5 tibetan-ancestors

Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-hïz-yïP.ü 5

9-10-3

h;ôm-z¸P-¼ÛG-º²Ûm-¾GÅ-mÛ-G®P-M¾-¯ï-GmÅ-½‰ ÛP-hÝ- 1931 ¾ô¼-

»z-zôh-h¤G-GÛ-P-hP-zM-hqôm-hP-qô-mô¼-zÞ-¾GÅ-hP-ü »Þ¤-zÅôh-

m¤Å-zÞ-FÛh-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-¼ÛGÅ-¥ãG-bà-ºFâPÅü hGÝP-IPÅ-zTô-¿S¼-Åôm-

Ç+zÅ-M¾-¯ï-fïG-¤VôG-JÀ ÛP-hGôm-hÝ-VôÅ-ŸÝGÅ-hP-ü hGÝP-IPÅ-zTô-

zMh-Ç+zÅ-Çkï-iâG-„À-ƒP-GÛ-ŸzÅ-Çkôh-ŸÝÅ-bï-ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-G®P-q-DP-

±m-hÝ-VôÅ-ŸÝGÅ-GmP-Çe ï -¿Ë ô -D-xôGÅ-hP-ü Çeôh-¾ÞP-ü G¤-q-‚P-fP-

zTÅ-ÅÞ-„À-ƒP-GÛ-GŸÛÅ-Çkôh-¤²hü

uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-¾G-bà-¤±ôm-V-z¸ÞP-mÅ-hI-h¤G-hP-ºfz-qÅ-h¤G-fôG-bà-º²Ûm-

z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-mô¼-JÀÛP-Ç+Ý-ÆâP-h¤G-ÇK¼-hÝ-z;G-Z¼-hP-IÔ-zŸÛ¼-z®ôm-zTßG-‚Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1961

¹- 11 ±ïÅ- 6 ZÛm-mh-¤m¼-¾-zdïm-GmÅ-Ç+zÅ-¼ÛP-mh-hGôPÅ-zbP-zºÛ-¤ÛP-fôG-JÀ ôh-

ºIô¾-fôzü hï-mÅ-z¸ÞP-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-z®ôm-zTßG-¤-‚Å-ˆP-z®ôm-qºÛ-¤ÛP-fôG-Í¼-¾Å-ÅôGÅ-zNå¼-

z;ôh-ˆÛ-Pm-¾Å-Ço-±ôGÅ-¤²h-hGôÅ-‚ãP-ü

uÛ-¾ô- 1983 ¾ô¼-mG-ZïÅ-ˆÛ-ŸÐ-¤ô-wÞh-qÅ-±ôP-¾Å-®G-®ÛG-GmP-zŸÛm-zôh-hôm-¾Å-

ºGÝ¾-Ço-¤P-Çt ï¾ü 1987 mÅ-xG-¾Å-GŸm-T¤-zŸG-GÛÅ-zôh-hôm-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-Dô-m¼-mÝÅ-q-

zbôm-bï-¤Z¤-£ï¾-M¾-±ôGÅ-hP-M¾-uÛºÛ-zôh-hôm-Mz-Bô¼-±ôGÅ-q-DG-¾-Ç‰m-ŸÝü z®m-‚ô¾-

zôh-GŸÝP-¤P-hP-GŸÛÅ-¾ÞÅ-¤Û-¤P-z¼-GmÅ-±ß¾-Çtï¾-qºÛ-¸¤-q-¿e-zÞ-GmP-Çeï-zŸÝGÅü ¤f¼-

1992 ¾ô¼-z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ-º‚ô¼-mÅ-zŸÝGÅ-ÇK¼-l-Å¼-±ï-¤WâG-D-zbôm-hGï-¢ô¼-¾-z¯ôm-zŸÛm-

zŸÝGÅ-¤ÞÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 2003 ¹- 4 ±ïÅ- 17 ZÛm-Ç+ Ý -GÁïGÅü

±ôGÅ-qºÛ-h¤ÛGÅ-»Þ¾-mÛüVz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-¼P-±ßGÅ-fÞz-qºÛ-ÇKô-mÅ-¤Z¤-¼Þz-

GTÛG-zOÛ¾-‚Å-mÅ-z ôh-ˆ Û -„ À -m-¤-¤VÛÅ-qºÛ -V ôÅ-ÆÛh-

GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-hzÞ-FÛh-uÛ-mô¼-&GôP-Å-BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-qô-¤VôG-

GÛ-z;º-hGôPÅ-GŸÛ¼-z¸ÞP-zôh-ˆÛ-z®m-Lô¾-M¾-Bôz-¾Å-

ºGÝ¾-mP-¤Þ -¤fÞh-m ÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-ºhôm-Mã -hP-ü zôh-mP-GÛ -

z®m-Gmôm-GhÝG-¯çz-hP-»-P-zºÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅü z®m-Lô¾-

M¾-Bôz-ˆÛ -Ç‰ ÛP-Çe ôzÅ-hP-¼ï-ºzôhü zhï-Çk ÝG-n¤Å-M¾-

uÛºÛ-mP-Ez-zOGÅ-‚Å-mÅ-zôh-hôm-fôG-ÇS¼-zÅ-Mz-Bô¼-

º‚ãP-fzÅ-‚-Mã-hï -»Ûmü

GŸm-»P-±ôGÅ-q-ºhÛÅ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-

hP-ü ¤ÛP-GŸÝP-º±ô¾-zÇk Ýü zôh-mP-GÛ -ºIô -z-¤ÛºÛ -f ôz-

fP-hP-z®m-ºôG-GÛ -¾ô -MãÅ-Z¤Å-ŸÛzü Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-

ºhÅ-IôPÅ-ÅÞ-Hã¼-q-n¤Å-¾-im-GÅô-hP-hï-hG-GÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-

hïz-fï¼-fôG-ºGôh-fzÅü z®m-Lô¾-M¾-Bôz-ˆÛ -hqº-zô -

wô-¤ô-ºhÅ-GÅôm-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-º±ô¾-zÇkÝ-hP-hq¼-Cæmü

Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-»Ûm-qºÛ-zhïm-hqP-hP-ü ºôÅ-¢ô¼ü Mz-

GZï¼ü GÅ¼-hÝ-º‚ô¼-zºÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q¼-Çoï-¾ïmü ¤m¼-

GTôh-wôG-qºÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q¼-Ç¨m-zTôÅ-mh-GÅóºÛ-¤fÞm-

ºHã¼ü h;º-P¾-ºyh-qºÛ -Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-hP-ü z®m-

Lô¾-M¾-Bôz-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-mP-GÛ-ºƒï¾-»ôh-ÅôGÅ-BÛh-Çk ÝG-

¤Z¤-¥ôP-ü h;º-P¾-ºyh-q¼-¼ôGÅ-¼¤-zTÅ-‚ïh-ˆÛ -

»ôhü

{}üüzôh-ˆÛ -hGÝ-zTß-GÅÞ¤-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-±ôGÅ-q-mÛ -z®m-

Lô¾-M¾-Bôz-ˆÛ-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-mP-º²â¾-ŸÝGÅ-‚Å-mÅ-z®m-

‚ô¾-hÝ-»ôP-hGôÅ-‚ãP-zºÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-±ôGÅ-q-ŸÛG-

»Ûmü ±ôGÅ-q-ºhÛ -uÛ -¾ô - 1991 ¹- 9 ±ïÅ- 27 ZÛm-

zŸÝGÅ-ÇK¼-l-¼¤-Å-¾¼-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-hzÞ-z½‰ ïÅü

uÛ -¾ô - 1993 ¹- 8 ±ïÅ- 19 ZÛm-M-G¼-GŸÝP-mÅ-

FÛ¤Å-¤fÞm-±ôGÅ-q¼-PôÅ-º²Ûm-VôG-¤Vm-z°¾ü

uÛ-¾ô - 1997 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 19 ZÛm-M-G¼-GŸÝP-¾-FÛ¤Å-

¤fÞm-hïz-zBï¾-‚Å-»ôhü

z ôh -ˆ Û -Vz-Æ Ûh -z® ôm -qº Û -± ôGÅ-q-ºh Û -» Û -¤ ÛP

“zôh-ˆÛ-hGÝ-zTß-GÅÞ¤-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-±ôGÅ-q-”ŸïÅ-¸ï¼ü ¤ÛP-

hï-¿e¼-ºhôGÅ-hGôÅ-hôm-mÛü zôh-TïÅ-qºÛ-f-Ç‰h-ºhÛÅ-Vô¾-

D-hP.ü VôÅ-¾ÞGÅü ¾ÞP-±m-HÛÅ-¼ÛÅ-ÅÞ -¤-xï -zºÛ -z ôh-

GPÅ-Tm-¾-Gô -z-hP.ü hGÝ -zTß -GÅÞ¤-m Ûü hGÝ -qºÛ -Z ï¼-

zhÝm-hP.ü zTß-qºÛ-±ïÅ-GTÛG GÅÞ¤-qºÛ-±ïÅ-¿S.ü zTÅ-

G¾-VïºÛ-hÝÅ-±ïÅ-GÅÞ¤-HÛ-¤ÛP-¸Þ¼-»Ûm-ŸÛP.ü hï-»P-z®m-

Lô¾-M¾-Bôz-ˆÛ -¾ïºÞ -GÅ¼-q-ŸÛG-Çe ï -u Û -¾ô - 1987 ¹- 9

±ïÅ- 27 ZÛm-mÅ-z¸ÞP-¹-z- 10 ±ïÅ- 1 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ-

5 ÅôGÅ-M¾-Å-¿Ë -Å-G®ô-z ô¼-‚Å-qºÛ -z ôh-Eôm-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ -

h¤¼-qôºÛ-hzP-zNå¼-ºôG-º±¼-¾ôPÅ-‚ãP-zºÛ-[M-¤ÛÅ-zXôh-

q¼ -GÅ¼-zX ïº Û -h¼ -h¤¼-º ôG -º±¼-¾ ôPÅ -‚ ãP -zº Û -¤ Û -¼zÅ-

GÅ¼-q-]GŸôm-BïÅ-mÅ-Çoï-ºFÛh-qºÛ-z®m-Lô¾-M¾-Bôz-ˆÛ-

ŸÛ-Lô¾-Fô¤-Ç+ô¼-GTÛG-¤WâG-GZÛÅ-¤fÞh-‚Å-q-hïºÛ-im-GÅô-

XïÅ-¤fÞh-ˆÛ-Vïh-GôP-GÅ¾-ºGô-º²âGÅ-hÝÅ-±ïÅ-GÅÞ¤-HÛ-

¤ÛP-¸Þ¼-¾Å-iPÅ-bïü hGÝ-zTß-GÅÞ¤-ŸïÅ-¾ô-MãÅ-ˆÛ-hôm-

Ç‰ ÛP-¿km-qºÛ -¤ÛP-h ï -zbGÅ-»ôhü ºôm-ˆP-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-hï -

GÅÞ¤-¾Å-¤-Ez-q-hP.ü hï -GÅÞ¤-HÛ -¤Û -Ço -P ïÅ-q¼-±P-

hGôÅ-q-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-V-Aïm-GP-»P-¤ïhü

¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü

Çkï-iâG-„À-ƒP-GÛ-ŸzÅ-Çkôh-h;ôm-z¸P-¼ÛG-º²Ûmü

¯ô¤-OÛG-qü

„Àô-z¸P-z=-ÁÛÅü

zôh-ˆÛ-hGÝ-zTß-GÅÞ¤-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-±ôGÅ-qü

Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-hïz-yïP-ü 5

Gu-Chu-Sum Book

Published by the Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of Tibet(Ex-political Prisoners’ Association)Jogibara Road, P.O Mcleod Ganj,Dharamsala-176219 H.P.India.www.guchusum.org

Biography of an activist. Vol 5

(The path crossed by our ancestors)Author - Konsang RigzinEdited by Lobsang TashiProof reader - Sonam TsewangCopyright © Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of Tibet.Cover and DTP: Sonam Tsewang

First Edition 500 copies, 2003

All right reserved. No part of this bookmay be reproduced by any means without

prior written permission from the publisher.

Printed at Indraprastha Press (CBT), New Delhi

¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü

zôh-GŸÝP-hGº-¿km-wô-ƒP-hzÞ-z½‰ïÅ-mÅ-

¤Û-¾ô- 360 ºDô¼-z¼-z;º-iÛm-

XïÅ-im-ŸÝü

¾ï-±m-zhÝm-qü ¾ô-GÅ¼-zbP-zºÛ-‚ãÅ-ZïÅ-hP-ü

ÇeG-yâG-GŸôm-mÝ-±ôGÅ-q¼-w¤-ZïÅ-‚ãP-zü ------------------------ 50

¾ï-±m-zMh-qü ZïÅ-ŸÐ-wÞh-XïÅ-hP-ü Ç+Ý-±z-±ôGÅ-q-

fïPÅ-ÇS-XïÅ-GÅÞ¤ü ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 64

¾ï-±m-hGÝ-qü hGÝ-zTß-GÅÞ¤-HÛ-hôm-Aïmü --------------------------- 76

¾ï-±m-zTß-qü zôh-M-ºfz-¯ôh-nô-P¼-Vï-Ç+zÅ-JÀ ô -zÞ¼-

&qa-Vïm-f¤Å-Th-¤Eïm-q-Ç+ Ý -GÁïGÅ-qºÛ-

zôh-ºzPÅ-ˆÛ-VG-ÇK ôü -------------------------------------------------------------------- 91

M-h¤¼-mÛ-zÁÝ-GŸôG-I¾-¼Û¤-Pô-¤-hï-»Ûmü ------------------------- 111

»¼-MÅ-hP-XïÅ-¾ÞÅü ------------------------------------------------------------------- 121

zôh-ˆÛ-¾ô-GÅ¼ü -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 126

Ç‰m-IGÅ-Tm-HÛ-ÆÛh-„À ômü ----------------------------------------------------------- 129

hGº-¿km-¿S-¤Vôhü ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132

VôÅ-ÆÛh-¸ÞP-ºƒï¾ü ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132

¤WâG-zÇkÝ-zºÛ-Gb¤ü --------------------------------------------------------------------- 136

GŸÛÅ-¾ÞÅ-¤Û-¤P-GÛ-zÅ¤-±ß¾-xôGÅ-zÇkÝÅü ---------------------- 141

q¼-Cæm-GÅ¾-zÁhü

&uÛ-mô¼-GôP-Å-BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-qô-¤VôG-mÅ-GÅÞ¤-zTßºÛ-

hÝÅ-im-fïPÅ- 28 qºÛ-fôG-z°¾-zºÛ-z;º-ÇÀ ôz-mP-ü hï-ÇS-Åô-

Åô-¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛ-fôG-¾-GmÅ-±ß¾-¤P-qô-ŸÛG-‚ãP-z-hP-ü hï-zŸÛm-

GŸm-¸ï¼-XïÅ-ºƒPÅ-¤-»Ûm-qºÛ-DÞPÅ-¿km-HÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-¼P-GÛÅ-

¤fôP-fôÅ-‚ãP-z-hG-±P-¤Å-hô-ÇoP-Vïm-qôÅ-»ÛG-fôG-bà-ºGôh-

hGôÅü hï-ºi-¤-‚Å-mü GmÅ-±ß¾-ÇkÝG-zÇS¾-WÛ-Ç‰ïh-¼P-fôG-¥PÅ-

qºÛ-¤Û-¤P-qô-ŸÛG-¼Û¤-zŸÛm-μôGÅ-ºIô-»Û-»ôhü ¤-ºôPÅ-qºÛ-hÝÅ-

Ç+zÅ-ÁÛG-¾-hïºÛ-±ï-hïºÛ-hÝÅ-ÇkÝG-qô-Ÿï-qô-ŸÛG-‚ãP-z-¼ïh-TïÅ-Çtô¤-

±ÛG-®¤-¤-GbôGÅ-GTÛG-mÅ-GZÛÅ-ÅÞ-zMãh-qºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-ŸÛz-

±GÅ-ÅÞ-¾ºP-zÁh-Mã-¤ïh-q-VGÅ-MãºÛ-Zïm-D-ºhÝG hï¼-

dïm-hPôÅ-‚ãP-¾ô-MãÅ-MÅ-zÇkÝÅ-GP-»Ûm-»P-»ÛG-fôG-¾-z;ôh-hï-

»ÛG-V-¤P-®¤-ºhôm-fzÅ-‚ïh-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-GÅÞPÅ-qºÛ-hGôPÅ-hôm-

hP-ü ¿ËG-q¼-z®m-‚ô¾-uÛ-±ôGÅ-mP-ÇS¼-hP-¤Û-ºi-z¼-±ôGÅ-

q¼-Cæm-GÅ¾-zÁhü hP-qôü

Çkï-hP-¤Û-ÇKï¼-GP-¼ÞP-mÅ-hïz-¼ÛGÅ-Ço-±ôGÅ-q¼-zCæm-‚Å-hP-‚ïh-

zŸÛm-»ôh-m-»P-¾Å-GŸÛ-ºhÛºÛ-fôG-h¤ÛGÅ-z;¼-xG-¾Å-GmP-

¤Dm-¤ïh-D¼ü ¼P-»Þ¾-zôh-mP-hÝ-GŸÛ-¯ºÛ-¬-zXôh-¼P-hzP-®¤-

»P-¤ïh-m-¤Û-±ïºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-PG-Mãm-®¤-¾Å-»ÛG-fôG-ºGôh-Mã-ÁÛm-

bà-h;º-zÅ-BÛh-ÇkÝG-¤Û-ºi-z-zMãh-qºÛ-¤Û-±ïºÛ-hPôÅ-¥ôP-hPôÅ-‚ãP-

GÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-hï-hG-hP-fôG-¼P-GÛ-Ç+h-»ÛG-fôG-GÅôG-Oæz-Z¼-±GÅ-

‚-Mã-G¾-Vï¼-¤fôP-Çeïü ºhÛ-G-±ôGÅ-qÅ-P¾-z-ºDÞ¼-„ÀPÅ-ˆÛÅ-

¾ô-ÁÅ-ÇSôm-mÅ-¾Å-GŸÛ-ºhÛ-ºGô-z®ßGÅ-bï-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-

hïz-yïP-zŸÛ-q-z¼-hq¼-Cæm-‚ïh-fÞz-q-‚ãP-z-hP-h-¼ïÅ-Vz-ÆÛh-

z®ôm-qºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-hïz-yïP-¿S-q-ºhÛ-zŸÛm-Çkï-iâG-„À-ƒP-GÛ-ŸzÅ-Çkôh-

ºhÅ-qô-h;ôm-z¸P-¼ÛG-º²Ûm-HÛ-¤Û-±ïºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-

¾¤-ºyP-ŸïÅ-q-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-q¼-Cæm-HÛÅ-M-VïºÛ->ÀôG-qô-n¤Å-¾-u¼-

ºzÞ¾-ŸÝ-fÞz-q-ºhÛÅ-M¾-uÛºÛ-ÇeïP-zôh-hôm-fôG-Mz-Bô¼-GmP-¤Dm-

n¤Å-hP-ü hï-zŸÛm-zôh-mP-GÛ-»Ûh-Bô-zºÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-¾-Z¤Å-

ŸÛz-GmP-¤Dm-n¤Å-¾-¾ô-MãÅ-ˆÛ-hrh-GŸÛ¼-fÞGÅ-wm-GÅôÅ-¼ïü

¿ËG-q¼-zôh-xÛ-mP-hÝ-GmÅ-qºÛ-¼P-¼ÛGÅ-GŸôm-BïÅ-n¤Å-¾-Lm-

¼zÅ-±ô-zôh-M¾-Dz-hP-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-Vïh-h;º-z-GP-ºi-uh-q-GÅ¾-

dôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-¤ïÅ-qôºÛ-FG-Mãm-hïh-mÅ-zôh-ˆÛ-zÇem-ÆÛh-¼P-hzP-ÇÀ¼-

GÅôºÛ-hôm-hÝ-¸ÞP-FG-GÅ¼-q-ŸÛG-¢Ûm-fÞz-qºÛ-¼ï-z-‚ïh-zŸÛm-»ôhü

¤fº-hôm-zôh-ˆÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-hïz-yïP-¿S-q-zT¼-ºiÛ-

q¼-hÝ-Cæm-q¼-¼P-GŸÝP-zhï-ÆâP-¿Ëm-DP-mÅ-Vïh-zXôh-z;º-iÛm-

z°¾-z-hP-ü ¾ô-MãÅ-ˆÛ-zhG-qô-Ç+ÝºÛ-zz-È-TP-Ÿm-qô-»ôh-ˆP-ºhÛ-

GºÛ-¼ï-ºhÝm-hP-hÝ-„ÀPÅ-bï-¤f¼-hGôPÅ-q-¤-μôGÅ-GôP-¾ô-MãÅ-ˆÛ-

Oô¤-GŸÛ-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-zOæzÅ-fÞz-qü hï-zŸÛm-ºhÛ-GºÛ-¯ô¤-OÛG-q-hP-

¾Å-‚ïh-n¤Å-mÅ-¤Gô-zT¼-ºiÛ-mÅ-¤WâG-hïz-G¸ÞGÅ-z¼-ºx¼-

Iâ-¤Z¤-ºhïGÅ-GmP-zºÛ-ºƒÅ-zÞÅ-¤f¼-q¼-Cæm-fÞz-q¼-zTôÅ-

¤Ûm-Ç‰ÛP-hzÞÅ-mÅ-fÞGÅ-Xï-Vï-ŸÝ-Mã-»Ûmü

zôh-ˆÛ-hGÝ-zTß-GÅÞ¤-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-±ôGÅ-qºÛ-

±ôGÅ-G®ô-»ï-ÁïÅ-dôGÅ-¿km-HÛÅ-zôh-M¾-¾ô- 2130

Iô-zŸÛm-¹-zºÛ-h;¼-xôGÅ-μôGÅ-q-GZÛÅ-qü

uÛ-¾ô- 2003 ¹- 9 ±ïÅ- 1 ZÛmü

GZÛÅ-qü q¼-Cæm-GÅ¾-zÁhü q¼-Cæm-GÅ¾-zÁhü GÅÞ¤-qü

¯ô¤-OÛG-qºÛ -J À ïP-zXôhü zŸÛ-qü

¯ô¤-OÛG-qºÛ-JÀïP-zXôhü

uÛ-¾ô- 2002 ¹- 10 ±ïÅ- 14 ZÛm-HÛ-ŸôGÅ-q-ym-

±ôGÅ-qºÛ-z;º-¤PGÅ-zŸÛm-iâP-Vï-ºW¤-hq¾-±ï-zdm-¾GÅ-hP-

¿Ëm-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-h;ôm-z¸P-¼ÛG-º²Ûm-¾GÅ-ˆÛ-ÁG-bà-zBôh-hï-ºW¤-

hq¾-±ï-zdm-¾GÅ-mÅ-ym-PôÅ-¢ô¼-GmP-z-hP-DôP-GÛ-Ç+Ý-±ïºÛ-¾ô-

MãÅ-ºWôG-hGôÅ-qºÛ-¼ï-zÇ+Ý¾-¤²h-ÅôP-z¼ü DôP-GÛÅ-n¤-q-±ôÅ-

¼P-¼ïºÛ-¯-hôm-Vïh-h-z¼-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-hïz-G¸ÞGÅ-DG-

ºGº-ÁÅ-ºhôm-Çtïm-GmP-ºhÝG-q-z;º-iÛm-ºhÛ-¿ËG-Vï-Mã-¤Û-ºhÝG-

q-hP-ü ̄ -zºÛ-zôh-¼P-z®m-zÇ‰ôm-hÝ-¤ïh-q-hï-M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-z®m-

º²â¾-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-P-±ô-mÝÅ-¿km-hqÞP-OÛ¾-¤-fÞz-qÅ-¾Å-ÇÀ-qô¼-hzP-

zNå¼-ˆP-zôh-¤Û-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-¼P-»Þ¾-„ÀôÅ-¤-fôP-qºÛ-ºfz-¯ôh-¼z-

hP-¼Û¤-q-zHÛÅ-q-xôGÅ-GP-Å-mÅ-¤Pôm-Mã-»ôh-q-hP-ü hï-hG-

GÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-mÛ-‚Å-XïÅ-XïÅ-ÁÝ¾-xÛ-¼zÅ-q¼-zMãh-vôh-‚-hGôÅ-q-P-

±ôºÛ-¾Å-ºGm-hÝ-¤fôP-z-¤-¸hü M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-z®m-º²â¾-‚Å-XïÅ-

h;¼-VG

¼P-GŸÝP-zhï-ÆâP-¿Ëm-DP-mÅ-z°¾-zºÛ-Vïh-zXôhü

q¼-Cæm-GÅ¾-zÁhü hP-qôü

¯ô¤-OÛG-qºÛ-JÀ ïP-zXôhü zŸÛ-qü

¤Vôh-zXôh-hP-JÀ ïP-GŸÛü hGÝ-qü

¾ï-±m-hP-qôü ¼P-GÛ-Bï-Å-¼ÛGÅ-Mãh-hP-ü GŸôm-hÝÅ-

¾Å-º²Ûm-TÛ-‚Å-¼GÅ-zÇkÝÅü --------------------------------------------------- 1

¾ï-±m-GZÛÅ-qü ¤Û-¤P-ÇK ï¼-¾PÅ-ˆÛ-ÇS-xÛºÛ-

‚ãP-¼Û¤ü --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

¾ï-±m-GÅÞ¤-qü mô¼-JÀ ÛP-hÝ-z;G-Z¼-‚ïh-Ç+zÅü ----------- 17

¾ï-±m-zŸÛ-qü IÔ-zŸÛ-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zÇkh-Ç+ ô¼ü --------------- 27

¾ï-±m-¿S-qü GŸÛ-¤ïh-Ç‰h-º±ô¾-hP-ü Pm-ÇÀ ôP-GÛ-

º±ô-zü ---------------------------------------------------------------- 34

¾ï-±m-iâG-qü Nå¼-z;ôh-ˆÛ-Pm-¾Å-Ço-±ôGÅü -------------- 39

¿S-qü ¯ô¤-OÛG-qºÛ -J À ïP-zXôhü ¯ô¤-OÛG-qºÛ -J À ïP-zXôhü iâG-qü

mÅ-Dô-q-±ôºÛ-Pm-G»ôºÛ-ÆÛh-WâÅ-¼z-hP-¼Û¤-q-zMãh-¥ôP-z-»ÛG-

fôG-ºDôh-Mã-G¾-Vï¼-zÅ¤Å-bï-¼P-ZÛh-BÛh-Çk ÝG-¤Û-ºi-z-hÝ-¤-

¥PÅ-qºÛ-¤Û-Lm-ŸÛG-»Ûm-Aïm-h¤ÛGÅ-»Þ¾-hï-ºi-ŸÛG-GÛ-fôG-z®m-

‚ô¾-hÝ-»ôP-ŸÛP-ü im-ÁïÅ-ˆÛÅ-GP-¸Ûm-ƒÛÅ-mÅ-¾ô-ÁÅ-GÅôG-Z¼-

‚Å-q-hï-¿e¼-»P-xÛ-¼ô¾-»Þ¾-HÛ-V-Aïm-¤-±P-zºÛ-¤Þ¼-¾ô-¤P-ÅôP-

z-ºzÞ-hP-®Û-®ÛºÛ-D-¸Å-¾Å-wm-q-TÛ-»P-¤-‚ãP-zÅ-¿ËG-ºyô-¤ï-¿ËºÛ-

Ÿ¾-hÝ-zÇezÅ-bï-±ï-ºWâG-D-zbôm-hGï-¢ô¼-¾-z¯ôm-zŸÛm-zÇkh-q-

»Ûmü

h-¾m-Eïh-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-fÞGÅ-DÞ¼-„À-¤ïh-zŸïÅ-bï-zÇ+ Ý¾-¤-

GmP-»P-¼P-ZÛh-¾ô-m-»P-¤fô-±h-»Ûm-qºÛ-D¼-»Þm-¼ÛP-Cm-mh-

ˆÛÅ-im-ÁïÅ-¤Û-GÅ¾-zÅ-ºhôh-fôG-d-MãG-¤-fÞz-q-hGôPÅ-ºG¾-

¤Û-zŸïÅ-q-ŸïÅ-hP-ü ÁôG-Ç‰ÛG-hˆÛ¾-mÅ-P-hGÝºÛ-¾ôºÛ-hôm-Aïm-ºGº-

zbôm-GmP-Çe ï -ºhÛ -¾ô -MãÅ-GŸm-HÛ-hrh-GŸÛ-¤²h-¼ôGÅ-ŸïÅ-

GÅÞPÅ-‚ãP-zü ym-mÅ-h-Ç+zÅ-Ç‰àm-GŸÛ-¿U Û-®¤-ºhÝG-ˆP-Dô-zô-

¾Å-hôm-ºhÛºÛ-fôG-±ôGÅ-qÅ-h¤ÛGÅ-º²âGÅ-GmP-z-»Ûm-Aïm-±ß¼-

hÝÅ-zÇeàm-¤-hGôÅ-q¼-PïÅ-¤ïh-zT¼-VôG-q-ŸÝ-Mã-»Ûm-qÅü Ç+Ý-zz-

TßP-zdÅ-qºÛ-z¼-GÅïP-hÝ-GÅÞPÅ-mÅ-Eïh-¼P-GÛÅ-¾ô-MãÅ-ÁÛG-

h¤ÛGÅ-zÅ¾-¸Þ¼-ºWôG-fÞz-m-P-±ô¼-¼P-hzP-fôz-Ç+zÅ-¾ô-MãÅ-

ˆÛ-hqP-qô¼-Hã¼-PïÅ-¤Eïm-¤Pº-¿e¼-fôG-¤ºÛ-hGôPÅ-zŸïh-WÛ-

zŸÛm-fÞGÅ-¼ÞÅ-¤²h-¼ôGÅ-ŸïÅ-¼ï-zÇ+Ý¾-¤f¼-Bï¾-ŸÝÅ-qÅü »Þm-

®¤-hGôPÅ-q-zŸïÅ-XïÅ-ºô-m-ZÛm-ÁÅ-mÅ-wïzÅ-hP-P-GZÛÅ-Gô-

zÇkÝ¼-¸ô¾-HÛÅ-xôGÅ-OÛG-‚ïh-fÞz-¸ô-ºhÝG-m-hï-GÅ-¤fÞÅ-ŸïÅ-z;º-

GmP-‚ãP-zü hï-XïÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 2002 ¹- 11 ±ïÅ- 1 mÅ-ym-hÝÅ-

PïÅ-¤ïh-zT¼-bï-hÝÅ-»Þm-¼ÛP-ÁôÅ-Vß-±ôh-GTÛG-®¤-¼ÛP-JÀïP-OôÅ-

ŸÝ-DÞ¾-»P-Ç‰ àm-zŸïÅ-q-hP-ü Ç¨m-DP-hÝ-zŸÝGÅ-hGôÅü Tm-lÛ-

ÇK¼-hÝ-Ç+Ý-G¸ÞGÅ-zdG-hrh-ŸÝ-z¼-wïzÅ-hGôÅ-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-zT¼-

ºiÛ-ŸÝ-Mã-hÝÅ-fÞP-ŸÛG-¾Å-¤-‚ãP-z-hP-ü ¤f¼-Ç+Ý-G¸ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-Ç‰àm-

GŸÛ-¿U Û-zÅ-DôP-GÛÅ-hïz-ˆÛ-¤±m-‚P-¾-¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-

ºyP-ŸïÅ-ºhôGÅ-hGôÅ-¾-dïm-ºƒï¾-HÛ-Gmh-TÛG-»Ûm-qÅ-¤Vôh-

zXôh-hÝ-ºW¤-h‚PÅ-¤Eïm-z¯ï-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-ºW¤-h‚PÅ-VôÅ-ˆÛ-„Àô-

IôÅ-ˆÛÅ-¤²h-qºÛ-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛ-ŸzÅ-zdm-GÅô¾-ºhïzÅ-ºVÛ-

¤ïh-zhÝh-¯ÛºÛ-h‚PÅ-Ç‰m-ºGôh-hGôÅ-q-hP-¾Å-¤WâG-OÛ¾-hGôÅ-

qºÛ-fÞGÅ-¼ï-¤²h-q-zŸÛm-Ç+Ý-G¸ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-fh-mÅ-hï-¿ËG-

ºIâz-¸ô-¤ïh-Aïm-¾ô-MãÅ-¤WâG-¤Û-zÇkÝÅ-fzÅ-¤ïh-‚ãP-ü hï-XïÅ-

ZÛm-ÁÅ-mÅ-DôP-zhï-¾ïGÅ-Ç¨m-DP-hÝ-Ghm-ŸÝ-‚-hGôÅ-‚ãP-Ç+zÅ-

Ç+Ý-zz-iG-Pô-fôm-¼ïÅ-hïz-ˆÛ-¤-¸Ûm-hG-zTôÅ-um-Çe¼-wÞ¾-»P-Ç‰àm-

zhÝm-qü ¯ô¤-OÛG-qºÛ -J À ïP-zXôhü ¯ô¤-OÛG-qºÛ -J À ïP-zXôhü zMh-qü

GŸÛ-WÛ-¿Ë ôh-Hã¼-mÅ-G¸ÛGÅ-dôG-GmP-Mã-¤-‚ãP-z¼-uÛ-¾ô- 2003

¹- 4 ±ïÅ- 17 ZÛm-HÛ-hGôP-¤ôºÛ-Vß-±ôh-hGÝ-q¼-hGôPÅ-q-μôGÅ-

qºÛ-„Àô-w¤-HÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-‚ãP-ü ºôm-ˆP-¼P-ZÛh-¾ô-MãÅ-ºGô-z®ßGÅ-

q-mÅ-¤WâG-¤-μôGÅ-z¼-Ç+Ý-zT¼-ŸÝÅ-ÁÛP-hôGÅ-GŸÛ-‚ãP-DG-¾-

fh-;¼-iÛ-z-ŸÝÅ-q-hP-ü hôm-Gmh-hP-ºƒï¾-z-»ôh-qºÛ-¤Û-Ço-GŸm-

¯h-GTôh-ˆÛÅ-Gô-zÇkÝ¼-zHÛÅ-q-zTÅ-mP-hôm-V-mÅ-hÝÅ-ÇS-xÛ-TßP-

ºFâG-»ôh-m-¾Å-hï-¤Ûm-mô¼-ºFâ¾-¤ïh-PïÅ-hP-ü hïz-ºhÛºÛ-mP-

DôP-ZÛh-ˆÛ-w-¤ïÅ-hP-±-zô-¤Û-¼zÅ-zMãh-zTÅ-ˆÛÅ-zôh-GŸÝP-hGº-

¿km-wô-ƒP-qºÛ-ŸzÅ-ºhïGÅ-©-¤ïh-q-ŸÝÅ-q-hP-zôh-M¾-Dz-hP-

¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-Vïh-GTïÅ-qºÛ-¾ÞÅ-ÆôG-wÞ¾-±ß¾ü DôP-Ç+Ý-GŸôm-hÝÅ-¾Å-

º²Ûm-TÛ-ŸÝÅ-hP-P-hGÝ-¾ô¼-M-Lô¾-¤²h-±ß¾ü z®ôm-zTßG-hP-

P¾-Nå¼-¤²h-hGôÅ-‚ãP-zü M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-z®m-º²â¾-‚Å-q-mÅ-

h-z¼-iÛ-¤-Tm-HÛ-ÆÛh-WâÅ-¼Û¤-qü Ç+zÅ-hï-hP-hïºÛ-zôh-ˆÛ-GmÅ-

ÇePÅ-hP-M¾-GTïÅ-zôh-¤ÛÅ-¼P-hzP-¯ôh-¾ïm-¤²h-±ß¾ü Ÿ¼-

‚ãP-¸Þ¼-Mm-ºGº-zTÅ-¯-zºÛ-mP-hôm-DG-iâG-¾-zÇkÝÅ-ÁÛP-hï-hG-

ˆP-¾ô-MãÅ-zhG-qôºÛ-hGôPÅ-GŸÛ¼-»ôh-q-zŸÛm-MÅ-ƒÛÅ-¤-fÞz-q¼-

¤hô¼-zÇkÝÅ-¾Å-¤ïh-q-mÛü ¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛ-GTïÅ-qºÛ-ÆôG-¾-¤Û-¿e-z¼-

zôh-M¾-Dz-hP-¤Û-¤P-GÛ-¼P-hzP-mô¼-zÞ-¾ïm-q¼-Ç+ Ý -±ï-GP-qô-

z®m-Gmôm-HÛ-¾¤-ºyP-¼ÛP-¤ô-zMãh-TÛP-ü M¾-GTïÅ-ˆÛ-Ç‰ÛP-ÇeôzÅ-

zdm-¾-¤Eïm-»ôm-¸z-qºÛ-¤ïÅ-qô-z¸P-qô¼-GŸôGÅ-ºhïGÅ-ŸÝÅ-bï-

¾¤-»ÛG-MÅ-q-z;ôh-¤-fÞz-q-P-±ô-¤Û-¼zÅ-GÅ¼-q-n¤Å-ˆÛ-Pô-

GmôPÅ-hGôÅ-qºÛ-ŸzÅ-ºiïm-„À-m-¤ïh-q-ŸÛG-»Ûm-qÅü ÇÀh-M¾-

GTïÅ-hP-¼ÛGÅ-Ÿïm-¿km-qºÛ-G¸Þ¼-GmÅ-«åG-fôGÅ-q-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-

zŸÝh-DºÛ-ZÛ-¤-ºi-zºÛ-¤ïÅ-qô-¥ôP-Gô¤Å-Tm-hG-GÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-P-±ô-hP-

xÛ-¼zÅ-qºÛ-BïÅ-ÅÞ-ºWôG-q¼-Åï¤Å-DÞ¼-PïÅ-q¼-hÝ-zBïh-hGôÅ-Åôüü

h¤-q-DôP-Ç‰ àm-GŸÛ-zŸïÅ-¼ÛP-¼P-GŸÝP-ºyôh-zÇe ïm-¿Ëm-

DP-hP-zhï-ÆâP-¿Ëm-DP-GZÛÅ-mÅ-fÞGÅ-ºDÞ¼-@P-zŸïÅ-fôG-ºhÛ-

G-±ôGÅ-q-mÅ-ˆP-Ç+zÅ-zÇeàm-Ç‰àm-G»ôG-Gô-OÛG-hP-Ÿ¾-¾G-ºzÞ¾-

Mã| ¤fº-¤¼-ºhÅ-¤WâG-ˆP-Ÿ¾-Vï¤Å-GŸÛ¼-z¸ÞP-¤-±P-z-

¤ïh-q-ºfÞÅ-±P-ŸÝÅ-ÁÛP-ü ¼P-ZÛh-hP-¿Ëm-º²ô¤Å-ŸÝÅ-¼ÛP-fÞGÅ-

hGôPÅ-hP-Ÿ¾-mÅ-GÅÞPÅ-Mã-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛ-z;º-iÛm-hP-ü

zôh-M¾-Dz-hP-¤Û-¤P-GÛ-zhï-Çk ÝG h¤-qºÛ-VôÅ-ˆÛ-hGôPÅ-hôm-

¾Å-GŸm-TÛ-»P-¤ïh-q-¿e-zÞ-ºhÝG-q-hP-ü G¸Û¤-DP-mP-hÝ-»P-

dïm-¤Vôh-VÅ-hP-G¸Û¤-¤¾-fz-VÅ-zTÅ-zŸÝGÅ-ÁïÅ-®¤-HÛ-T-

hPôÅ-¾Å-MÅ-vôÅ-»ï-¤ïh-q¼-Ç+ÝºÛ-ºyôh-zz-È-TP-Ÿm-»P-¤Vôh-

ºzÞ¾-GmP-Mã¼-hP-Ÿïm-¤²h-q-¾Å-Ç+Ý-ZÛh-ˆÛ-º±ô-z-»P-Pm-Pôm-

Íõ-ÅÐ-ÇeÛü

M¾-z-;Ým-HÛ-z¯ï-Vïm-»ï-ÁïÅ-Ç+Ýüü

GTÛG-bà-zÇkÝÅ-q-GPÅ-¼Û-¿e¼-h;¼-züü

ºwGÅ-¤VôG-ºW ÛG-d ïm -hzP-x ãG-v æ¾-qº Û -Ç + Ý ü ü

D¤Å-GÅÞ¤-ºIô-zºÛ-„À-¤-M¾-Hã¼-TÛGü

ÆÛh-q-GÅÞ¤-m-Pô-¤±¼-¹-¤ïh-qüü

ÍÞ-hÝ¤-¶-¼-¿e¼-ºwGÅ-f¤Å-Th-¤Eïmüü

º²¤-JÀÛP-zÇem-ºIô-»ôPÅ-ˆÛ-G®ßG-mô¼-Vïüü

M¾-¤VôG-xG-m-qj¨ô-ŸzÅ-zdm-GÅô¾üü

Ghôh-mÅ-¤Pôm-ÅPÅ-MÅ-ˆP-¯ôh-qºÛ-hÝÅüü

ºIô-n¤Å-xG-GÛ-»¾-GÅ-Zï¼-º²Ûm-qÅüü

fÞGÅ-zBïh-h¤-zTº-lô-Xï-¿e-zÞ¼-zdmüü

Å-zTßºÛ-hzP-xãG-Vïm-qô-ŸzÅ-zdm-GÅô¾üü

‚P-Vßz-¾¤-HÛ-¼Û¤-qºÛ-¤Pôm-dôG-;Ýmüü

GÅP-hzP-GÅÞ¤-hP-h‚ï¼-¤ïh-ºiïÅ-q-¾Åüü

¤Eïm-hP-z¯ï-zºÛ-»ôm-bm-zÅ¤-¤Û-Ezüü

¤Vôh-zXôh-hP-JÀ ïP-GŸÛü zTß-qü

hÝ-uôh-qü Mãm-hÝ-ÇK¤-±ßGÅ-Vï-ŸÛP-D-zbôm-ÇKô¤-Oæz-Dô-m¼-GŸô¾-

z-¾Å-ºWÛG-dïm-w¾-qºÛ-z;º-¤ô¾-HÛ-ºyô-®¤-»P-¤Û-¤²h-qü Ç+Ý-

¤-GÁïGÅ-GôP-GÛ-ZÛm-ÁÅ-ÇSôm-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛ-hHïÅ-¤W¾-fôz-

Çeï-Eïh-mÅ-h-z¼-zôh-uÛ-qºÛ-Vïh-h;º-P¾-hÝ-¤-Eh-zÅh-‚Å-qÅ-

h-mÛ-„Àô-zhï-qô-hP-„Àô-fG-zTh-hGôÅ-xÛ-¤-P-±ô-zôh-hÝ-fÞG-»ôP-zôh-

hÝ-ÁôG-TïÅ-z;º-ÇÀôz-z¸P-qôºÛ-hzÞGÅ-h‚ãP-z°¾-ºhÝG-q¼-ÁÝ¾-

VÅ-hP-XïÅ-ºWâG-Ç+ô¼-Ÿ¾-Vï¤Å-G®P-¤¼-zŸG-Çeï-Ç+Ý-ŸÛ-h‚ÛPÅ-

ÅÞ-¤-fÛ¤-z¼-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛÅ-z°¾-zºÛ-„À-¤Vôh-ºFÛh-Ç+h-ºDô¼-

¾Å-GÅm-ŸÛP-h¤ÛGÅ-n¤-BôP-z-ÅôGÅ-h¤m-¾Å-Eh-hÝ-ºwGÅ-qºÛ-

h¤-qºÛ-¼P-dGÅ-GÅ¾-¾ôüü

GÝÅ-z;Ý¼-ºôÅ-qºÛ-¤ïÅ-qô-h¤-q-¾GÅü Eïh-m¤-»P-zôh-

¤ÛºÛ-Ç‰ ÛP-hzÞÅ-ÅÞ-zdm-qô¼-GmÅ-Mã-hP-Eïh-ˆÛÅ-zIôh-qºÛ-¾¤-

ºyP-zMãh-hï-¤Û-¼zÅ-GÅ¼-q-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-¼P-hzP-GÛ-mô¼-zÞ-¾ïm-

PïÅ-»Ûmü

„Àô-z¸P-z=-ÁÛÅ-ˆÛÅ-zôh-M¾-¾ô- 2130

Iô-zŸÛm-¹-zºÛ-h;¼-xôGÅ-M¾-z-GZÛÅ-qü

uÛ-¾ô- 2003 ¹- 9 ±ïÅ- 4 ZÛmü

hGÝ-qü ¯ô¤-OÛG-qºÛ -J À ïP-zXôhü

‚P-xôGÅ-fÞz-hzP-GZÛÅ-q¼-ŸzÅ-zdm-GÅô¾üü

ºVh-¯ôh-¯ô¤-¾-VGÅ-fôGÅ-¤Û-¤Pº-ŸÛP-üü

ÇtôzÅ-qºÛ-Gbï¼-Vïm-zMh-qô-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-Iô¾üü

Åô-Åô-»P-hG-¼ÛG-qÅ-VôÅ-Çeôm-qüü

xôGÅ-¾Å-n¤-M¾-Vïm-qô¼-ŸzÅ-zdm-GÅô¾üü

„Àô-z¸P-M¾-zºÛ-zÇem-q-¼Ûm-qô-Vïüü

zÁh-Oæz-¾Å-ˆÛ-ºDô¼-¾ôÅ-xôGÅ-zM¼-Çtï¾üü

Lô¾-Pm-zhÝh-ˆÛ-JÀP-qôºÛ->Àh-q-ºGï¤Åüü

ºWÛGÅ-ƒ¾-¬-zºÛ-ÅïRK ï¼-ŸzÅ-zdm-GÅô¾üü

ÇoP-GÅÞ¤-Mãh-GÅÞ¤-GÅP-ÇSGÅ-¾¤-HÛ-¼Û¤üü

hzP-zŸÛºÛ-n¾-º‚ô¼-¸z-¤ôÅ-ºIôÅ-zŸÛ-fÛ¤üü

Ç+Ý-zŸÛºÛ-»ï-ÁïÅ-¤Pôm-ÅÞ¤-½‰ïh-¤²h-qüü

Ez-zhG-lô-Xï-ºVP-hzP-ŸzÅ-zdm-GÅô¾üü

hPôÅ-qô-;Ým-HÛ-Gmh-¾ÞGÅ-xG-M-Vïüü

¸z-GÅ¾-GZÛÅ-ÅÞ-¤ïh-qºÛ-¿Ëm-BïÅ-ˆÛüü

»ï-ÁïÅ-ZÛ-¤Å-ÆÛh-ŸÛºÛ-¤Þm-Åï¾-züü

n¾-º‚ô¼-hzP-xãG-Vïm-qô¼-ŸzÅ-zdm-GÅô¾üü

Mãh-Çkï-M-¤±ôºÛ-GÅP-z-;Ým-HÛ-¤²ôhüü

Ç¨Ûm-Iô¾-D-ºzz-n¤-zŸÛºÛ-Mãm-z¸P-qôüü

Ç+¾-z¸P-GhÝ¾-‚ºÛ-ŸÛP-Å¼-ºiïm-¤²h-qüü

GÅP-z-º²Ûm-qºÛ-zhG-qô¼-ŸzÅ-zdm-GÅô¾üü

ºDô¼-ºhÅ-VôÅ-;Ým-dïm-ºƒï¾-¼ô¾-q¼-Á¼üü

Á¼-»P-Ghôh-mÅ-Bï-¤ïh-¼z-ŸÛ-züü

vôÅ-q-;Ým-ƒ¾-¸z-¤ô-hzÞ-¤ºÛ-¾¤üü

Çeôm-¤DÅ->Àâ-»Û-hzP-qô¼-ŸzÅ-zdm-GÅô¾üü

xÛ-mP-GŸm-GÅÞ¤-h‚ï¼-¤ïh-hÝÅ-ºDô¼-¾ôüü

¾ïGÅ-q¼-ºhô¤Å-¤DÅ-¼ÛGÅ-¿km-qj¨-h;¼üü

„Ëô-^ºÛ-¿YôPÅ-ÅÞ-hGï-zºÛ-zÁïÅ-ÅÞ-Çeômüü

hP-qôºÛ-ÅPÅ-MÅ-Pô-zô¼-ŸzÅ-zdm-GÅô¾üü

ºDô¼-ºhÅ-VôÅ-;Ým-ºôh-GÅ¾-fÛG-¾ïºÛ->ÀôP-üü

ƒÛ-GP-¤ïh-q-¿Ëàm-HÛÅ-μôGÅ-q-Vïüü

‚¼-¤ïh-¼P-Iô¾-ºƒÅ-zÞºÛ-M¾-Å-Ç‰ôGÅüü

;Ým-z¸P-Ghôh-¤ºÛ-¤Gôm-qô¼-ŸzÅ-zdm-GÅô¾üü

¤hô¼-m-fÞz-zÇem-»ôPÅ-μôGÅ-ÁÛP-d-Vïüü

¤-ºiïÅ-xG-GÛÅ-ºiïm-¾-zÇ‰ïPÅ-q-ƒ¾üü

zÇem-hP-ºIô-z-;Ým-HÛ-BzÅ-GTÛG-qÞüü

zTß -GTÛG ¤Vôh-zXôh-hP-JÀ ïP-GŸÛü ¤Vôh-zXôh-hP-JÀ ïP-GŸÛü zTß-GZÛÅü

zÇem-º²Ûm-M-¤±ôºÛ-hzP-qô¼-ŸzÅ-zdm-GÅô¾üü

ÆÛh-q-GÅÞ¤-HÛ-Vï-LÝºÛ-G®ßG-mô¼-HÛÅüü

GP-GÛ-ŸzÅ-qh-z=-ÁÛÅ-ºDô¼-¾ô-¾üü

GÝÅ-ÁÛP-ºh¼-zTÅ-¾m-zM¼-zbàh-q-»ÛÅüü

VôÅ-ˆÛ-M¾-qô-Vïm-qô¼-ŸzÅ-zdm-GÅô¾üü

¿Ë-¤Ûm-zhÝh-Çkï-±¼-GTôh-¿Ë-»Û-hzP-üü

¤fÞ-ÇeôzÅ-mÝÅ-qºÛ-lô-Xï-¯ï-zM-qÅüü

¿e-Pm-¾ôG-¿eºÛ-ƒG-¼Û-ºWô¤Å-¤²h-qüü

ºWÛGÅ-¤²h-Èï-¼Þ-;-hq¾-ŸzÅ-zdm-GÅô¾üü

Å-hP-¿Ëàm-qô-ZÛ-¹-GmÅ-ˆÛ-z¼üü

GÅP-GÅÞ¤-GŸm-hÝ-ºHã¼-z-¤ïh-q-»Ûüü

Iâ-º²Ûm-ºwGÅ-¤VôG-hHïÅ-qºÛ-GŸ¾-¤ïh-DP-üü

lô-XïºÛ-FÛ-¾-GŸô¤-ƒ¾-zdm-zŸÝGÅ-GÅô¾üü

ºVÛ-¤ïh-¿Ë-¤VôG-GÅÞ¤-HÛ-‚Ûm-½ÀzÅ-hP.üü

„À-¤-»Û-h¤-ÅPÅ-MÅ-‚P-Åï¤Å-ˆÛüü

zhïm-qºÛ-ÇeôzÅ-ˆÛÅ-WÛ-¿e¼-GÅô¾-zºÛ-hômüü

GïGÅ-¤ïh-ºIâz-q¼-‚Ûm-HÛÅ-z½Àz-bà-GÅô¾üü

ŸïÅ-BzÅ-»Þ¾-h¤-q¼-¤Vôh-zXôh-ÇSôm-hÝ-zbP-mÅ-ºhÛ¼-

JÀ ïP-z¼-‚-z-mÛü ¼P-¼ï-D-z-GPÅ-Tm-qºÛ-ŸÛP-D¤Å-ºhÛ¼-M¾-

qô-GZº-FÛ-z®m-qô-mÅ-z¸ÞP-VôÅ-M¾-‚P-Åï¤Å-Tm-¼Û¤-wïzÅ-M¾-

¼zÅ-Vïm-qôºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-¿e¼-hP-ü ̄ -zºÛ-¤ï-bôG-GP-¾-ºwôG-qºÛ-¿Ë-

Ç+¾-ºwGÅ-q-um-¼Å-G¸ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-ºhÝ¾-ŸÛP-BôP-z¼-zÅ¤-zŸÛm-

ÆÛh-q-z¸ÞP-z¼-zB¼-hÝ-Xï-hGï-ºhÝm-Iâz-q-mÅ-z¸ÞP-&M¾-¤VôG-

Ç+Ý-yïP-¼Û¤-‚ôm-fôG-Ç+Ý-yïP-¿S-q-PG-hzP-„Àô-z¸P-M-¤±ô-mÅ-¥P-

Ç¨h-GŸÛÅ-¯ï-zÅ¤-Iâz-¯ï-μôP-hÝ-¼P-hzP-M¾-Dz-GŸÝP-hGº-¿km-

wô-ƒP-VôÅ-ÆÛh-GZÛÅ-¿km-zhG-GÛ¼-zŸïÅ-qü hï-mÅ-&GôP-Å-Ç+Ý-

yïP-zTß-GÅÞ¤-q-fÞz-zÇem-M-¤±ôÅ-zôh-¼P-hzP-G®P-¤ºÛ-M¾-

Dz-TÛG-»Ûm-qºÛ-M¾-¤±m-OïP-qºÛ-hz¼-zôh-VôÅ-¿km-ŸÛP-ºhÛ-uÛ-

¾ô- 1959 z¼-º²¤-JÀ ÛP-»Þ¾-hÝÅ-hP-¤fÞm-qºÛ-zhï-BÛh-GŸm-

¾Å-Vï-VïÅ-h¼-MÅ-hGï-¤±m-¤ÛP-hôm-¤±ßPÅ-q-GmÅ-Åôüü

h ï -mÅ-Á¼-x ôGÅ-E Û¤-¤±ïÅ-M-mG-h¤¼-q ôº Û -¼ ÛP -¾ ÞGÅ-ˆ Û -

zôh-D-zºÛ-¿YôPÅ-ˆÛ-Çoôh-zTßh-¸-ºhôh-È¤-Åï¤Å-zTPÅ-bï-zôh-¾-

hqÞP-ºWâG-‚Å-¤f¼-zôh-M-ŸÛ-¤ô¾-VÛPÅ-»ÛG-hôm-±m-zTß-zhÝm-

zŸG-zTßG-Çeï-M-h¤¼-zôh-¾-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-»ôP-Ç+zÅ-M-¼ÛGÅ-hï-hG-

zôh-¤Û¼-z¯ï-Ÿïm-¸z-¤ôºÛ-n¤-ºHã¼-PP-zôh-mÅ-xÛºÛ-z®m-º²â¾-

q-¤f¼-z=ôh-zbP-z-hP-VzÅ-TÛG-zôh-»Þ¾-hïP-hÝÅ-hP-¤fÞm-

zTß-GÅÞ¤ü ¤Vôh-zXôh-hP-JÀ ïP-GŸÛü ¤Vôh-zXôh-hP-JÀ ïP-GŸÛü zTß-zŸÛü

qºÛ-hq¾-º‚ô¼-I-MÅ-GbP-MãºÛ-¼ôGÅ-¼¤-‚ïh-q¼-»ôP-z-¼ïhü

zôh-»¼-MÅ-zbP-¸Ûm-¤±¤Å-P-±ô-¼P-»Þ¾-¾-¾ôG-ºIô-Mã-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-

M-¤Û-n¤Å-D-GÁÛÅ-z¸P-zºÛ-uôh-z¸P-Çeôm-fÞzü zôh-ˆÛ-GŸÝP-¾¤-

DG-Z¤Å-GÅô-‚ïh-q¼-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-ºGô-h¤PÅ-»ôPÅ-¾-JÀ-hPÞ¾-»P-

¤fô-±h-vh-q-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-GŸÝP-¾Å-G®ô-Hã¼-zôh-¤Û-ºhÝ-Ç+ôP-‚Å-

qÅ-¼P-¼ÛGÅ-n¤Å-ˆP-¯¤-q-z¸º-Mã-»Þm-¼ÛP-z¼-¤-¿eôÅ-q-zÞ-

¼¤-¤P¼-V-Vï-zºÛ-XïÅ-¾-xÛm-qºÛ-¤ÛG-¿e ôÅ-Pm-qºÛ-Vß-Pm-¾¤-

Áô¼-MãGÅü

M-h¤¼-mÅ-ˆP-zôh-M-IôÅ-¤fÞm-hôm-±m-zTß-zhÝm-hP-

Mz-ºG¾-Å-GmÅ-ÆÛh-GŸÝP-¯ÛÅ-¤ïh-È¤-Áïh-Wï-Vï-zbP-ÇezÅ-hôm-

Aïm-±zÅ-Vï-¾PÅ-bï-uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 10 ZÛm-mÅ-

zôh-MºÛ-hz¼-ºDôm-º²Ûm-ÁÝGÅ-iG-Tm-hÝ-Hã¼-qºôüü

¾ï-±m-hP-qôü

¼P-GÛ-Bï-Å-¼ÛGÅ-Mãh-hP-ü GŸôm-hÝÅ-

¾Å-º²Ûm-TÛ-‚Å-¼GÅ-zÇkÝÅü

ºƒÅ-„À ô -J À ÛP-G®P-q-DP-±m-IÔ -h;ôm-z¸P-¼ÛG-º²Ûm-( Çkï-iâG-„À-ƒP-GÛ-ŸzÅ-Çkôh- )zhG-GÛ-Bï-Å-¼ÛGÅ-Mããh-xôGÅ-®¤-ŸÝ-mü BïÅ-

»Þ¾-G®P-M¾-¯ï-μôP-ºôG-GmÅ-½‰ÛP-GmÅ-GÅ¼-ƒP-DP-GÛ-zÞ-Çtäm-

GZÛÅ-¾-¤mº-¤-GTÛG-zÅÞ-¾ïm-‚Å-bï-yâ-GÝ-zÞ-GTÛG-hP-zÞ-¤ô-GZÛÅ-

‚ãP-XïÅ-¤mº-¤-hï-±ï-¤-¸Ûmü ÇÀ¼-»P-GmÅ-GÅ¼-ZÛ-Ç~ äG-GÛ-zÞ-

¤ô-ŸÛG-¤mº-¤¼-„ÀPÅ-qºÛ-w-mô¼-zÞ-hP-¤-zÅôh-m¤Å-zÞ-FÛh-¾GÅ-

GZÛÅ-¾-ym-¼z-‚ãP-zTß-iâG-qºÛ-BïÅ-zhG-¿UGÅ-¤ô-¾ÞG uÛ-¾ô-

1931 ¾ô¼-z®Åü DôP-GZÛÅ-¾-yâ-GÝ-P-¼P-GTÛG-qÞ-hP-¯-zºÛ-

w-EÛ¤-GmÅ-GÅ¼-ƒP-DP-ŸïÅ-q-ŸÛP-qºÛ-hÝh-±P-ŸÛG-»Ûm-¤ÞÅ-¾ü

zôh-»Þ¾-HÛ-»ÛG-½‰ÛP-mP-GÅ¾-zºÛ-zôh-»Þ¾-¾-ÅÛP-qºÛ-z®m-º²â¾-

¼P-GÛ-Bï-Å-¼ÛGÅ-Mãh-hP-ü GŸôm-hÝÅ-¾Å-º²Ûm-TÛ-‚Å-¼GÅ-zÇk ÝÅü 1zTß -¿ Sü ¤Vôh-zXôh-hP-JÀ ïP-GŸÛü

hqÞP-h¤G-¿ËGÅ-mÅ-GmÅ-½‰ÛP-VôÅ-Çkï¼-hqÞP-ºWâG-Å¼-»Þ¾-¤ÛÅ-

hP-„ÀPÅ-ˆÛ-h¤G-ºfz-mP-GmÅ-ƒP-GÛ-zÞ-Çtäm-GZÛÅ-¾G-bà-IÛ-¼ï-

fôGÅ-bï-Dô-q-GZÛÅ-Mz-vôh-ˆÛ-ºFâG-º²ÛP-‚Å-mÅ-ÅÛP-h¤G-z®m-

º²â¾-q-¤P-qô-ºVÛ-¾¤-hÝ-zbP-ŸÛP-GmÅ-ƒP-¤ïÅ-qô-Çt äm-¤Vïh-

GZÛÅ-¤f¼-IÛºÛ-»Þ-zºÛ-¾×-V-iôh-hï-IÛ-hPô-Áô¼-z-¼ïh-¸ï¼-»P-hôm-

Ç‰ÛP-DôP-Ç+Ý-¤Vïh-GZÛÅ-;-ÅÛP-h¤G-¾G-bà-Ç+Ý-ÆôG-Áô¼-z-hï-GZÛÅ-

ˆÛ-ÇkÛG-zÁGÅ-¤-aï-ºDô¼-Vïm-ŸÛG-¼P-EÛ¤-mÅ-zŸïPÅü hï-Ç+ô¼-

¤Dm-¾-hGôm-qºÛ-W-fÞG-ºHïh-zTÅ-IÔ-Ç+¾-¼ï-vôh-Mã-zTÅ-ˆÛ-¤Vôh-

fïzÅ-ÅÞ-mP-GÛ-ŸÛP-D-Åôm-D¾-zhÝm-®¤-ºIô-z-ŸÛG-fïzÅ-¯¼-Mãm-

ºWGÅ-‚Å-q-zTÅ-M-h¤¼-z®m-qôÅ-¯-Çe ô¼-¤-zbP-z¼-Z¤Å-

¤ïh-GmÅü hï-XïÅ-zôh-GŸÝP-mÅ-GmÅ-ƒP-¾-¾G-»ôh-Å-ŸÛP-DP-

zhG-º²Ûm-±P-¤¼-F¾-zôGÅ-ºFÛ-Oæz-¤-hGôÅ-q-zhG-GÛ¼-º²Ûm-

VôG-qºÛ-hqº-dGÅ-G¸ÛGÅ-GÅô¾-hP-ü ÇÀh-xÛm-EÛ¤-hïºÛ-¤Û-Pô-

¼ï-h¤G-ŸzÅ-Vh-¤ïh-ŸÝGÅ-hGôÅ-hï-zŸÛm-EÛ¤-±P-ºhÛºÛ-ºDôÅ-

;-¾-Å-GmÅ-μôP-GŸÛÅ-¼Û¤-qÅ-z¿e-BôP-Mz-GZï¼-hGôÅ-qºÛ-MÅ-

f¤-Gbm-±ÛGÅ-z°¾ü zôh-h¤G-¤ïÅ-qô-m-¼Û¤-HÛ-XïÅ-¤-zhG-GÛ-

w-mô¼-zÞ-( P-zM-hP-q ô -)h¤-q-hï-ZÛh-M-h¤¼-z®m-º²â¾-qÅ-º²Ûm-

z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-h;º-ÇkÝG-hÝ-¤¼-z®m-ºhïh-ˆÛÅ-¤f¼-;ôP-qô-z®ôm-

DP-hÝ-Ç+Ý-±ï-¤-¸Ûm-q-ÅôGÅ-GÁ¤-hÝ-hGôh-Mã-¾GÅü P-¼P-w-¤ºÛ-

Gô-Å¼-w-»ÛÅ-zôh-»ÛG-ºƒÛ->ÀôG-ym-zÞ-‚Å-zTßG-hï-mÅ-ºy¾-wÞGÅ-

;Ým-¾-º±ô-GôÅ-G¸ÛGÅ-»ôh-ÇeïP-¼P-¾ô-zTô-¿S-¾-G®P-M¾-¯ï-fïG-

¤VôG-JÀÛP-hGôm-q¼-VôÅ-ŸÝGÅ-‚Å-bï-GŸôm-F¾-MãGÅ-¤-hGôÅ-qºÛ-

VôÅ-¤²h-GbôP-ÇKô-zbP-ü hï-mÅ-q×-¾GÅ-¿Ë-Å¼-»-Ç¨ôm-h¤G-ÇK¼-

HÛ-DP-ÆâP-¤²h-»ôh-ÇezÅü P-¼P-hGôm-qºÛ-hqï-V-„Àô-º²Ûm-¸Ûm-

q-xïh-MãGÅ-vhü hï-mÅ-¼P-¾ô-zTô-zMh-¾-¿Ë-Å¼-w-¤ºÛ-Å¼-»ôP-

mÅ-GŸÛÅ-hGôm-¾-¾ôG-ºIô-MãºÛ-¤±¤Å-w-¤Å-¼P-GÛ-Gô-Å¼-zÞ-±-

Z¼-ºhôh-hGôPÅ-q-hP-zÇeàm-¿Ë-Å¼-Mãm-Çkôh-‚-Mã¼-¤ô-¾ÞP-wÞ¾-

Ç‰ÛP-Çkï-iâG-„À-ƒP-GÛ-ŸzÅ-ŸÝ¼-ºy¾-z¸P-wïzÅ-hôm-zŸÛm-Çkï-„ÀºÛ-

ŸzÅ-Çk ôh-ŸÝÅü uÛ-¾ô- 1949 ¹- 1 ±ïÅ- 1 ZÛm-Çk ï -„ÀºÛ-ŸzÅ-

Çkôh-GÅ¼-¤W¾-ŸÝÅ-bï-ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-G®P-q-DP-±m-hÝ-OÛG-ŸÝGÅ-

hP-ºƒï¾-DP-±m-VôÅ-¤²h-GbôP-ÇKô-zbP-ü hï-mÅ-hïºÛ-¹-¤WâG-

P-¼P-¾-ÅÛ-zÛºÛ-mh-ºwôG-Çeï-mP-hÝ-mh-GÅô¼-zÇkh-qºÛ-Ç+zÅ-ˆÛ-

¹-z-GZÛÅ-qºÛ-¹-hˆÛ¾-®¤-¾-„À-ƒP-mÅ-Eïh-¼P-mh-GŸÛ-iG-Bïh-

‚ãP-P¤ü ºhÛ-G-GZ¾-Çkï-iâG-¾-¤Û-ºIô-ŸÛG-hGôÅ-q-hï-¤Gôm-qôºÛ-

um-ÇS¼-¸m-zdG-ŸÝÅ-qÅ-Eïh-¼P-z¸P-wïzÅ-‚ãP-hôm-ºIô-hGôÅ-

ŸïÅ-¾m-GmP-‚ãP-»P-P-¼P-mh-zz-ym-zÞºÛ-iG-Pô-Á¼-»P-¯-zºÛ-

2 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü ¼P-GÛ-Bï-Å-¼ÛGÅ-Mãh-hP-ü GŸôm-hÝÅ-¾Å-º²Ûm-TÛ-‚Å-¼GÅ-zÇkÝÅü 3

mh-¤m¼-»ôh-ÇezÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-zhï-fP-‚ãP-ºy¾-„À-ƒP-¾-zT¼-VôG-

q-ŸïÅ-¾m-GÅ¾-wÞ¾ü hï-mÅ-zôh-¹-GÅÞ¤-qºÛ-mP-Çkï-ºVP-d-hzP-

¾GÅ-¤Z¤-GZ¾-Çkï-iâG-¾-xÛm-bï-IÔ-Ç+ô¼-„À-ƒP-hÝ-º‚ô¼-ŸÛP-GZ¾-

¾ÞP-IÔ-Vïm-¤ô-PP-B¾-hGôm-hÝ-z®ßGÅü hï-¾ôºÛ-Çeôm-¤WâG-¤±¤Å-

M-h¤¼-ºGô-h¤G-¿S-zTß-Ç+ô¼-GZ¾-hÝ-º‚ô¼-z¼ü ¿Ëàm-¯ï-μôP-Ÿô¾-

hÝ-zÇkh-hï-P-±ô-μôP-G®ô-¾-¸Å-¼ÛGÅ-hP-¤ï-ÁÛP-ÇtäÅ-ºhôm-hGôÅ-

¸ï¼ü hïºÛ-Ç+zÅ-M-h¤G-hï-±ô-Å-GmÅ-º‚ô¼-Ç+zÅ-Gm¤-GÁÛÅ-IP-

¸ÞG-Vï-¼Þ-ºIô-zÅ-M-¤Û-n¤Å-IP-P¼-HÛÅ-¤-z¸ôh-mÅ-Gô¤-q-»P-

zMz-¤Û-fÞz-TÛP-ü hï-zŸÛm-¤ï-¤hº-ºEï¼-Mã-ºhÝG-ˆP-hï-hG-mÛ-

ÇtäÅ-GŸm-Ÿï-GTÛG-¾Å-¤Û-ºhÝG-qÅ-hï-ºi-zôh-GŸÝP-mÅ-Å-GmÅ-

Å-fôG-»Þ¾-¤ÛÅ-¯-¤ïh-z¸ôÅ-¸ï¼-z-‚ãP-m-P-±ô-¼P-GÛÅ-GÅh-fÞz-

q-ºhÝG-¸ï¼-zºÛ-JÀïP-GŸÛ-‚ãP-ÅôP-ü M-¤ÛÅ-P-±ôºÛ-μôP-ºGô-¾-GÅô¾-

±ÛGÅ-TÛG-ºzÞ¾-Mã-»Ûm-qÅ-±P-¤-wïzÅ-¼ôGÅ-GmP-ŸïÅ-zÁhü hï-

mÅ-GÅô¾-±ÛGÅ-hPôÅ-GŸÛ-ºƒÅ-hP-¤Z¤-hÝ-wG-Á-z®ôÅ-q¼-ÅÛ-

qmü ±-DÞü £P-¯Ûü ÇK-Åï-¾-ÅôGÅ-zMz-Çeï-Eôm-Çk ï¼-¤-zTß-iâG-

z¸ôÅ-bï-zÁ¤Åü h-¼ïÅ-±¾-¼ÛGÅ-¾-ÅôGÅ-hGôÅ-¤Dô-¤P-qô-zOæz-

¤-fÞz-qÅ-»G-qô-‚ãP-¤-ÅôP-hGôPÅ-ºG¾-¤ïh-q-XïÅ-ÅÞ-P-±ôÅ-I-

OÛG-¾ïGÅ-q¼-‚Å-bï-hzÞ¾-Mã-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-z¯ï-Ÿïm-Vï-¤hôG-D-qôÅ-

zbP-ÅôP-ü hï-¤Ûm-M-h¤¼-»¼-zBôh-¾¤-Dï¾-Zï-ºhzÅ-μôP-GŸÛÅ-

Vï-DG-¾-»Û-Gï-zbP-mÅ-P-±ô-ºhÛ¼-º‚ô¼-hÝÅ-Eïh-hï¼-wïzÅ-zŸÝGÅ-

»ôh-ºhÝG-qÅ-È-TP-GÛ-hGº-qô-‚ãP-¾-h-¾¤-Pô-¤W¾-‚ãP-m-zÅ¤Å-

qºÛ-„Àô-ºhôh-Vïm-qô-Á¼-»P-h-¼ïÅ-Pô-¤W¾-fÞz-¤-ÅôP-z¼-hGôPÅ-

ºG¾-¤Û-zŸïh-q-mÅ-¤Û-¼ÛP-¥ã¼-¤W¾-»ôP-MãºÛ-¼ï-z-»ôh-TïÅ-z;ôh-

hï-zbP-ºhÝG-q-hï-MºÛ-G»ô-NåºÛ->Àh-Bôm-zbP-z-Ç¨ôÅ-¤-hGôÅü P-

¼P-GZ¾-Çkï-iâG-¾Å-º²Ûm-¾ôô-GÅÞ¤-®¤-zÇkh-hï-Íï-ÁG-¿Ëô-GŸÛÅ-

¾-F¾-zôGÅ-hïz-GŸÛ-¿e¼-zÇkÝ-¾ïm-hÝ-¾ô-GZÛÅ-hP-ü n¤-¼z-M-¼Û-

GŸÛÅ-ÅÞ-F¾-zÞm-zÇkÝ-z¼-¾ô-GZÛÅü hï-mÅ-Çeôh-¾ÞP-ÇoP-¯ï-GŸÛÅü

n¤-¼Û-ƒG-GŸÛÅü º²ï¤Å-ºƒÅ-‚P-ºƒâ-DP-ü G¤-q-‚P-fP-

ºƒâ-DP-ü n¤-M¾-ÇKP-ºƒâ-DP-zTÅ-ˆÛ-hô-h¤-ºƒâ-zôGÅ-zÞm-ºƒâ-

zÇk Ý -GbôP-‚Åü hï-Ç+zÅ-zôh-¹-GZÛÅ-q-GÅÞ¤-q¼-GôP-GÅ¾-Å-

GmÅ-DG-¾-zÞm-GbôP-hP-zôh-¹-zTß-GTÛG-¾-zÞm-zÇkÝ-z¼-zBôh-

q-hP-hï-ºyôÅ-¿Ë-Å¼-Mãm-Çkôh-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-¿Ë-ÅºÛ-IôP-¤Û-m-GŸôm-DG-

