk} wduikgn
lkudok `lsngksn wdubkutw nltw gkbkh snultbksn
}dbthksko/
Kokbnsns s``w gko zkwdu c`owdows
Aksnb }dojtinko s``w gko zkwdu c`owdow
wngkl hdojkbkhn ldoknlko !onbkno~k o`b.
hklk noswkbksn ~koj gnbkltlko stgka sdstkn
gdojko }u`sdgtu }dojnoswkbko ltblks/
Kokbnsns hdwkb c`owdows
]dbthks ekut ! fudsa `nb. wngkl wdugk}kw
l`owkhnoksn zdku hdwkb ~koj wdugdwdlsn `bda
kbkw NC]/ Lkogtojko Fd sdedsku = }}h" Ct
sdedsku 3 }}h" Kb sdedsku ; }}h gko Sn
sdedsku 3 }}h/ Fd gko Kb hdut}klkohdwdunkb twkhk }do~tsto }kgk }nsw`o" hklk
kgko~k l`owkhnoko Fd gko Kb edukskb gkun
jdsdlko kowkuk snbnogdu gko }nsw`o ~koj
hdojklnekwlko }dojnlnsko ldgtk hkwdunkb
l`h}`odo wdusdetw/
Sthedu l`owkhnoko Sn edukskb gkun keuksn
}kgk jksldw gn ld}kbk snbnogdu l`h}uds`u
~koj gn}dojkutan `bda wdlkoko gko
wdh}dukwtu lduik ~koj ctlt} wnojjn" gko
gk}kw itjk edukskb gkun gdet !l`w`uko. ldwnlk
}dojdhksko hno~kl }dbthks ld e`w`b
wdh}kw }do~nh}koko hno~kl }dbthks
sdedbth gntin gn Bke`ukw`unth/
Towtl sthedu l`owkhnoko Ct edukskb
gkun lth}kuko h`w`u bnswunl ~koj edujdsdlko
gdojko }dbthks/ L`owkhnoko Ct itjk
edukskb gkun wdulnlnso~k hkwdunkb }n}k ~kojwduetkw gkun wdhekjk ~koj }dojnlnskoo~k
wduikgn ldwnlk ckh}tuko udfunjduko gko
}dbthks edusnultbksn gkbkh snswdh hdsno
}dognojno/
Kokbnsns Vnstkb
Kokbnsns vnstkb gnbkltlko gdojko hdbnakw
ekjnko(ekjnko gkun l`h}uds`u ~koj
hdojkbkhn }dutekako fnsnl gko }dutekako
zkuok/ Ekjnko(ekjnko ~koj gnkhkwn" kowkukbkno 9
;/ Lkwt} ansk} gko wdlko
Lkwt} ansk} gko wdlko hdut}klko ekjnko
~koj hdojkwtu hkstlldbtkuo~k kbnuko fbtngk
ld utkoj snbnogdu gko hdotit gnscakujd
vkbvd/ Ekjnko non klko sdunoj gnbkbtn `bda
}dbthks gko udfunjduko" sdanojjk }dojkuta
stat gko wdlkoko gkbkh l`h}uds`u gk}kw
gnkhkwn }kgk ekjnko wdusdetw/
!k. !e.
Jkheku 1/ k/ Lkwte ansk} e/ Lkwte wdlko
Gkun jkheku lkwte gn kwks wdubnakw ekazklkwte ansk} gko wdlko ~koj hdojjtoklko
udfunjdukow ACU(;5 hdh}to~kn fbdl c`lbkw
~koj wdubnakw skhku(skhku/ Akb non
gnsdekelko lkudok }dojjtoklko udfunjdukow
ACU(;5 ~koj wdh}dukwtuo~k hdonojlkw/
5/ ]nsw`o " snbnogdu gko cukolsakfw
Towtl }dojkhkwko sdckuk vnstkb }kgk }nsw`o"
snbnogdu gko w`ukl" wngkl wdubnakw kgko~k
}duedgkko ~koj hdoc`b`l/
5/14/2018 4 Denny, Mei 2011(Eksergi)Rev - slidepdf.com
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DLSDUJN Ituokb Wdlonl Dodujn V`b : O`/ 5 Hdn 5=;; < 4= ( 46
46
!k. !e.
