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: Burj Dubai Main Contract(The Burj Tower)

: Emaar Properties

: 47 (2005. 1~2008. 11)

- : 160 +

- : 700m ( )

- : 15

:

- : 1~39

- : 40~108

- : 109

(Core Wall)

,

,

' 3 ' .

800kg/ , 3

, ,

Contents

2005 53

:

POSEIDON PROGRAM (

) /4

(Performance Based Fire

Protection Design) /14

/25

MULTI-DOF(Degree Of Freedon) CONSTRUC

TION ROBOT FOR A CURTAIN WALL

INSTALLATION OF A SKYSCRAPER /31

Core Wall (ACS Form) /40

/61

() /66

/70

/72

/74

(Alkali-Free)

/76

/78

/80

/82

/84

Joint /87

/90

, Duct /95

/99

Weather Seal Joint /101

Bar /105

Detail-2 /107

Control Joint /110

Open Joint /113

/116

/119

/122

/126

/128

1.

,

,

.

.

,

.

(

)

.

. (Loading

manual) (,

, , )

.

Technology Information

4 2005

POSEIDON PROGRAM ( )

TA

,

.

2.

2.1.

, , , ,

,

. Floating Dock

(Cassion)

.

.

2.2.

(Dredger),

(SCP, DCM, Pile Driver &

Hammer ), (Floating Crane),

(Barge), (Tug Boat)

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

5

POSEID

ON PRO

GRA

M

(Barge) Steel , Flat barge, Hopperbarge, Floating crane, Foating dock (Non-Proplusion) .

=Barge= : , .

KR(, Korean Register of Shipping), NK, ABS 1 , .

2.3.

. 3D

.

3.

3.1.

POSEIDON

Work

Barge Stability Calculation

Towing Simulation

.

, ,

.

3.2. POSEIDON

3.2.1.

(Stability) .

.

(Righting Force)

.

3.2.2.

,

(B:Center of Buoyancy)

.

(G:Center of

Gravity)

.

3.2.3. (M: Metacenter) (1)

,

.

.


6 2005

: , , Barge .

.

(M) .

3.2.4. (Initial stability)(2)

1-1

WL, W1L1 : (Water Line)

K :

B, B' :

G :

M : , B1 W1L1

Z : G B1M

:

GM

( GZ)

GZ = GM Sin--------1

, GM = KM-KG=(KB+BM)-KG --2

,

(M) (G)

.

, (M) ,

.

2 BM

BM=I/

I :

:

GGO

GGO = ('/)(i/)

':

:

i :

GM GGO GOM

. (Mt)

tan= Mt / GOM

3.2.5. (Stability at large

Heel Angle)

1-1

h, h1: , g, g1

7

POSEID

ON PRO

GRA

M

[1]

W1L1

v :

GZ = [{v(gh-g1h1)/}-GB(1-cos)}]

GZ = {(vhh)/}-BGSin

(Arm: GZ)

--------------- 3

, (M)

(Righting

Arm: GZ)

. GZ

(Curves of Statical

Stability) . GZ

.

.

3.2.6. GM

POSEDON

() GM

Draft,

Heeling Trim

.

GM

(Prosedon)

GG0

.

3.2.7. (Heeling)(3)

(Free Board), ,

(Rolling),

, ,

(Effect of Free Surface)

.


8 2005

[2]

* , ** *** (Bmolded) . , (fresh water), Ballast water (free surface)

.

.

1) (Freeboard):

(Deck Dege)

GZ

.

2) (Sheer): (Forward)

(Aftward)

.

3) (B): GM

. GZ

GM .

4) (G: Center of Gravity):

G G1

G1Z1 .

G1Z1 =GZ GG1 Sin

G1 G ,

.

.

5) (Change of Draught)

G

GZ

.

. 100%

.

3.3.

3.3.1. (4)

(,

, ) (Rt)

. ,

.

,

.

.

Rt

Rt = Rf+Rw+Re+Ra+Raw

Rf :

Rw :

Re :

9

POSEID

ON PRO

GRA

M

, ,

Ra :

Raw :

Rt .

1) (Rf: Frictional Resistance)

.

.

Rf () = 0.000136F1A1V2

(Ton)

A1 = (m2)

F1 = = 0.8

V = (Knots)

2) (Rw:Wave-Making )

,

,

.

.

Rw ()= 0.014CF2A2V2

(Ton)

C : 1.2

A2 :

V :

F2 : . .

3) (Re: Eddy )

(Appendage)

.

4) (Ra: Wind Resistance)

.

.

Ra ( ) = 0.0000195 CSCHA3

(VW+V)2 (Ton)

A3 :


10 2005

1989-6 1999-106

VW : (Knots)

V : (Knots)

CS :

CH :

5) (Raw)

.

3.3.2.

1)

S = K (L1 + L2)

S : (m)

L1 : 1/2

(m)

L2 : (m)

K :

2)

.

.

.

11

POSEID

ON PRO

GRA

M

1989-6 1999-106

3.4.

3.4.1. Work Barge Stability Calculation

( (Length),

(Breadth), (Depth), )

Stability (Displacement, Draft,

Trim, Heeling Angle, GM )

3.4.2. Towing Simulation

Towing Rope

3.4.3. Configuration

(/

)


12 2005

[Poseidon ]

3.5.

(Barge)

Caisson, Cassion

.

13

POSEID

ON PRO

GRA

M

: Flat Barge, Hopper barge, Pontoon, SCP, DCM, Dredger, FloatingCrane, Floating Dock

(1) (3)(1986), , (2) (1995), 1,(4) Crane and Rigging Handbook(1999), Ronald G. Garby(5) Principles of Naval Archititure(Vol.1),Editors Henry E. Rossell (6) (1999), (7) (1985), , (5) (2002),

3.6. ""

Crane barge, Floating dock Report Sample

1.