M-¤ÛÅ-GŸôm-mÝ-Çkï-±ôGÅü GÝP-GŸôm-Çkï-±ôGÅ-ŸïÅ-¤ÛP-ºhôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-

hïºÛ-DÞPÅ-ÅÞ-zÇkÝ-ºGÝG-GP-»ôP-hP-ü GŸôm-mÝ-wô-¤ô-M-mG-¾-ÇÀôz-

¢ôP-xÛm-m-È-TP-»G-qô-»ôh-¼ïh-¸ï¼-mÅ-DÞ-zÇk Ý-‚Åü hï-zŸÛm-

º‚ô¼-¿km-‚ÛÅ-q-¤P-qô-»ôh-qºÛ-yâ-GÝ-ym-zÞºÛ-ÁïÅ-¼ÛG-„Àâm-q-hï-ºi-

4 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü ¼P-GÛ-Bï-Å-¼ÛGÅ-Mãh-hP-ü GŸôm-hÝÅ-¾Å-º²Ûm-TÛ-‚Å-¼GÅ-zÇkÝÅü 5

zbP-z-hP-ü ¿Ë-DÞ¾-¾ô-GŸôm-DG-ˆP-M-¤ÛºÛ-JÀ-wôGÅ-hPÞ¾-ÇKô¼-

¤P-qô-vôh-ˆÛ-»ôh-q-hïÅ-M-¤ÛºÛ-wôGÅ-¸-fÞz-qºÛ-hGôÅ-¤Dô¼-¤P-

qô-xÛm-hP-ºIô-zŸÛm-»ôhü hï-zŸÛm-Ç+zÅ-ÁÛG-zôh-¤Û¼-JÀ-wôG-H-

mô¤-q-vh-hï-zôh-¤Û-‚ÛºÞ-n¤Å-M-iºÛ-mP-zTßG-hï-mÅ-P-hGÝºÛ-¸ÛP-

ºFâG-‚ãP-mÅ-‚ÛºÞ-hï-hG-GÛ-GÁôG-OôºÛ-½ÀâP-Oô-n¤Å-zTh-qÅ-¼P-

hzP-ºwÞ¼-¿kÛP-¤-fÞz-ÇezÅ-M-h¤¼-mÅ-hï-ÇSôm-vh-qºÛ-JÀ-wôGÅ-

n¤Å-M¾-»ôPÅ-GTÛG-ºHã¼-HÛ-JÀ-wôGÅ-vh-ˆÛ-¼ïh-TïÅ-w¾-Vï¼-

ºHã¼-¤ïh-Gbm-ºDï¾-‚ãP-zºÛ-hGï-¤±m-‚ãP-±ß¾-iÛ¾-zOGÅ-‚ïh-

q-hP-VzÅ-TÛG-JÀ-wôG-±P-¤-VßP-hÝ-zbP-z-hï-¼ÛGÅ-M-h¤¼-qºÛ-

Gô¤Å-GÁÛÅ-GTÛG-¾-¤ÛG-¾-¤P¼-VºÛ-zÞ-¼¤-zÇemü D-¾-¾×-T-Çeï¼-

z-¾ôÅ-»Ûmü P-¼P-w-¤ºÛ-hGôPÅ-q-¾-¤ïh-q-P-¼P-»P-M-h¤¼-

HÛ-¾¤-¾ÞGÅ-ºhÛ-VôÅ-¤ïh->À->ÀôºÛ-¼P-¤hPÅ-Vï-zÅ-hôGÅ-qºÛ-¼P-

zŸÛm-HÛÅ-„À-ƒP-¼P-GÛ-¾Å-ºDÞ¼-¼P-¾-Çkôh-q-¾Å-M-wôGÅ-Ç+¼-

¾Û-®¤-z¸º-¾ïm-‚ïh-¤-¥ôP-zÅ-ºhÛ-»P-¼P-ÁïÅ-z¸P-z-ŸÛG-‚ãP-

ºhÝG Ç+zÅ-ÁÛG-bà-EÛ¤-º²Ûm-w-zÞ-GZÛÅ-ºV¤Å-¤fÞm-¤-‚ãP-

ÇezÅ-DôP-GZÛÅ-f-fh-V-zGôÅ-ÅôP-Ç+zÅ-w-¤Å-P-¼P-VôÅ-º±ô-¤-

¸Ûm-q-‚ãP-m-¼Û-zôP-±P-¾ôG-‚-MãºÛ-Vôh-Gm-hP-º²Ûm-VÅ-Ç+¾-fôz-

„ÀPÅ-mÅ-GŸÛ-º²Ûm-Wô-¤ïh-mô¼-Å¼-zTô¾-zb¤Å-zŸGü

¾ï-±m-GZÛÅ-qü

¤Û-¤P-ÇKï¼-¾PÅ-ˆÛ-ÇS-xÛºÛ-‚ãP-¼Û¤ü

GŸÛ-¯-M-h¤¼-fôG-¤ºÛ-ÇKô-º²âGÅ-Ç+zÅ-Ç~-»ï-¾ÞºÞ-Tßm-ŸïÅ-

M-mG-mP-»ôh-¤Û-Pm-±ôGÅ-q-»ôPÅ-IGÅ-ÁÛG-»ôh-q-hï-hzP-ÁÝGÅ-

Wï-ºwï¾-HÛÅ-¤Û-ºzô¼-Vïm-qô-VGÅ-mÅü fºï-¶m-Gô-¤Ûm-bP-hP-

Ç+¤-¤±ô-hz¼-h¤G-ºFâG-‚ãP-Çeï-M-h¤¼-¤Û-ºzô¼-HÛ-V-mÅ-M¾-

D-fôz-Çe ï -uÛ-¾ô- 1950 ¾ô¼-z®m-º²â¾-q-M-h¤¼-zôh-VôÅ-¿km-

ŸÛP-¾-¿ËGÅ-q¼ü zôh-ºzPÅ-Åï¼-B-±P-¤ºÛ-ºhôh-„Àô-¤ïh-qºÛ-ÇkP-

Åï¤Å-ºDôm-º²Ûm-ÁÝGÅ-Vï-»ôh-ˆP-ü zôh-GŸÝP-hGº-¿km-wô-ƒP-

q-Vïm-qô-¤VôG-M-zôh-IôÅ-¤fÞm-hzP-¤ïh-DÅ-¾ïm-‚ïh-hGôÅ-Aïm-

qÅ-M-h¤¼-HÛ-ºhôh-hzP-M-zôh-¤fÞm-¾¤-HÛ-¤²h-±ß¾-º²Ûm-

hGôÅ-‚ãP-ÇezÅ-zôh-¤Û-¤P-GÛ-ºhôh-xôGÅ-¾-ºGô-º²Ûm-ÇÀôz-Çeôm-‚ïh-

¤Dm-¤ïh-q¼-zdïm-mÝÅ-¿km-ÇeôzÅ-OÛ¾-¤-fÞz-qºÛ-¤Þ¼-uÛ-¾ô- 1959

zôh-¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 1 ZÛmü &GôP-Å-&BzÅ-¤Gôm-M¾-hzP-f¤Å-

6 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü ¤Û -¤P-ÇK ï¼-¾PÅ-ˆÛ -ÇS -xÛºÛ -‚ãP-¼Û¤ü 7

Th-¤Eïm-G¸ÛGÅ-Vïm-qô-¤VôG-M-¤ÛºÛ-h¤G-ÇK¼-Tßm-Tßh-¾-FP-ŸÛ-

G¸ÛGÅ-q¼-Ç+Ý-ºDô¼-ZÝP-zÇkÝÅ-‚Å-bï-Ghm-ŸÝ-‚Å-»ôh-q-hï-mÛ-M-

¤ÛºÛ-¿+ôG-G»ô-‚-Pm-±zÅ-Vïm-»Ûm-q¼-ÅôP-ü

uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 10 ZÛm-hï¼-VÛzÅ-zNå¼-¤Û-

¤²h-¼ôGÅ-ŸïÅ-xG-º±¾-ŸÝ-z¼-ºIô-hGôÅ-±ß¾-HÛ-Åï¼-B-¤Û-¤P-

mô¼-zÞ-JÀÛP-DºÛ-xôGÅ-ÅÞ-hPPÅ-±z-ˆÛÅ-ºIô-z-¤fôP-ºy¾-P-¼P-

hP-ŸzÅ-Çk ôh-‚¤Å-q-ºyÛm-¾Å-GZÛÅ-ˆP-xÛm-qÅ-ºwGÅ-¿ËºÛ-

¤Dm-VßP-¤P-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-lô-¼Þz-zMz-Çeï-zÅh-qºÛ-wÞP-qô-hï¼-ºhÝG

hï-ºôPÅ-hôm-ºiÛ-Ç+zÅ-¤Dm-VßP-GÛÅ-hïºÛ-ŸôGÅ-q-mô¼-JÀÛP-iâP-W¼-

xÛm-mÅ-¤P-±ôGÅ-GŸÝP-ÇKôºÛ-¤hÝm-º²ô¤Å-q-¤fôP-Çeï-hï-ºy¾-¿Ë-

ÅºÛ-Çkôh-ÁG-bà-IÔ-VÅ-wÞh-hï-B-VÅ-Hôm-D-¼Å-h;¼-qô-GTÛG-h=ÛÅ-

mÅ-mô¼-JÀÛP-¤hÝm-¤P-±ôGÅ-Fôh-hÝ-w¼-ºIô-±ß¼-ºIô-‚Å-ÇezÅ-¤P-

±ôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-Dô-q-M-¤ÛºÛ-Åô-ZÝ¾-hÝ-¤Pôm-¾ÞGÅ-hP-ü hï-zŸÛm-zÅ¤-

wô-h¤G-uÛ-¤ô-‡ºÛ-mP-wïzÅ-Ç+zÅ-¤P-±ôGÅ-mÅ-¤Û-Pm-¤Gô-GZÛÅ-

q-ºhÛ-±ô-ŸïÅ-lô-zŸÝÅ-bï-©Å-Bôm-zbP-±ß¾-zXôh-ºhÝG G¸Û¤-

ÇK ô -mÅ-¤Û-¤P-Ç+h-Tô¼-¤-MG-q¼-±P-¤-¾ôG-ºIô-hGôÅ-GÅÞPÅ-

ºhÝG-ˆP-hï-¾-hP-¾ïm-ŸÝ-¤Dm-¤Û-ºhÝG P-¼P-hP-‚¤Å-ºyÛm-

GZÛÅ-GmÅ-±ß¾-ºhÛ-GP-hÝ-ºIôü ¿ËG-q¼-&M¾-z-¼Ûm-qô-VïºÛ-

hGôPÅ-GŸÛ-hP-¤Û-¤fÞm-qºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-VGÅ-m-GP-¤Ûm-‚Å-q-¼ïh-

zÅ¤Å-ÁÛP-JÀ ïP-¤ô¾-hP-ºƒï¾-¾ôG-»ôP-zºÛ-¾¤-z¼-¤Û-fÞG-±h-

¾-mô¼-zÞ-JÀÛP-DºÛ-GŸÝP-ÇKôºÛ-ºGG-¾-ºIô-hGôÅ-±ß¾-Ç+Ý¾-zl-‚ïh-

zŸÛm-¼P-ÁG-¾-¾ôG ¼P-¼ï-zôh-ˆÛ-hzÞ-º²Ûm-VôÅ-M¾-VôÅ-„Àôm-

Ÿï-GTÛG-GÛÅ-hzÞ-ºFÛh-qºÛ-ºWÛG-dïm-¤Û-VôÅ-fôG-Åï¤Å-ºDÞ¼-»P-

P¤-hï-zŸÛm-GŸÝP-¾Å-ˆÛÅ-ˆP-¤P-±ôGÅ-¾-¾¤-Çeôm-¤ïh-ÇezÅ-

¤P-±ôGÅ-mÅ-ˆP-M¾-ÆÛh-º²Ûm-BôP-GŸÝP-xôGÅ-Dô-mÅ-¤²h-Mã-

¤-GbôGÅ-¤P-±ôGÅ-¾-ºGm-ºFÛ-¤ïh-qºÛ-„Àâm-qôºÛ-ÇoP-±ß¾-hôm-ÇeïP-

mÅ-‚ïh-¾-uÛ¼-zbP-Çkï-q-GŸÝP-GÛ-WâÅ-bôG-Çkï-ÆÛh-¤Gô-¾ïz-ˆÛÅ-‚ïh-

ˆÛ-¼ïhü hï-¾Å-Ghm-FÛºÛ-ºôG-mÅ-qÞ-¼Û¾-zbôm-ÁôG ¸ï¼-zºÛ-

Æô¾-Pm-h¼-z-hï-hG-xôGÅ-Çkô¤-zôh-¤Û¼->Àh-Bôm-ºIô-GŸÛ-VGÅ-

q-¸ÛP-ºFâG-Ç+zÅ-GÅ¾-qô-zÇem-q-GTÛG-ºhÛ-¿e¼ü ¿Ëô-D-DÞ¾-zÇem-

ÆâP-hP-„ÀPÅ-h¤G-ÇK¼-ŸïÅ-fôm-bï-¯ï-fP-Mãh-M-¤Û-n¤Å-Å-Ç~äG-

iâÅ-mÅ-z®m-Å-z¸ÞP-hP-º²Ûm-fôG M¾-Å-¿Ë-Å¼-Mãm-hÝ-M-¤Û-

Çkôh-»Þ¾-GP-Å¼-ºGôG-ÆâP-GÛÅ-Åï¤Å-ºDÞ¼-Vï-¾ïm-‚Å-mÅ-º²ÛP-

¼-¾-ÅôGÅ-Å-hôP-ºIô-¾¤-ºzh-z¯ôm-Vïh-zBïh-»ôh-zŸÛm-D¼-

&GôP-Å-Vïm-qôô-G¸ÛGÅ-¤ô¼-Ghm-ŸÝ-ºzÞ¾-ÇePÅ-hï-GÅ-¿+ôG-G»ôºÛ-

GmÅ-±ß¾-fôm-bï-zôh-M-GZÛÅ-;-¾¤-Åô-Åô-º²Ûm-Mã-¾ôP-zÅ-z¿eÅ-

8 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü ¤Û -¤P-ÇK ï¼-¾PÅ-ˆÛ -ÇS -xÛºÛ -‚ãP-¼Û¤ü 9

ˆP-¤fôP-GÅ¾-²-iG-hÝÅ-±ôh-Wï-ZïºÛ-Ç+zÅ-M-¤ÛºÛ-ºGô-G®ô-Vï-DG-

GTÛG-G»Þ-fôG-G¸Û¤-ÁG-bà-zÇkh-»ôh-ÇezÅ-hï-ÆâP-Vïh-G»Þ-fôG-¸¤-

qºÛ-Zï-ºI¤-º²ÛP-¼GÅ-GTÛG-hP-ü ¿Ë-Ÿô¾-¤±¤Å-¾¤-zŸÛ-ºhÝÅ-

Å¼-º²ÛP-¼GÅ-GTÛG-zMG-Mã-¾ÞÅ-zÇkh-q-hï-GZÛÅ-lô-Vïm-HÛ-Åô-

DÞP-¿km-q-¼ï-zMG-q¼-M-¤Û-GTÛG-ˆP-¤fôP-Mã-¤ïh-q-z®m-Å-

z¸ÞP-mÅ-zÇkhü ¼P-¼ï-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-lô-z¸ô-z-hï-hG-GÛÅ-¾¤-Vïm-

D¼-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-ºIÛ¤Å-ºIâ¾-ÇSPÅ-º±z-PP-z¼-¤ïh-ºIô-z¼-¤ÛG-

z¿eÅ-¤ïh-q-Dô-¼P-±ôÅ-hI-zôºÛ-º²ÛP-¼GÅ-ZÛm-¤±m-hÝÅ-ºƒï¾-

bï-zMz-q-hï-hG-¼P-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-hI-º²Ûm-M-h¤¼-¾-Mz-Bô¼-‚Å-

q-¼P-b-Íï-»Ûmü hôm-Ç‰ÛP-¼P-¾-JÀ-V-M-ÇKô¼-¤P-qô-¼G-q¼-Q¤-

Åï¤Å-zTPÅ-bï-‚ãP-z-»Ûm-ºIô-hï-¼P-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-hP-M¾-Dzü hI-

hP-¼P-xôGÅ-GbÛP-zXïh-ˆÛ-¾Å-;-P-Áïh-‚ïh-qô-hï-hG-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-

ˆÛ-@P-ºiïm-hï-¿e-zÞºÛ-n¤-ÁïÅ-ºôG-ÇKô-mÅ-hôm-qºÛ-uôh-Pm-hï-¼ÛGÅ-

¤-ÅôP-z-¾G-qºÛ-xÛ-mP-Pô-ÁïÅ-q-‚-Mã-mÛ-G¾-ºGP-Vïm-qô-¼ïh-Ç‰¤ü

hï-mÅ-„À-ƒP-DG-GÛ-DP-GZï¼-Ÿô¾-q¼-DP-¤Û-¤P-±ôGÅ-

ºhÝ¼-ºIô-zŸÛm-»ôh-¤ÞÅ-Çk ï -iâG-„À-ƒP-GÛ-DP-GZï¼-¿Ë àm-Iâz-M-

¤±ôÅ-DP-GZï¼-IôÅ-¤ô¾-zŸÛm-ÅP-ZÛm-Çkï-ŸzÅ-¼ï-±ï-Ç¨ôm-JÀÛP-„À-

ƒP-hÝ-¿Ëm-º²ô¤Å-»ôh-±ß¾-zl-¾m-wÞ¾-z¼-xG-¤²ôh-DP-mÅ-

ºfÞÅ-¤Û¼-P-GbôP-GmP-hôm-;Ým-zhï-JÀ ÛP-ü ¼Ð-OïP-„À-ƒP-ü Çkï-

iâG-„À-ƒP-ü ±ï-Ç¨ ôm-JÀ ÛP-zTÅ-¿Ëm-º²ô¤Å-IôÅ-hôm-M-zôh-hz¼-

±-IP-»-ºG¾-ÁÛm-bà-±zÅ-VïºÛ-GmÅ-zzÅ-¾-zdïm-„À-IÔ-ÆâP-‚ïh-

¤ï-¤hº-IPÅ-ZÛÅ-zM-¼ï-GmÅ-Ç+zÅ-G»¼-qô-»ôP-z-ÇÀh-zÇem-ÆÛh-

hôm-Vïm-²-iG-hGôÅ-G¾-GP-‚ãP-¾-zT¼-VôG-ÍP-GÅ¼-I-OÛG-

ŸÝ-Mã-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-ÁôG-¿Ëï-z¸ôÅ-bï-q¼-DP-¾-ºzÞ¾-Mã¼-¤-mP-Í-wô-¸Þ¼-

ºyh-‚Å-bï-GôP-GÅ¾-GmÅ-±ß¾-zÁh-qÅ-Gô-¾G-ŸÝ-MãºÛ-fh-mô¼-

JÀÛP-ŸzÅ-zdm-DP-hÝ-z;º-z;ôh-¾Å-DP-»ôh-qÅ-hï¼-zT¼-hGôÅ-

¸ï¼-hôm-z;º-z;ôh-DP-¾-ºzÞ¾-MãºÛ-Ç‰m-ÁôG-hôm-zŸÛm-ŸÝÅ-qÅ-

Eïh-¼P-„À-hGôm-Åô-ÅôÅ-hGôm-ÆâP-¾G-V-I-OÛG-hGôÅ-q-¾Å-GŸÝP-

ÅºÛ-Gô-¾G-wô-ƒP-»Å-¤Å-ÆâP-‚¼-hGôÅ-qÅ-G»¼-qô-»ôP-¤Ûm-

GÅÞP-mÅ-hôm-¤-Ç¨Ûmü hïºÛ-hGôP-iô-P-¼P-hP-‚¤Å-ºyÛm-GZÛÅ-

©ï-IÔºÛ-mP-ÁG-TÛG-G»¼-bï-hï¼-¤Z¤-hÝ-zÇkhü Å-¼Þz-¤±¤Å-

mÅ-M-h¤G-GÛ-½ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-IÛz-hP-AP-fP-ÇKP-z¼-ºIÛ¤Å-ºIâ¾-

¤P-qô-‚Å-qºÛ-O-ºWGÅ-¤±¤Å-‚-BG-¼ÛºÛ-Ç¨h-V-hP-ü mô¼-Çeôh-

JÀÛP-DºÛ-Mãh-mÅ-¤ï-NôGÅ-hP-¤ï-¤hº-ÁÝGÅ-Vï-IGÅ-ºhÝG-qÅ-P-

¼P-GZÛÅ-»¼-¾PÅ-B-VÅ-Hôm-¾G-¤hº-¼ï-ºEï¼-mÅ-„À-ƒP-mP-

xÛmü m¤-¾PÅ-¤±¤Å-Çkï-iâG-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-mÅ-¤±ôm-ÆâP-z;º-zÇKô-

10 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü ¤Û -¤P-ÇK ï¼-¾PÅ-ˆÛ -ÇS -xÛºÛ -‚ãP-¼Û¤ü 11

hP-ü ²-ÅG-hGï-ºhÝm-¤VôG-mÅ-„À-ƒP-GÛ-ÇKô-ÆâP-zTÅ-Çkï-iâG-„À-

ƒP-GÛ-ŸzÅ-Åô-Åô¼-¾Å-ºGm-vhü P-¼P-Ç+zÅ-ºy¾-GmÅ-±ß¾-

G¼-hGôÅ-¾Å-ºGm-hP-¤ï-¤hº-h‚Ûm-WÛ-GTÛG-GmP-ü ²-ÅG-hï-

¼ÛP-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-MÅ-º²ô¤Å-¾-wïzÅ-hGôÅ-¾ÞGÅ-hï-»P-ÇeG-ƒG-„À-

ƒP-GÛ-²-ÅG-mÅ-¾m-zl-»ôP-GÛ-¼ïh-GÅÞPÅü ©ï-¼ÞºÛ-IÔ-q-n¤Å-

¾G-bà-IÛ-¤hÝP-ü ºV¤-IÛ-zTÅ-Eï¼-mÅ-IÔ-±P-GŸÝP-ÇKô-zMz-mÅ-

zÇkh-ºhÝG P-¼P-mÅ-Eïïh-hzÝ-VôÅ-n¤Å-±PÅ-q-¿UôG-¾-ºyÛm-

zTô¾-ŸÛG-¤²h-hGôÅ-ŸÝÅ-qÅ-hï-¿e¼-¤²h-ÅôP-ü hï-mÅ-GP-®¤-

ÅôP-hÝÅ-AP-fP-ÇKP-M-hqÞP-Gbô¼-¸Ûm-bïü h-¿e-¤Û-¤P-Ç¨m-DP-

¾ïm-Zï-»ôh-zÅPÅ-GÅô¾-HÛÅü ŸïÅ-©ï-¼ÞºÛ-mP-zôh-h¤G-»ôP-ºV¼-

»ôh-q-¿e-zÞºÛ-Ç~ Û¼-Gb¤-º‚ô¼-zÅ-zÅPÅ-GÅô¾-‚Åü »Ûm-mºP-

©ï-IÔºÛ-¯ï-fôG-mÅ-xôGÅ-zŸÛ¼-z¿e-hÝÅ-IÛzü h¤G-ÇK¼-GÅ¼-qü

mô¼-Çeôh-JÀÛP-Dü hôm-DP-zTÅ-M-¤ÛºÛ-hqÞP-Çkï-mÅ-¯ï-wô-ƒP-G®ô-

zô¼-Hã¼-qºÛ-zôh-¤Û-GmÅ-Çkôh-DG-¾-¤ï-NôGÅ-¤P-qô-zMz-»ôP-z-

¾Å-w¼-Lô¾-HÛ-n¤-q-¤Pôm-GÅ¾-Gbm-mÅ-¤Û-ºhÝG hïºÛ-ÅP-

ZÛm-»P-hI-ºfz-w¼-Lô¾-D-ZÛm-¾Å-h-hÝP-¼P-mÝÅ-Wï-VßP-ºIô-zºÛ-

n¤-q¼-P-±ôºÛ-¤Û-n¤Å-GP-zÅ¤-¤ïh-q-Èôm-fô¼-z-¿e-zÞºÛ-¼P-GÁÛÅ-

¤Pômü P-¼P-hP-IÔ-»ï-ÁïÅ-zÅôh-m¤Å-GZÛÅ-mÅ-Gm¤-GÁÛÅ-¾Å-

DÞPÅ-zMãh-M-h¤G-ºIô-¤Û-hP-ü hï-zŸÛm-hôm-DP-M-Çk ôh-º²ÛP-

¼¼-D-Gbh-hï-¤ï-¤hº-zMzü ©ï-¼ÞºÛ-ºhÝ-DP-mP-hô¤-qô¼-Ç+Ý-Pô-

hP-ü Çkï-iâG-¼Ûm-qô-Vïü ©ï-¼Þ-z;º-ºHã¼-¿YGÅ-¾ÞP-z°¾-¤Dm-

ºƒÅ-GÝP-¼Þ-¤Dm-væ¾-¿Ëm-MÅ-zŸÝGÅü P-±ô-DG-GTÛG-ºhÝ-DP-

ÇKô-ºxô¼-ºôG-zÇkh-»ôh-qÅ-DP-GZï¼-¿Ëàm-MÅ-P-¾-h-P-±ô-WÛ-ºi-

‚ïh-GP-hGº-¸ï¼-‚ãP-zÅ-P-¼P-mÅ-h-M-¤ÛÅ-¯ï-wô-ƒP-¾-¤ï-NôGÅ-

¤P-qô-MG-GÛ-ºhÝG-ˆP-¼P-¼ïÅ-hI-¾m-Gmh-wÛGÅ-¤Pôm-Mã-¤Û-

ºhÝG-ºhÛ-¾-z¿eÅ-m-M-¤ÛºÛ-MP-IGÅ-mP-P-wôh-ˆÛÅ-¤Gô-zbGÅ-

ŸÝÅ-m-Gô-»PÅ-ÆÛh-WâÅ-»ôh-TïÅ-ºzôh-Ç+Ý¾-‚ïh-qºÛ-n¤-q-hP-zÇeàm-

ŸÛ-VÅ-ˆÛ-n¤-q-ŸÛG-zÇem-m-Ç‰¤-q-ŸÛG-ºhÝG-zXôh-qÅ-h-V-hï-¾Å-

¾ïGÅ-q-¤Û-ºhÝG-Eïh-ˆÛÅ-hô¤-qô¼-Ç+Ý-Pô¼-ŸÝ-hGôÅ-¸ï¼-zÅü P-ºIô-

¤Û-mÝÅ-¾z-qÅ-Eïh-PïÅ-q¼-ºIô-hGôÅ-¼ôGÅ-q-‚¤Å-q-ºyÛm-¾Å-

hP-©ï-¼Þ-hGï-Ç+ôÅ-GZÛÅ-FÛh-TïÅ-zXôh-hôm-P-±ô-hô¤-qô¼-Ç+Ý-Pô-Å¼-

zT¼-bï-GôP-zŸÛm-GmÅ-±ß¾-ŸÛz-¿ËôP-ŸÝÅ-qÅü ±ôGÅ-Ghm-ÇeïP-

»¼-wïzÅ-¤¼-wïzÅ-¤²h-hï-z;º-¾m-¤-GmP-GP-®¤-ÅôP-hÝÅ-

¿UGÅ-qô-¼Û-ºhÛ-Áô¼-m-wô-ƒP-»Å-¤Å-¾-Gmôh-±zÅ-Vï-zü ©ï-¼Þ-

IÔ-±P-Áô¼-m-¿Ë-Å-»ôPÅ-¾-Gmôh-±zÅ-Vï-±ß¾-GTÛG-¾z-¿e-zÞ -

GÅÞPÅ-q-¾Å-P-±ô¼-¾m-GP-»P-¤-GmP-ÇezÅ-P-±ô-xÛ-zIôÅ-ÇKô-

12 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü ¤Û-¤P-ÇKï¼-¾PÅ-ˆÛ-ÇS-xÛºÛ-‚ãP-¼Û¤ü 13

¤Vô¼-¾-xÛm-qÅ-»P-DP-GZï¼-mÅ-h-GP-‚ïh-¸ï¼-zÅ-»P-P-¼P-

mÅ-GŸm-‚-fzÅ-¤Û-ºhÝG-xã-q-wÞh-hï-IÔ-VÅ-Hôm-mÅ-M-¤Û-ÇKÝG-Çkôh-

Mã-¼P-¼ïh-¾z-qÅ-h-G-¼P-¼ïh-‚¤Å-q-ºyÛm-¾Å-Eïh-GZÛÅ-IÔ-

VÅ-Hôm-q¼-ºIô-hGôÅ-zXôh-‚ãP-zÅ-P-¼P-GZÛÅ-IÔ-VÅ-Hôm-q¼-

G»¼-ÁG-mP-ºIô-Ç+zÅ-hôm-DP-mP-Çkôh-M-h¤G-GÛÅ-ÇKïºÞ-DÞP-mÅ-

¤ï-¤hº-MG-»ôP-GÛ-ºhÝG-qÅ-IÔ-VÅ-OÛ¾-ºzôG-ºEï¼-bï-ÁG-GŸm-

ŸÛG-mP-zÇkh-hï-IÔ-VÅ-Hôm-IzÅ-Ç+zÅ-©ï-¼Þ-hGï-Ç+ ôÅ-„À ô -z¸P-

ºWÛGÅ-¤ïh-»ôP-mÅ-Eïh-GZÛÅ-hï-ºi-‚Å-m-Íï-ºIÛGÅ-hGôPÅ-q-

»G-qô-zŸïÅ-IÔ-h¤PÅ-ˆÛÅ-È-Gô-m-»G-qô-‚Å-Íï-»ôP-ŸïÅ-zXôh-

ºhÝG-qÅü h-IÔ-VÅ-Hôm-q-¾Å-‚-fzÅ-ºhÝG-G¤-IÔ-h¤PÅ-ˆÛÅ-

È-Gô-m-¤Û-ºIÛG-qºÛ-Mã-GP-ºhÝG-zÁh-qÅ-h-G¸z-G¸z-GmP-ŸïÅ-

¤Û-ºhôh-qºÛ-n¤-q-zÇem-mÅ-xÛ¼-fôm-ÅôP-ü ‚¤Å-ºyÛm-P-GZÛÅ-

ˆP-IÔ-VÅ-Hôm-¤-zhï-zºÛ-¤Þ¼-M-h¤G-©ï-¼Þ-hGôm-qºÛ-¤fº-Ç+ô¼-

ºW¼-»ôP-zºÛ-@P-O-fôÅ-bï-P-GZÛÅ-hGôm-qºÛ-uÛ-DP-mP-º²â¾-mÅ-

©ï-¼Þ-hqôm-ÇÀôz-¾-M-¤Û-º‚ô¼-ÅôP-¤Gô-ÇKÝ¼-¤²ôh-ŸÝÅ-q¼-D-zbGÅ-

¤ïh-GÅÞPÅü ‚¤Å-ºyÛm-¾GÅ-mÅ-Ç‰m-Á¾-h¼-ŸÛG-„ÀPÅ-mÅ-

wÞ¾-zÅ-ºhÝ-DP-mP-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-hP-Ç+Ý-Pô-n¤-q¼-Ç‰m-GÅïP-ŸÝ-hGôÅ-

ŸïÅ-wïzÅ-q-hP-M-h¤G-¾G-¤hº-Ç~G-Ç~G-ºEï¼-¤Û-¤hÝm-zBôh-

hï-lô-GT¾-hˆÛ¾-º‚ô¼-z¼-Ç+Ý-Pô-n¤-qÅ-hzÞ-ÇKÝ¼-¤²h-ºhÝG-qÅ-

P-±ô-uÛ-DP-mP-Çkôh-¤Û-n¤Å-¾G-¤hº-Ghm-FÛºÛ-ºôG-G»ÞGÅ-bï-ºIô-

hÝÅ-P-¼P-XïÅ-¤¼-ÅôP-zÅ-Ç~G-Ç~G-ºEï¼-¤Û-hïºÛ-¤hÝm-hÝ-º‚ô¼-

Ç+zÅ-Dô-qÅ-¤ï-¤hº-P-¼P-¾-D-vh-hï-zMz-‚ãP-zÅü P-¼P-xÛ¼-

ƒôÅ-ˆÛÅ-uÛ-DP-mP-º²â¾-¤-fÞz-q¼-zMz-ÇezÅ-¤ï-¤hº-¤-fïzÅ-

q¼-GmÅ-fzÅ-¯-z-mÅ-¤ïh-PïÅ-ˆP-¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛ-¾ÞÅ-¾-&GôP-Å-Ç+Ý-

yïP-zTß-GÅÞ¤-q-Vïm-qôºÛ-ºWÛGÅ-‚ïh-¤-ÈïºÛ-¾-ÅôGÅ-ÆâP-z-Gmh-

Vï-zTPÅ-qºÛ-fÞGÅ-XïÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-qô¼-¤hïºÞ-GTÛG-ˆP-ºwôG-¤Û-ºhÝG-

hï-hG-¤±ôm-ÆâP-GÛ-Mz-dïm-¼P-»Ûm-ºhÝG-¼P-GÛ-¾G-¤hºÛ-ÍôG-

Ÿô¾-mP-»ôh-qºÛ-¤hïºÞ-hï-±P-¤-zMG-fÞz-Mã-¼ïh-h-¿e-±ß¼-¤ï-¤hº-

MG-¤Û-hï-¼P-hP-¤Z¤-ºVÛ-fÞz-m-ºhôh-q-μôGÅ-zÅ¤Å-mÅ-D-

¤hïºÞ-ŸÛG-vh-hï-xÛ¼-ºIô-¯ÛÅ-Ç+zÅ-hô¤-qô¼-Ç+Ý-Pô-hP-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-n¤-

GZÛÅ-hï¼-zÇkÝÅ-Åï¼-B-±P-¤-Å-ÇeïP-Çkôh-zTßG-q-hï-hG-GÛÅ-h-¤ï-

¤hº-zMG-q-¤ïh-¤Gô-ÇKÝ¼-ÁôG-TïÅ-±P-¤Å-Ç+h-ºzôh-GbôP-»ôP-

ºhÝG-qÅ-¼P-»P-h-‚-fzÅ-hï-¼P-¾-fÞG-q-»Ûm-HÛ-¼ïh-zÅ¤Å-bï-

¤Gô-ÇKÝ¼-¾-xÛmü hï-mÅ-hï¼-»ôh-Gô-¾G-n¤Å-zÇkÝ-¼Þz-‚Å-ˆP-P-

¼P-GÛ-Ç+ïh-¼Å-mP-¢¼-GÅï¼-‡¤-zŸÛ-Ç~Å-»ôh-q-ÁïÅ-dôG-‚ãP-¤-

ÅôP-ü Å-¼Þz-¤±¤Å-hï¼-±P-¤-I¾-¿e¼-OÛG-Ç¨ôm-Iô¾-¸¤-q-zMãh-

14 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü ¤Û-¤P-ÇK ï¼-¾PÅ-ˆÛ-ÇS-xÛºÛ-‚ãP-¼Û¤ü 15

JÀÛP-zÇ+ô¼-xÛ¼-¾¤-FÛh-hï-¸ô¤-wÞh-ºI¤-hÝ-ÇÀïzÅ-hÝÅ-¸ô¤-wÞh-mP-

Çkôh-M-h¤G-GÛ-º²ÛP-¼-mÅ-P-±ô¼-¤ï-¤hº-zMz-Çeï-¼Þ-ºGô-»ôh-qºÛ-

¼P-¤Û-GZÛÅ-zÅh-©Å-‚ãP-zÅ-P-±ô-Mz-ºhïh-qÅ-±P-¤-¤¼-Zô¾-

ŸïÅ-ºzôh-¤hº-zbP-»P-¼Þ-¤Gô¼-»ôh-q-DG-GTÛG-ƒôÅ-xÛm-P-±ô-

¼Þ-¤WâG-»ôh-q-n¤Å-Å-ÇeïP-Z¾-bï-zÇkh-hÝÅ-¼-¤ô-Vï-Mãh-mÅ-¤Û-

ºGº-ÁÅ-MãGÅ-»ôP-Çeï-P-±ô-¾-¤ï-¤hº-¤-zMG-P-±ô-GTÛG-q-»Ûm-

ŸïÅ-Ç+h-ºzôh-‚ïh-zŸÛm-ºhÝG-qÅ-hï¼-M-h¤G-GÛÅ-JÀôG-zŸÝ-Çeôm-

hÝÅ-¤Û-hï-hG-GÛ-¾G-bà-¤±ôm-V-fôGÅ-»ôh-q-¤fôP-ºy¾-M-h¤G-

GÛÅ-¤ï-¤hº-zMz-Çeï-±ß¼-»ôP-fÞz-¤-ÅôP-z-¾Å-±ß¼-zT¼-fÞz-m-

M-h¤G-hP-ºfz-Çeï-P-±ô-f¼-fzÅ-‚ïh-q¼-»ôP-z-¼ïh-ºhÝG hïºÛ-

mÝz-¤ô-IÔ-zŸÛ-h¤G-ÇK¼-mP-zTßG-Çeï ï-ÅP-ZÛm-ZÛ-LÅ-D¼-P-±ô-Ç¨ôm-

Iô¾-¸¤-q-zMãh-Xï-ºzÞ¤-ÇKP-¾-ºIô-¯ÛÅ-‚Å-ˆP-hï-xôGÅ-¾¤-zhï-

¤Û-ºhÝG-¸ï¼-mÅ-xÛ¼-FÛh-ˆÛÅ-zôm-Áôh-DP-Mz-¿UP-¼ºÛ-mP-zŸG-

XïÅ-m¤-GÝP-Mz-®¤-¾-P-±ô-ÆâP-h¤G-GÅô-DP-M-¤ÛÅ-Í×-ŸïÅ-Ç+h-

ÁÝGÅ-Vïm-qô-ŸÛG-zMzü hï-XïÅ-;Û-ÈÛ-ŸïÅ-zXôh-¤±¤Å-¤ï-¤hº-

GTÛG-zMz-ÅôP-P-±ô-¾-Eïh-±ô-ÅÞ-»P-¾P-¤Û-VôG-¾P-m-¤ï-¤hº-

zMG-Çeï-GÅh-Mã-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-zOGÅ-ÅôP-»P-GmÅ-±ß¾-WÛ-»Ûm-ÁïÅ-

fzÅ-¤-‚ãP-ü

¾ï-±m-GÅÞ¤-qü

mô¼-JÀÛP-hÝ-z;G-Z¼-‚ïh-Ç+zÅü

ÅP-ZÛm-¤hP-mÝz-WÛ-‚Å-GmÅ-±ß¾-Zm-Ç+zÅ-hô¤-qô¼-Ç+ Ý-

PôºÛ-ŸzÅ-xÛ-IÔ-q-ŸÛG-»ôh-hï¼-Ç+Ý-Pô-¤VôG-mÅ-z;º-¤ô¾-¤P-qô-ŸÛG-

GmP-¤f¼-h-Eôh-TÛG-‚-Mã-¤Û-ºhÝG-G¤ü h-TÛG-HÛÅ-ŸïÅ-GÅÞPÅ-

ÇezÅ-IÔ-q-hïÅ-ÆâP-h¤G-GÛ-¾G-V-ºyôG-q¼-ÅôP-mÅ-M-h¤G-hP-

;Û-O-zMz-zŸÛm-h¤¼-º²ÛP-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-¤ï-¤hº-zMz-mÅ-zÅh-qºÛ-

wÞP-qô-ºhÝG hïºÛ-hGôP-iô-ZÛ-LÅ-D¼-P-±ô-MãGÅ-Á¼-Dô-mºÛ-fôG-

mô¼-JÀÛP-Ç+Ý-ÆâP-h¤G-ÇK¼-hÝ-FÛh-hï¼-xôGÅ-¤P-qôºÛ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-z-

ºhÝG hï-hÝÅ-¼P-GÛ-zÅ¤Å-q¼-q×-¾GÅ-Ç+Ý-±ï-zdm-¤ïh-m-P-¼P-

©ï -¼Þº Û -mP-hI-zô -ºVÛ -¼ôGÅ-ºFÛh-hï -¤Z¤-ÁÛ -‚ïh-¤-fÞz-q¼-

ºHôh-Åï¤Å-PP-‚¤Å-q-ºyÛm-¾Å-¾-P-mÛ-¤ÛG-GÅ¾-qô-¤Û-ºhÝG-

Eïh-ˆÛÅ-PºÛ-q×-¾GÅ-Íï-ºhÝG-»G-qô-z¿e-¼ôGÅ-¾z-qÅ-»Þh-®¤-

hï¼-‚¤Å-ºyÛm-¾GÅ-ˆÛÅ-q×-¾GÅ-w-m-ºhÝG-¸ï¼-z¿e-hÝÅ-Vz-

16 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü mô¼-JÀ ÛP-h Ý -z;G-Z¼-‚ïh-Ç+zÅü 17

GÅP-¾-wïzÅ-ˆÛ-ºhÝG-P-¼P-»P-GTÛm-q-GbôP-z¼-ºIô-DÞ¾-HÛÅ-

q×-¾GÅ-Å¼-xÛm-qÅ-wm-±ßm-GZÛÅ-;-Bôm-V-¤ïh-q-zhï-fP-fôG-Pô-

¤W¾-fÞz-q¼-hGº-±ô¼-Vïm-qôÅ-„Àô-zhï¼-Hã¼ü hï-mÅ-P-±ô-º²Ûm-

z¸ÞP-z-¤P-qô-fÞG-ºyh-‚ãP-Çeï-Gb¤-JÀïP-Ç+zÅ-GôP-GÅ¾-©ï-¼ÞºÛ-

mP-hô¤-qô¼-Ç+Ý-Pô¼-P-¼P-Tm-mÅ-h¤G-ºfz-ˆÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-¾-z¿eÅ-

m-ŸÛ-VÅ-ÁÛG-¤²h-ºôÅ-Ç‰m-GÅïP-¾-z;º-¾m-¤-¤²h-ÇezÅ-P-hP-

‚¤Å-ºyÛm-Çkôh-ÁG-¾-ºIô-ÁÝ¾-Ç+Ý-Pô-¤VôG-mÅ-©ï-¼Þ-hGï-Ç+ôÅ-„Àô-

z¸P-ºWÛGÅ-¤ïh-»¼-ºGÝG-ºzôh-ˆÛÅ-h-¿e-Eïh-±ôºÛ-Ç+h-V-hï-hG-

ÅÞÅ-z¸ôÅ-q-¼ïh-¾¼-¤ï-¤hº-¤P-qô-zMz-ˆÛ-ºhÝG-¸ï¼-z-hï-mÛ-h¤G-

¾PÅ-m-¤ï-¤hº-¤P-qô-zMz-ˆÛ-¼ïh-P-±ô¼-ºwm-qô-ÇKô-¾ü Lôh-D¼-

¾| Ç‰ï-fP-Åô-Åô-mÅ-zÇem-ÆâP-hP-„ÀP-h¤G-¤Û-¿S-zM-¼ï-»ôP-GÛ-

»ôh-qÅ-Eïh-±ôºÛ-Ç+h-V-hï-hG-±zÅ-VïºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-¼ïhü hï-ºi-

IÔ-¤P-GÛÅ-±ô¼-m-¾Å-;-GP-ºi-ŸÛG-VGÅ-ˆÛ-¤-¼ïh-qÅ-ŸïÅ-z;º-

zˆôm-mm-qô-z°¾-ºhÝG-qÅü hï-mÛ-P-¼P-M-¤ÛÅ-zïh-uôh-GbôP-

zºÛ-‚-Pm-G»ô-z;ô¾-ŸÛG-»Ûm-qºÛ-hGôPÅ-q-ºFâPÅ-ºhÝG-qÅ-hÝÅ-

±ôh-ˆÛÅ-¤-ºhïP-q-¤-GbôGÅ-Ç+Ý-PôºÛ-hGôPÅ-GŸÛ-hï-Ç+zÅ-hï¼-IÔ-

¤P-GÛÅ-fôÅ-m-P-¼P-GÛ-¾ÞÅ-ÆôG-¾-iG-Vh-ºwôG-Mã-¤-PïÅ-Å¤ü

hï-mÛ-¼P-„À ôºÛ-ºV¼-ÇoP-¾-GŸm-¸ï¼-Gb¤-ºV¾-ºhÝh-qºÛ-¿ËG-

zÅ¤-hP-ü ¼P-GÛ-ŸÛz-y-dôGÅ-Çt ôzÅ-ƒ¾-»P-¼G-q-¤ÛG-¤fôP-

hrh-qºÛ-¿ËG-zÅ¤-GZÛÅ-hz¼-Eh-VôÅ-»Ûm-¤ôhü ÇÀh-„À ô-GÅ¾-

GŸôm-mÝºÛ-±ôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-hGôPÅ-q¼-ºhôGÅü

»P-hˆãÅ-¾ü hï-mÅ-P-±ô-IÔ-q-n¤Å-um-GÅ¾-wô-ƒP-GÛ-

GÅô¾-¤²ô-¼-zºÛ-mP-hP-hï-ÇS ôm-¾Å-Çoï-‚ïh-¥ôP-»ôh-q-n¤Å-lô-

GT¾-mP-GÝ¼-wÞz-Çeï-hïºÛ-mP-zŸG hï -mÅ-IÔ -q-hˆãÅ-¤-DG-

hP-IÔ-VßP-¾ô-hGÝ-hP-zTß-®¤-¾Å-¤-Åôm-q-DG-zTÅ-¾-Hïm-¾P-

GÛ-Ç+h-V-ºiÛ-ŸÛz-‚ïhü P-±ô-¾Å-Çoï-DG-¾-Ç+h-V-ºiÛ-ŸÛz-¤-‚Å-

q¼-zŸG hïºÛ-Ç+zÅ-M-¤ÛÅ-P-±ô¼-Eôh-±ô¼-DG-»ôh-¤-¼ïh-¸ÛP-

V-ºhÛ-z®m-M¾-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-qºÛ-Pm-zÇ+Ý¾-ºôG-zôh-ˆÛ-¤fô-¼Û¤-¾ôG-

uôh-q-ºGº-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-z¸ôÅ-q-¼ïhü bØ-¾ºÛ-„À-¤-¤VôG-ˆP-¤Û-Pm-

hï-±ôÅ-G¸Û¤-¤¾-mP-mÅ-Ç+Ý-zŸïPÅ-ŸÝÅ-bï-xÛ-M¾-¾-z®m-ºFÛh-

‚Å-q-¼ïhü h-V-±ß¼-Ghm-ŸÝ-‚-Mã-»Ûm-¾ÞGÅ-Mãm-zÁh-‚ïh-ˆÛ-

ºhÝG-¾-P-¼P-Ç+zÅ-hï¼-ÇÀïzÅ-¤-‚ãP-»P-¯ï-wô-ƒP-hP-mô¼-JÀÛP-

GÛ-xG-G¸Û¤-DP-mP-G¸Û¤-VÅ-ÁÛG-zTÅ-¸Þ¼-hÝ-D-bôG-®¤-xï-zŸG-

ºhÝG-¸ï¼ü ZÛm-GTÛG-P-¼P-ÇKô-D¼-zÇkh-Å¼-©ï-¼Þ-xG-¤²ôh-„Àô-

z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-( ¹-h;¼-¾GÅ- )»ôP-mÅ-h-P-±ô-GP-‚ïh-TÛ-iG-¸ï¼-

ºhÝG-qÅ-P-¼P-mÅ-IÔ-q-hˆãÅ-¤-n¤Å-¾-Ç+h-V-ºiÛ-ŸÛz-‚ïh-ˆÛ-


»ôh-¼ïhü P-±ô-ÁïÅ-±h-¿km-q-¤-»Ûm-»P-Dô-q-±ôÅ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-¿km-

qºÛ-GmÅ-±h-¾-ºWôG-GÛ-»ôh-¼ïh-hï¼-zdïm-P-±ôÅ-GmÅ-¾ÞGÅ-TÛG-

Áôh-q¼-¤-xÛm-q¼-Pm-¤FïGÅ-º²Ûm-qºÛ-n¤-q-fôm-¾ü hïÅ-¤-

±h-Dô-q-±ôÅ-GôP-GÛ-Ç+h-V-zÁh-±ß¾-¾-hqGÅ-m-P-±ôÅ-h-¿eºÛ-Pô-

Lô¾-Hïm-¾P-ºhÛ-zôh-¤Û-¤P-GÛ-ºfz-¯ôh-»Ûm-q¼-PôÅ-º²Ûm-‚Å-ˆP-

h-V-ÇÀôz-Çeôm-¾-z¿eÅ-m-¤Û-Pm-ºGº-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-z¸ôÅ-bï-bØ-¾ºÛ-„À-¤-

¤VôG-ˆP-Dô-±ôÅ-z®m-FÛh-‚Å-q-ŸÛG-»Ûm-ºhÝG-qÅ-P-±ôÅ-¯-hôm-

È-¤-Gô-z¼-mô¼-ºFâ¾-Áô¼-z¼-ºHôh-Åï¤Å-ˆÛÅ-bØ-¾ºÛ-„À-¤-¤VôG-

ˆP-±ß¼-Ghm-ºiïm-ŸÝ-fzÅ-P-±ô-¼P-GÛÅ-‚-»Û-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-zXôh-hGôÅ-

q-¿e-zÞ-ºhÝG-¾z-qÅü „Àô-zÇem-mÅ-h-G-»G-qô-ºhÝG-P-GZÛÅ-»¼-

GÝ¼-mP-xÛm-bï-I¾-GÁÛz-zMãh-±P-¤¼-Áôh-hGôÅ-¸ï¼-hôm-P-GZÛÅ-

I¾-wm-±ßm-hÝ-zÇkh-P-¼P-GÛ-I¾-¤±ïÅ-ÅÞ-M-ºzÞ¤-ÇKP-Ç+Ý-Pô-uÛ-

Ez-¤Dm-¸Þ¼-PG-hzP-n¤-M¾-zŸÝGÅ-»ôh-qÅ-DôP-¾-GôP-GÛ-

GmÅ-±ß¾-n¤Å-ŸÝÅ-bïü »Ûm-mºP-P-±ô-¾ô-m-y-zÅ-¤hÝm-GP-hï-

¤-GbôGÅ-¤fôP-M-¤ïh-ÇezÅ-Eïh-n¤-qÅ-ÇÀôz-Çeôm-GmP-¼ôGÅ-ŸÝÅ-

qÅü h-¿e-Eôh-¼P-GÛÅ-GÅÞPÅ-q-hï-»G-qô-ºhÝG-P-±ô-¾ô-m-LÅ-

ÇezÅ-zÅ¤-ÁïÅ-ºDô¼-Mã-DG-qô-ºhÝG-GÅÞPÅü „Àô-zÇem-mÅ-¿UGÅ-

qô-¼ÛºÛ-hzÞ-¤²h-zMãh-zÁh-q¼-hï-xôGÅ-„Àô-¤ôÅ-ˆÛÅ-¿UGÅ-¼Û-hzÞ-

¤²h-mÅ-P-±ôºÛ-zÅ¤-±ß¾-hô-h¤-qºÛ-¾Å-DÞPÅ-ÅÞ-Áôh-q¼-xÛm-

ºhÝG-qºÛ-GP-¤±¤Å-ÁÛG-bà-¿UGÅ-¼Û-hzÞ-¤²h-¸Þ¼-ºFÛh-‚Åü P-

±ô-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ¼-Ç+ôP-mÅ-Eôh-±ô-ÇkÛG-ZïÅ-Tm-HÛ-¤Û-Pm-¼P-¼P-mG-

ZïÅ-PôÅ-¾ïm-¤ïh-q¼-zB¼-¾PÅ-hP-¼ô-¾PÅ-ˆÛÅ-Pm-±ôGÅ-FÛ¤Å-

ºG¾-±zÅ-Vïm-‚Å-¾ÞGÅü hï-hG-±P-¤-PôÅ-¾ïm-G®P-¤-hGôÅ-

±ß¾-zXôh-ÅôP-P-¼P-mÅ-GmÅ-¾ÞGÅ-‚ãP-z-n¤Å-GŸm-h=Û-¤ïh-

q-GÅ¾-zÁh-‚Åü M-ºzÞ¤-ÇKP-¤Dm-¸Þ¼-mÅ-GôP-GÅ¾-GmÅ-

±ß¾-Ç+h-V-fôG-¤-Áôh-¤Dm-Eïh-¼P-»Ûm-mô-ŸïÅ-zXôh-ºhÝG-qÅ-P-

¼P-mÅ-h-G-¼P-»Ûmü PÅ-Eïh-¾-P-±ôÅ-Mz-¤hÝm-¿e-¤Û-fÞz-Ç+ Ý -

Pô-±ôÅ-GP-hGº-ÇÀôz-Çeôm-GmP-¼ôGÅ-¾z-q¼ü hï-G-¼P-¼ïh-»G-

qô-ºhÝG-»¼-ŸÝ-¼ôGÅ-GÅÞPÅ-z-¤-»Ûm-m¤ü ¾¼-Eïh-hï-ÇSôm-GŸÝP-

ÅºÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-ºGm-ºDÞ¼-¤Û-Vïm-ŸÛG-GÛ-zÅ¤-„Àô-hï-¾Å-¤ïh-mü P-

mG-ZïÅ-ºEï¼-Ÿô¼-¾-Eh-¤ïh-G-¼ï-GÅÞP-mºP-GÅÞP-ŸïÅ-ŸÝÅ-qÅ-

¤²â¤-¤Þ¾-PP-hzÞ-¿UôG-®¤-¿UôG-®¤-GmP-‚ãP-z-±ôh-zG¤-»Ûm-±ôhü

hï-mÅ-ZÛm-ºGº-ÁÅ-¤±¤Å->Àâ-ºGÝG-m-fP-hÝ-¿Ë-DÞ¾-¤Û-¤P-ü z®ôm-

q-DG-zTÅ-±ôGÅ-Vïm-ÇeïP-¿Ë->Àâ-z;º-¸Þ¼-¾-ºfz-¯ôh-hP-ü ¼¤-

q-wôGÅ-hqôm-GZÛÅ-¤Gô-ºzÞ¾-Pô-vôh-GmÅ-±ß¾-zXôh-XïÅ-¿UGÅ-

¼Û-hzÞ-¤²h-¾-z®ôm-DP-mP-hÝºP-Pô-Lô¾-¼ô-¾PÅ-zMG-MãºÛ-Pm-


±ôGÅ-‚Å-q-¼ïh-¸ï¼-ZïÅ-Vh-¾ô-zTô-zMh-zbP-ÅôP-P-¼P-¾-ºiÛ-

ŸÛz-mm-qô-z¼-¤ïh-‚Å-q-¾Å-ZïÅ-Vh-ºFÛ-¤-‚ãP-ü hï-XïÅ-IÔ-q-

VßP-VßP-w-¤ºÛ-Å¼-zbP-ü IÔ-hˆãÅ-n¤Å-Q-Vïm-JÀ ôG-DP-GÅ¼-

MG-hP-ü Å-ºzô¾-ŸÛP-¾Å-¾-zbP-ü P-±ô-¤ÛP-»ôh-n¤Å-ÇÀ¼-

»P-Ç+ Ý-ÆâP-h¤G-ÇK¼-hÝ-zB¾ü Çkôh-DP-¼ï¼-z®ôm-¤Û-ºGô-μÛ-¼ï-

zÇ+ô-º²âGÅ-ˆÛÅ-P-¼P-»P-®ßº-=P-( ±ôGÅ-VßP-GÛ -ºGô-ºFÛh- )ŸïÅ-ºGô-

º²Ûm-‚ïh-hGôÅ-‚ãP-zºÛ-±ôGÅ-¤ÛºÛ-mP-ºƒÅ-±-z-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-¤-aÛ-„Àô-

z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-¾GÅ-»ôh-qÅ-Åô-ÅôºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-PôÅ-¾ïm-‚ïh-

Ç+zÅ-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-ˆÛÅ-P-mÛ-¸ÛP-VºÛ-mP-fï-‚ãÅ-hP-ºIô-Bôh-¯-z-mÅ-

¤ïh-¿Ë-Å¼-mP-hÝ-º²â¾-zÇkh-q-»Ûmü mP-GÛ-ÇKô-ºGG-bà-¤P-±ôGÅ-

¤P-qô-ŸÛG-»ôP-mÅ-JÀôG-ÁÛP-¤ï-ÆïG-GbôP-‚ïh-Å-ÇoÝ¤-ºEï¼-ÁôG-

zXôh-q¼-Å-ÇoÝ¤-=ÛP-VßP-GP-mP-¤ÛÅ-vh-ÅôP-ü hï-P-»Û-mG-

ZïÅ-ÅÞ-z¯Û-m-¾Å-GŸm-GmÅ-±ß¾-‚Å-q-¤ïh-TïÅ-ZG-TÛG-GÅÞPÅ-

ˆP-ü M-¤ÛÅ-Ç+ Ý -ŸzÅ-¾-hôGÅ-q-Vïm-qô-‚ïh-¾ü P-¼P-¾-»P-

¤-aïÅ-Ç+h-V-GP-Áôh-h¤ü ¤Û-ÅÞ-hP-ºƒï¾-z-‚ïh-ˆÛ-ºhÝG-TïÅ-

ºiÛ-mm-¾m-¤P-‚Å-ˆP-ü P-¼P-mÅ-hï-ºiºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-¤fôP-

fôÅ-¤-‚ãP-hï-ºi-‚ãP-m-¼P-GÛ-¤hÝm-¾¤-GÅ¾-‚ïh-‚Å-XïÅ-ºWôG-

hGôÅ-PïÅ-»Ûm-q-PôÅ-º²Ûm-»ôh-¾zü hï-mÅ-¿Ë ô-D-mÅ-Åï¼-ºƒÅ-

hGº-GÅÞ¤-G®ô-zô¼-Hã¼-qºÛ-Åï¼-B-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-q-¤P-qô-ºFÛh-

»ôP-hÝÅ-hïºÛ-mP-ºƒÅ-±-z-hP-ü ZG-¼ï-IÔ-qºÛ-IÅ-mÅ-P-±ô-Ç+ Ý -

ŸzÅ-¤-aÛºÛ-Í-yâG-IÔ-zTß-GZÛÅ-»ôh-TïÅ-PôÅ-¾ïm-‚ïh-¤Û-‚ãP-fôG-

ZÛm-GTÛG-hï¼-»ôh-z®ôm-qºÛ-±ôGÅ-ºhÝºÛ-Å¼-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-¤-aÛ-»¼-

zÇÀPÅ-mÅ-¤-aÛ-Dô-q¼-GmÅ-±ß¾-¤P-qô-»ôh-q-P-±ôÅ-È-Gô-¸Ûm-q-

¼ïhü »Ûm-mºP-Dô-q->Àh-½‰ ÛP-¤FïGÅ-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-PôÅ-¾ïm-¯-z-

mÅ-‚Å-»ôh-¤-¼ïh-h-Eôh-¼P-Ç+h-V-Áôh-ÁôG-¾zü hï-mÅ-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-

¤-aÛÅ-h-wm-P-¼P-mÅ-PôÅ-¾ïm-‚Å-¤ïhü h-mÛ-¼P-GÛ-Çk ÛG-ZïÅ-

»Ûm-q-PôÅ-º²Ûm-HÛ-ÆÛh-GŸÝP-¾-PôÅ-¾ïm-¯ÛÅ-ºzÞ¾-G®P-¤-ŸÝ-Mã-

»Ûmü P-»Û-ÅPÅ-MÅ-VôÅ-¾ÞGÅ-ºhÛ-mÛ-„ÀôÅ-¯-z-ZÛh-mÅ-GbôP-¤Û-

fÞz-GÅÞPÅü hï-XïÅ-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-¤-aÛ-ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-¾-ºFÛh-hï-wô-ƒP-

hÝ-zTßG-hï-mÅ-»P-IÔ-zŸÛ-z®ôm-DP-Ç~äG-=ï-ÅÛm-ŸïÅ-q-¾-zTßG

¾ô-ÁÅ-¤±¤Å-¤m¼-GTôh-Dô-mºÛ-ºôG-Ç+Ý-±ï-¤-¸Ûm-q-hï-hG-mÛ-¼P-

¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-VôÅ-ÆÛh-GP-GÛ-fôG-¾-¿ËG-zÅ¤-Tm-‚ï-ƒG-q-ŸÛG-»Ûmü

ºôm-bP-¼P-ZÛh-mÅ-z®ôm-¤Z¤-Çkôh-¼ÛP-GP-mÝÅ-wm-IôGÅ-¤fº-

ºEôP-ŸÝ-fÞz-q-‚ãP-»ôhü hï-zŸÛm-P-¼P-mÅ-‚P-ÇeG-¾ÞP-hGôm-

qºÛ-„À-¤-n¤Å-hP-¿Ë-wïzÅ-¾ÞÅ-DôG-Í-TG-zTÅ-¤Û-ºzô¼-Vïm-¤ô-

ŸÛG-mô¼-JÀÛP-h¤G-ÇK¼-hÝ-z®ôm-¤Û¼-º‚ô¼-z-hï-hG-GÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-

22 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü mô¼-JÀ ÛP-hÝ -z;G-Z¼-‚ïh-Ç+zÅü 23

»ÛG-fôG-ºƒÛ-hGôÅ-¾-hïºÛ-Ç+zÅ-zôh-»ÛG-ºƒÛ-¤Û-ZÝP-¾ü ¤ÛºÛ-mG-

ZïÅ-ºƒÛ-hGôÅ-ÇezÅ-¼P-¾-»ÛG-ºƒÛºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-ºi-¿ËG-¤Û-»ôP-P¤-

Ç‰¤-Çe ï -»ÛG-ºƒÛ-h;ôm-»P-ü P-¼P-mÅ-Dô-q-±ô¼-wm-Åï¤Å-ˆÛÅ-

¼ï-ºhÝm-‚ïh-¤Dm-‚ãP-m-»Û-Gï-ƒÛ-AP-‚ïh-q-hP-ü Dô-q-±ôºÛ-‚Å-

ZïÅ-±zÅ-Vï-»ôh-¼ÛGÅ-¾-hï-È-Gô-z-¤Û-ÅÞ-hP-ÅÞ-»ôhü hï-hG-¤Û-hô-

mm-¤Û-‚ïh-q-M-¤Û¼-PôÅ-¾ïm-ŸÝ-¤Dm-»Ûm-m-»Û-Gï-GÅ¾-qô-z;ôh-

hGôÅ-q-hP-ü »P-wm-±ßm-„À ôÅ-fÞz-»Ûm-m-zÁh-¤-hGôÅ-q-G®ô-

zô-»Ûmü ¤P-qô-zÁh-m-mG-ZïÅ-Vïm-qôºÛ-FÛ¤Å-fG-GTôh-ÆÛh-qºÛ-

ÇÀôz-Çeôm-hP-ºƒï¾-»Û-Gï-ºƒÛ-¼ôGÅ-‚Åü hï-Ç+zÅ-M-¤ÛÅ-P-±ô-z®ôm-

q¼-iÛ-z-Ç+Ý¾-z¼-¸ÛP-ºFâG-ºhÛ-ÅÞÅ-„ÀPÅ-q-¼ïhü VôÅ-ŸïÅ-¤Gô-

Ç+ô¼-©ôPÅ-hh-¤Pº-zhG-hzP-zNå¼-qºÛ-zÁÝ-GŸôG-GbôP-‚ïh-¾G-

V-¼ïhü ÆôP-z®m-ÇK¤-qô¼-M-mG-GôP-¤ºÛ-zÞ-¤ô-¤mº-¤-„ÀPÅ-bï-

zôh-ºhÛ-=âP-GôºÛ-V-ÁÅ-ºƒ¾-fzÅ-¤ïh-q-¼ïh-hï-hG-Åô-Åô¼-¤Û-¼ï-

Pô-¼ïÅ-¼P-GÛ-zÅ¤-±ß¾-Ç~-GÅP-¤ïh-q-Áôh-hGôÅ-hï-¾-ZïÅ-Vh-»ôh-

¤-¼ïh-zÁh-ÇezÅü ¾m-hÝ-h-¾¤-HÛ-¸ÛP-ºFâG-ºhÛ-M-¤ÛÅ-„ÀPÅ-

q-¼ïhü M-¤Û-zôh-¾-¤-»ôP-m-¸ÛP-V-¾PÅ-hôm-¤ïh-¸ï¼ü ¾-¾Å-

VôÅ-ŸïÅ-q-©ôPÅ-hh-»Ûm-¼ÞP-¤Ûm-¼ÞP-¾ô-Pô-ÇeôP-yG-zL¾-zºÛ-¾ô-

MãÅ-»ôh-hï-¼P-GmÅ-ºWôG-¼ôGÅü VôÅ-‚ïh-Mã-hP-¼P-D-¼P-GÅô-

‚ïh-hGôÅ-q-hï-mÛü JÀÛP-zÞ-GbôP-Mã-hP-¯¤-q-ºG¤-Mã-GZÛÅ-¤fÞm-

fzÅ-¤ïh-¸ï¼ü M-z¸º-ÆôP-z®m-HÛ-¤mº-¤¼-Çeï¼-zÅ-zôh-M-¤ÛºÛ-

ºôG-º±ßh-ˆÛ-»ôh-m-z¾-z¸º-¾ºP-zôh-xïh-¤Û-zhG-G¤ü ŸïÅ-»ÛG-

PG-GZÛÅ-fôG-zXôh-¤Û-‚ãP-ÅôP-ü ¼P-¼ïºÛ-h‚¼-DºÛ-wô-ƒP-mô¼-

zÞ-JÀ ÛP-D¼-uÛ-¾ô- 1957 mÅ- 1958 z¼-GPÅ-Tm-¤Gôm-qôÅ-

zÇem-ºIô-uÛºÛ-wm-zhïºÛ-hôm-Vïm-½ÀzÅ-qô-Vï-ºIâz-qºÛ-GÅï¼-hPÞ¾ü

G»Þ-‚ã¼-¼Ûm-fP-ƒ¾-zºÛ-ºiÛ-ÇoG-wÞm-ÅÞ¤-±ôGÅ-qºÛ-fôG-M¾-zºÛ-

z;º-zNå¼-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-¾G-ƒÛÅ-ˆÛÅ-zŸïPÅ-MãºÛ-hGôPÅ-GŸÛ-hzÞ-

z®ßGÅ-»ôh-ˆP-VôÅ-¸z-¾Å-zhÝh-¸z-hzP-z®m-q-¿e-zÞÅ-M-h¤¼-

z®m-º²â¾-qºÛ-¼P-»Þ¾-z®m-ºyôG-‚Å-Aïm-GÅ¼-Oæz-Mã-ºyô-Vh-

ÇezÅ-mô¼-JÀÛP-hÝ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-z-n¤Å-zŸG-Ç+zÅ-xG-hqï-ÁôG-H¼-

