ႏိုင္ေရႊက်င္

394
OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeS ifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 1 (yxrwGJ) rmwdum -- pmtkyfwGifyg0ifolrsm;.udk,fa&;tusOf;csKyf// 5 -- pma&;ol.ed'gef;pum;// 12 -- aerwjnid>nj\\ 19 tcef;(1) 21 pnf;pHepf=uD;ol//udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;aomOuUX=uD;// rSwfom;bG,faumif;aomAkdvfcsKyfjrpum;//vdrfnmwJhyifvkHpmcsKyf// rmemyavmpmcsKyfeSifhu|efkyfqkawmif;// tcef;(2) 35 OuUX=uD;. *k%faus;Zl;udkatmif;arhowd&=ujcif;// ekdifoef;wif. ekdifiHa&;b0//vuf0JnDnGwfa&;okH;ygwDnDvmcH/ 1958-rGefjynfol@wyfOD; tvif;0ifyGJ// wyfOD;.trSKaqmifopf//1960-ckeSpfa&G;aumufyG J// rGefoHCmtzG J@a=ujimpmwrf;// jynfe,ft=uHay;tzG J@eSifhrGefvl=uD;[email protected]// armfvjrdKifc&dkif rGefausmif;om;or*~zGJ@pnf;/ 1961-aumvdyfrGeftoif; trSKaqmif// rif;0if;xdefeSifhpwifqkHqnf;// tcef;(3) 69 wyfOD;.=udK;yrf;rSK//rGefvlxkpkpnf;nDnGwfvm//rGefjynfe,ftvkyfnDnGwfa&; aumfrwD//jynfe,fay;a&;OD;ek.rlopf(5)&yf//0ef=uD;jzpfvmaomekdifatmifxGef;// 1961-ckeSpfawmif=uD;jrdK@jynfe,faygif;pkHnDvmcH// wyfOD;tvif;0ifvmjcif;tay:ekdfifcsrf;.oabmxm;// usm;pmau|;cH&aomedkfifcsrf;// tcef;(4) 86 wyfOD;trsdK;oRD;rdwifh//armfvjrdKifc&kdifrGefausmif;ol/om;rsm;toif;zGJ@pnf;jcif;// aumhbdef;pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOf// wm0efausaomrsdK;cspfrGefvli,fwOD;// rif;0if;xdef.trsdK;om;a&;tjrif//trsdK;om;0g'// ArmudkvdkeDvufopf0g'//

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Page 1: ႏိုင္ေရႊက်င္

OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 1

(yxrwGJ)

rmwdum

-- pmtkyfwGifyg0ifolrsm;.udk,fa&;tusOf;csKyf// 5 -- pma&;ol.ed'gef;pum;// 12 -- aerwjnid>nj\\ 19 tcef;(1) 21

pnf;pHepf=uD;ol//udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;aomOuUX=uD;// rSwfom;bG,faumif;aomAkdvfcsKyfjrpum;//vdrfnmwJhyifvkHpmcsKyf//

rmemyavmpmcsKyfeSifhu|efkyfqkawmif;// tcef;(2) 35

OuUX=uD;. *k%faus;Zl;udkatmif;arhowd&=ujcif;// ekdifoef;wif. ekdifiHa&;b0//vuf0JnDnGwfa&;okH;ygwDnDvmcH/ 1958-rGefjynfol@wyfOD;

tvif;0ifyGJ// wyfOD;.trSKaqmifopf//1960-ckeSpfa&G;aumufyGJ// rGefoHCmtzGJ@a=ujimpmwrf;// jynfe,ft=uHay;tzGJ@eSifhrGefvl=uD;[email protected]// armfvjrdKifc&dkif

rGefausmif;om;or*~zGJ@pnf;/ 1961-aumvdyfrGeftoif; trSKaqmif// rif;0if;xdefeSifhpwifqkHqnf;//

tcef;(3) 69 wyfOD;.=udK;yrf;rSK//rGefvlxkpkpnf;nDnGwfvm//rGefjynfe,ftvkyfnDnGwfa&;

aumfrwD//jynfe,fay;a&;OD;ek.rlopf(5)&yf//0ef=uD;jzpfvmaomekdifatmifxGef;// 1961-ckeSpfawmif=uD;jrdK@jynfe,faygif;pkHnDvmcH//

wyfOD;tvif;0ifvmjcif;tay:ekdfifcsrf;.oabmxm;// usm;pmau|;cH&aomedkfifcsrf;//

tcef;(4) 86 wyfOD;trsdK;oRD;rdwifh//armfvjrdKifc&kdifrGefausmif;ol/om;rsm;toif;zGJ@pnf;jcif;//

aumhbdef;pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOf// wm0efausaomrsdK;cspfrGefvli,fwOD;// rif;0if;xdef.trsdK;om;a&;tjrif//trsdK;om;0g'// ArmudkvdkeDvufopf0g'//

Page 2: ႏိုင္ေရႊက်င္

Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 2

tcef;(5) 112

AuouGefz&if//OD;oGif.rGefjynfe,fqef@usifqENjyyGJ//rGefjynfe,faz:xkwfa&; aumfrwD.rGefjynfe,fqENjyyGJ=uD;// wkdifwvkH;tdrfykdif&Sif//rGefpHoltkwf*l//

ppfwyfrStm%modrf;jcif;// rmHaw;ta=umif;// ekdifausmfat;eSifhaqG;aeG;cef;// (7)Zlvkdifta&;cif;// rGefausmif;om; awmckd&ef pdwftm;oef// xkH;tkdif&GmaEG&moDoifwef;//

jidrf;csrf;a&;urf;vSrf;csuf// awmwGif;ukd,fpm;vS,feSifhedkifa&$usif&efukefa&muf//

tcef;(6) 146 OuUX=uD;ta=umif;pkaqmif;&SmazG//i,fcspfu|rf;aqGrd=unfcifxl;///rsdK;cspfrGefoRD;ysdKwOD;//ra

tmifjrifaomjidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ// rif;armifwif.ay;pm// rif;0if;xdef.jidrf;csrf;a&;tjrif// edKifa&$usif.awmwGif;taexm;//

tcef;(7) 161

urm0ufaps;a&mif;yGJ//edkifa&$usif.i,fpOfb0//&mrntzGJ@wGif;jy\em// rGefzkd;csdKeSifh rGefoef; &mrnrSxGuf// rGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;zGJ@// rGefvli,ftzGJ@// rGeftrsdK;om;ae@//

zqyv.a&G;aumufyGJ// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@oydwfarSmuf// zqyvtrwfeSifhtjydKiff// wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;uGJjyJ// jynfaxmifpkrGef// rGefvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@//

trsdK;om;awmif;qkdcsuf(7)csuf// zqyv.vlenf;pkrl// ‘rGefudkwywf&kduf’// wkdif;&if;om;a=ujimcsuf//

tcef;(8) 188

rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf// usdKufokwfrGefvlxk&Sif;vif;yGJ=uD;// rGefjynfe,fawmif;qkdrSK// tiftm;opfrGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;// rGefvli,f.f awmif;qkdcsufrsm;//

&GmvGwf&Gmwkdif;&if;om; A[kdtpnf;a0;// ,kd;',m;cspf=unfa&;c&D;// rGefeSpfzGJ@aygif;pnf;nDnGwfrSK// apmbOD;=uD;. tiftm;jya&;t=uH//

rGefeSifhu&iftajcaerwl// Zmojyifta&;awmfykH// edkifbvGifwkd@ zrf;qD;cH&// &JcsKyfAdkvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmifeSifh awG@qkHyGJ// armfvjrdKifudk rGef-u&ifodrf;// tpdk;&.