.

.

,

.

(Code Based Design)

.

.

,

.

.

.

(Suppression)

(Fire control)

.

,


14 2005

(Performance BasedFire Protection Design)

()

.

2. (Performance Based FireProtection Design)?

.

.

?

(Fire Load)

? (Atrium)

?

(Smoke Control

System) ?

?

.

.

FDS (

)

(snapshot) .

15

(: Life Safety, Property Safety or

Business Interruption)

(, , )

(, ,

)

( , , ,

)

(, , ,

(, ,

)

(, , ,

)

3. (EngineeringGuide to PerformanceBased Fire ProtectionDesign & Analysis)

(Engineering Guide to

Performance Based Fire Protection Design &

Analysis) .

, ,

,

.

.

1

2

3

4

5

6

6.1 (Deterministic Analysis)

6.1.1

6.1.2

6.1.3

6.1.4


16 2005

6.1.5

6.1.6 //

6.1.7 ( )

6.1.8 / (

)

6.1.9

6.1.10

6.1.11

6.1.12

6.2 (Risk-Based Analysis)

6.2.1

6.2.2

6.2.3

6.2.4

6.2.5

6.2.6 //

6.2.7 ( )

6.2.8 / (

)

6.2.9

6.2.10

6.2.11

6.2.12

7

8

8.1

8.1.1

8.1.2

8.1.3

8.1.4 NFPA 101 Life Safety Code

8.1.5 IBC Code

8.2 Tools

8.3 (SFPE )

8.4 ()

8.5

8.6 Heat Release Rate

8.7

8.8

8.8.1 I

8.8.2 II

8.9

8.9.1 I ()

8.9.2 II ()

.

.

17

.

.

1 2

3

. 4

. 5

, 6

. 7

.

8

,

. 8.1

8.2 Tool

. 8.3

.

8.4 8.5

Heat Release Rate

. 8.6

,

8.8 8.9

.

4.

(Performance

Based Fire Protection Design)

.

4.1

FAB

CLASS1~

CLASS 1000

.

HVAC

HEPA

.

. /

. /

.


18 2005

.

4.2

Basic Design

.

4.3

4.4

Wet Station

, PVC

.

Wet Station

.

.

Wet Station

.

//

/ /

.

. IPA

.

IPA

, PVC

Wet Station ,

Process Area

.

19

/

/

Basic Design

- IPA :

- WS : Wet Station

,

.

0~75 IPA , Wet Station 1~1.5MW

, Wet Station 180 .

, 24MW

.


20 2005

4.5 -

A B C D

0~75s 75~180s 180~260s 180~350s

165kW 1~1.5MW 1.5~18MW 1.5~24MW

(kg/s) 5 14.4~17.5 17.5~85.9 85.9~100.7

* :

*

1) Sprinkler

IPA WS WS

21

* .

* 115 .

* Wet Station

.

2) Sprinkler

4.6

Wet station FAB

.

1)


22 2005

2)

3)

, , / ,

NFPA 204

,

,

Sprinkler

,

NFPA ,

//

.

//

.

NFPA 204

,

,

, Smoke

Curtain

.

,

.

4.7

.

,

.

.

,

,

,

.

1,000ppm FAB

Grating Plenum

,

Plenum

.

1m3/min

()

,

.

.

,

,

.

23

Grating Plenum

.

, FAB

Plenum

, ,

, .

Basic Design

.

.

5. (Performance Based FireProtection Design)

, , , , ,

(Performance Based Fire Protection Design)

.

, , ,

, , (Multiplex)

, ,

.

,

,

,

.

10

,

, ,

, 16, 3

/

.

,

, .

,

,

(Performance Based Fire Protection Design)

.


24 2005

1.

.

(Passive Control)

(Base Isolation System)

, ,

.

.

25

AbstractRecently, the seismic isolation technique is widely used in high seismicity regions. A major advantage

of using the seismic isolation is in the reduction of the earthquake damage in structures by lengtheningthe fundamental period. The additional construction cost for base isolated structures compared to

conventional structures is the cost for the installation of isolators and a transfer floor. In this study, theschematic structural design for isolated and fixed base structure are performed for some structuralsystems and the amount of structural materials for two cases are compared for the cost evaluation.

: , , , , Keywords : Base Isolation, Earthquake Resistant Design, Cost, Moment Resisting Frame, Shear Wall

The Cost Estimation of Base Isolated

Structures

() ,


26 2005

,

,

. ,

,

.

.

.

.

,

,

10%

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

2.

(MRF)

.

2 1

6m

500kgf/m2, 300kgf/m2

10, 15, 20 .

1 (a)

, 1 (b)

, 1(c)

.

( 1 (a)) ( 1

(b)) 1 (c)

. 1

, K

.

, WT.

3 .

MRF 10 3

6

. 2

.

(2000, )

0.11, 1, 1.2

.

,

UBC 97

2 . 2 UBC 97

Sb,

Zone 4 .

27

K = 42WT2g

2

1

3.

3.1

(

:5, :6)

. (UBC97)

2

3.

2 (D.L+L.L)

.

. 10, 15,

20

2 .

UBC97 . 2 (a)

10

.

.

. 15 20

.

.

10

4.6%, 20 2.7%

.