¤P-qô-ºyô-z½ÀGÅ-ÅôP-z-hï-hG-ÇÀ¼-¼P-¼ï-zôh-¤ÛÅ-zôh-Å-º²Ûm-

hÝÅ-‚ãP-¤±¤Å-hï-ºiºÛ-¼ÛGÅ-G¾-VïºÛ-mP-mÅ-hôm-Vï-hGôPÅ-mÅ-

ºyô-BôP-PïÅ-q¼-hGôÅ-G¾-Vïü

hï-mÅ-ZÛm-GTÛG-z®ôm-qºÛ-Çkôh-DP-h=âGÅ-ÅôP-zÅ-P-¼P-hP-

w-h¤-q-Çkôh-DP-¤Z¤-hÝ-Dï¾-zÅ-»G-qô-‚ãP-»P-ü ̄ -zºÛ-z®m-

º²â¾-qºÛ-FÛ¤Å-GŸÛ-zdm-ºDï¾-¤ïh-qºÛ-iG-GTôh-hGôÅ-hzP-Dô-

m¼-uôh-q-¾Å-Hïm-¾P-GÛ-Zïm-±zÅ-Vï-VßP-¾-w¾-Vï¼-¿eôÅ-¤ïh-¿e-


zÞºÛ-‚ïh-ÁÝGÅ-Vïm-qô-»ôh-ÇezÅ-WÛ-ºi-ŸÛG-‚Å-»ôP-Ç‰¤-qºÛ-hôGÅ-

sq-Dô-m-º²Ûm-hGôÅ-q¼-dïm-P-¼P-mÅ-w-h¤-q¼-¼P-ZÛh-¿Ëm-

zŸÝGÅ-ºhÛ-ºi-‚ãP-m-»G-qô-¼ïh-hï-»Ûm-mºP-wm-±ßm-D-y¾-z-hP-

hï-¤Ûm-GmÅ-±ß¾-ÅÞ¼-GP-»ôP-V-¤Û-Vôh-qÅ-hï-ºi-‚ãP-m-P-¼P-GÛÅ-

Eïh-ˆÛ-fôG-Åï¤Å-F¾-¯-z-ZÛh-¤Û-‚ïhü Ç+Ý-ZÛh-ˆÛÅ-ˆP-P-¾-fÞGÅ-

F¾-¯-z-mÅ-¤-¤²h-Ç+Ý-G¸ÞGÅ-¾-fÞGÅ-GTG-GmP-hGôÅ-ŸÝÅ-q¼ü

¾m-hÝü P-¼P-GZÛÅ-D-y¾-hGôÅ-qºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-h¤ÛGÅ-zÅ¾-Tm-

M-¤ÛÅ-ÁïÅ-qºÛ-Mã-¤ïh-qÅ-hï-ºi-»ôP-hôm-¤ïh-ˆP-¾¼-Eïh-¼P-¾ô-

VßP-VßP-¼ïh-hï¼-dïm-&GôP-Å-BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-qôºÛ-fÞGÅ-XïÅ-hI-

¾m-ºyôh-qºÛ-hÝÅ-ÁÛG-»ôP-Mã¼-G¸z-G¸z-‚Å-mÅ-Çkôhü

hï-zŸÛm-z®ôm-DP-mP-®ßºÞ-=P-( ±ôGÅ-VßP-GÛ -ºGô -ºFÛh- )ÅôGÅ-

mP-DÞ¾-hI-GÅG-Mã-¯-z-mÅ-¤-‚ïhü P-mÛ-GŸÝP-Å-¤VôG-GÛÅ-¿eô-

wôGÅ-vh-hï-hÝP-yâG-ºô-¤Å-GÅôÅ-qºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-¼ïhü hI-Pm-ºhÛºÛ-

Gô-¤²ôh-ºi-¤ï-z½ÀG-GbôP-ÅºÛ-Gô-Ç+zÅ-‚ãP-m-hï-¿e¼-‚-hGôÅ-

zÅ¤Å-q-¾Å-GŸm-HÛ-¼ï-ÇK ÝG-¤ïh-GÅÞPÅü hï-mÅ-q×-¾GÅ-h¤-

q-Q-Vïm-JÀôG-DP-MG-q¼-zbP-ü P-¼P-G¸ÞGÅ-mh-Aïm-qÅ-mô¼-

JÀÛP-¼P-GmÅ-zŸG

¾ï-±m-zŸÛ-qü

IÔ-zŸÛ-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zÇkh-Ç+ô¼ü

¼P-GÛ-w-EÛ¤-GmÅ-GÅ¼-ƒP-DP-GÛ-zÞ -±ï -zdm-mô¼-MÅ-

ŸïÅ-q-Dô-q-¾ô-GÅÞ¤-zŸÛ-®¤-mÅ-w-h¤-q-M¾-¯ï-μôP-¤hÝm-hÝ-Mãm-

Çkôh-»ôh-ÇezÅ-±ï-mô¼-»P-M¾-¯ï¼-Mãm-Z¼-‚Å-ÁÛP-»Û-Gï-ºƒÛ->ÀôG-

ym-zÞ-‚Å-bï-zÇkhü hï-XïÅ-w-h¤-q-¿Ë-Å-»-Ç¨ôm-h¤G-ÇK¼-HÛ-DP-

ÆâP-GmP-¤ÞÅ-ˆÛ-Ç+zÅ-ÁÛG-w-h¤-q-G®P-¾-GZïm-ºyh-hÝ-wïzÅ-

mÅ-mP-GÛ-¤Û-Pô-¼ï-zôh-GŸÝP-h¤G-¤Û-Pô-º²âGÅ-hGôÅ-hôm-zŸÛm-±ï-

mô¼-¿Ë-Å¼-ºFÛh-wïzÅ-mÅ-h¤G-DôPÅ-ÅÞ-zTßG-TÛP-h¤G-ÇK¼-ÇÀôz-

IÔºÛ-zôh-»ÛG-ÇÀôz-IÐ¼-xÛm-q-hP-w-h¤-qºÛ-ŸzÅ-DôPÅ-ÅÞ-ºfïm-mÅ-

P-¼P-GÛ-ÁG-bà-»ôh-ÇezÅ-P-¼P-IÔ-zŸÛ-z®ôm-DP-¤hô¼-zB¾-bï-

¹-z-¿S-iâG-®¤-HÛ-XïÅ-±ï-mô¼-fÞG-ºyh-hÝ-ÇÀïzÅ-‚ãP-zÅ-GÅï¼-‡¤-

GTÛG-vh-VôG-‚Å-mÅ-ºEï¼-»ôh-ˆP-±ï-mô¼-¾-Vß-ÁÝ¼-hÝ-Çkôh-q-Æâ-

26 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü IÔ-zŸÛ-z®ôm-DP-hÝ -zÇkh-Ç+ ô¼ü 27

¤ôÅ-»G-qô-¤-‚Å-qºÛ-ÇkÝG-zÇS¾-zXôh-ºhÝG-qÅ-Dô-q¼-h;º-P¾-

Vïm-qô-ºyh-»ôh-ºhÝG-Ç‰¤-mÅ-GÅï¼-‡¤-GÅÞ¤-zTÅ-±P-¤-Dô-q¼-

vh-q-»Ûmü

ZÛm-GTÛG-Q-Vïm-JÀ ôG-DP-GÛ-z®ôm-¤Û-GZÛÅ-IÔ-zŸÛ¼-zB¾-

ÅôP-zÅ-hïºÛ-¤hÝm-w-h¤-qºÛ-Mãm-ºhôGÅ-GÅï¼-n-;ô¼-®¤-VßP-VßP-

Çt äÅ-hG-GTÛG-»ôh-q-hï-P-¾-zÇ+Ý¼-GmP-ºhÝG-qÅü P-¼P-mÅ-

hÝÅ-»Þm-GP-®¤-Ç+ïh-q¼-zbGÅ-bï-Z¼-zÇkhü hï-XïÅ-z®ôm-DP-

FÛ¤Å-GŸÛ-²-iG-bà-zbP-mÅ-Z¾-Ghm-xÛ-¾-zbôm-bï-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-

¾ÞÅ-zÁï¼-‚Åü Z¾-Ghm-DG-hP-DP-qºÛ-¯ÛG-PôÅ-±P-¤-ŸÛz-

ºWâG-mm-qô-‚ïh-qºÛ-hÝÅ-Ç+zÅ-¾-¿+ ôG-Z¼-‚ïh-fÞz-fzÅ-¤ïh-q-

z¸ôÅ-ÇezÅ-P-¼P-mÅ-GÅï¼-n-hï-DP-qºÛ-fï¤-lôºÛ-ºôG-zTßG-zŸG-

ˆP-hï-XïÅ-P-¼P-JÀô-mh-±zÅ-Vï-ºwôG-mÅ-mh-GÅô-DP-¾-ºIô-hGôÅ-

fôG-¿Ë-Å¼-EÛ¤-±P-¾-Ç¨m-zTôÅ-JÀôh-ºIô¾-zbP-ÇezÅ-GÅï¼-n-¼P-

ºWGÅ-¤Û-ºWôG-fzÅ-¤ïh-Hã¼ü IÔ-zŸÛ¼-zTßG-¼ÛP-P-±ô-Å-lôºÛ -

¾Å-;-¿UÛ-qô-zÇ+Ý¾-¾-d-ºfïm-ºDô¼-¾ô-¤Û-ºfïm-‚Å-bï-Å-¾Þh-ºô¼-

ºiïm-zTßG-qü ¤²ô-ºfïm-Áô¾-¿UGÅ-¤ÛÅ-ºfïm-ŸÛP-©ô-‚ïh-zTßG-

q-h-hÝP-Eôh-±ô-P¾-¯ô¾-zNå¼-z;ôh-hP-º±ô-zºÛ-zNå¼-z;ôh-¸ÞP-

ºƒï¾-hGôÅ-±ß¾-HÛ-W-fÞG-±-¤ïh-q-hï-»P-±h-GŸÛ-ZÝP-PÞ-ü ̄ ¤-

q-ZÝP-PÞ-hï-mÛ-hÝÅ-hÝÅ-¤-GbôGÅ-¤ïhü ¤P-Vï-z-¯¤-fÞG-hP-M-

Æm-¤-±ôÅ-q-Çeï¼-Ç+zÅ-¾ÞÅ-mh-Tmü Lm-ºDôGÅ-ºGÅ-Æm-¿tGÅ-

¸-¤-fÞz-q¼-qGÅ-q-zÁÝÅ-lô-Gmôm-zbP-mÅ-¸-zü hï-¤Ûm-¤P-

Vï-z-Iôh-DôG-¤-zIP-zºÛ-¿eôG-Qz-ˆÛ-M-Æm-¿tGÅ-q-¤Z¤-¸ôÅ-hïÅ-

¤-±h-LÅ-ºDôGÅ-Åô-¤ïh-ˆÛÅ-¿tGÅ-q-wÞh-q-hï-hG-OæG-bï-¸ü ¿eô-

±P-GÛ-fÞG-q-¾ïm-q¼-ºIô-hÝÅ-z¸ô-¾G-GÛ-fG-q-Vh-qü »P-m-¾G-

mÅ-¸ô-¾G-Áô¼-bï-fÞG-q-zô-m-¿eô-±P-hïºÛ-¤Û-n¤Å-»ôP-Çeï-Å-ÇeïP-D-

zMz-Çeï-ºfÞP-zü z®ôm-qºÛ-ºGô-FÛh-hP-ü z®ôm-ÆâP-h¤G-¤ÛºÛ-

±¾-HÛ-Gh-Ç‰ ÛGÅ-hô¼-z-hP-ü Å-Çe ïP-Bï-hPôÅ-¸-ºôÅ-GP-¤fôP-

¸-zü ¾ô-hïºÛ-hGÝm-¤±¤Å-‚P-DÞ¾-¾ÞG-ÁÛ-zºÛ-¿tGÅ-q-¤ZïÅ-Mã-

º‚ô¼-zºÛ-¿tGÅ-qºÛ-¾ôP-D-ym-zÞºÛ-z¾-Çtä-ZÝP-Å-hï-hG-ºfôG-Çeï-¸ü

¿tGÅ-¤ZïÅ-Ç+zÅ-Á-¼ô-¸-z-¾-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-Aïm-qÅ-¤P-qô-ÁÛ-z-ºGº-

ŸÛG-wÞP-qô-‚ï-¼G-mP-Íï¤-XïÅ-zdG-hrh-‚Å-q¼-Mã-¤ºÛ-mP-Çtä-

OÛ¾-fïzÅ-bï-¸Å-¾¤-ºGG-mÅ-ÁÛ-z-ÅôGÅ-¤P-qô-‚ãP-»ôhü hïºÛ-

Ç+zÅ-hï-ÇSôm-¼P-GÛ-ÁG-bà-»ôh-q-Çtäm-ZïºÛ-zÞ-±ï-mô¼-G®P-¾-ºIô-Mã-

»Ûm-ŸïÅ-¾m-ŸÛG-º‚ô¼-‚ãP-z-hï-¿e¼-»Ûm-ÁG-‚Å-bï-zÇkhü P-¼P-

»P-IÔ-zŸÛ-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-¾Å-¿U Û -¾-º±ô-z-z=ïm-qºÛ-Aïm-‚Å-¸Å-

zTßh-¤ïh-q-hP-VzÅ-TÛG-JÀ ô -mh-±zÅ-Vïm-ºwôG-Çe ï -ÅP-ºVÛ-

28 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü IÔ -zŸÛ -z®ôm-DP-hÝ -zÇkh-Ç+ ô¼ü 29

GmPÅ-ºVÛ-Ç+zÅ-hï¼-mh-q-n¤Å-¾-Íï¤-XïºÛ-zÅ¤-ºV¼-hôm-zŸÛm-

W-¯¤-ym-zÞºÛ-»G-bà-GbôP-zºÛ-hôm-hP-ü ̄ -zºÛ-mh-q-¤P-qô-VGÅ-

mÅ-Ç¨m-qÅ-¤-DÞh-ÇezÅ-M-¤ÛºÛ-z®ôm-q-Ç¨m-q-hï-ºi-Ç¨m-G»ôG-

¾-Z¼-bï-hï-hG-GÛ-mP-hï-ÇSôm-M-mG-GÛ-¤-¯-Tm-HÛ-zÞ-Ç¨m-ÇÀôz-‚Åü

hï-mÅ-¤ï-ºDô¼-ºIâ¾-zŸÝh-Ç+zÅ-ˆÛ-Ç¨m-q-‚ïh-¥ôP-z-ŸÛG-ºhÝG-qÅ-

hïÅ-P-¼P-¾-zdG-hrh-Ç¨m-¢Ûm-GP-Å¼-GTïÅ-BôP-¸z-mm-‚Å-

bï-ºVÛ-Pô-¾Å-Iô¾-z-hP-ü hï-¤Ûm-z®ôm-¤Û-¾ÞÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-¤-zhï-zºÛ-

GmÅ-±ß¾-Vï¼-¤ïh-q-¤¼-¤ï-Ço Ý¤-¸h-¿e-zÞºÛ-¿e ôGÅ-z=ïÅ-ˆÛ-Aïm-

ºhÅ-±zÅ-Vïm-‚ãP-¾-hïºÛ-mP-±m-‚P-ºƒôG-q-hï-ÇSôm-Á-¤¼-@P-

º±ô-dïm-»Ûm-ÇezÅ-º±ô-zTßh-ƒ¾-zºÛ-¾ÞÅ-mÝÅ-Áô¼-ÇÀ-z-¿e-zÞÅ-ºƒôG-

¤Û-zhÝm-»ôh-hï-hG-±P-¤-¼Û¤-ºhÅ-ÅôP-zÅ-P-±ôÅ-IÔ-ŸÛ-z®ôm-q¼-

º±ô-z-ÇkÝG-qü ¤Û-ÁÛ-¤P-z-ºhÛ-ºi-z®ôm-DP-GŸm-Íï-»ôh-zÅ¤Å-

ˆP-ü XïÅ-ÅÞ-»Þ¾-xôGÅ-GP-»ôh-z®ôm-qºÛ-GmÅ-zzÅ-Gô-fôÅ-Ç+zÅ-

IÔ-zŸÛ-z®ôm-q-¿eô-VÅ-iG-ÁôÅü ¤Û-ºhÅ-IôPÅ-ÅôP-z-ZÝP-ÁôÅ-¾Å-

;-»P-ÁôÅ-ˆÛ-Ç~¾-q-¤fôP-m-¿UôP-¤ô-ÅPÅ-MÅ-¼P-¾-¤Pôm-ŸïÅ-qºÛ-

hqï-¼P-‚ãP-ºhÝG hï-mÅ-=âP-ÈÛm-GZÛÅ-Å-¤±¤Å-ºFâG-¯ôh-²-

iG-GÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-Wï-ºfÞ-Aïm-qÅ-M-¤Û-±ô-»Ûh-¤-zhï-zºÛ-n¤-qÅ-

z®ôm-q-Gmh-Vï-DG-GTÛG-¾Å-GŸm-±P-¤-JÀôh-ºIô¾-GbP-GÛ-¼ïh-

TïÅ-ºV¼-GŸÛ-ºFâG-GŸÛ-zÇem-ÅôP-»P-hôm-hÝ-P-±ô-mh-q-¤Û-zTß-

zŸÛ-Ç¨m-zTôÅ-‚-Mã¼-JÀôh-ºIô¾-GbP-Mã-Gbm-ºDï¾-zÅ-P-¼P-mh-

hGôPÅ-¾-¿Ë-Å-IôP-Eï¼-mP-GbP-¯ÛÅ-mP-¤Û-»ôh-¤ïïh-Ç+h-V-iÛ-z¼-

P-¼P-mP-hÝ-Çtäm-yâG-±ï-mô¼-ŸïÅ-q-zÇkh-»ôh-¾zü hï-¾z-hGôÅ-

hôm-mÛ-mP-¤Û-¤ïh-zXôh-m-z®ôm-DP-¼P-hÝ-Çkôh-Mã-¾Å-¤ïh-ÇezÅ-IôP-

Eï¼-mP-GbP-Åï¤Å-mP-¤Û-»ôh-¾z-q-¾Å-¯-z-±ï-mô¼-G®P-¾-xÛm-

»ôh-ÁG-PôÅ-º²Ûm-z®ôm-¼ôGÅ-ºwm-qô-z-Åï-¼-s-bÛ-IÔ-‚¤Å-q-Ç+¾-

z¸P-¾-mP-GŸÛÅ-mÅ-¸-VÅ-zB¾-ÅôP-z-hï-fôG-mÅ-¤¼-Áï¾-h¤-

GP-hP-¯¤-q-ym-zÞ-ŸÛG-ºEï¼-bï-ÁG-¾-Çkôh-¤Û-¤ïh-m-¤¼-ºhÛ-hP-

¯¤-q-ºhÛ-¸ôÅ-hï -mÅ-Pô-ÁïÅ-ºi-Å-mÅ-fzÅ-ÁïÅ-‚-Mã-»ôP-GÛ-

¼ïh-Ç‰¤ü

uÛ-¾ô- 1961 ¹- 11 ±ïÅ- 6 ZÛm-P-±ô-mh-q-¤Û-zTß-

zŸÛ-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-JÀôh-ºIô¾-zbP-zÅ-¤¼-¾¤-yïP-¼ÛP-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-ŸG-

GTÛG-zŸG hïºÛ-ÅP-ZÛm-£-Ÿô¾-ÍÞ-»ôm-¿Ëm-DP-mÅ-¯ÛÅ-¾ïm-hÝ-

ÍÞ-»ôm-Çt-ÅPÅ-¾GÅ-º‚ô¼-bï-ºEï¼-Mã-G-¼ï-»ôh-¸ï¼-‚ãP-zÅ-Z¾-

VÅ-hP-ü ¿eô-wh-ºhÛ-GZÛÅ-¾Å-¤ïh-¾z-q¼-‚Å-m-ºEôG-Å-¼ïh-

¸ï¼-bï-£-Ÿô¾-ÍÞ-»ôm-¿Ëm-DP-GÛ-ÇKô-Å¼-¿eô-wh-zŸG-mÅ-Dô-¼P-±ï-

mô¼-Ç+h-GbôP-z¼-dºÞ-±P-mP-º²â¾-ÅôP-zÅ-hï-mÅ-±ï-mô¼-ºFÛh-

30 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü IÔ -zŸÛ -z®ôm-DP-hÝ -zÇkh-Ç+ ô¼ü 31

‚ãP-z-VzÅ-TÛG-¼P-ÁG-bà-zB¾-bï-BÛh-qô-‚Å-bï-Çkôh-¸ï¼-mÅ-Çt-

ÅPÅ-¾-ÅôP-ü P-¼P-Hïm-¾P-mP-ŸÝGÅ-q¼-ÅôP-ÇezÅ-ÇS¼-»ôh-

EÛ¤-hPôÅ-zŸôm-d-ÇKô-xãGÅ-hP-zTÅ-G®P-¤-GŸÝP-¾ïm-‚Å-ºhÝG

¯-zºÛ-w-¤Å-zÞ-±-¾-GTïÅ-BôP-¸z-¤ô-Åï¤Å-Tm-;Ým-¾-»ôh-

q-»ôPÅ-IGÅ-¿e¼ü P-»Û-w-¤-GZÛÅ-ˆÛÅ-ˆP-P-¾-‚¤Å-z¯ïÅ-

ºy¾-wÞGÅ-;Ým-¾-º±ô-GôÅ-G¸ÛGÅ-»ôh-ÇeïP-GŸÛÅ-hGôm-fïG-JÀïP-

IÔ-±P-GÛ-VôÅ-ÇKô¼-zTßG-Çeï-hGôm-HÛ-¾Å-F¾-zOæz-¤-hGôÅ-qºÛ-VôÅ-

¤²h-TïÅ-GbôP-ÇKô-zbP-Çeï-º±ô-dïm-GTÛG-z¸ôÅü hï-zŸÛm-ºƒÅ-

ÇtäPÅ-G®P-q-DP-±m-¾-OÛG-ŸÝGÅ-ˆÛÅ-GôP-zŸÛm-VôÅ-¤²h-zbP-

hï-mÅ-¤ô-¾ÞP-zdG-ŸÝºÛ-hôm-zŸÛm-Çkï-iâG-„À-ƒP-GÛ-ŸzÅ-Çkôh-ŸÝÅü

w-¤ïÅ-mP-GŸÛÅ-ˆÛ-EÛ¤-º²Ûm-w-zÞ-GZÛÅ-ºV¤-¤fÞm-¤-‚ãP-ÇezÅ-

DôP-GZÛÅ-f-fh-V-zGôÅ-ÅôP-Ç+zÅ-ˆP-P-¼P-VôÅ-º±ô-¤-¸Ûm-q-

‚ãP-m-¼Û-zôP-±P-¾ôG-‚-MãºÛ-Vôh-Gm-hP-º²Ûm-VÅ-Ç+¾-fôz-„ÀPÅ-

mÅ-GŸÛ-º²Ûm-Wô-¤ïh-mô¼-Å¼-zŸG-Çeï-hôm-Ç‰ÛP-w-¤Å-¸-wô¼-º²âGÅ-

»Þ¾-GôP-GÅ¾-DG-¿S-h¤ÛGÅ-»Þ¾-zOæz-»ôh-ˆP-zôh-Å-wG-¾ô-uÛ-

¾ô- 1959 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 20 ¾-M-h¤¼-z®m-º²â¾-qºÛ-¤ï-

NôGÅ-ˆÛ-iG-zTô¤-ºôG-PºÛ-fz-dïm-DG-hÝÅ-GTÛG-¯-Çeô¼-ÅôP-ºhÝG-

qÅ-Ç+zÅ-hï¼-Nå-¤ºÛ-mô¼-¾-Ç‰ÛP-qô-¤ïh-qºÛ-PïÅ-ÁïÅ-Çoôm-¤-ŸÛG-BïÅ-

‚ãP-ü º‚ãP-ºHã¼-¤Û-¼zÅ-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-¼P-GÛ-yâ-GÝ-¾ÞÅ-qô-zhï-fP-

GÛ-GÅô-BôP-hP-»-¼zÅ-uôh-z¸P-¤ïÅ-qôºÛ-ÁïÅ-‚-Mãm-º²Ûm-fôG-

»Þ¾-hÝÅ-ˆÛ-Ç+h-»ÛG-¾-¢ôP-zl¼-Åôm-q-ºzh-q-¾Å-yâ-GÝºÛ-hq¾-

º‚ô¼-GÅôG-Oæz-ˆÛ-h;º-fÞz-w¾-Vï¼-¤-zŸïh-q-¾ïGÅü

yâ-GÝ-n¤Å-mÅ-ˆP-¼P-¼ï-¾ô-¿S-hP-iâG-z¼-¤-Åôm-z¼-D-

¤ÛG-Åô-GÅÞ¤-Bôm-¤-Áô¼-z¼-»ôm-bm-¢ôP-zl¼-‚ïh-zTßG-qºÛ-z¼-

¼Ûm-fP-GŸ¾-h;º-z-ºFÛh-Çeôm-GmP-z-hï-¼P-¾-z;º-iÛm-Ç‰ÛP-

zTPÅ-GôP-z;Ý¼-z¯Û-ÆâP-GmP-m-¼P-zhï-GŸm-Ç¨ôm-Mã-½ÀzÅ-qô-

Vï-»Ûm-¾-M-G¼-z-n¤Å-ˆP-yâ-GÝ-ÇÀôz-IÔ¼-zbP-mÅ-w-¤Å-ÇÀôz-»ôm-

vh-hï-º²Ûm-IÔ-fôm-m-PºÛ-yÞ-GÝºÛ-ºIô-ÇePÅ-z¸ôÅ-¸Ûm-h-V-¾ïGÅ-ZïÅ-

WÛ-‚ïh-yâ-GÝ-¼P-GÛÅ-z¿e-Mã-¼ïh-¸ï¼-z-»P-ºhÝG-Gôü

32 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü IÔ -zŸÛ -z®ôm-DP-hÝ -zÇkh-Ç+ ô¼ü 33

¾ï-±m-¿S-qü

GŸÛ-¤ïh-Ç‰h-º±ô¾-hP-ü Pm-ÇÀôP-GÛ-º±ô-zü

uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô-hˆÛ¾-¤±¤Å-ºƒÅ-Çt äPÅ-M-¼ôP-DP-

±m-HÛ-IÔ-VôÅ-¤²h-„Àô-z¸P-hôm-»ôh-ŸïÅ-q-ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-mP-¾Å-

‚ïh-qºÛ-Ç+h-Nå¼-‚ïh-q-Dô-q-hï-ÇSôm-Çkï-iâG-„À-ƒP-GÛ-¤±m-dGÅ-¤Dô-

Oæz-M-mG-bà-±ôP-¾-±¼-GZÛÅ-®¤-hP-ü hï-zŸÛm-z;º-„Àôm-Ç~äG-

¾-±ôP-¾Åü hï-XïÅ-„À-ƒP-GÛ-xG-DP-hÝ-¾Å-¼ôGÅ-‚Åü hïÅ-Aïm-

n¤-¼z-M-¼Û-GŸÛÅ-¾-ºIô-¥ôP-»ôh-ÇezÅ-Pm-q-Mãh-zÁh-‚Å-bï-

Çkï-„ÀºÛ-º²Ûm-DôPÅ-¿Ëô-D-n¤-¼z-M-¼Û-GŸÛÅ-ˆÛ-»P-ÇeïP-¿Ë-¤ô-DP-

ŸÛG-»ôh-q-hïºÛ-¤±m-¾-»Þ¾-Ç+h-hÝ-ÆÛh-qºÛ-M¾-¤ô-ŸïÅ-GÅô¾-z-ŸÛG-

»ôh-q-hï-ÇSôm-Gb¤-JÀïP-¾-BÛh-VßºÛ-Çeôh-xôGÅ-ÁÛG-¾-zÞ-¤ô-Çtäm-¤Vïh-

¤±ï-¤-GÅÞ¤-BïÅ-bï-¤-hïÅ-hï-mÛ-zhÝh-ˆÛ-Vô-ºyâ¾-ŸÛG-»Ûm-q¼-hôGÅ-

bï-¯Ó-ºWG-¤-ŸÛG-GÛ-VÅ-ºDÞ¼-¿Ëh-q-¼ï-¼ï-ŸÛG-GÛ-mP-zTßG-mÅ-BÛh-

Vß¼-zBå¼-z-hï-hG-¼P-¼P-Ç+zÅ-zzÅ-Å-¤±¤Å-¼ï¼-zÇkh-q-hï-

zŸÛm-M-¼Û-GŸÛÅ-ÅÞ-»ôh-q-hï-»P-hïºÛ-IÅ-»Ûm-q¼-¤Pôm-bï-Ç+ Ý -

G¸ÞGÅ-hï-wÞP-qô-Pô-¤-¼ïh-¸ï¼-»P-P-¼P-mÅ-hï-¿e¼-»Ûm-HÛ-¼ïh-Ç‰¤-

q-¾Å-Z¤Å-ŸÛz-ŸÝ-wôh-ˆÛ-¤ïh-q-hï-VôÅ-¤²h-„Àô-hôm-mÅ-ºƒÅ-hGôm-

¾Å-‚ïh-q¼-Pô-hGºÛ-n¤-ºHã¼-zÇem-q¼-¾Å-‚ïh-qÅ-„Àô-hôm-¾Å-

¼ôGÅ-hP-zTÅ-q-¿Ëô-D-n¤-¼z-bà-¾ïm-q¼-zbP-hôm-Dô-qÅ-ºƒÅ-

ÇtäPÅ-hGôm-q¼-ºEï¼-ºhÝG-q-hï-ºi-¤P-qô-‚ãP-»ôh-q-fG-Vôh-fÞz-

q-ŸÛG-¼ïhü »P-GmÅ-±ß¾-GTÛG-¾ü hï-ÇS ôm-¼P-¼ïºÛ-D-Mãm-¾-

ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-wô-ƒP-GÛ-h¤-ºzG-Mãh-¿Ë-¤ôºÛ-Vô-ºyâ¾-ŸÛG-»ôh-q-hï-

&GôP-Å-¿S-q-Vïm-qôÅ-zÇem-ÆâP-hÝ-z;º-zÇKôÅ-bï-zTßG-GmP-Çeï-

GÅôm-q-¼ïh-¸ï¼-Æô¾-»ôh-q-hï-ºiºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-¾Å-‚ïh-q¼-zXôh-

ÇezÅ-¾Å-‚ïh-qÅ-hï-hG-ÇSôG-zÁï¼-‚ïh-hÝÅ-hï-ºi-¯-z-mÅ-¤ïh-

q-ÁïÅ-XïÅ-»P-VôÅ-¤²h-„Àô-hôm-HÛÅ-ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-¾Å-Çoï-FÛ-¸Þ¼-

n¤Å-„Àô-JÀÛP-IÔ-±P-GÛ-ºhÝ-DP-mP-zTßG-»ôh-ÇezÅ-hï¼-xÛm-mÅ-P-

¾-Gb¤-z¸P-qô-ŸÛG-zXôh-Mã-»ôh-¼P-¼ïºÛ-wô-ƒP-GÛ-¿Ë-¤ô-ºhÛ-¤ÛºÛ-

wÞP-qô-Pô-¤-ŸÛG-»Ûm-m-M¾-z-¿S-qÅ-¤Û-zÅh-ºhÝG-TïÅ-º²¤-JÀÛP-

¾-Ez-zOGÅ-‚ïh-PïÅ-ˆP-¿Ë-¤ôºÛ-Ç+Ý-z½‰m-mP-hï-¼ÛGÅ-¯-z-mÅ-

¤Û-ºhÝG-TïÅ-¾z-ºhÝG hï-XïÅ-¿Ë-¤ôºÛ-Ç+ Ý -z½‰m-hï-hP-M¾-zºÛ-

34 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü GŸÛ -¤ïh-Ç‰h-º±ô¾-hP-ü Pm-ÇÀ ôP-GÛ -º±ô -zü 35

z;º-ºHã¼-GÅï¼-ƒÛÅ-JÀïGÅ-ÁÛP-¾-z-ÅôºÛ-Mm-z@ôÅ-‚Å-q-GZÛÅ-

ˆP-M-mG-¾-hzô¼-ºhÝG-ˆP-GôP-GÅ¾-hï-GZÛÅ-ÇÀ¼-»P-ºƒÅ-

ÇtäPÅ-¾-Ghm-ºiïm-‚Å-q-P-¼P-mÅ-¤W¾-‚ãP-ü hï-zŸÛm-G®P-

M¾-¯ï-hq¾-ºDô¼-¤Vôh-dïm-mP-Wô-zô-‚P-Vßz-Vïm-qô-ºhÛ-¾-hï-ÇSôm-

h‚Ûm-WÛ-zôh-hÝ-¿ËGÅ-»ôP-hÝÅ-Ç+Ý-q¼-¤P-qô-zOôm-»P-q¼-GTÛG-

ˆP-¤-zŸïÅ-qºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-fôÅ-Mã-»ôh-q-¿e¼-M-h¤¼-z®m-º²â¾-qÅ-

fôÅ-ˆP-Dô-±ô -q¼-¾Å-¼Þ-±ôGÅ-DG-mÅ-q¼-zMz-ˆP-¤-zŸïÅ-

ÇezÅ-Dô-q-±ôÅ-¤ÛG-GÛÅ-¤fôP-Mã-»ôh-¾-¾G-qÅ-¼ïG-Mã-»ôh-q¼-

q¼-¤Û-GÅ¾-ŸïÅ-hï-ºi-ÆÛh-fzÅ-¤ïh-q-¼ïh-¸ï¼-mÅ-M-mG-mÅ-

ºyâ¾-VÅ-Dô-m-½ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-Vïm-qô-ŸÛG-GP-ºEï¼-mÅ-q¼-Oôm-»P-

¤hÝm-¿UôG-ÇKP-GÛ-Vß-bÛP-zhÝm-±¼-GTÛG-ym-zÞ-GÅ¾-V-‚ãP-»ôh-

¤ïh-®¤-¾Å-GŸm-¤Þm-DÞP-¾-q¼-ºhïzÅ-‚Å-q-ºi-z-¾Å-‚ãP-¤Û-

ºhÝG-Gôü

Ç+zÅ-hï¼-zôh-½‰ÛP-qºÛ-hÝÅ-Å-GmÅ-Lm-qô-®¤-‚ïh-¥ôP-¤ïh-

q-n¤Å-uÛ-±ôGÅ-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-¾-zBôh-¤Dm-¤Û-z¸P-»Ûm-q-¿ËG-q¼-

hÝ-hï-ÇSôm-hGÝm-hÝÅ-IôP-¾-zdïm-mÅ-Dz-½‰àP-IÛ-fÞ¼-ºi-z¸ô-¾Å-

‚Åü h‚¼-HÛ-hÝÅ-ÅÞ-‚P-fP-¾-xÛm-mÅ-ºxÛ-z-hP-ü ¼Û-zôP-¾-

ÅôGÅ-zÅh-hï-º±ô-z-Bï¾-zºÛ-z¸º-¤Û-¾-Eïh-±ô-DÞPÅ-z¸P-z-»G-

qô-¤ïÅ-M¾-uÛ-±ôGÅ-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-zhG-qô-ºFâ¾-¤ïh-TÛG-¼ïh-TïÅ-

zÇeôh-zÇSGÅ-zbP-»P-XïÅ-ÅÞ-zôh-¤Û-»ôPÅ-μôGÅ-¾-¼P-¼P-Bï-

DÞPÅ-¾Å-;-GP-zOæzÅ-ºiÛ-¯h-¤ÛP-z;ôh-hï-¤Pº-zhG ¤Pº-

±zü ±ôP-q-hP-ü z¸ô-qü IôP-¤Û-Dï¼-AP-ü ¼P-º±ô-zü IôP-

¤Û-hzÞ¾-wôPÅ-ü ƒm-G»ôG VôÅ-¾z-qü »Þ¾-H¼-ºE¤-qôü ̧ ï¼-

zºÛ-¤ÛP-ºhôGÅ-‚Å-ÇezÅ-GôP-GÅ¾-mÅ-P-±ô-zôh-¤Û-Å-BïÅ-lô-BïÅ-

¾-»Þ¾-H¼-ºE¤-qô-zXôh-ˆÛ-»ôh-m-M-¤Û-wô-DïzÅ-hP-¤ôG-ÇK¾-q¼-

ºEï¼-mÅ-zôh-¾-»ôP-¤Û-ºhÛ-hG-¾-¤ÛP-G-¼ï-ºhôGÅ-ˆÛ-¼ïh-zXôh-

qºP-‚ãP-ü ¿Ë-Å¼-hï-ÇS ôm->À â -ÇK ÝG-vP-±P-hP-ü ¼-Vï-vP-±P-

ŸïÅ-Pm-ÇÀôP-¤P-qô-»ôh-PïÅ-ˆP-ü hï-hG-Çkôh-GÝ¼-¿Ëm-q-zMz-q-

®¤-¾Å-mP-hÝ-¸Å-GôÅ-¾-ÅôGÅ-¤Dô-D-GP-®¤-¼P-D-¼P-º±ô-¾ÞÅ-

h¾-Åï¤Å-zhï-»Ûm-q-w¾-Vï¼-¤P-Vï-z-hï-ºi-hPôÅ-»ôh-¼ïh-ˆP-

XïÅ-ÅÞ-zôh-GŸÝP-mÅ-Pm-ÇÀôP-n¤Å-¾-Çkôh-DP-º±ô-GôÅ-¢¼-»ôh-

q-mÅ-¤Û-uôh-¾ÞGÅ-¤fÞm-G¸ÛGÅ-BôP-GmP-ü

uÛ-¾ô- 1959 M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-zôh-q-Pm-ÇÀ ôP-ºhÛ-ºi-¤P-

qô-z;Å-z;ôh-Mãh-º²Ûm-zÁÝ-GŸôGÅ-¾¤-mÅ-z¸ôÅ-q-ºhÛ-hG-¤ïh-

q-z¸ô-hGôÅ-¼ïh-ü Eïh-¼P-±ô-¼P-D-¼P-º±ôºÛ-¾Å-¼ÛGÅ-¾-ºIô-

hGôÅ-¼ïh-TïÅ-¼P-ºhôh-ƒ¾-zºÛ-z®m-zl-zbP-ü hï-¤Ûm-¤ÛG-¾ôP-ü

36 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü GŸÛ -¤ïh-Ç‰h-º±ô¾-hP-ü Pm-ÇÀ ôP-GÛ -º±ô -zü 37

¾G-VG @P-VG Lm-GôG-n¤Å-uÛ-±ôGÅ-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-Lm-GÅô-

DP-¾-zB¾-Mã-»Ûm-zXôh-hï-¸Å-GôÅ-GP-¾-h;º-P¾-¤-hGôÅ-q-¼P-

hzP-¾ôPÅ-uôh-Mã-»ôh-qºÛ-Vï-zÇeôh-»G-fG-Vôh-‚Å-mÅ-¤Û-hï-hG-

¾-zôh-EÛ¤-GŸÝP-¾ïm-zbP-zºÛ-Hôm-VÅ-¼ï-vhü ¿ËG-q¼-GŸÛÅ-

¯ï-mÅ-»Ûm-qºÛ-»G-VôÅ-«ôm-q-¸ï¼-z¼-GôÅ-Mm-GŸÛ-hP-ü hïºÛ-

z¸º-¹-Í-mï-Ç~h-¾ïz-¸ï¼-z¼-¤ÛP-IGÅ-ˆÛ-¤Gô-Mm-Çt-yâG-¾-ÅôGÅ-

G»ôGÅ-bï-d-fï¼-ºDô¼-¾ôºÛ-mP-hGº-Bï¾-hP-zÇeàm-zbP-mÅ-GÝP-

fP-zMãh-qh-¿k ÛP-¸ï¼-z-Lm-GÅô-DP-hÝ-zB¾ü hï-mÅ-¤ÛG-¤ïh-

q-¾G-q-fP-qô-»ôh-q¼-Çt ä-z¾-HÛ-¾Å-;ü hï-zŸÛm-¾G-q¼-Bôm-

»ôh-m-@P-q-zhï-zÅ-¼-¾ÞG z-JÀP-º±ô-z¼-zbP-ü hï-¤Ûm-¾Å-

¤ïh-¿e ô -VÅ-z¸Å-m-hï-mÛ-¤Pº-zhG-GÅÞ¤-ºi-zÅ-º±ô-z-GŸm-

zÇeïmü º±ô-ºzÞ-¼ïh-¸ï¼-mÅ-ZÛm-¼ïºÛ-¾Å-;-mm-zÇ+Ý¾-hP-º±ô-

z-mÛ-È-TP-GÛ-ÇtäÅ-±h-GŸm-¾-Iôh-q-xïh-zIPÅ-PP-¾-Çkôh-hGôÅ-

‚ãP-ºhÝG-q-ºGº-¼ï-GÅP-fzÅ-ˆÛ-¿Ë-Å¼-ƒôÅ-‚ô¾-hÝ-º‚ô¼-»P-¿Ë-

Å¼-»P-¸Å-Çeï¼-¤Û-¤ïh-qºÛ-¤Þ¼-Lm-GÅô-DP-hï-¼P-¾-ºFÛh-hï-¤Û-

±ï-z=ïÅ-¿eôGÅ-¾¤-mÅ-ÇkÝG-¸h-hÝ-zbP-ü

¾ï-±m-iâG-qü

zNå¼-z;ôh-ˆÛ-Pm-¾Å-Ço-±ôGÅü

¼P-¾-»ôh-qºÛ-º±ô-dïm-¤fº-hG-GŸÝP-¾ïm-‚Å-ÇezÅ-

hï-mÅ-£-Ÿô¾-ÍÞ-»ôm-¿Ëm-DP-¾-Z¾-Ghm-ŸÛG-hP-fz-VÅ-ym-zÞ-

vôh-¼ôGÅ-¾z-ˆP-zhG-vôh-¤-‚Å-±ï-mô¼-HÛÅ-ºzô¾-Ghm-V-GTÛG-

hP-ü xÛP-qºÛ-BôP-Ghm-ŸÛG-zMz-ºhÝG-qÅ-ºzô¾-Ghm-hï-PÅ-

zbÛPÅü xÛP-Ghm-hï-±ï-mô¼-HÛÅ-zbÛPÅü ̧ -ºƒâºÛ-fôG-zôh-qºÛ-

Iô-ŸÛz-M-¤-hô-¼ï-±ôP-GÛ-ºhÝG-q-hï-G»ô-Å-¤ïh-ÇezÅ-Iô-ŸÛz-fP-DÞG-

mP-G»ôÅ-bï-zG-±-OÛ¾-mÅ-Ç¨m-DP-zÇeïm-zŸÛm-zÇkhü hï-XïÅ-w-

h¤-q-Q-Vïm-¾Å-IÔ-mÅ-mô¼-JÀÛP-Ç+Ý-ÆâP-wô-ƒP-hÝ-zbP-ºhÝG-qÅ-

¤W¾-z¼-xÛm-qÅ-fÞGÅ-hHïÅ-qºÛ-n¤-qºÛ-ÇeïP-mÅ-h-mÅ-z¸ÞP-P-

¼P-„Àô-zhï-qô-VGÅ-ÅôP-Eïh-¼P-h-hÝP-G¸ÞGÅ-qô¼-zhG-GTïÅ-HÛÅ-

ŸïÅ-z;º-wïzÅ-q-hï-hÝÅ-GTÛG-hGº-zºÛ-„À ô-zhï¼-Hã¼ü P-GZÛÅ-

38 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü zNå¼-z;ôh-ˆÛ -Pm-¾Å-Ço -±ôGÅü 39

wm-±ßm-D¤Å-zhï-¤Ûm-HÛ-GmÅ-¾ÞGÅ-ŸÝ-z-¾Åü P-¼P-mÅ-GÅï¼-

nºÛ-Ç+ô¼-ŸÝ-m-hï-¾ïm-fzÅ-ˆÛ-xG-¾Å-GmP-f¾-Hã¼-bï-z®ôm-ÆâP-

zÅ-±ô¼-m-hôm-¤ïh-ºG¾-Aïm-Ç+Ý-P¾-Vïm-qô-ŸÛG-ºyh-ˆÛ-¼ïh-Ç‰¤-

qÅ-±ÛG-¸Þ¼-®¤-»P-¤-f¾-z-zŸG-q-hï-hG-mÛ-¼P-GÛ-zÅ¤-„Àô-¸z-

¤ô-‚ãP-zÅ-hïP-»P-±ô¼-ÇoP-hGº-ÇKô¤-GmÅ-ÅÞ-Hã¼ü hï-mÅ-»P-

w-h¤-q-IÔ-zŸÛ¼-z®ôm-zTßG-‚Å-q-hï¼-Pô-¤W¾-»ôP-Mã-¤ïh-ˆP-

GÅô¾-VÅ-GP-Iâz-wÞ¾ü »P-hï-XïÅ-q-¼Û-¼Û-Fôôh-¾Å-IÔ¼-zbP-ºhÝG-

q-hï¼-GÅô¾-VÅ-±¼-GZÛÅ-hP-Ç+Ý-¹¤-ŸÛG-ˆP-wÞ¾-hï-XïÅ-»P-;ôP-

qô-ÁÛP-GTôh-¾Å-¤Û¼-zbP-z-hï-mÛ-Å-Dh-¼ÛP-¾-P-¼P-ŸÐ-¤ô-»ôh-

ÇezÅ-¤W¾-ºyh-h;º-ÇezÅ-z¼-¤±¤Å-ÅÞ-¾ÞÅü

P-¼P-JÀ ôh-ºIô¾-‚ãP-z-mÅ-¹-¼ïºÛ-Bôz-GÅô-M-ÇK ô¼-zhÝm-

¼ï-vh-‚ãP-z¼-¾ô-GZÛÅ-¼ÛP-Ç¨m-zÇeïm-‚Å-mÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-mh-ym-zÞºÛ-

iG-bà-ºIô-»P-Å-GmÅ-M-¾Å-ˆÛÅ-Eïh-¼P-mh-hGôPÅ-zbP-z-¾Å-

m-±-iG-Bïh-‚ãP-±ï-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-ºIô-hGôÅ-zXôh-ˆP-IôP-Eï¼-¤Û-

¤P-GÛ-h;º-ÇkÝG-z®ôm-q-¾Å-VßP-z-¤ïh-Aïm-¼P-Åï¤Å-mP-ºWÛGÅ-

ÇoP-ÅôGÅ-GP-»P-¤-‚ãP-ü hï-Ç+zÅ-ŸÛP-ºƒôG-¤Û-¤P-h;º-ÇkÝG-

È-TP-Vï-zÅ-P-±ô-IÔ-zŸÛ¼-z®ôm-zTßG-¼ÛP-ZÛm-ŸÛG-¿Ë-ÅºÛ-yâ-GÝ-

GZÛÅ-ZïÅ-GÅôG-GÛ-Hôh-GŸÛÅ-z®ôm-zTßG-hÝÅ-»Þm-GP-®¤-‚Å-XïÅ-

JÀôh-ºIô¾-zbP-ÅôP-»P-ZÛm-ŸÛG-yâ-GÝ-hï-GZÛÅ-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-»ôP-mÅ-

P-GZÛÅ-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-¤Þ-¤fÞh-Z¼-¼ôGÅ-IôP-Eï¼-mP-º±ô-zºÛ-h;º-

fÞz-z¸ôh-JÀGÅ-¤Û-ºhÝG-TïÅ-zXôh-ÅôP.ü hôm-hÝ-P-¼P-Ç¨m-GbàG-

hÝÅ-»Þm-¾ô-GZÛÅ-ÅôP-¤±¤Å-mÅ-FÛ¤Å-ˆÛ-fG-GTôh-GP-»P-¤ïh-

q-ZïÅ-ŸÐ-G»ôGÅ-qºÛ-DÞPÅ-ÅÞ-zNå¼-z;ôh-‚ïh-zTßG-q-¤-¸h-Bôz-

GÅô-zTh-ÇezÅ-Å-iïG-¾¤-z¸ô-z¼-¤Dô-zºÛ-Vß-lô-¼GÅ-y-V-Ç‰ô¤Å-

ÁÛP-ºzô-Vïm-qô-¼ï¼-¼Ûm-M-ÇKô¼-GTÛG-¼ï-vôh-q-hï-zŸÛm-lô-μôGÅ-mÅ-

ZÛm-¼ï-lô-ºzô-hô-GÅÞ¤-±ôP-fÞz-qÅ-hï-¿e¼-‚Å-mÅ-zÇkhü hï-mÅ-

zŸÝGÅ-FÛ-JÀÛP-DºÛ-¼ÛG-GmÅ-±ôP-DP-zMz-»ôh-q-hïºÛ-¤fº-Dô¼-

Å-Dôh-Ç‰ô¤-q¼-¾Å-;¼-xÛm-ÇezÅ-¿Ë-ÅºÛ-I¾-¼Û¤-DG-¾-¾Å-JÀ-M-

¤ÛºÛ-hPÞ¾-ÇKô¼-¸Þ¼-zhÝm-¼ï-¾Å-vôh-¾ïm-¤Û-VôG-qºÛ-Gb¤-zÁh-‚Å-

ÅôP-»P-ü P-¼P-GÛ-¾Å-ÅºÛ-ºGô-ºFÛh-D¤-ÇkôP-Iô-DP-DôPÅ-Í-TG-

zÞ-¤ô-ŸïÅ-q-hï-ºFÛh-hï-JÀ-¾ïm-Å¼-xÛm-qÅ-h;ôm-z¸P-¼ÛG-º²Ûm-

¾Å-;-G-¼ï-zÇ+Ý¾-»P-Èà¼-zBïh-‚ïh-ˆÛ-ºhÝG-hï-¾-zdïm-mÅ-JÀ-ŸÛG-

hGôÅ-ˆÛ-¼ïh-¾z-ÇezÅ-ZÛm-JÀ-M-ÇKô¼-GTÛG-¼ï-vh-‚ãP-z-hï-mÛ-M-

¤ÛºÛ-JÀ-¼Û¤-q-GZÛÅ-q-¼ïhü hïºÛ-Ç+zÅ-M-h¤¼-mÅ-zôh-z®m-zhG-

‚Å-XïÅ-GŸÝP-ÇKï¼-VôÅ-zTÅ-ˆÛ-»ÛG-V-»ôh-±h-zÇkÝ-¼Þz-ˆÛÅ-Ÿô¾-

q¼-DP-Vïm-¤ô¼-zTßG-hïºÛ-mP-mÅ-zôh-M-DôPÅ-ÅÞ-GmÅ-»ôh-±ß¾-

40 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü zNå¼-z;ôh-ˆÛ -Pm-¾Å-Ço -±ôGÅü 41

»ÛG-V-fôm-¼ïÅ-ŸÛz-ºWâG-‚Å-ˆP-hï-ºiºÛ-DÞPÅ-¿km-»ÛG-V-GP-

»P-¤ïh-ÇezÅ-»ÛG-V-GŸm-¤-DG-Çkï-±m-Åô-Åô¼-h‚ï-mÅ-ºWôG-MãºÛ-

ŸÛz-ºWâG-uÛ-¾ô- 1990 z¼-‚ïh-zŸÛm-ºhÝG

hï-mÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1965 ®¤-Ç+Ý-ÆâP-¿k ÛP-hqôm-¸Þ¼-q-hôm-Iâz-

mô¼-zÞ-¾GÅ-;ôP-qô¼-¾Å-¤Û¼-»ôh-q-GZïm-ºyh-¾-wïzÅ-ÇezÅ-w-

h¤-q¼-¤Vôh-VÅ-ym-zÞ-ŸÛG-zÇ+Ý¼-Mã-VzÅ-TÛG-DôP-¼P-¾-¾G-

dGÅ-TßP-®¤-ŸÛG-ºEï¼-bï-DôP-GÛ-mP-¾-xÛm-»P-hôm-mô¼-¾GÅ-¾-

¾G-dGÅ-zÇ+Ý¼-¤Û-¤P-ÇezÅ-h-V-ºEï¼-Mã-»ôP-¤Ûm-mm-GÅÞPÅ-

ÇezÅ-P-¼P-mÅ-h-Eïh-¼P-zÇo¤-¤-fÞz-m-z¸ô-fzÅ-¤ïhü Eïh-¼P-

¾-ÇeôP-¤Ûm-ºzÞ¾-VÅ-ºhÛ-zŸïÅ-¼ôGÅ-¾z-Çeï-vh-qÅü h-Eïh-ˆÛ-

w-h¤-q¼-ºzÞ¾-‚ïh-PÅ-¤-ºEï¼-fzÅ-ÇkÝG-VGÅ-ˆÛ-ºhÝG-qÅ-h-

ÇkÝG-¼ÞÅ-zMz-Çeï-ºEï¼-Mã-»Ûm-GÅÞPÅ-ÇezÅ-zÇo¤Å-ÅôP-zÅ-GP-

¾ïGÅ-‚ãP-ü hïïºÛ-XïÅ-¼ÛG-GmÅ-GÅ¼-zXï-ºGô-±ßGÅ-MãºÛ-Ÿïh-ÇoP-

PP-Í¼-¾Å-ˆP-¼P-GmÅ-ÅÞ-¤ïh-Hã¼-qÅ-¼P-GÛ-º±ô-dïm-GÅP-»Ûz-

mP-Å-wG-zMz-q¼-xÛm-mÅ-hÝÅ-»Þm-GP-º±¤Å-ÅôP-XïÅ-Å-wG-

MG-Å-¤-¼G-q¼-ZP-¼ºÛ-¤hº-¼Ûm-Vïm-±¾-ŸïÅ-q¼-Å-wG-MG-

q¼-xÛm-mÅ-¾Å-ºGô-¸Ûm-mÅ-Zô-¤Û-h¤G-¤ÛÅ-Z¾-DP-GÅ¼-MG-‚ãP-

m-Å-wG-Zô-¤Dm-»ôP-GÛ-¼ïh-¸ï¼-Ç+h-¾-¼ï-ÇKÝG-‚Å-mÅ-P-¼P-hP-

¾Å-¼ôGÅ-¼Û-M-„À-ƒP-GÛ-„Àô-hzP-P-GZÛÅ-mÅ-Å-wG-IPÅ-FÛ-GTÛG-

®¤-zMz-»ôhü hïºÛ-z¼-¾-Å-DÞ¾-£-Ÿô¾-±ôGÅ-DP-fÛG-zTG-‚ïh-

q¼-zÇ+Ý¾-zl-‚Å-hôm-xÛm-qÅ-£-Ÿô¾-=âºÞ-¼Ûm-¼Ûm-Vïm-¼z-zdm-

¾GÅ-ŸïÅ-qÅ-±ôGÅ-DP-fÛG-zTG-¾-z¿e-z¼-»ôP-Ÿô¼-¾-Eïh-¼P-

±ô-Å-wG-zMz-q-hï-hG-¤HôGÅ-qô-Gm¤-GÁÛÅ-¾Å-DÞPÅ-mÅ-±P-

¤-Zô-Mã-»Ûm-ºi-ŸïÅ-zÁh-‚ãP-¾ü hï-XïÅ-h‚¼-;ºÛ-V¼-q-ºzz-

ÁÝGÅ-Vï-¼Þ-ºIô-z-hP-ü Zô-¤Û-¤-‚ãP-z-hï-hG-±P-¤-ºyôG-z½ÀGÅ-

ÅôP-z-hï-hG-¼P-¾-HôP-GÝm-Vïm-qô-ŸÛG-¼ïh-hï-P-¼P-GTÛG-qÞºÛ-º±ô-

dïm-ÅôP-h;º-ÇkÝG-¾-Åï¤Å-mh-Vï-z-¼P-¤-‚ãP-¾-ZÛm-±ï-ZÛm-ºEô¾-

‚ãP-Çeï-μôGÅü ¤hô¼-mü hï-mÅ-Å-DÞ¾-¾Å-;-zÇ+Ý¾-zl-m¤-‚ãP-

¾-ºIô-hGôÅ-wÞhü Å-wG-hP-ü ¾-¤-Dô-m-zMz-Çeï-º±ô-dïm-‚Åü

»P-uÛ-¾ô- 1967 ®¤-¾-P-¼P-GÛ-Æâ-¤ô-Vß-ÁÝ¼-@m-IôP-ÆÅ-¾GÅ-

ˆÛ-fzÅ-IôGÅ-hï-Ç+Ý-±ï-¤-¸Ûm-hïÅ-Åï¤Å-ÇkÝG-GÛ-zÞ-¤ô-VßP-z-±ï-¼ÛP-

G»Þ-Oôm-½ÀâP-mh-ˆÛÅ-»¼-¿kP-¤-fÞz-q¼-GôG-ºIâ¾-MG-MãºÛ-m-±-

ºwôG-ÇezÅ-@P-IôP-qºÛ-Çtäm-Zï-±ôÅ-¿Ë-Å¼-P-¼P-¾-¾m-zbP-hôm-

Æâ-¤ô-¾GÅ-Ç+Ý-±ï-μôGÅü hïÅ-Aïm-‚Å-zÞ-¤ô-±ï-G»Þ-»P-mh-¤m¼-

¿UÛ-zÅ-¤¼-EãG-®¤-»ôP-hGôÅ-¾m-GÅ¾-‚ãP-»P-P-¼P-¾-ZïÅ-ŸÐ-

»ôh-ÇezÅ-hGôPÅ-q-vh-ˆÛ-¤-¼ïh-±ï-mô¼-Eïh-ºIô-¯ÛÅ-HÛÅ-¾z-Çeï-


P-¼P-GÛ-„Àô-ºhôh-¿e¼-IôP-¿Ëm-=âºÞ-¼Ûm-¼Ûm-Vïm-¼z-zdm-¾GÅ-ÅÞ-

GmÅ-ŸÝ-hGôPÅ-ºFô¾-»ôP-z-ŸïÅ-ŸÝÅ-qÅ-ºIÛG-GÛ-¼ïh-¸ï¼-bï-P-¼P-

zbP-‚ãP-ü Vß-ÁÝ¼-¾-º‚ô¼-hÝÅ-zÞ-¤ô-GZÛÅ-DP-VßP-z-±P-¿e-zÞ-

ŸÛG-mP-zÇkh-ºhÝG-¾-zÞ-¤ô-VßP-z-¾P-¤-fÞz-VGÅ-ÇezÅ-¤Û-ÁÛ-EÛ-

¾ÞÅ-º±ô-zºÛ-fzÅ-¾¤-®¤-¤ïh-q-¾G-ÇKô-ºVP-mÅ-Çkôh-Mã-¾Å-¤ïh-

ˆP-ü h-hÝP-Å-GmÅ-ºGô-ºFÛh-TÛG-¾-Ç‰m-GÅïP-ŸÝ-hGôÅ-ˆÛ-ºhÝG-

qÅ-¤Û-hïÅ-P-¼P-¾-MºÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-ºFÛh-Çeôm-‚ïh-q¼-P-¼P-mÅ-¯-

zºÛ-P-¼P-P-hGÝºÛ-¸ÛP-ŸÝGÅ-ZïÅ-Tm-»Ûm-»P-hï-mÅ-z¸ÞP-Vz-ÆÛh-

ˆÛ-¾¤-Çeôm-Mãm-¤¼-GmP-z¼-zdïm-hï-hG-¾¤-hP-¾¤-¤Ûm-Gô-dôG-

fÞz-ˆÛ-»ôh-¾z-ˆP-¤Þ-ºfÞh-μôGÅ-Mã-¤ïh-q-Mãm-¼ÛP-ºGô¼-‚ãP-ü

hïºÛ-Ç+zÅ-Vß-ÁÝ¼-Mãh-Çeôm-¾Å-hÝÅ-ƒï¾-¾P-Zï-ÅôP-ŸÛP-D-M-Æm-¾-

Vß-zbP-Çeï-zŸº-±m-ºhÝ-z-hP-hïºÛ-mP-GÛ-qh-D-ÇkôP-@P-hï-hG-

¾G-qÅ-ºfïm-ŸÛP-FïÅ-qô-¼ï-¼ï-‚Å-mÅ-G»Þ¾-D¼-hzô¼ü G»Þ¾-

DºÛ-xÛ Û-Bô¼-lô-¯ÛG-Z¤Å-GÅôü hï-zŸÛm-zÞ-¤ô-Lm-qºÛ-Z¾-Å-mÛ-Å-

ºDôh-¤-Ç‰ô¤-q-ºz¼-fP-ºzÞ¼-fP-Ghm-»P-ºhÛP-¤Û-ÁïÅ-q-¿e-zÞ-

ºhÝG-qÅ-Eï¤-GTÛG-hP-ÇÀï¾-qô-ŸÛÛG-ºEï¼-Å-±ÛGÅ-»G-Å-mÅ-Å-

ºô¼-mÅ-z¸ô-zTôÅ-zMzü hïºÛ-z¼-¾-ºGô-FÛh-Å¼-xÛm-zÞ-¤ô-VßP-

z-¿Ë-Å¼-Ç¨m-zTôÅ-¾-GbôP-¼ôGÅ-¾z-q¼-ºhÛ-xôGÅ-Çeôm-¾Å-hÝÅ-

ƒï¾-¾P-Zï-zÅ-hGôPÅ-q-»ôP-GÛ-¤-¼ïh-¸ï¼ü P-¼P-mÅ-Çeôm-¾Å-

¾PÅ-ˆP-¾Å-;-‚ïh-¤-fÞz-ÇezÅ-zÇkh-Gô-¤Û-Vôhü hï-zÅ-Ç¨m-zTôÅ-

‚Å-bï-m-±-iG-m-hïÅ-wm-fôGÅ-»ôP-Mã¼-hï-¯ÛÅ-hGôPÅ-q-»ôP-z-

‚Å-¤f¼-ZÛm-zhÝm-GTÛG-hGôPÅ-q-vh-‚ãP-z-zÞ-¤ô-Ç¨m-DP-¾-

zŸG-Çeï-zhÝm-GTÛG-®¤-;ï¼-¾PÅ-fÞz-®¤-‚ãP-z-hï-ºFÛh-hï-Vß-ÁÝ¼-

¾-zB¾ü

uÛ-¾ô- 1969 ¹- 8 mP-»Þm-Tßh-»m-JÀ ôG-DP-GÅ¼-qºÛ-

Vß-Ç~ äG-z¸ô-Ç+zÅ-ZÛm-ŸÛG-ºyÛm-¾Å-wÞm-±ôGÅ-¾GÅ-( 1935 ¾ô¼-¿Ë-Å¼-ºFâPÅü VßP-hÝÅ-mP-¼ôP-ÁG-ÇÀ ôz-IÔ-ÅôGÅ-ÅÞ-¾ô-zTß-iâG-®¤-¼ÛP-zôh-ˆÛ-¼ÛG-GmÅ-

¾-¢PÅ-q-GmP-ü zôh-h Ý -¼ ÛG-GÅ¼-Ç+zÅ-¼P-z®m-±ôGÅ-q-z®ßGÅ-q¼-dïm-GÅP-Gmh-

M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-ÁïÅ-bï-¤Û-¾ô-ÉÛ¾-qô-zTß-z®ôm-DP-mP-¤m¼-GTôh-iG-qô-¥P-ü GÅP-»Ûz-z®ôm-

DP-mP-zŸÝGÅ-¤ÞÅ-bï- 1978 ¾ô¼-ÇÀ¼-»P-z®ôm-IôGÅ-¤DÅ-hzP-M¾-¯ï-z-¤Gôm-qô-zÅôh-

m¤Å-¾GÅ-hP-¤Z¤-hÝ-M¾-GTïÅ-±ôGÅ-q-z®ßGÅ-bï-zôh-hôm-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-hPôÅ-ÁÝGÅ-zMãh-

GÅÞ¤-mÅ-M-Vï¼-Çtï¾-GmP-¤²hü h-Ç+zÅ-l-Å¼-zŸÝGÅ-»ôh- )mÅ-GÅÞP-hôm-&GôP-

Å-¤VôG-GÛ-Ç+Ý-Zï-»Ûm-±ß¾-ŸÛG-»ôh-q-hïÅ-ºwm-qô-DÞ¾-hP-DôP-¼P-

GÛÅ-¿Ë-Å-DÞ¾-OÛG-º²âGÅ-ÁÛG-º²âGÅ-zŸÛm-»ôh-¸ï¼-‚ãP-zÅü P-

¼P-mÅ-hï-ºi-±ôGÅ-q-z®ßGÅ-m-P-¼P-»P-hïºÛ-mP-Íï-º±ßh-‚Å-

qÅ-h-¿eºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-¾-‚Å-m-¤P-±ôGÅ-I¾-¼Û¤-hzÞ¾-qô-Dï-G®P-

z¸ô-Mã-»Ûm-±ß¾-»ôh-ˆP-XïÅ-ÅÞ-WÛ-»ôP-z¿eÅ-VôG-¸ï¼-‚ãP-ü hï-XïÅ-

Å-DÞ¾-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-ŸÛG-º±ôGÅ-ÅôP-z-hïºÛ-Ç+zÅ-ºyÛm-wÞm-¾GÅ-Vz-


GÅP-¾-xÛm-ÅôP-zÅ-P-¼P-mÅ-hï-hP-zÇeàm-mÅ-Vz-GÅP-¾-xÛm-

bï-P-GZÛÅ-GÅP-uôh-hÝ-º²ô¤Å-fôG-ºyÛm-wÞm-¾GÅ-mÅ-P-w¾-Vï¼-

º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-¤Û-»ôP-P¤-zÅ¤Å-ºhÝG-¸ï¼-zÅü PÅ-P-GZÛÅ-

z¼-HÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-zÁh-hGôÅ-hôm-¤ïh-qÅ-JÀïP-¤ô¾-GP-‚ãP-z-zÁh-

¤Û-hGôÅ-q-HÛÅ-¾z-qÅü DôP-GÛÅ-P-GP-»P-zÁh-ˆÛ-¤Ûm-¸ï¼-

mÅ-P-GZÛÅ-±ôGÅ-DP-mP-º²â¾ü hï-XïÅ-ZÛm-ÁÅ-mÅ-ºyÛm-wÞm-

¾GÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-hÝ-zTßG-ºhÝG-P-±ô-Å-DÞ¾-ŸÐ-»ôh-±ôGÅ-ºhÝºÛ-ºGô-

FÛh-Í-¤-VôÅ-Oôm-mÅ-Eïh-±ô-ºyÛm-wÞm-hP-ºƒï¾-z-»ôh-q-Dô-qÅ-

PôÅ-¾ïm-‚Å-»ôhü Eôh-±ôÅ-h-hÝP-PôÅ-¾ïm-‚-»Û-¤ïh-q-¼ïh-¼P-

GÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-Å-¼Þ¾-mP-Vß-º±ôG-fzÅ-»ôh-¤-¼ïhü hï-¯ÛÅ-PôÅ-¾ïm-

ÇS-Å-mÅ-ŸÝÅ-m-GÝ-»PÅ-fG-Vôh-»ôP-GÛ-¼ïh-TïÅ-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-m¤-