!c.Jkheku >/ k/ ]nsw`o e/ Snbnogdu c/]`u`s lutl ks
]kgk ekjnko }nsw`o gko snbnogdu" }duhtlkko
hksnoj(hksnoj l`h}`odo wdusdetw okh}kl
wdugk}kw sdgnlnw edlks jdsdlko" okhto sdckuk
vnstkb jdsdlko wdusdetw okh}kl sdckuk
skhku(skhku/ ]kgk ekjnko cukolsakfw "
wdugk}kw edlks jdsdlko(jdsdlko ~koj akbts
gko sdckuk vnstkb wngkl okh}kl ckckw ~koj
edukuwn/ ]kgk ekjnko ekjnko ~koj bkno !u`w`u"
swkw`u" lkedb" ukojlk" }n}k wdhekjk" gbb.
sdckuk thth hksna gkbkh ldkgkko eknl/
4/ LDSNH]TBKO
;/ ]dotutoko vnsl`snwks }kgk wdh}dukwtud
7==C towtl ACU(;5 kgkbka 1"54$" }kgk
wdh}dukwtud ;===C kgkbka 4"6$/ Onbkn non
gnekzka onbkn KSWH(774 ~koj
hdos~kukwlko }dutekako sdedsku »3=$"
sdanojjk ldgtk udfunjdukow wdusdetw bk~kl
gnjtoklko/
5/ S``w gko zkwdu c`owdow ~koj wngkl
hdh}to~kn onbkn !onbkno~k =." non edukuwn
wngkl kgk dogk}ko gko lkogtojko knu
gkbkh snswdh udfunjduksn sdanojjk noswkbksntowtl }dojtinko non wdbka hdhdotan
}u`sdgtu towtl sdetka noswkbksn
udfunjdukw`u /
3/ Wngkl wduikgn }donojlkwko onbkn WKO
7/ L`h}uds`u gdojko udfunjdukow ACU(;5"
lkwt} stcwn`o gko gnscakujd eduzkuok
ldc`lbkwko/ Akb non gnsdekelko `bda
wdueklkuo~k hno~kl }dbthks gko itjk
lkudok dfdl gkun wdh}dukwtu lduik ~koj
wnojjn gkun l`h}uds`u/
4/ ]kgk }nsw`o gko cukolsakfw wdugk}kwj`udsko(j`udsko" akb non gnklnekwlko `bda
ldgtk l`h}`odo sdbkbkbt edujdsdlko }kgk
skkw edlduik/ Akb nonbka ~koj hdo~dekelko
htoctbo~k zdku hdwkb/
Gdojko gdhnlnko udfunjdukow ACU(;5 c`c`l
inlk gnjtoklko }kgk l`h}uds`u aduhkwnl U(
;5 sdanojjk gk}kw hdojjkownlko udfunjdukowU(;5/
UDFDUDOCDS
‥KSAUKD" ;>>1" KSAUKD Akoge``l `f
Ftogkhdowkb" Hnbbswku Dbdcwu`onc
]tebnsa" Ju`t} Noc/
‥Cnkowku" C/" Akgfndbg" H/" Szkbb`z" K/"
Shnwa" K/" 5===" Wad nofbtdocd `f ]@D
kog ]VD bteunckow ebdogs znwano
aduhdwnc udfunjdukwnoj c`hudss`us`}dukwnoj znwa AFC(;37k udfunjdukow"
Zdku " V`b/ 57;" }}/ 43(67/
‥Gnudlw`ukw Anbnu Engkoj ]dhkskuko gko
Onkjk" 5==5" ]dhdbnakukko Hdsno
Hdbkbtn Kokbnsk ]u`judsnf" Bk~koko
Wdlonl ]dhkskuko(]dbthks/‥Kun Gkuhkzko" Ku~kgn Stz`o` kog
Okwakokdb Wkognko" 5==5" ]dbkwnako
Udfunjduko Angu`ckue`o" Sdhnoku
Udfunjduko Angu`ckue`o" Sdhkukoj/
‥Akunhko Lkuwkltsthka" 5==5" ]dojkuta
AC ]u`}kok !U(5>=. Wduakgk}
Vnsl`snwks Hno~kl ]dbthks gn
L`h}uds`u gdojko ACFC !U(55.
sdekjkn Udfunjduko Kctko/
‥]W/ Akuw`o` Nswkok Wdlo`b`jn" 5==5"
]dojjtokko Udfunjduko Angu`ckue`o
}kgk Bdhkun Ds" Sdhnoku Udfunjduko
Angu`ckue`o" Sdhkukoj/
‥Stlthku Gdv`wwk" O/ O/ Skzkow" Saknbdsa
O/ i`san" Bnfd C~cbd Wdswnoj `f AduhdwncC`h}udss`u Znwa Kbwduokwnvds w` CFC(
;5" Okwn`okb Cadhnckb Bke`ukw`u~" Nognk
‥Znogt Sdgn~`o`" 5==3" Lkin dls}dunhdowkb
}duekognojko toitl lduik ltblks gdojko
hdojjtoklko udfunjduko U(;5 gko
Angu`lkue`o skfd(;5 wduakgk} }dojkuta
vkunksn hkssk udfunjduksn/