28 2005

1

2 MRF

10 15 20

MRF 1.3 3.0 45tf/m 1.5 4.5 33tf/m 1.8 5.0 36tf/m

0.5 3.0 65tf/m 0.9 3.0 98tf/m 1.5 4.5 67tf/m

-MRF 0.5 3.0 80tf/m 1.0 3.0 115tf/m 1.7 4.5 66tf/m

Case Col(1~3FL) H-4144051828

10Col(4~6FL) H-4004082121

Col(7~10FL) H-4004001321

Girder H-4823001115

Col(1~2FL) H-4584173050

Col(3~5FL) H-4284072035

15Col(6~8FL) H-4064031624

Col(9~11FL) H-3943981118

Col(12~15FL) H-3884021515

Girder H-5943021423

Col(1~2FL) H-4984324570

Col(3~4FL) H-4584173050

Col(5~7FL) H-4584173050

20Col(8~10FL) H-4284072035

Col(11~13FL) H-4064031624

Col(14~16FL) H-3943981118

Col(17~20FL) H-3884021515

Girder H-7083021528

3.2

.

3

2 .

.

15cm

.

. EPA

0.4g (UBC97)

40-

D13 4-D13

. 20

15 20cm, 5

15cm .

EPA 0.4g (UBC97)

26-D16

6-D10

.

UBC

.

.

29

(a) 10

(b) 15

(c) 20

2

3

(a) 10 (b) 20

.

.

3.3 -

.

3.2 1

. 4

3.2

.

.

80cm80cm

EPA 0.4g (UBC97)

.

.

4.

.

.

.

.


30 2005

4 -

(a) 10 (b) 20

1. Int. Conf. of Building Officials, "Earthquake Regulations

for Seismic Isolated Structures", Uniform Building Code,Appendix Chapter 26, 1997

2. Int. Conf. of Building Officials, "Earthquake Regulationsfor Seismic Isolated Structures", Uniform Building Code,Chapter 23, 1991.

3. ATC3-06 "Tentative Provisions for the Development ofSeismic Regulations for Buildings," Applied TechnologyCouncil, 1978

4. R. Ivan Skinner & William H. Robinson, An Introductionto Seismic Isolation, John Wiley & Sons, 1992

31

AbstractRecently, the trend in architectural forms has been toward larger and taller building. The buildingmaterials, therefore, are getting larger and heavier as well. Typical construction machineries are,

however, not adequate for handling these materials and most of the construction works have been stillmanaged by a human operator. Construction processes are, therefore, fraught with a number ofproblems, including frequent accidents, high construction cost and heterogeneous construction

quality; which is depended on the experience of the worker. In various construction sites, automation inconstruction has been introduced to address these problems. In this paper, the process of a curtain

wall construction in the skyscraper is analyzed and proposed the Multi-DOF Construction Robot(MDCR) for this construction process. The need of man power can be reduced by using the proposedMDCR, the construction period and cost can be retrenched as well. The MDCR can be assured safetyin the curtain wall construction site. The performance of proposed robot system (MDCR) was verified

with the real application test in skyscraper construction site.

KeywordsCurtain wall, Skyscraper, Multi-DOF Construction Robot (MDCR), Modularization, a macro-micro

motion manipulator, Human machine cooperative system

MULTI-DOF (Degree Of Freedom)

CONSTRUCTION ROBOT FOR A CURTAIN WALLINSTALLATION OF A SKYSCRAPER

() , , , ,

1. INTRODUCTION

Recently, the research on robot has a lively

progress from the innovative development of

high-technology. An industry robot is, therefore,

applied widely to a manufacturing field such as

an automobile industry [1]. In the same way, the

application of construction automation system

and robot has been considered to improve

productivity and safety in construction industry.

Compared with a manufacturing industry, the

automation technique has not been applied due

to the characteristics of a construction industry

[2].

The current trend in building construction is

toward taller and larger buildings. The building

materials are, therefore, becoming larger and

heavier as well. Many of the types of equipment

used to handle these materials are outdated, and

most of the construction work is managed by a

human operator. Construction work is, therefore,

fraught with a number of problems, including

frequent accidents, high construction cost and

heterogeneous construction quality which

depend on the experience of the operator [3].

To solve these problems, it is necessary to

introduce the construction automation system

and robot. Furthermore, humankind has

expended its territory. It now reaches into space

and under the sea. Construction equipment,

therefore, must be developed to handle these

new construction challenges [4].

Generally, a construction robot has been

developed for higher productivity and better

safety in many different areas of construction [5,

6]. As the trend of building construction is

changed, the curtain wall to determine a building

image is becoming the object of many concern

in the constructing a building field. A curtain wall

is one of materials for outer wall construction

method. It is appropriate for super tall buildings

(or skyscraper). For this reason, an automation

system and robot for curtain wall installation in a

skyscraper construction procedure must be

developed.

Up to now, the development of curtain wall

construction is classified into 3 processes such as

Figure 1. In the first construction method, a

curtain wall is installed using a winch and crane,

as well as many workers. Its procedure is

complicated and slow; as well, it is dangerous for

the workers. In the second construction method,


32 2005

Figure 1. The development procedure of curtain wallinstallation method

to improve the procedure, a commercial mini

excavator with suction device is applied. The

suction device has one rotation mechanism

which is operated by manual manipulation.

Figure 2. shows the suction device.

Through use of the mini excavator system, a

curtain wall can be moved to the assembly point

easily. This system also reduces the number of

workers and the amount of construction period.

The curtain wall assembling, however, must still

be operated by a construction worker. The

authors of this paper propose a human machine

cooperative system which replaces the suction

device in the mini excavator system. The system

under developing now and it is applied to the

third construction method.