±ôGÅ-¾-zÁh-ˆP-ü PôÅ-mÅ-PôÅ-¾ïm-GP-»P-¤ïh-¾z-Çeï-ºGô-wÞh-

ÅôP-ü hïºÛ-Ç+zÅ-ˆP-¼P-¼ÛGÅ-n¤-IÔ-hzÞ-¤²h-fÞz-zÇem-¤VôG-

¾GÅ-G®ôÅ-ŸÐ-»ôh-n¤Å-¾-»Û-Gï-ºƒÛ-¼ôGÅ-‚Å-bï-GŸm-wm-zÅ¤-

q-»P-hzP-zdà¾-¾-hqG-qºÛ-wm-¼ôGÅ-GP-»ôh-ŸÝÅ-»ôhü hï-mÅ-

uÛ-¾ô 1973 ®¤-¾-Å-DÞ¾-fôm-Bïh-±ôGÅ-q-GÅ¼-z®ßGÅ-Ç+zÅ-

¿Ë-ÅºÛ-mÝz-PôÅ-Çeôh-¾ÞP-mÅ-GhôP-h;¼-GÁôG-ÇKô-z¼-JÀôG-DP-GÅ¼-

q-DG-iâG-GÅ¼-MG-¾Å-IÔ¼-Å-DÞ¾-mÅ-zbP-‚ãP-zÅ-P-¼P-mÅ-

lô-z¸ô-‚-¯ÛÅ-lô-z¸ô-ym-zÞ-ym-zÞ-‚Å-qÅ-hï-mÅ-‚P-Çeï-lô-z¸ôºÛ-¾Å-

ºGm-ºEï¼-mÅ-ZÛm-JÀ-M-ÇKô¼-GTÛG-hP-¤ôG-®ï-iâG-¼ï-hP-ü hï-mÅ-

M-ÇKô¼-GZÛÅ-¼ï-‚Å-mÅ-w¾-Vï¼-¾ô-GZÛÅ-®¤-zÇkhü hï-mÅ-Å-DÞ¾-

mÅ-¿Ë-Å¼-»ôP-hGôÅ-¸ï¼-hôm-¿Ë-Å¼-xÛm-»P-GÅ¼-hÝ-GmÅ-±ß¾-

ºhÛ-¼ïh-zXôh-¤Û-¤ïh-ÇezÅ-zôm-Áôh-ÇÀôz-IÔºÛ-Í¼-¾Å-¾-xÛm-bï-ZÛm-

JÀ-M-ÇKô¼-xïh-GÅÞ¤-¼ï-„ÀPÅ-ÇezÅ-¾G-hPÞ¾-¼P-¤Gô-¼P-¿kïP-‚ãP-

zÅ-¸Å-GôÅ-ˆÛ-ºWÛGÅ-q-¯-zºÛ-V-mÅ-Åï¾-‚ãP-ü hï-mÅ-¿Ë-GhôP-

Ám-DºÛ-Mãh-Å-ÆâP-h¤G-¤ÛºÛ-Çkôh-DP-MG-q¼-zbP-hôm-Í¼-¾Å-

‚Å-ˆP-P-¼P-Å-DÞ¾-mÅ-zbP-zºÛ-¤Û-ºzô¼-ZÝP-zÅü Çkôh-DP-

¾¤-ÅïP-zMG-fÞz-¤Ûm-¾-zdïm-M-¼ÛGÅ-¤Û-¿S-iâG-TÛG-¾-DP-q-

zôGÅ-¤¼-vh-hï-zMz-zTßG-ÅôP-z-hï-hG-ÇS-hGôP-¾Å-Mãm-¼ÛP-qô-

Í¼-¾Å-‚Å-bï-¾Å-xôh-È-TP-Vï-zÅ-h¤G-¤Û-Í¼-¾Å-¤Gô-ºFÛh-

mÅ-P-±ô-¾-ŸôGÅ-q-xÛ-qôü hGôP-iô-ÇS-qô-¾Å-fG-zTh-q-¾Å-ºGô¼-

Vïm-qô-ºhÝG M-¤Û-Í¼-¾Å-hï-hG-»G-qô-Ÿï-iG-ºhÝG-TïïÅ-¤Û-hGº-

zºÛ-n¤-ºHã¼-Çeôm-HÛ-ºhÝG hï-mÅ-ZÛm-GÅÞ¤-zŸÛ-¤±¤Å-ZÛm-GÝP-

»ô¾-ºIô-zºÛ-¿ËGÅ-q-ÁÝGÅ-Vïm-ŸÛG-zMz-mÅ-M-¤Û-¾Å-z¸ô-zÅ-

zMz-qºÛ-DP-q-¾ôG-ºIô-zÅ-¯ÛG-¸Þ¼-¾-ÇtP-¾ïz-zŸG-Çeï-;-GhÝP-

GÛ-Mz-Gmôm-z®ßGÅ-q-ÅôGÅ-GP-»ôP-‚Å-ˆP-¯ÛG-q-GP-®¤-¾ôG-


q-ºI¤-Bô¼-‚Å-q-n¤Å-ˆP-GÅ-Áô¼-Vïm-qô-VGÅü P-±ôºÛ-DP-

qºÛ-¯ÛG-¤fº-ÍÞ-¢º-ŸïÅ-¿UGÅ-ÁôG-GÛ-GŸÛ-Oô¤-ŸÛG-¾ôG-q-¾Å-hï-

¤Ûm-Bôm-GP-»P-‚ãP-¤Û-ºhÝG-qÅü Í¼-¾Å-ºGô-q-T×-bôºô-»-ŸïÅ-

q-»ôP-mÅ-Eïh-±ôÅ-¯ÛG-q-zdm-qô-»G-qô-zMz-ºhÝG-TïÅ-P-¼P-hP-

Ç+h-zNå¼-zÞ-ŸÛG-»ôh-q-P-GZÛÅ-Dô-qºÛ-h¤G-ÇK¼-mP-ºFÛh-hï-¿eô-

VÅ-Çeï¼-z-hP-hGº-±ß¾-n¤-q-»P-‚ïh-ˆÛ-ºhÝG »P-BÛh-¼Å-

IôP-¿Ëm-DôPÅ-fôm-Bïh-¼Þ-DG-GÛ-Í¼-qôºÛ-¾Å-IÔ¼-»ôP-¼ôGÅ-zXôh-

hôm-xÛm-mÅ-Tßm-Tßh-( zôh-h¤G-hzÞÅ-DP- )hP-¤Û-¤P-Ç¨m-DP-ÅôGÅ-

ˆÛ-¾Å-‚ïh-hP-ü h¤G-¤ÛºÛ-Z¾-DP-Í¼-¾Å-¾-Mãm-¼ÛP-xÛmü hï-

mÅ-£-Ÿô¾-¿Ëm-DP-DôPÅ-fôm-Bïh-¼Þ-DG-TïÅ-GÅ¼-z®ßGÅ-ˆÛÅ-Í¼-

¾Å-lô-z¸ô-z¼-»ôP-hGôÅ-zXôh-hï-xÛm-mÅ-¾ô-GTÛG-®¤-zÇkhü

uÛ-¾ô- 1976 ¤±¤Å-Ç+Ý-ÆâP-¿kÛP-hqôm-hôm-mô¼-¾GÅ-ˆÛÅ-

z Þ -‚¤Å-q-¾-»Û -G ï -zbP-mÅ-w-m ô¼-z Þ -; ôP-q ô -z®ôm-DP-hÝ -Ç + Ý -

±ï-¸Ûm-¤-ÅôP-¸ï¼-zºÛ-¾m-ŸÛG-º‚ô¼-‚ãP-zÅ-h-‚-zºÛ-¤fº-¾-fÞG-

q-»Ûm-HÛ-¼ïh-Ç‰¤-Çeï-¤Vôh-ºzÞ¾-‚ïh-fzÅ-¯-z-mÅ-¤ïh-¾ü ¼P-

GÛ-hq¾-º‚ô¼-ÇeïP-mÅ-ˆP-È-TP-DG-qºÛ-hÝÅ-VGÅ-»ôh-ÇezÅ-z=-

ÁÛÅ-VôÅ-JÀÛP-hÝ-zŸÝGÅ-qºÛ-Í-mï-¾GÅ-GTÛG-»ôh-q-hïºÛ-Å¼-¤¼-

hP-ü Á-¯¤-ym-zÞ-ŸÛG-ºEï¼-bï-zhÝm-±ÛGÅ-PïÅ-GÅ¾-zXôh-Mã-

¤ïh-ˆP-ºô¾-±ôh-ˆÛÅ-hÝÅ-±ÛGÅ-GTÛG-ºzÞ¾-GmP-»ôh-q-ŸïÅ-zB¾ü

hï-mÅ-¿UGÅ-IôP-¾G-Çeôh-q-±ï-hzP-mô¼-zÞ¼-¯ÛÅ-ºƒÅ-ÁÛG-zbôm-

¼ôGÅ-¾z-qÅ-w-h¤-q¼-ºW¤-hq¾-h‚PÅ-ˆÛ-Ç+Ý-zŸïPÅ-GÅÞPÅ-

q-hP-ü hï-zŸÛm-Bïh-¤-zÅôh-m¤Å-zÞ-ºFÛh-¾GÅ-hï-ZÛh-¾-ºFâPÅ-

dGÅ-xG-m-lô-Xï-ŸÛG-hï-ÇSôm-zŸïPÅ-»ôh-ˆP-¼ÛG-GmÅ-GÅ¼-zXïºÛ-

Ç+zÅ-G®P-Vß¼-zÁ¤Å-hGôÅ-‚ãP-z-hï-GZÛÅ-VzÅ-TÛG-zŸïPÅ-

hGôÅ-¾-¿ËG-q¼-hÝ-¼P-¼ï-zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-mP-VôÅ-ºhÛ-xÛ-GZÛÅ-wm-

½ÀzÅ-Vïm-¼Ûm-fP-GŸ¾-h;º-z-»ôh-ˆP-¼P-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-mÅ-¿Ë-VôÅ-

hGï-zü ¤Û-VôÅ-G®P-¤-hï-hG-GÛ-„ÀP-hô¼-±ß¾-zŸÛm-¤-‚ãP-z¼-¾Å-

ºƒÅ-Eh-zÅhü F¤-hP-G»ô-MãÅ-±ï-GTÛG-GÛ-zhï-z-IGÅ-q-

zTPÅ-qºÛ-¾Å-Pm-ºƒÅ-zÞ-hÝÅ-ÅÞ-Ç¨Ûm-q-¿e-zÞºÛ-hzP-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-ºhÛ-

Åï¾-zºÛ-fzÅ-¾¤-¾-ºzh-q-Vïh-¾ïm-hGôÅ-G¾-¤fôP-mÅ-ºwGÅ-

q-um-¼Å-G¸ÛGÅ-xG-ÇeôP-um-ÇeôP-Ç+Ý-Fâ-GP-hzÞÅ-ÅÞ-zŸïPÅü hïºÛ-

¸Þ¼-zŸÛ¼-ºW¤-hq¾-h‚PÅ-hP-ü xG-lô¼-»ôh-q-GÅï¼-fP-ŸÛG-

zŸïPÅ-bï-zŸÝGÅ-GmÅ-hï-ÇSôm-&GôP-Å-Vïm-qôºÛ-Ç+Ý-q¼-Vïm-¤ô-ŸÛG-

»ôh-qºÛ-¸ÛºÞ-¿Ë-DP-hïºÛ-mP-hÝ-Ghm-ºiïm-ŸÝÅ-bï-ÆÛh-WâÅ-¿ËàG-GbôP-

Ç+zÅ-mÅ-»ôm-Vz-hP-ü ZÛm-¼ï-¤¼-¤ï-¤Vôh-;ôP-VßP-PÞ-¼ï-ºzÞ¾-

fÞz-q-‚ãP-ü


¾ï-±m-zhÝm-qü

¾ô-GÅ¼-zbP-zºÛ-‚ãÅ-ZïÅ-hP-ü zôh-ˆÛ-

ÇeG-yâG-GŸôm-mÝ-±ôGÅ-q¼-

w¤-ZïÅ-‚ãP-zü

±ï-zdm-mô¼-MÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1959 Hïm-¾PÅ-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-XïÅ-

£-Ÿô¾-¾Å-Ÿô¼-¹ôÅ-G¼-DôPÅ-¾-º²â¾-z-hP-hï-XïÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1963

¾ô¼-Í¼-ºh¤-z¸ô-IÔºÛ-¾Å-‚ïh-‚ïh-¤ÞÅ-Ç+zÅ-ÁÛG-P-GZÛÅ-zôh-ˆÛ-

M¾-qô-¾ô-GÅ¼-GbôP-Mã¼-D-¸Å-hP-®G-®ÛG-IzÅ-GÁô¤Å-‚Åü hï-

mÅ-μôGÅ-¾ôºÛ-±ïÅ-zTô-zMh-ZÛm-zÞ-±ï-mô¼-mÅ-¤Vôh-¤ï-z;P-q-

hP-ü ±ïÅ- 30 ZÛm-D-¸Å-h;¼-Iô-VzÅ-TÛG-ÇÀ ô -¤-GP-ü ±GÅ-

Á| ¾ÞG-Áü Ç+¤-ÅïP-Çk ï¼-Vïm-GP-ü ±ôh-¤-ºGº-zTÅ-I-OÛG-

zôh-Å-wô-vï¾-¾ôºÛ-M¾-¾ô-hP-qôºÛ-±ïÅ-GTÛG-ZÛm-ŸôGÅ-q-dïm-ºƒï¾-

¤±ôm-¤-ºxãG-®¤-hP-ü ¤Vôh-¤ï-»ô¾-zÅ-¤hÝm-OÛz-ˆP-¤¼-¤ïºÛ-

iÛ-¤-mÛ-DP-q-Dô-m¼-GmÅ-¾-hï-¾Å-Ç+ô¼-G»ïP-¤-»ôP-m-¿Ë-M¾-¼ïhü

»ôP-z-»Ûm-m-¤Vôh-¤ï-Çt¼-z-ÁïÅ-ÁïÅ-q-¼ïh-hï-¾Å-¤hÝm-TôG-ÇeïP-

wÞ¾-m-¾ïGÅ-zÅ¤Å-mÅ-hï¼-Ÿ¾-D-xï-hïºÛ-ZÛm-±ï-mô¼-HÛ-Çtäm-VßP-

±ï-¼ÛP-ŸïÅ-q-²º-;m-Ÿôºô-ÇÀôz-IÔ¼-( zôh-Ç+h-hÝ-zôh-ˆÛ-¾Å-‚ïh-ÇÀôz-IÔ-¸ï¼-ŸÛP-ü hP-qô-GÅ¼-º²âGÅ-Ç+zÅ-hGï-ºôÅ-»Ûm-ŸÛP-XïÅ-ÅÞ-zôh-¿Y ôPÅ-ÇÀ ôz-Vïm-ŸïÅ-q¼-¤ÛP-Nå¼-

‚Åü )»ôhü hï-hP-G®P-»Þ¾-GTÛG-qºÛ-zÞ-GŸm-ŸÛG-zTÅ-¤Z¤-

º²ô¤Å-ZÛm-GÝP-¿eô-VÅ-z¸ôÅ-¸Ûm-¤±¤Å-hï¼-Å-DÞ¾-¤Z¤-£ï¾-ŸïÅ-

qºÛ-Ç+ô¼-G»ïP-»ôP-GÛ-ºhÝG-Dô-q-n¤Å-Á¼-¼ï-DP-q-Ç~äG-¤¼-º²â¾-

ÅôP-ü P-±ô-DP-VßP-¤hô¼-¼P-ºWGÅ-zÇkh-hï-mÅ-Ç+ô¼-G»ïP-z-

±ôÅ-¤Vôh-¤ï-hï-hP-ü D-¸Å-ÇÀô-¤-hï-GZÛÅ-¤¼-ºEï¼-»ôP-Çeï-P-¾-

»¼-¾ôPÅ-¸ï¼-‚ãP-zÅ-Åï¤Å-q¼-h-ºFÛh-¯ÛÅ-ºhÝG-zÅ¤Å-mÅ-

hGôPÅ-hG-¾z-zŸÛm-@P-¿Ë¤-Hôm-±¼-z-hP-P-¾-¤Vôh-¤ï -hï -

zÇ+Ý¼ü ±ï-mô¼-¾-D-¸Å-hï-zÇ+Ý¼-bï-Å-DÞ¾-¿Ëm-DP-¾-ºFÛh-‚ãP-

zÅ-hï¼-»P-Å-DÞ¾-HÛ-¤Û-¼ï-¸ÞP-ÇÀïzÅ-ºhÝG-¾-h-hÝP-ºFÛh-»ôP-GÛ-

ºhÝG-P-±ô¼-¾ôG-uôh-q-ÆÛh-GŸÝP-½‰ÛP-q-zB¼-¾PÅ-hP-¼ô-¾PÅ-

zMG-MãºÛ-©ôPÅ-hh-‚-Pm-ºhÛ-¿e-zÞ-‚ïh-q-ºG¾-ZïÅ-±zÅ-Vï-»Ûm-

±ß¾-D-Pm-¤P-qô-Áôh-ºhÝG hï-mÅ-P-±ô-Åô-ÅôºÛ-mP-mÅ-¾G-

zÇ+Ý¼-n¤Å-¼P-ºWGÅ-zÇ+Ý¼-bï-Q-lÝP-¼ô¾-V-h=ô¾ü ©ôPÅ-hh-

50 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü zôh-ˆÛ -ÇeG-yâG-GŸôm-m Ý -±ôGÅ-q¼-w¤-ZïÅ-‚ãP-zü 51

¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-¯-¤ïh-Gbô¼-w¤-GbôP-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-ºzôh-±ÛG-OôG-zŸÛm-

z¼-Fô¤-Ç+ô¼-¾-ºFÛhü Wô-zô-hzÞ-CºÛ-Å¼-ºzôh-±ÛG-OôG-zŸÛm-»Þh-

®¤-z;G-ÅôP-zÅ-P-¼P-Wô-DP-¾-h-¾ô-¤Vôh-¤ï-hP-¸Å-Ço-ºEï¼-

bï-G®ßG-¾G-DP-GÛ-ÇKô-D¼-GbôP-¼ôGÅ-ŸïÅ-zXôh-»Þ¾-¤ïh-¾-zXôh-

ˆP-¼P-¾-lÝP-lïG-ºwôG-Mã-¾Å-¤ïh-q-h-¼ïÅ-G®ßG-¾G-DP-GÛ-

G¸Û¤-ÇKôºÛ-¤hÝm-»ôP-Mã-‚ãP-z-mÛ-Aïm-Pm-IôGÅ-Á¼-HÛ-±ß¾-‚ãP-¤-

ºôPÅ-q¼-¾ô-GÅ¼-hGº-Çeôm-¾-¼P-hzP-hP-¿km-qºÛ-ÇKô-mÅ-Wô-zô-

»Ûh-zŸÛm-mô¼-zÞ-hPôÅ-¤W¾-fÞz-q-ÁôG-Ç‰¤-qºÛ-Ç¨ôm-¾¤-zbzü hï-

mÅ-»¼-ºFÛh-ˆÛÅ-BÛh-¼Å-Á¼-¿ËôºÛ-mP-zTßG-‚ãP-z-hï¼-¤D¼-D-

£P-Çeôh-qºÛ-Í-¤-¤ï-bôG-¾GÅ-hP-GZï¼-ŸzÅ-G®P-q-GZÛÅü iâP-

ºDô¼-zÅôh-m¤Å-ÇKP-qºÛ-z¸º-¹-zÅôh-m¤Å-qh-Oômü Ç¨Ûm-iâG-

Ç~äG-GÛ-Í-¤-zÅôh-Oômü ‚P-hPôÅ-lô-Xï-hPôÅ-Iâz-ˆÛ-z¸º-¹ü P-

¼P-hP-ü ±ï-mô¼-zTÅ-»ôh-hï-mÅ-¤Û-¼ï-¼ï-zŸÛm-iÛ-z-¾ïm-HÛ-ºhÝG-

qÅü P-¼P-GÛÅ-±ï-mô¼-Í¼-ºh¤-z¸ô-IÔ¼-xÛm-bï-»ôP-»ôh-¤-¼ïh-

P-¼P-mÅ-©ôPÅ-hh-¿e-zÞÅ-¤Vôh-¤ï-ºGïPÅ-Çt¼-±P-¤-‚Å-bï-mô¼-

ºFâ¾-Áô¼-ÅôP-±ï-mô¼-¾-ºG¾-º²ô¾-Çoï-GTÛG-¤ïh-¾z-ˆP-ü ZÛm-

ÁÅ-ÅôP-z-hP-P-¾-Eïh-¼P-mP-¾-¾ôG-MãGÅ-¸ï¼-mÅ-JÀôh-±ï-mô¼-

JÀôh-¤-‚ãP-WÛ-»Ûm-Ç‰¤-q-¾Å-GP-»P-¤-ÁïÅü hï-mÅ-Gô-Mã-Vz-¤hô-

ºwGÅ-q-¿ËºÛ-GÅô¾-hqôm-IÔ-¾ôG-„Àô-±ïºÛ-z¸º-¹-±ï-zdm-ŸïÅ-qÅ-

¤Z¤-ºƒï¾-ºGô-ºFÛh-¼ï-GÅÞ¤-¾-Bôm-ºhôGÅ-»Û-Gï-ŸÛG-±ï-mô¼-¾-

ºiÛ-¼ôGÅ-¾z-Çeï-ƒÛÅ-qºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-¾-zdïm-±ï-mô¼-ŸG-¤-zTô-¿S-

ZÛ-ÁÝ-z¼-Z¼-z-hP-ºfz-¯ôh-‚Å-mÅ-zbP-‚ãP-ü

uÛ-¾ô- 1966 ¾ôºÛ-Çe ôm-¤±¤Å-ºGô-±ßGÅ-qºÛ-M-¤ÛºÛ-¼ÛG-

GmÅ-GÅ¼-zXï-ŸïÅ-q¼-Hïm-¾ôG-q-hP-ü ¤Z¤-ºƒï¾-ŸïÅ-¿e-z-

GZÛÅ-»ôh-q-¾ïGÅ-ZïÅ-h‚ï-h;º-»P-ü ;Ým-¯ïºÛ-zÞ-d-¤IÛm-ÆÛ-f¼ü

Zï-¼ô-ƒG-GhôP-zÞ-ÆÛ-VôÅ-lô-Xïü z=Å-DP-zÞ-ÍÅ-¾GÅü ‚P-GÛ-

„À-¤-ŸÛG-GÛ-»P-ÆÛh-TïÅ-hôm-Iâz-¾GÅü ÅôG-qô-l-mºÛ-zÞ-¼ÛG-º²Ûm-

hzP-M¾ü(w-ÅôG-qô - ) ±ï-zdm-mô¼-MÅ-zTÅ-qÅ-hï-ÇSôm-¼P-GÛ-¾Å-

¼ôGÅ-Zï-z-hP-¤Z¤-z¸ô-IÔºÛ-Hïm-¾ôG-mP-zÇkh-hï-zôh-hôm-ºDÞ¼-

º²Ûm-ÇeG-yâG-±ôGÅ-q-ŸïÅ-qºÛ-¤ÛP-fôG-mÅ-M-h¤¼-¾-Lô¾-¾m-

vôh-fzÅ-OÛG-º²âGÅ-z¸ô-Mã¼-DÅ-¾ïm-¤ÛP-fô-¸ÞPÅ-FG-GÛÅ-z;ôh-

hï-¾PÅ-xôGÅ-z¸ôÅ-ˆP-ü ¼ÛG-GmÅ-GÅ¼-zXï-hï-w¾-Vï¼-¤Z¤-

£ï¾-ŸïÅ-qºÛ-xôGÅ-ÅÞ-M¾-D-ºEï¼-z-hP-VzÅ-TÛG-zôh-hôm-ºfz-

¯ôh-q-DG-μÛP-@Ýz-lô¾-bï-ÇeG-yâG-GŸôm-mÝ-±ôGÅ-qºÛ-±ôGÅ-¤Û-²m-

;¾-Ÿô¾-( zôh-¿Y ôPÅ-¾Å-‚ïh-ÇÀ ôz-IÔ -)ÇÀôz-yâG-DG-TÛG-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚ïh-

Ç+zÅ-M-¾Å-ˆÛÅ-Í¼-ºh¤-z¸ô-IÔ¼-Pô-¾ôG-q-»ôh-q-P-±ôÅ-ÁïÅ-‚ãP-

52 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü zôh-ˆÛ-ÇeG-yâG-GŸôm-mÝ-±ôGÅ-q¼-w¤-ZïÅ-‚ãP-zü 53

z-¼ï-¼ï-zŸÛm-fï¼-ºhôm-‚-Mã-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-zXôh-q-P-¼P-GÛÅ-Gô-‚ãP-z-

±ï-zdm-¾-²P-;¾-Ÿô¾-( zôh-¿Y ôPÅ-¾Å-‚ïh-ÇÀ ôz-IÔ- )¾-hï-¿e¼-‚ãP-ºhÝG-

Dô-±ôÅ-Eïh-¼P-±ôºÛ-IÛz-ÅôºÛ-μÛ-±ô¼-zÅ-GmÅ-±ß¾-lô¾-Mã-¤-GbôGÅ-

ºIm-Lô¾-fÞz-fzÅ-¤ïh-qÅ-zÁh-Mã-»ôh-m-Áôh-ÁôG-¾z-qÅ-Eôm-

mÅ-zÁh-Mã-¤ïh-TïÅ-¸ï¼-bï-¤¼-hôm-ÅôP-ü DôP-¼P-GÛ-W-h;¼-hï-

M-TôG-ÇKP-GÛ-¤hÝm-hï¼-zbôm-ºhÝG-q-PÅ-±ß¼-„ÀPÅ-mÅ-z¿e-Ç+zÅ-

Mãm-ºhôGÅ-Vß-±ôh-¶-ÅÛ-=ÛP-ŸÛG-»ôh-q-mP-hÝ-„ÀâGÅ-mÅ-DïzÅ-GTôh-

G»ôGÅ-bï-zŸG-ºhÝG-q¼-Åï¤Å-ÅÞ-P-¾-zÁh-¤-mÝÅ-q-¤-GbôGÅ-

Zïm-zl-‚ãP-mÅ-lôG-VÅ-OÛG-ºhÝG-zÅ¤Å-‚ãP-»P-¼P-ºWGÅ-

zŸG P-¾Å-Å¼-»ôh-qºÛ-ZÛm-ŸÛG-®ßºÞ-=P-( ±ôGÅ-VßP-GÛ -ºGô -ºFÛh- )

)PºÛ-¤hÝm-»ôP-mÅ-¾Å-‚ïh-q-D-ÁÅ-ˆÛÅ-P-mP-hÝ-»ôP-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-

zl-zB¾-z¼-zbP-±ß¾-zÁh-‚ãP-zÅ-G-¼ï-»Ûm-m¤-Åï¤Å-zŸÛm-

w¼-ºIô-Ç+zÅ-¾Å-‚ïh-q-D-ÁÅ-P-ÇKÝG-mÅ-zÇkh-ºhÝG-q-¤ÛP-hP-

Çtäm-¤Vïh-»ôh-h¤-ŸïÅ-iÛÅ-‚ãP-z-Í¼-ºh¤-z¸ô-IÔ¼-±ï-zdm-mô¼-

MÅ-ŸïÅ-q-»ôh-TïÅ-¾m-zbzü DôÅ-M¾-Dz-¾-Mz-Gbôh-ˆÛ-¾Å-

Pm-±zÅ-Vïm-zÅGÅ-»ôh-Eïh-¼P-GÛ-mP-hÝ-»ÛG-V-hP-T-¾G-¤P-

qô-»ôh-TïÅ-zÁh-ˆÛ-ºhÝG-qÅ-¤¼-zbôm-mÅ-¯ÛÅ-vh-m-P-±ôÅ-ÇSôG-

hGôÅ-¤ïh-¯ÛÅ-vôh-¤-‚Å-m-±P-¤-ÇSôG-zÁï¼-‚-Mã-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-zÁh-

‚ãP-z-GP-»P-¤-¬Å-q¼-ÇKô-»ô¾-»¼-zˆG-mÅ-mP-hÝ-ºôP-hGôÅ-

qºÛ-zl-vh-qÅ-mP-hÝ-º²â¾-mÅ-±P-¤-zÇSôGÅ-bï-»ÛG-V-»ôh-q-

±P-¤-M-TôG-ÇKP-ÇtäPÅ-ÅôP-z-PÅ-h;¼-»ô¾-hï-zTG-hôGÅ-¿e-zÞÅ-

ÇKô-Mz-bà-ÇtôÅ-qÅ-Dô-±ô-¤Z¤-M-h¤G-ŸÛG-»ôh-q-hïÅ-¾¤-ÅïP-h;¼-

»ô¾-mP-z¿eÅ-ÅôP-z-Vß-±ôh-¤fôP-Çeï-»Þm-GP-®¤-z¿eÅ-XïÅ-¼P-

ºWGÅ-DïzÅ-GTôh-zMz-ÅôP-»P-¤WâG-bà-μÛP-@Ýz-zlô¾-PïÅ-»Ûm-

qÅ-±ï-mô¼-HÛ-¼ïh-¤-¾z-m-¤Û-ºIÛG-¾z-m-ZïÅ-ºGm-GP-ºi-ŸÛG-

ºFÛ¾-»ôP-P¤-zÅ¤Å-TÛ-‚-Gbô¾-ƒ¾-¿e-zÞ¼-GmÅü »ÛG-VºÛ-mP-

Dô-q-±ô¼-hGôÅ-q-GTÛG-AP-¤ïh-Aïm-Dô-±ô-¤¼-xÛm-bï-M¾-ÇKôºÛ-Mz-

ÇÀ ïzÅ-Ç+zÅ-h¤G-¤Û-hï-zB¼-¾ôG-mP-hÝ-Á¼-¼ï-»ôP-Çe ï-wô¼-qºÛ-

DïzÅ-GTôh-xï-mÅ-¤²âz-¤ô-z®ßGÅ-bï-Ç+h-zl-¤Û-ºyôh-ˆP-Vß-±ôh-

zŸG-»ôh-qºÛ-zl-ŸÛG-vh-mÅ-xÛm-ÅôP-zÅ-¤ÛºÛ-¼Û-¤ô-mP-hP-ÇeG-

GÛ-¼Û-¤ô-xÛ-ŸïÅ-q-¿e¼-mP-GÛ-Åï¤Å-hï-ÁÛm-bà-dôG-h;º-z-ŸÛG-¼ïh-

zÅ¤Åü GôP-GÅ¾-¤Û-n¤Å-ˆP-uÛ-¾ô- 1969 ¾ô¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-

‚Å-mÅ-zŸG-Ç+zÅü P-¼P-¾-Eôh-±ï-zdm-mô¼-MÅ-hP-EÛ¤-

±P-GTÛG-bà-zÇkh-»ôh-ÇezÅ-DôºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-DG-Eôh-mÅ-PôÅ-¾ïm-

hGôÅ-Mã-zXôh-‚ãP-»P-ü Dô-q-±ôÅ-¾Å-DÞPÅ-mP-Pm-±ôGÅ-WÛ-‚Å-

Çoï-GTÛG-ŸÝ-Mã-¤ïh-TïÅ-±ÛG-fG-G®P-¤-zThü ±ï-zdm-mô¼-MÅ-


z®ôm-¾-º±ßh-hï-fôG-¤-T-Tï¾-FâºÞ-( ¾Å-IÔ-ŸÛG- )ŸïÅ-q¼-»ôh-±ß¾-Gô-

fôÅ-‚ãP-zÅ-hï¼-f-¤G-hP-¸-¼ÛGÅ-ym-zÞ-¾Å-‚ïh-zMãh-zbP-hï-

XïÅ-hï¼-¤Û-ºhÝG-qÅ-G¼-»ôh-»Þm-¼ÛP-Gô-ÁïÅ-¤-‚ãP-hï-mÅ-GÅP-

»Ûz-z®ôm-DP-Vïm-¤ô¼-zTßG-»ôh-±ß¾-Gô-fôÅ-‚ãP-mÅ-¸-VÅ-hP-

f-¤G-ÇkôG-Çeï-Å-DÞ¾-ÍÞ-»ôm-¾Å-DÞPÅ-ÅÞ-hGôPÅ-ŸÝ¼-xÛm-qÅ-±ï-

mô¼-Dô-z®ôm-q¼-Eïh-Å-DÞ¾-ŸÐ-»ôh-q-ºIô-¤Û-VôG-GŸm-¤Û-JÀ-OÛG-

hï-¤Ûm-P-±ôÅ-zB¾-z¼-zbP-VôG-¸ï¼-»P-Dô-q-±ôÅ-zB¾-Mã-DG-

qô-¼ïh-Ç‰¤-Çeï-BÛh-¼Å-Å-DÞ¾-hÝ-Çkôh-q-ºW¤-h‚PÅ-Oô¾-¤ºÛ-zÞ-¼Ûm-

Vïm-±ï-hzP-zbP-ü ¤¼-º‚ô¼-¾m-¾-f-¤G-GbP-¤-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-

¾m-º‚ô¼-»P-ºhÛ-Iôm-hPÞ¾-¾-h;º-P¾-ºyh-hôGÅ-bï-¾z-q-¾Å-

Åï¤Å-ºGm-Vïm-qô-»ôh-hÝÅ-¾P-Áô¼-f-¤G-PïÅ-q¼-ºfïm-hGôÅ-ˆÛ-

¼ïh-Ç‰¤-Çeïï-ºV¼-Tm-zbP-zÅ-Ç+zÅ-TÛG-hï-ÇSôm-f-¤G-zbP-z-mÅ-

GP-®¤-xÛ¼-zÇ+Ý¼-‚Å-ºhÝG-qÅ-h-w¾-Vï¼-Åï¤Å-fG-zTh-q-»Ûm-

HÛ-¼ïh-zÅ¤Å-mÅ-f-¤G-zÇ+Ý¼-Mã-¤±¤Å-zŸG-‚Å-q-»Ûmü ±ï-

mô¼-¾-D-¾G-zbP-zºÛ-È-»P-VßP-VßP-ŸÛG-»ôh-q-hïºÛ-¤fÛ¾-iïG-

ÇeïP-Wô-Eïh-Ç+Ý-±ï-»Þm-¼ÛP-zdm-q-ÁôG-TïÅ-»Û-Gï-ƒÛÅ-ºhÝG hïºÛ-

ÇSôm-®¤-¾-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-qºÛ-zÅ¤-wô-±ï-hzP-zÅ¤-ºwï¾ü JÀP-

¤fôP-hPôÅ-Iâz-wÞm-±ôGÅü ºyÛm-¾Å-VôÅ-ºwï¾ü væ¾-Ç+ Ý -VôÅ-

M¾-lô-Xïü ©-‚-ÇeôzÅ-º‚ô¼ü „Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-ÅôGÅ-Ç‰ÛP-ÇeôzÅ-

Tm-HÛ-m-GŸôm-¤Û-IPÅ-hGÝ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-¿Ë-Å-Çtô-zô-fP-Çkï¼-hÝ-

¤Û-¤P-ºhÝ-º²ô¤Å-Å¼-FÛ¤Å-fG-zTh-hï-GÝP-fP-Mãh-¼Û-¤±¤Å-

IôG-ÁÝ¼-ŸÛG-bà-h¤¼-GÅôh-zbP-ü hïºÛ-XïÅ-ÅÞ-±ï-mô¼-»P-ÆôG-fôG-

GbP-Mã-Gbm-ºDï¾-»P-hïºÛ-z¼-M-mG-mÅ-ÆôG-FÛ¤Å-zbP-¤Û-VôG-

qºÛ-b¼-ºyÛm-º‚ô¼-z-¾-zdïm-mÅ-GôP-GÅ¾-¼Ûm-hzP-¾ô-zTß-zhÝm-

hP-±ï-mô¼-¾ô-zTô-¿S-hï-mÅ-¼Û¤-qÅ-¾ô-±h-z¸ôÅ-bï-zŸG-fôG-±ï-mô¼-

mÅ-z®ôm-DP-mP-Nå¼-zTôÅ-GP-¾ïGÅ-‚ãP-±ß¾-HÛÅ-¾ô-GZÛÅ-VG-

»P-zbP-ü hï-Ç+zÅ-zôh-ˆÛ-Å-V-GP-Å¼-M-Lô¾-¼Û¤-q¼-‚ãP-»ôh-

q-w¾-Vï¼-¤Û-¼zÅ-GÅ¼-qÅ-G®ô-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛÅ-mÝÅ-q-ºhôm-Çtï¾-‚Å-

ºhÝG-¼P-¼ï-M¾-Å-¿Ë-¿Ëm-DÞ¾-uÛ-¾ô- 1955 ¾ô-®¤-mÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1967

z¼-BïÅ-qºÛ-yâ-GÝ-n¤Å-¼P-GÛ-w-¤ºÛ-h;º-fÞz-hP-ü º±ô-GôÅ-z=ïm-

qºÛ-Gmôm-ÁÝGÅ-hzP-GÛÅ-GôP-GÛ-¾ô-mP-GÛ-‚ÛÅ-q-n¤Å-‚ÛÅ-„ÀôºÛ-¯ïh-

¤ô-¯ï-Mã¼-hô-ÇoP-¤ïh-q-¼P-GÛ-EÛ¤-±P-Dô-mºÛ-º±ô-zºÛ-Åï¤Å-mh-

»ôh-q-VGÅ-bï-¯¤-q-Zô-Å¼-I¾-º²Ûm-‚ïh-qü ¿UÛ-ÁÛP-OæG-qü ¾Å-

JÀ¼-¾ô-m-¤-Åôm-»P-¾ô-±h-¤fô-®¤-»Ûm-zXôh-hï-¾Å-;¼-ŸÝGÅ-qÅ-

ÇÀôz-IÔ¼-ºIô-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛ-Bôm-V-‚ãP-»P-ü ̄ -zºÛ-¼P-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-

z¯ï-Ÿïm-zdm-qô-»ôh-qü ¾ô-m-LÅ-q¼-GÝÅ-z;Ý¼-¤Û-uôh-z¸P-qôºÛ-


n¤-qÅ-M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-zôh-ºhÛ-z;Å-z;ôh-Mãh-º²Ûm-ƒm-G»ôG-¾¤-

Æô¾-VïÅ->À->À ôü VïÅ-¤Þm-mG GhÝG-¯çz-»Ûm-qºÛ-iÛ¾-zOGÅ-

ÇÀôz-IÔü ¤P-±ôGÅü ±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-GP-Å¼-Ez-Çtï¾-‚ïh-q-hï-hG-¾-

»Ûh-VïÅ-Åï¤Å-º²Ûm-¤ïh-qü uÛ-±ôGÅ-ÇeïP-¤Û-Lm-q¼-ÇS-¼zÅ-¤ïÅ-

qôºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-‚ãP-z-Áôh-¼ôGÅ-TïÅ-¼ï-ºhÝm-zbôm-bï-Zm-q-ÅôGÅ-¼P-

¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-ÁÝ¾-º²Ûm-Pô-GmôPÅ-¤-hGôÅ-q-»ôP-¼ï-hP-ü hï-zŸÛm-

Lm-qô-DG-mÅ-ºhÛ-ºi-GPÅ-Tm-ŸÛP-¤Gôm-n¤Å-ˆÛ-fÞGÅ-Xï-Ç¨ôm-

¾¤-¾Å-‚ãP-z-»Ûm-qºÛ-ºhÝm-q-‚ïhü

M-h¤¼-HÛ-¼ÛG-GmÅ-GÅ¼-zXï-ŸïÅ-qºÛ-mP-Hïm-¾ôG-hP-ü ¤Z¤-

£ï¾-GZÛÅ-ÅÞ-D-HïÅ-ºfz-¯ôh-¤P-qô-‚Å-XïÅ-hïºÛ-mP-¼P-¼ï-zôh-

¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-M-zôh-ºDôm-º²Ûm-»ôh-hz¼-ºDôm-¯ôh-ÇÀôP-ºhÝm-zTPÅ-

bï-Ç‰ï-¤ô-Å-fôG-bà-Í-mï-ºyÛm-¾Å-VôÅ-Oôm-HÛÅ-ºGô-ºFÛh-zôh-¤Û-Hïm-

¾PÅ-±ôGÅ-qÅ-M-h¤¼-hP-ºfz-ºFâG-nô-P¼-¿km-q-‚Å-ÁÛP-Pô-

Lô¾-Hïm-¾P-hïºÛ-¤ï-¿U ï -¼Ûm-Çt äPÅ-hP-ü ºÞ-»ÞG ÁPÅ-n¤-JÀ ÛP-ü

GŸÛÅ-¯ïü ºWh-¤fôP-Ç¨ômü P¤-¼ÛP-zTÅ-ÅÞ-¼Û¤-HÛ-Ez-q-¤-¸h-

¿Ë-Å-hP-ºƒÛ-¼Þ-zTÅ-ÅÞ-»P-zôh-¤Û-hÝ¤-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-M-Lô¾-ºIm-¹-

º²Ûm-»P-M-h¤G-¤P-Ço ï-ZÝP-GÛÅ-zÇeïm-fzÅ-ƒ¾-¤f¼-zôh-¤Û-

n¤Å-w¤-ZïÅ-Áô¼-mÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-q-n¤Å-uÛ-¾ô- 1969 ¾ô-

Ç‰ï-¤ôºÛ-Í-mï-ºyÛm-¾Å-VôÅ-Oôm-HÛÅ-G®ôÅ-zÞ-¾ô-zTß-iâG-hP-zTß-

zhÝm-¾-Åôm-q-GZÛÅ-ÅôGÅ-¤Û-IPÅ-zTß-iâG-¿Ë-Å-Çtôô-zô-JÀÛP-DºÛ-fP-

Çkï¼-hÝ-Ez-zOGÅ-ˆÛÅ-Åï-¼ºÛ-hÝ¼-Fôh-ºhzÅ-hôP-ƒâÅ-bï-h¤¼-

zÅôh-zbP-ü hï-ZÛm-hÝÅ-±ÛGÅ-GTÛG-Hã¼-HÛÅ-Ç‰ï-¤ô-Å-fôG-bà-GôP-

¤Û-zTô-zMh-mÅ-Zï¼-GÅÞ¤-z¼-h¤¼-GÅôh-zbP-ü hï-ºƒï¾-ºƒÛ-

¼Þ-μôP-GTÛG-qÞ-mÅ-h¤G-ºFâG-Ç+zÅ-zÅh-q-zM-Ç+ ô¼-hP-zôh-

h¤G-w¤-ZïÅ-‚ãP-XïÅ-Ç+zÅ-hïºÛ-zôh-qºÛ-h¤G-uÛ-zôP-P-VôÅ-XïÅ-

G®ôÅ-¤Û-zM-Ç+ô¼-¼P-ÁÛ-zMz-q-hP-¤Û-IPÅ-ÅÞ¤-ÇeôP-zMh-zM-

º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-XïÅ-ÅÞ-¤Û-IPÅ-zMh-zM-®¤-¾Å-JÀôh-ºIô¾-¤-

‚ãP-z¼-¤P-Vï-z-z®ôm-DP-mP-ÇkÝG-GÅôh-hP-¤Þ-ÁÛ-fïzÅü h¤¼-

zÅh-zbP-z-PG-hzP-¢Ûm-qü ¼Ûm-Vïm-lô-Xïü ºƒô¤-m-VôÅ-Xïü

Í-ÇSGÅ-„À-¤ü ÇeG-ÇSGÅü »z-h;¼-»G qh-z¸P-I-Ÿ¾ü =ï-

»ÞPÅü „À ôÅ-ºG¾-z=-ÁÛÅü ±ßGÅ-ºwï¾ü Í-MÅü h;ôm-¤VôG-

VôÅ-ºwï¾ü ÇtPÅ-h;¼-Í-zÞü z=-ÁÛÅ-„À ô -z¸P-ü ¢Ûm-q-f¾-

º±ßzü mG-q-z=-ÁÛÅü d-¯ïü »ÞPÅ-h;¼-z=-ÁÛÅü PG-hzP-

wÞm-±ôGÅü hGï-Lm-ÅôGÅ-Eôm-Çkô¤-hqº-Lôh-IPÅ-zŸÛ-zTß-Ÿï-zŸÛ-

¤Û-¤P-¤hÝm-Ez-zOGÅ-ˆÛÅ-¤ï-ºwïm-‚Å-bï-ÆôG-z;Ý¤Åü hï-zŸÛm-

ÅôG-μôP-ü ƒG-Vïm-μôP-ü ÇeïP-Vïm-μôP-ü hq¾-ºz¼-μôP-ü T-


¾Û-μôP-ü GZº-¼ôP-μôP-ü mG-Vß-μôP-ü Í-¤hô-Çe ôh-¤-μôP-ü qP-

D-μôP-zTÅ-ÅÞ-zôh-M-GZÛÅ-iG-ºfz-±zÅ-Vï-hP-zôh-¤Û-hÝ-¤-h¤¼-

zÅh-zbP-»ôh-ˆP-IPÅ-PïÅ-ŸÝ-¤-fÞzü ¿Ë-Å-DÞ¾-hÝ-»P-»¼-fôm-

qºÛ-DÞPÅ-mÅ-;ôP-qô-z-VôÅ-º‚ô¼-hP-IôP-Eï¼-ZïÅ-ŸÐ-G»ôG-q-mÅ-

ºƒÛ-¼Þ-„À-¤-VôÅ-M¾ü ¤P-±ôGÅ-Fôh-mÅ-£-Ÿô¾-¿YP-±-±P-mP-

Çkôh-©ô-©ô-fz-DïzÅ-ŸïÅ-qÅ-Ç‰ï-¤ôºÛ-Í-mï-¾ô-VßP-hï-ºi-ÆôG-fôG-zbP-

z-wPÅ-q-¾-hï-¾Å-P-±z-bà-zÅh-mºP-VôG-¾z-qºÛ-Zï¼-¾ïm-¾-©ô-

©ô-»P-ÆôG-fôG-¾-zbP-q-¼ïhü GôP-GÛ-hï-hG-mÛü ºƒÛ-¼Þ-mÅ-»Ûm-

q-¿Ë-Çkôh-„À-¤-VôÅ-M¾-¾GÅ-mÛ-JÀP-¤fôP-GÛ-zÞ-M-G¼-¾-ƒôÅ-‚ô¾-

ºIô-¤Û¼-¤ô-zMz-q-hP-ü ºƒÛ-¼ÞºÛ-¤P-±ôGÅ-mÅ-zÇSô-dïm-wÞ¾-z¸ôÅ-

‚Å-q-¼ïhü »¼-fôm-IÅ-;ôP-qô-VôÅ-º‚ô¼-mÅ-zTô-zMh-Mz-Bå¼-

zTß-GZÛÅ-qP-hÝ-¾ïm-ŸïÅ-hï-ÇSôm-zôh-ˆÛ-IôP-iG-¾-G»ôG-qô-wô-¾-JÀ-

ºƒâ-ºzô-zTô-zMh-hP-wô-»×-ŸïÅ-GÝ-fÞP-z¸ô-‚ïh-Ço¤-zÞ-h;¼-qô-¿kïP-

¼ïü ¤ô-G»ôG-¾-zTô-¿S-¤ô-»×-ŸïÅ-ºƒâ-ºzô-zTô-¿S-Ç¨h-G»ôG-Mã-Ço¤-

y-¿kïP-¼ï-vôh-q-hï-hG-¤ïh-q-h-V-¸-ºƒâ-Zô-Mã-hï-»P-¾ô-ºDô¼-GTÛG-

¾-ºƒâ-ºzô-zTß-GZÛÅ-¾Å-¤ïh-¸ï¼-z-hP-ü Dô-¼P-Çkôh-Å-BÛh-¼Å-

Å-DÞ¾-hÝ-»ôh-qºÛ-Å-DÞ¾-ºGô-ºFÛh-z¿e-Ç+ô¼-¾-»ôP-z¼-dàG-iÛ-zbP-

z-hï-mÛ-ºGô-ºFÛh-¾-BG-q-z¸ô-zXôh-q-ŸÛG-»Ûmü GŸÛ-¯-¤Û-Pm-ºhÛ-

±ôºÛ-zÅ¤-„ÀôºÛ-mP-uÛ-±ôGÅ-Ç‰ÛP-q-¼ô-¾PÅ-zMG-Mã-Dô-m-zÅ¤Å-

zÇkh-»ôh-¼ïh-¸ï¼-z-hï-®¤-¾-ÆôG-fôG-zbP-z-hï-mÛ-zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-

¾-z¯Û-¤fôP-bÛ¾-ºƒâ-®¤-¤ïh-q-GŸm-¾-ºWÛGÅ-zÇ+Ý¾-Vïh-¤ÛºÛ-¾ÞÅ-

ÆôG-hï-hG-ÇoP-¤ïh-zïh-uôh-zbP-z-»Ûmü ¿Ë-Å¼-£-Ÿô¾-IôP-¿Ëm-

DôPÅ-ŸÐ-»ôh-zÅ¤-wô-zÇem-º²Ûm-hôm-Iâzü Ç¨ôm-JÀÛP-ºyÛm-¾Å-lô-

Xï| Ç‰ï-¤hô-‚¤Å-q-zÇem-º²Ûmü P-¼P-ü hï-zŸÛm-±ôP-Vïm-hP-ü

Á-±ôP-ü ÇKô-»PÅ-qü Eôm-¤Û-zTô-zMh-zTß-hGÝ-ºw¼-VGÅ-»ôhü

hïºÛ-mP-IÔ-zŸÛ-¤hº-hqôm-¸Þ¼-q-zÅ¤-wô-zÇem-º²Ûm-hôm-Iâz-¾GÅ-

DôP-hï-ÇSôm-Çkï-hqôm-¤Û-iG-Vïm-qô-ŸÛG-GÛ-¤Û-Mãh-»Ûm-ŸÛP-¼P-¼ï-¤Û-

Mãh-z¸P-Pm-zÁh-Æô¾-»ôh-q-zŸÛm-zÇem-hôm-¾GÅ-DôP-BïÅ-Mãh-

¿km-qºÛ-¤Û-z¸P-»-¼zÅ-uôh-±ß¾-ºhô¼-¤ïh-»ôh-q-¤Pômü GP-

Ÿï-mü Ç¨ôm-JÀÛP-ºyÛm-lô¼-¾-Eïh-¼P-¤-TP-¯ïh-¤ô-¯ï-Mã-»ôh-¤-¼ïhü

hqï¼-m-hï-ºiºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-HÛ-Bôm-VÅ-ƒôÅ-‚ô¾-‚-hGôÅ-‚ãP-m-Eôh-

ƒôÅ-ƒô¾-»ôP-hGôÅ-hôm-GP-»Ûm-iÛ-mü PÅ-¤-VP-zMz-qºÛ-Bôm-

VÅ-ƒôÅ-‚ô¾-¾-»ôP-q-»Ûm-zXôh-m-hï¼-ÅÞ-GP-GÛÅ-Åï¤Å-ºDÞ¼-¤Û-

‚ïh| Vz-ÆÛh-ˆÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-fôG-ƒôÅ-‚ô¾-‚ïh-hGôÅ-‚ãP-ŸïÅ-zXôh-

Mã-»ôh-m-¤Û-±ôÅ-hï-¾-Åï¤Å-ºDÞ¼-‚ïh-¤Dm-»ôP-GÛ-¼ïh-TïÅ-ÇÀôz-

Çeôm-GmP-ü DôP-GÛ-¤Û-±ïºÛ-¡-½ÀzÅ-ŸïÅ-q¼-GÅ¾-z-¿e¼-¾Å-‚ïh-


G»Þ¾-M¾-ŸïÅ-qÅ-hGôP-iô-ŸÛG-ŸÐ-»ôh-±ôGÅ-ºhÝºÛ-Ç+zÅ-zÇem-hôm-

¾GÅ-ÅÞ-GÁï-GÁï-¤P-qô-zbP-hï-mÅ-Dô-q-»¼-¾PÅ-bï-xÛ-¾-fôm-ÅôP-

zÅ-hïºÛ-ÁÝ¾-hÝ-zÇem-hôm-¾GÅ-G¸Û¤Å-DÞG-mÅ-zŸÝGÅü ŸÐ-»ôh-

©ï-¼Þ-hGï-zÇ+ôÅ-„Àô-z¸P-ºWÛGÅ-¤ïh-qÅ-G»Þ¾-M¾-¾GÅ-ˆÛ-GÁï-

GÁï-hïÅ-zÇem-hôm-¾GÅ-ˆÛ-½À âP-¾-wm-qô-‚ãP-z-ºiü DôP-GZÛh-

DÞG-ºhÝG-TïÅ-P-¾-¸ï¼ü »P-IôP-Eï¼-»ôPÅ-¾-¿+ôG-±ôP-ŸÛz-ºWâG-

±ßGÅ-Ç+zÅ-zÇem-hôm-¾GÅ-d-ºfïm-fï¼-Gï-GbôP-GmP-»ôh-qÅ-DôP-

GÛ-PôÅ-¾ïm-¾-PÅ-ÇK-¼Û¾-ºDô¼-¾ô-»-GTÛG-z®ôP-q-»Ûm-hï-¾-GôP-

G-±ôh-‚Å-»ôh-¤ïh-¯-z-mÅ-PïÅ-GÅ¾-ŸÝ-Mã-¤Û-ºhÝG »P-ºDô¼-

¾ô-GTÛG-z®ôP-q-»Ûm-»P-ºDô¼-¾ô-hï-¾-»P-¼Ûm-GôP-GP-‚Å-ŸÝ-Mã-

¯-mÅ-¤Û-ºhÝG-TïÅ-ÇS-XïÅ-GZÛÅ-;-¼Ûm-GôP-ºhÛ-‚ãP-ŸïÅ-PôÅ-¾ïm-

¯-mÅ-¤-‚Åü »P-hï-¤±¤Å-£-Ÿô¾-h¤PÅ-z®ßGÅ-ÇÀôz-IÔºÛ-mP-

Çtô¤-¤hº-¾-GÅ¼-zXïºÛ-ºfz-¯ôh-‚ïh-Mã¼-¤P-±ôGÅ-hP-I¾-¼Û¤-

ŸÐ-»ôh-zTÅ-Ç+ôP-º±ôGÅ-‚Åü hïºÛ-¤±m-¤ô-ŸÐ-»ôh-±ôGÅ-ºhÝºÛ-

Å¼-hï-¼ÛP-±ôGÅ-Vïm-HÛ-z;º-ÇÀôz-¾-zÅ¤-±ß¾-¼ï-¼ï-zXôh-hGôÅ-

zÁh-‚ãP-zÅü zÇem-hôm-¾GÅ-mÅ-hï-¼ÛP-ÇS-iô-±ôGÅ-ºhÝºÛ-Ç+zÅ-

¼P-PôÅ-ŸÐ-»ôh-TÛG-»Ûm-hÝÅ-¤P-±ôGÅ-hP-ºi-ºi-¤Z¤-¤Z¤-‚Å-

m-¤Û-ºIÛG-zÅ¤Å-mÅ-¤WâG-TÛG-bà-zÇkh-qÅ-MP-zOGÅ-¯-z-mÅ-

Gô-»Û-¤Û-ºhÝG-hï-mÅ-ZÛm-GÝP-D-¾G-zbP-mÅ-zB¼-hÝ-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-

º±ôG-Mã-‚Å-ÅôP-zÅ-h-¼ïÅ-±ôGÅ-ºhÝºÛ-GÅÞP-zÁh-G¸z-G¸z-TÛG-

Zm-hGôÅ-Ç‰¤-Çeï-MP-zOGÅ-»ôh-ÅºÛ-¤±¤Å-hï-¼P-¾-xÛm-bï-zÇkh-

q-»Ûmü h-ºôü Åô-GTÛG-m-mÅ-MP-IGÅ-¯-z-mÅ-Zm-fÞz-¤-‚ãP-

zÅ-h-¼ÛP-GÛ-±ôGÅ-ºhÝºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-Çoï-GTÛG-Gô-¤-‚ãP-zÅ-P-¼P-

GÛ-zÅ¤-±ß¾-ŸÝ-Mã-¤ïh-GÅÞPÅ-bï-fG-zThü hGôP-iô-ŸÐ-»ôh-±ôGÅ-

ºhÝºÛ-fôG-zÇem-hôm-¾GÅ-mÅ-Zï-hÝÅ-ÆÛh-GŸÝP-mÅ-P-¾-hPÞ¾-ÇKô¼-

zM-hP-¿S-zTß-»Ûm-m¤-ZÛÅ-zM-¿S-Tß-»Ûm-PïÅ-Gbm-ŸÝ-Mã-¤Û-ºhÝG-

ˆP-hï-GmP-‚ãP-zÅ-hï-ŸÐ-»ôh-±P-¤-¾-hï-ºi-ŸÛG-vh-q-»Ûm-m¤-

P-GTÛG-qÞ-¾-vh-»ôh-h¤-Ç‰¤-ŸÐ-»ôh-GŸm-¾-iÛÅ-q-hï-ºi-P-±ô-¾-

vôh-ˆÛ-¤Û-ºhÝG-¸ï¼-HÛ-hï-w¾-Vï¼-P-¼P-GTÛG-qÞ-¾-vh-GmP-ºhÝG-

q-hï-mÛ-P-¼P-¾-ÆÛh-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-G¸ÛGÅ-BôP-GmP-ºhÝG-Ç‰¤-mÅ-

hGº-qô-‚ãP-GÅÞP-q-hï-mÛ-¼P-Áïh-Tm-ŸÛG-»Ûm-m-hï-ºi-GŸm-HÛÅ-

¤Û-ÁïÅ-q-¼P-ZÛh-mÅ-ˆP-M-mG-ÆÛh-GŸÝP-¾-Pô-hGº-n¤-ºHã¼-Çeôm-

q-hP-VzÅ-TÛG-h-hÝP-GŸm-¾-Bôm-ºhôGÅ-GÅP-zl-zB¾-ÆÛh-

q-ŸÛG-Gôü

62 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü zôh-ˆÛ -ÇeG-yâG-GŸôm-m Ý -±ôGÅ-q¼-w¤-ZïÅ-‚ãP-zü 63

¾ï-±m-zMh-qü

ZïÅ-ŸÐ-wÞh-XïÅ-hP-ü Ç+Ý-±z-±ôGÅ-q-

fïPÅ-ÇS-XïÅ-GÅÞ¤ü

uÛ-¾ô- 1983 mP-M-h¤¼-mÅ-mG-ZïÅ-ŸÐ-¤ô-wÞh-XïÅ-P-

¼P-GÛ-¤ÛG-hzP-¾-Bôm-Áô¼-Aïm-ÆÛh-WâÅ-ym-zÞºÛ-¿Ë àG-GbôP-hP-

zÇeàm-¿Ë-Å-mÅ-¤¼-ZôÅ-bï-G®P-¾-Çtäm-yâG-¤D¼-Ç¨h-G®ô-zô¼-Hã¼-

qºÛ-Çtäm-Zï-DG-¾-ºƒâ-hP-zXï-º±ôP-‚-¼ôGÅ-¼ï-Ç+Ý¾-HÛÅ-ºƒâ-n¤Å-

¿Ë-Å¼-±ôP-zNå¼-‚Å-bï-º±ô-fzÅ-º²Ûmü

±ï-zdm-mô¼-MÅ-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôz-XïÅ-Å-DÞ¾-£-Ÿô¾-ŸÛP-qºÛ-¤Iôm-

DP-GÛ-ºIâ¾-fô-ºGôh-¤Û-‚ïh-¤ÞÅ-uÛ-¾ô-zMh-TßºÛ-mP-ºIâ¾-DP-GÛ-

¾Å-¤Û-n¤Å-hGº-¿km-hGômü zÅ¤-»Åü z=-ÁÛÅ-¿Ë àm-qôü Å-

B-ÅôGÅ-¾-GmÅ-Ç+ô¼-ºIô-Ç+zÅ-zôh-hôm-ºzôh-Ç+Ý¾-»ÛG-Bå¼-¤P-

qô-ºIï¤Å-Çtï¾-‚Å-q-M-¤Û¼-¾m-zl-‚ãP-z-¼ïh-TïÅ-hôm-hÝ-±ï-mô¼-

º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-Çkôh-DP-ÇSôG-zÁï¼-‚Åü hïºÛ-hÝÅ-±ï-mô¼-HÛ-Bïh-

¤-¾GÅ-mh-¤m¼-hÝ-GmÅ-»ôhü hïÅ-Åï¤Å-Çk ÝG-½À âP-mh-¿e-zÞÅ-

Bïh-¤-¤±¤Å-¾GÅ-Ç¨m-DP-hÝ-Ç+ Ý-±ï-¤-¸Ûm-ÇezÅ-Ç+Ý-wÞP-P-¼P-

GÛ-ÁG-bà-Ghm-ºiïm-‚Å-fôG-±ï-mô¼-¤ºÛ-Ç+Ý-wÞP-¤W¾-®¤-‚ïh-q¼-

¥-Pm-¤±ôm-‚ïh-ŸG-Çkôh-VôG-q-Å-GmÅ-ºGô-ºFÛh-¾-‚Å-ˆP-hôm-

¤-Åôm-ÇezÅ-±ï-mô¼-¤ºÛ-Ç+Ý-wÞP-¾-¤W¾-h¼-ŸÛG-wÞ¾-bï-¤ÛºÛ-zhï-ÇkÝG-

z¿e-BôP-Ç+h-TÛG-®¤-¤ïh-q-z®ôm-DP-¾-ºFÛh-ÅôP-ü hï-¾ô-mÅ-z¸ÞP-

¿Ë-Å-DÞ¾-hI-hGº-GZïm-ÇkÝG-zôh-GŸôm-z¼-ºE¤Å-ˆÛ-mh-»¤Å-

Ez-ºGô-±ßGÅ-Aïm-w-¤-ÅôGÅ-»-¼zÅ-uôh-z¸P-zÇÀz-‚¼-Zm-

Åï¤Å-¤ïh-q-uÛ-ÇKï¼-;Ým-¾-Gmôh-qºÛ-FÛ¤Å-ºG¾-‚-Pm-Mãm-º‚¤Å-

ÅÞ-Hã¼ü hï-Ç+zÅ-‚ÛÅ-q-n¤Å-fôG-¤-ÇÀ ôz-¢ôP-GÛ-Gô-Ç+zÅ-GP-

º±¤Å-fôz-»ôh-ˆP-ü ¼P-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-¼ÛG-GŸÝP-ÇÀ ôz-ºFÛh-¤-

‚Å-qü ¾Å-DÞPÅ-±P-¤Å-M-»ÛG-Dô-m-zïh-uôh-GbôP-ÇezÅ-GmÅ-

Ç+zÅ-¼P-¼P-¸Å-GôÅ-¤fÞm-Aïm-»ôP-¼ï-MºÛ-Ç+h-»ÛG-¾-¯ô¾-z-‚ïh-

hGôÅ-Á¼ü ÇÀôz-yâG-GÛ-»ÛG-±h-zM-VºÛ-zTh-GŸÛ-Iâz-ˆP-M-¤ÛºÛ-

¾Å-‚ïh-qºÛ-‚ÛÅ-q-hï-ºi-±z-bà-zTßG-Çeï-¼P-GÛ-fôz-fP-¤-vh-q-

ÅôGÅ-Ço-GP-Å-mÅ-zôh-yâG-¾-ÇkÝG-HôP-Mãm-¤fÞh-zbP-zÅ-»Û-¤-

¼PÅ-qºÛ-DôP-FôºÛ-n¤-qÅ-ÇÀôz-IÔ¼-¤-zBôh-q¼-W-DP-hP-ü VP-

64 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü ZïÅ-ŸÐ -w Þh-XïÅ-hP-ü Ç+ Ý -±z-±ôGÅ-q-fïPÅ-ÇS -X ïÅ-GÅÞ¤ü 65

DP-ü ̄ ïh-¼ÛGÅ-¯ïh-q¼-zBôh-ÇezÅ-¤ÛG-¿eôÅ-Pm-qºÛ-M¾-D¤Å-

z½ÀGÅ-GŸÛ-VGÅü zôh-qÅ-¼P-Å-z¸ÞP-Ç+zÅ-zÞh-¤ïh-¾-Bï-ÇK ô -

z;G-TïÅ-q-zôh-VôÅ-¿km-ŸÛP-D¤Å-¾-¾G-¾ïm-¿e¼-zŸG-¤ÛP-®¤-

Gô-Mã-¤ïh-q-hï-hG-hï-ÇSôm-M-¤ÛºÛ-zXôh-±ÛG-¾-GÅï¼-¾-ÅôGÅ-BïÅ-

wô-¤ôºÛ-Mm-VÅ-hôm-¤ïh-ˆÛ-hPôÅ-VÅ-ÁÛG-¼ïhü hï-zÅ-¿UGÅ-¸PÅ-

zhG-qô-zMz-m-hï-hG-hGôÅ-¤Dô-¤P-qô-zCæm-fÞz-qºÛ-hPôÅ-qô-

z¸P-qô-»Ûm-±ß¾-¤P-qô-Áôh-ˆP-hôm-¾-M-¤ÛÅ-GÅï¼-¾-È-TP-z¯Û-

Vïm-qô-‚ïh-¾-¼P-¼ï-¤ïÅ-M¾-¾-¤Û-¤P-qô-hGôÅ-ˆP-hï-ÇSôm-z;Å-

z;ôh-ŸÛP-ƒm-¾¤-¾ÞGÅ-ˆÛÅ-IÔ-z®ßm-¤P-qô-z¸ôÅ-q-hïÅ-¤Û-ºzô¼-

Wï-ZÝP-ÅôP-zÅ-Bôm-Vïm-qô-z¸ôÅ-q-¼ïh-¸ï¼-z-h-V-hï-¾Å-¿kôG-Çeï-

yâ-GÝºÛ-Bï-ÇKô-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-z;G-q-hï-hG-¾-yâ-GÝ-Bï-¤Û-VôG-qü hï-¾Å-

ºG¾-±ï-ZïÅ-Vh-ÇKô¼-zM-mÅ-zhÝm-zM-z¼-vôh-hGôÅ-ˆÛ-»ôhü

uÛ-¾ô- 1985 hP- 1986 ¾ô¼-M¾-¯ï-¤Û-¤P-Ç¨m-DP-

¸ï¼-z-¼Þ-ŸÛP-ºƒôG-¤Û-¤P-yâ-GÝ-¾ÞÅ-¾-ºDô¼-m-hï-hG-GÛ-ZïÅ-Vh-

Oæz-dïm-¤ïh-q-n¤Å-Ç¨m-DP-hï¼-Bï-ÇKô-ºGôG-q¼-zÞh-¤ïh-º±P-G-

ÁÛG-ÁÛG-»ôh-ˆP-Z¾-DP-hï¼-Z¾-FÛ-ZÝP-¾-hï-zŸÛm-yâ-GÝ-ºhôm-zTôÅ-

‚Å-bï-¾ÞÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-zhï-fP-»ôh-¤Ûm-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-¾-¤-¿eôÅ-q¼-zÞh-

¤ïh-Ç¨m-DP-hÝ-»ôP-ÇS-xÛ-GôP-¼Û¤-OÛG-Çeïï-zhÝm-yG-¼ï-ÅôP-¤±¤Å-

Z¾-DP-mÅ-ºIô-hGôÅ-qºÛ-¾¤-Æô¾-¿e¼-ºIô-hGôÅ-z¸ôÅ-ºhÝG-¾-

zÞh-¤ïh-¤P-qô-M¾-¯ï¼-GmÅ-G»¼-‚Å-mÅ-Z¾-FÛ-ÇKÝG-mÅ-Çkôh-

hGôÅ-¾-mh-¾ôG-zMz-mÅ-mh-GTôP-VGÅ-qºP-‚ãP-ºhÝG-q-hP-

GŸÛ-¯-¼P-¼ï-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-uÛ-hP-Eh-q¼-ŸÛP-ºƒôG-¤Û-¤P-GÛ-¤ÛºÛ-zhï-

Çk ÝG-¾-±ô¼-ÇoP-hô-ºDÞ¼-¯-z-mÅ-¤ïhü EÛ¤-±P-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-Åï¤Å-

Tm-¾-Gmôh-º±ï-¤Û-wôh-qºÛ-zÅ¤Å-qÅ-yâ-GÝ-zhï-z¼-BïÅ-zTßG-mÅ-

ZïÅ-Vh-M-ÇKô¼-zŸÛ-zM-f¤-q-vhü BïÅ-qºÛ-yâ-GÝ-zÞ-¤ô-»Ûm-qÅ-

hï-¾-¤ÛP-zŸÛ-zM-Oô¾-¤-ŸïÅ-zbGÅ-q-»ôPÅ-IGÅ-¼ïhü

uÛ-¾ô- 1979 ¹- 9 ±ïÅ- 13 ZÛm-M-G¼-zŸÝGÅ-ÇK¼-

mÅ-GŸÛÅ-¾ÞÅ-¤-Û¤P-GÛ-º±ô-zºÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-WÛ-ºi-»ôh-¤ïh-G¸ÛGÅ-

Ç+ ô¼-hÝ-uÛ-Ez-¤Dm-¸Þ¼-„À ô -z¸P-zÅ¤-Gbm-hP-ü ºWâ-Vïm-fÞz-

zÇemü ÇeG-¤±ï¼-wÞm-±ôGÅ-z=-ÁÛÅü „Àô-z¸P-h¼-MÅü z=-

ÁÛÅ-ÇeôzÅ-MÅ-Tm-¿Ë-Å¼-Vïh-wïzÅ-bï-DôP-n¤-q-¾ô-hïºÛ-¹-z- 9

±ïÅ- 25 ¿Ë-Å¼-º‚ô¼-bï-xÛ-ZÛm-G®ßG-¾G-DP-GmÅ-G¸ÛGÅ-¾-

wïzÅ-Ç+zÅ-zôh-¤Û-ºGº-ŸÛG-mÅ-ÁïÅ-±ô¼-‚ãP-z-wm-±ßm-GÅP-

zlºÛ-ÇeïP-mÅ-zôh-¤Û-º‚ô¼-¼Û¤-±P-¤-G®ßG-¾G-DP-GÛ-¤hÝm-Wô-

zô-hzÞ-C-Mãh-ºhÝ-º²ô¤Å-‚Åü hï-mÅ-Ç+Ý-Pô-n¤-q-G¸Û¤-ÇKôºÛ-ºGG-

wïzÅ-zÇeàm-¤P-±ôGÅ-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-Ç+Ý-Pô-„Àô-z¸P-zÅ¤-Gbm-¤VôG-

66 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü ZïÅ-ŸÐ -w Þh-XïÅ-hP-ü Ç+ Ý -±z-±ôGÅ-q-fïPÅ-ÇS -X ïÅ-GÅÞ¤ü 67

G®ô-zô¼-Hã¼-qºÛ-Ç+Ý-¤hÝm-hÝ-zT¼-bï-hGº-ºzôh-PP-Ç+Ý-G¸ÞGÅ-¾-

ºf¤-ºEãh-hqï-¤ïh-ŸÝÅ-q-hP-ºƒï¾-GŸÛÅ-ˆÛ-¤P-±ôGÅ-z®m-M¾-

M-h¤¼-HÛ-Gmôm-z®Û¼-ºôG-¤Û-»Þ¾-hÝ-zôh-¤Û-»Û-hÐGÅ-ˆÛ-ºEG-z=ïÅ-

¤Þm-JÀÛP-Hã¼-q-hï-h;¼-GÅ¾-Oôm-ºôh-¤hPÅ-ºyôºÛ-PP-±ß¾-HÛ-±ô¼-

ÇoP-ºGô-±ßGÅ-ÅôP-ü hï-mÅ-ºV¼-Tm-M-h¤¼-HÛ-zTß-qºÛ-GTÛG-

GÛ-M¾-Çeôm-hÝÅ-Vïm-¾-mô¼-JÀÛP-hÝ-G¸ÛGÅ-¤ô-±ßGÅ-bï-¤P-±ôGÅ-mÅ-

Ç+Ý-±z-±ô¼-zŸïÅ-VP-Ÿ¾-bôG-wÞ¾-mÅ-ÇS¼-Æô¾-ºHã¼-¤ïh-h¤-º²Ûm-

»ôh-¸ï¼-zºÛ-n¤-q-¤±ôm-‚ïh-n¤-f¼-zbP-ü Ç+Ý-±z-n¤Å-mÅ-

ˆP-Vïm-qôºÛ-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-¤ïh-q-ÅÞÅ-Ghm-iPÅ-ˆP-hï¼-uÛ-¤±ßPÅ-

Ç+Ý-zŸÝGÅ-ˆÛÅ-z;º-¤ô¾-¿ËàG-qô-GmP-Ç+zÅ-¤P-±ôGÅ-zÅ¤-qºÛ-

ÇeôzÅ-ÁÝGÅ-¸z-¤ô-ºwï¾-»P-M-h¤¼-zºÛ-GÅP-MºÛ-i-z-È-TP-h¤-

qô-»ôh-ÇezÅ-zÅ¤-ºhÝm-WÛ-¤-WÛ-zŸÛm-GÅô¾-zºÛ-„À ô-Çt ôzÅ-Ÿm-q-

¾Åü GŸm-Ç+Ý-Pô-„À ô -zÅ¤-zŸïÅ-VP-zŸïÅ-q¼-¤P-±ôGÅ-mÅ-Ç+Ý-

P ô -zŸïÅ-VP-¤P-qô -¤-zŸïÅ-¼ôGÅ-¯-hôm-¾-Bôm-Áô¼-»ôP-ŸïÅ-

h¤PÅ-Fôh-mÅ-Ç+h-ºzôh-‚ïh-¤Dm-»P-‚ãP-ü hï¼-Ç+ Ý-Pô-¤VôG-

mÅ-Eïh-¤P-±ôGÅ-fÞGÅ-F¾-¤-GmP-¼ôGÅ-P-IÛz-q-D-zlz-ˆP-

Gbô¼-¤-¤Vm-DÞP-ºôG-mÅ-JÀôh-¤Û-»ôP-ü ŸïÅ-ˆP-GÅÞPÅ-‚ãP-ü hï-

¤±ßPÅ-;Ým-¯ºÛï-zÞ-d-¤IÛm-ÆÛ-f¼-¾GÅ-mÅ-GôP-GÅ¾-G¸ÛGÅ-Ç+ô¼-

zºÛ-fôG-Å-GmÅ-zhï-ÇkÝG-»Û-Gï-GTÛG-wÞ¾-z-ŸÛ-‡¤-hP-z¸º-¹-zÅ¤-

zÇem-hzP-¤ô-GZÛÅ-Å¼-¾ÞÅ-zÇkh-q-hï-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-ŸÛ-‡¤-HÛÅ-Å-DÞ¾-

