27SI GN U T & XY DNG 10-2012

1. Khi qut chung Cng trnh ngm th l nhng cng trnh

c xy dng di mt t ti th bao gm: cng trnh cng cng ngm, cng trnh giao thng ngm, cc cng trnh u mi k thut ngm v phn ngm ca cc cng trnh xy dng trn mt t, cng trnh ng dy, cp, ng ng k thut ngm, ho v tuy nen k thut.

Khng gian xy dng ngm th: L khng gian di mt t c s dng cho mc ch xy dng cng trnh ngm.

Quy hoch khng gian xy dng ngm l vic t chc khng gian xy dng di mt t xy

QUN L XY DNG CNG TRNH NGM TI CC TH VIT NAM

PGS.TS. NGUYN HNG TIN Cc trng, Cc H tng k thut - B Xy dng

Hnh 1. Hm ng t v hm cho ngi i b

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dng cng trnh ngm.Qun l khng gian xy dng ngm bao gm

vic quy hoch khng gian xy dng ngm v cc hot ng lin quan n xy dng cng trnh ngm th.

Xy dng v qun l xy dng cng trnh ngm hiu qu c ngha c bit quan trng. Nh chng ta bit hot ng xy dng v ci to pht trin th hin nay lun phi kt hp cht ch gia cc cng trnh trn mt t v cc cng trnh xy dng di mt t. qun l, s dng, khai thc cc cng trnh ngm hp l, hiu qu gp phn thc y qu trnh pht trin th theo hng vn minh, hin i, to nn s hp l trong vic s dng t th, nng cao cht lng sng ca c dn th, gp phn bo v mi trng v an ninh, an ton th.

2. Tng quan v xy dng cng trnh ngm ti cc th Vit Nam

Trc y, trong iu kin kinh t cn nhiu kh, hu ht cc th chng ta mi quan tm u t xy dng mt s cng trnh ngm l cc tuyn ng dy in, cp quang, ng dy thng tin, lin lc v cc ng ng cp nc, cng thot nc, cc ng ng xng, du

Trong nhng nm gn y, trc yu cu ca cuc sng v s pht trin kinh t x hi, s m ca v hi nhp vn xy dng cng trnh ngm m trc tin cng tc ngm ha (h ngm) ng dy i ni ti cc th tr thnh mc tiu i hi phi thc hin mc d tn km v phi c thi gian. Cng tc h ngm nhiu cng trnh ng dy i ni ti thnh ph H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh, Nng c quan tm trin khai thc hin v bc u gp phn to nn b mt thnh ph khang trang hn v an ton hn (cc mng nhn trn cc ng ph c loi b hoc sp xp li hoc c a xung di mt t v c sp t trong cc ho hoc cng cp k thut); nhiu cng trnh giao thng ngm F

28 SI GN U T & XY DNG 10-2012

cng c xy dng nh hm cho ngi i b ti H Ni, hm ng t (nh H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh), c bit hm ng t vt sng Si Gn. y l hm vt sng ln nht ng Nam trong d n i l ng - Ty ni lin trung tm Si Gn vi khu vc bn o Th Thim. Sau khi hon thnh gp phn gim bt mt giao thng ngy cng tng ca khu vc ni thnh thnh ph H Ch Minh, gp phn pht trin mt khu thnh ph mi hin i bn b pha ng ca sng Si Gn, ng thi to v t p cho s pht trin v phn vinh ca thnh ph H Ch Minh hin ti v tng lai. Song song vi vic pht trin cc khu th mi, cc ta nh cao tng cng cc nh chung c cao tng xy dng tng hm dng ni xe, ni b tr cc h thng cng trnh k thut.

Tuy nhin tc xy dng cc cng trnh ngm cn chm so vi yu cu, nhiu cng trnh xy dng bc l nhng bt cp v hn ch. Trong qu trnh xy dng mt vi cng trnh ngm (xy dng tng hm nh cao tng, cc ng cng thot nc...) c s c nh h hng, st ln, nt gy, gy bin dng ca mt t xy ra.

3. Nhng thch thc trong xy dng cng trnh ngm ti cc th

Cng tc gii phng mt bng l nhim v cc k nan gii hin nay, nhiu cng trnh trong tnh trng khng bit bao gi xong bi v vng mt bng. Gii phng mt bng kh khn ko theo nhiu hu qu nh vic tng gi thnh cng trnh, trt gi, lm kh tin d n, ko di thi gian a cng trnh vo hot ng

iu kin thi cng cht hp, nhiu cng trnh ng dy, ng ng ngm hin c an xen chng cht di lng t gy rt nhiu kh khn cho cng tc ci to, i tu v xy dng mi. Ch n khi thi cng o u ng mi bit iu

ny gy thit hi ln v thi gian, kinh ph v nh hng n hot ng v i sng ca nhn dn.

