45-2009 - eeesd - emissions pnr

8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr

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EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace

Non-regulated exhaust

pollutants emitted fromEuropean passenger cars of

different technology

E. Zervas

Department of Environmental Engineering

Democritus University of ThracePresent Address: Greek Open University


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1. Why this presentation-1

Passenger cars (PCs) contribute to air pollution,especially to atmospheric quality of urban areas

Passenger cars emit several hundreds of different

pollutants

Some pollutants are dangerous for the human

health (four are toxic), others are dangerous for theenvironment (ozone formation, acid rain, climate

changes,)


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1. Why this presentation-2 Some pollutants (the major ones) have regulatory

upper emission limits HC, CO, NOx in the case of petrol PCs (+PM,

NMHC)

HC, CO, NOx, PM in the case of diesel PCs(+particle number)

These limits are valid on specific conditions (driving

cycles) A EU directive is published recently to regulate

future CO2 emissions (which is related to fuel

consumption and is not considered as a pollutant)


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1. Why this presentation-3 However, PCs emit several other pollutants, which

are not regulated. The main are: Only total HC are regulated. Benzene and 1,3

butadiene are toxic, CH4 => to climate changes

Only total NOx are regulated (N2O, NO, NO2, NH3) Carbonyl compounds (formaldehyde and

acetaldehyde are toxic)

Sulphur compounds (depend on the S content) Alcohols and ethers (if they are added in the fuel)

Organic acids

PAH and nitro-PAH (some are cancerigenic)


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2. Contents of this presentation

Methodology used

New European Driving Cycle Other driving cycles, Real Driving conditions

Current regulations (of regulated pollutants)

Results and discussion Non-regulated pollutants studied

For each NRP, the impact of

fuel emission technology (Euro2, 3, TIEuro4)

mileage

Conclusions


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3a. Methodology used

Several NRP are analyzed. They come from

several gasoline and diesel vehicles of different

technology from Euro2 to Euro4.

The emissions obtained on the New European

Driving Cycle


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3b. New European Driving CycleTests on chassis dynamometer


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3b. New European Driving Cycle

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Time (s)

Speed

(km/h)

Elementary urban cycle

1st part: urban (ECE): 4,052 km 2nd part: extra-urban (EUDC): 6,955 km

Max. speed = 120 km/h

Average speed = 33.6 km/h

Duration = 1 180 s

Distance = 11.007 km

NEDC Cycle


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3c. Some other driving cycles,

Japan

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Time (s)

Spped(

km/h)

Max speed = 70 km/h

Average speed = 22,7 km/h

Duration = 660 s

Distance = 4,16 km

10_15 Modes Cycle


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Japan

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Time (s)

Speed(km/h)

Max. speed = 60 km/h


Duration = 505 s

Distance = 4 084 km

11 Modes Cycle


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USA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Time (s)

Speed(k

m/h)

Phase 1: 505 s (5,8 km)

Cold phase

Phase 2: 866 s (6,3 km)

Steady phaseEngine stop closed hood

10 1 min

Phase 3: 505 s (5.8 km)

Warm phase

FTP 72 or LA4 cycle

Max. speed = 91.2 km/h


(stop excluded)Duration = 2 479 s

(stop included)

Distance = 17.86 km

Weighting factors:

Phase 1 : 0,43

Phase 2 : 1,00Phase 3 : 0,57

Cycle City or FTP 75


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USA

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Time (s)

Speed(km/h)

Max. speed = 96.4 km/h


Duration = 765 s

Distance = 16.5 km

Highway Cycle


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USA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Time (s)

Speed(k

m/h)

Max. speed = 88 km/hAverage speed = 34.9 km /h

Duration = 594 s

Distance = 5 760 km

SC03 Cycle


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USA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Time (s)

US06 CycleMax. speed = 129 km/h


Duration = 600 sDistance = 15.86 km


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3d. Real Driving Conditions

Impact of driving cycle

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

PMe

missions(g/km)

PC1

PC2

NEDC

ECE

EUDC

FTP75

Phase-1

Phase-2

Phase-3

11modes

15modes

US06

H

ighway

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

NOxemissions(g/km)

PC1

PC2

NEDC

ECE

EUDC

FTP75

Phase-1

Phase-2

Phase-3

11modes

15modes

US06

Highway


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3d. Real Driving Conditions

Exhaust pollutants are measured on the NEDC.NEDC is a driving cycle used for approval tests

(certification) of new passenger cars in EU and is

not representative of real driving conditions

It is not possible to have real world emissions,

only some estimations


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3e. Euro regulations-Diesel

Four regulated pollutants

(CO, HC, NOx, PM) HC are indirectly regulated

Particle number will be

introduced from Euro6

Significant decrease in the

case of all pollutants CO is not considered any

more as a major pollutant1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Date (year)