¾Å-DÞPÅ-ÅÞ-vh-q-hï-q¼-ÇÀôG-zMz-Çeï-»ÛG-Pô-xÛ¼-ÇÀôG-»ôh-ˆP-ü

hï-XïÅ-G¸ÛGÅ-Ç+ô¼-z-M-G¼-¾-xÛ¼-¾ôG-GmP-XïÅ-d¤-ÆÛh-¾GÅ-

º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-ZïÅ-Vh-¾ô-zTßº¤-zTß-GZÛÅ-ÁÛG-zbP-»ôh-ºhÝG-

P-¼P-Tm-mÅ-¿S-zTß-P-hGÝ-mÅ-hÝÅ-hïºÛ-z¼-M-h¤¼-z®m-º²â¾-

qºÛ-GhÝG-¯çz-¾-zdïm-Ç+Ý-GÅÞP-fÞGÅ-dïmü hGï-ºhÝm-HÛ-Çkï-hP-zTÅ-

¯-z½ÀGÅ-zbP-±ß¾-¾-ÅôGÅ-»Þ¾-¾ÞP-uÛºÛ-hÝúDºÛ-Ç‰m-ŸÝ-GTÛG-ŸÛ-

ÆÅ-±P-GÛ-zÞ-±ï-zdm-zMãh-ºWâ-Vïm-fÞz-zÇem-¾-wÞ¾ü

hïºÛ-XïÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1980 ¾ô¼-z=Å-¤fôP-zÇem-º²Ûm-n¤-

M¾-HÛÅ-G®ôÅ-Ç+Ý-±z-GŸôm-mÝ-¤Û-¿S-wïzÅ-¤Iôm-DP-¾-zŸÝGÅ-bï-

hïºÛ-¼-zºÛ-mP-¤P-±ôGÅ-¤Û-¿S-iâG-¾Å-¤-º²ô¤Å-ˆP-DôP-n¤-q-

¤Û-¼ï-wïzÅ-bï-zŸÝGÅ-¤ô¾-fôG-zôh-ˆÛ-Ç+h-»ÛG-ºhÛ-Gmh-ºGG-Vïm-

qô-»Ûm-»P-ü DôP-ºGº-ŸÛG-ºW¼-¤m-¾-ÅôGÅ-M¾-Dz-GŸm-¾-

zÇkh-hï-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-ºhÝÅ-Çkôh-¤ïh-ÇezÅ-M¾-Dz-hïºÛ-¼P-GÁÛÅ-¾-

¿eôÅ-hGôÅ-qÅ-zôh-ˆÛ-Ç+h-»ÛG-È-TP-Bô-qô-»ôh-qÅ-Eïh-n¤Å-hGôPÅ-

ºG¾-¤Û-zŸïÅ-q-P-¼P-±ôÅ-¼P-Bôm-PôÅ-¾ïm-hP-zÇeàm-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-

mm-qôÅ-Ç+h-»ÛG-»¼-MÅ-GbôP-GÛ-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-hP-ü hï-zŸÛm-zôh-ˆÛ-

68 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü ZïÅ-ŸÐ -w Þh-XïÅ-hP-ü Ç+ Ý -±z-±ôGÅ-q-fïPÅ-ÇS -X ïÅ-GÅÞ¤ü 69

Ç+h-»ÛG-¼ÛG-GŸÝP-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-‚-Mã-¼P-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-¤hÝm-¾¤-G¾-Vï-»Ûm-

±ß¾-¾-ÅôGÅ-ŸÛz-mm-GÅÞPÅ-ˆÛ-ºhÝG hï-mÅ-hGº-¿km-GÅï¼-

fP-hÝÅ-Vïm-Dï¾-z-hï-hP-zÇeàm-¤P-±ôGÅ-hP-Ç+Ý-±z-GŸôm-mÝ-zŸÛ-

zTÅ-wïzÅ-bï-hGº-¿km-Ghm-Å-Vïm-qô-hïºÛ-º²Ûm-VÅ-GP-»ôh-

Ç¨ ôÅ-TÛü ±ôGÅ-Vïm-ºhÝ-DP-ü DP-±mü IÔ-ÁG-hP-zTÅ-ˆÛ-ÁÛP-

V-±P-¤-¤ïh-q-HP-¼ô-Á-wô-¼-¿km-¾-D¼-fôm-q-¿e¼-B-¼ôG-Gï-zŸG-

»ôh-q¼-zdïm-¤P-±ôGÅ-n¤Å-VôÅ-Çk ï-GP-hÝ-ÅôP-»P-GTÛG-¾Å-

GTÛG-Wï-ÇkÝG-z¸ôÅ-q-hï-hP-ü M-VïºÛ-¤P-±ôGÅ-º±ô-zºÛ-fzÅ-¾¤-

Ÿm-¾ü Å-lôºÛ-P¾-z-¿Y Ûh-qô-zbP-zºÛ-DôP-FôºÛ-¤ï-Ç~¼-z-hP-ü

VzÅ-TÛG-GŸôm-mÝ-zŸÛÅ-ˆP-hGº-¿km-Ghm-Å-¯-z½ÀGÅ-zbP-z-

¤ÛG-¾¤-hÝ-¤fôP-hÝÅ-¼P-hzP-¤ïh-q-»Ûh-©ÞÅ-D¼-¤P-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-DôP-

FôºÛ-n¤-ºHã¼-G¸ÛGÅ-ÇezÅ-hï-hG-GÛÅ-Aïm-‚Å-ÇÀôz-Çe ôm-GÅÞP-

zÁh-GmP-hÝÅ-ÇkÝG-zÇS¾-HÛ-¤ÛG-Vß-Áô¼-z-ÅôGÅ-‚ãP-ü hï-Ç+zÅ-

P-¼P-GÛ-Pô-ÁïÅ-zÅôh-ÇeôzÅ-¾GÅ-ŸïÅ-Zïm-dôG-qºÛ-ºGô-ºFÛh-IÅ-

»Ûm-q-hï-XïÅ-ÅÞ-¿Ë-Å¼-º‚ô¼-mÅ-zXôh-hôm-hGº-¿km-hGôm-hÝ-P-¼P-

±ôÅ-hôGÅ-G¸ôm-‚Å-mÅ-¾¤-¸Þ¼-ºIô-ºôP-‚Å-q-¾Å-¾¤-GŸÝP-ÇeïP-

Á¼-zBôh-xÛm-m-¤P-±ôGÅ-mÅ-ZïÅ-lÝP-GbôP-fG-Vôh-¼ïh-¸ï¼-‚ãP-

¾| hï-ÇSôm-zôh-MºÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-ºG¾-¹-iG-qô-»ôh-qÅ-¤P-±ôGÅ-mÅ-

M-¤ÛºÛ-¾Å-‚ïh-Gbô¼-Mã-w¼-zŸG-ŸÛ-¤ô¾-Ç+h-ºzôh-®¤-‚ãP-¤Û-

ºhÝG-ˆP-¼P-¿Y ôPÅ-M-¤ÛºÛ-ºGô-ºFÛh-mÅ-h¤G-¾Å-ºÞ¼-Vï-zÅ-

ºGm-¤Û-z¸ôh-GmÅ-±ß¾-H¼-Zïm-b¼-ºyÛm-zbP-z-GP-‚Å-Ç+Ý-±z-

GŸôm-mÝ-zŸÛ-M-mG-¾-¤¼-wïzÅ-hGôÅ-‚ãP-ü

»P-hïºÛ-XïÅ-®¤-Xï-z®ßm-qj¨-¾GÅ-M-mG-zMãh-hï-»¼-¾¤-

zôh-¼ÛGÅ-ÇÀôz-IÔ-DG-¾-G¸ÛGÅ-Ç+ô¼-hP-£GÅ-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-ÇÀôz-IÔ-

z-n¤Å-¾-ÁïÅ-»ôm-¢PÅ-ºƒÅ-GmÅ-±h-z;º-ºiÛ-GmP-mÅ-zôh-

¿YôPÅ-¿Ë-Å¼-wïzÅ-zÇeàm-Ghm-Å-Vïm-qô-GÅÞ¤-hP-G®ßG-¾G-DP-

mP-¤P-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-º²ô¤Å-fôG-uÛ¼-zôh-ˆÛ-¤Û-n¤Å-¼P-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-

GTÛG-ºHã¼-»Ûm-qºÛ-PôÅ-º²Ûm-hP-wm-IôGÅ-z¿e-BôP-hGôÅ-PïÅ-

ˆP-ü hïP-xôGÅ-¤fº-mÅ-»ôP-zºÛ-m-GŸôm-DG-GTÛG-hP-hï-zŸÛm-

¿Ë-Å-IôP-Eï¼-mP-GÛ-m-GŸôm-DG-GTÛG-wm-±ßm-hqÞP-Áïh-ˆÛÅ-ºFâG-

º²ÛP-‚ïh-»ôh-±ß¾-¤Û-¾ïGÅ-qºÛ-Gb¤-Pm-ym-zÞ-Gô-»ÛÛ-ºhÝG hï-

ºi-mÛ-È-TP-fzÅ-ÇkÝG-GÛ-‚-Pm-±zÅ-Vï-ŸÛG-»Ûm-qÅ-hï-ºi-¯-z-

mÅ-¤-‚Å-q-PÅ-GôP-hÝ-zÁh-¸Ûm-q-¿e¼-±P-¤-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-

ºHã¼-»Ûm-q¼-PôÅ-º²Ûm-hP-zÇe àm-ºV¤-¤fÞm-PïÅ-q¼-hÝ-‚ïh-

hGôÅ-¾ü GŸôm-mÝ-n¤Å-mÅ-¼P-¼ï-zôh-ˆÛ-¼ÛG-GŸÝP-z¸P-qô-zhG-

qô-»G-qô-zMG-hGôÅü hï-»P-zhG-qô-»G-qô-zMG-¸ï¼-z-¼ÛG-GŸÝP-


hï-hG-ÇK¤-mP-zTßG-ÇKô-¿UGÅ-zMG-¸ï¼-z-¤-»Ûm-q-¼ÛG-GŸÝP-hï-

hG-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-»G-qô-‚ïh-¼ôGÅ-¸ï¼-Mã-hï-»Ûmü P-¼P-h-¼ïÅ-ÇÀôz-

IÔ-ºGº-ŸÛG-¾-xÛm-q-»Ûm-bïü ¼P-¼ï-zÞ-yâG-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-Vß-±h-ºhÛ-

ºhÝG-zÅ¤Å-q-¤fôP-Mã-¤Û-ºhÝG ̄ -zºÛ-¼P-±ôºÛ-&M¾-z-¼Ûm-qô-

Vï-Ç+Ý-D¤Å-GÅ¾-zŸÛm-hGôPÅ-qºÛ-©P-GŸÛ-hP-ü ºhÛ-xôGÅ-zôh-

¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-GZÛÅ-zÅ¤-ºhÝm-GTÛG-q-GTÛG-AP-¼ïh-TïÅ-Ç‰ÛP-zÇkÝÅ-

®¤-¾Å-„Àô-PïÅ-¤-ÅôP-ü hï-mÅ-zŸÝGÅ-GmÅ-¤Iôm-DP-hÝ-Pô-¤W¾-

ŸÝ-¤Û-¾-zôh-¤Û-¤P-P-¤-ºIô-GôP-¤W¾-®¤-ŸÝ-hGôÅ-»ôh-TïÅ-±P-

¤¼-GÅÞP-zl-GmP-ºhÝG-ÅP-ZÛm-hï-M-mG-¾-wïzÅ-Gbm-Dï¾-zÅ-

hï-¼ÛP-hGôP-iô-ZÛ-¤-¾-Dh-®¤-mÅ-zôh-¤Û-¼Û¤-º‚ô¼-HÛÅ-¤Þm-¤-¼Þz-

®¤-zôh-¤Û-¼-Ç+ô¼-Vïm-qô-hïºÛ-mP-¤Û-f¼-zºÛ-ºhÝ-º²ô¤Å-fôG-GôP-

GÛ-G®ßG-DP-hÝ-GmP-zºÛ-Ç+h-V-ºi-ŸÛz-MÅ-GmP-¤f¼-P-¤Û-¤P-

GÛ-¤hÝm-hÝ-¤¼-»ôP-GÛ-»Ûm-GÅÞPÅ-mÅ-wïzÅ-ˆP-zôh-¤Û-n¤Å-mÅ-

¤¼-VÛzÅ-zNå¼-¤-GmP-¤Û-Pm-HÛÅ-Gmôh-º±ï-º‚ãP-Zïm-»ôh-¸ï¼-

Ç+h-ºzôh-¤P-qô-zMz-¤±¤Å-ÅÞ-»¼-wïzÅü hïºÛ-ÅP-ZÛm-zôh-¤Û-

mÅ-GŸÝP-ÇKôºÛ-G»Å-G»ôm-hÝ-Ç+ Ý-zÅPÅ-zbP-ü ¤W¾-h¼-zOôm-

q-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-GmP-ÇKô-¾ïGÅ-Iâz-‚ãP-ÅôP-ü

uÛ-¾ô- 1983 ¾ô¼-wÞ-¾ÞP-¤hº-hqôm-mÅ-Eïh-»¼-fôm-

mP-º±ßh-PïÅ-¾-¼P-GÛ-¼ï-ºhÝm-»Û-Gï-ŸÛG-Fïm-;ôm-VßÅ-¾-ºzÞ¾-

hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-GÅÞPÅ-ˆP-ü Eïh-ˆÛÅ-P-¾-wm-Åï¤Å-ˆÛ-hGôPÅ-q-hï-

®¤-zŸïÅ-q-fÞGÅ-Xï-Vïm-qô-¼ïhü »Ûm-mºP-P-mÛ-hï-ÇSôm-M-¤ÛºÛ-¿eô-

wôGÅ-¸-¤-¥ôP-¾ü hï-mÅ-z®ôm-hÝ-zTßG-q-hP-ŸÐ-¤ô-G»ôGÅ-bï-Çkôh-

hGôÅ-‚ãP-ü h-V-M-¤ÛºÛ-wôGÅ-¸-zºÛ-mÝÅ-q-¤ïh-¾-zôh-¤Û-¤P-±ôGÅ-

XïÅ-ÅÞ-zBôh-hï-¼P-D-¼P-GÅô¼-ºzh-z¯ôm-‚Å-bï-Çkôh-ˆÛ-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-

ŸÝÅ-q-»Ûmü

uÛ-¾ô- 1985 hÐGÅ-qô-VôÅ-¸Þ¼-HÛ-zÞ-¤ô-¤±ô-BÛh-¾GÅ-

mÅü hïP-»Þ¾-Ç+ô¼-hÝ-wïzÅ-¤Û-h‚Ûm-WÛ-z-¤Û-GÅÞ¤-ºhÝG-q-hï-hG-

¼P-¼ï-zôh-hôm-¾-Åï¤Å-ºDÞ¼-‚ïh-¤Dm-ŸÛG-»Ûm-ºi-zÅ-Eïh-ˆÛÅ-

xÛ-M¾-¾-zôh-hôm-zhï-ÇkÝG-ºzôh-zÇ+Ý¾-‚ïh-Vïh-»Û-Gï-GTÛG-z¸ôÅ-

m-PÅ-PïÅ-zÇ+Ý¼-VôG-¸ï¼-hômü zôh-hôm-Mz-Bô¼-GmP-¤Dm-¿Ëm-¾ü

P-±ô-zôh-ºhÛ-hï-ÇSôm-VôÅ-ˆÛ-ŸÛP-D¤Å-»-¼zÅ-uôh-z¸P-¼P-±ßGÅ-

º²Ûm-mÅ-¼P-»Þ¾-zhG-GÛ¼-º²Ûm-bï-zhï-z¼-GmÅ-zŸÛm-q¼-M-¤Û-

GÝP-Fm-mÅ-xÛ-M¾-z®m-ºGôG-M¾-Bôz-zôh-»Þ¾-»¼-MÅ-GbôP-zºÛ-

¼ôGÅ-¼¤-hÝ-M-¤Û-zôh-¾-º²âGÅ-Cæm-HÛ-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-‚ïh-q¼-»ôP-±ß¾-

iÛ¾-zOGÅ-ÁÝGÅ-Vï-‚Å-ˆP-ü Å-GmÅ-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-º‚ô¼-mÅ-È¤-

Åï¤Å-Wï-Vï¼-zbP-Çeï-¤f¼-uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-iG-hqÞP-GÛÅ-zôh-


¿YôPÅ-»ôPÅ-μôGÅ-hzP-zNå¼-zhG-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-M-VïºÛ-zôh-¤Û-¤P-

±ôGÅ-¸Å-GôÅ-h;º-P¾-hÝ-¿ËàP-zTßG-q-VzÅ-TÛG-z;Å-z;ôh-Mãh-

º²Ûm-hP-ü ƒm-G»ôG-¾¤-¾ÞGÅ-GZÛÅ-I¾-¼Û¤-HÛ-ºfz-¯ôh-ŸïÅ-

zôh-¤Û-mP-DÞ¾-hÝ-ºDôm-h=âG-ÇÀP-Çeï-ºG¾-¤ïh-ºG¾-¹-z¸ôÅ-q-hP-

»Þ¾-¾ÞP-»¼-MÅ-GbôP-hGôÅ-¼ïh-TïÅ-ºƒâ-¼ÛGÅ-È-TP-T-y-z-¾Å-

¤-z®ôP-zü ¾Å-;-wm-fôGÅ-»ôh-¤ïh-h‚ï-z-¤ïh-q-hôm-Ç‰ÛP-ŸôGÅ-

q-ZÛm-Á¼-®¤-mÅ-hGôP-iô-ZÛ-¤-¤-zŸÝh-z¼-ºIm-ºhÝ¼-²-iG-Dô-

mºÛ-P¾-¯ô¾-h;º-ÇkÝG-mP-zôh-¤Û-‚ÛÅ-q-¾ô-zTß-GÅÞ¤-»¼-Mz-±P-

¤-Ç+Ý¾-ºhïh-Åâm-G®ï¼-zbP.ü JÀ-V-M-ÇKô¼-HÛ-zTß-¸Þ¼-GZÛÅ-mÅ-

hGÝ-z¼-±h-GŸÛ-¾Å-¤ïh-q-hÝÅ-Mãm-hÝ-¼P-GÛ-mP-¾Å-Çoï-Åï¾-®¤-

»P-‚ïh-hÝÅ-¤ïh-q-hI-hP-¼P-xôGÅ-ºG¾-¯ôhü P¾-¯ô¾-‚ïh-

ÁÝGÅ-Vï-VßP-hz¼-¾-ÅôGÅ-mP-DÞ¾-Bôm-ºhôm-zôh-¤Û-n¤Å-ÇkÝG-

GTôP-zbP-z-ºhÛ-hG-ºIô-z-¤ÛºÛ-uôh-±ß¾-hP-¤fÞm-¤Ûm-M¾-±ôGÅ-

ˆÛ-hzP-V-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-¿km-qºÛ-ŸÛz-ºWâG-Ç+Ý-±z-±ôGÅ-VßP-ŸÛG-Eïh-

n¤Å-mÅ-zôh-¿YôPÅ-¾-GbôP-GmP-GÛ-fG-GTôh-»ôP-z-¾Åü P-±ô-

zôh-»Þ¾-ºhÛ-¾ô-ZÛÅ-ÇeôP-zL¾-zºÛ-¼P-z®m-M¾-Dz-Vïm-qô-ŸÛG-»Ûm-

q-M¾-¼zÅ-¾ô-MãÅ-ˆÛ-zhïm-hqP-ºwï¼-z-»ôh-ˆP-ü h-V-M-h¤¼-

z®m-º²â¾-qÅ-ºzÞ-Vï-VßP-¸ôÅ-FÛ¤Å-ºG¾-z®m-hzP-ºEï¼-¤-

hGôÅ-q-P-±ô-zôh-¤Û¼-zôh-ÅºÛ-¼P-hzP-¼P-zhG-GÛ-fôz-fP-GP-

ºHôGÅ-»ôP-zºÛ-¼ï-ºhÝm-hP-ü Åï¼-hGôm-hÝP-h;¼-¼Ûm-qô-VïÅ-

zôh-ˆÛ-VôÅ-ÆÛh-¾¤-¾ÞGÅ-hïz-z¯¤Å-q-zÅôh-VôÅ-¾GÅ-zMãh-zôh-

GŸÝP-¾-hrh-GŸÛ¼-wÞ¾ü


¾ï-±m-hGÝ-qü

hGÝ-zTß-GÅÞ¤-HÛ-hôm-Aïmü

uÛ-¾ô- 1987 ¹- 9 ±ïÅ- 27 ZÛmü P-¼P-z¼-Ç+ ô¼-ŸÛG-

MG-q¼-xÛm-mÅ-Wô-zô-hzÞ-CºÛ-Zï-ºhzÅ-ÅÞ-º‚ô¼ü hï¼-Ç‰ï-¤ô-zhï-

Ç¨ôm-HÛ-Wô-¾GÅ-¼ÛG-º²Ûm-¾GÅ-ºhÝG-qÅ-DôP-GÛ-h-¿e-ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-

hGôm-HÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-DG-GTÛG-Fô¤-Ç+ô¼-Ç+h-ºzôh-MG-zŸÛm-xÛm-bï-

h-w¾-Vï¼-Ç+ô¼-¼-Dô¼-»ôP-IzÅ-»ôh-GÅÞP-q-hP-P-¼P-»P-hï¼-

ÇKÝG-Çkôh-‚Å-qÅ-GP-¤±¤Å-IÔ-q-ZÛ-ÁÝ-¯-GTÛG-¾G-bà-M¾-h¼-¼ï-

ºEï¼-»ôP-Çeï-hïºÛ-Mãh-¤ï-bôG-¿kÝ¤-¼ºÛ-ÇKP-hÝ-º²ïGÅ-bï-zôh-Å-ºhÛ-

zôh-¤ÛºÛ-»Ûmü zôh-¼P-z®m-»Ûmü M-¤Û-¤¼-MãGÅ-ÁÛG-¾-ÅôGÅ-

ŸÛ-Lô¾-Ç+h-ºzôh-zMz-ˆP-ü hï-ÇSôm-zôh-VôÅ-¿km-ŸÛP-D¤Å-»-¼zÅ-

uôh-z¸P-Gô¤Å-GÁÛÅ-Dô-mºÛ-zG-VGÅ-Tm-hï¼-ºhÝh-¤P-±ôGÅ-

n¤Å-fï-±ô¤-PP-TÛ-‚-¤ïh-q¼-w¼-z¿e-±ß¼-z¿e-‚ïh-q-¾Å-¾¤-¤-

‚P-q¼-¾ÞÅ-ÇezÅ-ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-hGï-ºhÝm-n¤Å-mÅ-Eïh-±ô-ºzôh-±ÛG-

OôGÅ-hGôÅ-GÅÞPÅ-q-hP-hï-ºy¾-¿Ë ô -xôGÅ-DÞ¾-hÝ-Çk ôh-q-zÞ-¤ô-

¤±¤Å-¾GÅ-( DôP-mÛ -¿Ë -Å-M-D-¾¤-hÝ-ºFâPÅü uÛ-¾ô - 1987 ¹- 9 ±ïÅ- 27 ZÛm-hP- 1988 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 5 zTÅ-ÇS -xÛ -¼Û¤-q¼-ŸÛ -L ô¾-¾-ŸÝGÅ-qÅ-M-h¤¼-HÛ -º²Ûm-

z¸ÞP-ºôG-º±ßh-hï-uÛ-¾ô- 1989 ¹- 8 ±ïÅ- 25 ZÛm-¤m¼-GTôh-±h-¤ïh-ºôG-Ç+ Ý -GÁïGÅü

hïº Û -Ç+zÅ-DôP-hGÝP-IPÅ- 32 ¾-Åôm-»ôh- )¸ï¼-z-hï-ZÛh-hP-ü ¼P-z®m-

Í-¤ºÛ-zÞ-¤ô-VßP-zü( hïP-Ç+zÅ-Íô-ÅÛ -=ô -¾Û -»-¾-»ôh- )hï-zŸÛm-zÞ-¤ô-GTÛG-

G®ôÅ-hGï-ºhÝm-q-n¤Å-hP-¿Ëm-TÛG-bà-¤P-±ôGÅ-mÅ-ºzôh-±ÛG-

OôG-zŸÛm-Ç¨m-¯ÛÅ-DP-¤hÝm-mÅ-¼P-BôP-¿YôPÅ-¾-ºIô-¯ÛÅ-ˆÛÅ-ºIô-

Ç+zÅ-M-h¤¼-HÛ-Zïm-dôG-DG-¾¤-¸Þ¼-mÅ-¤ô-‡-hP-Ç~G-Ç~G-zŸôm-

bï-ÇSôm-¾-ÅôP-ü hï-mÅ-¼P-BôP-¿YôPÅ-ˆÛ-M¾-ÇKôºÛ-¤hÝm-¾¤-GÅÞ¤-

¤hô¼-M-h¤¼-Zïm-dôG-h¤G-n¤Å-ÇSôm-º‚ô¼-¾¤-¸Þ¼-mÅ-¾¤-yïh-

zTh-ˆÛÅ-ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-hGï-ºhÝm-zBôh-Iâz-ºy¾-¤P-±ôGÅ-n¤Å-

hï¼-z;G-zŸG-hGï-ºhÝm-n¤Å-ºFÛh-hï-½ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-Vï-z-ŸÛG-mP-

zTßG-Ç+zÅ-P-±ô-¤P-±ôGÅ-mÅ-lô-ŸÝÅ-q-®¤-¾Å-Mz-hqÞP-¤-fÞz-

q¼-hï-¤Þ¼-¾ÞÅü hÝÅ-hï-mÅ-z¸ÞP-P-¼P-¤¼-±ôP-GÛ-¾Å-;-¤±¤Å-

zŸG-PP-GmÅ-±ß¾-GÅ¼-q-GP-ŸÛG-¤fôP-fôÅ-ºôP-P¤-GP-ŸÛG-

‚-MãºÛ-Gô-Ç+zÅ-fôz-»ôP-P¤-zÅ¤Å-mÅ-¿Ë-Å¼-Gbm-Çkôh-‚Å-ˆP-

mÝÅ-qºÛ-V-mÅ-Pô-zô-zbôm-Mã-¤ïhü hï-mÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1987 ¹-z- 10

76 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü hGÝ -zTß -GÅÞ¤-HÛ -h ôm-Aïmü 77

±ïÅ- 1 ZÛm-ŸôGÅ-qºÛ-Vß-±ôh- 10 ®¤-¾-Åï-¼ºÛ-hGï-ºhÝm-Fô¤-

G¸ÛGÅ-DP-Mãh-z¼-Ç+ô¼-¾-M¾-h¼-OïP-Çeï-Ç+h-ºzôh-‚ïh-zŸÛm-q-

hï-hG-z¼-Ç+ô¼-Zïm-dôG-¾Å-DP-mÅ-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-ºFÛh-q¼-¤P-

±ôGÅ-mÅ-P-±ôºÛ-Ç+ Ý -ŸzÅ-n¤Å-JÀ ôh-ºIô¾-GbôP-hGôÅ-»ôh-TïÅ-

ºzôh-O-iG-qô-OôG-zŸÛm-P-±ô-hï¼-ºhÝh-Lm-‚ÛÅ-mÅ-Í¼-ºh¤-Ÿ¾-

z-z;ôG-mÅ-hï-ºôG-lô-ÇSôG-ºhôm-hP-h¼-¤-n¤Å-mÅ-lô-±h-¤ïh-ŸÝÅ-

¤Þ¼-Zïm-dôG-qºÛ-ÇKô-ºI¤-hÝ-zŸG-qºÛ-¤ô-‡-hP-ü Ç~G-Ç~G-n¤Å-

¤ï¼-ÆïG-GbôP-ÇKô-±ßGÅ-q-hP-hï-ºƒï¾-DP-q¼-¤ï-ºEãh-hï-¤ï-Vïm-

Ç~¼-z-hP-Zïm-dôG-¾Å-DÞPÅ-Vï-¤ô-mÅ-¤ï-GÅôh-½ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-zbP-

»ôP-hïºÛ-mP-Zïm-dôG-q-n¤Å-fôm-bï-Vß-zÁô-¯ÛÅ-‚ïh-q-hï-ºy¾-Dô-

q-±ô¼-¤P-±ôGÅ-mÅ-lô-ŸÝÅ-ÇezÅ-Dô-q-±ô-Çk ôh-¤-fÞz-q¼-½ÀPÅ-

ºDô¼-zbP-Çeï-±P-¤-xÛ¼-ƒôÅ-‚Åü P-¼P-GÛÅ-lô-ÇS ôG-ºhôm-GP-

fÞz-‚Åü Ç+zÅ-hï¼-G®ßG-¾G-DP-GÛ-h;ôm-GZï¼-hGº-GhôP-

z-‚¤Å-q-ºyÛm-¾Å-M-ÇKôºÛ-¤ï-mP-º±ßh-q-zbôm-mÅ-G®ßG-¾G-DP-

GÛ-ÇKô-ºxô¼-ºôG-º‚ô¼-¤±¤Å-Zïm-dôG-qÅ-¤ï-¤hº-¤hïºÞ-GÅÞ¤-zŸÛ-

zMz-‚ãP-z-¯ÛG-¿kïzÅ-¾-wôG-q-¾Å-¤Û-ÁÛ-©Å-‚ãP-¤-ÅôP-ü ‚¤Å-

q-ºyÛm-¾Å-Ç+ ï -¾-D-zbGÅ-GTÛG-Hôm-¤P-±ôGÅ-mÅ-ÇK ô -FÛ-Çe ïP-

ºEï¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-»Ûm-M-¤Û-xÛ¼-MãGÅ-ÁÛG-¸ï¼-zºÛ-Ç+h-ºzôh-OôG-

zŸÛm-z¼-Ç+ô¼-ŸÛG-¾-xÛm-bï-„À-ƒP-½‰ÛP-qºÛ-ÇKô-zL¾-¤±¤Å-Zïm-dôG-

qÅ-¤ï-¤hº-ºGº-ŸÛG-zMz-‚ãP-»P-¤Û-¾-Gmôh-º±ï-¤-‚ãP-zÅ-±P-

¤-G»Å-G»ôm-¾-Gz-»Ûz-‚Åü xÛ-M¾-z-¤Û-GZÛÅ-ˆÛÅ-hq¼-»P-

zMzü Å-GmÅ-hï¼-mP-¼ôP-ÁG-Íï¤-Xï-;Ým-Hã¼-¾GÅ-Çtäm-¤Vïh-

ˆÛ-Ç¨m-DP-»ôh-ˆP-ZÛm-hï¼-ÇKô-zMz-¸Ûm-ºhÝG-¾-hï¼-mh-q-Z¼-

¼ôGÅ-TïÅ-¾z-ˆP-Dô-q-±ôÅ-zhG-qô-zMz-¤-mÝÅü hï-mÅ-z¼-Ç+ô¼-

xÛ¼-ƒôÅ-ˆÛÅ-ÇoP-ÁG-¾Å-DÞPÅ-¤±¤Å-G®ßG-¾G-DP-GôG-Bôm-

zB¼-z¸ôºÛ-mP-¾-º²â¾-bï-¿Ëô-Mãh-z;º-ÁG-GÛ-Zï-ºFÛÅ-ÁG-TÛG-bà-

Dô-q-zŸG-hï-mÅ-zÞ-¤ô-GŸôm-mÝ-ºGº-ŸÛG-¼ôGÅ-q-»ôh-q-hï-hG-GÛ-

ºy¾-Åï¾-©-zTôÅ-‚Å-bï-mÝz-¤ô-GŸm-ŸÛG-bà-GmÅ-Çtô-‚Å-ˆP-ZÛm-

ºGº-ÁÅ-ÅôP-¤±¤Å-Dô-q-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-ºhÝG-hï-mÅ-M-h¤¼-

zºÛ-GhÝG-¯çz-ˆÛ-ŸÛz-ºWâG-Vï-¼Þ-zbP-ÇezÅ-¼P-ZÛh-mÅ-¾ô-mºÛ-zz-

hP-½ÀzÅ-»Þm-Eh-VôÅ-zTPÅ-bï-zôh-¿Y ôPÅ-zÇem-ÆâP-DG-ºyÛm-

zÇ+Ý¾ü hÝÅ-Ç+zÅ-¢¼-»ÛG-hP-ü »ÛG-Bå¼ü ºwGÅ-»Þ¾-mÅ-JÀôG-

ºyÛmü GÅÞP-hïz-¼ÛGÅ-zMãh-zOGÅ-zÁh-mm-JÀïP-xôGÅ-GP-mÝÅ-

Çt ï¾-¤Þ¼ü uÛ-¾ô 1987 ¹- 10 ±ïÅ- 6 ZÛm-ºƒÅ-Çt äPÅ-IÔ-Gô-

¿S-hP-GmÅ-VßP-hÝ-z®ßGÅ-qºÛ-mP-VôÅ-ÇÀôz-DG-GTÛG-GôP-GÅ¾-

ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-hGôm-HÛ-IÔ-q-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-q-n¤Å-JÀôh-h=ô¾-GbôP-


hGôÅ-»ôh-TïÅ-¼P-BôP-¿YôPÅ-¾-Ç+h-ºzôh-»ôP-z-Zïm-dôG-qÅ-ÁïÅ-

bï-ƒG-ÇKô->šÛ-Zï-ºFÛÅ-ÇKÝG-Çkôh-ˆÛÅ-Dô-q-±ôÅ-IÔ-q-n¤Å-hï¼-ZïÅ-lÝP-

±h-¤ïh-zbP-»P-hqº-P¼-ŸÝ¤-¤ïh-PP-¤Þ-¤fÞh-¤hÝm-zBôh-ˆÛÅ-

¼P-BôP-¿YôPÅ-ÇKô-ºI¤-z¼-xÛm-bï-Ç+h-ºzôh-GP-fÞz-‚Å-XïÅ-º²Ûm-

z¸ÞP-‚Å-Ç+ô¼-Gô-fôÅ-‚ãP-ü hï-zŸÛm-ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-IÔ-q-¿Ë-Å¼-ºIô-

Mã¼-hôGÅ-bï-hGôm-qºÛ-JÀÛP-;ºÛ-¾¤-ºGôG-ÆâP-M-¤ÛºÛ-Zïm-dôG-¤Û-

±m-q-GTÛG-¤±m-Çkôh-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôh-q-hï-hG-Gbô¼-zTô¤-GbôP-Vïh-

»P-ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-IÔ-hP-ü GmÅ-VßP-ÇÀôz-IÔ-z-DG-GTÛG-mÅ-¤±m-

ºGïzÅ-zbP-mÅ-wm-±ßm-ºfz-ºFâG-»Þm-¼ÛP-‚Å-bï-¤f¼-¤±m-

¤ô-hï-¼P-hÝ-DÞPÅ-Åô-Åô¼-¾ôG-xÛm-ÇezÅ-¾z-JÀïP-Vï-z-GmÅ-±ß¾-

GÅ¾-fôm-¤-‚ãP-z¼-GmÅü hï-mÅ-hGº-¿km-q-Ç+ Ý -ŸzÅ-G»Þ-¾ô-

xÛ-M¾-z-¤Û-hP-ºƒï¾-fÞG-‚Å-±ß¾-HÛÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Åü uÛ-¾ô-

1987 ¾ô¼-ºhÛ-DÞ¾-‚ïÅ-xôGÅ-z;º-zMãh-qºÛ-±ôGÅ-q-¤Û-ÅÞ¤-Tß-

Ç+ô¼-¿Ë-Å¼-wïzÅ-bï-£-Ÿô¾-¤Iôm-DP-hÝ-zŸÝGÅ-ÅôP-zºÛ-mP-¾ºP-

xÛ-M¾-z-¤Gô-Åï-IÔ-q-ºhÝG-qÅ-hï-hG-mÅ-ˆP-º²¤-JÀÛP-Å¼-zôh-

ˆÛ-¤Û-¤P-h;º-ÇkÝG-¾Å-Iô¾-bï-zôh-»Þ¾-zôh-¤ÛÅ-zhG-º²Ûm-VôG-

qºÛ-¤Gô-ºiïm-»ôP-z-ŸïÅ-***zÇ+Ý¾-hôm-Dô-¼P-zMãh-vhü uÛ-

¾ô- 1987 ¾ô¼-M¾-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-Bôz-GÅôºÛ-±ôGÅ-q¼-Í-¼ÛºÛ-mïºÞ-»ôG-

bà-GbôP-‚ïh-»Û-Gï-¾-P-±ô-zôh-»Þ¾-mÛ-¤Û-n¤Å-¸Å-GôÅ-mô¼-xãG-¾-

zdïm-mÅ-Mã-G®P-GÛ-Çtä-z¾-hP-ü zTßh-¿km-HÛ-Á-¤¼-Ÿï-TÛG-¾ôPÅ-

uôh-ˆÛÅ-hÝÅ-zŸÛºÛ-Åô-m¤-¾Å-hôm-‚Å-bï-hÝÅ-Mãm-W-VP-¾-uh-hï-

h¾-Çk ôh-hP-ü ¿ËG-q¼-hGÝm-hÝÅ-Gm¤-GÁÛÅ-IP-zºÛ-±ô¼-ÇoP-

ºGôG-‚ïh-¤ï-ÁÛP-ü ̧ Å-GôÅ-Çeôm-¤±¤Å-mÅ-I-OÛG-zïh-uôh-hP-

zÇeàm-EÛ¤-±P-¼P-¼P-GÛ-¤ï-DP-mP-ŸôGÅ-q-VP-Ç+ô¾-hP-fÞG-q-

¼P-ºhôh-ºfÞP-zü hGôP-iô-BïÅ-wô-¤ôÅ-¾G-¾Å-Çtä-z¾-ym-zÞ-¾Å-

bï-hˆÛ¾-hÝ-¤ï-ÁÛP-z¸P-qôÅ-¤ï-ÇKôP-zbP-mÅ-Çkôh-q-¾-ÅôGÅ-hGÝm-

HÛ-IP-ºEG-ÆâP-Vïh-mP-¤Û-xÛ-ºIô-»P-¤P-qô-¤Û-‚ïh-qºÛ-uôh-±ß¾-

HÛ-hôm-Ç‰ÛP-¤P-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-º±ô-GôÅ-M¾-Dz-ÅÞ-¾ºP-zÇeïm-¤-hGôÅ-

q-º²¤-JÀÛP-ÇSôm-HÛ-hÝÅ-¼zÅ-¼Û¤-zIôh-ˆÛ-¾¤-¾-¼P-¼ï-GŸm-Ç¨ôm-

Çt ôzÅ-Åï¤Å-Vïm-qô-¿km-q-»Ûm-PïÅ-ˆP-uÛ-¾ô- 1950 ®¤-M-¤Û-

h¤¼-qôÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-¤ïh-IÛz-z¸ô-zôh-¿YôPÅ-XïÅ-¾ÞÅ-ˆÛ-n¤-q-»ôh-q-

hï-mÛ-xÛºÛ-z®m-M¾-qºÛ-Gmôm-ÁÝGÅ-¾-zÇeïm-mÅ-‚ãP-zÅ-hï-hG-

ºGôG-fzÅ-ÅÞ-z®m-M¾-z-¤f¼-vôh-zbP-Çeï-zôh-¿YôPÅ-»¼-MÅ-

º²âGÅ-Cæm-Vïh-hÝ-M-¤Û-ŸÛ-iG-GbôP-Mã-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-Dô-q-±ôºÛ-¼P-ºhôh-

DôG-zTPÅ-ˆÛÅ-M-zôh-IôÅ-¤fÞm-ŸïÅ-hôm-±m-zTß-zhÝm-z®m-ºGï¾-

HÛÅ-zŸG-zTßG-ˆP-zôh-Å-GmÅ-ÅÞ-M-h¤¼-º‚ô¼-z-mÅ-z¸ÞP-hôm-


±m-zTß-zhÝm-HÛ-ºƒâ-hôm-Gbô¼-½ÀG-Wï-Vï¼-zbP-¤f¼-uÛ-¾ô- 1959

¾ô-iG-hqÞP-GÛÅ-zôh-¿YôPÅ-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-z®m-qôÅ-hzP-zNå¼-‚Å-bï-

Çoôh-zTßh-±P-¤-z¸ôÅ-qÅ-¤-±hü zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-mP-DÞ¾-¤fÞm-OÛ¾-

Gbô¼-z½ÀG-GbôP-Vïh-zÁÝ-GŸôG-I¾-¼Û¤-hP-ü º‚ô¼-¤ïh-ƒm-

G»ôG-I¾-¼Û¤-h‚ï-mÅ-ºfz-¯ôh-ºDôm-h=âG-zÇÀPÅ-bï-hôm-Ç‰ÛP-

>À->Àô-ÇkÝG-¯çzü VïÅ-¤Þm-mG-TïÅ-Pm-¤ÛP-ŸÐ-hqï-¿Ë¤-ºGïzÅ-zôh-

»Þ¾-¤Þm-qºÛ-JÀÛP-hÝ-zbP-zºÛ-ÇkÝG-GTôP-±h-zL¾-Dô-q-±ô-¼P-GÛÅ-

‚Å-q-¾Å-zôh-¾-»ôh-±h-zôh-¤Û-¼P-GÛ-fôG-bà-z;¾-z-¸Þ¼-z¿eÅ-

¾ïz-¤fôP-G¸Þ¼-GmÅ-;Ým-HÛÅ-¤Eïm-GÅ¾-¾-P-±ô-zôh-ºhÛ-¸Å-GôÅ-

ÇeôzÅ-º‚ô¼-Gô¤Å-GÁÛÅ-GP-Å-mÅ-¤ïÅ-qôºÛ-¤²h-z¸P-¿Ë-VôÅ-hGï-

z-zTß-hP-ü ¤Û-VôÅ-G®P-¤-zTß-iâG-¾¤-¾-zdïm-mÅ-hÝÅ-hP-GmÅ-

Ç+zÅ-GP-hÝºP-M¾-D¤Å-;Ým-HÛ-»P-¯ï¼-Åôm-q-Dô-m-¤-GbôGÅ-

XïÅ-¾ÞÅ-fïzÅ-¥ôP-¤ïh-q-»Ûmü M¾-¼zÅ-mÅ-ˆP-¤Û-¾ô-ZÛÅ-ÇeôP-

zL¾-zºÛ-¼P-z®m-M¾-Dz-zhïm-q-zhïm-fÞz-»ôh-q¼-zdïm-º²¤-

JÀÛP-M¾-±ôGÅ-mÅ-G¸Þ¼-GmÅ-zhïm-Mz-¥ã¼-hÝ-»ôP-z-ŸÛG-hP-ü

hï-zŸÛm-hïP-M¾-±ôGÅ-mÅ-P-±ô-zôh-¤ÛÅ-¤±ôm-M¾-Dz-DG-mP-Gôh-

VG-‚ãP-¼ÛGÅ-¾-º±ô-Çoôm-GÅô¾-¼Å-GmP-GÛ-»ôh-±ß¾-hï-mÛ-z;º-

iÛm-È-TP-Vï-zºÛ-hôm-Gmh-»Ûm-»P-P-±ô-zôh-¤Û-n¤Å-ˆÛ-Bôz-GÅô-

M-h¤¼-zMãh-GmP-m-hï-mÛ-M-h¤¼-zºÛ-h¤G-Iôm-HÛ-Mz-Çoôm-®¤-

¾Å-zôh-¤Û¼-wm-fôGÅ-bÛ¾-ºƒâ-®¤-»ôP-Mã-¤ïh-qÅ-hï-m-zôh-¤Û¼-

º±ô-G¸ÛGÅ-»ôh-q-n¤Å-M-G¼-Å-GmÅ-ˆÛ-z®m-‚ô¾-zôh-GŸÝP-P-

±ô-zôh-qºÛ-GŸÝP-Pô-¤-»Ûm-qÅ-hï-zMãh-GmP-m-P-±ô-zôh-¤Û¼-¾G-

±-Ç+¤-hqïºÛ-wm-q-Vïm-qô-»ôP-PïÅ-»Ûm-qÅ-hï-zŸÛm-BzÅ-ºWâG-z¯ï-

zÅ-G¸ÛGÅ-q-hP-ü ¾¼-zôh-Å-zôh-¤Û¼-zhG-hzP-fôz-¤±¤Å-

º²¤-JÀÛP-M¾-±ôGÅ-mÅ-ºIô-z-¤ÛºÛ-hzP-±h-ÇÀôz-Çeôm-ŸÝ-zŸÛm-hïP-

hÝÅ-hP-¤fÞm-qºÛ-»Þ¾-¾ÞP-»¼-MÅ-GbôP-zºÛ-ºWôm-fP-P-±ô-zôh-

¤Û-¼P-¾-»ôh-qÅ-hï-hôm-hGôPÅ-q¼-ºWGÅ-q-¤Eñmü ¤Eïmü ŸïÅ-

hP-ü

hï-zŸÛm-ÇKï¼-©-‚-zºÛ-GŸÛÅ-zŸÝGÅ-Ç+Ý-Pô-wÞm-±ôGÅ-mô¼-zÞ-

mÅ-ˆP-º²¤-JÀÛP-Bôz-GÅôºÛ-±ôGÅ-Çkï-hï¼-zhï-ÇkÝG-xG-ƒÛÅ-ÁÛG-

zTÅ-Í-¼Û¼-zŸÝGÅ-q-ÇKï¼-¿Ë-¾ÞP-¸Þ¼-zTh-qºÛ-hï-ÇSôm-ŸzÅ-xÛ-

»Ûm-q-ŸÛG-zMãh-wÞ¾ü

P-¼P-GÛ-Çk ôh-ÁG-£-Ÿô¾-G»Þ¾-D-ÇKP-Çkï-iâG-±ï-hzP-DP-

VßP-mP-ÇeïP-ÁG-mP-»ôh-q-hP-ü P-¼P-GÛ-ºôG-DP-mP-Á¼-xôGÅ-

JÀôG-z½‰m-DP-GÛ-¾Å-‚ïh-¼ÛGÅ-z¸P-ŸïÅ-q-M-Ÿïm-È-TP-Vï-z-ŸÛG-

»ôh-q-hïÅ-P-¼P-¾-»P-ÇkP-¸ÞG-GÛ-n¤-q-Mãm-¿km-‚ïh-qü hï-zŸÛm-


P-¼P-GÛ-Çtäm-Zï-»ôP-¤Û-‚ãP-z-hï-hG-¾-»P-¤ÛG-¾ôG-z¿e-z-ÅôGÅ-

GhÝÝG-¯çz-ˆÛ-n¤-ºHã¼-Çeôm-q-ŸÛG-»ôh-q-hïºÛ-Å¼-uÛ-¾ô- 1987 ¾ô-

¤WâG-¾-¼Þ¤-fG-zÞ-¤ô-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-¼Þ¤-ºfG-GÛ-ºhÝG-qÅ-hïºÛ-ÇeïP-P-

¼P-GÛ-¤ï-fz-Dï¾-»ôh-ÇezÅ-fz-¾-¤ï-ÅôÅ-Oôm-¤ï-ÁÛP-VßP-VßP-zbàz-

ˆÛ-»ôh-qÅü ¼ÛGÅ-z¸P-mÅ-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-G-¼ï-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôh-P-¤ÛºÛ-wô¼-

qºÛ-mP-hÝ-z-¸G-»ôP-GÛ-ºhÝG-TïÅ-Ç+h-P¼-ÁÝGÅ-Vïm-qôÅ-¾z-‚ãP-

zÅü P-¼P-»P-DôP-Fô-¾PÅ-bï-Í-G-¼ï-¸ï¼-HÛ-»ôhü hïP-fôG-bà-

P-¤Û-zÇkh-»ôh-¼ïh-¿eô-VÅ-z¸ô-hGôÅ-¾-ºIô-Çkôh-lÛG-O-¤Û-º‚ãP-z-

WÛ-ºi-»ôP-¼ïh-¸ï¼-zŸÛm-Áôh-¾-zzÅ-xÛm-qÅ-hï-ºy¾-¾G-q-ºHôG-

»ôP-GÛ-ºhÝG-qÅ-P-¼P-GÛÅ-¼ÛG-z¸P-GÛ-C-mÅ-ºVP-Çeï-h=âG-h=âG-

zbP-zÅ-±ß¼-PºÛ-GhôP-¾-Ç~¼-Áh-zMz-Çeï-¤ÛG-Áï¾-»P-Å-¾-¿ËàP-

ÅôP-ü hï-mÅ-PÅ-C-hï-h¤-z¸ÞP-‚Å-ÁÛP-Å-Çe ïP-mÅ-lô-h‚ãG-¾-

ºVP-¯ÛÅ-C-hï-»¼-ºfïmü @P-qÅ-lôG-MG-ŸÝ-z¼-»ôP-hÝÅ-w¼-

HP-;m-‚Å-ÇezÅ-±ß¼-ŸÝ-fÞz-¤-ÅôP-hï-mÅ-IôP-qºÛ-zÞ-¤ô-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-

z¼-h‚ï-‚Å-bï-Eôh-P-¾-z®m-lÝP-zbP-‚ãP-ŸïÅ-Ç+h-ºzôh-zMG-

GÛ-ºhÝG-PÅ-TP-Vïm-[TP-Vïm-ŸïÅ-q-mÛ-¤ºô-¯ï-bàP-GÛ-VßP-¤-»Ûm-ŸÛP-uÛ-¾ô- 1966mÅ-uÛ -¾ô - 1976 z¼-TP-Vïm-hP-ü ¶P-Èàm-¶âmü =P-Fâm-Wºôü »ºô -ÍÞ -»ôm-zTÅ-ˆÛÅ-

M-mG-M¾-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-G¾-VïºÛ-hzP-ÁÝGÅ-z¸ÞP-ü ¤ºô-¯ï-bàP-ÁÛ-XïÅ-È-Gô-—˜ æP-GÛÅ-ÆÛh-º²Ûm-

‚Å-mÅ-z¸ÞP-Dô-q-±ô¼-w¤-ZïÅ-‚ãP-]Gbô¼-w¤-zbP-¸Ûm-q-¼ïh-Eôh-ÇtP-B-

fG-Vôh-ˆP-ü ¼Û-zôP-ÇSô-iÛ-¤-zÅPÅ-q¼-zÇkh-ºhÝG-h-Ç+zÅ-hÝÅ-

±ôh-»ô¾-¸Ûm-q-¼ïh-¾zü hïºÛ-ÅP-hGôP-Å-DÞ¾-ºGô-ºFÛh-mG-lôG-

¸ï¼-z-»ôP-mÅ-ÅP-ZÛm-ÇS-iô-Vß-±ôh-hGÝ-q¼-ÍÞ-»ôm-¿Ëm-DP-¾-ÁôG-

TïÅ-¾z-‚ãP-ü ÅP-ZÛm-hÝÅ-z;G-¾-xÛm-qÅ-ºGô-ºFÛh-Vï-z-ŸÛG-

ºhÝG-qÅ-Eôh-GZÛÅ-GmÅ-±ß¾-WÛ-‚ãP-Áôh-ÁôG-¸ï¼-zÅ-P-¼P-mÅ-

GôP-GÅ¾-¾ô-MãÅ-n¤Å-ŸÛz-V-zÁh-qÅ-Í-¾Å-Í-Tï-hï-P-M¾-±-

qô-ŸÛG-»ôh-q-»Ûm-Å-¼ïh-Eïh-¼P-W-ºfÞP-ŸïÅ-W-Çeï¼-mÅ-fG-Vôh-

ÅôP-ü uÛ-¾ô- 1988 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 5 ZÛm-¿Ë-Å¼-Ç¨ôm-¾¤-¤²h-ÇKô-

Iâz-Çeï-‚¤Å-q-ŸôGÅ-ºiïm-¾-GmÅ-±ß¾-GP-»ôP-Ç‰¤-mÅ-P-¼P-z¼-

Ç+ô¼-¾-xÛm-qÅ-ÇoP-¯ï-ÁG-¤hÝm-M¾-z-‚¤Å-q-um-ºiïm-ŸÝÅ-»ôP-

z-hP-ºƒï¾-zôh-¤Û-¤P-ºhÝ-º²ô¤Å-Vïm-qôÅ-ºIô-¾¤-»P-¤ïh-q-¿e-

zÞ¼-Hã¼ü hïºÛ-Mãh-DP-qºÛ-¯ÛG-ºI¤-Å-DÞ¾-±P-¤-M-¤ÛºÛ-¾Å-‚ïh-

n¤Å-z¿e-dôG-‚ïh-q¼-ÇÀïzÅ-ºhÝG-¾-P-¼P-Å-DÞ¾-HÛ-¾Å-‚ïh-q-

ºhÝG-qÅ-hï-¼ÛP-M-¤ÛÅ-¿e-dôG-‚ïh-qô-ºhÛ-hG-»ôh-hÝÅ-P-¼P-¾ºP-

Zïm-D-ºyh-Mã-»Ûm-q-zXôh-¤ïh-¼ïh-Ç‰¤-mÅ-P-¼P-¾ôG-xÛmü hï-

mÅ-M¾-z-‚¤Å-q-GÅÞP-¼¼-wïzÅ-¤±¤Å-hGº-¿km-IÔ-q-mÅ-Çoï-

ºFÛh-hï-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-G»Þ-¾ô-JÀôhz=ô¾-GbôP-hGôÅ-»ôh-TïÅ-Ç+h-ºzôh-


zMz-q-hP-VzÅ-TÛG-¤P-±ôGÅ-Çkïz-¾PÅ-ˆÛÅ-Ç+h-ºzôh-ÁÝGÅ-

Vï-zMz-qÅ-MºÛ-¾Å-‚ïh-q-n¤Å-G®ßG-¾G-DP-mP-º²â¾-bï-ƒôÅ-

ºIô-»Þ¾-¤-½‰ïh-q-n¤Å-DP-qºÛ-ÇKï-DÞP-mÅ-fG-ÁÝ¼-zbP-mÅ-xÛ¼-

ƒôÅü hï-ºy¾-M-h¤G-iG-hqÞP-zbP-mÅ-G®ßG-¾G-DP-mP-»ôh-

Åï¼-B-¤P-±ôGÅ-n¤Å-¾G-¤hº-hP-zï¼-MãG-GÛÅ-iG-lÝP-±h-

zL¾-zbP-ü hïºÛ-ÅP-ZÛm-ºhôh-hq¾-¸PÅ-z¸ô-***¾GÅ-hï-

ZÛh-ŸôGÅ-q-G®ßG-¾G-DP-ÇKô-VßP-ÆâP-¤Û-Å¼-xÛm-mÅ-D-ZÛm-PºÛ-

IÔ-VßP-ŸÛG-ºhÛ-xôGÅ-¾-xÛm-bï-¤hP-mÝz-»ôP-¤Dm-¤Û-ºhÝG-qÅ-hï-

º±ô¾-z¼-mP-¾ôG-¾-GbôP-¼ôGÅ-TïÅ-mm-zÇ+Ý¾-‚Å-qÅ-¤f¼-h-

¿e-¤Û-GŸm-¤Û-ºhÝG-GP-¤HôGÅ-»ôP-hGôÅ-¾z-mÅ-zbP-hôm-mP-

Ç+ô¼-w¼-±ß¼-z¿eÅ-qÅ-ÁÛP-¼ºÛ-HP-PôÅ-bÛ¼-Çt¼-Vïm-qô-ŸÛG-G»ôG-

zŸG-q-GTÛG-ºhÝG-qÅ-hï-zÇSôGÅ-mÅ-D-xï-hÝÅ-hïºÛ-mP-zôh-¤Û-zTß-

GZÛÅ-zÅh-qºÛ-wÞP-qô-FG-GÛ-MãG-Vß-fôm-q-ºhÝG hï-hG-hPôÅ-

ÅÞ-¤fôP-zÅ-º²¤-JÀÛP-M¾-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-ŸÛz-ºWâG-‚ïh-qô-»ôP-m-GÅ¾-

zÁh-‚-Mã-»Ûm-zXôh-‚ãP-»P-hzP-±h-¿km-qºÛ-xÛ-M¾-z-»ôP-¤Û-

¤ïh-¾-P-±ôÅ-M-¤Û¼-wÞ-w¼-Mz-Ç¨-¼-±ß¼-±ÛG-q-ºhÛ-¾-G¸ÛGÅ-m-

¼P-¼ÛGÅ-h¤-±ÛG-Çe ôzÅ-ÁÝGÅ-lôG-¯-zOÛ¾-¤-hGôÅ-Å¤ü hïºÛ-

ZÛm-M-h¤¼-mÅ-JÀôG-z½‰m-q¼-MG-ŸÛz-y-‚-Åï¤Å-ˆÛÅ-M-mG-mÅ-

Vïh-¤PGÅ-hïP-¼zÅ-Tm-HÛ-JÀôG-GÛ-OÛG-VÅ-V-±P-»ôh-qºÛ-½ÀPÅ-

ºDô¼-Vïm-qô-GTÛG-ÁÛP-¼ºÛ-mP-zTßG-»ôh-q-hï-hG-¼P-¼ÛGÅ-DG-

mÅ-zTG-Gbô¼-HÛÅ-Gbô¼-z½ÀGÅ-zbP-mÅ-M-h¤¼-¾-HôP-GÝm-

z¸ôÅü Ç¨ ôm-¾¤-Vïm-¤ôºÛ-hÝÅ-»Þm-¼ÛP-¢Ûm-zhG-DG-mÅ-Ÿ¾-

ºhïzÅ-wÞ¾-zºÛ-hPÞ¾-±P-¤-h¤¼-h¤G-GÛÅ-@Ý-ºEï¼-‚Åü GÅÞP-

¼¼-¤P-±ôGÅ-mÅ-Ç+h-ºzôh-ŸÛ-Lô¾-‚ïh-hÝÅ-h-¿e-ºhÛ-»ôh-zÞ-¼Ûm-

Vïm-hôm-Iâz-( hïP-Ç+zÅ-l-Å¼-»ôh- )ˆÛ-Bïh-¤-¤±ô-BÛh-Oô¾-¤-hP-zÞ-¤ô-

qh-Oôm-GZÛÅ-mÅ-Ç+h-ºzôh-hP-ü zÞ-¤ô-qh-Oôm-mÅ-M-¤ÛºÛ-xôGÅ-

ÅÞ-@Ýz-zÇem-q-hq¼-mP-GÅ¾-ºDôh-¾-zdïm-DôP-GZÛÅ-LÝ-±-z®ôm-

DP-¾-zTßG-Çeï-zÞ-¤ô-qh-Oôm-¹-z-zŸÛ-®¤-mÅ-JÀôh-z=ô¾-zbP-z-

hP-ü ¤-¤±ô-BÛh-Oôm-¤-¹-z-zMh-hGÝ-ŸÛG-mÅ-mh-GTôP-fôG-JÀôh-

ºIô¾-zbP-»P-¾ô-mh-mh-GTôP-GÛÅ-Ç¨m-DP-zÇeïm-hGôÅ-‚ãP-z-

¼ïhü M-¤ÛÅ-VôÅ-ŸïÅ-q-»Þ¾-¾ÞP-h¼-MÅ-GbôP-zºÛ-ºGôG-Aïm-

Vïm-qô-ŸÛG-»Ûm-q-PôÅ-º²Ûm-‚ïh-¾ü ¿ËG-q¼-¼P-¼ï-zôh-¾-mP-VôÅ-

ˆÛ-º²Ûm-BôP-Æ-zdm-»ôP-z¸ô-»ôh-m-hï-Dô-q-±ôºÛ-¤ÛG-mP-i-¤-¿e-zÞºÛ-

¤Û-z¸ôh-qºÛ-ÇkP-Åï¤Å-zTPÅ-q-hï-¼P-¼ï-zôh-¤Û-n¤Å-¼P-»Þ¾-h¼-

MÅ-GbôP-zºÛ-GÁÛÅ-¾ÞGÅ-¤ïh-¾-hï-¤±ßPÅ-¼P-GÛ-EÛ¤-¤±ïÅ-M¾-

ºƒï¾-n¤Å-¾-hÝÅ-hP-GmÅ-Ç+zÅ-ˆÛ-ºwô-ºHã¼-WÛ-‚ïh-Z¤Å-¾ïm-


®¤-»P-¤ïh-q¼-¼P-»Þ¾-ÇS¼-Æô¾-¾ÞGÅ-¾-z¯Û-¤fôP-V-º²Ûm-¾¤-

mÅ-ÇS¼-Æô¾-¾-zÇSGÅ-q-hP-ü xÛ-h¼-¼ÛGÅ-¾-¤Û-ºhôh-qºÛ-uôh-

q-¤fôP-z-hïÅ-Aïm-qÅ-¤Û-n¤Å-VôÅ-hh-GôP-ºwï¾-wÞh-ºWÛG-dïm-

ÆÛh-xôGÅ-¾-ÇÀôz-Çeôm-¢PÅ-¤ïh-¾¤-Æô¾-VGÅ-q-hïÅ-M-VïºÛ-ŸÛP-

ºƒôG-±P-¤¼-¼P-GÛ-w-¤ïÅ-º±ô-fzÅ-uôh-±ß¾-¼P-¾-¤Gô-ºDô¼-mÅ-

Çk ôh-q-hïÅ-Vz-ÆÛh-zhG-GŸm-h‚ï-z-¤ïh-q-¼ô-¤Z¤-GmÅü hï-

mÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1979 ¤±¤Å-VôÅ-hh-¼P-¤ôÅ-ym-zÞºÛ-GÝ-»PÅ-zbP-

z-hï-hP-VzÅ-TÛG-IÔ-z®ßm-GÅ¼-zŸÝGÅ-ºwï¾-MÅ-xÛm-q¼-VôÅ-

hGï-zÁïÅ-GZïm-hï-ÇSôm-GŸÝP-Vïm-z;º-qôh-¾-GÅm-zÅ¤-¤f¼-xÛm-

ºGº-ÁÅ-º±ô-zŸÝGÅ-hP-¤W¾-mÅ-hï-hG-GÛ-Å-mÅ-ÇÀôz-ºFÛh-ŸÝÅ-

mÅ-mP-VôÅ-G®ô-zô¼-Hã¼-q-¿Ë-VôÅ-hGï-z-zTß-hP-¤Û-VôÅ-G®P-¤-

zTß-iâG-¾-ÅôGÅ-VôÅ-ÆÛh-ˆÛ-Gô-hôm-GÅ¾-qô-dôGÅ-q-hP-VzÅ-TÛG-

¾ïGÅ-ZïÅ-¼P-hP-GŸm-Gô-zºÛ-PôÅ-º²Ûm-PïÅ-GÅ¾-¼P-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-

¯-hôm-»P-zhïm-qºÛ-¾¤-¯ôh-¤ïh-»ôPÅ-IGÅ-ÅôP-ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-ˆÛ-

IÔ-w¼-xÛm-hqï-V-zÅ-G®ôÅ-IÔ-GŸôm-±ôÅ-¤-IôÅ-GTÛG-ºHã¼-¾¤-

mÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1987 ¹- 9 ±ïÅ- 27 ZÛm-¿Ë-Å-z¼-Ç+ ô¼-mÅ-hzÞ-

±ßGÅ-bï-¾G-bà-M¾-h¼-OïP-zŸÛm-zhïm-qºÛ-Ç+h-ºzôh-GmP-z-hP-ü

hï-zŸÛm-uÛ-¾ô- 1987 ¹- 10 ±ïÅ- 1 ZÛm-Åï-¼-z-hP-ü hï-XïÅ-

uÛ-¾ô- 1988 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 5 ZÛm-hGº-¿kmü Çoï-fP-¼-Çe ôhü

ÇeG-¾ÞP-ƒG Vß-z¸P-ü mï-VßP-¼Ûü ¤±¤Å-DÞP-ü ÁÝG-GÅïzü

Ç~ï-Åï¼ü Bô¼-¾ÞP-¾-ÅôGÅ-Í-mïï-¤P-ZÝP-Ço-±ôGÅ-mÅ-ŸÛ-Lô¾-Ç+h-

ºzôh-‚Å-ÇezÅ-ºIô-z-¤Û-n¤Å-¾-ÁïÅ-‚ºÛ-V-Aïm-hGôÅ-¾ü hï-»P-

M¾-ÆÅ-ÁÛP-d-Vïm-qô-n¤Å-ˆÛ-„ÀP-hô¼-GŸÝP-¾ÞGÅ-h¤-q-n¤Å-mÅ-

zMãh-qºÛ-¤fôP-z-xG-¾ïm-PïÅ-q¼-hGôÅ-¾-M-h¤¼-zºÛ-¼ÛG-GŸÝP-

mÛ-¤×-Dï-ÅÛ-¾-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-º²¤-JÀÛP-Eôm-HÛÅ-uôh-±ß¾-mÅ-hqï-„ÀPÅ-

bï-¤Û-±ïºÛ-zhï-ÇkÝG-z¸P-qôºÛ-GŸÝP-¾ÞGÅ-z;ôh-»ôh-ˆP-hï-hG-¿e-

z-GŸm-zdïm-¾-Gô-zl-vôh-‚ïh-®¤-¾Å-¾G-¾ïm-fôG-h¤¼-qôºÛ-¿e-

z-h¼-Çtï¾-zbP-mÅ-¤Û-¼zÅ-¼P-¼P-GÛ-zMãh-º²Ûm-¾-hÝÅ-»Þm-WÛ-

¼ÛP-º±ô-fzÅ-Ç+zÅ-º±ô¾-HÛ-hôm-Ç‰ÛP-¯-FÛ¤Å-hP-¾G-¾ïm-f-hh-

‚ïh-q-hïÅ-wÞGÅ-ˆÛ-zhïm-q-¤f¼-fÞG-¤ïh-ÇezÅ-Mz-ÇeôP-¿e-zÞ¼-¼P-

¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-¼ÛG-GŸÝP-hôm-¿km-Mz-dïm-GP-¸z-»ôh-q-hï-¾-hP-qô-ZÛh-

mÅ-¯-ºfô¼-¤-z¸ôh-m-hï-hG-º²¤-JÀÛP-Å-xôGÅ-Eôm-Vï-z¼-¥ã¼-

ºwï¾-HÛ-I-MÅ-¾-hôGÅ-q-»ôh-q-ŸÛG-¼P-¼ïhü

h-hÝP-M-h¤¼-mÅ-Vz-ÆÛh-hGôÅ-¤Dô¼-hï-ÇS ôm-M-mG-GôP-

¤-hP-zôh-ˆÛ-VôÅ-ÆÛh-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-zhG-qô-Çeï-&M¾-hzP-Ç+Ý-yïP-¿S-q-

mÅ-z¸ÞP-¤Vôh-»ôm-ºƒï¾-z-»ôh-q-hï-¤hº-Ç+h-JÀÛP-Nå¼-ÆÛh-xôGÅ-


ºƒï¾-z-»ôh-±ß¾-G¸ÞGÅ-¤ïh-IÛz-zbGÅ-ˆÛÅ-º²¤-JÀÛP-Å-ÇeïP-iÛ¾-

zOGÅ-hP-ü Mã-hzP-hqÞP-GÛÅ-G»ô-Nå-GP-hGôÅ-‚Å-VôG-q-hP-

P-±ô-zôh-VôÅ-¿km-M¾-Dz-ˆÛ-M¾-qô-Ç+Ý-yïP-¿S-q-mÅ-hÝÅ-h-¿e-z¼-

VôÅ-ÆÛh-¾Þ-GÝ-zMãh-ˆÛ-M¾-qô¼-VôÅ-xôGÅ-D-G»¼-HÛ-hôm-hÝ-ÆÛh-

hôm-Oæz-Çeï-M-zôh-D-ƒ¾-GbôP-fzÅ-‚ïh-ˆÛ-ºhÝG-¸ï¼-z-hï-GZÛÅ-

ˆP-WG-qÅ-¤Û-Mã-ºyôG-mÅ-¼P-Mã-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-zXôh-q-hP-h‚ï-z-¤Û-

Vôhü hPôÅ-ºƒï¾-‚ãP-z-¾-ŸÛz-ºWâG-‚Å-bï-¼P-¼ïºÛ-zôh-M-GZÛÅ-

hz¼-zhïm-μâm-¯ôh-GŸÛ-Tm-ºhÛ-ºi-ŸÛG-VGÅ-hÝÅ-M-h¤¼-¤Z¤-

ºƒï¾-M¾-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-Mãm-º²Ûm-ºGô-FÛh-DG-¿SºÛ-mP-»ôh-q-hï-»P-

¯ôh-GŸÛ-fG-¤-Vôh-hz¼-wm-±ßm-ºi-¤Z¤-ÇeïP-mÅ-zhïm-μâm-M¾-

±ôGÅ-¾-ŸÝ-zÁï¼-¼¤ü Pô-fÞG-ŸÝ-¯ôh-‚Å-mÅ-ºFâm-fG-GTh-Mã-

ŸÛG-¤-»Ûm-m¤ü h-hÝP-hôm-±m-zTß-zhÝm-hï-¾-M-h¤¼-¼P-mÅ-

¯ÛÅ-¤ïh-zl¾-zÁÛG-zbP-z-¤-¼ïh-h¤ü

¾ï-±m-zTß-qü

zôh-M-ºfz-¯ôh-nô-P¼-Vï-Ç+zÅ-JÀô-zÞ¼-&qa-

Vïm-f¤Å-Th-¤Eïm-q-Ç+Ý-GÁïGÅ-qºÛ-

zôh-ºzPÅ-ˆÛ-VG-ÇKôü

uÛ-¾ô- 1988 ¹-z- 9 ±ïÅ- 27 ZÛm-HÛ-Vß-±ôh-hP-qô-

®¤-P-¼P-Tm-¤Û-ºGº-ŸÛG-G®ßG-¾G-DP-GÛ-¤hÝm-PôÅ-¤ï-bôG-¿kÝ¤-

¼ºÛ-ºI¤-ÇeïGÅ-¾-zÇkh-»ôh-qÅ-hï-mÅ-JÀô-zÞ¼-hÝ-M-h¤G-¤Û-GÅÞ¤-

Wô-zô-hzÞ-CºÛ-¤±¤Å-mÅ-»¼-º²ïGÅ-ÅôP-z-G-¼ï-»Ûm-m¤-h¤G-

¤Û-º²ïGÅ-ˆÛ-ºhÝG-¸ï¼-zŸÛm-z¿eÅ-qÅ-¿UP-¤ºÛ-GÅïz-hï¼-zôh-ˆÛ-

M¾-h¼-ŸÛG-OïP-º²âGÅ-‚Å-q-±ß¼-„ÀPÅ-mÅ-¤¼-G»ÞGÅ-ÅôP-M¾-

h¼-hï-ºi-ÅÞÅ-OïP-º²âGÅ-‚Å-q-»Ûm-m¤-ŸïÅ-¼P-¤Û-n¤Å-mÅ-JÀïP-

Gb¤-‚Å-ÅôP-»P-ÅÞ-¾-»P-zXôh-Mã-¤Û-ºhÝG hï-XïÅ-ÁÛG-mÅ-

iÛ-ŸÛz-‚ïh-hÝÅ-ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-IÔ-º²¤-¿Ë-( ºhÛ-G-¯ô¤-OÛG-qÅ-º²¤-¿Ë-Pô-fÞG-