Thi cng cng trnh mi song vn phi m bo hot ng bnh thng ca cc cng trnh hin hu. Thi cng xy dng cng trnh ngm gy cc nh hng rt ln n cng trnh xung quanh trong mt phm vi nht nh (theo din v theo chiu su) k c cc cng trnh trn mt t n v tr phn b cng trnh ngm.

Thi cng cng trnh ngm phi i mt vi nhng thch thc v mi trng a cht phc tp vi cc tng t c mc phong ha v cu trc khc nhau cha ng nhiu ri ro v cu to a tng, ng t, kasto, ct chy, nc ngm.

Lin quan n qun l xy dng cng trnh ngm: Cha c mt h thng nhng s liu iu tra c bn v a cht cng trnh, a cht thy vn phc v cho cng tc xy dng cng trnh ngm ti cc th. Cha c bn hin trng cng trnh ngm. Cha c cc c s d liu v cng trnh ngm th. Cha c quy hoch khng gian xy dng cng trnh ngm. Nng lc nghin cu, kho st, thit k cn hn ch v cn thiu nhng tiu chun, quy chun c lin quan n xy dng cng trnh ngm Cha c c quan thng nht qun l cng trnh ngm.

4. Mt s quy nh hin hnh v qun l xy dng cng trnh ngm

4.1. Lut Quy hoch th - quy hoch khng gian xy dng cng trnh

ngm: Phi bo m s dng t hp l, tit kim v c hiu qu; kt ni tng thch v ng b cc cng trnh ngm v gia cng trnh ngm vi cc cng trnh trn mt t; bo m cc yu cu v bo v mi trng v ngun nc ngm, an ton cc cng trnh ngm v phn ngm ca cc cng trnh trn mt t.

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Hnh 2. Bi xe ngm. Hnh 3. S ga tu in ngm t nng.

29SI GN U T & XY DNG 10-2012

- qun l khng gian ngm: + Vic khai thc, s dng khng gian ngm

xy dng cc cng trnh ngm phi tun th quy hoch th c duyt.

+ Vic qun l xy dng cc cng trnh trn mt t phi bo m khng nh hng n khng gian ngm c xc nh trong quy hoch th c ph duyt.

- qun l xy dng cng trnh ngm+ Vic xy dng cng trnh ngm phi tun

th quy hoch khng gian ngm c xc nh trong quy hoch th c ph duyt; quy chun v xy dng cng trnh ngm do B Xy dng ban hnh, Giy php quy hoch, Giy php xy dng.

+ Vic xy dng cng trnh ngm khng c lm nh hng n cc cng trnh trn mt t, cng trnh ngm v khng gian ngm c hoc c xc nh trong quy hoch th.

+ Vic xy dng tuyn giao thng v h thng cng trnh cng cng ngm phi bo m an ton, ph hp vi vic t chc, khai thc s dng khng gian ngm v trn mt t; bo m kt ni thun tin vi cc cng trnh giao thng ngm v trn mt t.

+ Vic xy dng tuy nen, ho k thut phi bo m khng nh hng n vic s dng khng gian trn mt t; an ton trong khai thc, vn hnh, sa cha v bo dng.

4.2. Ngh nh s 39/2010 v qun l khng gian xy dng ngm th

- Vic xy dng cng trnh ngm th phi tun th cc quy nh sau:

+ quy hoch th, quy chun v xy dng ngm, giy php xy dng;

+ Khng c xy dng vt qu ch gii xy dng hoc phm vi s dng t c xc nh theo quyt nh giao t, thu t ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn. Khi c nhu cu xy dng vt qu ch gii xy dng hoc phm vi s dng t c xc nh (tr phn u ni k thut ca h thng ng dy, ng ng ngm) th phi c c quan nh nc c thm quyn cho php;

+ Bo m an ton cho cng ng, cho bn thn cng trnh v cc cng trnh ln cn; khng lm nh hng n vic s dng, khai thc, vn hnh ca cc cng trnh ln cn cng nh cc cng trnh c hoc xc nh trong quy hoch th.

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4.3. Ngoi ra cn c thng t s 11/2010/TT-BXD ngy 17/8/2010 ca B trng B Xy dng v qun l c s d liu cng trnh ngm th; cc quy chun v xy dng cng trnh ngm; quy chun v quy hoch xy dng v quy chun v cc cng trnh h tng k thut th.

