5. truocngoclan

8/14/2019 5. Truocngoclan

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i cng v

Phn loi thc vt


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Mu

Con ngi lun t t cu hi: S sng bt ngun t u?:

Do thng sinh ra,

Do t hnh tinh khc ti, Do qu trnh hnh thnh t mi trng c xa v pht trin dn cho n

ngy nay?

Loi sinh vt hoc nhm sinh vt (taxon) no sinh ra n v con chuca n lg? Cc h thng phn loi sinh vt ni chung v thc vt ni ring ln lt

rai


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i cng

Cc thut ng thng dng

trong phn loi:Php phn loi (Classificatio)

Phn loi hc (Taxonomia)

H thng hc (Systematica)


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Php phn loi

Da vo nhng c im gingnhau phn chia mt nhm

thnh mt s nhm nh hn Kt qu l lp ra mt kho nh loigip cho vic nh loi


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Phn loi hc

L l thuyt v s phn loi, l mtphn ca h thng hc

Bao gm: Cc nguyn tc, cc phng php,

qui tc ca php phn loi

Nhim v: To ra mt h thngthang chia bc


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H thng hc

L khoa hc v s a dng sinh vt

Nhim v:

M t, lp danh lc cc sinh vt Phn loi xc dnh mi quan h tin hotng h gia cc taxon.

Lin quan vi nhng khoa hc sinh vtkhc: Hnh thi hc, Tin ho, T bo hc (k c cu

trc siu hin vi), Di truyn hc, Sinh ho hc,Sinh thi hc v Sinh a hc


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Taxon v bc phn loi

Taxon (taxa): L mt nhm sinh vt c tht,c chp nhn lm n v hnh thc btk mc no ca thang chia bc V d taxon Dioscorea L.

Bc phn loi (th hng, phm tr phnloi): L mt tp hp m cc thnh vin can l cc taxon trong thang chia bc

V d: loi, chi, h. Taxon l c th cn bc phn loi l trutng


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Cc bc phn loi

Gii thc vt (regnum vegetabile) Ngnh (divisio)

Lp (classis)

B (ordo)

H (familia)

Gia h v chi cn c bc tng (tribus)

Chi (genus)

Gia chi v loi c nhnh (sectio), lot (series) Loi (species). Loi l n v c s

Di loi c th (varietas), dng (forma).

Ngoi cc bc chnh, cn c cc bc ph bng cch

thm cc tip u ng super - (lin-) hoc sub -hn- trc tn cc b c chnh.

Hin trng nganh Dc
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Cc quan nim v loi Loi duy danh:

Ch c nhng c th l hin thc, cn loi l trutng, l khi nim tinh thn do con ngi to ra

Loi hnh thi:

L mt nhm c th c ngun gc chung v cc im hnh thi ging nhau

Loi sinh hc:

L tp hp nhng qun th cch li v mt sinhhc, giao phi t do vi nhau li th h con cihu th

Cch li vi cc loi khc bi s kh kt hp vi nhau vmt sinh sn hu tnh.


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c trng ca loiTnh ton vn:

Cc qun th trong cc thnh phnca n, c lin h vi nhau bi dng

chuyn tip. Tnh cch li v mt sinh hc vi

cc loi khc:

Cc nhm loi d gn nhau vn lmt h thng t qung v theonguyn tc gia chng khng cdng chuyn tip.


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2. Phn chia sinh gii Th gii:

1-2 triu loi ng vt,

350-500,000 loi thc vt.

Vit Nam: c tng s 20.000 loi Thc vt, trong c: 368 loi Vi khun lam (tin nhn - Procaryota)

2200 loi Nm (Fungi)

2176 loi To (Algae)

481 loi Ru (Bryophyta)

1 loi Quyt l thng (Psilotophyta)

53 loi Thng t (Lycopodiophyta) 2 loi c Thp bt (Equisetophyta)

691 loi dng x (Polypodiophyta)

69 loi ngnh Thng (Pinophyta)

13.000 loi thuc ngnh Ngc lan (Magnoliophyta). 3.800 loi c dng lm thuc


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Cc h thng phn chia sinh gii

H thng 2 gii: T thi Aristot (th k th 14 trc cngnguyn): ng vt,Thc vt.

H thng 4 gii: Gordon R. Leedale (1974), Copeland,Takhtajan (1974) : Monera, Thc vt, Nm, ng vt.

H thng 5 gii: Magulis, Whittaker a ra nm 1969:Monera, Protista, Thc vt, Nm, ng vt

H thng 6 gii: Eubacteria, Archebacteria, Protista,Thc vt, Nm, ng vt.

H thng 3 lin gii (superkingdom): Bacteria, Archaea,Eykarya.

H thng 8 gii: Eubacteria, Archebacteria, Archezoa,Chromista, Protista, Thc vt, Nm, ng vt.
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Nhn thc

Nhn s


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H thng 2 lin gii4 gii

Lin gii Sinh vt tin nhn - Procaryota

Gii Mychota

Phn gii Vi khun bacteriobiontaNgnh vi khun Bacteriomychota

Phn gii khun lam Cyanobionta

Ngnh Khun lam Cyanomychota


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H thng 2 lin gii4 gii

Lin gii Sinh vt nhn thc Eucaryota

Gii ng vt Animalia

Gii nm Mycetalia

Phn gii nm bc thp Mychobionta

Ngnh Khun nhy Myxomychota

Phn gii nmb

c cao

MycobiontaNgnh Nm Eumycota

Gii thc vt - Vegetabilia


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Ngnh to lam Cyanophyta

Gm nhng sinh vt:n bo hoc a bo s ng nc v ni

m t

Cha c nhn tht

C dip lc a, v cc sc t ph nhbiliprotein lm cho cth c mu lam

Sinh sn v tnh.


