Understandings, Applications and Skills (This is what you may be assessed on)

Statement Guidance

5.4 U.1 A clade is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor

5.4 U.2 Evidence for which species are part of a clade can be obtained from the base sequences of a gene or the corresponding amino acid sequence of a protein.

5.4 U.3 Sequence differences accumulate gradually so there is a positive correlation between the number of differences between two species and the time since they diverged from a common ancestor.

5.4 U.4 Traits can be analogous or homologous.

5.4 U.5 Cladograms are tree diagrams that show the most probable sequence of divergence in clades.

5.4 U.6 Evidence from cladistics has shown that classifications of some groups based on structure did not correspond with the evolutionary origins of a group or species.

5.4 A.1 Cladograms including humans and other primates.

5.4 A.2 Reclassification of the figwort family using evidence from cladistics.

5.4 S.1 Analysis of cladograms to deduce evolutionary relationships.

5.4 U.1 A clade is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor 5.4 U.5 Cladograms are tree diagrams that show the most probable sequence of divergence in clades.

1. Do all members of a clade exist today? If not why? (Slide 176)

2. What organism is the evolutionary connection from fish to tetrapod’s like frogs? (Slide 181)

3. What is a transitional fossil? (Slide 184)

5.4 U.2 Evidence for which species are part of a clade can be obtained from the base sequences of a gene or the corresponding amino acid sequence of a protein.

4. Build a cladogram based on the differences in amino acid sequences above

AMINO ACID SEQUENCES IN CYTOCHROME-C PROTEINS FROM THREE DIFFERENT SPECIES

5. How many Cytochrome C amino acid sequence differences are there between chickens and turkeys?

6. Make a branching tree, or cladogram for chickens, penguins, and turkeys.

7.

8. Predict the number of Cytochrome C amino acid sequence differences you would expect to see between

a. horse and zebra ________________

b. donkey and zebra _______________

c. What other information did you use to make this prediction?

9. Use this Cytochrome C sequence difference data to add a branch to the tree on page 2 using the data below.

10.List three other things used to determine how organisms are related to each other. (Use your general knowledge or use the video below for help; https://youtu.be/O21VOcLIb3M)

11.Explain why more closely related organisms have more similar Cytochrome C. (Think of the central dogma)

5.4 U.3 Sequence differences accumulate gradually so there is a positive correlation between the number of differences between two species and the time since they diverged from a common ancestor.

12. What is a Molecular Clock? (Slide 198)

5.4 U.4 Traits can be analogous or homologous.

13. What is the difference between divergent evolution and convergent evolution? (Slides 199-204)

Homologous and Analogous Structures Interactive Lab Log on to http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/similarity_ms_01 Read the information, complete the interactive, and answers the questions below. 1. Explain the difference in homology and analogy.

2. Complete the interactive “The tale of the limb”. Take a look at the diagrams of front limbs presented on the webpage. Each is from a different animal. In each grouping you see, you should select the limb that doesn't belong, and take note of the similarities that the others share.

3. Animals with four legs are called___________________________.

4. List the similarities that tetrapod limbs share: A.

B.

5. Complete the interactive. Name the four organisms the tetrapod homologous limbs belong to:

6. Why do whales, lizards, humans, and birds have the same basic limb structure?

7. What does an evolutionary tree show?

8. What are homologous structures? List examples of homologous structures found in nature.

9. Use BEYOND THE OBVIOUS page to answer the following question.

Do all homologous structures look alike? Why or Why not?

10. What are analogous structures? List an example.

11. How do analogous structures evolve?

14. Using the information in the chart below create a Venn diagram (Slides 211-213):

U.6 Evidence from cladistics has shown that classifications of some groups based on structure did not correspond with the evolutionary origins of a group or species. 5.4 A.2 Reclassification of the figwort family using evidence from cladistics.

15. Popular classification uses difference in appearance rather than using evolutionary history, as a means of organizing groups. Natural classification use molecular as well as morphological evidence to for clades. Using picture list five characteristics the could be used to define a group

5.4 A.1 Cladograms including humans and other primates.

16. Use the amino acid sequence for Cytochrome C to construct a Cladogram for Primates. The organism with the most differences in bases will be found at the bottom of the cladogram (at 60 million years ago (mya))

I. Human

II. Chimpanzee

III. Gorilla

IV. Gibbon

V. Old World Monkey

VI. New World Monkey

VII. Lemur

VIII. Horse

5.4 S.1 Analysis of cladograms to deduce evolutionary relationships.

17. Begin at that the bottom table on with the most reprehensive characteristic and work your way up through time (place a labeled with a set number on the line). On table 2 place the names of the animals

Table One

Table Two