Om%feD/Om%feuf// armfvjrdKifrS rGef-u&if qkwfcGm// zqyv.jynfe,fray;a&;rl// rGeftrsdK;om; OD;ek// rGefvl=uD;rsm;qENuGJjym;// ekdifpHolusqkH;// ekdifbvGifxyfrHzrf;qD;cH&//

urm0ufppfoifwef;// urm0uf&Gmtm;rD;&SdK@//

Page 3: ႏိုင္ေရႊက်င္

OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 3

tcef;(9) 224 rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;awma&muf// rGefu&ifyËdyuQ// rGefzdk;csdKeSifh ekdifvSarmif [email protected]&;//

apmbOD;=uD;usqkH;// ordkif;a=umif;=uD;rm;wJhrGefvlrsdK;// edkifbvGifaxmifrSvGwf// edkifbvGif. a=ujimpmwrf;// rGefpdef'kdif.vkdvm;csuf// '*kHoHCmtzG@J=uD;.a=ujimcsuf// pkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sif.oabmxm;// rGGeftrsdK;om; nDnGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk// awmfvSefa&;e,fajra&muf ekdifbvGif// edkifpdef'kdif. acsycsufpmwrf;&Snf//

tcef;(10) 242

edkifbvGifrSedkifa&$usifodk@//ulrifwefjy\em//rGefudkjynfe,fray;/u&ifudkwkd;csJ@ jynfe,fay;//rGefrsdK;cspforwekdifcspfvSKdif// awmwGif;rGefjynfe,ftpkd;&xlaxmif//

1954-ckeSpf armfvjrdKifrGeftrsdK;om;nDvmcH// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;zGJ@pnf;// vlrsdK;pkrsm;nDnGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk// OD;atmifoef;. jywfom;aomtjrif//

wyfaygif;pkzGJ@pnf;a&;edkifa&[email protected]&D;pOf// csif;trsdK;om;wdk@. vGwfvyfa&; qkH;&SKH;aomae@// xdkif;[email protected];qef;aom‘waygif/’// A*kd;&kd;ruoufaownf//

crf;em;aomrGefwkd@.[Hom0wD// a&mifeDuGefjrLepfpcef;// tysdK=uD;rwifh// a0gq&mawmf// edkifa&$usiftwGufarwWmpm//

tydkif;(11) 286

uGefjrLepfygwDeSifhvlrsdK;pkwyfaygif;pkzGJ@// zqyvtpdk;&eSpfjcrf;uGJ// rGefwyfOD;rl0g'ajymif;vJ&efajcvSrf;// edkifa&$usif.owday;pm// edkifxGef;cif. tjyefc&D;// edkifa&$usif.wm;jrpfpm// tvif;0ifa&;wyfOD;=udK;yrf;// wyfOD;. tvif;0iftcrf;em;//

rGefjynfopfygwDzGJ@pnf;jcif;// wyfOD;tvif;0ifwJhtay: ekdifa&$usif. tjrifoabmxm;// tceff; (12) 308

wa,mufxJuseftvHrvSJaomOuUX=uD;//wukd,fawmfc&D;onf// u&ifpcef; odk@a&muf//armfvjrdKifc&kdifeSifhoxkHc&kdifpnf;&kH;e,fajr//okH;ygwDaqG;aEG;yGJ// ajy;&v$m;&// r'nwzGJ@pnf;jcif;// rdrda'oodk@tjyef// a'ocHawGu=udKqkd// edkif"rRaeeSihfu&ifyÉdyuQ//

jynfol@wyfOD;eSifhwkdif;&if;om;pnf;vkH;jcif;// 1960-ckeSpf a&G;aumufyGJ// &ckdif-rGefjynfe,fta&;//ppfwyfrStm%modrf;ydkufjcif;//

Page 4: ႏိုင္ေရႊက်င္

Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 4

tcef;(13) 333

edkifa&$usifta=umif;jyD;jynfhpkH// jidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJysuf// rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;zrf;qD;cH&jcif;// rGefausmif;om;rsm;vSsdK@0Sufpnf;a0;//

rGefausmif;om;toD;oD;[email protected]&;tjrif// awmfvSefa&;orm;- 'kd@rGefausmif;om;// rGefausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftoD;oD;tay:okH;oyfcsuf//

rif;ausmfat;ta=umif;jyefajymif;ajym=u//

tcef;(14) 354 rGefjynfopfacgif;aqmifrsm;tm;okH;oyfrdjcif;// udk,fhudk,fudka0zefqkH;r//

rif;xGef;azeSifhrif;om&ifudkpHxm;//&mZm"d&mZfrif;eSifh rGefol&Jaumif;rsm;tm; wrf;wrdjcif;//ppftpdk;&eSifhwyfaygif;pk aqG;aEG;yGJysuf// rGefausmif;olrsm;tm; awG@qkH//

arA,feSifhjyif;ysaompdwfqEN// tcspfa&;wGif OD;a%Smufjzifh qkH;jzwfol// rGefvlrsdK;tay:arA,f.tjrif// rGefjynfopfygwD.oD;jcm;aqG;aeG;rSK/

aemufqufwJGrsm;

(u) &mrnwdkif;vkH;qkdif&mrGeftzGJ@csKyftajccHOya'pnf;rsOf; 373 (c) rGefjynfol@wyfOD;.tajccHOya'pnf;rsOf; 382 (*) gl.njtcjgu%j 392 (C) ukd;um;aompmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; 394

Page 5: ႏိုင္ေရႊက်င္

OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 5

pmtkyfYyg0ifaomyk*[email protected],fa&;tusOf;/ 1963-ckeSpfa&S@ydkif; 1963-ckeSpfaemufykdif;

rif;0if;xdef/ usKHu'gwf&Gm/Zmwd/ armfvjrdKif 'D*&Daumvdyf/ (bDat)wef; ausmif;om;/ aumvdyfausmif;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfOD; acgif;aqmif/ausmif;om;or*~acgif;aqmif//

1963-ckeSpfwGif/ zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cH&onf/ 1964-ckeSpfwGif axmifrS vGwfvmonf// &efukefvkyfom;aumvdyfY ynmoif=um; &if;/ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD tzGJ@0ifjzpf vmonf// 1966-ckeSpfyJcl;&dk;r uGefjrLepf pcef;odk@awmckdcJhol//

rif;armifwif/ uavmhaomhZmwd/ &efukefwuUodkvf(bDat)wef;ausmif;om; /&efukefwuUodkvfrGeftoif;trSKaqmif//

1964-ckeSpfrSm udk0if;a,mf/ rif;xGef;azwdk@ twlawmodk@oGm;cJhonf//wdwfwckd;jyef0ifvmonf/aemufydkif;1969-ckeSpfrSm awmckd/ rGefjynfopfygwDeSifh/ yl;aygif;cJhonf// 1971 - ckeSpfwGif/ rGefjynfopfygwDrS/ cGJxGuf jyD; bdwfpcef;udkxlaxmif//

rif;ausmfat;/ urm0uf&GmZmwd/ &efukef/ trsdK;om; owif;pm owif;axmuf/ rGef jynfe,faz:xkwfa&; tvkyfnD nGwfa&; aumfrwD/ jyef=um;a&;Xme wm0efcH/ 1962-ckeSpf urm0uf&GmrS xGufjyD; xkdif; rGefvli,frsm;eSifhqufoG,f,l&ef oGm;onf//

1966-ckeSpfrSm zrf;qD; xdef;odrf;cH&onf// zrf;qD;cH&pOf/ armfvjrdKif trSwf(5) ppfaxmuf vSefa&;pcef;Y nSif;yrf; eSdyfhpuf cH&ojzifh aoqkH;oGm;onf//

rif;0if;a,mf/ urm0uf&GmZmwd/ armfvjrdKif 'D*&Daumvdyf/ (bDat)wef; ausmif;om;/ 1963-ckeSpf armfvjrdKif 'D*&Daumvdyf rGeftoif;OuUX//

1964-ckeSpf rif;armifwif/ rif;xGef;az wdk@eSifh twlawmckd//1964-ckeSpf tukefwGif zrf;qD;cH&onf// 1967-ckeSpfrSm axmifrS vGwfjyD;awmckd/ bdwfpcef;OuUXjzpfvmol//

rif;xGef;az/ xkH;tdkif&GmZmwd/ armfvjrdKif 'D*&Daumvdyf (tdkifat)wef;ausmif;om;/ 1962-ckeSpf aumvdyfrGeftoif;/ wGJbuf twGif;a&;rSL;/ 1963-ckeSpfaumvdyf rGeftoif;/ twGif;a&;rSL;/ armfvjrdKifc&kdif rGefausmif;ol/om;rsm;toif;/ wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;//