This study considered these processes and

conceived of a way to employ a robot in the

installation of the curtain wall in a skyscraper

construction work. The use of robots at

construction sites can reduce the need of human

involvement. Construction period and cost can

be reduced as well. An important aspect of the

use of robots at construction sites is prevention of

accidents [7, 8].

2. ANALYSIS OF ANEXISTING INTALLATIONMETHOD; THE MINIEXCAVATOR SYSTEM

The current curtain wall installation method

must be analyzed in order to design a robot. The

mini excavator system is composed of a suction

device and a commercial mini excavator. A

suction device holds the curtain wall with a

rotation mechanism. An excavator is used to

move the curtain wall to the assembly point.

Figure 3. shows the mini excavator system.

2.1 Definition of a coordinatesystem of curtain wall

Before analysis of the current curtain wall

construction method can be conducted, a

coordinate system must be defined as presented

33

Figure 2. The suction device

Figure 3. The mini excavator system

in Figure 4. The origin of the coordinate system

is located in the center of mass of the curtain

wall. T represents translation and R represents

rotation.

2.2 Analysis of an existinginstallation methodaccording to the procedure

2.2.1 Suction

By using the suction device on the end of a

mini-excavator, the curtain wall is held in place.

The required DOF is Rz to align with the

excavator.

2.2.2 Movement

The curtain wall is moved toward an assembly

point by a mini-excavator. The required DOF

are Rz to avoid obstacles.

2.2.3 Placement

The position and orientation of a curtain wall is

adjusted by a Rz rotation mechanism. The

required DOF is Tx, Ty, Tz, Rx, Ry, and Rz. The

utilizable DOF in a mini-excavator is Ty, Tz, and

Rx. The utilizable DOF in the rotation

mechanism is Rz. A residual DOF is handled by a

worker.


34 2005

Figure 4. A coordinate system of curtain wall

Figure 6. The movement process

Figure 7. The placement process

Figure 5. The suction process

2.2.4 Installation

The mini-excavator is separated from the

curtain wall. Then, the final assembly work is

executed by a worker. The required DOF is Tx,

Rx and Ry.

3. A CONCEPTUAL DESIGNOF MULTI-DOFCONSTRUCTION ROBOT

3.1 Determination of essentialDOF

In the installation of a curtain wall, the required

DOF is Tx, Ty, Tz, Rx, Ry, and Rz. The utilizable

DOF in the mini excavator is Ty, Tz, and Rx.

Through the experience of install operator,

essential DOF in the construction robot is Tx, Ry,

and Rz. Under developing system, therefore, has

a three-link RPR manipulator such as Figure 9.

3.2 Consideration of overturning

One of the most important considerations at a

construction site is the safety of human workers.

If an excavator loads over weight, it will be

overturned [9]. To prevent overturning, safety

tests were considered, as presented in Figure 10.

When the boom and arm spread parallel with

the ground, a heavy material could be lifted up to

500 kg by a commercial mini excavator. The

weight of a curtain wall is 300 kg from Table 1.

35

Figure 8. The installation process

Figure 10. The overturning test of a mini excavator

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of a three-link RPRmanipulator

The system under development, therefore, must

weigh less than 200 kg. Through the overturning

test, the boundary condition of robot design is

established, such as table 2. An importance of the

establishment of boundary condition in robot

design is prevention of accidents and troubles.

3.3 A design of systemspecification

The system under development can be used

not only in curtain wall installation but also in

other construction work. This system, therefore, is

modularized to add or remove DOF. Table 3.

shows the diagram of the modularized design.

The specification of each module is

determined by analysis of the current curtain wall

installation work. In the design of a system, the

required torque and force have to be calculated

to select the proper actuator, as presented in

Table 4. The actuator of each module is selected

by comparing AC servo motor with hydraulic

motor, such as Table 5.


36 2005

4. REALIAZAION OF THEMULTI-DOFCONSTRUCTION ROBOT

The curtain wall installation system overview is

a macro - micro motion manipulator. A mini

excavator is considered to be the macro motion

manipulator. The system under development is

considered to be a micro motion manipulator.

Figure 11. shows the micro motion manipulator

which is under development.

The arrangement of each module is

determined by analyzing of characteristic, such as

Table 6. Figure 12. shows the macro-micro

motion manipulator.

5. CONTROL STRATEGY

Generally, the fully automated system is not

suitable for construction work due to frequently

changed construction environments. A human

machine cooperative system is, therefore, suitable

for construction work [10, 11]. It is an interactive

system in order to cooperate with the human, as

presented in Figure 13.

37

Figure 11. The micro motion manipulator

Figure 12. The macro - micro motion manipulator

Figure 13. A human machine cooperative system

6. SIMULATION OFINSTALLAION

Before the developing system is applied to the

construction site, simulation is needed to estimate

goal achievement for a conceptual design, such

as Figure 14. Through the simulation of

installation, a new installation process is

established, as presented in Figure 15.

7. HUMAN ROBOTINTERACTION

For adequate (or optimal) productive gains, a

human should have a minimal capacity or skill

level to effectively and efficiently work with the

robot system. The job skills and experience,

therefore, are defined from a diagram of working

process as shown in Figure 16. The operators

require more skill and knowledge than the

traditional operator.


38 2005

Figure 15. Schematic diagram of curtain wallinstallation

Figure 16. Human robot interaction diagram

Figure 14. Simulation of curtain wall installation

8. CONCLUSIONS

The ultimate goal of the proposed system is for

human-machine cooperation. The robot is

commanded/operated through human force; in

turn, it assists the human operators [12].