90 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü &qa-Vïm-f¤Å-Th-¤Eïm-q-Ç+ Ý -GÁïGÅ-qºÛ -z ôh-ºzPÅ-ˆÛ -VG-ÇK ô ü 91

GÛÅ-zT¼-ºiÛ-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-hï-hôm-¼-ºyôh-‚ãP-ü)ŸïÅ-q-hGôm-qºÛ-OÛG-GŸÛ-¾-»ôh-

q-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-z®ßGÅ-q-¼ïhü hï-fôG-¤-º²âGÅ-q¼-ºIô-hÝÅ-Hôm-VÅ-

Pm-Pôm-ŸÛG-Hôm-ÇK¾-q¼-¯-¼Å-wh-GôG-TÛG-ºEï¼-hïºÛ-mP-M¾-h¼-

º²âGÅ-ÁÛP-¼P-OÛG-ºEï¼-bï-z®ßGÅ-q-¼ïh-¸ï¼-z-fôÅ-‚ãP-ü hï-

zŸÛm-ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-wô-ƒP-GÛ-»P-Çe ïP-hP-ü lô-¿Ë-Vïm-¤ô-G®ô-zô¼-

Hã¼-zºÛ-hGôm-qºÛ-ÆP-¾¤-¾-M¾-h¼-hÝÅ-±ÛGÅ-hP-zÇeàm-¤P-qô-

OïP-¢¼-‚Å-»ôh-ºhÝG

»P-uÛ-¾ô- 1989 ¾ôºÛ-zôh-ˆÛ-¾ô-GÅ¼-Ç+zÅ-¿Ë-ÅºÛ-G®ßG-

¾G-DP-GÛ-ÇKô-ºxô¼-ÇeïP-GÛ-ÇKô-wÛG-ÇKP-zôh-ˆÛ-M¾-h¼-OïP-º²âGÅ-

‚Å-q-hï¼-GŸÛÅ-¾ÞÅ-¤Û-¤P-mÅ-M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-Gmôm-z®Û¼-hqG-bà-

¤ïh-q-zbP-hP-GbôP-zŸÛm-q-hï-hG-¾-ºWÛGÅ-ŸÝ¤-Çtä-®¤-¤ïh-q-

zôh-ˆÛ-M¾-h¼-fôG-¤W¾-h¼-Ç¨ôm-ºhÝm-HÛÅ-zMm-q-wÞ¾-bï-¤f¼-

¤W¾-h¼-HÛÅ-GP-Çeï-M¾-h¼-¤fôP-Mã-¤ïh-q-Hã¼-ÅôP-ü M-h¤¼-

mÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô-hP-¤Û-ºi-z¼-zôh-»Þ¾-¼P-hzP-»¼-MÅ-

zbP-Çeï-zôh-¤Û-±P-¤-GÝP-Fm-bP-¾-hGº-Ÿïm-z¯Û-z;Ý¼-¸z-¤ô-

»ôh-±ß¾-½À âP-¿e¼-Çt ï¾-¾-»Þ¾-H¼-¼Þ-±ôGÅ-mÅ-z;Å-z;ôh-Mãh-

º²Ûm-zB¼-¾PÅ-¼ô-¾PÅ-¤ïÅ-M¾-D-ƒ¾-GbôP-GÛ-»ôh-¼ïh-TïÅ-

G¸ÞGÅ-¤ïh-IÛz-zbGÅ-Pm-h=âGÅ-‚Å-hP-‚ïh-zŸÛm-»P-ü M-

h¤¼-zôh-¾-»¼-MÅ-GbôP-z¼-zôh-¤Û-ÅÞÅ-¼ï-zÇ+Ý¾-‚Å-Å¤ü hïÅ-

ˆP-¼P-»Þ¾-¼P-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-¾-vôh-ºhôh-‚ïh-q-¾Å-hIÅ-hqÞP-ÇeôzÅ-

zhG-z¸ÞP-‚Å-q-hï-¾-P-±ô-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛÅ-ºDôm-ÇkP-Vïm-qô-»ôh-q-

¤±ôm-»ôh-hôü zôh-¤ÛÅ-±Ð-hô-z¾-HÛÅ-¤Û-¾ôP-»P-ü z¾-hô-Vß-¾-

Ç~ôP-zºÛ-º±¾-º±ô¾-fÞz-Mã-»P-hï-ºi-wm-±ßm-P¾-hÝz-hP-ü ¤ÛP-

zÁh-Mãü ¿ËG-bà-GPÅ-Tm-¤Gôm-qôÅ-D-z-GPÅ-Tm-qºÛ-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-

G®ô-zô¼-Hã¼-qºÛ-Bï-ºIô-;Ým-¾-wm-q-hP-ü zhï-zºÛ-¾¤-z¸P-qô¼-

h=Û-zºÛ-fÞGÅ-Xï-z;º-iÛm-GŸ¾-h;º-z-ºhÛ-¾-z¸P-iâG-Ç¨m-¢ô¼-

z¸P-qôü Eôh-¿e-z-Pm-qºÛ-hÝG-bà-¤-º²Ûm-q-¾ïGÅ-ZïÅ-¤-ºFâ¾-

z-PôÅ-º²Ûm-‚ïh-G¾-Vï-z-¤-¸hü

h-V-M-h¤¼-h¤¼-qôºÛ-¿e-zMãh-º²Ûm-¾¤-¾Å-¿kôG-mÅ-¤Û-¤P-¤P-

G®ôºÛ-¾¤-xôGÅ-zMãh-hGôÅ-qºÛ-Gb¤-¤Gô-¾Å-¤WâG-zB¾-bï-M¾-

Dz-Vïm-qô-ºhÛ-º²¤-JÀÛP-iP-zhïm-HÛ-¸Ûm-fô-ºGôh-fzÅ-¾Åü ¤-

¼zÅ-uôh-¾ôG-GÛ-º²¤-JÀÛP-¸Ûm-fô-hGôh-m-º²¤-JÀÛP-GÛ-JÀ ÛP-GŸÛ-

¼ÛP-qô¼-ÇeG-¾-¤-zŸïh-ˆP-mGÅ-¾-º±ï¼-z-¾ôÅ-‚ïh-hGôÅ-Åôü

P-¼P-mÅ-‚ ïÅ-zŸÝGÅ-z ôh-¼ ÛGÅ-hP-ü h ï -zŸ Ûm-º²¤-J À ÛP -

M¾-uÛºÛ-ºIô-z-uÛ-zhïºÛ-¾Å-ºGm-zŸïÅ-q-hï-hG-mÅ-zhïm-hôm-

GÅ¼-GmÅ-¤fôP-fôÅ-‚ãP-z-n¤Å-¿Ë-¿km-DÞ¾-w¼-zÁhü ±ß¼-Zm-


‚ïh-±ß¾-IôP-¤Û-zÅ¤Å-GŸÛGÅ-zdm-q-DG-hP-ºIï¾-zÁh-‚Å-mÅ-

zÇkhü hï-mÅ-±ôGÅ-q-ŸÛG-mÅ-h‚Ûm-WÛ-z-Ç~ Û -Ç~ Û -ÅÛ-GÅ¼-ºGôh-Ms.Kanyya kalli hP-wm-±ßm-ºƒï¾-¾¤-‚Å-mÅ-¿Ë-Å¼-º‚ô¼-Ç+zÅ-

GôP-GÅ¾-±ôGÅ-¤Û-***mÅ-Eïh-P-±ôºÛ-±ôGÅ-qºÛ-mP-wïzÅ-¼ôGÅ-

‚Å-m-P-±ô-¾-»P-»G-qô-»ôP-z-ºhÝG-¸ï¼-hôm-P-¼P-hï¼-xÛm-mÅ-

GÅ¼-hÝ-¾G-Åôm-‚ãP-zºÛ-»ÛG-¼ÛGÅ-ºIï¤Å-Çtï¾ü Ç+zÅ-¤fÞm-Gb¤-

GÅ¼-Zm-zÁhü hï-zŸÛm-»Û-Gï-ºƒÛ-GbôP-ÅôGÅ-P-¼P-mÅ-ºGm-

¾ïm-‚Å-mÅ-zÇkhü

¾ô-hï¼-h‚Ûm-WÛ-z-Ç~ Û-Ç~ Û -ÅÛºÛ-GÅ¼-ºGôh- Ms.Kanyya kalli

M-mG-DÞ¾-GÅP-Ç+ô¼-¾-xÛm-bï-¿Ë-Å¼-xÛm-mÅ-G»G-¤Iôm-DP-hÝ-

zÇkh-Ç+zÅ-¿Ëô-xôGÅ-DÞ¾-hÝ-DP-q-ŸÛG-G»¼-bï-hï¼-º²ô¤Å-hÝÅ-‚Åü

ZÛm-ŸÛG-º²ô¤Å-hÝÅ-¾-¤-º‚ô¼-ÇezÅ-Ç+h-Nå¼-¼Ûm-Vïm-»¼-ºwï¾ü(hïP-Í-¼Û¼-»ôh- )hP-P-¼P-G»G-¤Iôm-DP-¾- Ms. Kanyya kalli

¾GÅ-Å¼-xÛm-»P-¤Iôm-DP-mP-xÛm-mÅ-z¯h-GTôh-fzÅ-¤ïh-

ÇezÅ-M¾-ÇKôºÛ-Zï-ºI¤-ÇKÝG-zÇkh-qÅ-GP-®¤-ŸÛG-¾-ÇÀïzÅ-‚ãP-

»P-P-¼P-mÛ-Ç+h-zl-ºyôh-¤Û-fÞz-ÇezÅ-¼Ûm-Vïm-»¼-ºwï¾-PôÅ-¾-

¤ÛG-¸Þ¼-ŸÛG-z¿eÅ-bï-¤²âz-¤ô-z®ßGÅ-q-DôP-GÛÅ-ÁïÅ-mÅ-wm-±ßm-

MP-¿ eº Û -PP-¼ Ûm-V ïm-»¼-ºwï¾-Ç S ôm -¾-x Ûmü hïº Û -X ïÅ-®¤-

Ms. Kanyya kalli ¾GÅü hïºÛ-XïÅ-¾-P-¼P-zTÅ-¼Û¤-zIôh-ˆÛÅ-xÛm-bï-Çk ôh-DP-ÇK ô-¤-º²â¾-¤±¤Å-¾- Ms. Kanyya kalli ¤VôG-GÛÅ-

hïºÛ-Zï-ºDô¼-IôP-¤Û-±ôºÛ-ÇKô-ÇKï-DÞP-¤Û-GP-ºi-ŸÛG-zÇkh-»ôh-¤ïh-ŸÛz-

mm-G¸ÛGÅ-bï-ÇK ô-mP-º²â¾ü hï-XïÅ-mô¼-JÀ ÛP-hP-ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-ˆÛ-

¤Û-Ço-Pô-vôh-‚ïh-q¼-zBôh-Ç+zÅ-mô¼-JÀÛP-hÝ-***¾GÅ-Pô-vôh-

GmÅ-¾ÞGÅ-ŸÝÅ-bï-dG-zdm-¤Û-ºHã¼-wô-ƒP-Zï-ºDô¼-mGÅ-GÅïz-

¾ -zÇ kh -h ï - q¼ -zMz -q -¾Å -G¸ Û¤ -V ßP -mP -¤ -» ôP -Ç e zÅ -

***¾GÅ-mÅ-zôh-ˆÛ-Ÿô-qh-ÁôG-VG-VßP-PÞ-ŸÛG-im-dïm-¤±ôm-

‚ïh-hÝ-zÇ+Ý¼-GmP-z-Pô-vôh-‚Å-hï-ZÛm-P-¼P-hP-zÅôh-m¤Å-ÇeôzÅ-

MÅ-¤Z¤-hÝ-»ôhü hï-ºƒï¾-Ç~Û-Ç~ Û-ÅÛ-GÅ¼-ºGôh-q- Ms.Kanyya

Kalli ¾GÅ-M-mG-¾-Ç+ ô¼-Bôh-hP-ü hï-zŸÛm-xÛ-M¾-¾-ºIô-zºÛ-¾¤-¼ôGÅ-½ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-zl¾-JÀ-zTÅ-q¼-M-ÇKô¼-VÛG-ÇeôP-¼ï-zÇkÝ-

¼Þz-ºzôh-zÇ+Ý¾-‚Å-q¼-Eôm-ÇKô¼-VÛG-FÛ-zhÝm-ÇeôP-®¤-‚ãP-z-±ôGÅ-

¤Û-Åô-ÅôºÛ-¤ÛP-¸Þ¼-¼ï-zMz-mÅ-M-G¼-¾-Ç‰m-ŸÝ-zTÅ-zÞ-hGº-hGº-

¤hÝm-zμPÅü hï-XïÅ-z¾-»Þ¾-mÅ-ÅôG-ŸzÅ-iâP-GÛÅ-P-±ô-zôh-

¼P-z®m-»Ûm-M-h¤¼-zôh-mÅ-xÛ¼-¾ôG-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-zôh-h‚Ûm-M-

GÅÞ¤-HÛ-»Û-Gï-hÝP-h;¼-Tm-q¼-NÛG-fôG-bà-z;ôh-q-ŸÛG-zÇem-º²Ûm-

h¼-MÅ-Vïh-GbôP-GmP-º‚ô¼-‚ãP-zÅ-q¼-h ï -hG-P-¼P-hP-

94 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü &qa-Vïm-f¤Å-Th-¤Eïm-q-Ç+ Ý -GÁïGÅ-qºÛ-zôh-ºzPÅ-ˆÛ-VG-ÇK ôü 95

***GZÛÅ-mÅ-hq¼-zü hï-zŸÛm-GŸm-¾-q¼-JÀ-vh-hï-zMz-

zTßG-q-hP-***hP-***GZÛÅ-¾-vh-hï-hq¼-ºhïzÅ-‚Å-ÁÛP-

Åï¼-ºƒÅ-hGï-GÅÞ¤-HÛÅ-G®ôÅü hzÞÅ-G®P-ü ¤hô-Çeôh-Ç¨h-GP-

Å¼-ºƒï¾-º‚ô¼-‚ãP-¼ÛGÅ-¾-zÇ+Ý¼-z-w¾-Vï¼-¤-Ez-q-¤ïh-q-®¤-

GbôP-Çtï¾-fÞz-q-hï-mÛ-hGï-¤±m-GP-º±¤Å-Pô-fôm-‚ãP-ÅôP-»P-

¤hô-Çeôh-¾-ºhÛ-mÅ-&GôP-Å-Vïm-qôºÛ-z;º-ÇÀôz-hP-z®m-‚ô¾-GŸÝP-

G Û -h ïz-» ÛG-V-hP-ü GôP-GÅ¾-h ÝP-h;¼-dGÅ-Tm-GP-®¤-

***ŸïÅ-w-»Þ¾-¾-ºIô-zºÛ-¤hÝm-zbP-zºÛ-»ÛG-Bå¼-hï-hG-Dô-qÅ-

¤¼-¾¤-;ôP-qô-zMãh-IôP-Çkï-»ôh-Å¼-G»ÞGÅ-qºÛ-¤ô-‡-hï-È-Gô-mÅ-

XïÅ-ºhïh-zbP-qÅ-xG-hïz-DG-fôm-bï-Dô-q-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-ˆP-

¾¤-¼ôGÅ-GŸm-n¤Å-¾-¿Ë-Å¼-zÅôh-m¤Å-ÇeôzÅ-MÅ-¾-zXôh-hï-

Eïh-Åï¤Å-F¾-¤-hGôÅ-PÅ-DÞPÅ-zB¾-fÞz-TïÅ-¾m-zÇ+Ý¼-º‚ô¼-

ºhÝG-ˆP-zÅôh-ÇeôzÅ-Çkôh-„ÀôÅ-¤-z¸ôh-q¼-ºhÛ-xôGÅ-ƒôÅ-‚ô¾-¾-

»ôP-hGôÅ-hï-¿e¼-¾GÅü P-¼P-mÛ-zG-±ºÛ-PP-z®ôm-º±ßh-zÞ-hï¼-

Á-¤¼-Zô-¼Ûm-M-ÇKô¼-¿S-zTß-zÇ+Ý¼-bï-¼P-GmÅ-zÇkh-ˆP-zÞ-hïÅ-ˆP-

wÞP-¢ô¼-GP-»P-¤ïh-q-¼P-GÛ-¤Gô-ºFâÅ-ºWÛP-hG-G®P-Åï¾-‚Å-

bï-¹-z-zŸÛ-®¤-mÅ-z®ôm-Iô¾-‚ãP-ºhÝG-»Ûm-mºP-Ç+zÅ-hï¼-Zïm-

DºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-ŸÛG-fÞG-ÇezÅ-***hP-ü zÅôh-Çe ôzÅ-Tm-mÅ-

Iôm-hPÞ¾-zÇkÝ-¼Þz-‚Å-qºÛ-»P-¿ËG-hPÞ¾-ÇKô¼-ZÛÅ-ÇeôP-®¤-ŸÛG-Çtäm-

¹-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-z¼-vôh-Mã-P-¼P-GÛ-¾G-q¼-»ôh-q-hï-hG-¾¤-ÅïP-

fG-GTôh-¤-‚Å-m-P-¼P-¾-GmÅ-±ß¾-ºi-fôm-±ï-hPÞ¾-hï-Vßh-¸ôÅ-

ºIô-Zïm-zÅ¤Åü ***¾GÅ-Å¼-¾G-zÇkh-hPÞ¾-hï-n¤Å-Åï¼-

ºƒÅ-hGï-GÅÞ¤ü Mãh-IÔ-Ç¨h-Çeôh-zTÅ-¾-zGôÅ-bï-ºzÞ¾-¾¤-ŸÝÅ-

bï-GmÅ-zTß-hP-ºƒï¾-zÇem-MÅ-Ç¨ôm-¾¤-ÆâP-¤-h¤¼-mG-GZÛÅ-

ˆÛ-ºyÛm-zÇ+Ý¾-Gmh-Ç¨Ûm-BzÅ-ºWâG-GÅô¾ü ***¿Ë-º‚ô¼-HÛÅ-

***Å¼-GÅP-Çkôh-‚Åü Dô-q-»P-»ÛG-Bå¼-ÇKÛG-hq¼-ŸÛG-ºhÝG-

q-hï-±Ð-¸Þ¼-Vz-¼Û¾-¾GÅ-ÅÞ-q¼-ºIï¤Å-‚-Mã¼-vhü Ç+zÅ-hï¼-

z®ôm-q-ºGº-ŸÛG-ÆôG-fôG-FÛ¤Å-GTôh-‚-Mã-»ôh-q-¼ïh-¸ï¼-zºÛ-

Ç~Û¼-Gb¤-Vïm-qô-ŸÛG-»ôh-Ç+zÅ-&qa-Vïm-VôÅ-ˆÛ-M¾-¤±m-M-mG-

mÅ-¿Ë-Å¼-wïzÅ-ÅôP-zÅ-ÆôG-fôG-ºIô-¤-hGôÅ-¤Gôm-BzÅ-»ôP-z-

ŸïÅ-ŸÝ-Ç‰m-z¸ôÅ-mÅ-Í-¤-***zMãh-hï-***zôh-GPÅ-Mm-h¼-

Çtï¾-±ôP-DP-GÛ-±ôP-q-»Ûm-qÅ-&GPÅ-Mm-h¼-Çtï¾-±ôP-DP-GÛ-¾Å-

‚ïh-q¼-¤W¾-D-GbôP-Mã¼-hï-fôG-ºzÞ¾-zÇ+Ý¼-ŸÝÅü hï-mÅ-&qa-

Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-G®P-z=-ÁÛÅ-¿Ëàm-qô¼-VÛzÅ-Nå¼-HÛÅ-&qa-Vïm-m-

¼Û¤-HÛ-Ç+Ý-GhÝP-Gbô¼-z½ÀG-zbP-z-n¤Å-zÇkÝ-¼Þz-¤²h-hï-¤Vôh-

DP-GÅ¼-MG-GÛ-GhÝP-dïm-GTÛG-ÇkÝh-GÅ¼-zŸïPÅ-¤²h-q-zBPÅ-


XïÅ-hïºÛ-¤±m-¤ô-&qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-hGôPÅ-q-μôGÅ-q-¼ïh-¸ï¼-zºÛ-

zôh-ºzPÅ-¾-VG-ÇKôºÛ-Gb¤-Pm-„Àô-»Þ¾-¾Å-ºhÅ-q-ŸÛG-‚ãP-ü hï-

ÇSôm-&qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï¼-Ç+Ý-hzP-wÞ¾-bï-M-¤ÛºÛ-GhôP-ºzG-TÛG-

G»ôGÅ-¯ÛÅ-‚Å-ˆP-uÛ-¾ô-iâG-TßºÛ-mP-¿Ë-Å¼-Ç¨ôm-±ôGÅ-¾-ŸzÅ-

Åô¼-ºDôh-Ç+zÅ-&qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-VïÅ-h-¿eºÛ-P-Ç+ Ý-±z-»Ûm-q-¤-

GbôGÅ-ºhÛ-PºÛ-Ghm-Å-¤Ûm-ŸÛP-zôh-D-z-GPÅ-Tm-HÛ-¿Ë -Ç+¾-

ºwGÅ-q-um-¼Å-G¸ÛGÅ-»Ûm-qÅ-¤-aï-»G-qô-ºiïm-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-hP-ü

VôÅ-ÆÛh-GZÛÅ-‚-»Û-ºhz-GÁôG-hP-GTÛG-¤±ßPÅ-»Ûm-ŸÛP-GTÛG-

»ôh-mºP-GTÛG-¤ïh-m-¤Û-ºIÛG-TïÅ-ÅôGÅ-„ÀP-ºhô¼-z;º-ÇÀôz-MÅ-

q¼-GmP-ü

hï-mÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1962 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 18 ZÛm-;Ým-G¸ÛGÅ-

&qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-VïÅ-zôh-¤Û-¤P-GÛ-zhï-ÇkÝG-ÆôP-qô¼-zXôh-qºÛ-»ÛG-

ºƒâ-FÛ-zhÝm-HÛ-Ç‰m-ŸÝ-M-GŸÝP-¾-GmP-zÅ-¾ô-hïºÛ-¹-z- 9 ±ïÅ-

17 ZÛm-=âP-h‚P-mÅ-h-¼ïÅ-&qa-Vïm-HÛÅ-I-ÍÞh-¤fô-¼Û¤-¤Û-ÇoºÛ-

ÇÀôz-¢ôP-±ôGÅ-ºhÝºÛ-fôG-P-±ô¼-±ß¼-Lô¾-‚Å-»ôh-qÅ-P-±ôÅ-ˆP-

ÇÀôz-¢ôP-±ôGÅ-ºhÝºÛ-fôG-Dô-±ô-hP-ºfz-¯ôh-‚ïh-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-¤²âz-

Çeôm-‚Å-bï-&DôP-GÛ-Ç+Ý-hzP-¯-¤ïh-zbP-zÅ-¤-±h-Ç+Ý-D¤Å-mG-

zÅÞz-GbôP-¯ÛÅ-º²¤-JÀÛP-fôG-&qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-=âP-Gô-mÅ-ƒôÅ-

‚ô¾-wïzÅ-qºÛ-Gb¤-ºV¾-Çtï¾-bï-MãÅ-¾ôm-‚ãP-XïÅ-Ç+Ý-ÆôG-z=ôPÅ-

hGôÅ-ÆÛh-„Àôm-=ºÞ-Íï-¾ïm-HÛÅ-Pm-ºV¼-hôm-zŸÛm-&qa-Vïm-xÛ-M¾-

¾-ƒôÅ-‚ô¾-GmP-z-¼ïh-¸ï¼-z-hP-ü »P-ÅÞ-¾m-( ÍÞ-¼Þ -Å Þ - )¾-ƒôÅ-

wïzÅ-»ôh-±ß¾-ÅôGÅ-Gb¤-ºV¾-z¸ôÅ-q¼-zdïm-&M¾-z-»Ûh-zŸÛm-

mô¼-zÞÅ-&qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-VïºÛ-¤±m-Ç‰m-fôÅ-Mã-¤ïh-q-ºhÛ-¾-„À ô-

±zÅ-Vïm-qô-»ôh-±ß¾-GÅ¾-zOGÅ-z°¾-ÇezÅ-¼P-GmÅ-¤-ºWôG-

fzÅ-¤ïh-hÝ-Hã¼-»ôhü hï-XïÅ-&qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-hP-M-zôh-hz¼-

ºG¾-¹ºÛ-Bôm-V-»ôh-Hã¼-ˆP-M-h¤¼-zÅ-zôh-MºÛ-hz¼-Gb¤-

zXôh-¾-zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-mÝÅ-q-¤ïh-fzÅ-¤ïh-q¼-¾G-±-Ç+¤-hqïºÛ-

±ß¾-hÝ-&qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï¼-Vï-¤fôP-ŸÝ-MãºÛ-¤²ïÅ-VÅ-ÅÞ-&qa-Vïm-

¼Ûm-qô-VïºÛ-„À-ƒP-GÛ-DÞPÅ-GbôGÅ-¾Å-‚ïh-±P-¤¼-»¼-fôm-Tm-

hÝ-zNå¼-z-hP-ü hï-zŸÛm-&GôP-Å-M¾-zºÛ-hzP-qô¼-zôh-MºÛ-ºfz-

¯ôh-fh-¤fÞ-¯¾-mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-Vï-zÅ-M-h¤¼-zºÛ-ÆÛh-hôm-¾-HôP-GÝm-

±zÅ-Vï-ºwôG-qÅ-Åï¤Å-mh-»ôh-ˆP-hï-hG-iG-qôºÛ-hqÞP-ÇeôzÅ-

ˆÛ-»-¾m-ƒ¾-ÇezÅ-xôGÅ-GŸm-ŸÛG-mÅ-zôh-GŸÝP-GÛ-¾Å-‚ºÛ-¼ÛGÅ-

hP-zTÅ-q¼-»¼-fôm-qºÛ-¤ÛP-‚P-vh-hï-ºWôG-q-ºhÛ-hG-¾-»P-

zÅ¤-„Àô-mm-qôºÛ-im-ÁïÅ-º²Ûm-Mã-ºhÝG-GP-Tï-m-M-h¤¼-Dô-¼P-

GÝP-¤ÛP-bP-mÅ-GÝP-Fm-bP-¾-zNå¼-zºÛ-Aïm-¯-mÛ-¤Û-¤P-¤P-G®ô-

98 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü &qa-Vïm-f¤Å-Th-¤Eïm-q-Ç+ Ý-GÁïGÅ-qºÛ-zôh-ºzPÅ-ˆÛ-VG-ÇKôü 99

»Ûm-±ß¾-zhï-¯-zÁh-ˆP-hôm-¾-¼P-¼ïºÛ-&¤Gôm-¤VôG-»z-ÆÅ-

GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-xôGÅ-Çeôh-BôP-±ß¾-¾Å-fzÅ-GŸm-¤ïh-q-ÁïÅ-bï-‚Å-q-

®¤-»Ûm-HÛ-¯-zºÛ-zôh-¤Û-¤P-GÛ-zhï-¯-¾-hô-ºDÞ¼-Gbm-mÅ-¤ïh-q-

P-¼P-GÛÅ-¥ôP-fôG-mÅ-¤fôP-Pô-üü

P-¼P-mÅ-P-±ô-VôÅ-¿km-ŸÛP-GÛ-ºhÛ-xÛºÛ-BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-

qô-hï-Ç+Ý-¾-zÇ‰àm-GŸÛ-GP-»P-¤ïh-q¼-JÀô-zÞ¼-hGôPÅ-q-μôGÅ-±ß¾-

zÁh-q-ºhÛ-¾-M-h¤¼-mÅ-&qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-mÛ-Dô-q-±ôºÛ-M¾-

GTïÅ-hqº-zô-wÞ¾-xÛm-hï-ºi-ŸÛG-¥-Pm-¾Å-ºhÅ-±ß¾-„Àô-w¤-Vïm-

qôÅ-Åï¤Å-ÇkÝG-‚ãP-¸ï¼-z-hï-hG-mÛ-hôm-h¤-HÛ-Ç+h-V-Gbm-mÅ-¤-

»Ûmü GP-»Ûm-zXôh-m-uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-&GôP-Å-BzÅ-¤Gôm-

Vïm-qô-M-G¼-¾-z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ-VÛzÅ-¤±¤Å-zôh-¼P-BôP-¿YôPÅ-ˆÛ-

hzP-V-&qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-¾-zÇ+ôÅ-bï-M-h¤¼-HÛ-ºhôh-hôm-zOæz-

¯ÛÅ-‚Å-ˆP-&qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-VïÅ-M-¤ÛºÛ-wÞGÅ-zÅ¤-zôh-¤Û-hzP-

zNå¼-zbP-mÅ-zôh-Å-mô¼-zÞºÛ-JÀÛP-»PÅ-q-hï-zhG-zïh-uôh-MãºÛ-

È¤-Åï¤Å-¾-hGôPÅ-q-¤-¿km-q¼-zôh-ˆÛ-¼P-hzP-¯-hôm-»ÛG-ºƒâ-

FÛ-zhÝm-zbôm-GmP-z-hP-VzÅ-TÛG-„À-ƒP-GÛ-ÇSôm-»ôh-h¤G-VÅ-

¾-zhG-GTïÅ-hP-GÅ¼-hÝ-¤ô-‡ºÛ-ÇoÝ¤-¿eP-ºfô¾-qü hï-zŸÛm-¾¤-

z¼-Vß-Oô¾-ÇK ÛG-Iâ-Æ-z-zTÅ-IzÅ-GÁô¤-¤²h-±ß¾-¾-ÅôGÅ-M-

h¤¼-mÅ-ºIï¤Å-Çeôm-¿Ë-Å-¤P-±ôGÅ-z¿e-Ç+ô¼-ºIï¾-zÁh-mm-qô-

‚Å-hôm-mÅ-ÁïÅ-fÞz-¾ü hï-zŸÛm-&qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-M-h¤¼-HÛ-

¾G-ºôG-GmÅ-»ôh-ÇezÅ-M-zôh-ºƒï¾-zºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-M-h¤¼-HÛ-„À ô -

ºhôh-¤Û-zÇeàm-¤fÞ-¤ïh-¾Å-¼P-hzP-GÛ-Gb¤-zXôh-Gô-Ç+zÅ-‚ãP-

m-hï-ºi-¯-z-mÅ-¤Û-GÅÞPÅ-q-GÅ¾-qô-dôG-Mã-»ôh-PïÅ-ˆP-h-¾¤-

&qa-Vïm-GôP-¤-m-¼Û¤-HÛ-Ç+Ý-GhÝP-ºfô¼-Bôm-zbP-z-n¤Å-GTÛG-

zÇk ÝÅ-zÇk Ý -¼Þz-¤²h-hï-¤Vôh-DP-GÅ¼-zŸïPÅ-mP-GhÝP-dïm-

zŸÝGÅ-GÅô¾-¼z-GmÅ-¾ïGÅ-q¼-Iâz-Çeï-Ç+Ý-D¤Å-GÅ¾-fP-»ôh-

q-hïºÛ-¤±m-¤ô-&qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-Ç+Ý-GÁïGÅ-ºhÝG-¸ï¼-z-hï-mÛ-¤ÛºÛ-

n-z-¾-ºIô-h;º-zÅ-hï-m-&qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-Ç+Ý-zÇ‰àm-GŸÛ-zŸïÅ-

»ôh-m-Ç+zÅ-hï¼-Ç+Ý-zT¼-GÅô¾-hqômü G¸Û¤-hqômü hï-zŸÛm-Ç¨m-

q-ÅÞ-hP-ÅÞ-»ôh-GÅ¾-zOGÅ-hP-zÇeàm-M¾-uÛºÛ-M-I¤-±ôGÅ-qºÛ-

Ç¨m-q-Ghm-ŸÝÅ-ˆÛÅ-Ç+Ý-G¸ÞGÅ-¾-zdG-hrh-PïÅ-q¼-hÝ-hGôÅ-q-

»ôh-TïÅ-»ÛG-Vïm-¢¼-ºIï¤Å-hP-ü GôP-Ç¨ôÅ-»ÛG-V-hï-hG-***P-

GZÛÅ-mÅ-G®ßG-¾G-DP-***hP-***¢¼-ºIï¤Å-zbP-P-¼P-

hP-ºƒï¾-»ôh-***hP-***GZÛÅ-hôGÅ-GmÅ-ˆÛÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-

‚Å-ˆP-GmÅ-±ß¾-¤²âz-z®ßGÅ-¤-½‰ïh-ÇezÅ-Dô-q-GZÛÅ-ÇS-XïÅ-JÀôh-

ºIô¾-zbP-‚ãP-ü ***z®ôm-DP-mÅ-Z¤Å-Åh-zdGÅ-hrh-¿e-

100 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü &qa-Vïm-f¤Å-Th-¤Eïm-q-Ç+ Ý -GÁïGÅ-qºÛ -z ôh-ºzPÅ-ˆÛ -VG-ÇK ô ü 101

zÞÅ-¹-z-xïh-GZÛÅ-®¤-zbP-»P-ÇÀ¼-»P-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-±-ºiÛ-

mm-qô-‚Å-ºhÝG-ˆP-G»ô¾-fzÅ-¤ïh-qºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-ºGº-ºhÛ-xôGÅ-

ƒôÅ-‚ô¾-f¼-z-n¤Å-¾-ºGïzÅ-G»ôG-‚ïh-hGôÅ-‚ãP-z-¾Å-P-¼P-

Tm-¿Ë-Çkôh-¾-GmÅ-±ß¾-¿ËG-¤-‚ãP-ü ***¾GÅ-P-¼P-Å¼-»ôP-

mÅ-P-¼P-z=Å-¿Ëàm-‚-ƒ¾-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-Ÿ¾-±ô¼-zÅ-h-¾¤-&qa-Vïm-

¼Ûm-qô-Vï-Ç+Ý-GÁïGÅ-qºÛ-Gô-Ç+zÅ-ºhÛ-zôh-ˆÛ-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-JÀôh-ºIô¾-

»ôP-fzÅ-M-GŸÝP-¾-zMãh-ŸÝ-‚Å-m-GÅÞPÅ-qÅ-P-¼P-mÅ-Eïh-zÞ-

¤ô-ÁïÅ-¼z-Tm-¼ïh-¼P-¼ï-zôh-¾-&Ç+Ý-¤hÝm-HÛ-¤²h-ÇKô-»G-ZïÅ-GP-

¤²h-Ç+zÅ-z®ôm-ºIô¾-GmP-Æô¾-»ôh-q-hï-zŸÛm-h-¾¤-zôh-¾-

zŸÝGÅ-qºÛ-„À-Vïm-»Ûm-ÇezÅ-Ç‰m-GÅïP-ŸÝÅ-m-»G-qô-»ôP-¼ï-ºhÝG-

¾z-Çe ï -¤W¾-h¼-mP-¤²ôh-hP-¤Vôh-vÛm-hPÞ¾-M-ÇK ô¼-¿S-zM-

zÇkôGÅ-bï-***¾GÅ-&qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-VïºÛ-Ç+Ý-GhÝP-¤W¾-z-hP-

VzÅ-TÛG-z=Å-¿Ëàm-¾-Vïh-wïzÅ-ˆP-‚-ƒ¾-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-¤²h-ƒï¾-

Vï-¾-¤fô-¼Û¤-ºGô-ºFÛh-TÛG-mÅ-GmÅ-±ß¾-hï-¼ÛGÅ-ŸÝ-ºôÅ-¤ïh-±ß¾-

¸ï¼-zÅ-hï-¿e¼-‚-Mã-¾Å-¤Û-ºhÝG-GÅÞPÅ-‚ãP-zÅ-hï-¿e¼-Åô¼-zŸG-

‚Åü

hï-¤±¤Å-¿Ë-Å¼-iG-qôºÛ-FÛ¤Å-z®ßGÅ-mÅ-¤Û-ŸÛz-mm-qô-

»ôh-ÇezÅ-***Z¼-fÞz-¤Ûm-¾-ƒG-»ï¼-q-¾-Zïm-G»ô¾-hÝ-ºIô-

¼ ôGÅ-¾z-Çe ï -T Û -‚ ïh-GP-‚ïh-Z ïm-D-V ï -Ç ezÅ-***¾GÅ-ÅÞ -

***Ç¨¼-D¤Å-q-;-;-q-ÅPÅ-¾-¼ï-ºhÝm-‚ïh-¼ôGÅ-¾z-hôm-

GÅP-zºÛ-PP-Çtô-fÞz-®¤-HÛÅ-h;º-P¾-Åï¾-fÞz-q-‚ãP-ü hï-zŸÛm-

***mÅ-ºhÛ-mÅ-w¼-GmP-zºÛ-***hP-P-GZÛÅ-¾-M-ÇKô¼-ÅÞ¤-

ÇeôP-f¤-q-vh-‚ãP-zÅ-hïºÛ-wÞh-ºƒâ-ºzô-GP-ZôÅ-bï-VP-wÞh-ºyÛm-

zÇ+Ý¾-‚Åü GÅP-»Ûz-¾-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-¤Û-hGÝ-zTß-¿ËG-®¤-¾-

¤¼-M-¤-¼ï-vôh-Mã¼-¤¼-M¼-ÇKô¼-zhÝm-¼ï-‚Å-ÇKô¼-zhÝm-zM-vh-

hï-***hP-ü ***¾Å-¼ôGÅ-zTÅ-Bï¾-z¼-zbP-ü hï-zŸÛm-

IÔ-zŸÛ¼-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-zM-Ç+ô¼-»ôh-q¼-GôP-ºi-¤¼-M-¤-¼ï-vôh-

MãºÛ-¼Ûm-GôP-¤±ßPÅ-hPÞ¾-M-ÇKô¼-zhÝm-zM-f¤-q-¼ÛG-º²Ûm-VôÅ-

ZÛh-( h-¿e-l-Å¼-»ôh- )¾GÅ-ÅÞ-vh-hï-¤PGÅ-‚-‚Å-hï-zŸÛm-zôh-¿YôPÅ-

ÇÀôz-IÔ-Vïm-¤ôºÛ-ÇÀ ôz-yâG-„À ô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-hP-Í-¤-¤±ô-BÛh-

¾GÅ-ÅôGÅ-Vz-Æ Ûh-ˆ Û -Z ïÅ-Tm-DG-¾-M-ÇK ô¼-Å Þ¤-T ß -¼ ï -hP-

***¾GÅ-ÅÞ-***mÅ-M-ÇK ô¼-VÛG-Çe ôP-hP-±Ð-¸Þ¼-Vz-¼Û¾-

¾GÅ-ÅÞ-¾G-Iôm-GbôP-‚ïh-M-ÇKô¼-ZÛÅ-ÇeôP-vôh-Mã-»Ûm-¸ï¼-ºhÝG

G®ßG-¾G-DP-mP-M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-Aïm-ºhÅ-zbP-zºÛ-zôh-¤Û-ŸÛG-GÛ-

¤Vôh-ºzÞ¾-z¼-Ÿ¾-ºhïzÅ-vôh-‚ïh-hPÞ¾-M-ÇKô¼-VÛG-ÇeôP-zhÝm-

zM-ºEï¼-bï-lô-ÇKô¼-ÇKô¼-HÛ-Zï-ºI¤-hÝ-Çkôh-q-***¾GÅ-Å¼-xÛm-

102 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü &qa-Vïm-f¤Å-Th-¤Eïm-q-Ç+ Ý -GÁïGÅ-qºÛ -z ôh-ºzPÅ-ˆÛ -VG-ÇK ô ü 103

bï-ºhÅ-qôºÛ-XïÅ-ºWâG-¤Vôh-ºzÞ¾-Ÿ¾-ºhïzÅ-ÅÞ-¾-vôh-hGôÅ-¤ïh-

Ç+h-V-iÛÅ-qÅ-ZÛ-¤-ºGº-fP-®¤-HÛÅ-h-¿e-¤Vôh-ºzÞ¾-z-PïÅ-Gbm-

¤Û-ºhÝG-Gbm-ºDï¾-¸Ûm-¤±¤Å-vh-m-»G-qô-»ôP-GÛ-¼ïh-¸ï¼-zÅ-

hï-¿e¼-‚-Mã¼-zŸG uÛ-¾ô- 1990 ¾ô¼-Ç~ Û -Ç~ Û -ÅÛ-GÅ¼-ºGôh-q-

Ms. Kanyya kalli ¾GÅ-»P-zB¼-zôh-¾-wïzÅ-Mã¼-¤Pº-¼ÛÅ-

mÅ-;-;-Çt-ÅPÅ-ˆÛ-***ŸïÅ-q-ºhÛ-xôGÅ-mÅ-»ôP-z-hï-¤hÝm-

GÅP-zºÛ-PP-zôh-¾-»ôP-Mã-»Ûm-qÅ-ºIÛ¤-ºIâ¾-‚ïh-zhï¼-¤ô-^-

ŸÛG-¿Ë-Å-mÅ-zOæz-Çeï-¤Pº-¼ÛÅ-¾-ºFÛh-»ôP-hGôÅ-hï-zŸÛm-¿Ë-Çkôh-

DP-z®m-Å-GTÛG-ˆP-I-OÛG-‚ïh-¸ï¼-bï-ÈÛm-ÇKô¼-GP-º±¤Å-zÇ+Ý¼-

bï-¿Ë-Å¼-zbP-z-Dô-q-;-;-Çt-ÅPÅ-¿Ë-Å¼-º‚ô¼-bï-hPÞ¾-zÇ+Ý¼-‚ãP-

±ß¾-zXôh-ˆP-ü P-¼P-hP-ü ¼ôGÅ-q-GZÛÅ-¾-hPÞ¾-zÇ+Ý¼-º‚ô¼-

‚ãP-zºÛ-Gb¤-JÀïP-¤ïh-q¼-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛ-Ç+Ý-q¼-¼ï-zÇ+Ý¼-‚ãP-

¸ï¼-mÅ-vh-‚ãP-ü hï-zŸÛm-DôP-¾-Çkôh-DP-z®m-Å-ŸÛG-ˆP-z®¾-

hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-¾m-ºhÝG-¸ï¼-zÅü P-¼P-GÛ-¼ôGÅ-qÅ-DP-q-z®m-Å-

º±ô¾-z¼-Çkôh-¤Û-zôh-q-»Ûm-m-¾Å-ÇÀ-qô-¼ïh-ˆP-¤Gô-Åï-ŸÛG-»Ûm-

hÝÅ-GhôP-¾-Ç~G-Hôm-GP-ºi-‚Å-ˆP-DG-qô-¼ïh-¾z-ÅôP-ü hïºÛ-

ÅP-ZÛm-***hP-***GZÛÅ-mÅ-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-ºôh-¸ï¼-væ¾-Ç+Ý-hP-

¿Ë-Å-¿Ëô-xôGÅ-ÅÞ-Çkôh-q-Í-mïï-zÅôh-m¤Å-Oô¾-h;¼-DôP-GZÛÅ-¼ôGÅ-

q-z®¾-bï-ºƒÅ-ÇtäPÅ-¤hÝm-mô¼-Çeôh-JÀÛP-DºÛ-mP-±¾-¼-VßP-VßP-

ŸÛG-bà-Çkôh-qºÛÛ-º±ï¤-z¸ô-ŸÛG-»ôh-q-Dô-q¼-DP-q-G»¼-bï-Ghm-

hP-hGôÅ-¤Dô-¿Ë-Å-mÅ-„ÀPÅ-bï- Ms. Kanyya kalli zŸÝGÅ-»Þ¾-I-OÛG-‚ïh-zŸÛm-hÝ-±¾-¼-hï-mP-Çkôh-¤Û-zÞ-ŸÛG-»ôh-q-hï-ŸôGÅ-q-

ŸÛG-G¼-ÅôP-V-¤ïh-¾-hïºÛ-mÝz-¤ô-º‚ô¼-¤Û-ºhÝG hïºÛ-ÅP-ZÛm-zÞ-

hïÅ-MºÛ-Zïm-dôG-q-ºFÛh-hï-»ôP-mÅ-Dô-q-±ôÅ-±ï¤-z¸ô-hï-»P-ºFÛh-

ºhÝG-q-yâ-GÝ-hïÅ-M-h¤¼-¾-¾m-zl-vh-ºhÝG-hïÅ-Aïm-qÅ-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-

ºôh-¸ï¼-»P-JÀô-zÞ¼-ºhÛ-xôGÅ-ƒôÅ-‚ô¾-¾-wïzÅ-GbôP-ŸÝ-hGôÅ-‚ãP-

ºhÝG ;-;-Çt-ÅPÅ-Dô-qºÛ-mP-mÅ-Zïm-G»ô¾-‚Å-bï-Gz-Çk ôh-

‚Åü Í-mï-zÅôh-m¤Å-Oô¾-h;¼-»P-ºhÛ-xôGÅ-ƒôÅ-‚ô¾-‚-MãºÛ-

¤ô-‡-¾z-q¼-»ôP-mÅ-xÛ¼-¾ôG-ºIô-Ç+zÅ-DP-qºÛ-G»Å-G»ôm-Gz-

Çkôh-Zïm-dôG-mÅ-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-‚Å-mÅ-z®ôm-DP-¾-zTßG-hï-XïÅ-¾ô-±h-

G®P-qºÛ-XïÅ-ºhÛ-xôGÅ-º‚ô¼-»ôhü( hïP-Ç+zÅ-Íô-ÅÛ-=ô-¾Û-»-¾-»ôh- )hï-mÅ-

ZÛm-GTÛG-*** ¾GÅ-P-¼P-GÛ-ÁG-bà-»ôP-mÅ-hïP-xÛ-M¾-¤Û-»G-

qô-hï-ºi-º‚ô¼-ºhÝG-qÅ-hï-hG-¾-P-±ô-zôh-hôm-GmÅ-±ß¾-»Û-Gï-vh-

fÞz-m-Ç‰¤-»P-ü P-¼P-mÛ-»Û-Gï-ºƒÛ-Mã¼-h;º-P¾-fÞG-ºhÝG-qÅ-

Eïh-ˆÛÅ-»Û-Gï-z¸ôÅ-m-GbP-Å-PÅ-‚Å-VôG-TïÅ-¸ï¼-hôm-GmÅ-±ß¾-

¯-z-GôP-¤±ßPÅ-fôG-M-h¤¼-Dô-qºÛ-zXôh-±ÛG-bà-—˜ Ø-ÁÛ-ÅÛºÛ-¯çz-lÝP-


ŸïÅ-Pm-¤ÛP-Vï¼-zOôGÅ-ˆP-—˜Ø-ÁÛ-ÅÛÅ-¤Û-Á-¸-»Û-»ôh-m-¤-GbôGÅ-

GŸm-M-h¤¼-HÛ-¯çz-lÝP-»-P-Ç‰ÛP-Xï-Çtä-®¤-¤ïh-qºÛ-iG-lÝP-ºhÛ-

¿ËG-GbôP-Mã-¤ïh-m-º²¤-JÀÛP-M¾-uÛ-mÅ-ºIô-z-¤ÛºÛ-fôz-fP-hP-ü

¼ôGÅ-¼¤ü Bôz-GÅô-¾-ÅôGÅ-¤²h-±ß¾-hôm-¾-GmÅ-m-h¥¾-z-

¤Û-»Þ¾-hÝ-¥ôP-hGôÅ-qºÛ-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-ºhÛ-hG-hÝÅ-±ôh-y-¤ô-»P-w¼-

ºHP-¤-ÅôP-z-zhïm-GÅ¾-¼ôGÅ-q-G¸ÞGÅ-¾P-IÛz-fôm-»ôP-z-hP-ü

»Ûm-mºP-º²¤-JÀÛP-ºIô-z-¤ÛÅ-¼P-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-zTh-z¸ÞP-¾ô-MãÅ-

zhïm-μâm-¤ïh-q-ºzÞ-VïÅ-VßP-z¸ôÅ-¼P-Iâz-¾-GmÅ-hGôÅ-ˆÛ-»ôh-mü

P-±ô-ÇkÝG-GÅôh-μôGÅ-¤fº-¤ïh-q-¥ôP-¤-hGôÅ-q-M¾-uÛºÛ-Ç+Ý-±z-

¤hÝm-hÝ-M-h¤¼-mÅ-zôh-¤Û-GTÛG-ˆP-¤-¾ÞÅ-q-GÅh-zTßG-¼ôGÅ-

hïÅ-Gb¤-fG-Vôh-q-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-ÅôGÅ-M-h¤¼-HÛ-hô-h¤-Gô-Ç+zÅ-hP-

zÇeàm-GP-mÝÅ-ƒÛÅ-bï-xÛ-M¾-z¼-***zMãh-ÇS-XïÅ-vhü

uÛ-¾ô- 1989 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 7 hGôP-¤ôºÛ-Vß-±ôh->Àh-;ô¼-

mÅ-zôh-¿YôPÅ-¿Ë-Å-DÞ¾-iG-qôºÛ-FÛ¤Å-GŸÛ-z;ôh-ºhô¤-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-

ºhÛ-mÅ-¤PGÅ-GbôP-¤²h-qºÛ-***»ôP-hÝÅ-***P-GZÛÅ-ˆÛÅ-

Zïm-ÆâP-fzÅ-¾¤-‚Å-q-hP-ü hï-Ç+zÅ-xÛ¼-¾ôG-Ç+zÅ-***

zÅôh-Çe ôzÅü P-±ôÅ-zhï-ÆâP-¿Ëm-DP-¾-G®ô-zô-mô-¶ïºÛ-G¸ïPÅ-

dGÅ-ºzÞ¾-zŸïÅ-Ç+zÅ-G®ô-zô¼-Hã¼-qºÛ-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛ-Ç+Ý-xÕ¼-

mP-GÛ-ŸzÅ-¼Û¤-hP-ü xÛºÛ-ÆâP-‚-¾-G®ô-zô-ÁÝGÅ-Gmôm-»ïPÅ-¤ïh-

ºzh-Oæz-»ôP-z-hP-ü hï-zŸÛm-&GôP-Å-Vïm-qôºÛ-z;º-ÇÀôz-ÇS-z°¾-

ºƒâ-hôm-xG-¼ôGÅ-Ç+Ý-±z-TÛG-Gô-OÛG-hGôÅ-¾ÞGÅ-uÛ-wïzÅ-hï-hG-

hïP-¤²h-M-TÛ-VïºÛ-hÝÅ-Ç+zÅ-¾-hGôÅ-PïÅ-ˆÛ-Gmh-hôm-¾-zdïm-P-

±ôºÛ-zÅ¤-±ß¾-hÝ-¸¤-GhôP-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-hP-M-¾ô-hôm-Iâz-GZÛÅ-h¤¼-

mG-¾ÞP-zdGÅ-wÞ¾-zºÛ-z¸P-wïzÅ-fôG-ºy¾-zÇ+ô-»ôP-z-ŸïÅ-hP-ü

hï-zŸÛm-GŸôm-mÝ-±ôGÅ-q¼-ºhÛ¼-ÁïÅ-»ôm-Tm-hI-zôºÛ-zÇÀâ-

ƒÛh-iÔ-MºÛ-mP-±ßh-hï-¤Gô-ºhôm-Çoï-ºFÛh-±ôh-º²Ûm-hï-wô-¤ïh-qºÛ-

¾ÞP-q¼-zôP-zÞÅ-m¤-±ôh-¤Û-º²Ûm-;-¤ïh-fzÅ-BôºÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-¾-

hGôPÅ-bï-‚ïÅ-º‚ô¼-Dô-ÁÛºÛ-¾ÞP-q¼-fzÅ-ÁïÅ-»ôh-LÝ-hI-zô-¾Å-

n¤-q¼-M¾-z-PïÅ-q¼-GmP-hGôÅü GŸÛÅ-¾ÞÅ-zôh-yâG-GŸôm-mÝ-

n¤Å-hI-zôºÛ-hzP-zNå¼-ºôG-ÁïÅ-»ôm-ÇÀôz-ºFÛh-ƒ¾-bï-¸Å-GôÅ-

Dô-mºÛ-Vïh-hÝ-ÅôP-mÅ-»ÛG-¯ÛÅ-ÇÀ ôz-¢ôP-¤f¼-Åôm-ZÛm-Ç+¼-»Ûm-

ÇezÅ-Eïh-n¤Å-&GôP-Å-Vïm-qôºÛ-hzÞ-ºFÛh-ºôG-ÇÀh-zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-

ˆÛ-Åôm-¯-IâP-qô-ŸÛG-GÛ-h¤ÛGÅ-¼ï-hP-ü hï-zŸÛm-&GôP-Å-¿S-q-Vïm-

qôºÛ-Ç+zÅ-Çkï-ÆÛh-ÅPÅ-MÅ-M-¤±ôºÛ-¤²h-z¸P-hïP-hÝÅ-ˆP-¼P-

¼ïºÛ-z;º-iÛm-GŸ¾-h;º-zºÛ-XïÅ-im-ŸÝ-z-ºhÛ-¿e¼ü hïP-»P-Çkï-

Æ Ûh-GZÛÅ-q-ŸÛG-»ôP-DÞPÅ-Eïh-hï¼-zŸÝGÅ-GŸôm-mÝ -n¤Å-¤-

106 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü &qa-Vïm-f¤Å-Th-¤Eïm-q-Ç+Ý-GÁïGÅ-qºÛ-zôh-ºzPÅ-ˆÛ-VG-ÇKôü 107

GbôGÅ-GŸm-¤-¤VÛÅ-qÅ-z¼-zL¾-h;º-½‰ôG-¾-NÛh-¾ÞG-¤ïh-qºÛ-

Ç‰ÛP-¼ÞÅ-Vï¼-Bïh-¤ïÅ-qôºÛ-n¤-f¼-wÞ¾-‚ãP-zhG-GÛ¼-uôh-fÞz-qºÛ-

Ç‰ ÛP-Çe ôzÅ-Vï-zŸïÅ-hGôÅ-qºÛ-¤²h-zÇ+Ý¾-wÞ¾ü hï-zŸÛm-ºW¤-

h‚PÅ-¾-P-±ô-ºhÛ-xôGÅ-M-h¤¼-zºÛ-z;ôh-ºhô¤Å-iG-qôºÛ-ºôG-

ÇkÝG-ºDÞ¼-HÛÅ-Çkôh-hGôÅ-q-Eïh-ˆÛÅ-h-¾¤-¤fôP-GÅ¾-¼ïhü M-

G¼-DÞ¾-¼P-hzP-DÞ-ÁÛºÛ-¾ÞP-q¼-ÅôP-xÛºÛ-M¾-Dz-ˆÛ-hqôm-ºGô-

±ôGÅ-º²ô¤Å-»ôh-Å¼-¼P-»Þ¾-zôh-hÝ-M-h¤¼-HÛ-iG-GTôh-FÛ¤Å-

GŸÛ-²-iG-ºhÛ-ºi¼-Mz-Bô¼-¼ôGÅ-¼¤-‚ïh-¼ôGÅ-ŸïÅ-ŸÝ-ºzôh-WÛ-

ºi-‚ïh-iÛÅ-zÅ-Dô-qÅ-ºhÛ-xôGÅ-GmÅ-±ß¾-‚ãP-z-®¤-¾Åü M-

G¼-ÅôGÅ-¾-zôh-¤ÛÅ-Ç+h-ºzôh-ŸïÅ-q-GP-»P-‚ïh-ˆÛ-¤-¼ïh-¾-hï-

ºi-¤Û-ºhÝG-¸ï¼-zÅü P-¼P-mÅ-P-±ô-¿Ë-Å¼-M-h¤¼-HÛ-iG-lÝP-

¤m¼-GTôh-ºôG-¼P-GÛ-ÆôG-ºzïm-z®ßGÅ-ˆÛÅ-Ç+h-ºzôh-‚Å-mÅ-

ZïÅ-lÝP-zbP-z-ºDÞ¼-z¸ôh-hP-ü hï-¤Ûm-¤ï-¤hÅ-©Å-Bôm-zbP-

z-»Ûm-m-Ç¨m-DP-hÝ-ºIô-Mã-¿e¼-zŸG-¼P-GÛ-m-±-z¸ôh-ÇKô¤-‚Åü h-

hÝP-M-¤ÛÅ-P-Pô-ÁïÅ-»ôh-m-h-¿e-¼P-z®ôm-DP-¾-ºFÛh-Mã-»Ûm-

zÅ¤Å-bï-ÇKÝG-zÇkh-Mã-¾Å-¤ïhü hï-m-Eïh-xÛ-M¾-¾-GmÅ-Çkôh-‚-

¤ÛÅ-ºhÛ-xôGÅ-ˆÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-Gô-fôÅ-GP-‚ãP-n¤Å-xÛºÛ-M¾-Dz-ˆÛ-

ºGô-ºFÛh-¤fô-h¤º-WÛ-»Ûm-hôm-hÝ-P-±ô-zôh-GŸÛÅ-¾ÞÅ-¤Û-¤P-h;º-

ÇkÝG-Åï¾-zºÛ-zhïm-qºÛ-Mz-Bô¼-¾¤-ÅïP-GmP-¼ôGÅ-PïÅ-q¼-hÝ-Eïh-

ˆÛ-PG-fôG-mÅ-Gmh-»ôh-¾Å-DÞPÅ-DG-¾-ŸÛz-GÅô¾-HÛÅ-¼ôGÅ-¾m-

mm-qô-zÇ+Ý¼-»ôh-q-¤-¸h-¯ï-wô-ƒP-hP-G®ßG-¾G-DP-¾-¤Vôh-¤W¾-

¾¤-z¿e-Ç+ô¼-z-xÛ-M¾-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-¾-»P-P-±ô-zôh-¤Û-¼P-Å-¼P-GÛÅ-

VôÅ-¤fÞm-º±ô-z-»Þ¾-hÝÅ-hP-º±¤Å-q-¾ôPÅ-uh-hï-zhï-z¼-GmÅ-

q-M-h¤¼-mÅ-z®m-hzP-M-zBïh-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-qºÛ-È¤-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-

zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-¾-h;º-ÇkÝG-ZÛm-¤±m-¤Û-ºEô¾-zºÛ-GmÅ-hôm-ºhÛ¼-

Eïh-n¤-qÅ-zhïm-qºÛ-zhïm-Mz-ºy¾-hÝ-PïÅ-q¼-hÝ-»ôh-q-¤Eïmü

¤Eïmü ŸïÅ-MºÛ-z®ôm-DP-mÅ-fôm-q-Ç¨¼-D¤Å-q-***ŸïÅ-¤Û-

Lm-zMãh-±¼-¤P-qô-zbP-ü M-G¼-mÅ-z®m-‚ô¾-zôh-GŸÝP-GÛ-

»ÛG-V-DG-¼G-‚ãP-zü hï-zŸÛm-ºIï¤Å-ÁôG-DG-GTÛG-Ç¨¼-D¤Å-

q-***¤hÝm-‚P-mG-Vß¼-Í-Ç~ôP-Å¼-Bï¾-z¼-zbP-ü ***hï-

ZÛh-¾-¢¼-»ÛG-ºIï¤Å-ÁôG-ÇS-XïÅ-zÇ+Ý¼-bï-z¼-Ç+ô¼-hP-ü ÆP-¾¤ü

JÀÛP-Ç+ô¼-zTÅ-¾-G»ÞGÅ-Mã¼-¤PGÅü Ç+¾-hzP-mÅ-GmÅ-VßP-

VôÅ-BôP-Vïm-¤ô-ZÛh-ˆÛÅ-ZÛh-¾-zÇ+Ý¾-zºô-ŸïÅ-qºÛ-ºyÛm-zÇ+Ý¾-hï-

hG-ÁÛP-q¼-GÅ¼-z@ôÅ-hq¼-ºhïzÅ-‚Å-bï-ºIï¤Å-Çtï¾-ŸÝÅü fÞz-

zÇem-mÅ-ºVÛ-¤ïh-zhÝh-¯ÛºÛ-h‚PÅ-Ç‰m-ŸïÅ-&GôP-Å-Vïm-qôºÛ-ŸzÅ-

zdm-GÅô¾-ºhïzÅ-q¼-ÁÛP-GÅ¼-q-z@ô-¤Dm-¤-‚ãP-hz¼-q¼-q-


hq¾-¿km-ºhÅ-qôºÛ -zÞ -¤ô-mÅ-q¼-ÁÛP-z@ôÅ-q-G»¼-mÅ-hq¼-

ºhïzÅ-hP-ºIï¤Å-Çtï¾-ŸÝÅ-q-zTÅü zÅ¤-qºÛ-im-»Þ¾-hÝ-GmÅ-

q-¼GÅ-ŸÝ-ºhÛ-hG-M¾-GTïÅ-¤DÅ-hzP-q-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-hGôPÅ-Ÿô¼-

HÛ-Iâz-V-®¤-¾Å-¤ïh-ˆP-ü „Àâm-©ôPÅ-zhG-ºiÅ-ºhÛ-hG-GÛ-V-

Aïm-¤-½‰ïh-qü ¤-±P-zü ¤WâG-¤-ºEô¾ü ¼P-ÁïÅ-©ôPÅ-q-ÅôGÅ-

ˆÛ-¤WâG-P¾-hÝz-hP-ü GÅP-DÞG-m¤-lô¾-ºhôGÅ-ˆÛ-Åï¤Å-mh-

ºI¤-Å-¤±¤Å-¤-Oô¾-z¼-»ïPÅ-¤ïh-¿U Û-Gmôm-ºhÛ-hG-Iâ-º²Ûm-

¤Gôm-HÛÅ-fÞGÅ-XïÅ-BôP-zºÛ-Mã¼-Hã¼-q-ÁôG

M-h¤¼-mÛ-zÁÝ-GŸôG-I¾-¼Û¤-Pô-¤-hï-»Ûmü

¼P-¼ïºÛ-zôh-¿Y ôPÅ-º²âGÅ-Cæm-hP-ü º±ô-zºÛ-Mz-Bô¼-¾-

M-h¤¼-mÅ-hPÞ¾-ºzô¼-Vï-zbP-±ß¾-hï-»P-uÛ-¾ô- 1979 z¼-

zôh-¤Û-±ôP-¾Å-¼ï-¸ÞP-¾Å-¤ïh-ˆP-ü ºGº-ŸÛG-»ôh-q-hï-hG-¾-

¾ô-ºDô¼-GTÛG-¼ÛP-¹-¼ï-hr-F¾-fïPÅ-¼ï-¯ÛÅ-¹- 12 ¾-fïPÅ-

12 ¹-z-GÅÞ¤-¼ï¼-Dï-¾ïGÅ-ŸïÅ-±¼-¼ï-¯ÛÅ-fïPÅ- 4 ¹-iâG-Dï-

¾ïGÅ-¼ï-¯ÛÅ-fïPÅ- 2 ¾ô-ºDô¼-Dï-¾ïGÅ-fïPÅ 1 xôGÅ-Çkô¤-¾ô-

GTÛG-zTÅ-Eôm-hr-F¾-fïPÅ- 17ü18 GP-¼ÞP-ŸÛG-uÛ-¾ô- 1965

mÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1979 z¼-mm-HÛÅ-zÇkÝ-¾ïm-‚Åü hï-mÅ-hï-ÇS ôm-HÛ-

h¤-zOGÅ-¾Å-¿ËàG-bà-xÛm-»P-±ôP-¾Å-‚ïh-¤Û-¼Û¤-ºw¼-Vïm-qô-

‚ãP-z-hï-hG-mÅ-¹-¼ïºÛ-hr-F¾-ºV¼-Tm-zÇkÝ-vôh-‚Åü hï-ºƒï¾-

¿Ë-Å-IôP-Eï¼-¿eï-z¼-º²Ûm-mÅ-Á¼-ºô-M¾-fP-ü ¿Ëô-BÛh-Vßü mÝz-

GhôP-h;¼ü ‚P-ZP-lô-z¼-zTÅ-Å-ÇeôP-z®ôP-qü Çkôh-DP-GÅ¼-

110 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü M-h¤¼-mÛ -zÁÝ -GŸôG-I¾-¼Û¤-Pô -¤-hï -»Ûmü 111