1964-ckeSpf rif;armifwif/ rif;0if;a,mf wkd@eSifh twl awmckdonf/ rGefjynfopfygwD eSifhyl;aygif;cJhonf/ 1966-ckeSpfrSm zrf;qD; xdef;odrf;cH&onf/ 1990-ckeSpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif/ =umtif;jrdKe,f/ rGef'Drdk trwfavmif;tjzpf0ifta&G;cHol//

Page 6: ႏိုင္ေရႊက်င္

Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 6

rif;om&if/ uGmef&kduf awmfuem&GmZmwd/ 1963-ckeSpf/ armfvjrdKif 'D*&Daumvdyf/ (tdkifat) wef; ausmif;om;jzpfonf/ 1963-ckeSpf aumvdyfrGeftoif;trSKaqmif wOD; jzpf onf//

&efukefwuUokdvfr[m0dZ…1ausmif;om;/ 1971-ckeSpfwGif emJazodef;(yi)/ emJqmef tmJwdk@eSifh twlawmckdonf// emJwvrGef odk@ emrnfajymif;onf// 1981-ckeSpfwGif/ rGefjynfopfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; jzpfvmol//

rif;oef;xGef;/oxkH/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf/ ekdifxGef;pdef. om;jzpfonf// armfvjrdKif aumvdyf/ (tdkifat)wef; ausmif;om;/ 1963-ckeSpfrGeftoif; wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL; jzpfonf//

1963-ckeSpfwGif/ xdef;odrf;cH&jyD;/ 1968-ckeSpfwGif axmifrS vGwfvmonf// ausmif; q&mjzpfvmol//

rif;azodef;/urm0uf/armfjrdKif'D*&Daumvdyf (bDat)wef; ausmif;om;/ 1962-ckeSpf aumvdyf rGeftoif; twGif;a&;rSL;// 1963-ckeSpf aumvdyf rGeftoif; 'kOuUX// 1963-ckeSpf armfvjrdKif aumvdyf ausmif;om; nDnGwf a&;wyfOD; OuUX/ armfvjrdKif c&kdif rGefausmif;ol§om;rsm;toif;OuUX//

1963-ckeSpfwGifxdef;odrf;cH&onf/ 1970-ckeSpfrSmaxmifrS vGwfonf// 1987-ckeSpf ekdifwifatmif/ ekdifatmif&Sdefwkd@eSifh twl awmckdonf// rGefjynfopfygwD/ A[kd aumfrwDjzpfvmonf// (r'w)wyfaygif;pk/ ekdifiHjcm;qufqHa&; wm0efcHjzpfvmonf// 1990-ckeSpfwGif/ r'wtrSKaqmifeSifhtwl/ (r'w/zuf'&,fwuUokdvf)udkxlaxmif//

rif;armif[ef/ xkH;tdkif/ 1963-ckeSpfwGifxdef;odrf;cH&// 1964-ckeSpf rSmaxmifrS vGwfonf// rif;xGef;aznDr/ rdpdefeSifh tdrfaxmif usonf// usef;rma&; rSL;// aemufpD;yGm;a&;orm; jzpfvmol//

rdwifapmOD;/ rk'kHjrdK@/armfvjrdKif'D*&Daumvdyf/ (bDat)wef;ausmif;ol 1962-ckeSpf armfvjrdKif aumvdyf rGeftoif;/ 'k OuUX//

(bDuGef;)pD;yGm;a&;bGJ@&//emrnfausmfw&m;&kH;csKyfa&S@ae jzpfvmonf// 1990-ckeSpf a&G;aumufyGJrSm/ rk'kHjrdK@e,f ajrmufydkif; (trft,f'D) trwfjzpf vmol//

rd,Ofwif/ oHjzLZ&yfjrdK@/ (tdkifat)wef; ausmif;ol1962-ckeSpf armfvjrdKif aumvdyf/ rGeftoif;/wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;/1963-ckeSpf aumvdyfrGeftoif;.'k/OuUX//

oHjzLZe,f/jrdK@e,for0g,rOD;pD;Xme/ t&m&Sd jzpfvmol//

rdcifxm;a&$/ xkH;tdkif&Gm/ (bDat)wef;/ 1962-ckeSpf aumvdyf rGeftoif;/ wGJ-twGif;a&;rSL;/ 1963-ckeSpf/ 'k-OuUX//

zg;tHjrdK@trSwf(1)tpdk;& txufwef; ausmif;q&mrjzpfvmol//

Page 7: ႏိုင္ေရႊက်င္

OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 7

rdtkH;&D/urm0uf&Gm/rk'kHtrwfedkifbdk;pdef.oRD;armfvjrdKif aumvdyfrGeftoif;trSKaqmif//

ynma&; wuUodkvfokd@ ajymif;onf/ ynma&; 'D*&DbGJ@jzihf ausmif;jyD;onf// txufwef;ausmif;/ ausmif;tkyfq&mr//

rif;vSausmf/ xef;yifa=umif/ taygifjrdK@e,f/ (bDat)wef;/armfvjrdKifaumvdyf/rGeftoif; trSKaqmif//

&efukef rGefpmayeSifh ,Ofaus;rSKaumfrwD OuUX// &efukefrGeftrsdK;om;ae@ usif;ya&; aumfrwDOuUX//

rif;tkH;wif/ aumhbdef;&Gm/ (bDat)wef;// armfvjrdKifaumvdyf/rGeftoif;trSKaqmif//

rqvacwf/ u&ifjynfe,f/ vkyfief; pDppfa&; aumfrwD OuUXkjzpfvmol//

rif;cspfvkH;/ aumhbdef;&Gm/ aq;ausmif;om; a'gufwmrif;cspfvkH;jzpfvmol// rmHaw;/(rif;atmifxGef;)urm0uf&GmZmwd/ rsdK;cspfvGef;IvlowfrSKjzifhaxmifusol//

axmifrSvGwf xD;aygufjyD; olaX;jzpfvm onf/ oHjzLZ&yf-armfvjrdKif um;toif; OuUXjzpfvmol//

udk=unfjrifh/ oxkHjrdK@/ rdcifrdoef;pdefrSm xkH;tdkifoljzpfonf/ 1963-ckeSpf armfvjrdKif aumvdyf ausmif;om;or*~ OuUX//

1963-ckeSpf xdfef;odrf;cH&/ 1968-ckeSpf rSm axmifrSvGwf/ aemufydkif;wGif/ emrnf ausmf w&m;csKyfa&S@aewOD;jzpfvmol// pma&;q&muavmiftrnf(rif;rif;OD;)

udkaZmf0if;/awmifwGif;=uD;jrdK@zGm;/aumvdyf/ ausmif;om;or*~acgif;aqmif//1963-ckeSpf ausmif;om;nDnGwfa&;wyfOD;twGif;a&;rSL;

1963-ckeSpfxdef;odrf;cH&onf/ 1968-ckeSpf rSmaxmifrS vGwfonf//

udkodef;nGef@/ aumhu&dwfjrdK@/ armfvjrdKif aumvdyf/ ausmif;om;or*~ acgif;aqmif//

1963-ckeSpf xdef;odrf;cH&/ 1966-ckeSpfrSm axmifrSvGwf/(rqv) A[kdvrf;pOf vli,f tzGJ@0if(aumhu&dwfarmifodef;nGef@)trnfjzifhffaqmif;yg;a&;ol/1990/ckeSpfa&G;aumuf yGJwGif/ teft,f'D trwfjzpf vm ol//

udkoef;atmif/ aumhu&dwfjrdK@/ armfvjrdKifaumvdyf/ ausmif;om;or*~acgif;aqmif//

1963-ckeSpf xdef;odrf;cH&/ 1966- ckeSpf axmifrSvGwf/rqvygwD0if/ jrefrmhtvif; owif;pm/t,f'Dwmjzpf/(oef;atmifekdif) trnfjzifh/ekdifiHa&;pmtkyfrsm;udka&;onf//

Akdvf=uD;uHnGef@/ rk'kHjrdK@/ rGeftrsdK;om;/ a&S@awmifwkdif; trSwf(5) ppfaxmufvSrf; a&;rSL;//