0

1

2

3

Exhau

stconcentr

ation(mg/km

) CONOx

HC+NOx

PMx10

DIESEL


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3e. Euro regulations-Petrol

Three regulated pollutants(CO, HC, NOx)

PM and NMHC limits from

Euro5 (PM for DI engines) Significant decrease in the

case of all pollutants

CO is not considered anymore as a major pollutant

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Date (year)

0

1

2

3

Exhau

stconcentr

ation(mg/km

) CONOx

HC+NOx

HC

NMHC

PMx10

PETROL


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3f. Non regulated pollutants

examined

Nitrogen compounds (N2O, NH3)

HC families

Some individual HC Carbonyl compounds (total, some individual ones)

PAH, Nitro-PAH (total)


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4. Nitrogen compounds4a. N2O

0 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000

Mileage (km)

0

4

8

12

16

20

Exh

austconcentra

tion(mgkm)

0

10

20

30

40

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

N2O

Diesel

Gasoline

Increase with mileage, D>G

D: no impact of technology

G: decrease with emission technology?

D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05

0

5

10

15

20

25

Exhaustconcentration(m

gkm) N2O


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4. Nitrogen compounds4b. NH3


0

10

20

30

Exhaustc

oncentration(mg/km) AMMONIAC

Increase with mileage, G>>D (practically zero

emissions)

D: increase with technologyG: decrease with emission technology?

0 20000 40000 60000 80000

Mileage (km)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Exh

austconcentra

tion(mgkm)

0

5

10

15

20

25

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

AMMONIAC

Diesel

Gasoline


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5. Hydrocarbons families5a. Paraffins (CnH2n+2)

0 20000 40000 60000 80000

Mileage (km)

0

4

8

12

16

Exh

austconcentra

tion(mg/km)

0

10

20

30

40

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

PARAFFINS

Diesel

Gasoline

G: increase with mileage, G>D

D: independent of technology



0

10

20

30

Exhaustc

oncentration(mg/km) PARAFFINS


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5. Hydrocarbons families5b. iso-Paraffins (CnH2n+2)


0

10

20

30


gkm) i-PARAFFINS

G: increase with mileage, G>>D



0 20000 40000 60000 80000

Mileage (km)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Exh

austconcentra

tion(mgkm)

0

10

20

30

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

i-PARAFFINS

Diesel

Gasoline


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5. Hydrocarbons families5c. Alcenes (CnH2n, one double bond)

G: increase with mileage, D>G

D: increase with technologyG: decrease with emission technology?

0 20000 40000 60000 80000

Mileage (km)

0

10

20

30

Exh

austconcentra

tion(mg/km)

0

4

8

12

16

20

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

ALCENES

Diesel

Gasoline


0

10

20

30


gkm) ALCENES


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5. Hydrocarbons families5d. Naphthenes (CnH2n, cyclic HC)

G, D: increase with mileage, G>>D

D: decrease with technologyG: decrease with technology?

0 20000 40000 60000 80000

Mileage (km)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Exh

austconcentra

tion(mgkm)

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

NAPHTHENES

Diesel

Gasoline


0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6


g/km) NAPHTHENES


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5. Hydrocarbons families5e. Aromatics (aromatic ring)

G, D: increase with mileage, G>>D

D: decrease with technologyG: decrease with technology? (and also fuel)

0 20000 40000 60000 80000

Mileage (km)

0

2

4

6

Exh

austconcentra

tion(mgkm)

0

20

40

60

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

AROMATICS

Diesel

Gasoline


0

10

20

30

40

50

Exhaustc

oncentration(m

gkm) AROMATICS


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6. Individual Hydrocarbons

6a. Methane (CH4)


0

4

8

12

16

20

Exhaustc

oncentration(m

gkm) METHANE

G: increase with mileage, G>D

D: increase with technology

G: decrease with technology?

0 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000

Mileage (km)

0

4

8

12

16

Exhaustconcentra

tion(mgkm)

0

4

8

12

16

20

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

METHANE

Diesel

Gasoline


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6b. Ethylene (C2H4)

G: increase with mileage, D>G

D: decrease with technology

G: decrease with technology?

