5-axis trunnion horizontal machining center · 2 3 heavy duty boxway style machine construction as...

8
1300 Okayama, Higashi-ku, Niigata city, Niigata pref, 950-0821 Japan Phone : +81-25-270-9011 Fax : +81-25-271-5827 http://www.n-mtec.com NIIGATA MACHINE TECHNO USA, INC. 1501 Landmeier Road Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 630-283-5880 NIIGATA MACHINE TECHNO (SHANGHAI) CO., LTD. 1F-1A, No. 2, 1245 Zhong Shan Road (West), Changning District, Shanghai, 200051, China Phone : +86-21-6115-6925 Fax : +86-21-6115-6926 A World Leader of Horizontal Machining Centers The contents herein are subject to change without notice. All non-metric values are converted from metric measurements. Copy right ©2016 NIIGATA MACHINE TECHNO CO., LTD. All right reserved. 5-AXIS TRUNNION HEAVY DUTY BOXWAY STYLE HORIZONTAL MACHINING CENTER NIIGATA MACHINE TECHNO CO., LTD. Niigata, Japan 2016.4.1000.SAN HN-5X SERIES HN50E-5X / HN63E-5X

Upload: vuongmien

Post on 25-Aug-2018

213 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

1300 Okayama, Higashi-ku, Niigata city, Niigata pref, 950-0821 JapanPhone : +81-25-270-9011 Fax : +81-25-271-5827http://www.n-mtec.com

NIIGATA MACHINE TECHNO USA, INC.

1501 Landmeier Road

Elk Grove Village, IL 60007

630-283-5880

NIIGATA MACHINE TECHNO (SHANGHAI) CO., LTD. 1F-1A, No. 2, 1245 Zhong Shan Road (West), Changning District, Shanghai, 200051, ChinaPhone : +86-21-6115-6925 Fax : +86-21-6115-6926

The contents herein are subject to change without notice.All non-metric values are converted from metric measurements.

A World Leader of Horizontal Machining Centers

2014.6.2000.SANCopy right ©2012 NIIGATA MACHINE TECHNO CO., LTD. All right reserved.

The contents herein are subject to change without notice.All non-metric values are converted from metric measurements.Copy right ©2016 NIIGATA MACHINE TECHNO CO., LTD. All right reserved.

5-AXIS TRUNNION─HEAVY DUTY BOXWAY STYLEHORIZONTAL MACHINING CENTER

NIIGATA MACHINE TECHNO CO., LTD.Niigata, Japan2016.4.1000.SAN

HN-5X SERIES

HN50E-5X / HN63E-5X

●2 3●

HEAVY DUTY BOXWAY STYLE MACHINE CONSTRUCTIONAs Niigata's tradition, guide ways are a combination of hardened and ground hand-scraped turcite ways that provide superior stability and vibration damp-ening characteristics as well as a long life. The cross section of the rectangular guide ways are thick and wide for maxi-mum machine rigidity.

NIIGATA’S SOLUTION FOR EFFICIENT MACHINING OF COMPLICATED-FORM AND 3D CURVES COMPONENTSSimultaneous 5-axis machining achieves improved cycle time and machined surface.

NIIGATA’S SOLUTION FOR PROCESS INTEGRATION5-face machining achieves reduced number of setup and simplified fixtures for a significant reduced changeover time.

□ LARGEST WORK □ HEAVY DUTY □ MACHINE RIGIDITYHN50E-5X

TRAVEL X-axis 800mm (31.5”)

Y-axis 930mm (36.6”)

Z-axis 830mm (32.7”)

Max Workpiece Swing Diameter 750mm (29.5”)

Height 700mm (27.6”)

Weight 600kg (1320 Ibs)

HN63E-5X

TRAVEL X-axis 900mm (35.4”)

Y-axis 930mm (36.6”)

Z-axis 830mm (32.7”)

Max Workpiece Swing Diameter 950mm (37.4”)

Height 800mm (31.5”)

Weight 1000kg (2200 Ibs)

HIGH RIGID, HEAVY DUTY

5-AXIS TRUNNION

HMCs Solution for

AIRCRAFT, AUTOMOBILE, POWER

GENERATOR, DIE & MOLD and

SEMICONDUCTOR.