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c im chung

Cu to t bo: Cha c nhn tht Vch t bo:

Mng sinh cht (phospho-lipit) Bao nhy (mucilage) bn cht pectin-

cellulosa)

Ni cht: Vng trung tm nhn

Vng ngoi vi - cht t bo


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c im chung

Cht nhim sc Dip lc a

Carotenoit (phycoxyantin v

xanthophil)

Sc t ph c bn cht biliprotein nh: Phycoxianin c mu xanh v

Phycoerythrin c mu khc nh en, Cht d tr chyu l glycogen


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c im chung

Hinh thi tn:n bo ring l hoc tp trung

thnh khi.Si khng phn nhnh hoc phnnhnh.


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c im chung

Sinh sn:

Sinh sn hu tnh: Cha thy

Sinh sn v tnh : Phn ct t bo t khc siT bo d hinh

Bo t dy: T bo kch thc ln ni cht mc, mng kp dy.

Ni bo t; bo t hnh thnh trong nang knc bit,

Ngoi bo t: bt hnh thnh tng chui bn

ngoi t bo.
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Phn loi

Lp To lam (Cyanophyceae) gm 1.500 loi,gm 4 b:

1. Chroococcales

c im:Tn n bo hay qun t

Sinh sn bng phn chia tn

Sng nc bm trn gi th

Phn loi:

C hai h, i din l chi Synechococcusgm15 loi
http://www.ibvf.cartuja.csic.es/Cultivos/fotos/Dermocarpa_sp._PCC_7437_dis.jpg


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Phn loi

2. Dermocarpales

c im: Tn n bo

Sinh sn bng ngoi bo t hay ni bo t Sng ph sinh trn cc loi rong bin

Phn loi:

Gm 3 h, i din l chi Dermocarpac 25 loi
http://www.ibvf.cartuja.csic.es/Cultivos/fotos/Dermocarpa_sp._PCC_7437_dis.jpghttp://www.ibvf.cartuja.csic.es/Cultivos/fotos/Dermocarpa_sp._PCC_7437_dis.jpghttp://www.ibvf.cartuja.csic.es/Cultivos/fotos/Dermocarpa_sp._PCC_7437_dis.jpghttp://www.ibvf.cartuja.csic.es/Cultivos/fotos/Dermocarpa_sp._PCC_7437_dis.jpghttp://www.ibvf.cartuja.csic.es/Cultivos/fotos/Dermocarpa_sp._PCC_7437_dis.jpg


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Phn loi

3. Pleurocapsales

c im: Tn dng si khng ng nht

Sinh sn bng ni bo t Sng trn vng vi, trn ng vt bin c v

giu cht vi

Phn loi: Gm 4 h, 20 chi, i din l chi Pleurocapsa40

loi


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Phn loi

4. Hormogonales

c im:

Si a bo thng hay phn nhnh, mt sc t bo d hnh, bo t dy Sng vng m, t m, nc ngt, nc

mn

L b tin ho nht v ln nht gm 14 h Phn loi:

To chui ngc (Nostoc)

To dao ng (Oscillatoria):

To bo hoa du (Anabaena azollae)


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Nostoc


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Oscillatoria


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Anabaena


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Vai tr ca To lam

Gy hi: Bng n qun th

Lm thc phm/thuc Spirolina maxima
http://spirulina.ppt/http://spirulina.ppt/


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Bng n qun th
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/webb/BOT311/Cyanobacteria/Synechococcus.jpg


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http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/webb/BOT311/Cyanobacteria/Lyngbia.jpghttp://theophrastus/http/faculty/webb/BOT311/Cyanobacteria/AnabaenaBest.jpghttp://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/webb/BOT311/Cyanobacteria/NostoColony.jpghttp://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/webb/BOT311/Cyanobacteria/Synechococcus.jpg


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Gii Nm (Fungi)

Mc tiu: Phn bit c Nm nhy v Nm thc

Trnh by c c im hnh thi tn, cu tot bo v s sinh sn ca ngnh Nm thc

Nu c c im ca 5 phn ngnh Nm vi din ca cc ngnh.


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Gii Nm (Fungi)

Tm tt: L nhng sinh vt: C nhn thc,

Khng c dip lc Sng c nh, dinh dng bng hp th,

khng c kh nang c nh m t nit

phn t. Gm 2 ngnh:

Nm nhy

Nm thc
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c im chung

Cu to t bo:Vch t bo:

C thnh phn ho hc c trng bigluxit c bit: kitin (chitin) (tng t cntrng)


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c im chung

Cht t bo: Dung dch keo c nht bng 800 lnnc trong c:

Mng ni cht (cha r chc nng, c th l chc nngbi tit)

B my golgi (cha r chc nng, c th l chc nng bitit)

Ti th: Hnh que hoc chui ht khng phn nhnh, cchc nng thc hin phn ng oxy ho - kh cung cpnng lng cho hot ng sng ca t bo, tham gia voqu trnh tng hp protein, lipit, mt s enzym.

Glycogen- mt gluxit d tr c trng ca Nm

Cc git lipit

Khng bo


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c im chung

Nhn: Nhn thc: c mng nhn, dch nhnv hch nhn.T bo c th c 1, 2, hoc nhiu nhn, thng

thng l 2 nhn (song nhn)

Thnh phn ho hc ca nm: 90% l nc ( bo t dy ch c 10-15%),

cacbon 40%, oxy 40%, hydro 2-3%, Mt lng t K, Na, S, P, Fn, Mn, v cc nguyn

t vi lng.