MG-‚Å-mÅ-z®ôP-q-hï-hG-GÛ-¼Ûm-ºzz-hPÞ¾-ºzô¼-hP-M-VïºÛ-ŸÛP-

qºÛ-Å-mÅ-hr-F¾-wÞh-¼Ûm-ºzz-Çoï-Åï¾-®¤-vh-hï-ºƒâ-¿ËG-ÇtäÅ-

±ôP-GÛ-ºƒâ-¼ÛGÅ-z®ôP-qºÛ-z¼-Dï-hP-Çtä-z¾-¼ºÛ-DÞ-¾Þü ;ô-qGÅ-

¼ÛGÅ-zTÅ-º±¤Å-¼Ûm-vh-hï-w¼-Dï-z¸P-z¸ôÅ-bï-z®ôP-qü hï-

zŸÛm-h‚¼-¯-hGÝm-ºzÞü zÛ-¤ÞG-¾-ÅôGÅ-Ç¨m-¯-¤-Dï-WÛ-®¤-‚ãP-ü

hï-zŸÛm-Gbï¼-D-ÇSôG-ºhôm-ÇeïP-mÅ-»ôP-ºzz-ü ¼ÛG-GmÅ-GÅ¼-

zXïºÛ-Ç+zÅ-GŸÝP-ÇKï¼-VôÅ-GÅÞ¤ü ŸÛP-ºƒôG-¤Û-¤P-GÛ-¾ÞÅ-Mm-

GÅï¼-hPÞ¾ü G»Þ-‚ã¼ü ¼Ûm-Vïm-w-¾¤ü ¤Þ-bÛG-¾-ÅôGÅ-q-w¾-

Vï¼-Zô-±ôP-¼Ûm-ºzzü ¤hô¼-m-¼ÛG-GmÅ-GÅ¼-zXïºÛ-Ç+zÅ-Ç+Ý-ºi-

n¤Å-ˆÛ-GÅï¼-M-mG-bà-zÁÝÅ-q-hïÅ-ˆP-GÅï¼-Eôm-ºzô¼-GP-®¤-

‚ãP-»ôhü uÛ-¾ô- 1959 z®ôm-q-wô-GŸôm-¤ô-GŸôm-‚P-¾-zbP-

mÅ-±-¾-h;¼-qô-ÇSôG-ºhôm-zTßG-mÅ-ÍÞ-¼Þ-ÅÞ-¾-hPÞ¾-zßm-¤W¾-

vôh-fôG-WÛ-®¤-wmü ¿Ë-Å-G®ßG-¾G-DP-GTÛG-qÞ¼-hh-hPÞ¾-¾ô-

¼ï-WÛ-®¤-ºzzü xÛ-M¾-z¿e-Ç+ô¼-ºIô-¤Û-M-¤ÛºÛ-¤Iôm-DP-ü ̧ -DP-ü

W-DP-DG-¾-xÛ-M¾-zºÛ-hPÞ¾-GP-‚ãP-M-GŸÝP-mÅ-hPÞ¾-zXïÅ-

zMz-qºÛ-hz¼-z¼-Dï-WÛ-‚ãP-ü IôP-Eï¼-Dô¼-»ÞG-ºDô¼-¾ôºÛ-ºIÛ¤Å-

ºIâ¾-mÅ-hr-F¾-WÛ-‚ãP-ü ¤hô¼-zÇkÝÅ-m-zôh-¿Y ôPÅ-Çoôh-zTßh-

hzP-º²Ûm-‚Å-qºÛ-¤Û-¾ô-zŸÛ-zTß-¼ÛP-GÛ-Dï-ºzz-hP.ü M-mG-mÅ-

zôh-¾-hGôÅ-hPÞ¾-zbP-z-GZÛÅ-ÅÞÅ-ÅÞ-¾-Mz-Bô¼-wm-BïÅ-‚ãP-z-

G¸Þ-GmÅ-ÁïÅ-¿km-;Ým-HÛ ïÅ-dôGÅü hôm-hï-¾-hGôPÅ-mÅ-&;Ým-

G¸ÛGÅ-qa-Vïm-f¤Å-Th-¤Eïm-q-Ç+Ý-yïP-zTß-q-Ç+Ý-¤-GÁïGÅ-qºÛ-

ZÛm-ÁÅ-ÇSôm-HÛ-z;º-ÇÀôz-TÛG-¾Åü P-±ôÅ-„ÀôÅ-zbP-zºÛ-HôP-GÝm-

HÛ-¼Ûm-fP-hP-ü Iâz-ºƒÅ-GZÛÅ-zÇkÝ¼-mÅ-zÁh-±ï-PºÛ-zÅ¤-±ôh-

‚Å-m-„ÀôÅ-zbP-zºÛ-HôP-GÝm-HÛ-¼Ûm-fP-¤P-z-»ôh-q-¼ïhü P-±ô¼-

fôz-qºÛ-Iâz-ºƒÅ-ˆÛ-¼Ûm-fP-hï-HôP-GÝm-HÛ-¼Ûm-fP-¾Å-Vï-z-‚ãP-

»ôh-q-¤-¼ïhü TïÅ-hGôPÅ-q-Tm-HÛ-z;º-ÇÀ ôz-Gmh-zÇkÝÅ-ÁÛG-

GmP-ºhÝG-Gôü

GŸÛ-¯ºÛ-¼P-¼ï-zôh-ˆÛ -GŸÝP-hGº-¿km-wô -ƒP-GÛ -Ç+ Ý -VÅü

¼ÛÅ-¤ïh-hGôm-Çkï-Vï-VßP-ü Çkï-hqôm-¤Û-iG-DG-GÛ-Ç+Ý-GÅÞP-fÞGÅ-

dïmü ¤Vôh-μÅ-Èô¼-zbGÅ-ŸÝmü ¤Û-VßP-z=Å-zbGÅü Èô¼-z¾-

zbGÅü hzÞÅ-h¼-GôÅ-IGÅ-Tmü GÅï¼-hPÞ¾-Iâz-qºÛ-¤Vôh-

VÅ-Ço-±ôGÅ-¿Ë->Àâ-¿Ë-¤-»Ûm-HÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-¿km-qºÛ-mô¼-¼Ûm-ƒ¾-hïP-¾G-

bà-GÅï¼-zŸÝ-ºEï¼-mÅ-º±ô¾-»P-½‰ ïh-Åôm-»ôP-fzÅ-¤ïh-qºÛ-hï-

¼ÛGÅ-GôP-hÝ-wÞhü ¾¼-zôh-¤ÛºÛ-¤ïÅ-qôºÛ-¾¤-zŸÛm-¾ÞP-±m-wÞ-¤hº-

Åô-ÅôºÛ-VÅ-GôÅ-hP-ü zÞü zÞ-¤ôºÛ-Mm-VÅ-¤Û-ºi-z-Ço-±ôGÅ-»ôh-

¾-¿Ë-¿km-GŸÝP-¾-zÞh-¤ïh-¾-hzÞÅ-VÅ-ŸïÅ-G»Þ-‚ã¼-¤Þ-bÛG-z¸P-

112 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü M-h¤¼-mÛ -zÁÝ -GŸôG-I¾-¼Û¤-Pô -¤-h ï -»Ûmü 113

qôºÛ-¤Gô-Mm-Çt-yâG-ŸïÅ-¸Þ¼-GÅÞ¤-¤ü n-Mm-G»Þ-y-GÅÞ¤-z¯ïGÅü

Ç+ï-Mm-G»Þ-‚ã¼-G¸Û-¤Þ-bÛG Ç+ï-zbGÅ-¤hÝm-hÝ-G»Þ-y-‚Å-qºÛ-GºÞ-

GÁôG-¿km-¾-ºfïm-ÁÅ-V-VP-ü hqÞP-Mm-GÅï¼-hPÞ¾-HÛ-n-ºiâ-

hP-ü Åô-ºiâh-IÛ-fÞ¼-VßP-PÞ-¾-ÅôG-Fâ¾-Fâ¾ü ¾G-q¼-OôG-GhÝz-

±ÛGÅ-DïzÅü hï-zŸÛm-G®P-DÞ¾-zÞ-¤ô-¾-¤Gô-Mm-G»Þ-‚ã¼ü GÅï¼-

hPÞ¾-HÛ-f-Bô¼-ŸïÅ-G»Þ-y-‚Å-qºÛ-Çt-yâG-hP-ÇeG-²¼-ZÛÅ-z¯ïGÅ-

hP-GŸÛÅ-¯ï-Mãh-ÇeG-²¼-G»Þ-‚ã¼-Çt-yâG-GÅÞ¤-z¯ïGÅü hï-¤Ûm-

Mm-V-MÅ-zÇkÝÅ-®¤-¾Å-uÛ-¤±ßPÅ-zÞh-¤ïh-Eôm-hP-¿ËG-q¼-ŸÛP-

q-n¤Å-h‚¼-hÝÅ-ºôP-FÛ¤Å-zÇk¤Å-¸Ûm-m-zÞh-¤ïh-n¤Å-ŸÛP-¼ºÛ-

mP-Çt-yâG-¤-Hôm-q¼-ºIô-¤Û-VôG-qÅ-hïÅ-Aïm-ŸÛP-q-hÝh-±P-¾-Çt-

yâG-Hôm-Mã-¤ïh-q-¤ïh-q-¿e-zÞ-»ôhü hï-zŸÛm-zÞ-n¤Å-n-G»ôm-GÅï¼-

HÛ-Í-¾ôP-hP-ü G»Å-¾-G»Þ-‚ã¼-VßP-PÞºÛ-Mmü ¾G-q¼-=h-;ô¼-

hP-ü ¤²âz-h=ÛÅü ±ÛGÅ-DïzÅ-zTÅ-Mãm-ºhôGÅ-‚ïhü M-h¤¼-

HÛ-Gmôh-ÁÝGÅ-ºôG-hï-hG-hô-zhG-Åô-ÅôÅ-ÆôG-¹ôÅ-Åï¤Å-ºDÞ¼-„ÀPÅ-

mÅ-GÅP-Ç~Å-‚Å-q-hïP-¼ï-¸ÞP-¤±ôm-®¤-hP-ü ŸÛP-IôP-Eôm-HÛ-

ÇKô-xãGÅ-¤²ô-wô-¤ôü z-JÀP-ü d-iï¾-zôP-ü ¼-¾ÞG-¤P-ZÝP-GÛ-n¤-

q-¾Å-hï-¤Ûm-ÇKô-EÛ-mÅ-DP-ÇeïP-EÛ¤-‚-hP-zTÅ-Ço-º²ô¤Å-hï-hG-

GÛ-¼Ûm-fP-hP-hïP-EÛ¤-±P-¼ï¼-O-ÇkÝh-ºDô¼-¾ôü ¾G-ºhôGÅ-Vß-

±ôhü @P-ºDô¼ü ºDô¼-±ï¤-hï-®¤-»ôh-m-ÇS¼-hP-¤Û-ºi-zºÛ-»¼-

MÅ-hqï-¤ïh-xÛm-±ß¾-mÛ-ºGº-ŸÛG-ºƒâ-¼ÛGÅ-¸-¤ÛºÛ-n¤-ÁïÅ-hP-ü

ºGº-ŸÛG-G¸m-¯-¸-zºÛ-¸ôG-GÛ-ºhÝ-ÁïÅ-¯ÛÅ-bï-È¤-q-hq¾-f¾-hï-

hG-¼P-¼ï-zôh-¾-‚Å-ˆP-ºzÞ-VïÅ-VßP-¸ôÅ-¿e-zÞ¼-¯Û-»P-ü º²¤-

JÀÛP-ÇSôm-fôm-¤P-±ôGÅ-Fôh-zXôh-q-mÛ-M-h¤¼-¼P-GÛ-¼P-¤hôG-

ÇS ô -¾ô-Gm¤-Gbô¼-¤-»Ûm-m¤ü uÛ-¾ô- 1979 hP- 1980 ®¤-

¾-zôh-¤Û-fzÅ-IâP-z-ºGº-ÁÅ-º±ô-z-»¼-MÅ-ºIô-¤HôGÅ-®¤-

‚ãP-z-n¤Å-¾-»-¤±m-Tm-HÛ-xãG-qô-ŸïÅ-¤ÛP-zbGÅ-mÅ-Ç‰h-

ºhôGÅ-Gmôh-Åï¤Å-zbP-¯ÛÅ-‚Å-ˆP-ü hï-mÅ-fÞm-¤ôP-xãG-Mã¼-

¾Å-ºGÝ¾-Çtï¾-zºÛ-hÝÅ-ºIÛG-ÇezÅ-Gb¤-hï-¼P-»¾-hÝ-GbôP-hGôÅ-

‚ãP-ÅôP-ü hï-zÅ-M-h¤¼-mÅ-¤-zhG-zhG-z¸ÞP-ü zhG-qô-xÛ-

ºzÞhü È¤-q-¼Û-®¤-zÁh-hï-zhïm-q-G»G-®¤-ºfôz-¼ïºÛ-È¤-

Åï¤Å-hô¼-mÅ-M-zôh-EÛ¤-¤±ïÅ-M¾-Dz-ÅôP-V¼-q-Vß-IôGÅ-¾¤-

mÅ-&GôP-Å-Vïm-qôÅ-ºIô-z-uÛºÛ-zhï-¯¼-hGôPÅ-qºÛ-fÞGÅ-ºhÝm-

hzÞ-¤ºÛ-¾¤-ÇeïP-ŸÛ-¤ô¾-D-Ÿï-¤ïh-q-ŸÛG-zOæz-m-hïÅ-d-‚¤Å-ÇK-

z¸ô-wÞGÅ-MP-¼ÛP-qôºÛ-hGï-¤±m-hï-zÅ-Vï-z-ºfôz-Mã-¤ïh-¾ü º²¤-

JÀÛP-M¾-Dz-DG-GÛ-¤DÅ-hzP-±P-¤ºÛ-fÞGÅ-ˆÛ-ÆP-¾-hrh-¤W¾-

GmP-zºÛ-hGôÅ-q-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-Hã¼-bï-M-h¤¼-¾ºP-D-¤±ôm-G¸ï-¤-


hGôÅ-q-»ôP-Mã-hP-ü ŸÝ-Çt ôzÅ-¤-¿km-»P-¼P-¼ï-¤ïÅ-qôºÛ-z;º-

iÛm-¾-zdïm-mÅ-mP-VôÅ-¼ÛG-GŸÝP-ºhÛ-hG-¾-Æô¾-Mãm-z¸P-qôÅ-

Ez-qºÛ-VôÅ-¼ÛG-ºhÛ-hG-ºhz-ÁôG-GZÛÅ-¿km-Çtï¾-zºÛ-hGï-¤±m-

¾-h‚¼-HÛ-Vß-Gbï¼-zŸÛm-GôP-ºwï¾-Mãm-Vh-¤ïh-q-GmP-G¾-Vïü

hï-zŸÛm-z®m-º²â¾-qÅ-¿Ë-ÅºÛ-ÇÀôz-yâG-n¤Å-hP-IôP-±ôºÛ-Å-GmÅ-

¾Å-‚ïh-G®ô-zô¼-Hã¼-q-n¤Å-¾-h¤G-ÆâP-h¤¼-ŸïÅ-¤ÛP-ºhôGÅ-

hP-ºƒï¾-ºzôh-zÇ+Ý¾-ÇÀ ôz-Çe ôm-xÛ-‚ãG mP-„À âGÅ-mm-qôÅ-P¼-

Áïh-vÅ-bï-¼ÛG-GmÅ-GÅ¼-zXï-ŸïÅ->À->ÀôºÛ-uôh-±ß¾-GhôP-¼ÛÅ-Pô-

¤-h¤¼-zXïm-hÝ-zbôm-mÅ-¼P-¼ïºÛ-ÅPÅ-MÅ-VôÅ-¾ÞGÅ-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-

ºhÛ-¯-¤ïh-GbôP-fzÅ-ÅÞ-GPÅ-Tm-zôh-ˆÛ-¤Vôh-μÅ-Ç+Ý-GÅÞP-fÞGÅ-

dïm-GP-m-TÛ-»ôh-zÇkÝ-¼Þz-ˆÛÅ-Gmh-VïºÛ-¼ÛGÅ-M-mG-¾-ºô¼-ºiïm-

hP-ü hï-ºyôÅ-xG-hqïü ºWÛ¤-Ç+ Ý -‚ÛPÅ-n¤Å-¤ï¼-zÆïGÅü Å-

hôP-¾-G»ÞGÅ-q-ÅôGÅ-‚ïh-zTßG-h-hÝP-z-Á-JÀP-ºGï¾-¿e-zÞÅ-Ç+Ý-

GÅÞP-fÞGÅ-dïm-ºhÛ-hG-¤Pº-zhG-I¾-¼Û¤-HÛ-hGôÅ-¤Dô-ÆâP-Vïh-

hÝ-¤P-±ôGÅ-¾-z¸ô-zTßG-q-»Ûm-q-ÁïÅ-mÅ-h-V-hï-hG-¤P-±ôGÅ-

ˆÛ-hq¾-º‚ô¼-¾-wm-q-»ôP-Mã-¿e¼-zŸG-ºGôG-Aïm-»ôP-GŸÛ-»Ûm-

q-¤P-±ôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-ÁïÅ-bï-¯-¤ïh-¤P-±ôGÅ-¼P-ZÛh-¼P-GÛÅ-zbP-q-

¼ïh-¾z-Çeï-¤P-±ôGÅ-¾-ºGïzÅ-G»ôGÅ-‚Å-hï-zŸÛm-GôP-GÅ¾-¤Û-

Ço-DG-¾-hPôÅ-¸ôG-»ôh-q-Ç¨ôÅ-¤ïh-zÇkÝ-¾ïm-hP-ü uÛ-±ôGÅ-¼ÛP-

¾ÞGÅ-¾-¤Û-n¤Å-¼P-¼P-Hôm-GôÅ-hP-D-wô¼-¤ôG-¼ï-¼ï-hP-Dôºô-®ï-

¤-GbôGÅ-ºEï¼-Å-¤ïh-qÅ-h-wm-zôh-ˆÛ-¾ÞGÅ-Æô¾-V-ÇK¤-¤Vôh-

GÁô¤-¾-ÅôGÅ-¤Vôh-VÅ-¼ÛGÅ-hP-ü mP-GÛ-º²Ûm-VÅ-¿UGÅ-¸PÅ-

¼G-¾ÞÅ-ˆÛ-Mm-Vü EÛ¤-±P-¼ï-W-h¤-GTÛG-¼ï-Z¼-hzP-»ôh-q-¾Å-

hï-¤Ûm-±P-¤-¤ïh-q-¤-z¸ôÅ-m-hr-F¾-z;¾-mÅ-hPÞ¾-zÇkÝ-¾ïm-

hGôÅ-±ß¾-Ç~Û¼-Gb¤-ºIï¤Å-Çtï¾-hP-ü xôGÅ-GŸm-ŸÛG-mÅ-GÅï¼-

hPÞ¾ü G»Þ-‚ã¼ü ̧ PÅ-¼G-GÛ-¼ÛGÅ-¼Ûm-GôP-Çoï-Åï¾-vôh-¾ïm-‚-

Mã-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-z¸ôÅ-mÅ-±ôP-DP-ÇK ô -xï-zŸG-ÇezÅ-¤P-±ôGÅ-

n¤Å-¼Ûm-GôP-¤fô-h¤º-z¿e-Mã-w¼-zŸG-±ôP-DP-mP-º±ôP-¤-fÞz-

qºÛ-hPPÅ-º±z-z¸ôÅ-mÅ-zÇkÝ-¼Þz-‚Åü Å-B-hGôm-qºÛ-GÅÞP-

dïm-¿UGÅ-¾ÞP-¤-ŸïÅ-xG-hqï-qôh-Vïm-ŸÛG-ºhÝG-q-hï-»P-z¼-¾¤-

ŸÛG-bà-M-mG-¾-Ghm-ºiïm-ŸÝÅ-¸Ûm-ˆP-ü XïÅ-ÅÞ-Å-B-¼P-hÝ-zB¾-

ºhÝG-hï-hG-GÛ-JÀïGÅ-ÁÛP-hP-xG-hqï-hzÞ-ÁôG-¾-¼Ûm-qô-VïºÛ-¼ÛGÅ-

ˆÛ-yïP-z-¾-ÅôGÅ-¤Vôh-Mm-hP-ü GÅï¼-HÛ-zz-¾ï-¼Ûm-ƒ¾-¤P-

qô-»ôh-ˆP-hï-hG-M-mG-bà-M-h¤¼-qÅ-zÇkÝ-Z¼-‚Å-»ôh-±ß¾-Gô-fôÅ-

‚ãP-»P-¼P-GÛ-¤ÛG-¤fôP-¿e¼-zŸG-n-fôÅ-ˆP-¾¤-¼ôz-®¤-¾Å-

¤ïh-ÇezÅ-GÅÞP-dïm-¿UGÅ-¾ÞP-¤ºÛ-Ç+ô¼-hï-PïÅ-GÅ¾-WÛ-‚ãP-Z¤Å-


dôGÅ-ˆÛ-zhïm-GÅ¾-¤²h-G¾-Vïü

ÇS¼-zôh-¾-EÛ¤-±P-Åô-Åô¼-fz-±P-mP-ºh¤-zG-GÛ-fz-Vïm-

qô-»ôh-q-hï-n¤Å-uÛ-¾ô- 1966 ¾-±P-¤-Gbô¼-mÅ-½À âP-fz-VßP-

PÞ-¼ï-z¸ô-zTßG ¤ï-ÁÛP-¿U Û-z-hP-¼Û¾-¤-±ôP-¾-»ôP-¤Û-±P-¤-Å-

DÞ¾-Åô-ÅôºÛ-¾Å-DÞPÅ-Åô-Åô¼-ºzïz-Mã-z¸ôÅ-bï-¹-¼ï-¤Û-GTÛG-¾-ZÛm-

¼ï-ÁÛP-M-¤-ºhÛÅ-Vß-M-¤-ºhÛ-ºDô¾-HÛ-»ôh-m-hï-¾-V-Ç+ô¼-zºÛ-¤ï-ÁÛP-

z®ôP-Mã-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-Gbm-ºDï¾-z¸ôÅü hï-ÇSôm-»Ûm-m-ºfÞP-W-¾ïGÅ-

ZïÅ-Eh-q¼-®¤-¾Å-¼P-ºhôh-Zô-Mã-»ôh-ˆP-ü Ç+zÅ-hïºÛ-¤±¤Å-

W-»Þ¾-hÝ-W-ÁÛP-¾-¤ï-Áô¼-z-¼ïh-¸ï¼-¾ü »P-ºGº-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-M-mG-

¾-¤Þ-Gï-Vïm-qô-‚ãP-mÅ-W-ÁÛP-ºhïzÅ-»Þ¾-n¤Å-ºƒâ-¼ÛGÅ-zbz-»ôh-

q-¼ïh-¸ï¼-hôm-hÝ-¿Ë-DÞ¾-W-ÇtäÅ-±ôP-¤-‚Å-q¼-zôh-¤ÛÅ-Åï-z-ÁÛP-

¯-z;ôG-zbP-z-Zô-z®ôP-‚Å-q-WºÛ-±z-bà-ºfÞP-hGôÅ-‚ãP-ü ºƒâ-

¼ÛGÅ-¾-V-zŸG-mü hï-ÇS ôm-zôh-¾-Iô-mÅ-Æm-GÅÞ¤-qh-D-zTÅ-

EÛ¤-±P-Åô-ÅôºÛ-¼P-¤Dô-¾-GŸÛGÅ-qÅ-ºhïzÅ-¾Å-‚Å-ˆP-hï-hG-

¾ô-Åôm-m¤-ºhïzÅ-¼m-¾-zdïm-ŸÛP-D-zG-¤ïh-hÝ-¾ÞÅ-Zïm-ŸÛP-DÞ¾-

hÝ-uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-Å-ŸÛP-ÅÞÅ-zbz-hïÅ-zÇk ÝÅ-»Ûm-qÅ-Ez-

zOGÅ-ÁÝGÅ-Vï-‚Å-qÅ-h-»ôh-ŸÛP-DÞ¾-¤Û-±P-¤Å-ŸÛP-D-±P-¤-

¼P-hzP-zhG-º²Ûm-»Ûm-ÁG-ºhïzÅ-¾Å-‚Åü hï-Çe ôm-hÝÅ-ºƒâ-

¼ÛGÅ-hô-h¤-hP-zÇeàm-zôh-¾-hï-ÇSôm-F¾-zGôÅ-vôh-qºÛ-¾¤-Æô¾-ŸÛP-

q¼-»ôh-q¼-zdïm-M¾-GTïÅ-GŸÝP-ºƒâÅ-G®ôÅ-ºƒâ-¿ËG-ÇtäÅ-º±ôP-

ŸïÅ-¼Ûm-ºzz-Çoï-Åï¾-¼ï-vh-hï-VzÅ-TÛG-¤Û-Åô-ÅôºÛ-¸-ºƒâ-hP-Åôm-

ºƒâ-®¤-¾Å-±P-¤-zÇkÝ-¼Þz-‚Åü ¼ÛG-GÅ¼-ºGô-z®ßGÅ-®¤-mÅ-

M-mG-¾-¤Dô-ºhôm-‚ïh-Vïh-Iô-Åôm-¾ô-¼ï-mÅ-¾ô-¼ï-¤P-hÝ-zbP-ü ºƒâ-

Æm-qh-GÅÞ¤-¾ô-¼ï-¾Å-¾ô-¼ï-Wï-ZÝP-zbP-¤f¼-M-Ez-ŸÛP-D-±P-

¤-Iô-ŸÛP-hÝ-Hã¼-bï-ºƒâ-Æm-GZÛÅ-w¾-Vï¼-Åôm-¯-º²h-q-¿e-zÞ-z¸ôÅ-

mÅ-zôh-¤Û-±P-¤-Iô-¯¤-¸-hGôÅ-Á¼-mÅ-hïÅ-Aïm-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-¤D¾-

¤-mh-q-¤P-qô-VGÅ-ÅôP-ü ŸÛP-qºÛ-Å-DÞ¾-¤P-qô¼-V¼-¤-zz-

qº¤ü Åh-Åï¼-¤P-qô-‚ãP-»P-hï-hG-JÀïP-ÇÀôP-y-¤ô-®¤-¤-‚Å-q¼-

hï-¤Ûm-¾ô-¾ïGÅ-±h-GŸÛ-¾ô-¼ï-¾Å-¾ô-¼ï-ºw¼-±ß¾-Ez-zOGÅ-½ÀâP-

¿e¼-OôG-ˆP-hôm-Ç‰ÛP-ŸÛP-¾Å-ºGm-G®P-¾-vôh-hGôÅ-‚ãP-z-hï-»P-

uÛ-¾ô- 1984 ¾ô¼-G®P-wÞ¾-GÅÞ¤-G»¼-zŸÛ-ºzÞ¾-ŸïÅ-qºÛ-¤ÛP-

ºhôGÅ-mÅ-vôh-hGôÅ-Á¼-z-hï-mÛ-GÅÞ¤-G»¼-ŸïÅ-q-ŸÛP-D-G»¼-

z| ©ôÅ-¤hô-G»¼-zü Åôm-¯-G»¼-z-hP-GÅÞ¤ü zŸÛ-ºzÞ¾-

mÛ-Å-GmÅ-¾Å-‚ïh-qºÛ-wôGÅ-¾-ÅôGÅ-F¾-hPÞ¾-DG-zŸÛ-¾ô-¼ï-zŸÛm-

zÇkÝ-¾ïm-‚ïhü μÅ-¾Þh-hï-hG-mÝÅ-¿km-Bï-º±¼-»ôP-z-hï-hG-¤P-

qô-zMz-m-hïÅ-Å-GÁÛÅ-HôP-¤FïGÅ-VGÅ-qºÛ-Bôm-V-»ôh-ÇezÅ-ºô¾-


±ôh-Zô-z-¾Å-¤P-qô-Zô-ºhôh-¤ïh-ˆP-ü μôP-GŸÛÅ-Åô-ÅôÅ-¤Dô-Oæz-

ºô¼-ºiïm-‚Å-qºÛ-ºzô¼-±h-WÛ-»ôh-±P-¤-V-zGôÅ-ˆÛÅ-ŸÛP-q¼-vôh-

AP-¾Å-hï-¾-»ôh-¤ïh-¤±¤Å-º²Ûm-‚-»Þ¾-¤ïh-¾-¼Ûm-q-hï-Çe ôm-

¤WâG-ºƒâ-ÇtäÅ-±ôP-Ç+zÅ-ˆÛ-hPÞ¾-ÇeïP-mÅ-Çkïz-TÛG-¸-zTG-‚Å-qºÛ-

¤P-±ôGÅ-¾-lz-ÅÛG-ºw¼-Çoôm-vhü GôP-GÅ¾-hï-hG-¤fôP-fôÅ-

PïÅ-GÅ¾-GP-»Ûm-h‚ï-GÅ¾-z;ôh-q-¾Å-GŸÛ-¤ïh-hôôGÅ-GŸÛ-hPôÅ-

¤fôP-¿e-zÞ¼-z;ôh-m-º²¤-JÀÛP-¤DÅ-hzP-uÛºÛ-hGôPÅ-±ß¾-¾-zôh-

¤ÛÅ-zôh-hôm-zhïm-¤Ûm-Ço-±ôGÅ-zXôh-q¼-fï-±ô¤-hP-ü ¿ËG-bà-GPÅ-

Tm-&¤Gôm-qôÅ-GmÅ-±ß¾-Vï-y-GP-ŸÛG-¾-zhïm-qºÛ-¾¤-mÅ-Áôh-

hGôÅ-q-¤-GbôGÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-¤ïh-IÛz-ºGï¾-hï-ºi-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-Mãm-¤¼-

ÇÀôz-Çeôm-GmP-z-ºG¾-m-ºhÛ-xÛ-GZÛÅ-ºG¾-HÛ-¾¤-HÛ-ZïÅ-Vh-ºwôG-

PïÅ-qÅ-hï-¯ÛÅ-hI-GZïm-ÅÞºÛ-fh-hÝ-zhïm-qºÛ-¾¤-¾-ºIô-fÞz-Mã-G¾-

Vïºôüü

»¼-MÅ-hP-XïÅ-¾ÞÅü

zôh-¿Y ôPÅ-XïÅ-¾ÞÅ-Tm-¾-M-¤ÛÅ-Mz-Bô¼-¼ôGÅ-¼¤-‚ïh-

q¼-»ôP-q-»Ûm-±ß¾-½À âP-¿e¼-OôGÅ-ˆP-ü hqï¼-mü zôh-ˆÛ-¤ïÅ-

qô-h¤-qºÛ-wô ô -ƒP-¯ï-qô-bØ-¾¼-V-¤±ôm-m-uÛ-¾ô- 1966 ®¤-¾-wô-

ƒP-h¤¼-qôºÛ-¤hÝm-¤ºô-®ï-bàP-GÛ-¤ÛP-‚P-wô-ƒP-GÛ-¤fô-ŸïP-¿km-

q-ŸÛG-MãGÅ-Oô¤-fôG-ƒÛÅ-q-hï-hG-½ÀâP-ÁÝGÅ-Vïm-qô-zMz-hÝÅ-wô-

ƒP-Dô-m-G»ô-ºGÝ¾-fïzÅ-hï-ºƒï¾-wô-ƒP-GÛ-ºôG-Á¼-¤D¼-Ço-GhôP-

mÅü mÝz-ƒG-ÇKô-;>šÛ-z¼-μÅ-¤ï-¤P-qô-zMz-Aïm-wô-ƒP-¯ÛG-GŸÛ-

zz-zMz-Çeï-hï-hG-wô-ƒP-mP-Çkôh-ºGô-‚ïh-mÅ-ºGm-¤Û-z¸ôh-qºÛ-

Gb¤-zXôh-¤P-qô-‚Å-»ôh-ˆP-hï¼-Zm-ºWôG-¯-z-mÅ-¤-‚Å-ÇezÅ-

±ô¤Å-Vïm-mP-;-z-¤P-qô-GÅ¼-zXïÅ-‚-hGôÅ-‚ãP-ü hï-XïÅ-wô-ƒP-

mP-Vß-ºiïm-‚ïh-μôP-Mz-mÅ-¿UGÅ-zÞG-z®ßGÅ-bï-JÀôG-GbôP-ºyâ¾-

VÅ-wô-ƒP-Á¼-Çkï-»PÅ-zMãh-ƒG-lôºÛ-ÇeïP-DP-q-ŸÛG-bà-z®ßGÅ-mÅ-

JÀ ôG-GbôP-Ç+zÅ-ºGÝ¾-ºFâG-Vïm-qôÅ-hï-xôGÅ-h=âG-Çe ï -¯ÛG-q-

120 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü »¼-MÅ-hP-XïÅ-¾ÞÅü 121

¤P-qô-ºzô-¾ÞG-ÇezÅ-Í¼-ºh¤-¤P-qô-zMz-ˆP-¤-zdïm-q¼-¤f¼-

¯ÛG-½‰ÛP-¾-ºI¤-Bô¼-Í¼-ºh¤-zMz-qºÛ-lô-¯ÛG-¤ÛG-fôG-¤²ïÅ-qô-

hï-ºi-zMz-»ôhü hï-hG-IÅ-zôh-¤Û¼-Á-±-hGº-Ÿïm-HÛ-Mz-Bô¼-

‚ïh-qºÛ-Åï¤Å-»ôh-¤ïh-¤±ômü ¼P-¼ïÅ-G»Å-q¼-um-hP-G»ôm-

q¼-¤ÛG-¤-z¿eÅ-q¼ü uÛ-¾ô- 1959 mÅ- 1980 ®¤-z¼-M-

mG-mP-Çeôm-ZïÅ-hP-ºƒï¾-º±ô-z-È-TP-z=ïm-qÅ-h;º-P¾-±zÅ-

Vïm-fÞG-Çeï-¸Å-GôÅ-ÇtäÅ-ºhôm-T-y-zÅ-¸-ÇoÝ¤-»P-EÛ¤-±P-¼ï¼-M-

¤-GP-¼ï-¾Å-¤-z®ôP-ÇezÅ-±¾-¼ÛGÅ-Vß-z®ôÅ-zMzü hï-¾-Ç¨m-

Ço-¿YP-±ß¾-zMz-mÅ-¸ôÅ-¸-ÇoÝ¤-Áï¾-h¤-mP-„ÀâGÅ-bï-¤Û-Åô-ÅôºÛ-DôºÛ-

®ï-zTßG-q-hïºÛ-ŸG-¯Û-±¾-¾-‚ãG-‚ãG-‚Å-bï-¸ôÅ-q-zXôh-¾ü M-

h¤¼-HÛÅ-z®m-z¸ÞP-¤-‚Å-GôP-zôh-mP-ÇS¼-ºƒâ-¼ÛGÅ-G®ô-zô-Iô-

mÅ-Æm-GÅÞ¤ü ºƒÛ-G»G-GÛ-Á-¤¼-fÞh-GÅÞ¤-¾-ÅôGÅ-zTßh-Ç‰ÛP-

Dô-m-zïh-uôh-GbôP-zü hï-zŸÛm-º‚ô¼-xãG-DG-ˆP-ÇS-¼zÅ-ˆÛ-ÁÝ¾-

º²Ûm-¤ÛP-®¤-¾Å-GÅ¼-Cæm-ºwï¾-MÅ-¾-hï-ºƒï¾-M¾-¯ïºÛ-¥P-Çeôh-

Mz-¼G-¸ï¼-z-mP-xãG-qô-¤ïh-ÇtP-ŸïÅ-IôP-hï-mÅ-ÇÀôP-¤ô-z-‚ãP-

¼ÛGÅ-¾-¸Å-¢Ûm-ÁÛP-GÛ-f-ÇtG-mP-„ÀâG-Çeï-ÇKïºÞ-DÞP-mÅ-zŸÝ¼-fG-

zbP-Çeï-vôh-Æô¾-»ôh-q-hï-mÛ-¢Ûm-q-vôh-hÝ-ÇK ô-D¼-¤Û-ºIô-¤Û-Dô¤-

ÇezÅ-‚Å-qºP-»Ûm-±ß¾-Áôh-ºhÝG »P-ºW ÛG -d ïm -¸Å -¢ ô¼ -

¼P-¾-zïh-uôh-GbôP-±ß¾-¾-V-zŸG-mü GZ¾-¿Ëàm-¯ï-μôP-GÛ-wÞ-ÇKô-

hÝh-wG-±P-¸ï¼-zÅ-hGÝm-¤±¤Å-hÝÅ-zÁÅ-zbP-Ç+zÅ-¾ÞG-IPÅ-

±h-¤-hGôÅ-q¼-zP-zºÛ-mP-¾ÞG-¤Gô-ÇtäPÅ-mÅ-GP-¤±¤Å-mÅ-

ÇS-¾ôºÛ-¤Gô-±h-¾ôP-»ôh-¤ïh-ºô¾-±ôh-fG-GTôh-‚ïh-¤Û-»P-»ôhü

zôh-¾-M-mG-mÅ-ºiïm-qºÛ-»ô-VÅ-ˆP-È-TP-h;ôm-¾-ÇtäÅ-

±h-Ÿm-q-Ç+zÅ-hï-hP-hïºÛ-zôh-¤Û-n¤Å-¤fôP-VôÅ-¼ïhü h-V-º²¤-

JÀÛP-uÛ-hP-¿ËG-q¼-mÝz-xôGÅ-M¾-Dz-h¼-MÅ-»ôh-q-hï¼-¤ÛG-¿eôÅ-

¿e-zÞÅ-¾ïGÅ-V-‚ãP-mÅ-M-mG-¾ºP-¼Û¤-zIôh-»¼-MÅ-‚ãP-ü M-

h¤¼-hqôm-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛÅ-zôh-¾-¼ôGÅ-¼¤-¾-zdïm-mÅ-»¼-MÅ-ÇS¼-

¤ïh-GÅ¼-q-z¸ôÅ-»ôh-¸ï¼-z-hï-mÛ-zôh-¤Û¼-¤ïÅ-qôºÛ-ÁÝ¾-º²Ûm-©P-

GŸÛ-»ôh-q-hï-hÝÅ-zÇeàm-¾ïGÅ-V-®¤-¤-GbôGÅ-z®m-‚ô¾-zôh-¤Û-

xÛºÛ-M¾-Dz-¾-D-z¿eÅ-ƒôÅ-‚ô¾-ºIô-Ç+zÅ-¼P-GÛ-D-wô¼-®¤-ºEï¼-

¤-fÞz-q¼-Ç+h-¼ÛGÅ-¤Û-GTÛG-qºÛ-¤Û-»Þ¾-º±ô-dïm-Ç~¼-¤fÛ¾-®¤-

¤ïh-q¼-¼P-D-¼P-GÅô-ºzh-z¯ôm-‚Å-mÅ-h-V-GŸÛÅ-‚ïÅ-GZÛÅ-

hPôÅ-ºƒï¾-ºIm-zÇkÝ¼-‚Å-m-hïÅ-GÅ¾-qô-dôGÅü hï-¤Ûm-zôh-¿YôPÅ-

GŸÝP-¾¤-ºhÝÅ-Vï-Å-DG-hP-ü IôP-Eï¼-zTÅ-q¼-¾¤-z¸ôÅ-qü

DP-q-fôG-z¯ïGÅ-Tm-z¸ôÅ-q-hï-mÛ-zôh-¤Û-;Ým-JÀïP-¿e¼-M-¤Û-ŸÛ-iG-

ºô¼-zhïü M-¼ÛGÅ-Çkôh-DP-hP-xÛ-M¾-ºIâ¾-q-mÅ-DP-qºÛ-»ôP-


ºzz-Vïm-qô-»ôP-¼ïü M-¼ÛGÅ-ŸÛ-iG-¤P-qô-zTßG-mÅ-zôh-Å-M-»Þ¾-

hÝ-zNå¼-zhï-»Ûm-¾-º²¤-JÀÛP-fôG-º²âGÅ-Cæm-HÛ-‚Å-XïÅ-ºÞ¼-OôG-

‚ïh-Vïh-¼P-¾Å-zôh-¤Û-¼P-¾-wm-BïÅ-Vï-z-¤ïhü zôh-¤Û¼-mP-VôÅ-

¾-hh-¤ôÅü »Þ¾-Gô¤Å-GÁÛÅ-¾ÞGÅ-z¯Û-fP-ü IôP-wÞ-¤fº-z¼-

GÅÞ¤-¾-¾¤-ºyP-¸¤-GÅÞ¤-Vï-VßP-¾-¤-¿eôÅ-q¼-ºDô¼-ºIô-ºwï¼-

z| mh-qºÛ-Ç¨m-DP-ü ‚ÛÅ-q-n¤Å-ÇÀ ôz-¢ôP-ü º±ô-GôÅ-ºyôh-

zÇeïm-xôGÅ-»ôPÅ-¾-‚Å-hP-‚ïh-zŸÛm-»ôh-m-hï-¼ÛGÅ-zôh-¿YôPÅ-

¾-hPôÅ-ºƒï¾-z¯Û-¤fôP-‚ïh-¤Dm-»Ûm-q-hôm-h¤-HÛ-Pô-vôh-ºfôz-

Mã-»Ûm-¾-hïÅ-M-h¤¼-¤P-G®ôºÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-Gbm-ºzïz-

»ÛG-VºÛ-ºƒâ-hôm-Gmh-¾-ºDï¾-z-hPôÅ-»Ûmü M-h¤¼-zÅ-zôh-

¿YôPÅ-¾-¾ô-Pô-zŸÛ-zTßºÛ-¼ÛP-º²âGÅ-Cæm-¤P-qô-‚Å-bï-hïP-hÝÅ-hP-

¤fÞm-qºÛ-»¼-MÅ-wÞm-ÅÞ¤-±ôGÅ-qô-»ôh-TïÅ-q-¼P-¼ïºÛ-zôh-¿YôPÅ-

ÅÞ-ÁÛP-VÅ-hP-ü Çtä-z¾-fôm-μÅ-z¸P-qô-»ôh-ÇezÅ-;ôP-qô-zMãh-

®G-O-z¸ô-IÔ-hP-ü ;¤-q-¾Û-z¸ô-IÔ-GZÛÅ-hP-JÀôG-DP-z®ßGÅ-hGôÅ-

‚ãP-z-wÞh-hï-¤Ûm-GÅï¼-hPÞ¾-¸PÅ-¿UGÅü h¼-GôÅ-Vïmü ¼Å-Vü

;ô-VÅ-zTÅ-ˆÛ-z¸ô-IÔ-Ço-±ôGÅ-Æ-zdm-wÞGÅ-ºwï¼-WÛ-hP-WÛ-z®ßGÅ-

»ôh-h¤ü »P-m-M-¤Û-¤P-qô-zôh-¾-zbP-z-hP-ü lÝ¾-ym-Ç‰ÛG-GÅôG-

‚ïh-qü ºzï -T ßº Þ -( ºz Û -¼G- )z¸ô-IÔü ¯ïh-Ço -Mm-z®ßGÅ-hP-ü

¼ô¾-¯ïh-ºE¤-ºHã¼-‚-»Þ¾-hï-¼ÛGÅ-zôh-»¼-MÅ-ˆÛ-©P-¾¤-zôh-

¤Û¼-wm-zhïü º²¤-JÀ ÛP-Eôm-mÅ-Ç¨ ôm-»Þ¾-hï-hG-»Ûm-m¤ü »P-

m-uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô-zôh-»Þ¾-¤ïÅ-qôºÛ-XïÅ-ÁÝ¾-»ôPÅ-μôGÅ-zhG-

º²Ûm-‚Å-q-Ç¨ôÅ-¤ïh-hP-hï-ºƒï¾-h-z¼-¤Û-¾ô-zŸÛ-zTß-¼ÛP-¾ô-¼ï-

ºV¼-zºÛ-mP-ŸÛP-ºƒôG-¤Û-¤P-mÅ-hr-F¾-zÇkÝ-zü Ç¨m-¯ºÛ-Bï-

hPôÅ-¾-¼Ûm-ºzz-Çoï-Åï¾-vh-hï-zÇkÝ-¾ïm-‚ïh-qü M-VïºÛ-±ôP-¼ÛGÅ-

mÅ-hr-F¾-¾ïm-qü Å-ºôG-Gbï¼-μÅ-zÇS ôGÅ-ºhôm-zïh-uôh-

GbôP-zü Å-DP-¤P-qô-±ôP-Nå¼-‚ïh-q-hï-hG-zôh-¿YôPÅ-»¼-MÅ-

ˆÛ-h¤ÛGÅ-»Þ¾-hÝ-zOæz-q-Íï-»Ûm-¾GÅü hï-zÅ-M-h¤¼-mÅ-¤-

zhG-zhG-º²Ûm-zhG-qô-ÇK ô -ºzÞh-È¤-q-¼Û-®¤-zÁh-m-zhïm-q-

G»G-®¤-fôz-qºÛ-¸Å-¾-¾P-Áô¼-hqº-f¾-È¤-Åï¤Å-hô¼-mÅ-zôh-

M-EÛ¤-¤±ïÅ-V¼-q-Vß-IôGÅ-ÇeïP-mÅ-&GôP-Å-f¤Å-Th-¤Eïm-qºÛ-

fÞGÅ-ºhÝm-¿e¼-hzÞ-¤ºÛ-¾¤-ÇeïP-ŸÛz-¤ô¾-D-GbÛP-¤ïh-q-ŸÛG-‚Å-

m-hïÅ-wm-±ßm-z¸ôh-zhï-»ôP-¾ü º²¤-JÀÛP-M¾-Dz-DG-GÛ-¤DÅ-

hzP-n¤Å-ˆÛ-fÞGÅ-ˆÛ-ÆP-¾-M-h¤¼-HÛ-Í-ºIô-M-Ç+h-¤Û-ºIô-ÅôG-

Ç+h-hï-hG-hrh-¤W¾-GmP-z-hï-hG-M-h¤¼-¾ºP-h¤º-ºzïz-D-

¤±ôm-G¸ïh-¤-hGôÅ-qºÛ-hGï-¤±m-»ôP-Pô-üü


zôh-ˆÛ-¾ô-GÅ¼ü

zôh-ˆÛ-M¾-Å-¿Ë-¿km-DÞ¾-M¾-qô-¾ô-GÅ¼-hP-ü Åô-m¤-¾ô-

GÅ¼-GZÛÅ-mÅ-M¾-qô-¾ô-GÅ¼-ŸïÅ-GbôP-Æô¾-GŸÝP-Æô¾-¤²h-¾¤-

mP-GÅ¾-z-¿e¼-hP-ü hï-zŸÛm-G®P-DÞ¾-¾-V-zŸG-m-GôP-GÅ¾-

¾ô-GÅ¼-ÇS-XïÅ-GZÛÅ-;¼-dïm-º‚ãP-¤±ôm-GbôP-Æô¾-»ôh-ˆP-ü hï-

GZÛÅ-mP-hÝÅ-zŸÛºÛ-Åô-m¤-HÛ-hÝÅ-±ÛGÅ-hP-Gô-¼Û¤-OÛG-mÅ-Åô-m¤-

¾ô-GÅ¼-hï-G¾-Gmh-Vï-z¼-h¤ÛGÅ-bï-GbôP-z-hï-zôh-¹- 12 ±ïÅ- 1

ZÛm-¾ô-GÅ¼-‚-MãºÛ-¸-VÅ-I-GÅôG-hP-f-m-¤ï-ÁÛP-»m-ÇtäÅ-GP-hG-

I-OÛG-‚Åü hï-mÅ-hÝÅ-¤±¤Å-VP-hP-ü D-¸Å-h;¼-Iô-zMz-

q-hP-ü ÆïG-qü hï-mÅ-μôGÅ-¹ºÛ-±ïÅ- 29 ZÛm-¾ô-GTÛG-hP-¹-

z-zTß-GZÛÅ-ŸG-¤-ÅÞ¤-zM-iâG-TßºÛ-hGÝ-fÞG-zG-±-zbàP-ü ŸG-

GïGÅ-ˆÛ-¿ËG-ºyô-n¤Å-hGÝ-μÅ-hP-£GÅ-xÛ¼-zμPÅü hï-mÅ-DP-

q-xÛ -mP-G®P-£-Gh-xÛÅ-GP-»ôP-‚Å-mÅ-Ghm-VÅ-GÅ¼-qü

¤Vôh-zÁô¤Å-¤hÝm-¾ÞG-¤Gô-hP-h;¼-Iôü Á-¤¼-Çk ï¼-¤ü ;¼-

Iô-ÁÛP-ºƒÅ-¸Å-¼ÛGÅ-GP-ŸÛG-hP-ü VP-ºô-¤-wÞhü ¤Vôh-¤ïü

»ôm-Vzü ÇtôÅ-¤ïü ¯Ó-zTÅ-¤-±P-z-¤ïh-q-¿e-zÞ-GP-zOæz-‚Åü

hïºÛ-ÅP-±ïÅ-GTÛG-‚-Ç+h-hP-qô-®¤-¤ï-D-GÅôÅ-bï-fz-¾-W-ÅÞ¼-wÞ¾ü

Vß-wÞh-„ÀPÅü VP-ºDô¾-Ç+ô¾-mÅ-mP-¤Û-¾-wÞ¾ü hï-mÅ-m¤-¾PÅ-

q-hP-xG-zÅÛ¾-‚Å-¼Û¤-zŸÛm-Hôm-GôÅ-¸z-¤Vô¼-Hômü

W-Æâz-¤-hP-ü xï-¤¼-VP-wÞh-zbïGÅü hï-mÅ-GP-¤±¤Å-Iô-

fÞG-hP-ü ¤¼-G¸mü ±GÅ-Áü ¾ÞG-Áü ¾ÞG-¤Gô-¤Gô-zÁGÅ-

¼ï-Mã-¤-hP-JÀô-z-zTÅ-zôh-¸Å-Dï¼-AP-zbP-ü hï-XïÅ-W-VP-Çtï¾-

¤-ºiïmü hï-mÅ-ZÛm-GÝP-zŸïÅ-¾G-¾ïGÅ-q¼-zbP-Iâz-mÅ-mP-

º²Ûm-¼ï-¸ÞP-¾Å-GŸm-wô-¤ô-¤P-Vï-z-ZÛ-¤-iô-Å¼-z¸º-w-n¤Å-mÅ-

lô-ÇKô¼-zMz-Çeï-±-fôz-Áô¼-hz¼-VP-ºiïïmü ‚ÛÅ-q-qh-ÁG-zMz-

qº¤-fïz-zï-zMzü hGôP-WºÛ-¤±¤Å-mÅ-zÞh-¤ïh-n¤Å-mÅ-ÇKô¼-

GŸÅ-Çoï-ºFÛh-hï-wô-GŸôm-¤ô-GŸôm-¤P-qôÅ-GŸÅ-ÇKô¼-zMz-Ç+zÅ-

hÝÅ-¾ïGÅ-VP-ŸïÅ-VP-ºiïm-‚Å-mÅ-Ç+zÅ-¼ï-ZÛ-¤-¾-¯ï¼-¤-zŸÝh-

®¤-»P-m-Å-¼Þz-¤-±ßGÅü Ç+zÅ-¼ï-m¤-GÝP-P¤ü fô-¼ïPÅü ZÛ-

Á¼-z¼-GŸÅ-¤-Iô¾-z-Çkôh-q-IôP-¤Û-IGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-mÅ-W-VP-ºiïm-

hï-zŸÛm-ÇKô-D¼-ÇÀôP-¤ô-zIïÅ-G¼-»ôP-m-hï-¾-D-zl-z¸P-qôºÛ-¾ïGÅ-

V-hP-;¼-Iô-GP-»G-Çeï¼-z-ÅôGÅ-¢Ûm-q-zbP-ü zôh-±ïÅ-GÅÞ¤-

126 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü zôh-ˆÛ -¾ô -GÅ¼ü 127

hP-ü zŸÛü ¿S.¼P-EÛ¤-±P-GÛ-G¸º-±ïÅ-ºyôh-¢ô¼-¾-z¿eÅ-mÅ-

»Þ¾-¿Ë-GŸÛÅ-zhG-ÇeïP-¿Ë-GÅô¾-Ç+Ý-zÅPÅ-hP-h;¼-GÅÞ¤-¤P¼-

GÅÞ¤-ºiïÅ-qºÛ-xï-¸Þ¼-VP-wÞh-h¼-yïP-GP-Oæz-zÇkôGÅ-bï-‚ïh-Æô¾-

»ôhü hï-¤Ûm-EÛ¤-¤Û-n¤Å-¤ï-DP-hÝ-¤ï-ÇK ôP-¾ïGÅ-q-zbP-mÅ-¸-

ºfÞP-GP-ºhôh-¾-¾ôPÅ-uh-hï-Çk ôh-qºÛ-Æô¾-Mãm-»ôh-¾ü zIïÅ-

ÇÀôP-DG-hGôP-iô-¼-z¸Û-mÅ-¼P-GÛ-¸-Çoôh-ˆP-zhG-z¸ÞP-¤Û-fÞz-

q-GZÛh-DÞG-mÅ-Çkôh-q-ÅôGÅ-ÅôÅ-h¾-iô-BÛh-¿km-qºÛ-¤Û-±ï-¾-¼ô¾-

HÛ-»ôhü

Ç‰m-IGÅ-Tm-HÛ-ÆÛh-„Àômü

¼P-¼ï-zôh-D-z-GPÅ-Tm-¾-M¾-„À ôm-IGÅ-q-Tm-hôm-¾-

GmÅ-qºÛ-¤DÅ-hzP-»Ûm-q-¤P-qô-‚ôm-q-¾ô-MãÅ-»ÛG-V-¤P-qô-mÅ-

fôm-q-¤ïÅ-qô-z;º-iÛm-Tm-‚ãP-z-»ÛG-V-G¸ÛGÅ-m-¤fôP-Mã-»ôh-

q-mÅ-hïP-GÛ-hÝÅ-¼zÅ-ºhÛ¼-»P-¤P-qô-»ôh-qºÛ-mP-mÅ-M-h¤¼-

qÅ-zôh-¿YôPÅ-¾-Gmôm-ÁÝGÅ-ºwôGÅ-Ç+zÅ-&GôP-Å-BzÅ-¤Gôm-Ç+Ý-

yïP-zTß-zŸÛ-q-Vïm-qôÅ-VôÅ-ÆÛh-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-fÞGÅ-ºGm-hHïÅ-zŸïÅ-

»ôP-z-zôh-¿YôPÅ-¿Ë-Çkï-¤Û-Çkï-»ôPÅ-mÅ-GÅô¾-z-zbz-hôm-VôÅ-hP-

ÆÛh-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-fÞGÅ-ºGm-G®P-zŸïÅ-¤±¤Å-»Þm-¤Û-¼ÛP-z-M-h¤¼-

z®m-º²â¾-qºÛ-hI-hqÞP-zôh-¿YôPÅ-¾-Gbh-ÇezÅ-&GôP-Å-BzÅ-

¤Gôm-Vïm-qô-z®m-‚ô¾-¿Ëô-xôGÅ-Iô-¤ô-zMãh-VÛzÅ-Nå¼-Ç+zÅ-zôh-

ˆÛ-M¾-Å-¿Ë-¿km-hÝ-„Àô-z¸P-z=-ÁÛÅ-¾GÅ-hP-ü ¯ÛÅ-hqôm->À â -

DP-q-GZÛÅ-ÆÛh-„Àôm-Ç+Ý-±z-bà-zÇ+ô-zŸG-GmP-z-hï-GZÛÅ-Ç+Ý-±ïºÛ-

¾ô-MãÅ-‚ãP-z-¤W¾-ºhôh-»ôh-ˆP-hï-ÇSôm-¼P-ZÛh-©ôPÅ-qºÛ-hzP-

128 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü Ç‰m-IGÅ-Tm-HÛ -ÆÛh-„À ômü 129

GÛ-Z¤Å-dôG-¤-fÞz-¿ËG-q¼-Ç+ Ý-Pô->À â -DP-q-hP-ü hô¤-qô¼-GZÛÅ-

P-±ô-Çk ï-„ÀºÛ-º±ô-º²Ûm-»Ûm-qºÛ-V-mÅ-ym-zÞ-È-Gô-hGôÅ-ˆP-ü P-

¼P-¿Ëô-D-M-¼Û-GŸÛÅü Íï-ÁG-¿Ëôü GZ¾-Çkï-iâG-zTÅ-¾-Mãm-Çkôh-

‚Å-qÅ-¿Ëô-D¼-¤Û-Åï¼-HÛ-d-D¾-hrh-zl¾-Ç+ô¼-hGôPÅ-Ç+ô¼-±¼-

¼ï-¸ÞP-zT¼-»P-hï-hG-¾-GmÅ-±ß¾-»ôPÅ-ÇePÅ-¤-¤VÛÅü hï-mÅ-

M-h¤¼-zôh-¾-¿ËG-Ç+zÅ-M-h¤¼-HÛ-¸-ºƒâ-¤Û-¿kïP-qºÛ-z=ïÅ-¿eôGÅ-

ÁÝGÅ-Vï-‚ãP-ÇezÅ-M-¼ÛGÅ-mÅ-¸-ºƒâ-ÇtäÅ-º±ôP-»ôP-zºÛ-z;º-Ez-

GmP-¼ôGÅ-ŸÝÅ-q¼-ÆÛh-±z-¤VôG-mÅ-Èï-Èï-h-hï-h¤G-Áô¼-z-¾Å-

¸-ºƒâ-Vh-hï-z=ïÅ-¿eôGÅ-Hã¼-q-È-TP-GÛ-ÇkÝG-G-Á¼-z-¼ïh-GÅÞPÅ-

±ß¾-hP-ü »P-¤Û-iG-DG-G®ô-zô¼-Hã¼-qºÛ-zôh-yâG-hG-M-mG-

¾-z¿e-Ç+ô¼-GbP-hGôÅ-ºzôh-Ç+Ý¾-M-Vï-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-»P-M-hqôm-ŸÛG-

>Àâ-DP-¾-zT¼-bï-hïP-¤Û-iG-DG-GÛ-Í-z-¤P-qô-¤ïÅ-M¾-¾-G¸ÛGÅ-

Ç+ô¼-wïzÅ-ˆÛ-»ôh-¼ïhü ¼P-¼ïºÛ-ÆÅ-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-M-mG-¾-wïzÅ-fÞz-

m-¤ïÅ-M¾-HÛ-n¤-q-hP-Ç+Ý-»ôm-¾-wm-BïÅ-Vïm-qô-»ôh-±ß¾-ŸÝ-Ç+zÅ-

z;º-¾m-hÝ-PºÛ-zÞ-hï-ºi-‚ïh-fÞz-¤Dm-HÛ-¤Û-ŸÛG-¤-¼ïhü G¾-ÆÛh-

ÇÀôz-¢ôP-‚ïh-fÞz-¤Dm-HÛ-zÞ-ŸÛG-»Ûm-m-M-mG-¾-GbP-hGôÅ-hôm-

¤ïh-P-¼P-±ô-zôh-¼P-¾-¤ïÅ-qôºÛ-M¾-¼zÅ-z¿eÅ-mÅ-z¿eÅ-±¼-Mã-

¤ïh-q-wÞm-ÅÞ¤-±ôGÅ-qô-»ôh-qÅ-PºÛ-zÞ-M-mG-¾-GbP-GÛ-¤Ûm-ŸïÅ-

GÅÞPÅ-±ß¾-hP-ü »P-M-h¤¼-hqôm-¼ÛGÅ-ÁÛG-mÅ-Ç+Ý-Pô->À â-DP-

q-( zhï-¤D¼-z- )¤VôG-mÅ-bØ-¾ºÛ-„À-¤ºÛ-z;º-‚ãP-m-z¯Û-ÆâP-ŸÝ-»Û-

»ôh-¼ïh-qÅ-ŸÝÅ-¾m-hÝ-&M¾-z-¼Ûm-qô-VïÅ-z;Å-w-¤Gô-¾-ŸÝÅ-

GÅÞPÅ-m-w-¤Gô-hP-ü MãGÅ-GÅÞPÅ-ˆÛ-ºhÝG-m-h¥¾-z¼-ºIô-Mã-

»Ûm-ŸïÅ-GÅÞPÅ-¾ÞGÅ-ºhÝG hï-mÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1956 ¾ô-M-G¼-hÝ-

zhG-TG-GÛ-Çe ôm-q-¥-Pm-¾Å-ºhÅ-mÅ-¾ô-ZÛÅ-ÇeôP-¿S-zM-ºDô¼-

zºÛ-hÝÅ-im-¾-&GôP-Å-M¾-zºÛ-hzP-qô-»P-um-ºiïm-Ÿ¾-zŸïÅ-

fôz-Çeï-VÛzÅ-Nå¼-Ç+zÅ-P-¼P-»P-M-GmÅ-¾-zT¼-mÅ-GmÅ-¤W¾-

¸Ûm-bï-¼P-»Þ¾-¾-¾ôG-qÅ-Ço-Çeôh-¾ºÛ-mP-ÆÛh-„Àôm-zhï-¤D¼-¤W¾-

‚ãP-z¼-ŸÐ-wÞh-GÝÅ-ºhÝh-ŸÝÅ-qÅ-h-w¼-wïzÅ-ˆÛ-Íï-»Ûm-M¾-z-¼Ûm-

qô-Vï-GP-hÝ-zŸÝGÅ-ºhÝG-TïÅ-z;º-GmP-‚ãP-zÅ-z;º-„Àôm-Ç~äG-mÅ-

ÇKP-b ôG-¾-hï -¼ ÛP-ÅP-ZÛm-VÛzÅ-Nå¼-»ôh-q-¼ïh-zXôh-ˆP-h-

¿e-z;º-Ç~äG-¼P-zŸÝGÅ-zŸG-¤²h-ºhÝG-ŸÝÅ-qÅ-h-zhï-qô-‚Å-

bï-wïzÅ-GÅÞPÅü hï-mÅ-M-G¼-DÞ¾-hÝ-Mãm-zŸÝGÅ-¤²h-hï-¿ËG-

q¼-P-hGÝºÛ-hôm-Aïm-HÛÅ-¼P-¼ïºÛ-zôh-ˆÛ-M¾-„Àôm-¼GÅ-q-hÝ¤-GTÛG-

M-G¼-¾-z®m-‚ô¾-HÛÅ-±P-¤-GÅï¼-Ÿ¾-¤W¾-º²ô¤Å-PP-Ç+Ý-±ï-

¤-μôGÅ-z¼-zôh-GŸÝP-hGº-¿km-wô-ƒP-q-Vïm-qô¼-¤Z¤-zŸÝGÅ-

¤²h-ÇezÅ-P-¼P-mÅ-zhï-¤D¼-zºÛ-Ç+Ý-±ïºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-ºhÛ-xôGÅ-hïz-

fï¼-ºGôh-GmP-»ôh-ÁG-ˆP-h-wm-¤W¾-Ç+¾-¤-‚ãP-ü

130 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü Ç‰m-IGÅ-Tm-HÛ -ÆÛh-„À ômü 131

hGº-¿km-¿S-¤Vôhü

hïP-¤ïÅ-qôºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-hrh-q-qôÅ-zôh-¹- 10 ±ïÅ- 25

¿S-¤Vôh-ŸïÅ-hzÞ-±ßGÅ-ÇePÅ-¾-hGôPÅ-±ß¾-GÅÞPÅ-q-GTÛG-¤W¾-

‚ãP-»P-ü P-¼P-¾-Gô-fôÅ-‚ãP-z-ŸÛG-¾-¼P-¼ï-zôh-¾-mP-VôÅ-h¼-

®¤-ŸÛG-mÅ-hzÞ-±ßGÅ-Å¤-hôm-Ç‰ÛP-hï-ÇSôm-zôh-»Þ¾-Eôm-¾-hÝÅ-Á-

ŸïÅ-Çeôm-¤WâG-hGÝm-¹-zTß-qºÛ-mP-¼P-¼P-ºEï¼-ºDôÅ-¾-GŸÛGÅ-

qºÛ-hÝÅ-ÁÅ-hGÝm-HÛ-ZÛ-¤-¤-¾ôG-GôP-¾-±P-¤-¸Ûm-q-‚Å-hï-mÅ-±Û¾-

¾Þ-hï-ÇKôP-bÛP-mÅ-Vß-ym-zÞ-ym-zÞ-„ÀâGÅ-mÅ-ŸÛz-lÝP-‚Å-bï-ÁºÛ-¤¼-

DÞ-n¤Å-zbômü hï-®G-GTh-hï-¤ÛP-¾-ŸÝm-Vïm-ŸïÅ-¤Vôh-;ôP-n¤Å-

ºGïPÅ-bï-¿S-¤Vôh-¾-hÝÅ-zÁÅ-zbP-zºÛ-ÇkÛG-zÁGÅ-±ß¾-hÝ-ºzÞ¾-

zºÛ-Æô¾-Mãm-»ôh-D¼ü »z-Xï-M¾-z-GZÛÅ-q-®ôP-D-q-Vïm-qô-hGôPÅ-

q-GŸm-hôm-hÝ-GÁïGÅ-qºÛ-hÝÅ-hP-Zï¼-¿SºÛ-zÁGÅ-¤Vôh-ºzÞ¾-Mã-

ÇezÅ-TÛG-bà-Dï¾-zÅ-ÇS-xÛ-hÝÅ-GTÛG-fôG-º²ô¤Å-qºÛ-hGº-¿km-¿S-

¤Vôh-TïÅ-IGÅ-q-h¼-MÅ-ºhÛ-‚ãP-z-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-G®P-qºÛ-¤ïÅ-qô-

hGï-Åï¤Å-Tm-HÛ-GÅÞP-Mãm-¾Å-ºyôÅ-qÅ-hrh-fÞP-±ß¾-hÝ-wÞ¾ü

VôÅ-ÆÛh-¸ÞP-ºƒï¾ü

¼P-¼ïºÛ-¤ïÅ-qô-z;º-iÛm-Tm-n¤Å-ˆÛ-ÁÝ¾-zŸG-mP-VôÅ-

¼ÛG-GmÅ-GŸm-iÛP-¿eôÅ-¤-hGôÅ-q-ºhÛ-hG-GÛ-Æô¾-Mãm-¼Ûm-ƒ¾-Ez-

qºÛ-¾¤-z¸P-mP-VôÅ-hP-ÆÛh-hôm-GZÛÅ-»-¤-ºhô¼-z-¾ÞÅ-hP-iÛ-

¤-zŸÛm-¤Z¤-hÝ-Çtï¾-hGôÅ-qºÛ-Mã-¤±m-½ÀzÅ-qô-Vï-¤P-qô-»ôh-¾-

¿ËG-q¼-hÝ-Zï-zºÛ-hÝÅ-¼zÅ-¼P-»Þ¾-mô¼-zÞºÛ-JÀ ÛP-z®m-º²â¾-M-

h¤¼-zºÛ-hzP-zNå¼-Gmôh-º±ï-‚ãP-mºP-¼P-¼ï-M¾-„Àôm-n¤Å-¼P-

»Þ¾-Bå¼-bï-M¾-D¤Å-GŸm-¾-z®m-‚ô¾-‚-hGôÅ-qºÛ-‚-z-fzÅ-

ÇkÝG-Á¼-hÝÅ-º²¤-JÀÛP-M¾-Dz-hï-hG-±m-¼ÛG-qºÛ-G®ôÅ-¼ÛG-GŸÝP-

ÇÀôz-¢ôP-¤DÅ-hzP-m¤-¤DºÛ-Ç+¼-±ôGÅ-¿e-zÞºÛ-Fôh-¼P-¼ïºÛ-¤Û-

Mã-¸ôG-GÅÞ¤-w¼-zŸG-¼P-GÛ-¸-wô¼-®¤-¤ïh-q¼-GP-GÛ-hôm-hÝ-z¯Û-

¤fôP-hP-V-ºWôG-»ôP-ÇePÅ-¤ïh-PïÅ-ˆP-ü &GPÅ-Tm-¤Gôm-

qôÅ-hzÞ-º²Ûm-hP-zÇeàm-VôÅ-Mãh-zŸÛºÛ-„À-¤-hGï-zÁïÅ-±ôÅ-»Þ¾-DG-

mÅ-VôÅ-xôGÅ-h¤-qô¼-BôP-zŸÛm-ºIô-hôm-¿Ëà¼-zŸïh-Fôh-hÝ-ÆÛh-ˆÛ-

132 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü VôÅ-ÆÛh-¸ÞP-ºƒï¾ü 133

hq¾-»ôm-º±¼-¾ôPÅ-ºwï¾-MÅ-‚ãP-z-hPôÅ-ÁÝGÅ-zMãh-GÅÞ¤-mÅ-

hGï-¤±m-¤fôP-¼ïG-ºhÛ-®¤-Hã¼-q-G¸Þ¼-GmÅ-;Ým-ÁïÅ-ºhÛ-ÆÛh-

ˆÛ-VôÅ-º±ô-z-¤-»Ûm-q-VôÅ-ˆÛ-ÆÛh-hGï-¤±m-¿km-q-BôP-zºÛ-¤fÞ-mÝÅ-

»ôh-q-P-¼P-¤fôP-zÅü hï-m-¾ÞGÅ-GŸm-¾-ºI¤-Vß-¿kP-¤-hGôÅ-

q¼-¼P-¤ïÅ-qôºÛ-XïÅ-º²Ûm-n¤Å-mÅ-VôÅ-ÆÛh-ºhÛ-GZÛÅ-¤fÞm-qºÛ-

„Àô-¢ôP-ÁïÅ-»ôm-¸z-¤ô-ŸÛG-‚Å-m-hI-zôºÛ-μÅ-¢ô¼-¤±ôm-¾Å-ÁïÅ-

»ôm-¾¤-HÛ-n¤-q¼-M¾-z-»ôP-Mã-¼ïh-zÅ¤Åüü hqï¼-mü hï-ÇSôm-

zôh-¾-»Þ¾-±P-¤¼-VôÅ-Mãh-zŸÛºÛ-hGôm-Çkï-Vï-VßP-Ço-±ôGÅ-¤-Ez-

q-¤ïh-q-»ôh-ˆP-ü hï-hG-±P-¤¼-hGï-ºhÝm-n¤Å-¼P-D-¼P-GÅôºÛ-

º±ô-fzÅ-ÇeïP-mÅ-zÇem-q-hP-ºIô-zºÛ-hôm-hÝ-Å-ºEG-Ghm-hP-lô-

ºEG-ÇSÅ-¾-zMz-Çeï-Ç+Ý-P¾-¤Û-¾ô-¼ÛP-qô¼-º²Ûm-BôP-¤²h-»ôh-q-

Å-¼ÛÅ-fP-GÅ¾-»ôhü h-V-z®m-‚ô¾-zôh-¤Û-Çkôh-»Þ¾-xÛ-M¾-DG-

¾-mP-VôÅ-ºhÛ-º²¤-JÀÛP-mP-ºIô-zºÛ-wm-zhï-½ÀzÅ-Vï-z-ŸÛG-»Ûm-

q-PôÅ-º²Ûm-hP-ºƒï¾-VôÅ-»Þ¾-h¼-MÅ-xÛm-hP-ºIô-zŸÛm-qºÛ-fôG-

hGï-ºhÝm-HÛ-Çkï-±P-¤¼-mP-VôÅ-z;º-qôh-¿S-G®ô-zô¼-Hã¼-qºÛ-¾¤-

zÇÀz-q-GÅÞ¤-HÛ-Z¤Å-¾ïm-¾ÞP-Çkï-Çoôh-ˆÛ-ºVh-Zm-¯-¾G-Z¤Å-q-

Åô¼-ºVßhü ¤Û-Z¤Å-GôP-ºwï¾-¾-ºzh-z¯ôm-GmP-Mã-Dô -m-¤-

GbôGÅ-º±ô-zºÛ-fh-Ghm-Å-Vïm-qôÅ-G®ôÅ-¼ÛÅ-¤ïh-hGï-ºhÝm-HÛ-

Çkï-±P-¤¼-hGôm-hïºÛ-GŸÝP-mÅ-fzÅ-ÁïÅ-m¼-ºzÞ¾-ºV¼-Tm-GmP-

z-ºhÛ-hG-hïP-hÝÅ-hP-¤fÞm-qºÛ-h¼-MÅ-GP-ºi-ŸÛG-»Ûm-¤Ûm-±P-

¤Å-hGôPÅ-zÅ¤-zŸïÅ-hGôÅü JÀ ÛP-OæP-¾Åü JÀ â -Ç‰m-qô-¾-DºÛ-

¾ÞG-μÛÅ-GbôP-ü hï-GbôP-z-¼P-Åï¤Å-GÅô-JÀ â -»Ûmü Gb¤-μÛG-

qô-IôP-GÛ-¼-μÛÅ-Áôhü hï-¤Û-Áôh-;-¤ïh-Çt ôzÅ-q-Vïü ¸ï¼-»P-hï-

¿e¼-¼P-Pô-¤Û-ºyôh-qºÛ-Bôm-»ôP-ÆÛh-¾-hGôPÅ-zÁGÅ-hP-hï-¤Ûm-

zhïm-q-zhïm-fÞz-PôÅ-º²Ûm-ÇeïP-mÅü M-h¤¼-HÛ-¼ÛG-GmÅ-GÅ¼-

zXïºÛ-Ç+zÅ-½‰ÛP-ºhô¼-GÅ¼-º²âGÅ-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-fG-zTh-»ôh-ˆP-ü

»P-hïºÛ-XïÅ-½‰ÛP-Gbô¼-hï-»P-Gbô¼-¤DÅ-qü GÅ¼-º²âGÅ-hï-»P-

º²âGÅ-¤DÅ-q-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-zXôh-q-hï-¼P-¼ï-ºIô-z-¤ÛºÛ-hGï-Oæz-¤Û-

hGï-ÇtôP-zºÛ-fzÅ-uÛ-¤±ßPÅ-¿eôÅ-bï-¼P-¼ïÅ-ˆP-hï-¿e¼-GmP-Mã-

Åô¤-ZÛ-G-¾-hGôÅü

134 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü VôÅ-ÆÛh-¸ÞP-ºƒï¾ü 135

¤WâG-zÇkÝ-zºÛ-Gb¤ü

P-¼P-GŸÛÅ-ÅÞ-Çkôh-¼ÛP-M-h¤¼-HÛ-FÛ¤Å-GTôh-ŸÛz-ºWâG-

Dz-Å-¾-¿ËàP-Å-¤ïh-q-¿e-zÞ-z¸ôÅ-ÇezÅ-¼P-ºhôh-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-y-¤ô-

®¤-z¸ô-»Þ¾-¤ïh-q-ŸÛz-Gmôm-‚ïh-q-hP-ü ¼P-PôÅ-mÅ-ˆP-ÁïÅ-

¢PÅ-h¤m-qºÛ-Aïm-HÛÅ-¤-¿kïP-q-»P-m-fzÅ-¾¤-ym-zÞ-±ô¼-»P-

¾Å-hôm-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-zOæz-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛ-h;º-P¾-Ço-±ôGÅ-ºyh-q-hP-

¼P-»Þ¾-HÛ-GŸÛÅ-¾ÞÅ-n¤Å-¼P-¼ÛGÅ-¯-hôm-zÅ¤Å-zŸÛm-hôm-h¤-

hÝ-»ïPÅ-¤ïh-º²Ûm-¤Û-zM-V-Gô-hGÝ-»ôh-PïÅ-ˆP-ü M-h¤¼-HÛ-FÛ¤Å-

Çkô¤-¾-ºWÛGÅ-hôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-¼P-±ßGÅ-¿e-zÞÅ-Çkôh-q-¾Åü wm-±ßm-