AdkvfrSL;=uD;uHnGef@/A[kdppfaxmufvSrf;a&;nG$ef=um; a&;rSL;csKyfjzpfvmonf// (AkdvfcsKyfcifnGef@t&if/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; n$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyfjzpfol/) AkdvfcsKyf wifOD; rqvygwDrSjyKwfaomtcg/ AdkvfrSL;=uD; uHn$ef@onfvnf;/&mxl;rSjyKwfcJhonf//

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 8

'kAkdvfrSL;=uD;xifausmf/rqvacwf/ edkifiHa&;wkdif;(11)pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;//

rqvtpdk;&vufxuf/aqmufvkyfa&; Xme/ 0ef=uD;OD;xifausmfjzpfvmol/

Edkdifcifarmif/ zg;atmuf&Gm/ rGefjynfe,f a'oygwD aumfrwD0if//

rqvacwf/ rGefudk,fpm;jyK/ EkdifiHawmf aumifpDtzGJ@0ifjzpfol//

rif;cifarmif/ uwkd;aumheSyf/ &efukefwuUokdvfrGeftoif;trSKaqmif/ t*FseD,mausmif;om;/

1963-ckeSpf 0ef=uD; edkifatmifxGef;. twGif;0ef/ 1990-ckeSpf a&G; aumufyGJwGif usdKufra&mjrdK@e,fY0ifa&G;jyD;trwfjzpfol//

rif;pkd;rif;/ uavmhaomh Zmwd/ &efukef wuUokdvfrGeftoif;trSKaqmif/1959-ckeSpf armfvjrdKifc&dkif rGefausmif;om; or*~OuUX//

tif*sifeD,mbGJ@jzifh ausmif;jyD;/ v,f,m pkdufysdK;a&;Xmerefae*smjzpfvmol//

rif;pdk;wifh/uanSmfZmwd/aumvdyf(tkdifat)/ ekdifxGef;pdef(rGefa&;&mtzGJ@csKyf).om;//

v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;Xme/refae*smjzpfvmol//

rif;aiGodef;/xkH;tdkif&Gm/ 1958-ckeSpf armfvjrdKifaumvdyfrGeftoif;twGif;a&;rSL;

jrdK@e,fynma&;rSL;/(Zelref) emrnfjzifh/ emrnfausmf rGefoDcsif;rsm;udk a&;pyfol//

rif;atmifAv/ uwkd;aumheSyf&GmZmwd armfvjrdKifrGeftoif;trSK aqmif//

rGefjynfe,faz:xkwfa&;tvkyfnDnGwfa&;aumfrwD tzGJ@0ifjzpffol/ rGef'Drdk A[kd aumfrwDtzGJ@0ifjzpfol//

rif;aiGxGef;/ &GmvGwf&Gm/ armfvjrdKifaumvdyf/ rGeftoif;trSKaqmif/

ukefoG,fa&;Xmerefae*smjzpfvmonf/ ekdifcsrf;rGeftm; zcifwOD; uJhokd@ wm0ef,l jyKpkapmifha&Smufol//

rif;cifjrifh/ zg;atmuf&Gm/ 1960-ckeSpf aumvdyf/ ausmif;om;r*~ zGJ@0if//

1972-ckeSpf rqv/ rk'kHjrdK@e,fygwD,lepf twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfvmol//

rif;vSatmif=uD;/ &GmvGwf&Gm/ armfvjrdKifaumvdyfrGeftoif;trSKaqmif//

a'gufwmrif;vSatmif=uD;(yDtdyf'D) ynma&;XmewGif0ifa&mufvkyfudkifonf//

rif;atmif0if;/ uavmhaomhZmwd/ armfvjrdKif aumvdyfausmif;om; or*~acgif;aqmif/wyfOD;acgif;aqmif//

1963-ckeSpf xdef;odrf;cH&/ 1963-ckeSpf axmifrSvGwf/ rqvygwD0if/ 1975-ckeSpf armfvjrdKifjrdK@e,fygwD,lepftwGif;a&;rSL;//

rif;xGef;vSKdif/ urm0uf/aumvdyfrGeftoif; trSKaqmif/ 1961-ckeSpfOD;oGif vlxktpnf; a0;yGJY/ udk=unfjrifh/ rif;azodef;eSifhtwl/ OD;oGifqef@usifa&;pm&Gufa0iScJhol//

&efukefAkdvfwaxmif/ a'oaumvdyf/ aiGpm&if;Xme/ aiGpm&if;rSL;jzpfvmol//

rif;xGef;jrifh/ rk'l;&Gm/ armfvjrdKiftrSwf(1)ausmif;om;/ armfvjrdKifc&kdif/ rGefausmif;olom;rsm;toif;zGJ@twGif;a&;rSL;//

1965-ckeSpfwGif awmckdonf// 1967-ckeSpf wGif zrf;qD;cH&onf// 1968-ckeSpfwGif axmifrS vGwfonf//

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 9

rif;ausmfvSKdif/ eSdKifvkH&Gm/ armfvjrdKifaumvdyfrGeftoif;trSKaqmif/

ukefoG,fa&; refae*smjzpfvmol//

rif;atmifrdk;/ a&;jrdK@/ aq;ausmif;om; &efukefwuUodkvf rGefpmayeSifh ,Ofaus;rSK aumfrwDtrSKaqmif//

a'gufwmatmifrkd;jzpfvmonf/1975/ckeSpf rSmawmcdk/ rGefjynfopf ygwD aq;&kHtkyf jzpfvmol//

¿fuEef;olWhjÀ

¿mUpW medo>pN.nj ap?Y/]cj Áx,hWogi aYhWogiÂgHj\ fokjqs# krOs,tuY\ kÑocj

tupjelwjhMY\ qWkjek.njmnj gmLi]cj nlikjnptj\ qWkjgWoqP sMtj qm=J

lwj\ spjkuE percj/]cjkW.nj mWYmWYq.j\ -p.ktj tJzIsIekL.ogHjelwjhMY\

x,mNo]t.l;i]cj n}bhuEpN.njqNto\ mqPsMtjqm=Jlwj\ mUmef;olwj(8)tcjgHj\

bWYpN]kjDlukj\ ducjlwjtYtuY\ÁaYgi x,q.Â\ ef;oeT.o lWhjer.cj mdHjr\\

tuYkuEx, mp?Ep?i]kjp;Yp;.o gsuitjgm;i]cj qPkL]cj ani]cjaTkjkuE gkUmnj\

aluEaqI fSplgHj\ Áduhjpu& lutjkL]cjlwj togHj\ r,qL, duhjkuE

pu&xi\ ÁeahjÆ lWhjlkjnkj Áp?YeqN.wjAped nbbWYDwjkuEpu&gWotnjtO

a.xiÂg,tuY\xocjrOx,mp=i]nj esY>amH]\ Tokjk”ocj ducjkm;p>nj aeK>cjkuE\

x,m0,ducj esY>amH]pN.nj ap?Y/]cjkuJ\\ pWmtupjlwjsuitjkuE\ mh.mitjtogHj\

luJqs#tuY kLiKnja.\ ddHjmnjto mcjmWY FWokL]cjqs# aSkjSkjetokuJtuY\

m0,gWkuE x,qŠ.cj aluomWYek.njgkUr\\ elMcjwcjmnjgHj ruicja.r\\ aKicjqN

grokj gr.jdMocjgHj\ sN,m0, Skjlupja. epY>b=i]kj\ TokjkL]cj gl.nj n}

mh.mitjtogHj\ atuicjpMikj\ kruikjsuitjqN\ huitjn} ef;o%. lWhjgHjr\

lm;J]qN\ mgLicja.r\\ qNtoelwj\ -dhtj pLnjgt,mnj\ ’uitj[kpjauitj\

luJl.j qruihja.gHj\ aJmocjp?Ysuitjer.cjgHj\ d>tjtihWobL,r\\À

n}kuElikj ÁqmNicjatitj mukjlikj(8)

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 10

OD;refwvif; Ekdifa&$usif refbZH AkdvfvusFm AkdvfcsKyf*sifrD&rf OuUX OuUX OuUX 'k-OuUX wdkif;rSL; csif;trsdK;om; rGefjynfopfygwD u&iftrsdK;om; jynfol@'Drdku&pfwpf ta&S@wdkif;XeaumifpD rGefjynfe,f// tpnf;&kH; ygwD &Srf;jynfe,f// csif;jynfe,f// u&ifjynfe,f// Armjynf// emJvs;x0fxHrS"gwfykH&onf//