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c im chung

Hnh thi tn: n bo:

n bo c roi (nay chuyn sang protista)

n bo khng roi: L mt t bo hnh cu hay hnhtrng, c khi c lng (nm men)

Si:Si khng vch ngn: Nm tip hp, Nm roi: Khng

ngn vch, c nhiu nhn ri rc, di chuyn t do.

Si ngn vch: Nm m, nm Ti: Cc vch ngnthng c l thng. T bo ngn si pht trin rtnhanh to thnh khun lc, mt s to nn r gi hchnm, m gi
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c im chung

Sinh sn:Sinh sn dinh dng:

Dt khc to c th miNy chi

Bo t dy (clamydospor)


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c im chung

Sinh sn v tnh: Hnh thnh c th mi bng con ng v tnh.Cc bo t l n bi, gm: Bo t kn: Gm hai loi: bo t ng v bo t nang

Bo t ng: c trng cho nm roi (Chytridiomycetes), bo tng c th c lng, c mt roi, hoc hai roi.

Bo t nang: c trng cho Nm tip hp (Zygomycetales)ging bo t ng nhng khng c roi, c hnh thnh trongti kn, c cung ti, tr ti v v ti

Bo t trn:c trng cho Nm ti, Nm m, Nmbt ton v mt s Nm roi.

Cc bo t trn c mang trn mt si nm bin i gi lgi bo t . Gi c th ring l hoc to thnh b gi, ti gi,

a gi
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Rhizopus


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Penicillium


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c im chung

Sinh sn hu tnh ng giao

D giao

Bo t non. Bo t tip hp (Nm tip hp): Bo t tip hp ny

mm cho si nm pht trin c hn u mang mt bot nang.

Bo t ti (Nm ti): Cc ti bo t c th ng ringl to thnh ti trn hoc tp trung to thnh th qu(th qu kn, th qu m hnh chai hoc hnh a)

Bo t m (Nm m): Cc m tp trung thnh th

qu
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Phn loi

Gm 5 phn ngnh:

1. Nm roi (Chytridiomycotina)

2. Nm tip hp (Zygomycotina)3. Nm ti (Ascomycotina)

4. Nm m (Basidiomycotina)

5. Nm bt ton (Deuteromycotina)
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1. Phn ngnh Nm roi(Chytridiomycotina)

Hnh thi tn: n bo c roi, cng bo amip, si khng ngn

vch

Sinh sn: Sinh sn v tnh: ng bo t,

Sinh sn hu tnh: Bo t non, ng giao, dgiao

i din:

Nm roi

2 Ph g h ti h


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2. Phn ngnh nm tip hp(Zygomycotina)

Hnh thi tn: Si khng ngn vch

Sinh sn:

V tnh: Bo t kn Hu tnh: Bo t tip hp

i din:

Mc trng (Mucor mucedo) Mc en (Rhyzopus nigricans)

Ph g h ti
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Phn ngnh nm ti(Ascomycotina)

Hinh thi tn: n bo, si a bo ngn vch. T bo nhiu nhn

Sinh sn:

Dinh dung: ny chi V tnh: Bo t trn

Hu tnh: Bo t ti

i din: Nm men bia (Saccharomyses cerevisiae)

Nm ca g (Claviceps purpurea): K sinh trn la m,c cht c (ecgotinin) lm co c trn t cung

Ph g h N
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Phn ngnh Nm m(Basidiomycotina)

Hnh thi tn: Tn si a bo ngn vch

Sinh sn hu tnh: Bo t m

i din: Linh chi (Ganoderma lucidum), Phc linh (Poria cocos)

k sinh trn r thng, nm rm (Volvariella esculenta),nm m (Agaricus campestris), nm hng (Lentinusedodes), mc nh (Auricularia auricula)

Nm c: Nm c

Ph h N bt t
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Phn ngnh Nm bt ton(Deuteromycotina)

Hnh thi tn: Si a bo ngn vch

Sinh sn:

V tnh: Bng bo t trn,

Hu tnh: cha r

i din:Nm cc go ( Aspergillus oryzae) lm tng; nm

cc vng (A. flavus) gy bnh ung th

Nm chi: Penicillium notatum, P. chryzogenum chopenicillin
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Aspergillus niger

Vai tr ca nm


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Vai tr ca nmChui sinh thi/sinh quyn:- Sinh vt phn hu

Trong thc phm- Nm n c: Nm ln

- Ru bia, bnh m: Nm men chuynng thnh ru +C02Lm thuc

- Penicillium: Cho penicillin: Khng sinhVn khng li khng sinh do lm dng thuc, tora cc chng vi khun nguy him (S. aureus)

- Alcaliod: Nm ca g

- ng trng h tho
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Vai tr ca nmGy hi:- Bnh cho ngi: Ngoi da, ming, sinh

dc (C. albicans)

- Bnh cy trng: Gst, nm than, v.v- Hng, gim cht lng ng cc- Hng c: Qun o, tranh, my nh,

g, v.v..- Ng c
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Gii Thc vt

Phn gii thc vt bc thp -cc ngnh To - Algae


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Cc ngnh to-Algae

Tm tt:

