(Software SW)

(programming paradigms)

(function) Sum, Count, Divide

(imperative program) (program unit)

.

.

. Pascal

. C, C++, C#, Java

. FORTRAN

Scores (2,4)Scores (2,4) FORTRAN .

Scores Scores [1][3][1][3] C .

Pascal C ()

. Pascal

. C

Pascal C

.

C, C++, C#, Java ()

C, C++, C#, Java

for loop Pascal, C++, C#, Java ()

for loop Pascal, C++, C#, Java

(procedure)

calling program unit procedure.

calling program unit .

procedure.

procedure.

procedure .

procedure Project Population C

void C procedure function.

. C , .

Year.

(global array) Population.

procedure Demo (parameters by value) ()

. procedure, procedure

procedureprocedure

procedure Demo (parameters by value) ()

procedureprocedure

. procedure .

procedure Demo (parameters by value)

. , procedure , .

procedure Demo (parameters by reference)()

procedureprocedure

. procedure , formal actual .

procedure Demo (parameters by reference)()

procedureprocedure

. , procedure actual

procedure Demo (parameters by reference)

. procedure.

function CylinderVolume C

function .

(local variable) Volume.

.

function Volume.

(formatted output)

, 16 , 16

, 25 , 25

if-then-else

parse tree stringx + y z

parse trees statementif B1 then if B2 then S1 else S2 ()

parse trees statementif B1 then if B2 then S1 else S2

(object-oriented approach)

(class) laser

.

.

(class) (constructor)

constructor RemainingPower .

LaserClass encapsulation Java C#

(components) (public) (private) .

statements (P OR Q) (R OR Q) (P OR R)

statements (P OR Q),(R OR Q), R, P

(programming paradigms) (function) (imperative program) (program unit) Pascal C () Pascal C C, C++, C#, Java () C, C++, C#, Java for loop Pascal, C++, C#, Java () for loop Pascal, C++, C#, Java (procedure) procedure Project Population C procedure Demo (parameters by value) () procedure Demo (parameters by value) () procedure Demo (parameters by value) procedure Demo (parameters by reference) () procedure Demo (parameters by reference) () procedure Demo (parameters by reference) function CylinderVolume C (formatted output) if-then-else parse tree stringx + y z parse trees statementif B1 then if B2 then S1 else S2 () parse trees statementif B1 then if B2 then S1 else S2 (object-oriented approach) (class) laser (class) (constructor) LaserClass encapsulation Java C# statements (P OR Q) (R OR Q) (P OR R) statements (P OR Q),(R OR Q), R, P