The system described in the present study is

one step on the way to full automation. There is

still a long way to go; however, the research and

development continues. The advantages of

proposed system include the following:

* Simple and precise construction procedure

* Reduction of the numbers of human workers

* Safety assurance

* Retrenchment of the construction cost and

period

* Homogeneous construction quality

Much of the automation in construction has

been developed for outdoor work. The proposed

robot is being developed for curtain wall

construction work at indoor sites. The micro-

motion manipulator is modularized to allow for

addition or removal of a DOF. Furthermore, the

proposed robot can be applied to other

construction work by exchanging the end-

effecter.

39

REFERENCES

[1] Ae-Bok Lee, Min-Soo Choi, Ha-young Song, Moo-HanKim, A Fundamental Study on the Introduction ofMechanization, Automation Robotization in Constructionworks, KSME , Vol.11, No.2, pp 671~676, 1991.

[2] Young-Suk Kim, Hyun-Chul Kim, Jung-Hoi Seo, Se-Wook Oh, A Study for the Introduction of ConstructionAutomation and Robotics Technologies and DomesticConstruction Industry, Architectural Institution of Korea,Vol.17, No.2, pp 111~120, 2001.

[3] H.J. Sim ; C.S. Han, The Development of a Robot Handfor the Automation of Steel Column Construction,IFACSymposium on Robot Control - Syroco, pp. 723~728,2000.

[4] Albus, James S. Trip Report: Japanese Progress inRobotics for Construction,International Journal ofRobotics, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 103~112, 1986.

[5] Roozbeh Kangari, Advanced Robotics in Civil Engineeringand Construction,91 ICAR., Fifth International Conf,Vol.1, pp. 375 ~378, 1991.

[6] A. Warszawski, Economic implications of robotics inbuilding,Building and Environment, Vol.20, Issue 2, pp.73~81, 1985.

[7] Cusack, M, Automation and Robotics the Inter-dependence of Design and Construction Systems,Industrial Robot, Vol.21, No.4, pp.10~14, 1994.

[8] Wen, Xia ; Romano, V.F. ; Rovetta, A., Remote Controland Robotics in Construction Engineering,AdvancedRobotics, 1991. 'Robots in Unstructured Environments', 91ICAR., Fifth International Conference on 1991, pp.1429~1432, 1991.

[9] O.J. Kim ; W.S. Yoo ; K.H. Yoon ; H.G. Kang, Evaluationof Joint Reaction Forces for a Hydraulic ExcavatorSubjected to a Critical Load,KSME, Vol.20, No.4, pp.1154~1163, 1996.

[10] Manfred Hiller, Robotics and Autonomous Systems :Modeling, simulation and control design for large andheavy manipulators,Robotics and AutonomousSystems, Vol.19, Issue 2, pp. 167~177, 1996.

[11] Inaba, T. ; Hayashizaki, M. ; Matsuo, Y., Design of ahuman-machine cooperation system to facilitate skilledwork,Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1999. IEEE SMC'99 Conference Proceedings. 1999 IEEE InternationalConference on 1999, Vol.4, pp. 995~1000

[12] Manfred Hiller, Robotics and Autonomous Systems :Modeling, simulation and control design for large andheavy manipulators,Robotics and AutonomousSystems, Vol.19, Issue 2, pp. 167~177, 1996.

1.

1.2 Core Wall

1.1

1) Core Wall (Core )

2) : Core Wall

Spiral-N

3) Core Wall :

Deck

4) : Unit

System

3 Cycle


40 2005

Core Wall(ACS Form)

3

1)

41

Core

Wall

2)


42 2005

2. ACS Form

2.1 Core Wall

2.2 Core Wall Self Climbing Form

1)

RC Core Wall

RC Core Wall

2)

33( 13.4),

3: 3 Cycle

Core Wall

- Core Wall Slab (V, H

Cycle

- System Form

3)

43

Core

Wall

4)

System Form

:

/

//

5)

System Form

,

Formwork

,

,

/

2.3 Core Wall


44 2005

1)

-

()

-

- Form Form

- ACS Form ,

Form

: 3

1300

- Tower Crane

2)

- : 3(Wing1)

- JIB: Luffing Type (

)

- Setting Form

2 ,

Zone

.

-50TON Hydrauric Crane

-

Crane (1, 3)

Post Profile - Wing Tower

Crane (1, 2, 3)

Core Hoist

- : 1( 2, 12

)

- Deck Slab Beam Core WallWall

Tie

- CoreWall

45

Core

Wall

- ACS Form ,

Beam

2.4 ACS Form

1)

, : DOKA ACS Form SKE 100

(: DOKA, : )

Door Opening :

(: )

Core Slab :

Slab -Beam Deck Plate

-

2) ACS Form

DOKA

Core Wall

Supervisor

Form ,


46 2005

3) ACS Form

Form (3.2m)

FormOverlap

(Shoe Anchor ,

)

Expansion

Splice Form

(: 3.4m, Belt Wall:

4.8m-8.0m, Panthouse: 6.8m)

4) ACS Form

1 150mm

Form

10

Conc

10 Set Back

5) ACS Form

Form

Form

Transfer Slab

2.5 ACS Form

1) Suspension Shoe

Lifting System Shoe

47

Core

Wall

Anchor Shoe

Lifting System

(Door )

Shoe


48 2005

2) PC Beam Shoe

Shoe

Shoe

( Door : 2300mm, Shoe

: 2350mm)

Shoe

PC Beam

Shoe

Lifting System Shoe

Shoe

PC Beam

49

Core

Wall

3) Core Wall Beam -3

Core Wall Beam ACS Form

Tower Crane

ACS Form Beam

Form

ACS Form : Overhead

Crane (-1) -3

ACS FormBeam : -

Tower Crane ( )