C nhn thc

Cth n bo hay a bo dng si

C phc h sc t v c dip lc

Sng nc hay ni m t


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c im chung

Cu to t bo: Nhn thc, c vch t bo,cht t bo v nhn Cht t bo

C dip lc: a,b,c,d,e

Cht sc ph: biliprotein, xanthophin,

Cht sc nm trong th sc tng ng vilc lp ca thc vt bc cao, hnh dng thsc a dng, trn th sc c hch to bt

Cht d tr l tinh bt, laminarin,chrysolaminarin

Nhn: c nhn hon chnh, t bo c 1 hocnhiu nhn
http://dac%20diem%20te%20bao.ppt/http://dac%20diem%20te%20bao.ppt/


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c im chung

Sinh sn Sinh sn dinh dng: Phn chia t

bo, t khc, ny chi (chara)

Sinh sn v tnh: Bo t ng

Sinh sn hu tnh:

ng giao, d giao, bo t non, Bo t tip hp
http://bao%20tu%20dong%20-%20tao%20luc.ppt/http://bao%20tu%20dong%20-%20tao%20luc.ppt/http://bao%20tu%20tiep%20hop.ppt/http://bao%20tu%20tiep%20hop.ppt/http://bao%20tu%20dong%20-%20tao%20luc.ppt/http://bao%20tu%20dong%20-%20tao%20luc.ppt/


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Phn loi

Gm 3 ngnh:Ngnh to

Ngnh to muNgnh to lc
http://tao%20do.ppt/http://tao%20do.ppt/http://tao%20do.ppt/http://tao%20mau.ppt/http://tao%20mau.ppt/http://tao%20mau.ppt/http://tao%20luc.ppt/http://tao%20luc.ppt/http://tao%20luc.ppt/http://tao%20luc.ppt/http://tao%20luc.ppt/http://tao%20luc.ppt/http://tao%20luc.ppt/http://tao%20luc.ppt/http://tao%20luc.ppt/http://tao%20luc.ppt/http://tao%20mau.ppt/http://tao%20mau.ppt/http://tao%20mau.ppt/http://tao%20do.ppt/http://tao%20do.ppt/


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Ngnh To (Rhodophyta)c im Hinh thi tn:n bo, a bo dng cy Cu to t bo:

C dip lc a,d.

Sc t ph biliprotein: phycoerythrin, lm cho to cmu hng, lam, c kh nng hp th nh sng t su 200m.

Sinh sn: Dinh dng, v tnh, hu tnh

Ni sng: Ch yu nc mn
http://anh-tao%20do.ppt/http://anh-tao%20do.ppt/


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Ngnh To (Rhodophyta) a dng:

Gm 1.000 loi sng ch yu nc mn

ai din: Rau cu: Tn c dng hinh tr, c nui trng,

lm thch.


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Ngnh to mu (chromophyta)c im chung: Hinh thi tn: Tn a dng

Cu to t bo: Vch xenluloza, pectin C dip lc a,c,e, sc t ph: xanthophin,fucoxanthin

Sinh sn: Dinh dng, v tnh, hu tnh

Ni sng: Nc mn, ngt
http://anh%20tao%20mau.ppt/http://anh%20tao%20mau.ppt/


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Laminaria: Cn b


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Ngnh to mu (chromophyta) a dng, i din: 5 lp, 16.000 loi:

Lp To vng lc- To khng t

(Xanthophycae) Lp To vng kim (Chryzophycae)

Lp To ct- To lng chim (Navicularia)

Lp To nu- Cn b (Laminaria saccharina),rong m (Sargassum natan)

Lp To gip (Dinophycae)


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Ngnh to lc (chlorophyta)c im

Hnh thi tn: n bo c roi sng ring l haytp hp, da bo dng tr ng

Cu to t bo: Vch xenluloza bn ngoi cnhy, canxi cacbonatC dip lc a,b, sc t ph xanthophin v

fucoxanthin

Cht d tr: Tinh bt, chrysolaminarin, laminarin Sinh sn: Dinh dng, v tnh, hu tnh Ni sng: Ch yu nc ngt
http://anh-tao%20luc.ppt/http://anh-tao%20luc.ppt/


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Ngnh to lc (chlorophyta) a dng, i din: 2 lp:

Lp To lc (Chlorophycae)- Rong tiu cu

(Chlorella sp.) Lp To tip hp (Conjugatophycae) To

xon (Spirogyra mirabilis)

Lp To vng (Charophycae) - To vng(Chara)


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Vai tr v ng dng ca to

Sinh vt sn xut, ci thin mi trng

Lm thc phm Porphyra (To ): Lm bnh

Lm thuc

Mi trng nui cy Agar

Cng nghip


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Ngnh Ru (Bryophyta)

Thc vt bc cao sng cn:i din thp cth cn l mt tni din cao c thn, l nhng cha c r tht, cha

c m dn in hinh: Phi sng ch m t, mc tptrung thnh mt thm dy.

Sinh sn dinh dng bng tch nhnh tn, bngtruyn th

C quan sinh sn hu tnh gm ti tinh trong ctinh trng 2 roi; v ti non trong c non cu

S xen k th h: TGT>TBT
http://reu%20tan.ppt/http://reu%20tan.ppt/http://hinh%20thai%20tgt.ppt/http://hinh%20thai%20tgt.ppt/http://reu%20tan.ppt/


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Chu trinh sng ca

cy Ru

1. Bo t2. Cy ru non

3. Cy ru trngthnh

4. Ngn cy ru cmang ti tinh, ngncy ru ci mangti non

5. Tinh trng v tinon

6. Th ti bo t7. Ti bo t


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Ngnh Ru (Bryophyta)

Phn loi: Khong 22.000 loi (Vit Nam c khong

800 loi) phn b rng ri trn tri t, gm3 lp: Lp Ru sng (Anthoceropsida)