The Model HN-5X series is the result of NIIGATA’s constant research and development for profitable machining of various components. Key development criteria for the “HN-5X” series were: higher productivity and increased accuracies. NIIGATA, a world leader of horizontal machining centers, is proud to declare that the model HN-5X series, a new design achieving significant performance advances, will satisfy all requirements of your machining needs.

5-AXIS TRUNNION HORIZONTAL MACHINING CENTERWORLD CLASS PRODUCTIVITY─NIIGATA NEW MODEL HN-5X SERIES

●4 5●

Cutting speed=0

Cutting speed>0

Long

Short

SUPERIOR FEATURES OVER THE 3-AXIS AND 4-AXIS MACHINES • Efficient Machining

Complicated-form components such as Impellers and Turbine blade.3D curved components such as dies and molds.

• Improved machining accuracyBetter cutting conditions.Superior accuracy.

• Process integrationReduced number of setup. Simplified fixtures.

DESIGNED AND BUILT FOR ACCURACY, HEAVY DUTY METAL CUTTING

NEWLY ENGINEERED MACHINE RIGIDITYNiigata’s reputation for superior machine rigidity and excel-lent cutting capability is widely accepted in the market place. All major components, such as the spindle, bed and column have been engineered to maximize metal cutting efficiency. Solid and well-balanced components satisfy wide variety of production needs. SIMULTANEOUS 5-AXIS MACHINING ACCURACY

RESULTS (HN50E-5X)ALUMINIUN CONE one cutting (End Milling)Roundness: 0.0054mm {0.000213”}Tolerance: 0.020mm {0.000787”}Material: A5052 (Alminium)Processing Dia.: Φ150 (5.91”)V= 300m/min {984 SFM}F= 640mm/min {25 ipm}t = 0.1mm/min {0.004”}

NIIGATA’s OWN DESIGN HEAVY DUTY 5 AXIS TRUNNION TABLEBoth ends supported by High Load Type Roller BRG and Double-Lead Worm Gear system to achieve heavy duty machining capability.

SCALE FEEDBACK SYSTEM AS STANDARDHN-5X series is equipped with optical scale feedback system (on X, Y, Z axes) and inductive scale feedback system (on A, B axes) as standard. This feature provides consistent long life dynamic machine accuracy.

NAS Standard 979

HN-5X SERIES

3-AXIS AND 4-AXIS MACHINES

5-AXIS MACHINES

Niigata's unique design:Bifurcated Bell-shaped Column

●6 7●

OUTSTANDING CHIP REMOVAL PROVES SUBSTANTIAL MACHINE RIGIDITY

HIGH TORQUE HEAVY DUTY SPINDLE

The spindle head stock is mono-cast (single piece) castings to achieve heavy and powerful milling capability and great-er accuracy than bolt-together type spindle heads. This high performance spindle, power, and torque complements the extremely rigid machine frame.A variety of high performance spindles are also available such as 8000min-1 (rpm) High Power Spec. 12000min-1 (rpm) High Speed Spec. to meet your production needs.

POWERFUL GEARED SPINDLEFull 26kW (35HP) cuts are achieved through an advanced two(2) range head stock. With only three(3) rotating components, maximum power is transmitted simply and efficiently to the cutting tool. HIGH TORQUE GEARED SPINDLE

HN-5X SERIES

550

200

550

200

550

B

DB

200 D

550

120

φ16

0

R90260Cutter roll-in

200

22kW22kW22.5kW19kW

26kW26kW

22kW

1.8kW

1.5kW

0.41kW0.35kW

18.5kW

70N・m

226N・m

198N・m

168N・m

901N・m

761N・m

192N・m177N・m146N・m

83N・m

49N・m42N・m36N・m30N・m

1000

100

403020

10

5

2

1

1000100

10

10

6000

4999

3000

1250

1103

275

20

High range(In tapping)

Low range High range

Rated output for 30minCantinuous rated output

SPINDLE SPEED(min-1)

PO

WE

R(kW

SP

IND

LE T

RA

NS

MIT

TIN

G T

OR

QU

E(N・

m)

{310 ft.lbs}

{40HP}

SPINDLE SPEED(min-1)

PO

WE

R(kW

SP

IND

LE T

RA

NS

MIT

TIN

G T

OR

QU

E(N・

m)