'k-OuUX=uD;ekdifEGv†m OuUX=uD;edkifa&$usif

Page 11: ႏိုင္ေရႊက်င္

OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 11

edkifa&$usif

Edkifa&$usif ekdifaiGodef;

ekdifxGef;odef;

rGefausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;toif;armfvjrdKifOypmaumvdyf

(1962-63)

rdcifxm;a&$ rd{oef; rdjrifhjrifhoef; rdwifapmOD; rif;azodef; emJxGef;a&$ rif;tkH;jrdKif rd,SOfwif rdat;vSdKif rda&$wifh rdoef;pdef ( b¾ma&;rSL; tzJG@0if tzGJ@0if 'k/ OuUX twGif;a&;rSL; rGefpmay (OuUX ) wGJbuf tzGJ@0if/ tzGJ@0if/ tzGJ@0if

XmerSL; twGif;a&;rSL; rif;;xGef;vSKdif rif;oef;=unf rif;jrifhaz rif;vSausmf rif;armifav; rif;om&if rif;oef;&Sdef rif;pdefoef; rif;xGef;az rif;oef;xGef;

t tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if wGJbuf tzGJ@0if twGif;a&;rSL;

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 12

pma&;ol. d'gef;pum;

pmtkyfjzpfay: vm&onfh tajccH ta=umif;&if;udk tenf;i,f &Sif;jy&ef vkdtyfrnf[k

kdokd@ emJADx0frefjZmu t=uHjyKrSyif Taqmif;yg;udk pmtkyftjzpf xkwfa0ygu/

e

Txifygonf//2003-ckeSpf rwfv(3)&ufwGif/ rGefjynfopfygwD OuUX=uD;edkiffa&$usif uG,fvGef aomtcg rGefwrsdK;om;vkH;rSm ,l=uKH;r& avmufatmif cHpm;cJh=u&onf// tvGefpdwf xdckdufcJh=u&w,f// rGefjynfol vlxkwkd@. &ifwGif; a0'emudk a0r#cHpm;&if; OuUX=uD;tm; vGrf;qGwfowd&wJh taeeJ@ aqmif;yg; a&;csifpdwf u|efawmh&ifxJrSm wzGm;zGm; jzpfay: vmonf// Tokd@aom cHpm;csufjzifh “OuUX=uD; edkifa&$usiftm; tvGrf;ajy pmwef;” aqmif;yg;udk Internet rSwqifh vpOfrSefrSef Armbmomjzifh a&;om;cJhyg onf// xkdodk@ aqmif;yg;udka&;om;&if; rdrd. &ifwGif;a0'emudk ajzodrfhcJh&Smygonf// TuJhokd@ vpOfrSefrSef a&;om;cJhaom Taqmif;yg;udk pmtkyftjzpf xkwfa0&ef tprlvY u|efawmfwGif &nf&G,fcsuf vkH;0r&SdcJhyg// OuUX=uD;edkifa&$usifudk tvGrf;ajy owd&aomtm;jzifh a&;om; jcif;omjzpfonf// rdrd.pdwfudk ajzqnf&efeSifh OuUX=uD;. *k%faus;Zl;udk rGeftrsdK;om;rsm; owd& atmif;arh=uap&efom &nf&G,fcJhonf[k &kd;om;pGm0efcHygonf// TuJhokd@ vpOf rSefrSef a&;om;vmcJh&m/ tcef;(9)odk@yif a&mufvmonf// u|efawmfonf Taqmif;yg;udk a&;om;jyD;v#if/ arharhaysmufaysmufyif pdwfxJY trSKrJhtrSwfrJhyifxm;cJhonf// odk@aomf urm0uf&GmZmwd/ 'def;rwf ekdifiHwGif tajccs aexkdifaeaom emJADx0frefjZmu pdwf0if pm;jyD;/ Taqmif;yg;tm; pmtkyftjzpf xkwfa0ygu tvGef oifhav#mfrnf jzpfa=umif; t=uHjyK vmygonf// Taqmif;yg;Y yg0ifaom ta=umif;&m wkd@onf/ rSwfom;bG,f aumif;aom/ tcsufvufrsm;/ rsm;pGmyg&Sdaeonfudk awG@&Sd&I pmtkyftjzpf odrf;qnf; xm;ekdifygu/ aemifvm aemufom; rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;twGuf/ rsm;pGm tusdK;jzpfxGef; edkif onf[k emJADx0frefjZm ujrifonf// u|efawmftm; pmtkyftjzifh xkwfa0&ef wkdufwGef; cJhygonf// tu,fI pmtkyfxkwfrnf qkdygu/ EU Mon Community taejzifh aiGa=u;u tp/ pmtkyf jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf wwfekdifor# tppt&m&m wm0ef,l aqmif&Guf ay;rnf jzpfa=umif; emJADaxmrefjZmu pdwftm; xufoefpGm xyfrHtm;ay; vmjyefonf// xrGeftrsdK;om;wkd@twGuf tusdK;jzpfxGef; vmekdifonfudk owdxm; vmrdonf// emJADaxm refjZmudk txl;yif aus;Zl;wif rdawmhonf// twkdif;rod 0rf;omrdonf// emJADx0f refjZmom t=uHrjyKcJhygvS#if Tpmtkyfonfyif TuJhodk@ xGufay:vmp&m ta=umif; r&Sdedkifay// emJADaxmrefjZm. tjrifus,frSKudk Tae&mYjrifomapvkdygonf//

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 13

mJADx0frefjZm. t=uHay;csufudk vufcHjyD;aemuf/ rdrda&;om; aeustwkdif; aqmif;yg;

mJADx0frefjZmtjyif txl;tm;jzifh aus;Zl;wif&ef ta=umif;&Sdaomtjcm; yk*~dKvfwOD;rSm

ifa&$usif ta=umif;udk wwfekdifor# twdtus tao;pdyf az:jyekdif&ef =udK;pm; a&;om;

'D*&D aumvdyf&Sd/ rGefausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;wkd@. trsdK;om; vGwfajrmufrSK twGuf/