Lp Ru tn (Marchantiopsida)

Lp Ru (Bryopsida)
http://nganh%20reu-lop%20reu%20sung.ppt/http://nganh%20reu-lop%20reu%20sung.ppt/http://nganh%20reu-lop%20reu%20tan.ppt/http://nganh%20reu-lop%20reu%20tan.ppt/http://nganh%20reu-lop%20reu.ppt/http://nganh%20reu-lop%20reu.ppt/http://nganh%20reu-lop%20reu.ppt/http://nganh%20reu-lop%20reu%20tan.ppt/http://nganh%20reu-lop%20reu%20sung.ppt/


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3.3. Ngnh Ru (Bryophyta)

Lp Ru sng (Anthoceropsida) C th l mt tn dt mu lc.

Th ti bo t di 6-15cm, trng nh cisng.

Sinh sn sinh dng bng cch tch nhnhca tn.

Ru sng (Anthoceros sp.)


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3.3. Ngnh Ru (Bryophyta)

Lp Ru tn (Marchantiopsida) C th l mt bn mng, mu xanh lc, cu to mt lng v

mt bng khc nhau, phn nhnh theo li r i. Tin ho cao hn: C th phn thnh thn, l v c r gi.

Sinh sn sinh dng bng truyn th. Sinh sn hu tnh: gm chp c mang ti tinh trong c

tinh trng 2 roi, chp ci mang ti non trong c non cu,ti tinh v ti nonc mang nhng cy khc nhau(TGT). TBT gm mt chn v mt ti bo t sng nh trncy Ru tn ci.

Ru tn (Marchantia polymorpha L.)

Ng h R (B h t )
http://ro%20truyen%20the.ppt/http://reu%20tan-chu%20trinh%20song.ppt/http://reu%20tan-chu%20trinh%20song.ppt/http://ro%20truyen%20the.ppt/


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Ngnh Ru (Bryophyta)

Lp Ru (Bryopsida) c thn l v r gi Sinh sn dinh dng bng tch chi

Sinh sn hu tnh : trn ngn cy ru ci c ti nontrong c non cu, trn ngn cy ru c c ti tinhtrong c tinh trng, tinh trng kt hp vi non cu chohp t, hp t ny mm cho th ti bo t (TBT) pht

trin ngay trn ngn cy ru ci, th ti bo t mangcc bo t v tnh. Bo t ny mm cho si nguyn ti,t mc ln cc chi, chi pht trin thnh cy ru(TGT)

i din: Cc loi ru

V i R
http://nganh%20reu-chu%20trinh.ppt/http://nganh%20reu-chu%20trinh.ppt/http://nganh%20reu-chu%20trinh.ppt/


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Vai tr ca Ru

C vai tr quan trng trong vic to nn thmthc vt:i nguyn Bc cc.

Trong cc qun th thc vt trn (Ru thngchim u th).

Hinh thnh cc m than bn, l mt ngun

nhin liu quan trng nhiu nc. Dng lm vt liu b ng b vt thng thaycho bng, do c ht nc.

Quyt thc vt


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Quyt thc vt

Ngnh L thng (Psilotophyta) Ngnh Thng (Lycopodiophyta)

Ngnh C thp bt (Equisetophyta) Ngnh D-ng x (Polypodiophyta)
http://nganh%20la%20thong.ppt/http://nganh%20thong%20da.ppt/http://nganh%20co%20thap%20but.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://nganh%20co%20thap%20but.ppt/http://nganh%20thong%20da.ppt/http://nganh%20la%20thong.ppt/


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3.4. Ngnh L thng (Psilotophyta)

Gm nh-ng thc vt bc cao, c v tr tin ho cnrt thp: Khc vi ngnh Ru ch TBT chim -u th hn so vi

TGT.

TBT phn nhnh i, l dng si hay vy nh, ch-a cr tht. Ti bo t c vch dy, bo t ging nhau.Tinh trng c nhiu roi.

Cy L thng (Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb.)


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3.5. Ngnh Thng (Lycopodiophyta)

TBT c r tht, thn pht trin mnh, phn nhnhr i, mch dn gm nh ng mch ng n, l nhdng vy hay h nh kim xp xon c. Ti bo tmt , c vch dy, -c mang bi nh ng l ringgi l l bo t. Cc l ny t hp li thnh bngl bo t u cnh

Lp Thu ph (Isaetopsida) Phn ln cc i din ho

thch Lp Thng (Lycopodiopsida): gm 2 b: B Thng B Quyn b


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3.6. Ngnh C thp bt (Equisetophyta)

TBT l cy c thn, l v r. Thn phn chia u n thnh ging v mu. Cnh mc vng quanh cc mu ca thn.

L nh mc vng. L bo t cng mc vng, to thnh bng l bo

t u thn.

Ti bo t c vch dy mang bo t ging nhau(hoc khc nhau). Tinh trng c nhiu roi.

N h D (P l di h t )


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Ngnh Dng x (Polypodiophyta)

c im hnh thi: Phn ha: R, thn, l

Sinh sn: Mt di l mang nhiu ti bo t,hp thnh cc ti bo t, c bao

bc bi o ti. TBT > TGT

N h D (P l di h t )
http://lop%20duong%20xi-la%20non.ppt/http://chu%20trinh%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://chu%20trinh%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://lop%20duong%20xi-la%20non.ppt/


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Ngnh Dng x (Polypodiophyta)

a dng v phn loi: L mt ngnh ln, a dng: C

khong 300 chi, 10.700 loi, mt s ho thch.