Y-axis Height H=200 mm (7.87”)Material : S48CTool : Φ160-8TCutting Volume : 518 cm3/min (31.6 inch3/min)Cutting Depth : 6 mm (0.236”)Cutting Width : 120 mm (4.72”)Feedrate : 720 mm/min (28.3 ipm)Spindle Speed : 300 min-1 (300 rpm)Surface Speed : 150 m/min (492 SFM)

Y-axis Height H=200 mm (7.87”)Material : S48CTool : Φ40 drill (1.57”)Cutting Volume : 144 cm3/min (8.7 inch3/min)Tool length : 250 mm (9.84”)Spindle Load : 44 %Spindle Speed : 1154 min-1 (1154 rpm)Surface Speed : 145 m/min (475 SFM)

EXAMPLE OF MACHINING PERFORMANCE (HN50E-5X)

Milling

Drilling

6000min-1(rpm) Standard

POWER 26 kW (35 HP)

TORQUE 901 N•m (665 ft.lbs)

NIIGATA HN-SERIES REFERENCED SUPPLY INDUSTRIESPower generation as well as aircraft industries in the field of "Turbine Blades" machining is key industry. Niigata's heavy duty box way style horizontal machining centers have been well accepted and have been improving the capability of these industries world wide.

Y-axis Height H=550 mm (21.65”)Material : S48CTool : Φ29 drill (1.14”)Cutting Volume : 105 cm3/min (6.4 inch3/min)Tool length : 240 mm (9.44”)Spindle Load : 26 %Spindle Speed : 1592 min-1 (1592 rpm)Surface Speed : 145 m/min (475 SFM)

Y-axis Height H=550 mm (21.65”)Material : S48CTool : Φ160-8TCutting Volume : 190 cm3/min (11.6 inch3/min)Cutting Depth : 3 mm (0.118”)Cutting Width : 120 mm (4.72”)Feedrate : 528 mm/min (20.8 ipm)Spindle Speed : 275 min-1 (275 rpm)Surface Speed : 138 m/min (453 SFM)

SPINDLE SPEED AND TORQUE DIAGRAM6000min-1 SPINDLE (Standard)

SPINDLE SPEED AND TORQUE DIAGRAMHIGH SPEED 12000min-1 SPINDLE (Option)/ Spindle torque 420N·m

●8 9●

EXCELLENT ACCESSIBILITY TO THE WORK ZONELarge sliding operator door allows easy and safe access to the machining area.

PALLET CHANGERThe APC is capable of indexing every 90 degree with foot pedal, so that mul-tiple work piece can be easily mounted on each postion.

NEW GENERATION OPERATION PANEL WITH 15”COLOR LCDHN-5X series is equipped with NEW generation operation panel with 15” color LCD as standard.The control panel is strategically locat-ed at the most convenient position and the operator can easily monitor the workpiece and machining operations, while utilizing the control functions.

SAFE AND CONVENIENT SETUP OF TOOLINGThe tool magazine is on the side of the machine, outside the chip enclosure, and away from the cutting area. This design permits easy accessibility for tool inspection and replacement.Jog rotation of the tool magazine dur-ing automatic cycles facilitates tool inspection and changeover to maxi-mize utilization. The load/unload sta-tion is located at a comfortable height for operator safety and ease.

QUICK AND EASY 5-AXIS COMPENSATION FUNCTIONProbe and a true sphere search the center of A, B-axis rotation.Compensate for gap of A, B-axis rotation center.Maintain high accuracy over long periods.

FAST AND RELIABLE TOOL CHANGE SYSTEMTool magazine is driven by a servo motor for fast and reliable indexing.An electric servo motor positions the tool loader, insuring fast, smooth motion during a tool change. The tool inspec-tion and loading/unloading during automatic operation are standard features. The tool magazine and the changer are free standing and are covered with a full enclosure. The ATC system is field expandable.

EXCELLENT CHIP REMOVALRoof type X axis cover and slanted Z axis cover make chips drop into large coil augers equipped on column both sides and X axis base. Those augers remove chips outside the machine.

DESIGN DETAILS FOCUSED ON OPERATOR FRIENDLINESS

HIGH RELIABILITY AND EASE OF MAINTENANCE HN-5X SERIES

●10 11●

MACHINE DIMENSIONS─HN50E-5X

Unit : mm(inch)

HN-5X SERIES

200 (7.9")

10o

10o

90 o

Y=9

30st

(36.