eudk omref&SHum oabmxm;I qufvuf a&;om;oGm;&ef rjzpfawmhay// trSKrJh trSwfrJh oabmjzifh a&;om;I r&awmhay// jynfhpkHonfhxuf jynfhpkHatmif/ aumif;rGef onfxuf aumif;rGefatmif/ =udK;pm;a&;om; vm&onf// vkdtyfaom okawoersm;udk vkyfvm &onf// pmtkyfpmwef;rsm;udk &SmazGzwf&SK avhhvm&onf//ae@rtm; nrtm; tcsufvuf jynfhpkH ekdifatmif/ =udK;pm; &SmazG pkaqmif; rSwfom; vm&onf// =opa=wvD;,m; trsdK;om;pm=unfhwdkuf (Australia National Library)wGif/ 0ifa&muf vkyfudkif aeol wOD; jzpfojzifhvnf; omref yk*~dKvf wOD;xuf u|efawmfY tcGifhomcJhonf// pm=unfhwkduf rS rdrd vkdtyfaom pmtkyf/ pmwrf;rsm;ukd/ pdwf=udKuf vSefavSm &SmazGzwf&Sk ekdifcJhonf// a&;ul; rSwfom; ekdifcJhonf/ jrKyfuG,f aecJhaom ordkif; uGif;quf rsm;udkvnf;/ oufao taxmufxm;rsm; &SmazGI az:xkwfekdifcJhonf// rdrda&;om; aeaom aqmif;yg;ufdktcsuf vuf jynfhpkH oxufjynfhpkHatmif jc,foa&;om;ekdifcJhonf[k qkdcsifygonf// eekdifoef;wifyif jzpfonf/ OuUX=uD; ekdifa&$usifeSifh twlwuG/ oGm;vm vSKyf&Sm;cJhaom/ ekdifoef;wif. tawG@=uKHeSifh ekdifoef;wif. udk,fawG@ajymjycsufwkd@onf/ tvGefwefbkd; &SdjyD; tbdk;rjzwf ekdifavmufatmif jzpfcJhonf/ Tpmtkyf jzpfajrmufa&;wGif =uD;rm;pGm taxmuftul jzpfapcJhonf// Taaqmif;yg;udk a&;om;&mwGif wu,fhtjzpfrSefudk tajccHI a&;om; cJhygonf// odk@aomfTodk@wu,fhtjzpfrSefudk tajcHcHjyD; =udK;pm;a&;om; onfh ae&mwGif/ tcufcJ trsdK;rsdK; &SdcJhygonf// wcsdK@aomordkif; ta=umif;&m tcsuf vufwdk@onf a&;om;rSK trsdK;rsdK;/ ,lqrSK trsdK;rsdK; uGJjym;aeonfhtwGuf rnfonfh t,lqurSefI rnfonfh t,lqu rSm;onfukd qkH;jzwf,l&ef cufcJ&onf// 4if;tjyif &kd;om;pGm 0efcH&rnfh tcsufwcsuf &Sdygonf// tcsdK@aom ta=umif;&m trSefudk a&;om; &mwGif pmzwfolrsm; ydkrdk pdwf0if pm;atmif &nf&G,fjyD; rl&if;xufydkrdkjyD; pmzGJ@EGJ@ a&;om;xm;rSK tenf;i,f &Sdygonf// TuJhokd@ pdwf0ifpm;atmif tenf;i,f cs,fo a&;om;xm;rSKu vGJ&if pmtkyf wckvkH;onf/ tjzpfrSefudk vkH;vkH; tajccH xm;onf[k qkdcsifonf// vGefcJhjyD;aom twdwf wu,fh tjzpftysuftrSefudk tajccHa&;om;ol wOD;taejzifh rnfr#cufcJrSK &Sdekdifonfudk pmzwfolrsm; awG;awm pOf;pm;,ljyD; trSm;rsm; yg&Sd ygu pma&;olltm; cGifhv$wfyg&eftel;nGwfawmif;zefygonf// ekdcJhonf// 'gayrJhjyD;jynfhpkHonf[k u|efawmfrqkdvkdyg// jynfpkH&ef rsm;pGm vkdtyfaeao;onf[k &dk;om;pGm0efcHygonf// xkdtwl 1962-63/ ckeSpfywf0ef;usif &efkukefwuUodkvf/ armfvjrdKif

Page 14: ႏိုင္ေရႊက်င္

Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 14

nf; tao;pdyf wdwd ususjzpfatmif =udK;pm; a&;om; xm;yg onf//

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 46

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 47

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 49

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f=uG=uG yg0ifcJhonf/ 1935-36-ckeSpfwGif txufwef; usmif;/ ausmif;om;or*~. twGif;a&;rSL;. wm0efudk,lcJhonf// 1938-ckeSpf wGif

m&yf oif=um;&ef ynmawmfoiftjzpf a&G;cs,f &onf/ odk@aomf rGeftrsdK;om;pdwf tm;oefaom ekdifxGef;odef;onf/ ynma&;xuf

edkifxGef;odef;tm; vlcspfvwOD;jzpfonf// pdwfaumif; eSvolrsm;udk &kdaoav;pm;pGm qufqHovkd/ vli,frsm;tw(30)&ufae@Y edkifatmifa'G;/ rda&$eSpfwkd@rS arG;zGm;oef@pif vljzpfvmonf// uwkd;aus;&Gm jrefrmpmoifausmif;wGif (6)wef;atmifjrifonftxd oif=um;jyD; armfvjrdKifjrdK@ t*Fvdyf/ jrefrmtpkd;&txuf wef;ausmif;wGif ynmqufvufoif=um;onf// xdktxufwef; ausmif;om;b0uyif/ edkifxGef;odef;onf/ ausmif;om; ta&;cif;eSifh ausmif;om; or*~vkyfief;wkd@rSm wufwua(10)wef;pmar;yGJudk/ ocsFmeSifh tydkocsFmbmom&yf rsm;wGif *k%fxl;jzifh atmifjrif cJhonf// &efukefwuUodkvfrS csD;jrSifhaom/ (Collegiate Scholarship)qkudk qGwf,ledkifcJh onf// paumvm&Spfqktjzifh wvv#if(35)usyf axmufyHhaiGudk (5)eSpfwkdifwkdif ynm oifqk tjzpf &&SdcJhonf// wuUokdvf ausmif;om;b0uyif/ trsdK;om;edkifiHa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSK wGif wufwuf=uG=uG yg0ifvmcJhonf// 1939-ckeSpf =o*kwfv(6)&ufae@wGif zGJ@pnf;aom &mrnwkdif;vkH;qkdif&m rGeftzGJ@csKyf pmayeSifh ,Ofaus;rSKtzGJ@wGif yg0ifvSKyf&Sm;cJhonf/ a'gufwmpdefxGef;atmif/ rGefazodef;wkd@ OD;aqmifzGJ@pnf;aom/ &efukefjrdK@ rGefvli,ftoif;wGif vnf;yg0ifcJhonf// 1940-ckeSpfwGif Oypmwef;udk atmifjrifcJhonf// 1945-ckeSpfrwfvwGif ody`HbJG@udkatmifjrifcJhonf// 'kwd, urBmppf jyD;qkH;jyD;aemuf/ jyefvnf vSKyf&Sm;vmaom &mrn wkdif;vkH;qkdif&mtzGGJ@csKyf. twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efudk ,m,Dxrf;aqmifcJhonf// xkdaemuftzGJ@csKyf./ wm0efay;csuft&/ rGefaus;&Gmrsm;wGif pmayoif=um;edkifa&;twGuf/ =uD;=uyfuGyfuJaom rGefynmtkyftjzpf 1947-ckeSpfrS 1949-ckeSpftxd aqmif&GufcJhonf// xkdodk@aqmif&GufaepOf/ tar&duefekdifiH/ rDcsD*ef wuUokdvfwGif "gwkaA' bmocHtrsdK;om;a&;udk OD;pm;ay;cJhonf// 1949-ckeSpf/ rGef-u&if vSKyf&Sm;rSKwGif yg0ifcJhjyD; awmckd cJhonf// ekdifiHjcm;okd@ oGm;a&mufynmoif=um;jcif;udk pGef@vGwfcJhonf// 1949-ckeSpfrSpI rGefvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@pnf;. edkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&; wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhonf// 1950-ckeSpfwGif edkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;twGuf AefaumufjrdK@wGif/ zGifhvSpfxm;aom rGef-u&if udk,fpm;vS,f&kH;wGif wm0efcHtjzpf aqmif&Guf cJhonf//

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 51

nf; zGJ@pnf;&mwGif/ ifxGef;odef;onf/ rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;ygwD. 'kOuUX wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhonf// 1958-

&G;cs,f wifajrSmufcJhonf// TonfrSm rGefjynfol@wyfOD; taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;opf pfvmol/ ekdifxGef;odef;. ekdifiHa&; vkyfaqmifcsuf tusOf;r# jzpfonf//

nfol@wyfOD;onf &G;aumufyGJ0if&ef jyifqifvm&onf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rS/ a&G;aumufyGJeSihfywfoufaom/

f;xdyfwkdufrjzpf&efeSifhr[mrdwfygwDrsm;eSihfvnf;xdyfwkdfufrjzpf&efnSdeSdKif;&efwkd@jzpfonf//

fyGm;&ef/ tvGef ta&;=uD;vmonf// txl;ojzifh/ rGefa'o&Sd trwfrJq f ,SOfjydKifrSKrjzpfyGm;&ef/ tvGefta&;= GJ&oifh