Gm 3 lp: Lp Li rn

Lp To sen

Lp Dng x

L l i (O hi l id )
http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20luoi%20ran.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20luoi%20ran.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20luoi%20ran.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20luoi%20ran.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20luoi%20ran.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20luoi%20ran.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20luoi%20ran.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20toa%20sen.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20toa%20sen.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20toa%20sen.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20toa%20sen.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20toa%20sen.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20toa%20sen.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20luoi%20ran.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20luoi%20ran.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20luoi%20ran.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20luoi%20ran.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20luoi%20ran.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20luoi%20ran.ppt/http://nganh%20duong%20xi-lop%20luoi%20ran.ppt/


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Lp l-i rn (Ophioglossopsida)

B l-i rn (Ohioglossales) H l-i rn (Ophioglossaceae):

Cy tho, mc t. C thn r ngn. L c 2 phn: phn dinh d-ng vphn sinh sn hp, di, mang cc ti bo t to thnh bng di nh, Tibo t c vch dy. Bo t ging nhau.

Cy l-i rn (Ophioglossum petiolatum Hook.), L c phin h nh bu dcthun, phn sinh sn l bng n, hp v di, trng nh-- u v l--i conrn. Cy gp nhiu min ni n--c ta.

m a quyt (Botrychium tematum Sw.), Phn phin l c thu h nh lngchim. Phn sinh sn l bng kp. Gp cc bi c vng Sa Pa.

Qun trng (Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook.),

Phn phin l x thuh nh chn vt su, phn sinh sn l bng n. Mc hoang rng th sinhm vng trung du Bc B. Thn r lm thuc b, ch a st, gi l Smbng bong.

L t (M i id )


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Lp to sen (Marattiopsida)

B To sen (Marattiales) H To sen (Marattiaceae):

Cc i din cn sng phn b vng nhit i. (Chnggm cy ln hay bi nh, c thn r. L nhiu khi rt to, kp1-3 ln h nh lng chim. Ti bo t c vch dy nm mt

d--i l. Bo t ging nhau. Cy to sen, Mng tru (Angiopteris crassipes Wall.). Thn

r mc ng, l to, kp 2 ln h nh lng chim. di ti 1,5m.Gc cung l c nh ng ch phng nc trng nh-- mngcon tru. Ton b phn gc ni ln mt t trng nh-- to

sen ca c pht quan m. Cy mc ph bin trong rng m min Bc Vit Nam.

L D (P l di id )


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Lp Dng x (Polypodiopsida)

Ti bo t c vch mng (ch gm mtlp t bo), c vng cgii mti.

L lp ln nht ca ngnh Dng x,

hu ht ang sng, gm trn 270 chi,khong 10.000 loi,

Gm 3 phn lp:

Phn lp Dng x (Polypodiidae) Phn lp Rau bnc (Marsileidae)

Phn lp bo ong (Salviniidae)

Ph l D (P l di id )
http://tui%20bao%20tu.ppt/http://tui%20bao%20tu.ppt/http://tui%20bao%20tu.ppt/http://tui%20bao%20tu.ppt/http://tui%20bao%20tu.ppt/http://tui%20bao%20tu.ppt/http://tui%20bao%20tu.ppt/http://tui%20bao%20tu.ppt/http://tui%20bao%20tu.ppt/http://tui%20bao%20tu.ppt/


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Phn lp Dng x (Polypodiopsida)

a s l cy c, mc trn t hay bi sinh, cthn r.

Thn c cu to nhiu trung tr (a tr).

Mch ngn hinh thang. L non cun hinh xon c. Phin l nguyn

hoc kha su. Mt di l mang cc ti bot, hp thnh ti.

Ti bo t c hoc khng c vng cgii.
http://lop%20duong%20xi-la%20non.ppt/http://lop%20duong%20xi-la%20non.ppt/http://lop%20duong%20xi-la%20non.ppt/http://chu%20trinh%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://chu%20trinh%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://tui%20bao%20tu.ppt/http://tui%20bao%20tu.ppt/http://chu%20trinh%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://chu%20trinh%20duong%20xi.ppt/http://lop%20duong%20xi-la%20non.ppt/http://lop%20duong%20xi-la%20non.ppt/http://lop%20duong%20xi-la%20non.ppt/


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Phn lp Dng x (Polypodiidae)


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B Rau vi (Osmundales) H Rau vi (Osmundaceae):

- Rau vi (Osmunda japonica Thunb.) L

kp 2-3 ln hnh lng chim. Trn mtl: phn di lm nhim v quang hp,phn trn cc l cht bin i mang tibo t khng c vng cgii. Ti bo tgm mt m nh t bo c vch dytp trung gn nh.



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Hbng bong(Lygodiaceae)

Cy bng bong

(Lygodium nexuosumSw.), Cy leo, mp l

cht hu th c nhngbng mang ti bo t,

trng nh rng lc.Vng c gii nm nh ti.



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H ui chn(Adiantaceae):

Cy ui chn

(Adiantum cauatumL.)

CyTc thn v n (A.capillus-veneris L.), L

cht hnh tam gic;

cung l mnh, munu en, bng, trng

nh si dy thp.


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B Dng x (Polypodiales) H Vt (Gleicheniaceae): L

to, gn l r i nhiu ln.Khng c o ti bo t. Ti

bo t c vng c gii nmngang.

Cy Vt, Gut(Dicranopteris linearis

(Buml. f.) Underw.). Mcph bin Vit Nam.Cung l di dng an lt v lm dy buc.