0 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000

Mileage (km)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Exhaustconcentra

tion(mgkm)

0

2

4

6

8

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

ETHYLENE

Diesel

Gasoline


0

5

10

15

20

25

Exhaustc

oncentration(m

gkm) ETHYLENE


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6c. Acetylene (C2H2)

0 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000

Mileage (km)

0

2

4

6

8

Exhaustconcentra

tion(mg/km)

0

1

2

3

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

ACETYLENE

Diesel

Gasoline

No impact of mileage, D>G


G: decrease with technology


0

2

4

6

8

Exhaustc

oncentration(mg/km) ACETYLENE


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6d. 1,3 Butadiene (C2H6)


0

1

2

3

Exhaustc

oncentration(

mg/km) 1,3-BUTADIENE

Decrease with mileage, D>G


G: decrease with technology

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000

Mileage (km)

0

1

2

3

Exhaustconcentra

tion(mg/km)

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

1,3 BUTADIENE

Diesel

Gasoline


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6e. Benzene (C6H6)

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000

Mileage (km)

0

1

2

3

4

Exhaustconcentra

tion(mg/km)

0

2

4

6

8

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

BENZENE

Diesel

Gasoline

Increase with mileage

G>D

D, ,G : decrease with technology


0

2

4

6

Exhaustc

oncentration(

mg/km) BENZENE


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6f. Toluene (C7H8)


0

5

10

15

20

25

Exhaustc

oncentration(mg/km) TOLUENE

Increase with mileage, G>>D

D, G: decrease with technology (in the case of

SI engines, also from the decrease of

aromatics in the fuel)

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000

Mileage (km)

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

Exh

austconcentration(mg/km)

0

10

20

30

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

TOLUENE

Diesel

Gasoline

C b l d


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7. Carbonyl compounds

7a. Total

0 40000 80000 120000 160000

Mileage (km)

0

20

40

60

Exhaustconcentra

tion(mgkm)

0

1

2

3

4

5

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

Diesel

Gasoline

Independent of mileage

D>>G

D, G: significant decrease with technology


0

20

40

60

Exhaustc

oncentration(mgkm) CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

7 C b l d


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7b. Formaldehyde (HCHO)Earlier technologies: increase with mileage

Newer technologies: decrease with mileage

D>>G

D, G: significant decrease with technology

0 40000 80000 120000 160000

Mileage (km)

0

10

20

30

40

Exhaustconcentration(mgkm)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

FORMALDEHYDE

Diesel

Gasoline


0

10

20

30

40

Exhaustc

oncentration(mgkm) FORMALDEHYDE

7 C b l d


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7c. Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO)


0

4

8

12

Exhaustc

oncentration(mgkm) ACETALDEHYDE

Earlier technologies: independent of mileage

Newer technologies: increase with mileage

D>>GD, G: significant decrease with technology

0 40000 80000 120000 160000

Mileage (km)

0

4

8

12

Ex

haustconcentration(mgkm)

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

ACETALDEHYDE

Diesel

Gasoline

7 C b l d


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7d. Acroleine (CH2CHCHO)

0 40000 80000 120000 160000

Mileage (km)

0

1

2

3

4

Ex

haustconcentration(mg/km)

0

0.04

0.08

0.12

0.16

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

ACROLEINE

Diesel

Gasoline

Earlier technologies: independent of mileage

Newer technologies: increase with mileage

D>>GD, G: significant decrease with technology


0

1

2

3

4

Exhaustc

oncentration(mgkm) ACROLEINE

8 P l li A ti d


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8. Polycyclic Aromatic compounds

8a. Total


0

5

10

15

20

25

Exhaustc

oncentration(g/km) PAH (PM)

Decrease with mileage

D>>G

D: significant decrease with technology

0 20000 40000 60000 80000

Mileage (km)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Ex

haustconcentr

ation(g/km)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

PAH (PM)

Diesel

Gasoline

9 Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic


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9. Nitro Polycyclic Aromatic

compounds9a. Total


0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

Exhaustc

oncentration(g/km) Nitro-PAH (PM)

D: Decrease with mileage

D>>G


5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

Mileage (km)

0

1

2

3

Ex

haustconcentr

ation(g/km)

0

0.04

0.08

0.12

0.16

0.2

D-E1

D-E2

D-E3

G-E3

G-TIE4

Nitro-PAH (PM)

Diesel

Gasoline


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Conclusions Exhaust emissions of Non-Regulated Pollutants is

a quite complex phenomenonAnalysis is quite complicated (very low

concentrations, repeatability problems)

The impact of mileage is not always evident In many cases there is a clear and significant

decrease of exhaust emissions with technology

In many other there is no clear tendencyA high number of tests is necessary to clarify the

above tendencies (high cost)

Non regulated exhaust pollutants


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Non-regulated exhaust pollutants

emitted from European passengercars of different technology

I thank you for your attention

45-2009 - eeesd - emissions pnr

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