ºƒï¾-ºiÛÅ-ˆP-‚-Å-¤Û-½‰ïh-q-¿e-zÞ-‚Å-mÅ-zÇkh-»ôh-qÅ-¼P-PôÅ-

mÅ-ˆP-ÁïÅ-mÝÅ-TÛ-¿UôGÅ-¼P-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-zhïm-hôm-ÇS-z¼-xÛ-GÅÞ¤-

ºHã¼-z-¤ïh-q-¿ËG-„Àô-Vï¼-zBïh-ˆÛÅ-hï-wô-¤ïh-qºÛ-¾ÞP-q¼-zôP-zÞÅ-

m¤-±ôh-º²Ûm-bï-w¾-Vï¼-zôh-GŸÝP-GÛ-wôGÅ-¸m-q-hˆãÅ-¤ºÛ-¾Å-

ºGm-h‚ï¼-¤-¤VÛÅ-q-‚Å-»ôh-Ç‰¤-¼P-zÇeôh-Çt ôzÅ-zÅ¤-hP-ü

ºhÛ-xôGÅ-zôh-GŸÝP-GÛ-¾Å-‚ïh-zIïÅ-»ô¾-w¾-Vï¼-μôGÅ-q-h-V-

m-GŸôm-n¤Å-mÛ-GŸÝP-Ÿïm-Vï-¾-zôh-»ÛG-G®ô-Hã¼-hïP-hÝÅ-hP-¤fÞm-

qºÛ-Ç+h-»ÛG-¤P-qôºÛ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-GP-GÛ-V-mÅ-ÇS¼-hP-¤Û-ºi-z-º²¤-

JÀÛP-¤DÅ-hzP-GÛ-Çoï-I¾-Åôm-q-Ÿï-GTÛG-»ôh-¾ü &GPÅ-Tm-¤Gôm-

qôºÛ-fÞGÅ-XïºÛ-z;º-iÛm-¾-zdïm-zôh-ºhÛ-z;Å-z;ôh-Mãh-º²Ûm-¾¤-

½‰ÛP-¾Å-¿kôG-Çeï-¤P-G®ô-¤ÛP-hôm-¤±ßPÅ-qºÛ-¾¤-Æô¾-z¸P-qô-Çtï¾-

¤²h-qºÛ-¾¤-GÅ¼-ÇeïP-¤Û-¼zÅ-ˆÛ-wÞ¾-‚ãP-GŸôm-BïÅ-n¤Å-mÅ-

¾¤-‚P-Çoï-ºFÛh-‚Å-bï-ÇÀh-zôh-¤ÛÅ-zôh-»Þ¾-zhG-GÛ¼-º²Ûm-bï-

GÅ¼-Gbôh-¤P-G®ô-z¸P-qô-ŸÛG-xÛ-¼zÅ-XïÅ-º²Ûm-±P-¤Å-¾G-

ºhz-Ç‰ÛP-D¼-z;ôh-hï-zôh-ˆÛ-z¼-zL¾-hÝÅ-±ôh-¼ÛP-Xï-ºzPÅ-Eôm-

mÅ-Oæz-qºÛ-xG-XïÅ-z¸P-qô-ºhÛ-ºi-z;º-iÛm-GŸ¾-zºÛ-Ç¨ôm-±ÛG-

OôG-Mã-»ôh-q-¤²h-qºÛ-»Ûh-VïÅ-»ôh-¾-Ç¨ôm-ºhÝm-»P-ŸÝ-Mã-»Ûmü

GP-ŸÛG-GÅï¼-HÛ-¼Û-¾-zÇ‰ïÅ-zTÅ-mü hï-»Û-ºhz-‚-n¤Å-

ˆP-GÅï¼-hÝ-ºHã¼ü ŸïÅ-¸ï¼-z-hï-zŸÛm-&GPÅ-Tm-¤Gôm-qô-Ç+ Ý -

yïP-zTß-zŸÛ-qºÛ-fÞGÅ-XïºÛ-IÛz-zÅÛ¾-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-uÛ-»ôPÅ-¾-Ez-q-

Eh-q¼-z®m-‚ô¾-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-GmÅ-Çkôh-»ôPÅ-¾-z¿e-BôP-»ôh-D¼-

Lm-‚ÛÅ-GZÛÅ-¼P-zzÅ-G¸ÛGÅ-fzÅ-¾-zdïm-¿eôG-z=ïÅ-zhG-¤ïh-

ºWÛG-q-μôGÅ-bï-±P-¤-hGº-zhïºÛ-zhG-GŸm-z¯ï-z-h‚ï¼-¤ïh-

136 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü ¤WâG-zÇk Ý -zºÛ -Gb¤ü 137

ºDÞ¼-Åï¤Å-P¤-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛÅ-Á¼-zŸÛm-fôG-uÛ-¾ô- 1991 ¾ô¼-Èà-

»ºô-qP-GÛÅ-±ÛG-fô-hôm-±m-¿SºÛ-mP-&GôP-Å-Vïm-qô-¤VôG-qh-TÛP-

hÝ-Mãm-zŸÝGÅ-fôG-=âP-h‚P-mÅ-M¾-»ôPÅ-±ôGÅ-Vïm-fôG-¤±m-

GmÅ-ºzÞ¾-Mã-Ç‰m-GÅô¾-ŸÝÅ-q¼-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛÅ-h-¿eºÛ-¯ôh-½‰ôG-

ºhÛ-P-¤Û-GTÛG-GÛ-¯ôh-GŸÛ-¿e-zÞ¼-z¯ÛÅ-ˆÛ-»ôh-¼ïhü hï-ºi-¤Ûm-q¼-

zôh-¤Û-Å-»-iâG-GÛ-¯-hôm-ŸÛG-¼ïh-TïÅ-z;º-GÅ¾-z°¾-zÅ-M-

h¤¼-mÅ-Vïm-qô-VßP-VßP-hÝ-GbôP-fzÅ-hP-VßP-VßP-hï-»P-¼P-

»¾-hÝ-GbôP-zºÛ-¼ï-Pm-¯-Çeô¼-fÞz-q-¼ïhü GÅÞP-hï-GTÛG-qÞÅ-ˆP-

GPÅ-Tm-zôh-ˆÛ-¿Ë-Ç+¾-¼P-¼ï-zôh-ºzPÅ-¾-z¯ï-zºÛ-G¸ÛGÅ-q-hÝÅ-

m¤-»P-ºhô¼-z-¤ïh-qºÛ-z;º-iÛm-mÛ-ºWÛG-dïm-HÛ-Çoôh-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-

zÇ+P-»P-GŸ¾-hÝ-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛ-Gmh-h¤-q-ºhÛ¼-¼P-¼ï-hGº-hh-

GmP-z-hôm-¾-GmÅ-q-»Ûm-môüü

P-¼P-ºhÛ-xôGÅ-M-G¼-¾-º‚ô¼-¤±¤Å-&GPÅ-Tm-¤Gôm-

qôºÛ-z;º-ÇÀôz-uÛ-wïzÅ-hP-zÇeàm-mÅ-¼P-GÛ-¤Û-±ï-GP-qôº¤-¿ËG-q¼-

zôh-D¤Å-ˆÛ-z¼-zL¾-hÝÅ-Pm-Aïm-Á¼-HÛ-Å-GmÅ-Å-ÇeïP-GÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-

ºƒÛ-ºhÝm-»ôh-¾-hï-¤±¤Å-¼P-¾ô-zIP-‚-¼ï-GZÛÅ-¾-Åôm-Ç+zÅ-im-

ÁïÅ-ˆP-GP-º±¤Å-zdm-qô-»ôh-ÇezÅ-¾ô-MãÅ-hPôÅ-¤fôP-ü JÀïP-

¤fôP-PïÅ-GÅ¾-ŸÛG-ºƒÛ-fÞz-¼ï-»ôh-ˆP-hï-mÅ-„Àô-¤fÞm-Gb¤-JÀïP-

IôGÅ-hm-‚-¤Û-»P-¤-½‰ ïh-q-¿e-zÞÅ-m¼-¾ÞÅ-fôG-ƒÛÅ-ÁôG-n¤Å-

ºfô¼-z-hP-ºzÞ-¸ôÅ-GP-¿e¼-¤Dº-¾-Åï¤Å-ˆÛ-ºiÛ-z-¿e-zÞ¼-ÅôP-ü

ÇS-¾ô-zIP-‚-hôm-GZÛÅ-Ç+zÅ-P-¼P-mh-GŸÛ-Çoï-ºGÅ-môm-bï-¤f¼-

zhï-¾ïGÅ-Ç¨m-DP-GÛ-„À-Ç¨m-±ï-zdm-¾GÅ-mÅ-TP-bÛ-JË¼-Ç¨m-zTôÅ-

ÁÛG-bà-GbôP-μôP-¼ôGÅ-¼¤-GmP-zºÛ-fÞGÅ-XïÅ-wô-D-zÁGÅ-zTôÅ-

‚Å-bï-Ç+zÅ-hï¼-¤-ºVÛ-®¤-‚ãP-Çeï-¯-zºÛ-¾ô-m-¤fô-z-hP-ü zÁGÅ-

zTôÅ-ºGm-±zÅ-Vï-zÅ-Aïm-¾ÞÅ-GÅô-È-TP-h;º-h-V-im-ÁïÅ-ˆP-

VïÅ-Z¤Å-LÝh-xÛm-ÇezÅ-¯-zºÛ-mh-GŸÛ-GÅô-¤Ûm-¤-PïÅ-qÅ-&GPÅ-

Tm-¤Gôm-qôºÛ-z;º-ÇÀôz-¤Û-ºG¾-±ß¾-hP-¼P-GÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-¼P-GÛ-¤Û-

¼ÛGÅ-ÁÝ¾-º²Ûm-n¤Å-¾-Mãm-ºWGÅ-wm-¼ïÅ-μôGÅ-¾ô-ºhÛºÛ-¼ÛP-

mh-GŸÛ-¤P-hG-TÛG-hP-wô-z¼-Cm-mh-VGÅ-qºÛ-mh-±zÅ-VGÅ-

qÅ-&GôP-Å-Vïm-qô-¤W¾-zT¼-z;º-ÇÀ ôz-hP-ü hï-ºƒÅ-Ç¨m-q-

DG mh-ˆÛ-Ç+zÅ-zzÅ-zhï-¾ïGÅ-Ç¨m-DP-GÛ-„À-Ç¨m-±ï-zdm-¤VôG-

mÅ-¼ôGÅ-¼¤ü hï-ºƒï¾-zhï-ÆâP-ü ºyôh-zÇeïmü zôh-ˆÛ-hGÝ-

zTß-GÅÞ¤-¾Å-±ôGÅü ¼P-GÛ-ÁG-¤±ïÅ-IôP-¤Û-hP-zTÅ-±P-¤ºÛ-

fÞGÅ-zŸïh-mh-fôG-Ç¨m-Dï¾-¾-zdïm-h-z¼-¤-ºVÛ-®¤-º±ô-GmÅ-

‚ãP-z-fÞm-¤ôP-GÛ-¤fÞm-Aïm-¾Å-‚ãP-z-»Ûm-qÅ-hGº-±ô¼-»Ûh-Ç¨ôm-

ŸÝÅ-hP-ŸÝ-zŸÛm-zôh-hôm-zôh-¤ÛÅ-ºGm-ºEï¼-»ôh-hP-¤ïhü »P-

138 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü ¤WâG-zÇk Ý -zºÛ -Gb¤ü 139

m-WÛ-ºi-‚Å-bï-¾Å-ºDÞ¼-WÛ-¿e¼-‚Å-xÛ-¼zÅ-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-ÁÝ¾-º²Ûm-

n¤Å-¾-Pô-vôh-MãGÅ-vôh-ƒÛÅ-q-ºhÛ-hG-zôP-z-GÅï¼-hP-¤Z¤-qºÛ-

Gô-Å-ºfôz-Hã¼-TÛG

GôP-GÅ¾-ºhÛ-hG-±ÛG-GÛ-Ç‰ ÛG-¼ô-Ço ï -¤P-ºhôm-DÞ¾-‚Å-q-

ºhÛ-»P-¤Û-‚z-VßP-‚P-¾-xÛmü ¼-Çtä-¼-Mz-GTÛG-‚ãP-z-hï-»P-

¼P-GÛ-¤Gô-¾-h=ÛÅ-bï-»ôP-zºÛ-hqï-hôm-¤±ßPÅ-ˆP-ÁïÅ-±h-h¤m-

qºÛ-uôh-±ß¾-¾-hGôPÅ-bï-Fï¾-z-¤ïh-q-ŸÝü

GŸÛÅ-¾ÞÅ-¤Û-¤P-GÛ-zÅ¤-±ß¾-xôGÅ-zÇkÝÅü

[¯ô¤-»ÛG-ºhÛ-mÛ -uÛ -¾ô - 1993 ¾ô¼-ÁïÅ-‚-GÅ¼-ÁôG-bà -ºhôm-Çt ï¾-GmP-ü]

uÛ-¾ô- 1951 ¾ô¼-M-h¤¼-z®m-º²â¾-qÅ-M-zôh-IôÅ-

¤fÞm-hôm-±m-zTß-zhÝm-ŸïÅ-q¼-zôh-¤Û¼-¤Û-ºhôh-zŸÛm-hÝ-z®m-

fïºÞ-wz-zTßG-Çeï-M-¤ÛÅ-zôh-»Þ¾-»¼-MÅ-GbôP-MãºÛ-¼ôGÅ-¼¤-Vïh-

hÝ-h¤PÅ-G®ôºÛ-zTôÅ-zNå¼-GbôP-hGôÅ-qºÛ-ºzôh-Ç+Ý¾-Åï¼-B-ŸÛP-

ºƒôG-¤Û-h¤PÅ-¾-Ez-zOGÅ-‚Å-ˆP-zôh-¤Û-ŸÛP-ºƒôG-Åï¼-B-iG-

Ÿm-ºƒÛP-GÅÞ¤-ÅÞ-fh-mÅ-¤Û-ºhôôh-qºÛ-n¤-q-ÁÝGÅ-Vï-zÇem-ÇezÅ-

&GôP-Å-&BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-qôÅ-zôh-GŸÝP-¼P-mÅ-h¤PÅ-G®ôºÛ-

zTôÅ-zNå¼-hGï-¤±m-¿km-q-ŸÛG-¤²h-hGôPÅ-ˆÛÅ-¾ïGÅ-zTôÅ-

ŸïÅ-Åï¼-B-fÞm-¤ôP-GÛ-±ôGÅ-q-ŸÛG-GÅ¼-º²âGÅ-zBPÅ-mÅ-ÇSôm-

¾-ŸÛP-qºÛ-Å-DÞ¾-hÝ-GŸÝP-ÇKï¼-Vô¾-GÅÞ¤-HÛÅ-zÞm-ºƒâ-n¤Å-¯-VG

Bïh-VG MÅ-zThü Bïh-»P-zTÅ-GP-¾-hï-º±¤Å-ˆÛ-xG-

GŸïÅ-zÇe¼-bï-¤Þ-ºfÞh-zTôÅ-zHã¼-ºV¼-ºGôh-GmP-zŸÛm-»ôh-q-

140 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ -¾¤-ºyP-ü GŸÛÅ-¾ÞÅ-¤Û -¤P-GÛ -zÅ¤-±ß¾-xôGÅ-zÇk ÝÅü 141

zôh-¤ÛºÛ-Dï-wm-hP-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-º±¤Å-q-ŸÛG-»Ûm-m-»P-ü M-¤ÛºÛ-

ºhôh-„Àô¼-¤-zzÅ-ÇezÅ-M-¤ÛÅ-&qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-fÞGÅ-zÇ+Ý¾-ŸÝÅ-

bï-z=Å-¿Ëàm-DôPÅ-„À-ºôG-n¤Å-zTôÅ-zNå¼-GbôP-ºhôh-‚Å-ˆP-ü

hï-»P-z=Å-„ÀºÛ-DôPÅ-¿Ë-P¤-wÞm-GÅÞ¤-G®ôÅ-„À-ºôG-n¤Å-mÅ-¾¤-

ÅïP-zTôÅ-zNå¼-‚ïh-¤-hGôÅ-q-&qa-Vïm-¼Ûm-qô-VïºÛ-hGôPÅ-GŸÛ-

¿e¼-GmÅ-Ç+zÅ-Å-DÞ¾-VßP-PÞ-ŸÛG-±ôh-¿eºÛ-zTôÅ-zNå¼-¤²h-m-»G-

qô-ºhÝG-TïÅ-Ç‰m-ŸÝ-wÞ¾-ÇezÅ-M-¤Û¼-zôh-GŸÝP-„À-GZÛÅ-;ºÛ-¤P-

±ôGÅ-fôG-ºIô-¾¤-¤-½‰ïh-ÇezÅ-z®m-º²â¾-qÅ-D-mÅ-zôh-¤Û-»¼-

MÅ-¼ôGÅ-¼¤-hÝ-M-¤Û-zôh-hÝ-»ôP-¾ÞGÅ-iÛ¾-zOGÅ-ÁÝGÅ-Vï-‚Å-

»ôh-ˆP-ü hôm-¾-M-mG-GÛ-Iôh-DôG-Vïm-qô-hïºÛ-D-¿+ôG-bà-zôh-¾-ºEï¼-

»ôh-q-hï-ºIô-ÇePÅ-¤-ÁïÅ-q-VGÅ-Zïm-Bôz-xÛ¼-GŸÝP-„ÀºÛ-hz¼-wÞP-

h=âGÅ-ÇÀôP-MãÅ-¤±ôm-ZÛm-ŸG-¤-zÇkh-q-xôGÅ-GP-Å-mÅ-Gbà¤-

iG-Wï-Vï¼-zbP-Aïm-zôh-¿Y ôPÅ-Å-GmÅ-Xï-ºzPÅ-»ôPÅ-¾-Çk ôh-

z¸ôh-¤Û-zhï-zºÛ-hÝÅ-GZm-ºyP-±zÅ-Vï¼-Hã¼-bï-¤f¼-uÛ-¾ô- 1959

¾ô¼-M-¤ÛºÛ-iG-ÁÝGÅ-¾-zdïm-mÅ-zôh-Eôm-»ôPÅ-z®m-z¸ÞP-‚Å-

Aïm-uÛ-mô¼-&GôP-Å-Vïm-qô-¤VôG-Ç+Ý-ºDô¼-ÇezÅ-zhï-ŸÛG-¤-ºôPÅ-

zôh-ˆÛ-zÇem-ÆÛh-ÇÀ¼-GÅôºÛ-Vïhü Ç+Ý-P¾-zM-yG-¿Ëà¼-zŸïÅ-ˆÛÅ-

z®m-M-¾Å-Iô¾-bï-VÛzÅ-Ÿ¾-zNå¼-fÞz-q-hP-ü ¼P-M¾-Dz-ˆÛ-

VôÅ-ÆÛh-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-hzÞ-ºFÛhü ºhÛ-xÛºÛ-BzÅ-GmÅ-GTÛG-qÞ-hP-ºƒ¾-

fzÅ-¤ïh-qºÛ-GhÝP-Åï¤Å-zTPÅ-zŸÛm-ŸzÅ-XïÅ-zÇ‰ïGÅ-q-hÝ¤-

GTÛG-M-iÔ-¾Å-f¼-z-hï-hG-mÛ-GPÅ-Tm-Bï-ºIô-»ôPÅ-¾-wm-zhïºÛ-

º‚ãP-GmÅ-lô-XïºÛ-¤D¼-μôP-½ÀzÅ-Vïm-Iâz-qºÛ-M¾-D-¼Ûm-ƒ¾-hï¼-

z=-ÁÛÅ-zhï-¾ïGÅ-hP-ü Ç+zÅ-hï¼-»Þ¾-D¤Å-±-IP-GÛ-ºHã¼-zÅ-

Çtäm-¹-zôh-¤Û-m-z-hP-ºVÛ-Aïm-Gôh-VGÅ-Vï-D¼-Å-GmÅ-M-G¼-z-

hP-Ç+h-zl-¤Û-ºyôh-q-ÅôGÅ-Mã-Aïm-Ço-±ôGÅ-ºhô¤Å-qºÛ-Ç+Ý-P¾-

¤P-qô-ºyh-q-hP-ü ¿ËG-q¼-¼P-GÛ-w-»Þ¾-¤ïÅ-qôºÛ-zhG-hzP-

IGÅ-q-Tm-»ôPÅ-μôGÅ-hI-zôÅ-z®m-ºyôG-zhG-º²Ûm-‚Å-bï-VôÅ-

hP-¼ÛG-GŸÝP-Çeô¼-z½ÀGÅ-GbôP-Mãü GŸÛÅ-¾ÞÅ-zôh-¤Û-Eôm-¾-¿eô-

VÅ-xïh-zIP-®¤-HÛ-±h-GŸÛ-zTh-hï-P¾-¯ô¾-±h-¤ïh-zÇ+Ý¾-ºhïhü

zôh-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-Bï-ÇKô-ºGôG-q-¾-ÅôGÅ-zôh-¿YôPÅ-M-¤ÛÅ-G®P-

¤-º²Ûm-zhï-z¸ô-zºÛ-È¤-Åï¤Å-ºVP-zŸÛm-q-zTÅ-GŸÛÅ-‚ïÅ-GZÛÅ-

;¼-zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-VGÅ-ºWÛG-GÛ-h;º-Çk ÝG-hP-ü ºGG-¯ºÛ-hÝÅ-

Ç+zÅ-hï-ºi-ŸÛG-bà-H¼-m-»P-zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-¾G-¸h-hqÞP-¾-fÞG-ˆP-

z¸ôh-ÇK ô¤-¤Û -f Þz-qºÛ -¯-z¼-Hã¼-ÇezÅ-ºHï¾-Å-mÅ-¾P-Mãº Û -

¼P-hzP-G®P-¤ºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-ˆÛ-zhïm-hqP-zOïP-Çeï-º²¤-JÀÛP-M¾-

±ôGÅ-hP-º²¤-JÀÛP-ŸÛ-zhï-¾-hGº-zºÛ-¤P-±ôGÅ-hP-zTÅ-mÅ-

142 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü GŸÛÅ-¾ÞÅ-¤Û -¤P-GÛ -zÅ¤-±ß¾-xôGÅ-zÇk ÝÅü 143

ŸÛ-zºÛ-fzÅ-¾¤-HÛ-ÇKô-mÅ-zhïm-¤fº-GÅ¾-zºÛ-ºzh-fzÅ-hP-ü

ºy¾-Åï¾-‚ïÅ-º‚ô¼-hzÞ-h¤PÅ-»ôPÅ-¾-º±ô-zºÛ-fzÅ-¾¤ü GŸôm-

BïÅ-n¤Å-¾-¤Û-¼zÅ-Mãh-º²Ûm-HÛ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-¢ôP-zl¼-vôh-Mã-ÅôGÅ-

ˆÛ-©P-GŸÛ-GhÛP-MãºÛ-¾Å-IÔ-º²Ûm-BôP-¾Å-DÞPÅ-¤-¾G-hP-zTÅ-

q-Cæm-Mã¼-Ç+zÅ-hï¼-¹-z-IGÅ-qºÛ-wºÛ-zÅ¤-±ß¾-®¤-¾Å-dïm-¤ïh-

¤Û-»Þ¾-¾-H¼-zÅ-hôm-¾-ZÛm-±ï-ZÛ-ºEô¾-»P-wÞGÅ-Gbh-¤ïh-q-hï-

¿e¼-»P-ü ¼P-TG-n¤Å-ºDô¼-zºÛ-Çk ÝG-zÇS¾-¾Å-Bôz-Çeï-f¼-q-

Gbm-zhïºÛ-¾¤-Çeôm-zÅ¤-zŸÛm-ÆÛh-q-z¸ÞP-zºÛ-GPÅ-Tm-¿Ë-Ç+¾-

&GôP-Å-BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-qôºÛ-½ÀzÅ-Vïm-fÞGÅ-hGôPÅ-¸z-¤ôºÛ-¤²h-

ÇoP-¾-¼P-¼ÛGÅ-¤IÛm-TÛG-bà-z¯Û-ÆâP-hÐP-¾ïm-ŸÝÅ-qºÛ-uÛ-¤fÞm-

zÅôh-m¤Å-¾-dïm-mÅ-GôP-GÅ¾-ºV¼-GŸÛ-¯-z-±ßGÅ-mÅ-M-Bïh-

hï-h-V-¤fÞm-Aïm-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-±P-zºÛ-fz-VßP-VßP-¾-¤ï-±-qôü ¤ï-GbôP-

Å¼-Å-±ÛG-fÞz-qºÛ-Ç‰m-IGÅ-º²¤-JÀÛP-¾-Ez-Çeï-&GôP-Å-Vïm-qô-

¤VôG-º²¤-JÀÛP-ŸÛ-zhïºÛ-¤±m-dGÅ-ºzÞ¾-zŸïÅ-hP-ü zôh-¤Û-n¤Å-

ˆP-¼P-GÛ-¼ÛGÅ-¼ÞÅ-¾-MºÛ-z¯ï-Ÿïm-h¤-º²Ûm-PP-¼P-GÛ-M¾-Dz-

¼P-GÛÅ-º²Ûm-fÞz-qºÛ-ÇtôzÅ-¿km-»Ûm-qºÛ-»Ûh-VïÅ-ºWôG-mÝÅ-qºÛ-

D¼-zôh-hôm-hï-»P-Vz-ÆÛh-ˆÛ-Dï-hzP-hP-ü ºIô-z-¤ÛºÛ-fôz-fP-

¾-ÆâP-z¯Û-‚ïh-hGôÅ-qºÛ-zhïm-Mz-Wï-¤P-Wï-GÅ¾-»ôP-GÛ-»ôh-q-

ºhÛ-hG-‚ïÅ-zŸÝGÅ-hzÞ-h¤PÅ-lôG-¯-GTÛG-OÛ¾-uÛ-hôm-ºzh-¯ô¾-

GmP-zºÛ-¤²h-XïÅ-¾-GŸÛÅ-¾ÞÅ-¤Û-¤P-mÅ-¾G-GZÛÅ-f¾-¤ô-¢¼-

bï-z;º-iÛm-„À-¤ïh-Vï-¾ü zXïh-fzÅ-¤ïh-qºÛ-XïÅ-im-GÅô¾-Mãü

zhG-TG-GŸÛÅ-¾ÞÅ-q-n¤Å-z®m-hzP-iG-GTôh-ˆÛ-i-MºÛ-mP-

hqº-P¼-ŸÝ¤-¤ïh-ˆÛÅ-zhï-hôm-zhïm-q-¤fº-ºEôPÅ-z®ôm-DP-xÛ-

mP-GP-Å¼-ºfz-¯ôh-ŸÛ-Lô¾-¼z-hP-¼Û¤-q-‚Å-»ôh-ˆP-hï-hG-±P-

¤-¿+ôG-GÅôh-hP-ÇkÝG-GÅôh-zbP-mÅ-‚ï-mP-Vß-½ÀG-¿e-zÞ-z¸ôÅ-»ôh-

ˆP-ü h-hÝP-P-±ô-zÅh-mÅ-μôGÅ-q-ŸÛG-hP-ü ¯-¤ïh-zbP-fÞz-

¤ïhü hï-XïÅ-xÛ-mP-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-zôh-¿YôPÅ-mP-ºIô-ºôP-VôG-qºÛ-¤±¤Å-

xÛ-M¾-z-¤P-qô-zôh-¾-z¿e-Ç+ô¼-¾-wïzÅ-¤Û-¾ü P-±ô-zôh-hP-M-mG-

GZÛÅ-EÛ¤-¤±ïÅ-M¾-Dz-ºi-¤Z¤-»Ûm-q¼-dïm-zôh-ˆÛ-M¾-qô-ÆôP-

z®m-ÇK¤-qôÅ-M-mG-GôP-¤ºÛ-zÞ-¤ô-¤mº-¤¼-zÅÞ-¾ïm-‚Å-q-hP-ü

zôh-ˆÛ-„À-Vïm-DG-M-mG-GôP-¤ºÛ-„À-¤¼-zÇeïm-mÅ-wm-±ßm-„À-ÇÀôz-

¤Vôh-»ôm-HÛ-ºƒï¾-z-»ôh-q-¾Å-zôh-M-DôPÅ-¯-z-ZÛh-mÅ-¤Ûm-qºÛ-

¾ô-MãÅ-zhïm-hqP-¤P-qôÅ-zTh-»ôhü M-h¤¼-qÅ-ŸÐ-hqï-¿Ë¤-

ºGïzÅ-ˆÛÅ-zôh-M-mG-GÛ-V-ÁÅ-¸ï¼-zºÛ-μâm-Gb¤-zOGÅ-bï-z®m-

º²â¾-È¤-z¸ôÅ-‚Å-bï-¤Û-GÅôh-Mã-ºyôGÅü VôÅ-hP-¼ÛG-GŸÝP-

Gbô¼-z½ÀG ¤Û-¤P-¸Å-GôÅ-ˆÛ-ºEG-z=ïÅ-Aïm-qºÛ-GÝh-ºVÛ-¾-


ÅôGÅ-¤m¼-GTôh-hÝ-DºÛ-¤Þm-qÅ-zTÛPÅ-q-ºhÛ-hG-º²¤-JÀÛP-M¾-

uÛº¤ü º²¤-JÀ ÛP-¤Û-¤P-»ôPÅ-mÅ-Pm-q-‚Å-M¾-hÝ-¤-zbP-

z¼-º²¤-JÀÛP-M¾-±ôGÅ-¼P-mÅ-hzP-mÝÅ-V-±P-»ôh-qºÛ-Ç+Ý-±z-

Å-GmÅ-¼P-hÝ-¯h-ŸÛz-»ôP-z-hP-ü GŸm-»P-ŸÛ-zhï-hP-VôÅ-¾-

hGº-zºÛ-zôh-M¾-Dz-VßP-VßP-ºhÛ¼-M-mG-ÇeôzÅ-Vïm-M¾-Dz-ˆÛÅ-

z®m-º²â¾-hP-ü z½‰Å-zTôÅ-ºôG-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-¯-¤ïh-z¸ô-zºÛ-GhÝG-

¯çz-Tm-HÛ-‚-Pm-¤fº-hG-¤±¤Å-ºWôG-»ôP-zºÛ-zhïm-hôm-Mz-

GZï¼-»ôP-z-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-ºzôh-Ç+ Ý¾-Ç‰m-ŸÝ-DG-¤P-wÞ¾-z-hP-ü xÛ-

M¾-¤Û-Ço¼-hPôÅ-ÁÝGÅ-Mãh-GÅÞ¤-mÅ-Pô-vôh-‚Å-qü hï-zŸÛm-IôP-

Eï¼-G®ô-zô¼-Hã¼-qºÛ-Å-V¼-ZÛm-¤±m-hÝÅ-±ôh-z®¾-bï-zôh-¼P-

hzP-¼P-z®m-G®P-¤ºÛ-M¾-Dz-»Ûmü M-h¤¼-z®m-º²â¾-

q-zôh-mÅ-xÛ¼-¾ôG-MãGÅ-ÁÛG-¾-ÅôGÅ-Ç+zÅ-zÇeàm-GmÅ-±ß¾-»Û-

Gï-¢¼-G»ÞGÅ-GP-Oæz-hP-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-ŸÛ-zºÛ-Fô¤-Ç+ô¼-Ç+h-ºzôh-IPÅ-

¤ïh-‚Å-q-z®m-º²â¾-q-Pm-‚Å-¾P-Áô¼-¿e-zÞÅ-¤±ôm-VÅ-zôh-¤Û-

hqº-zô-hqº-¤ô-¤P-qô-h¤¼-GÅôh-hP-ü ÇkÝG-¢ôP-Dô-mºÛ-¾¤-¾-

¸h-hï-zÇkh-hôü GŸÛ-¯-¼P-¼ï-zôh-¿Y ôPÅ-M¾-Dz-ºhÛ-um-¼Å-

G¸ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-GhÝ¾-ŸÛP-Eh-ºwGÅ-Tm-GTÛG-bà-ÅôP-væ¾-qºÛ-M¾-„Àôm-

uÛ-hP-VôÅ-M¾-¤ïÅ-hzôm-n¤-GÅÞ¤ü M¾-z-Ç+Ý-yïP-m-¼Û¤ü fôm-

¤Û-Å¤-„Ëô‡-¾-ÅôGÅ-M¾-„Àôm-¤DÅ-¤²PÅ-dà¾-wôh-Tm-¤P-qô-ŸÛG-

zôh-D¤Å-¾-z;º-iÛm-GŸ¾-hÝ-¤ïh-q-hï-hG-im-GÅô-Ç‰ÛP-zTPÅ-

ŸÝ-zŸÛm-D¼ü hïP-M-¤Û-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-¾-hGº-Ÿïm-„Àô-h;¼-hï-IÅ-mÅ-

zXôh-GÅ¾-ÇSôm-HÛ-zôh-M¾-ÆôP-z®m-ÇK¤-qô-¾-ÅôGÅ-zôh-»Þ¾-¾-

z;º-iÛm-HÛ-zhG-qô-»Ûm-»P-hÝÅ-¼zÅ-ˆÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-®¤-¾Å-mÝÅ-q-

»¾-¸Ûmü h-»Û-V-¾-Eôh-±ô¼-&bØ-¾ºÛ-„À-¤Å-ºGô-ºFÛh-GmP-z-hP-ü

M-VïºÛ-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-¤Û-¤P-GÛ-¼P-GÛ-M¾-Dz-hôm-hÝ-¼P-¤ôÅ-Vïm-qôÅ-

ºDÞ¼-¾ïm-HÛ-¼P-ÆôG-ºwPÅ-¤ïh-ˆÛÅ-ºzh-fzÅ-‚ïh-q-ºhÛ-hG-iP-

zhïm-Ç‰ÛP-ÇeôzÅ-¿km-q-ŸÛG-»Ûm-qÅ-xôGÅ-GP-Å-mÅ-Mz-Bô¼-fôz-

ˆÛ-¼ïh-TïÅ-Áôh-q-hP-ü ¼P-TG-GPÅ-Tm-qºÛ-¤Gôm-qô-&M¾-hzP-

Ç+Ý-yïP-zTß-zŸÛ-q-Vïm-qô-mÛ-„À-¿ËºÛ-¾ÞP-hP-¿Ë-¤ôºÛ-„À-¤±ô-mÅ-¤±m-

dGÅ-zÇem-q¼-M¾-„Àôm-Åï¼-B-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-M¾-º²ô¤Å-ÇeïP-mÅ-IôÅ-

Vôh-ˆÛ-¤VôG-væ¾-PôÅ-º²Ûm-FÛ-wïzÅ-¤²h-hï-zÇem-ºIôºÛ-hôm-Vïm-

BôP-zºÛ-GÅm-zÅ¤-hôm-GZï¼-HÛÅ-»ôPÅ-º²Ûm-hGï-Lm-¤P-qôºÛ-

¤hÝm-zl¼ü hï-mÅ-M¾-hzP-Ç+Ý-GôP-¤-GŸm-hôm-hÝ-GÁïGÅ-ÁÝ¾-

M¾-±z-¼-ÇeG-GZÛÅ-mP-DÞ¾-fÞGÅ-ÇoP-¤Û-¤fÞm-qºÛ-¯ôh-ºFâG-‚ãP-

ÇezÅ-GŸÝP-ŸzÅ-DG-ˆP-wm-±ßm-xôGÅ-¼ïÅ-zÅ¤-qÅ-¯-zºÛ-zôh-

GŸÝP-GÛ-º²Ûm-BôP-¾-fï-GÝ-Çoï-Áô¼-ÅôP-zºÛ-μôP-GôG-hï-hG-&GôP-Å-


Vïm-qô¼-fÞGÅ-ºGm-ºzÞ¾-zŸïÅ-¤²h-hGôÅ-‚ãP-mÅ-¤Û-¼ÛP-z-z®m-

º²â¾-M-h¤¼-¤P-Çoï-ZÝP-GÛ-dïm-fzÅ-ƒ¾-bï-¤ïÅ-±ÛG-¤ïÅ-GbàG-

º±ï-¤ïh-ŸÛ-zºÛ-¾¤-mÅ-M-zôh-GZÛÅ-Ç¨m-ºi-¤Z¤-¤fÞm-ºIÛG-»ôP-

zºÛ-ºzh-z¯ôm-¤fº-GTÛG-bà-GmP-»ôh-mºP-ü z®m-º²â¾-qºÛ-

ºhôh-Q¤-È¤-Åï¤Å-Tm-HÛ-iG-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛÅ-zôh-»ôPÅ-μôGÅ-hzP-

Nå¼-‚ïh-Åï¤Å-G»ô-z-¤ïh-q¼-zdïm-¤f¼-ºwGÅ-»Þ¾-VÛzÅ-Nå¼-

zBPÅ-q-mÅ-hÝÅ-h-¿eºÛ-z¼-Ç+Ý-GÅÞP-fÞGÅ-ÅôÅ-zhïºÛ-Gô-Ç+zÅ-¤ïh-

q¼-Ç+Ý-P¾-zM-yG-¿Ëà¼-zŸïÅ-Åï¤Å-Tm-uÛ-hP-‚ï-ƒG-¼P-GÛ-ºhÝ¾-

ŸÛP-Bï-ºIô¼-ºhÛ-xÛ-Gbm-zhïºÛ-¾¤-Dô-m¼-h=Û-zºÛ-fÞGÅ-zŸïh-

¤²h-q-zBPÅ-q-hPôÅ-¤fôP-G¸ÞGÅ-Iâz-»ôh-q-ÁïÅ-GÅ¾-D¼-

º²¤-JÀÛP-M¾-h¤PÅ-mÅ-ˆP-º²¤-JÀÛP-ŸÛ-zhïºÛ-¤±m-dGÅ-&GôP-

Å-Vïm-qô¼-ºzÞ¾-zŸïÅ-GmP-z-ºhÛ-hP-ü uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-z®m-

º²â¾-qÅ-zôh-¾-z®m-hzP-iG-¾Å-zïh-uôh-zbP-Çeï-¿Ë-Çkôh-M-¤ÛÅü

M-mG-qh-TÛP-¤ºô-¾-¿Ë-Å-„ÀPÅ-¸Ûm-ŸïÅ-zb¼-ºyÛm-zbP-z¼-

¤ºôÅ-‚Å-m-bØ-¾ºÛ-„À-¤-GP-hÝ-»ôh-ºiÛ-zÅ-bØ-„À-xÛ-M¾-¾-ÅôP-ºhÝG-

TïÅ-¾m-º‚ô¼-z-hP-ü ¤ºô-Ç+h-TÛG-¼ÛP-PG-º‚Ûm-¤-fÞz-qºÛ-n¤-

q-fômü hï-mÅ-bØ-¾-xÛ-M¾-¾-xÛm-¸Ûm-m-h-mÛ-zôh-ˆÛ-h¤G-ºfôz-

q-¤Ûm-q¼-Áô¼-z-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-zXôh-±ß¾-Ç+zÅ-hï¼-Gb¤-fôm-ÅôP-z-

zTÅ-hI-GZïm-z¼-¤-ÅÞºÛ-fh-mÅ-z¿eÅ-ˆP-&GôP-Å-BzÅ-¤Gôm-

Vïm-qô-¾-‚ï-ƒG-ºV¼-ÇKô-h¤ÛGÅ-zÅ¾-¼ï-»ôh-q-zÇem-q-zTÅ-º²¤-

JÀÛP-Mm-¤VôG-ºhÛ-¼P-TG-GPÅ-Tm-qºÛ-¤Gôm-hÝ-¿Ëàm-HÛÅ-Iâz-qºÛ-

Pô-¤±¼-zÅ¤-zXôh-ˆÛ-¤Û-¾P-q-ºhÛ-ºIô-zºÛ-hôm-hÝ-ÇSôm-‚ôm-ÅPÅ-

MÅ-IPÅ-¤ïh-q-¾Å-zhG-TG-n¤Å-¾-z;º-iÛm-VïÅ-Vï-z-ÅPÅ-

MÅ-ÁÙˆ-fÞz-q-»Ûm-¾-GPÅ-Tm-q-n¤Å-¾-ºwGÅ-zôh-qa-Iâz-

IPÅ-¤ïh-‚ôm-q-n¤Å-¾Å-VïÅ-¿ËG-qºÛ-zÇem-ºIôºÛ-¤Gôm-hqÞP-

D¤Å-GÅÞ¤-m-ºIm-¹-ƒ¾-z-ºhÛ-ºi-¤W¾-zºÛ-hÝÅ-Ç+zÅ-ÆÛh-

¤fº-®¤-¾-‚¤Å-¤Gôm-EÛ-¤ô¼-¤fôP-zºÛ-ÇoP-±ß¾-hÝ-¤-ÅôP-z-hG-

ÇoP-¾-fÞGÅ-z¯ôm-HÛÅ-Gbm-ºhÝm-½ÀzÅ-qô-Vï-zŸïÅ-hGôÅ-qºÛ-Ç+zÅ-

¾-Dï¾ü hï-¤Ûm-z®m-º²â¾-‚ïh-qô-xôGÅ-mÅ-¼P-¼ï-GŸÛÅ-‚ïÅ-zôh-

¤Û-n¤Å-¤Û-I¾-hÝ-z¯Û-ºWôG-¤Û-‚ïh-q¼ü h-¿eºÛ-M-zôh-GmÅ-zzÅ-

ºhÛ-bØ-¾ºÛ-„À-¤-Ç+Ý-±ï-¼ÛP-fÞP-¾-fÞG-qºÛ-¼ï-ÇKÝÝG-‚ïh-¾-zôh-hôm-JÀïP-

xôGÅ-»ôh-±h-ºfô¼-GŸÛG-GbôP-GP-fÞz-ˆÛ-¤Û-¾-hPÞ¾-hPôÅ-mÝÅ-

¿km-vh-hï-zÇÀâ-ºƒÛh-Pm-‚ãÅ-xôGÅ-GP-Å-mÅ-zbP-hP-GbôP-zŸÛm-

qÅ-hï-¯ÛÅ-&GôP-Å-Vïm-qôºÛ-Ç+Ý-xÕ¼-ºG¾-Aïm-y-¤ôÅ-¤-ºGôÅ-qºÛ-

&ŸzÅ-zdm-GÅô¾-ºhïzÅü Ç+Ý-¼Û¤ü ºyÛm-Ç+Ý¾ü Ç+Ý-ÆâP-xÛ-mP-

GÅP-GÅÞ¤-hP-¼P-¼ï-Åï¼-B-¤IÛm-GTÛG-GÛ-¿ËG-zÅ¤-n¤-q¼-hG-


qÅ-¿UGÅ-¼Û-Vïm-¤ô-¼P-zÇ+Ý¾-GôP-ºhïGÅ-G»ïP-¤ïh-¤²h-G¾-Vï-

z-hP-ü hï-ÇS ôm-M-G¼-hP-zôh-M¾-Dz-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-Å-¤±¤Å-ÅÞ-M-

G¼-zÅ-¤ÞG-¸ôÅ-ºi-‚Å-»ôh-m-¾Åü hï-¤Ûm-M-G¼-hzP-Nå¼-h‚Ûm-

WÛÅ-¤ïG-¤-ÈàP-ŸïÅ-fÛG-z;ôh-q-¤-GbôGÅ-¼P-¼ï-mÅ-M-G¼-z¼-

ºwGÅ-»Þ¾-ŸïÅ-zhG-TG-mP-qºÛ-Çeôm-q-ºFâPÅ-»Þ¾-»Ûm-¾-GPÅ-

Tm-zôh-ˆÛ-VôÅ-hP-¼ÛG-GŸÝP-GÛ-º‚ãP-DÞPÅ-®¤-hÝ-¤-¸hü EÛ¤-

¤±ïÅ-M¾-Dz-z¸P-qô-ŸÛG-bà-¤Pôm-bï-¤²º-z¯ïºÛ-zÅ¤-ºhÝm-

zTPÅ-q-¾-dïm-wm-±ßm-Å-ºiïÅ-DG-ÇS-¼zÅ-‚ãP-z-Åô¼-zŸG-¿e-

zÞ¼-¯ôh-JÀïP-¤ïh-q-wm-±ßm-»Þ¾-fôm-zXï-±ôP-¾-ÅôGÅ-ºIÛ¤-ºIâ¾-

z¼-¤ïh-zG-ºwï¼-GmÅ-¤ÞÅ-fôG-zôh-Å¼-z®m-º²â¾-qºÛ-Gmôm-

ÁÝGÅ-ÇÀïzÅ-hÝÅ-EÛ¤-¤±ïÅ-M-G¼-mÅ-zôh-qºÛ-zhïm-qºÛ-Mz-bà-¾P-

¼ïºÛ-zÅ¤-q-»ôh-ˆP-ü hï-¿e¼-¤-¤²h-m-»P-º²¤-JÀÛP-mP-¾PÅ-

xôGÅ-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-ÁôG-D-HïÅ-Ç+zÅ-M-G¼-xôGÅ-GP-¾-¤-ŸÝGÅ-q¼-

z¼-GmÅ-uÛ-¤±ßPÅ-º²Ûm-bï-ºhôh-¯ôh-ºfïm-ºEï¼-‚ãP-¼ÛGÅ-¾-

h;¼-mG-xÛm-TÛ-¤-¾ôG-qºÛ-zhïm-zμâm-GÅ¾-D-º‚ïh-fÞz-qºÛ-½ÀzÅ-

Vïm-M-G¼-ŸïÅ-º²¤-JÀÛP-uÛ-»Û-¤fôP-z¸ôh-GÝÅ-z¯Û-»ôh-q¼-ÅôP-ü

zôh-hôm-ÇeïP-hÝ-»P-G¸Þ-GmÅ-ˆÛ-z;º-¤ô¾-GmP-Mã-P-±ô-zôh-¤ÛÅ-

¼ï-ÇKÝG-‚Å-»ôh-ˆP-ü M-G¼-ÆÛh-„Àôm-mï-Èï-¼ÝÅ-M-mG-h¤¼-ÁôG-

¾-zôh-hï-=âP-GôºÛ-V-ÁÅ-ÁÛG-¼ïh-TïÅ-@Ý-¤-¾-hqº-h¼-vh-q-hïÅ-

P-±ô-zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-M¾-Dz-GŸm-¾-‚ãP-¤-¥ôP-zºÛ-GÝh-VG-±zÅ-

VïºÛ-Gmôh-º±ï-wôG-q-Ç¨ôÅ-¤ïh-D¼-M-G¼-GŸÝP-¾-»P-G¸Þ-GmÅ-

n¤-hrôh-¿km-q-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-»Ûh-VïÅ-ˆP-Áô¼ü hïÅ-¤-±h-h-z¼-

zôh-¤ÛÅ-zôh-hôm-ºfz-¯ôh-z¼-¤ïh-‚Å-hP-‚ïh-zŸÛm-q¼-º²¤-JÀÛP-

Eôm-mÅ-iP-zhïm-Mz-hqÞP-Wï-¤P-Wï-¤P-ºIô-z¼-dïm-uÛ-¾ô- 1962

¾ô¼-M-¤ÛÅ-M-G¼-¾-¤Pôm-zl-ŸÛG-zbP-z-¾Å-hï-¤Ûm-M-h;¼-mG-

iG-¯ôh-Vï¼-¤-‚ãP-»P-zôh-Å-M-h¤¼-zºÛ-hzP-zNå¼-GmÅ-m-

ºwGÅ-zôh-Å-ºiïÅ-»ôh-±h-¾-ŸÛz-¯ôh-hP-M-G¼-GŸÝP-h¤PÅ-

hz¼-wÞP-¢ô¼-z¯¤-Çeï-hôm-Ç‰ÛP-M-G¼-¼P-¾-»P-Pm-ºƒÅ-±zÅ-

Vïm-zÅ¾-hÝÅ-¤ïh-q-ŸÛG-»ôP-PïÅ-q¼-ÅôP-ü ÇÀ¼-»P-mï-ÈÛ-¼ÞÅ-

M-G¼-IôÅ-±ôGÅ-fôG-¤-ºôP-q¼-zôh-ˆÛ-Ç+ô¼-fG-GTôh-¤fº-¤-‚ïh-

¤Dm-mÛ-zôh-ˆÛ-¤Û-¤P-¼P-ZÛh-mÅ-‚ïh-hGôÅ-q-ŸÛG-¾Å-GŸm-ÅÞ-

¾ºP-fG-GTôh-qºÛ-hzP-±h-¤ïh-TïÅ-¼P-PôºÛ-DÅ-¾ïm-zÇem-mÅ-

ºWôG-GmP-hGôÅ-q-ŸÛG-»Ûm-q-hï-hP-ü hïP-M-G¼-M¾-GTïÅ-n¤-

hrôh-¿km-q-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-zôh-¼P-z®m-¾ô-MãÅ-¿km-qºÛ-zhïm-hôm-¾-

P-±ô-EÛ¤-¤±ïÅ-M-G¼-zÅ-iP-zhïm-¾-Mz-Bô¼-‚ïh-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-ÆÛh-

GŸÝP-¾-ºzôh-Ç+Ý¾-¼Û¤-q-zbP-z-hP-VzÅ-TÛG-ºhÛ-¾ô-M¾-Å-¿kÛ-


¾Û¼-zôh-hôm-Ç+ô¼-¾-º²¤-JÀÛP-M¾-Dz-DG-GÛ-ºfÞÅ-¤ÛºÛ-¿Ëm-±ôGÅ-

GmP-z-hï-mÛ-zhG-TG-GÛ-¾G-f¾-¤ô-¢¼-bï-z=-ÁÛÅ-zhï-¾ïGÅ-

GÅô¾-Mã-hP-ü P-±ô-zôh-M¾-Dz-hï-zhïm-qºÛ-Mz-hqÞP-¤-ºiôP-

z¼-z®m-º²â¾-qºÛ-hzP-ºôG-±ßh-hï-VôÅ-hP-¼ÛG-GŸÝP-G®ô-zô¼-

Hã¼-qºÛ-w-¸ôG-IGÅ-q-Tm-hP-ü ¤-¸ôG-G»Þ-F-Tm-Ço ôh-zTßh-

»ôPÅ-μôGÅ-Gbô¼-zTô¤-zbP-D¼-M-¤Û-zôh-»Þ¾-hÝ-GmÅ-Çtô-‚ïh-

q| zôh-¤Û-n¤Å-Bï-ÇK ô -ºGôG-qü ¤ÛºÛ-¼P-hzP-®¤-¤ïh-q¼-

¤m¼-GTôh-hÝ-DºÛ-mP-¿ËàP-zºÛ-GZm-ºyP-¤Û-z¸ôh-q-ºhÛ¼-M-G¼-

¤Û-¤P-GÛ-¼ï-ºzôh-hôm-zŸÛm-ÆÛh-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-Mz-Bô¼-GmP-m-P-±ô-

zôh-¤Û-¾G-±-@¤-hqï-z;º-iÛm-±ô¼-ÁïÅ-ŸÝ-PïÅ-hP-ü P-±ôºÛ-GPÅ-

Tm-¤Gôm-qô-&bØ-¾ºÛ-„À-¤-¤VôG-mÛ-¼P-GÛ-GhÝ¾-ŸÛP-®¤-¤-¸h-EÛ¤-

¤±ïÅ-M¾-Dz-G®ô-zô¼-Hã¼-º²¤-JÀÛP-ºIô-z-uÛ-hP-ü ¿ËG-q¼-mh-

¤ÞG hÝG-¤±ôm-Gmôh-º±ïºÛ-Z¤-fG-DG-º±ï-¤ïh-ŸÛ-zhïºÛ-hq¾-

¾-ºGôh-fzÅ-Dô-m-¤²h-MãºÛ-½ÀzÅ-Vïm-¤²h-qºÛ-ºGôG-Aïm-ºIô-

GŸÛºÛ-¼ÛGÅ-Gh-G®P-zÅ¾-fzÅ-ºIô-z-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-Eôm-HÛ-ºGm-

zzÅ-hô-G¾-Vï-z-ŸÛG-»Ûm-PïÅ-Ç‰¤ü »P-ÇKôÅ-¼P-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-¼P-

»Þ¾-¾-M-h¤¼-z®m-º²â¾-qºÛ-hzP-zNå¼-Gbô¼-zÁÛG ÇkÝG-¢ôP-

¤m¼-GTôh-zbP-z-zÅ¤-zXôh-¾Å-ºhÅ-q-‚Å-¸Ûm-ˆP-ü h-hÝP-

Pm-q-¾PÁô¼-Dô-mºÛ-È¤-Åï¤Å-º²Ûm-bï-zôh-Å¼-M-¤Û-ºzô¼-Vïm-

GmÅ-GŸÛ-º²Ûm-q¼-GbôP-zü zôh-¤ÛºÛ-Bï-ÇKô-ºGôG-qü zôh-¼ÛGÅ-

hqº-zô-¤P-qô-z®ôm-zTßG-ÅôGÅ-xÛ-mP-GŸÛÅ-¾ÞÅ-¾-GhÝG-¯çz-

zbP-zºÛ-Åï¤Å-mh-Iô¾-zºÛ-zhï-¯-hP-zTÅ-q¼-ºhÛ-xôGÅ-‚ïÅ-

zŸÝGÅ-¤P-±ôGÅ-fôG-zôh-GŸÝP-hGº-¿km-wô-ƒP-q-Vïm-qôºÛ-hzÞ-

º²Ûm-±P-¤Å-x¼-z-Iâ-ºhïGÅ-ºGm-zŸïÅ-Iâz-ºƒÅ-Å-¼ÛÅ-fP-

GÅ¾-»ôh-zŸÛm-fôG-ÇS-¾ô-ºFâPÅ-Ç+¼-hÝÅ-Vïm-Ç+zÅ-uÛ-ºfÞÅ-ˆÛ-

z;º-ÇÀôz-¾ü P-±ô-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-±P-¤Å-»Þ¾-¾ÞP-hP-ü VôÅ-¾ÞGÅü

¼ÛGÅ-¼ÞÅ-ˆÛ-ÇKô-mÅ-Çkï-±m-zTh-qºÛ-Vô-¤ïh-ˆÛ-zÅ¤-±ß¾-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-

hô¼-bïü ¼P-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-hP-M¾-Dz-ˆÛ-Pô-zô-Pô-ÁïÅ-q-‚Å-mÅ-M¾-

GTïÅ-¿ËG-zÅ¤-HÛ-Ç‰ÛP-ÇeôzÅ-ŸÝ¤-q-¤ïh-q-ŸÛG-ÇÀ¼-»P-zBïh-hïü

uÛ-mô¼-&GôP-Å-BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-qôºÛ-fÞGÅ-ˆÛ-zŸïh-hGôPÅ-G®ô-zô-

GP-»Ûm-q-hï-PôÅ-º²Ûm-¸Ûm-qºÛ-ÇKô-mÅ-hï-hG-GïGÅ-¤ïh-¿Ëàm-Iâz-

»ôP-fzÅ-hP-ü ¿ËG-q¼-‚ïÅ-º‚ô¼-n¤Å-¤Û-»Þ¾-H¼-z-ºhÛ-»P-

¿eô-GôÅ-ˆÛ-Vïh-hÝ-¤-»Ûm-q-¤Eïm-GÅ¾-¿e¼-h-¿e-¼P-¼ïºÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-

ºhÛ-zŸÛm-hôm-hPôÅ-fôG-xÛ-mP-GP-hÝ-zÇkh-ˆP-M¾-Áô¼-ƒm-G»ôG-

GÛ-GmÅ-zzÅ-Z¤-P-z-ŸÛG-¾Åü MÅ-vôÅ-μÛG-Z¤Å-hP-ü ÇoP-

¤ïh-zG-G»ïP-‚ïh-qºÛ-hÝÅ-Ç+zÅ-ÁÛG-Gbm-mÅ-¤Ûm-qÅ-hï-¾ÞGÅ-

152 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü GŸÛÅ-¾ÞÅ-¤Û -¤P-GÛ -zÅ¤-±ß¾-xôGÅ-zÇk ÝÅü 153

¼P-¼P-Åô-ÅôºÛ-ÇKô-GÅÞ¤-mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛ-ºDôÅ-;-hP-zÇeàm-qºÛ-ŸzÅ-

ºhïGÅ-¤fÞm-Hã¼-GP-fÞz-TÛG-ŸÝ-MãºÛ-»Ûh-h¤-zdm-qô-ŸÛG-zTP-

hGôÅ-qºÛ-hÝÅ-Ç+zÅ-»Ûm-q-¤Eïm-q-¤²h-hGôÅü ºhÛ-¾ô-GÅÞ¤-zTßºÛ-

hÝÅ-im-Ç+zÅ-uÛ-¤fÞÅ-hP-z;º-ÁG-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-z;º-ÇÀôz-¾-M-mG-

GŸÝP-GÛÅ-P-±ôºÛ-Vô¾-D-hP-VôÅ-¾ÞGÅ-ÅôGÅ-ÅÞ-ÅÛ¤-º²â¾-‚ïh-qºÛ-

fzÅ-¾¤-zMãh-zôh-z®m-‚ô¾-GŸÝP-GÛ-OÛG-º²âGÅ-Gbô¼-GÁÛG-

GbôP-MãºÛ-GÅP-zºÛ-ÆÛh-‚ãÅ-Pm-qºÛ-ºV¼-¸Ûm-»ôh-ºhÝG-q¼-zdïmü

h-V-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-GbôGÅ-Åô-TôG-mÅ-Åï¤Å-ÁÝGÅ-GTÛG-zOÛ¾-n¤-

hrôh-ŸÛz-¤ôÅ-¼P-±ßGÅ-zdm-z¸ÞP-fÞz-qºÛ-ºzôh-zÇ+Ý¾-zBPÅ-

q¼-hqï¼-m-¼P-¼P-VôÅ-ÇK ô -¤Û-ºi-zÅ-DÞPÅ-Åô-Åô¼-GmÅ-mºP-

zÇem-q-º²Ûm-BôP-GÛ-ŸÛP-D¤Å-Eh-ºwGÅ-¼P-w-¤ïÅ-ˆÛ-¼P-»Þ¾-

zôh-VôÅ-¿km-ŸÛP-hïºÛ-zÇem-ÆÛh-uÛ-hôm-G¾-qô-Vï-¾-Gmôh-ºG¾-»ôP-

GŸÛ-w-¼ô¾-qºÛ-zÅ¤-¢ô¼-Pm-qºÛ-hÝG-¯-GmÅ-fzÅ-¤ïh-qºÛ-z¿e-

Ç+Ý¾-‚-Çtä-Gmôm-ºDÞ¼-zŸïÅ-¤²h-PïÅ-qÅ-hï-¿e¼-»ôP-z-hP-ü hï-

zŸÛm-zôh-Vô¾-D-GÅÞ¤-¼P-z®m-±ôGÅ-DG-¤-hGôÅ-q-¤Û-¤P-uÛ-

¤fÞÅ-Å¤ü Vô¾-GÅÞ¤-VÛG-OÛ¾-±ôGÅ-q-GP-ºôÅ-GTÛG--bà-zÇkÝÅ-

bïï| ÇÀ¼-¤P-G®ôºÛ-¼P-hzP-±ôGÅ-q-z¸ô-hGôÅ-¼ÛGÅ-ˆP-GŸÛÅ-

‚ïÅ-GP-hÝ -ÅôP-»P-Å-GmÅ-ºhÝÅ-Çk ôh-GmÅ-zzÅ-ˆÛ-±ôGÅ-q-

º²âGÅ-Æô¾-¤²h-MãºÛ-ºhÝm-q-»ôhü hï-¤±ßPÅ-hÝÅ-im-Ç+zÅ-ÈÛ-

¤-T¾-¤Pº-ÇkïºÛ-ºwGÅ-zôh-¤²º-ºƒï¾-±ôGÅ-qºÛ-±ôGÅ-G®ô-Ç+Ý-

ŸzÅ-¼;ï-Á-m-¼-»m-HÛ-GÅÞP-zÁh-mP-P-±ô-M-G¼-¤Û-¤P-»ôPÅ-

mÅ-zôh-ˆÛ-zhïm-hôm-ºfz-¯ôh-¾-Mz-Bô¼-G®P-¤-»ôhü &GôP-Å-

BzÅ-¤Gôm-bØ-¾ºÛ-„À-¤-¤VôG-GÛ-¤²h-ºyÛm-hP-hGôPÅ-q-mÛ-º²¤-

JÀÛP-¤Þm-q-Åï¾-zºÛ-Oôm-¤ï-¿e-zÞ-¼ïhü ºôm-ˆP-M-G¼-GŸÝP-mÅ-h-

z¼-BzÅ-¤Gôm-bØ-¾ºÛ-„À-¤-¤VôG-GÛ-hGôPÅ-GŸÛ¼-Mz-Bô¼-GmP-

¤-fÞz-q-hï¼-P-±ô-¤Û-¤P-GÛ-zÅ¤-ºV¼-»ôh-TïÅ-hP-ü Í-¼Û-z-Ç+Ý-

ŸzÅ-¼Û-T¼-^Û-JË Û¼-mÅ-Í-¼Û-z-hP-M-G¼-GZÛÅ-;¼-h;º-uh-

ºzh-z¯ôm-‚Å-bï-¼P-z®m-„ÀPÅ-q-¼ïhü Í-¼ÛºÛ-mP-mÅ-zôh-hôm-

¾-Mz-Bô¼-Vïm-qô-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôhü ºôm-ˆP-xÛÛºÛ-Mz-Bô¼-GTÛG-qÞÅ-

¼P-z®m-»ôP-¤Û-fÞz-qÅ-zôh-xÛ-mP-GÛ-zôh-¤Û-±P-¤Å-¤fÞm-OÛ¾-

lôG-¯-GTÛG-OÛ¾-‚ïh-hGôÅü &GôP-Å-bØ-¾ºÛ-„À-¤-¤VôG-GÛ-¤²h-

ºyÛm-¾-¤²¤-JÀÛP-»ôPÅ-ˆÛ-z¯Û-z;Ý¼-hP-Mz-Bô¼-ŸÝ-zŸÛm-»ôh-q-

±P-¤Å-¤Eïm-GÅ¾-¼ïh-TïÅ-hP-ü hï-ÇS-º±ï-¤ïh-ŸÛ-zºÛ-ºfz-¯ôh-

GmP-¤Dm-M-G¼-HÛ-¤ïÅ-qô-h¤-q-JËm-lÛ-hP-ü Í-¼ÛºÛ-¤DÅ-hzP-

¤-=m-bà-=-;ÛP-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-ŸÛ-zºÛ-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-GmP-Ç+zÅ-hÝÅ-±ôh-Ç+¼-

V-GTÛG-ˆP-Vßh-¸ôÅ-ÅÞ-GbôP-GÛ-¤ïhü Eïh-±ôÅ-ˆP-hï-¿e¼-ºzh-


156 ¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP-ü

z¯ôm-‚ïh-hGôÅ-TïÅ-GÅÞPÅ-q-¼P-¼ï-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-zhïm-¤fº-GÅ¾-

z¼-xÛ-mP-¼ï-Ç+Ý¾-ÅÞÅ-¤²h-ˆP-ºôÅ-ºGm-hï-¼P-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-uÛ-hP-hïºÛ-

¿eï-z-zôh-GŸÝP-Dô-m¼-zzÅ-»ôh-¤Eïm-zŸÛm-»Ûm-m-uÛ¼-GŸÛÅ-‚ïÅ-

Åï¼-B-uÛ-zô-Gm¤-zÇem-»ôPÅ-mÅ-GPÅ-Tm-¤Gôm-qôºÛ-z;º-ÇÀôz-„ÀP-

hô¼-¤-º²ô¾-z-uôh-Mã-Ç‰ ÛP-hzÞÅ-ÅÞ-zTPÅ-mÅ-¼P-¤Û-¼P-¼ÛGÅ-

GTÛG-Hã¼-HÛ-ºhÝ-ÁïÅ-º²Ûm-bï-wm-±ßm-¤fÞm-OÛ¾-hP-¼ôGÅ-¼¤-wm-

Åï¤Å-Dô-mºÛ-PP-¤P-G®ô-uÛ-Oæz-ˆÛ-ºôÅ-ºGm-zôh-»Þ¾-¼P-hzP-zhïm-

¤fº-¥ã¼-GÅ¾-»ôP-fzÅ-¼P-GÛ-ÁïÅ-mÝÅ-ºV¼-ÇKô-ºzh-ºzÞPÅ-fôG-

hI-zôºÛ-Gbô¼-zÁÛG-Pm-¼Þ¾-GmÅ-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛ-GmG-fôG-G®G-ºGï¾-

»ïPÅ-¤ïh-fï¼-ºhôm-¤²h-Mã-hP-ü ¿ËG-bà-GŸÝP-Å-¤VôG-mÅ-ˆP-

GŸÛÅ-‚ïÅ-¤P-±ôGÅ-»ôPÅ-¾-hGï-zÇ+Ý¾-ÇÀôz-Çeôm-G¸ÛGÅ-q-GP-VïºÛ-

fôG-zôh-hôm-zhïm-¤fº-GÅ¾-ZïºÛ-hÝÅ-z¸P-ºhÛ-h¤-º²Ûm-Vïm-qôÅ-

Ç+zÅ-ºhÛ¼-¤Û-ÁÝGÅ-hP-ü hPôÅ-ÁÝGÅ-GP-»ôh-¤ÛG-Ç¨m-¤ÛG-fôG-

uh-hï-zhïm-qºÛ-Oôm-¤ïï-zbïïG-mÅ-zGïGÅ-ˆÛ-¤Þm-q-G®P-¤-¤-GÅ¾-

z¼-ºzh-z¯ôm-Vï¼-zŸïÅ-TÛ-mÅ-»ôP-z-ŸÝ-Mã-zTÅü

ºƒÅ-G®P-q-DP-±m-IÔ-h;ôm-z¸P-¼ÛG-º²Ûm-qÅ-wÞ¾ü

¤ïÅ-z¸P-zL¾-zºÛ-¾¤-ºyP.ü

* * *

¯ô¤-OÛG-qü „Àô-z¸P-z=-ÁÛÅü

hïz-G¸ÞGÅ-ºV¼-OÛG-qü zÅôh-m¤Å-±ï-hzP.ü

¤hÝm-ÁôG-¤±m-‚P-ºƒÛ-¤Dmü „Àô-z¸P-zÇem-h¼ü

zôh-M¾-¾ô- 2130 uÛ-¾ô- 2003 ¾ü

h;ôm-z¸P-¼ÛG-º²Ûm-¾GÅ-hP-ü Ç+Ý-Zï-zÞ-¤ô-±ï-zdm-G»P-Oômü zÞ-¤ô-

zÇem-º²Ûm-;Ým-Oôm-zTÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1999 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 12 ZÛm-

Oôm-qºÛ-Ç+Ý-q¼ü

M¾-¯ï-GmÅ-½‰ ÛP-VôÅ-Çk ïü

M-h¤¼

-HÛ-zôh-z®m

-z¸ÞP-¤-‚Å

-GôP-GÛ-M¾-¯ï-IôP-Eï¼ü

[ºi-q¼

-ºhÛ-zôh-ˆÛ-hqï-¤²ôh-DP

-mÅ-¤Dô-

ºhôm-GmP

-z-hP.ü

hô-zhG

T

ols

toy

Co

llec

tio

n »Ûm-»P-hïP-hÝÅ-zhG

-hzP

-ÅÞ-¾

-»ôh-¤ïh-ÁïÅ-dôGÅ-¤-

fÞzü]

M¾-¯ï-IôP-Eï¼ü

M-h¤¼

-HÛÅ-zôh-z®m

-z¸ÞP-¤-‚Å

-GôP-GÛ-M¾-¯ï-GmÅ

-½‰ÛP-VôÅ-Çkïü

ºi-q¼-ºh

Û-zŸÝGÅ

-ÇK¼-hqï-¤²ôh-DP

-GÛ-¾Å-‚ïh-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ

-hzP

-ºhÝh-±ï-¼ÛP-¾GÅ

-mÅ-¤Dô-ºhôm-Gm

P-ü

uÛ-¾ô- 1969 ¾ô¼-ºƒÛ-¼Þ-μôP-hÝ-zôh-hôm-ºfz-¯ôh-mP-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-ŸÝGÅ-

¥ôP-zºÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-¸Þ¼-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-zÇem-º²Ûm-VôÅ-IGÅ-¾GÅü[hïP-Ç+zÅ-l-Å¼-zŸÝGÅ-»ôhü]

uÛ-¾ô- 1969 ¾ô¼-¼P-hzP-ÇK ï¼-¾PÅ-ˆÛ-hzÞ-FÛh-GmP-Çe ï -M-h¤¼-¾-ºfz-¯ôh-

¤²h-¤Dm-Ç‰m-IGÅ-Tm-HÛ-hqº-¤ô-Ç‰ ï -¤ôºÛ-Í-mï-ºyÛm-¾Å-VôÅ-Oômü DôP-hGÝP-

IPÅ-Zï¼-zŸÛ-®¤-¾-M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-z=ôPÅ-»ôh-Ç+h-¾Å-ŸÛz-yºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-hP.ü Ç+Ý -

q¼-zTÅ-fzÅ-º±ô¾-¤-fÞz-qÅ-M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-¤Û-¤P-¤hÝm-ºfz-¯ôh-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-hP-

z=ôPÅ-D¼-G¸ÛGÅ-¥ôP-zºÛ-¤Û-Ço-ºGº-ÁÅ-ˆÛ-ºIï¾-zXôh-GŸÛ¼-z¸ÞP-hqº-¤ôºÛ-

¤²h-XïÅ-¤Û-mÝz-Vïh-G¸ÞGÅ-z½‰m-ÅÞG-ƒÛÅ-¾¤-mÅ-z;ôh-»ôhüG¸ÞGÅ-z½‰m-ºƒÛ -¤Dm-hïP-hÝÅ-¼Û -¤ô -z-zÅôh-m¤Åü

h;ôm-z¸P-¼ÛG-º²Ûm-¾GÅü uÛ-¾ô- 2001 ¹- 5 q¼-

Oôm-qºÛ-Ç+Ý-q¼ü

5 tibetan-ancestors

Documents