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H Dng x (Polypodiaceae) H ln, ph bin Vit Nam cng nh cc nc

nhit i v nhit i. Gm khong 65 chi vitrn 1200 loi.

Cy c thn r v l a dng. Ti bo t c vngc gii thng ng, khng y , i qua chnca ti.

Cc loi: B ct toi, Tc k (Drynaria fortunei (Kze.) J. Smith).

Dng lm thuc. B ct toi gi (Pseudodrynaria coronans Ching). Ging

loi trn, nhng ch c mt loi l. c dng nh loitrn.

Cy Li mo tai chut (Pynosia adnascens Ching).


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B Dng x thn g (Cyatheales) H Dng x thn g (Cyatheaceae)

H Cu li (Dicksoniaceae)

HT chim (Aspleniaceae)



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H Dng x thn g (Cyatheaceae) Cy thn ct. C th cao ti 10~15m, l di 5-

6m, kp 2-3 ln hnh lng chim. Ti bo t cvng cgii xin. H ny c 7 chi, 860 loi, phn

b vng nhit i. Vit Nam c mt chiCyathea vi 8 loi.

Cy Dng x thn g (Cyathea contaminans

Copel.)


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H Cu li(Dicksoniaceae). C tiliu xp vo hCyatheaceae. Cy c thn r to, ph

nhiu lng mn muvng nu nh lngcon cu li, o ti bo tkp.

Cy Cu li (Cibotium

barometz (L.) J.Sm.).Lng ph ngoi thn rdng cm mu. Thn rcho v thuc Cu tch.



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H T chim(Aspleniaceae) Cy sng t hay ph

sinh. L nguyn hay kp

hnh lng chim, xp thnhvng trn, gia rng,trng nh t chim. tibo t xp dc theo gnbn.

Cy T chim (Aspleniumnidus L.). L n, nguyn,thng mc trn cc cyto. Rt ph bin trongrng m.

Phn lp Rau b nc (Marsileidae)


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Phn lp Rau bnc (Marsileidae)

Cy sng nc. Ti bo t nm trongkhoang kn (gi l qu bo t) gc cungl. Qu bo t nhiu . Bo t khc nhau.

B Rau bnc (Marsileales) H Rau bnc (Marsilcaceae). Rau b nc (Marsilea quadrifulia L.) Cy c

thn r mnh, nm trn mt t m, l c

cung di, mang 4 l cht xp cho hnh chthp. L c th n (nu canh) v lm thucthng tiu, cha si thn.


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Cy mc ni trn mt nc. Qu bo t mt. Bo t khc nhau. Ch c mt b:

B Bo ong (Salviniales), vi 2 h:

H Bo ong (Salviniaceac). Bo ong (Salvinia cucullata Roxb.). L ni trnmt nc cun li nh l t ong

Bo vy c (Salvia natans Hoffm.), Cy c hai

l ni trn mt nc, khng cun nh boong.


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B Bo ong (Salviniales)


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B Bo ong (Salviniales)

H Bo hoa du(Azollaceae): Cy nitrn mt nc, c6 rtht. L nh 1mm2.

Bo hoa du (Azollacaroliniana Willd.)Trong khoang l c Tolam (Anabaena azollae)cng sinh. To ny c

kh nng c nh mt do trong khng kh.

Ngnh Thng (Pinophyta)

(


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(Ngnh Ht trn)

C th c r, thn, l, cha c hoa in hinh, c l non mht trn, mch dn gm mch ngan c nm hinh ng xu, chac si g v m mm g.

c im: Cy g, cy bi, dy leo g. L c 2 loi: L dinh dng, l sinh sn tp hp thnh nn

n tnh (khng gi l hoa).

Nn c: Gm nhng l bo t nh, mang ti bo t nh,

trong ng cc bo t nh (ht phn). Nn ci: Gm nhng l bo t to (l non m), mang cc

ti bo t to (non trn). Non sau khi c th tinh s phttrin thnh ht (ht trn).
http://non%20duc%2C%20cai.ppt/http://non%20duc%2C%20cai.ppt/


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Ngnh Thng (Pinophyta)


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(Ngnh Ht trn)

Phn loi: Gm 3 lp: Lp Tu (Cycadopsida)

Lp Thng (Pinopsida)

Lp Dy gm (Gnetopsida)

Lp Tu (Cycadopsida)
http://lop%20tue.ppt/http://lop%20tue.ppt/http://lop%20thong.ppt/http://lop%20thong.ppt/http://lop%20day%20gam.ppt/http://lop%20day%20gam.ppt/http://lop%20day%20gam.ppt/http://lop%20thong.ppt/http://lop%20tue.ppt/


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Lp Tu (Cycadopsida)

Cy g, n tnh khc gc, l ln, phn ln lkp hinh lng chim trng nh- l D-ng x.

B D-ng x c ht (Pteridospermales) b tuyt dit B Caytoniales b tuyt dit

B tu (Bennettiales) b tuyt dit B Tu (Cycadales)

Lp Tu (Cycadopsida)


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Lp Tu (Cycadopsida)

B Tu (Cycadales). gm 2 h: H Nilssoniaceae ( ho thch) v Cycadaceae. H Tu (Cycadaceae) c im:

Thn ct t phn nhnh, mang l kp hinh lng chim di ti 2m tp trung ngn, l non cun xon c.

Nn c v nn ci trn cc cy khc nhau. Nn c nh thn, gmmt trc mang nhiu l bo t nh, mt d-i c cc ti bo t nh, trongcha ht phn.