-Overhead Crane

-3 (Con'c

)

ACS Form (+2)

ACS Form -3 Beam

4) Hoist

: Core Wall

Hoist Wall-Tie

Hoist

Wall tie Landing (-2

Wall-Tie )


50 2005

5) ACS Form

:

,

Core Wall

Zoning

51

Core

Wall

+3 : -1 : Profile

+2 : -2 : Shoe

+1 : , (Bolting) -3 : Beam

0 : , (Form)


52 2005

+3

+0

6) ACS Form

53

Core

Wall

-2

-3

2.6 Core Wall 3Cycle

1)

Core Wall Zoning Zoning

(

)

, Core Wall

(

,

,

(Embed pl. Form

Bolt, PC Beam )

Core Wall 3Cycle


54 2005

2) Core Wall 3Cycle

-3

- : 3

, Core Wall

- System

,

- Embedded Plate

- 2

,

- 1 T/C

T/C

55

Core

Wall

Core Wall

: Core Wall

- Core Wall

:

- 1

Zone "A", "B", "C" 3

, Zone "C"

4 . Form

Form

- CoreWall

, , ,

- 3

3

Tower Crane Hoist Climbing

-

Climbing

-Tower Crane 5Climbing

- Core Hoist 12

,

- BP8000 Slab

- CPB CPBMast

2. 7

1)

- ACS Form Setting

: ,

-

-


56 2005

-

-

-

-

57

Core

Wall

< > < >

< >


58 2005

2)

()

()

()

3)

4)

Core Hoist Core

Core

59

Core

Wall

Box T/C

5)


60 2005

61

- -

()

'04

+

PVC()

, Best Pratice

.

2004 1

5 (103)

Test(2)

2040Pipe

.

2040Pipe

, PVC

,

, VE , 8

() ,5

.

1.

2000

. ,

,

.

1999 WMS System(

)

,

.

2040 ,

.

2. ()

3. VE

3.1

1) (WMS System)

2)

(2001 2,1,3)-Pipe

PVC+(25T)

3) ALL Technology Information

62 2005

(2000 10)

2(2001)

4) Test (2002 6

3)

5)

(20027)

6)

+ PVC+(25T)

(20036)

3.2

1)

(PVC)

2) (Safty)

21

.

3) (Time)

,

4) (Cost)

(PVC) (25T)

3.3 VE

4. VE

4.1

4.2 1,2

1) :

2) : 04 01 15 ~ 02 13

2 : 04 04 13 ~ 04 16

3) : [max]

4) : +

PVC() +

+

2040+

5) : , 6LIT ,

1.3M

63

6)

7)

4.3

1) 2040

2)

PVC()+2040

+(PVC)

.

4.4


64 2005

5.

,

BP

65

, ,,

, ,

.

()

, ()

.

ex) 13

1 ()

.

1.

()

(A) , (A+1)

,

()

.

()

.


66 2005

()

Loss Time

.

7

()

,

.

2. ()

2.1

, ,

, , ,

.

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(A) ,

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3) , ,

4) , ( )

5) , :

67

(

)

6) , :

7)

8) , ( ,

)

9) ,

10)

11)

12)

13) ,

2.4 ,

1) ,,

2) ,

3) (, , )

4) , ,

5)

( =

+20mm)

6) (, , :-

30, :-60)

7) ,

8) :

Part

9) PD

: Part

3.

3.1

(, , List,

...) (, ,

, ) 1 ()

,

.

3.2

()

.

3.3

,,

.

.

3.4


68 2005

1

.

3.5

.

Loss

.

4.

Risk

T/F

.

()

.

13

,, , ,

1 Setting 2

6

.

()

5%

.

69

(

)


70 2005

1.

,

,

,

.

(2),

(2)

(3)

(1) , (3)

(7)

(13)

(5)

(5) (7)

(5) (1),

(14)

(5) (1)

, (1)

(5)

(6) (9)

(7) ,

(1) (7)

0452968

(9) (5)

(12) (12)

.

2.

.

71

4a

4b

4c

4d

1.

,

.

,

.

2.

,

.


72 2005

0452402

1.

,

(100) (1)

,

(1) (12) ,

(12) (3)

(3)

(4) ,

(1)

(4)

(6)

(9) (10) (3)

(3)

(4) (9)

, (1) (3)

(9)

(6),

(8)

(6) ,

(6)

(5) , (1)

(6)

(8) (6) (5)

(11)

.

2.


74 2005

0449340

.

75

()

1.

,

.

,

.

.

.

Alkali-

Free

.

, ,

,

.

2. Alkali-Free

Alkali-Free

,


76 2005

(Alkali-Free)

0449040

.

(Total

Life-Cycle Cost)

.

.

77

1.

,

(2)

(19) , (18)

(2)

, ,

(1)

(12)

, (12)

(3) (3)

(4) ,

(1)

(4)

(6)

(9) (10)

(3) (3)

(4) (9)

, (1) (3)

(9)

(6),

(8)

(6) ,

(1) (6)

(8) (6)

(6)

(5) ,

(1) (6)

(8) (6) (5)

(11)


78 2005

0445303

.

2.

.

79

1.

40~50%

50%

.

,

(1) (2)

,

(2)

(10)

, (2) (10)

(8) , (8)

(9) ,

(9)

.

2.

40~50%

50%

.


80 2005

0441285

1.

.

,

.

.

, 1 2

,

.

2.

, 1

2

,

. Technology Information

82 2005

0437275


84 2005

1.

Crack

.

( )

2.

, /

.

3. 1

1)

20mm Back Up

Sealant

Crack .