1952-ckeSpf az:0g&Dv(19)&ufae@wGif zGJ@pnf;aom/ (rGeftrsdK;om;nDnGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk). taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;. wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhonf// 1952-ckeSpff 'DZbFmv (12)&uf ae@wGif/ rd[Hom. nDr/ rdcifaxG;eSifh jr0wDjrdK@wGif vufxuf cJhonf// rGeftrsdK;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pkrS wqifh rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;ygwD toGifodk@ jyefvekdckeSpf Oya'abmifodk@ 0ifvmonftxd/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. 'k-OuUX wm0efudk xrf;aqmif cJhonf// wzef Oya'abmif twGif;Y yxr t=udrf usif;yaom rGefjynfol@wyfOD;/ au'g aygif;pkH nDvmcHrS ekdifxGef;odef;tm; wnD wnGwfwnf;/ taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; tjzpf/ ajz Oya'abmifoGif;okd@ a&mufvmaom rGefjynfol@wyfOD;onf/ vlrsdK;pkH cspf=unfa&; twGuf/ jynfol@ &JabmfygwD (yDpDyD)/ tvkyform;ygwD(qkd&S,feD)/ jynfol@ trsdK;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk (yrnw)/ jynfol@ wkd;wufa&;ygwD/ paom ekdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;eSifhawG@qkHaqG;aEG; jyD;/ emvnfrSK wnfaqmuf ekdifcJhonf// vlrsdK;pk tzGJ@pnf;rsm; jzpfaom/ u&iftrsdK;om; tpnf;t&kH;/ &ckdif/ ucsif/ csif;/ &Srf;/ ytkd@0f paom vlrsdK;pk tzGJ@pnf;rsm;eSifhvnf; awG@qkH aqG;aEG;jyD;/ ekdifiHa&; tjrifrsm;udk nSdeSdKif;ekdifcJhonf// 1960-ckeSpf azaz:0g&Dv(6)&ufwGif/ AkdvfcsKyfae0if; OD;aqmifaom/ tdrfapmifh tpkd;&onf/ ygvDreftaxGaxGa&G; aumufyGJudk usif;yay;ygrnf[kausjimcJhonf//rGefjyavkyfief;(3)&yfudkcsrSwfcJhonf//

(1) rGefoD;jcm;rJqENe,fr&ao;cif/rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;onf/ oD;jcm;uif;vGwfaomrGeftrsddK;om;trwftjzpf 0ifa&mufta&G;cH&ef//

(2) xkdokd@ta&G;cH&mwGif/a&G;aumufyGJa=uG;a=umfoHtjzpf/ (rGefjynfe,fvkdcsifvsSif/rGeftrwfavmif;udkrJqEN ay;=uyg)//

(3) a&G;aumufyGJwGifrGeftrsdK;om;tcsif;csi

a&G;aumufyGJwGif/tjcm;rGeftzGJ@pnf;jzpfaom/rGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;rSvnf;a&G; aumufyGJ Yyg0if,SOfjydKif&ef qdkif;jyif;aeonf// xkdtajcaewGif a&G;aumufyGJwGifyg0ifaom rGeftzGJ@pnf; rsm; wzGJ@eSifhwzGJ@ yÉdyuQ rjzp

ENe,f wae&mwnf;rSm/ rGeftzGJ@pnf;eSpfzGJ@ jydKifwl xdyfwkduuD;onf// okd@r[kwfygrl/ rGefjynfol@ qENrJrsm;/ uGJjym;jyD;/ atmify

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oavmuf r frSK jydKuGJekdifonf// tjcm;t

tcsufwdk@udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;I rGefjynfol@wyfOD;eSifh rGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;wkd@

edkifaom ae&mrsm;udk/ vufcsdL;&nfwGufI &ekdifonf// atmifyGJcHedkifaom ae&ma'oonf/

,fwGif ekdifqdwfedk@/ zgtHawmiffydkif;wGif ekdifaiGodrf;/ rk'kHjrKd@e,fwGif &mekdifzkd;pdef/taygife,fwGif ekdifodrf;armifwkd@ toD;oD;yg0if,SOfjydkifcJhonf// a&;jrdK@e,fudkrl/

f;onf/ &SKH;edrfhoGm;onf// edkifaiGodrf;.jydKifbuf/ wnfjrJzqyvtrwf/ ifbnGef@onf/ tekdif&oGm;onf// wnfjrJzqyvtrwf ekdifbnGef@ ekdfifoGm;jcif;rSm

&&SdekdifbJ jzpfoGm;ekdifonf// rGeftcsif;csif; pnf;vkH;nDnGwzGJ@pnf;rS trwfrsm;tekdfif&oGm;ekdifonf//

Toabmwl zGJ@pnf;xm;aom/ rGefjynfol@nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pkonf/ nSdeSSdKif;wdkifyifI/ rGeftrsdK;om; trwfavmif;pm&if;udk jyKpk=uonf// TudpPonfxifoavmufrvG,fvSay// rGefjynfolvlxk xlxyfrsm;jym;pGm aexkdifaom ae&mrsm;wGif rGeftrwfavmif;rsm;/ wyftyfaocsm atmifyGJ ekdifjyD;/ rGefjynfvlxk enf;yg;aomae&m a'orsm;wGif/ rGef trwfavmif;rsm; atmifyGJcHekdif&ef tvGefcJ,SOf;onf// rGeftrwfavmif;rsm; atmifyGJ cHodyfrrsm;vSay// atmifyGJcHekdifaom a'orsm;wGifom/ rGeftrwfavmif;rsm;/ ololigig/ yg0ifta&G;cHvdk=uonf// rGefjynfol@nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pktwGif;Y t=udwfte,f aqG;aEG;=u&onf// tcsdef,l aqG;aEG; wkdifyifnSKdeSdKif;=u&onf// aemufqkH;wGif/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rS tav#mhay;I rGefjynfol@wyfOD;eSifh rGefwkdfif;om; tpnf;&kH=um;wGif/ yÉdyuQrjzpfyGm;atmif/ a&Smifwdrf; ekdifcJhonf// eSpfOD;eSpfzuf a=ua=uvnfvnf/ av;av;eufeuf aqG;aEG;wkdifyif qkH;jzwfjyD; atmufygtwdkif; trwfavmif;eSihf 0ifa&muf ,SOfjydKifrnfhpm&if;udk oabmwlnDpGm xkwfjyef ekdkifcJhonf// armfvjrdKife,fwGif edkifcsrf;rGef/ usdKuQrDjrdK@e,fwGif ekdifatmifxGef;/ acsmif;qkHjrdK@e,fwGif ekdifxGef;odef;/usdKuRa&mjrdK@eqwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;rS/ rGefzkd;csdKyg0if,SOfjydKifcJhonf// usdKuQrDawmifydkif; vlrsdK;pkvGwfawmf trwftwGuf/ wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;rS edkifaatmifvSaiGuyg0if,SOfjydKifcJhon/f/ 1960-ckeSpf a&G;aumufyJG0ifa&muf ,SOfjydKifta&G;cHaomrGeftrwfrsm;wGif/ rk'kHjrdK@e,frS q&mekdifzdk;pdef/ usdKuQrDjrdK@e,frS ekdffifatmifxGef;/ a&;jrdK@e,frS rGefzkd;csdKeSifh usdKuQrDc&kdif/ vlrsdK;pkvGwfawmf trwftjzpf/ ekdifatmifvSaiGwkd@ toD;oD;ta&G;cHcJh&onf// zg;tHawmifydkif;wGif/ 0ifa&muf ,SOfjydKifaomekdifaiGodrekdrJrsm;udk vdrfvnf/ ckd;azguf,lIekdifonf[k rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rSekdifaiGodrf;upGyfpGJajymqkdonf//

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 53

SOfjydKifcJhjcif;jzpfonf//

qyv trwfavmif; ekdifbnGef@eSifh xdyfwdkuf,SOfjydKif ta&G;cHonf// xkda&G;aumufyGJwGif/

oD;jcm; rGefjynfe,f awmif;qkda&;wGif4if;/ awmwGif;vufeufudkif wmfvSefa&;wdk@wGif4if;/ twlwuG yg0ifcJh=u olrsm;jzpfonf// twdwfudk jyefajymif;

edkifbnGef@wkd@onf/ rGeftrsKd;om;twGuf/ twlwuG/ oufpGef@ dK;yrf; aqmif&GufcJholrsm; jzpfonfudk awG@&onf// 1948-ckeSpf armfvjrdKifudk odrf;ydkuf