6")

Z=830st (32.7")

1030 (40.6")

φ750 (29.5")

40 (1

.6")

650

(25.

6")

50 (2

.0")

190

(7.5

")

700

(27.

6")

700

(27.

6")

1070st (42.1")

565(22.2")

200 (7.9")

Z=830st (32.7")

1516

(59.

7")

1310

(51.

6")

Y=9

30st

(36.

6")

3471

(136

.7")

1500

(59.

1")

810(31.9")

1070 (42.1")

3857.5 (ATC 62/88) (151.9")

4862 (ATC 128) (191.4")

1635 (64.4")

5492.5 (216.2")

X=8

00st

(3

1.5"

)

1415

(55.

7")

1890

(74.

4")

160

(6.3

")

375

(14.

8")

3305

(130

.1")

850

(33.

5")

4530

(178

.3")

190

(7.5

")22

60(8

9.0"

)54

2(2

1.3"

)93

8(3

6.9"

)

1540

(60.

6")

2610

(102

.8")

∅750(29.5")

∅750(29.5")

4340

(170

.9")

950

(37.

4")

3060

(120

.5")

3301

(130

.0")

(Shu

tter o

pen

heig

ht)

300

(11.

8")

1570 (61.8") 1540 (60.6")95(3.7")

3110 (122.4")

3485

(137

.2")

φ750 (29.5")

X=800st (31.5")

(Tank 380L)

Axis Travels

Standard Pallet Top Surface

HN50E-5X General ViewMaximum Workpiece Envelope

500(19.7")

36(1.4")18(0.7")

500(19.7")

250(9.8")

300(11.9")

200(7.9")

200(7.9")

75(3")

75(3")

100(3.9")

100(3.9")

25(1.0")

60(2.4")

60(2.4")

250(9.8")

200(7.9") 200(7.9")100(3.9")

80(3.1") 25(1.0")

25(1.0")

100(3.9")

36(1.4")

18(0.7")

24-M16×30

Unit : mm(inch)

●12 13●

MACHINE DIMENSIONS─HN63E-5X

Unit : mm(inch)Unit : mm(inch)

HN-5X SERIES

200 (7.9") Z=830st (32.7")

X=900st (35.4")

Y=9

30st

(36.

6")

1030 (40.6")

270

(10.

6")

100

(3.9

")560

(22.

0")

140

(5.5

")

800

(31.

5")

φ950 (37.4")

100 (3.9")

800

(31.

5")

1580

(62.

2")

1600

(63.

0")

573.2(22.6")

1400st(55.1")

200(7.9")

3471

(136

.7")

Z=830st (32.7")

1310

(51.

6")

Y=9

30st

(36.

6")

3271

(128

.8")

(Shu

tter o

pen

heig

ht)

365(14.4")

2970 (116.9") 385(15.2")

3720 (146.5")95

0(3

7.4"

)

3060

(120

.5")

3485

(137

.2")

300

(11.

8")

375

(14.

8")

1415

(55.

7")

160

(6.3

")18

90(7

4.4"

)

4862 (ATC 128) (191.4")

3857.5 (ATC 66/88) (151.9")

850

(33.

5")

3305

(130

.1")

4530

(178

.3")

5830.7 (229.6")1973.2 (77.7")

1400 (55.1")

950(37.4")

X=9

00st

(

35.4

")

2460

(96.

9")

610

(24.

0")

938

(36.

9")

2778

(109

.4")

1870

(73.

6")

4648

(183

.0")

∅950(37.4")

∅850(33.5")

φ950 (37.4")

10o

10o

90 o

(Tank 380L)

Maximum Workpiece Envelope HN63E-5X General ViewAxis Travels

Standard Pallet Top Surface

24-M16×30

630(24.8")

36(1.4")18(0.7")

630(24.8")

315(12.4")

315(12.4")

250(9.8")

250(9.8")

100(3.9")

100(3.9")

125(4.9")

125(4.9")

30(1.2")

70(2.8")

70(2.8")

315(12.4")

250(9.8") 250(9.8")125(4.9")

80(3.1") 25(1.0")

30(1.2")

125(4.9")

36(1.4")

18(0.7")