Nn ci gm nhiu l non m, mang cc non trn. Non c mt v bc, pha trn c l non, pha d-i l non l bung

phn. T bo sinh sn ca ht phn phn chia cho ra 2 tinh trng hinhqu l, c roi xp thnh vng xon u. Tinh trng bi vo th tinh chonon cu nm trong ti non, s th tinh vn cn n-c do phi tm hinhthnh. Ch c s th tinh n, ni nh c tr-c.
http://van%20tue.ppt/http://van%20tue.ppt/


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Lp Tu (Cycadopsida)


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Lp Tu (Cycadopsida)

-

i din- Vn tu (Cycas revoluta Thunb.): Trng lm cnh.

- Tu Balansa (C. balansae Warb.): Loi c h-u ca VitNam. Mc hoang Tuyn Quang, Vnh Ph, Ha Binh,

Ngh An. Cn -c trng lm cnh. Loi -c ghi trongsch Vit Nam (him).

- Thin tu l-c (C. pectinata Griff.).


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Lp Thng (Pinopsida)


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Lp Thng (Pinopsida)

B L qut (Ginkgoales) H L qut (Ginkgoaceae)

Bch qu, cy L qut (Ginkgo biloba L.):Cy g, l hinh qut chia 2 thu.

Phn b Trung Quc, Nht Bn v ctrng cc vn thc vt trn th gii. Qu

v l c dng lm thuc.
http://bach%20qua.ppt/http://bach%20qua.ppt/


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Lp Thng (Pinopsida)


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Lp Thng (Pinopsida)

B thng (Pinales) L b ln nht ca ngnh Thng, phn b ch yu bc

bn cu.

Cc h chnh: H Bch tn (Araucariaceae)

H nh tng (Cephalotaxaceae)

H Hong n (Cupressaceae)

H Thng (Pinaceae).

H Kim giao (Podocarpaceae).

H Thng (Taxaceae)

H Bt mc (Taxodiaceae)

Lp Thng (Pinopsida)


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Lp Thng (Pinopsida)

H Hong n (Cupressaceae) Bch xanh, P mu xanh (Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz.): Ba Vi,

cho g tt, thm.

Hong n (Cupressus torulosa D.Don): Lng Sn, Lm ng,g thm.

P mu (Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn): Lai Chu, Lo Cai, HoBinh, Ty Nguyn. G tt, thm, dng ct tinh du.

Trc bch (Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco.): Cy nhp, trnglm cnh v lm thuc. Ht gi l B t nhn.

Tng x, Bch x (Sabina chinensis (L.) Ant.): Cy nhp, trnglm cnh


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Lp Thng (Pinopsida)


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p g ( inopsida)

Thng ba l (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gord.)

Thng hai l, Thng nha (P. merkusii Jungh. et Vriese)

Thng lt, Thng nam l (P. dalatensis De Ferr).

Thng l dt (P. krempfii Lecomte). Loi c ghi trong sch Vit Nam.

Thng ui nga (P. massoniana Lamb.) Vn sam (Abies delavayi Franch.). Trn nh ni Fansipan, Lao Cai.

loi c ghi trong sch Vit Nam. Du sam (Keteleria evelyniana Masters), Thng t hp. C Sn La,

Ho Binh, Tha Thin - Hu v Lm ng. Cho g tt.

Thit sam (Tsuga dumosa (D.Don) Eichl.) C Lo Cai.

Lp Thng (Pinopsida)


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p g ( p )

H Kim giao (Podocarpaceae) Cy g, khng c ng tit nha. l dy, gn l ni

r. Nn n tnh khc gc, i khi khng c nn

ci: Ht khng c cnh.i din: Kim giao (Nageia fleuryi (Hickel) De Laub.): C Cc

Phng, Ct B. Loi c ghi trong SVN (ang nguy

cp). Thng tre (Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don.): Trng lm

cnh

Lp Thng (Pinopsida)
http://kim%20giao.ppt/http://kim%20giao.ppt/


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p g ( p )

H Thng (Taxaceae) Thng P c (Taxus chinensis (Pilg.) Rehd.):

ang c nghin cu hot cht lm thuc.

Thng (Taxus wallichiana Zucc.): C KhnhHo, Lm ng. ang c nghin cu hot cht lm thuc.
http://thong%20do.ppt/http://thong%20do.ppt/


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Lp Dy gm (Gnetopsida)


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p y g ( p )

Trung gian gia ngnh Thng v ngnh Ngclan: Pha ngoi ca non c nhng vy, tng t nh

bao hoa,

L bo t nh phn ho thnh ch nh, trung i vbao phn trng ging nh nh ca ngnh Ngc lan, Phi c 2 l mm.

Cc b:

B Ma hong (Ephedrales) B Dy gm (Gnetales) B Hai l (Welwitschiales)

Lp Dy gm(Gnetopsida)


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(Gnetopsida)

B Ma hong (Ephedrales)

H Ma hong (Ephedaceae)

Ma hong (Ephedra

sinica). Mc vng thonguyn, na sa mc cavng u - . Khng c

Vit Nam. Chaephedrin dng lm thuctrong c ng y v ty y.
http://ma%20hoang.ppt/http://ma%20hoang.ppt/


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Lp Dy gm(Gnetopsida)


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(Gnetopsida)

B dy gm (Gnetales)

H Dy gm (Gnetaceae) Dy gm:

Dy leo, khc gc, di10-12m, l mc i,ging l cy thucngnh Ngc lan.

Ht n c. Thndng lm dy buc v
http://day%20gam.ppt/http://day%20gam.ppt/

5. truocngoclan

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