()

P113

[ ]

[ ]

CON'C SLAB orBEAM

CRACK

85

2) Crack V U Cutting

.

4. 2

1)

20mm Back Up

Sealant

Crack .

2) Crack Lath

Chopping

.

3) 20mm .

5. 3

1)

20mm Back

Up Sealant

Crack .

2) Crack THK 9 mm

.

3) 20mm .

[ V Cutting ]

[ ]

[ 1 ]

: P113

: P113

BLACK UP SEALANT

COMPRESSIBLEFILLER

V-CUTTING ( or )

[ 2 ]

BLACK UP SEALANT

COMPRESSIBLE FILLER

CRACK

LATH

6. 4

1)

20mm Back

Up Sealant

Crack .

2) Crack Joint

Taping Fabric

.

3) Fabric ,

.


86 2005

[ 3 ]

BLACK UP SEALANT

COMPRESSIBLE FILLER

THK9

CRACK

[ 4 ]

BLACK UP SEALANT

COMPRESSIBLEFILLER

JOINTTAPING FABRIC

CRACK

1. / / 2004. 2

87

JO

INT

JOINT

()

1.

.

2.

1)

.

2)

.

3. 3.1

1) Expansion Joint Control

Joint 3,000mm

Expansion Joint Span

3,000mm

Cutting .

2) Wire Mesh

Expansion Joint

Control Joint

3,000mm .

3.2

1) Expansion Joint

- :


88 2005

- : 10mm (Joint Filler:

, 0.03 )

- : 3,000~4,500mm

- Caulking: 10x10 Sealant,

2) Parapet Expansion Joint

- Parapet 200mm,

200mm

- : 25mm (Joint Filler:

, 0.03 )

- Caulking: 25x25 Sealant,

3) Control Joint

- : 1/2 (

)

- Cutting : Sealing 6mm,

Sealing 3mm (

Cutting Blasting

Cutting

Sealing , )

- Cutting :

(: 1~4, :4~12)

- ,

- : 3~4m 30

(ACI 302.1R)(ex.

200mm 6m )

- : :

1:1.25

- 60~90cm

Cutting

- :

89

JO

INT

( 2004.3)

1.

,

Detail .

2.

1) .

2)


90 2005

()

91

3. [CASE 1] :

:

[CASE 2] :

:

[CASE 3] : ( )

:

[CASE 4] :

:


92 2005

[CASE 5] :

:

4.

93

5.

5.1 ( )

1)

(9)

2) ,

(

)

( )

.

* 2003 1 ,


94 2005

1.

Duct

Detail .

2.

1)

.

2)

Duct

.

95

,

DUC

T

DETA

IL

,DUCT DETAIL

()

[ 1] [ 2]

3.

3.1 Shaft

1)

2)

: .

: 2

, Sleeve 150

.

: Casing ,

.

:

,

. ,

.

:

Maintenance

, (

) .

: ,

. ()

: Space

,

.

3)


96 2005

4) DUCT

) Sleeve

,

, LEVEL

RC ,

Sleeve ,

.

3-2 Shaft

1)

97

,

DUC

T

DETA

IL


98 2005

2)

Sleeve 300

.

Reducer

.

Sleeve

.

3) DUCT,

1) / / 2004.22) () / / 2003.83) , / ()

2.

99

()

1.

Drop Ceiling

.

3.

150


100 2005

2.

1) (Joint)

.

Sealant

.

2)

Back-Up 3

,Sealant

.

101

WEA

THER SEA

L JOIN

T

DETA

IL

WEATHER SEAL JOINT DETAIL

()

1.

Weather

Seal Joint

Detail .

[ 1]

3.

3.1

1)

6 .

2)

6

50

Joint .

Joint(W) = E / M 100 + T

E: , ()

= *4)

(100)

M: ( )*5)

T: (CONC: 4, : 3

)

3) Joint Joint 2/3 (:

20 15)

,

6

20

.

4) Back-up

3

, Joint ,

.

5) Bond Breaker Tape Joint

Back-Up

.Technology Information

102 2005

[ 2]

3.2 (Conventional Moving Weather seal)

3.3 (Moving Corner Joint)

3.4 (Remedial Joint)

103

WEA

THER SEA

L JOIN

T

DETA

IL

1)

.

2)

.

1) A C 6 .

2) A B 2:1 .

3) .

4) B 12 .

1) A B 6.

2) .

3) Bond Breaker Tape

.

1) A B,C 6 .

2) Bond

Breaker Tape .

3) .

3.5 (Splice Joint)

1) / / 2004.22) / / 1997.83) / / 1995. 74)


104 2005

1) A 6

.

2) B 3

, .

3) Bond Breaker Tape .

1) A 6 .

2) B 36 .

3) Bond Breaker Tape

.

1) 3

.

2) .

3) Bond Breaker Tape /

4)

.

1) A 6 .

2) B 36 .

3) Bond

Breaker Tape .

4) 6

.

5) (%) , , .

1.

Curtain Wall

Al. Bar

.

2.

1) 3mm Al. Sheet 4

Bar .

2) 300x195mm Al. Bar

Sub-Frame , Bar

2

.

3) Al. Bar

Transom

.

105

Ba

r

Bar

()

3.

1) Al. BAR

Bar .

2) Bar

.

3) Curtain Wall Module

Joint Stainless Steel Plate

Al. Bar

.


106 2005

1.

,

Detail .

2.

1)

.

10~15mm ,

40~100mm

.

2) Frame

107

DETA

IL - 2

DETAIL-2

()

[ ]

3.

1)

(

)

.

2)

.

3)

5 (Groove) .