●14 15●

STANDARD EQUIPMENT• 6000min-1 (rpm) 26kW Two Geared Spindle• Scale Feedback System X, Y, Z, A, B axes• Shattle Type Twin Pallets Automatic Pallet Changer (2APC)• Idle Self Rotation on 2APC System• Two Pallets with Tap and Holes as per Niigata Standard Configuration• Automatic Tool Change with 62 Tools capacity (ATC)• Spindle Cooling Unit Controlled by a Thermal Sensor in the Machine

Base• Full Enclosure-Type Splash and Chip Guarding System with LED Work

Light (SPG)• Front and Rear Spiral Chip Augers

Built into the Machine Bed• Rigid Tapping• Manual Pulse Generator with XYZAB

axes• Spindle Speed / Load Meter with

Override on NC Control Display• Flood Coolant System• Coolant Tank• Work Completion and Emergency

Lamp• Automatic Power Off Device• Door Interlock (at 2APC, SPG, ATC

and Electrical Cabinet)• Self Diagnostics Function• 2APC Program Number Search

(with 2APC)• Renishaw A,B-axis compensation

function with probing function• Fanuc CNC System with 15" Color LCD• One set of Machine and Fanuc

Manuals ( 1printed, and 1CD)• Installation Parts

OPTIONAL FEATURESATC MAGAZINE (Field Expandable)• 88 Tools Magazine• 128 Tools Magazine• 175 Tools Magazine (88+88 Tools)• 255 Tools Magazine (128+128 Tools)• Matrix Style ATC System

(126/178/230 Tools)PALLET and PALLET CHANGER SYSTEM• Carousel Type Multipile Pallet

Changer 6/8/10/12 APC System

• Linear Pallet Magazine (LPM) System with Niigata Intelligent Cell Controller (ICC)

• Extra Pallet• T-slotted Pallet (Restriction of Max

Load on the Pallet may Apply)COOLANT SYSTEM• Spindle Center Through Coolant

Device• Oversized Coolant Tank• Coolant Low Level Sensing Device• Shower Coolant system

WIDE RANGE OF OPTIONS TO ANSWER YOUR INDIVIDUAL MACHINING REQUIREMENTS HN-5X SERIES

NIIGATA HN-SERIES MODULAR DESIGN CONCEPT FIELD EXPANDABLE ATC MAGAZINE

Multiple Pallet MagazineCarousel Type APC System

Linear Pallet Magazine System with Niigata ICC System Controller

255 Tools (128+128) Tool Magazine System

EXAMPLE OF AUTO TOOL CHANGE SYSTEM (Chain Type)

MATRIX TYPE AUTOMATIC TOOL CHANGE SYSTEM

128 Tools Optional

88 Tools Optional

88 Tools (Optional)

62 Tools Standard

Lift-up External Conveyor and Coolant Tank

Spindle Center Through Type

Spindle Flange Through Type

Coolant

Coolant

Coolant

MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS

ITEM HN50E-5X HN63E-5XMetric Inch Metric Inch

TRAVEL X axis travel (longtitudinal table) 800 mm 31.5 " 900 mm 35.4 "Y axis travel (vertical head) 930 mm 36.6 " 930 mm 36.6 "Pallet horizontal : Distance from pallet surface to spindle center

(-190 ~ 740) mm (-7.5 ~ 29.1) " (-270 ~ 660) mm (-10.6 ~ 25.9) "

Pallet vertical : Distance from pallet center to spindle center

(-240 ~ 690) mm (-9.4 ~ 27.1) " (-470 ~ 460) mm (-18.5 ~ 18.1) "

Z axis travel (column in & out) 830 mm 32.7 " 830 mm 32.7 "Pallet horizontal : Distance from pal-let center to spindle gauge plane

(200 ~ 1030) mm (7.8 ~ 40.5) " (200 ~ 1030) mm (7.8 ~ 40.5) "

Pallet vertical : Distance from pallet surface to spindle gauge plane

(250 ~ 1080) mm (9.8 ~ 42.5) " (200 ~ 1030) mm (7.8 ~ 40.5) "

A axis travel (Trunion rotation) 10° ~ -100° 10° ~ -100° 10° ~ -100° 10° ~ -100°B axis trabel (Pallet rotation) 360° 360° 360° 360°