5. Mt s xut nng cao hiu qu qun l xy dng cng trnh ngm

Khai thc, s dng khng gian ngm c lin quan n s dng ti nguyn, mi trng, sinh thi. Khai thc, s dng khng gian ngm hiu qu l mc tiu v hng phn u ca cc th Vit Nam trong th k XXI. Xy dng cng trnh ngm phi i mt vi nhiu thch thc v cng cha ng nhng ri ro, chnh v vy cn phi c nhng bc i hp l ph hp vi iu kin pht trin kinh t, x hi ca t nc theo tng giai on. qun l xy dng cng trnh ngm c hiu qu, mt s xut nh sau:

5.1. Tng bc xy dng c s d liu v cng trnh ngm bao gm:

- Cc d liu v hin trng cng trnh ngm (cc bn v hon cng cc cng trnh ngm c bit c cc thng tin: v tr, mt bng, mt ct dc, cc u ni k thut, chiu su cng trnh...).

- Cc thng tin v cp, loi cng trnh ngm, quy m, tnh cht thi gian hon thnh xy dng cng trnh.

- Bn hin trng h thng cng trnh ngm c lp cho ton th hoc cho tng khu vc th ty theo yu cu qun l trong cc cc thng tin: loi cng trnh, quy m, v tr, h thng kt ni k thut...

- Bn quy hoch th/quy hoch khng gian xy dng ngm.

Cc th cn c k hoch tng bc lp bn hin trng cng trnh ngm. y l mt nhim v kh khn, l phi tin hnh kho st, iu tra xc nh c v tr, s lng cng trnh ngm, cng trnh c phn ngm, quy m ca mi cng trnh ngm... ng thi i hi ngun kinh ph ln, v th khng phi mt thi gian ngn l c th lm c m phi c l trnh c th v c th t u tin cc khu vc. Nu chng ta lm tt c s gip cho cng tc qun l xy dng tt hn.

5.2. T chc lp quy hoch khng gian xy dng ngm th

Khng gian ngm phi c quy hoch nhm khai thc hp l ti nguyn ngm. quy hoch phi i trc mt bc.

30 SI GN U T & XY DNG 10-2012

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- Hon thin ni dung quy hoch khng gian xy dng ngm th (cho c 3 loi quy hoch th).

- Th im lp quy hoch khng gian xy dng ngm th (c th la chn 1 th loi 1 hoc loi 2 v lp cng vi giai on th ang lp iu chnh quy hoch).

- Ban hnh s tay hng dn lp quy hoch khng gian xy dng ngm th.

5.3. Xy dng cc tiu chun, ban hnh cc quy chun c lin quan n xy dng cng trnh ngm th

- R sot, sa i b sung quy chun quy hoch xy dng, quy chun cng trnh h tng k thut v quy chun xy dng cng trnh ngm.

- Ban hnh cc quy chun ring v thit k cng trnh giao thng ngm, cc cng trnh cng cng ngm.

- Xy dng tiu chun thit k ho, tuy nen k thut; cng b cp...

- Xy dng v ban hnh cc ch tiu, nh mc kinh t k thut v cng trnh ngm.

4. Nghin cu v xy dng cng trnh ngm (cng tc d bo, cng ngh v k thut thi cng xy dng, trang thit b xy dng...) v ban hnh

cc c ch chnh sch khuyn khch u t xy dng cng trnh ngm.

5. Hon thin chng trnh o to k s xy dng ngm; c k hoch o to bi dng cn b k thut, qun l, cc chuyn gia v cng trnh ngm.

6. Thnh lp c qun l xy dng cng trnh ngm/trung tm thng tin v cng trnh ngm.

Thay li kt Ngy nay cng vi s pht trin kinh t - x

hi v tc th ha nhanh chng, khng gian ngm th c nhiu nc trn th gii v hin nay ang c cc nh chuyn mn v chnh quyn nhiu th ln Vit Nam quan tm c bit. Cng trnh ngm l mt b phn ca h tng k thut th v ng vai tr quan trng cho pht trin th hin i, bn vng.

qun l xy dng cng trnh ngm, khng gian xy dng gian ngm hiu qu l nhim v ca chnh quyn th cc cp, cc nh qun l, cc nh chuyn mn v ca c cng ng.

Chng ta c qu nhiu hi tho chuyn v lnh vc ny tuy nhin s chuyn bin cn chm. Hy vng sau hi tho ny s c nhng t bin v lnh vc ny. r