108 2005

[ ]

[ ]

1) 38p, 47p / / 2004.2

109

DETA

IL - 2

[ ]

2.

: P.64 : P.7


110 2005

CONTROL JOINT DETAIL

()

1) 2)

1.

CONTROL

JOINT [ DETAIL] [ ]

.

3.

1)

- [CONTROL JOINT

] CONTROL

JOINT DETAIL

.

2)

- DETAIL

CONTROL JOINT .

111

CO

NTRO

L JOIN

T

D

ETAIL

3)

: P.68

3)

- Detail Control Joint

.

4. Control Joint (: Architectural Graphic Standards)

1) JOINT 18m

.*

2) JOINT .

3) JOINT .

4) JOINT .

5) JOINT .(

1.8m JOINT

.)

6) CONTROL JOINT , ,

CONTROL JOINT

.


112 2005

* A. 10m ,

B. 9m 6 .

1.

,

Open Joint

Detail ,

.

2.

1)

.

2)

,

.

3)

,

.

3.

1)

.

,

, ,

.

2)

113

OPEN

JOIN

T

OPEN JOINT

()

[ ]

.

3)

(1)

(2)

* : 150 PVC PIPE

.,

. [ #1, #2]

* FILLER: (W:100 x H:100 x t:2)

* : (L:80 x h:30 x t:10)

.

.

FILLER . [ 2 ] , .


114 2005

[OPEN JOINT ]

[ ]

[ #1] Modulock Pedestal (Alumasc)

[ #2]SUPPORT SET (TERRA)

[ ]

[]

FILLER

4.

1) , (,)

.

2) 2F ()

FILLER .

3) 2F ()

Base Panel

4) 101 Sunken Garden ()

( #1)

115

OPEN

JOIN

T

[] [ ]

[ ] []


116 2005

1.

( Rock Anchor)

117

2.

: 1) 2) Jacking Force = (P) + Loss ( + Relaxation

) : (P) 1.23) , , .

: 1) ROCK ANCHOR (2003, )2) GROUND ANCHORS (2004, )


118 2005

119

1.

1.1 Collins Prestress Concrete Structures

- :

. (

, )

. ,

.

()

[ ]

(MPa)

18 21 27 30

0.35 0.38 0.43 0.45

Asfy Acfcr

min = fcr/fyfcr = 0.33f'c

( As:, fy:,

Ac:, fcr: )

2.2

- 0.3mm - ( ) 0.1mm

2. (-)

2. 1

- : 0.38% ( )


120 2005

(MPa)

18 21 27

D6 0.40 (0.60) 0.43 (0.72) 0.45 (0.74)

D10 0.49 (0.87) 0.52 (0.92) 0.55 (0.97)

D13 0.57 (0.99) 0.60 (1.05) 0.63 (1.10)

D16 0.64 (1.10) 0.67 (1.17) 0.71 (1.22)

2. 2 ( 0.5% )

121

1. Prestressed Concrete Structure (1991, Michael P. Collins)

2. (2001, )

1.

1) PS Jacking force

2)

3) , , , ,

4)

2.

1)

2) Jacking Force 20~35%


122 2005

.

()

(Instantaneous loss)

(Elastic Shortening)

(Frictional Loss)

(Anchorage Loss)

(Sheath)

(Time-dependent loss)

(Shrinkage)

(Creep)

(Relaxation)

123

3. ( )1) AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials)

2) PTI (Post Tensioning Institute)

* (, , ,

)

- 315

- 245

225 231

168 175

155 160

Stress-relieved strand

Low-relaxation strand

Stress-relieved strand

Low-relaxation strand

Bar

fck=35MPafck=28MPa

PS()

PS &(joist)

PS (Stress-relieved Grade 270 strand)

PS (Stress-relieved Grade 240 wire)207 241

PS Bar 138 172

Low-relaxation strand (Grade270) 103 138

(MPa)

(MPa)

4. (Frictional Loss)

1) (Curvature friction) (Wobble friction)

.


124 2005

k() () -

5. (Anchorage Loss)

125

: 2003 ()

Prestressed Concrete (Edward G. Nawy)

Prestressed Concrete Structure (Michael P. Collins / Denis Mitchell)

()


126 2005

1. (V0)

C 10m 10 100

2.

.

,

.

()

127

1. 2000 , (), 2001


128 2005

8 18 , " "

. ,

, ,

.

Door Hardware

9 9 , 'Door Hardware Check Point'

. ITEM

ITEM Door Hardware

, Door Hardware , /

Check Point .

IAQ

10 12 , IAQ

. (

), ( ),

( )

.

NATM

10 27 TA , NATM .

, ,

, .

10 28 , (SC) .

SC , .

129

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.

.

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.

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2005 ( 53)

1) :

2) :

/ ,

-

-

- ,

-

3) : A4 10Page

4) :

5) :

TEL 02-2145-6458

FAX 02-2145-6470

2005 3 11

262

02-2145-5114

T. 02-554-6969

!!!

,

- (160 , 700m ) TFC101 (101, 508m)

2~300m

,

Top-Class

- TFC 101

Top-Class

- 2010 400

1 (66)

3 (69)

Petronas Towers (88, ) 2

Royal Charoen Krung Tower (63, )

PBCOM Tower (52, )

Ampang Tower (50, )

Taipei Financial Center(101, )- 1

-- 11,, 66

* (50 , 200m ) 404 7

* 3 : 16

-- NNOO..11,, NNOO..22

* NO.1 : Taipei 101(101,508m)-

* NO.2 : (88,452m)-

- , UAE (700m)

- 1, Top-Class

- 3

456-721 262 http://www.secc.co.kr http://www.raemian.co.kr

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