TABLE Table working surface 500 x 500 mm 19.7 " x 19.7 " 630 x 630 mm 24.8 " x 24.8 "Table increments 0.001° 0.001° 0.001° 0.001°Maximum mass on pallet 600 kg 1320 lbs 1000 kg 2200 lbs

SPINDLE Spindle drive motor AC 26 kW AC 35 HP AC 26 kW AC 35 HPSpindle speeds 20 ~ 6000 min-1 20 ~ 6000 rpm 20 ~ 6000 min-1 20 ~ 6000 rpmSpindle max. torque 901 N·m 665 ft.lbs 901 N·m 665 ft.lbsSpindle taper No.50 No.50 No.50 No.50

FEEDRATE Rapid traverse X, Y, Z axes 30 m/min 1181 ipm 30 m/min 1181 ipmRapid traverse A axis 8 min-1 8 rpm 6 min-1 6 rpmRapid traverse B axis 20 min-1 20 rpm 15 min-1 15 rpmCutting X, Y, Z axes 15 m/min 591 ipm 15 m/min 591 ipmCutting A axis 720°/ min-1 720°/ min-1 720°/ min-1 720°/ min-1

Cutting B axis 720°/ min-1 720°/ min-1 720°/ min-1 720°/ min-1

AUTOMATIC TOOL CHANGER (ATC)

Tool magazine capacity (Chain) 62 [88/128] 62 [88/128] 62 [88/128] 62 [88/128]Tool magazine capacity (MATRIX) [126/178/230] [126/178/230] [126/178/230] [126/178/230]Tool shank BT 50 CT 50 BT 50 CT 50Maximum tool length 550 mm 21.7 " 550 mm 21.7 "Maximum milling cutter dia. Φ 120 mm Φ 4.7 " Φ 120 mm Φ 4.7 "Ditto adlacent pockets empty Φ 230 mm Φ 9.1 " Φ 230 mm Φ 9.1 "Maximum boring dia. Φ 410 mm Φ 16.1 " Φ 410 mm Φ 16.1 "

AUTOMATIC PAL-LET CHANGER (APC) SYSTEM

Type Side by side shuttle Side by side shuttle Side by side shuttle Side by side shuttleNumber of pallets 2 2 2 2

ACCURACY Positioning / full stroke X-Y-Z ± 0.003 mm ± 0.00012 " ± 0.003 mm ± 0.00012 "Repeatability X-Y-Z ± 0.001 mm ± 0.00004 " ± 0.001 mm ± 0.00004 "Positioning A ± 5 " ± 5 " ± 5 " ± 5 "Repeatability A ± 3 " ± 3 " ± 3 " ± 3 "Positioning B ± 5 " ± 5 " ± 5 " ± 5 "Repeatability B ± 3 " ± 3 " ± 3 " ± 3 "

GENERAL Machine weight approx. 19700 kg 43431 lbs 22200 kg 48942 lbsMachine space W / D 4340 x 5500 mm 170 " x 216 " 4648 x 5831 mm 183 " x 230 "Machine space H 3485 mm 137 " 3485 mm 137 "Power 71 kVA 71 kVA 76 kVA 76 kVA

Figures in [ ] indicate optional features.

CHIP REMOVAL• Lift-Up External Conveyor Hinge-

Pan Type• Lift-Up External Conveyor with

Filtration System• Chip Bucket with Caster and

Handles CUTTING MONITORING FUNCTION• Advanced Unmanned Monitoring

System: Niigata NM24 Monitor Ace• Tool Breakage Detector System

LS-Z Type

• Four Face Part Program Control Function

SPINDLE• BIG-PLUS Spindle• HSK-A100 Spindle• 6000min-1 High Stiffness

Spindle Version

ADVANCED UNMANNED MONITORING SYSTEM NIIGATA NM24 MONITOR ACEKEY FEATURES• Graphical User Interface:

Multi-Language / A Variety Of Icons• Display on Machine Operational Screen:

All Main Features Shown on Machine Operational Screen (Fanuc CNC Control) PC version (Optional)

• Cutting Monitor by High Speed Sampling:Tool Life Monitor / Spare Tool Function / Tool Number Conversion

• Automatic Continuous Machining:Spare Tool Conversion / Pallet Skip

• Operations Record Display:Machining Record /Alarm Record / Tool Life

OPTIONAL FEATURES