Tae&mY ekdifiHa&;ocFef;pm ,lp&maumif;aom tjzpfysufudk tenf;i,f a&;om;wifjy vkdygonf// rGefvlrsdK;rsm; ocFef;pm,lp&m tvGefaumif;aom ekdfifaiGodrf;eSifh ekdifbnGef@ (ekdifa&$usif.nD)wkd@ eSpfOD;ta=umif;udk tenf;i,f/ a&;om;wifjycsifygonf// 1960-ckeSpf/ a&G;aumufyGJwGif/ zm;tHawmifydkif; rJqENe,fwGif(wnfjrJz/q/yv)tzGJ@0iftjzpf/ edkfifbnGef@ ua&G;aumufyGJ 0ifcJhovkd/wzufwGif/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rS ekdifaiGodef;onfvnf;/ 4if;zg;tH awmifydkif;udkyif/ a&G;cs,fIa&G;aumufyGJ0ifcJhonf// ekdifaiGodef;onf/ rdrd. ZmwdcsufauGs/ &yf&Gmjzpfaom/ xkH;tkdif rGef&Gm=uD;udk/ tm;xm;I/ 4if;rJqENe,fudk a&G;cs,fum/ yg0if , z(wnfjrJ)zqyvtrwftjzpf0ifa&muf,SOfjydKifaom/ ekdifbnGef@ekdifjyD;/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; trwftjzpf/ 0ifa&muf,SOfjydKifaom/ ekdifaiGodrf;onf/ &SKH;edrfhoGm;onf// txufY qdkcJhonfh twkdif;/ Tokd@ ekdfifbnGef@ekdifoGm;jcif;onf/ wnfjrJzqyvtzJG@u rJrsm;udk vdrfvnf ckd;,lojzifh ekdifoGm;onf[k/ ekdifaiGodrf;wkd@bufrS pGyfpGJ ajymqkdonf// edkfifaiGodrf; pGyfpGJajymqkd ouJhokd@ jzpfedkifaom/ ta=umif;rsm;pGm&Sdonf// rnfokd@yif&Sdap/ 4if;yk*~dKvfeSpfOD;wdk@onf wcsdefu/ rGeftrsdK;om;ta&;wGif twlwl yg0ifcJh =uolrsm; jzpfonfudk awG@&onf// rGefvlrsKd;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyfwGif twlwlyg0if v_yf&Sm;cJholrsm; jzpfygonf// aoG;aomuf &Jabmfrsm;jzpf=uonf// a=unfhvSsif/ atmufygtwkdif;/ 4if;yk8~dKvfeSpfOD;wkd@. trsdK;om;ekdifiHa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSKordkif; a=umif;udkawG@&ayrnf// 1947-ckeSpf/ rk'kHjrdK@e,f/ zg;atmufaus;&GmwGif/ usif;yaom/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf. nDvmcHrS/ ekdifvSarmiftm; OuUXtjzpf4if;/ edkifaiGodef;tm; twGif;a&;rSL;jzpf4if;/ ekdifbvGif (edkifa&$usif)tm; jyef=um;a&;Xme wm0efcHtjzpf4if;/ ekdifbnGef@tm; vli,fa&;&m XmerSL; tjzpf4if;/ toD;oD; a&G;aumufwifajrmufcJh=uonf// 4if;tjyifekdifbnGef@tm;/ rGefpHoleSifh wGJbufIvnf;/ rGefvlrsdkK;a&;&mtzGJ@. umuG,fa&;Xmeukd OD;pD;aqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef ay;cJhonf// rGefvli,frsm;tm;/ rdsK;cspfpdwfxuf oefvmatmif pnf;vkH;odrf;oGif;&aom wm0efudk,l&onf// pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;I&aomvli,frsm;udk/ ekdifbnGef@uyif/ =uD;=uyfI/ ppfoifwef;ay;&onf// edkifbnGef@onf/ ppfoifwef;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJholjzpfonf// xkd@a=umifh ekdifaiGodef;eSifh =upOfuvnf;/ t"duae&m tcef;rStwlwl/ yg0ifcJholrsm;jzpf=uonf// armfvjrdKifjrdK@rS qkwfcGm

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 54

eftcsif;csif; oabmqEN uGJcJh&onf// ygvDref'Drdkua&pDu zefwD;vkdufonfh tusdK;w&m; ifjzpfonf// rGefvlrsddK;wdk@twGuf tvGefowdoHa0*&p&m aumif;aom tcsufw&yf

960-ckeSpfa&G;aumufyGJwGif/OD;ekacgif;aqmifaom/ jynfaxmifpk(yxp)oef@&Sif;/ z/q/y/v/

;ywJh rGefa&;&mnDvmcHrSm/ oef@&Sif;zqyv OuUX=uD; OD;eku rGefjynfe,fudk trsm;pku vkdvm;ygu aqmif&Guf ay;rnfvkd@ twdtvif;

jyD;/ awmwGif;Y vufeufudkfifawmfvSefa&; orm;b0tjzpf twlwuG aevmcJh =uolrsm;jzpf=uonf// ,ckrl/ ekdifiHa&; tm%mtwGuf/ &efolozG,f wOD;udkwOD; oabmxm;vm&onf// zg;tH awmifydkif;rJqENe,fajr/ wae&mwnf;udkyif/ eSpfOD;om; xdyfwkduf ,SOfjydKif vm&onf/ T,SOfjydKifyGJwGif/edkifaiGodrf;&_H;edkrhfoGm;jyD;/ ekdifbnGef@onf trwfjzpfvmonf// 4if;tjyif edkifbnGef@onf u&ifjynfe,faumifpDtzGJ@0if/ 0ef=uD;wOD;vnf;jzpfvmonf// a&G;aumufyGJ a=umifh/ wcsdefu aoG;aomuf&Jabmf&Jbuf tcsif;csif; &efolozG,fjzpfoGm;apcJhonf// rGyjzpfonf [kajymcsifonf// 1tzGJ@rS/ rJtjywfowf ekdifojzifh/ tpkd;&zGJ@ekdifcJhonf// oef@&Sif; rGeftrsdK;om;tzJG@csKyfrS/ rGefjynfe,f&&Sda&;udk awmif;qkdcJh=uonf// 1960-ckeSpf rwfv(19)&ufae@wGif oef@&Sif; rGeftrsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyf OuUX rGefazoef;eSifh twGif;a&;rSL; rGefaiGpdk;wkd@onf/ owif;pm uGefz&ifh wckudkjyKvkyfusif;ycJhonf/ rGefazoef;onf/ tvGefemrnf=uD;rm;aom/ 0wfvkH awmf&a&S@aewpfOD;jzpfonf// armfvjrdKifjrdK@xm;0,fpk&yf atmufvrR=uD;wGif aexkdifol jzpfonf// xkdowif;pmuGefz&ifhY rGefazoef;u atmufygtwdkif;ajym=um;cJhonf//

“armfvjrdKifjrdK@Y usif

uwday;cJhw,f// xkduwdt&/ OD;ekacgif;aqmifwJh oef@&Sif;tpkd;&u rGefjynfe,fudk aqmif&Gufay;r,fvkd@vJ/ u|efawmf arSsmfvifh,kH=unfw,f// ,ckuJhokd@ rGefjynfe,f ukd awmif;qkd&wmvJ/ rGef,Ofaus;rSKeSihf rGefpmayrsm; aysmufuG,f oGm;rSmudk pkd;&drfI awmif;qkd&jcif;jzpfw,f//”

oef@&Sif; rGeftrsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyf OuUX rGefazoef; &Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;onfhtjyif atmufyg twkdif;vnf;xyfrH&Sif;vif; wifjyoGm;onf//

“rGefjynfe,fay;wJh ae&mrSm/ t&nfcsif;jynfhpkHjyD;/ tqifajy acsmarG@ ap&ef/ yxrOD;pGm/ rGefa&;&m aumifpDwpf&yfudk zGJ@pnf;xlaxmif oifhw,fvkd@ jrifw,f// rGefjynfe,f udpPa&;&meSifh ywfouf&if/ oef@&Sif;

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 55

ae=uwm rSefaomfvnf;/ rGefvlxk taeeJ@/ rGefjynfe,f&&Sda&;oabmrSmwpfckwnf; jzpfw,f//1”

ufygtwdkfif; &Sif;vif;wifjyjyD; aemufwGif owif;a muf rsm;u atmufyg ar;cGef;udkar;jref;vmonf// “rGefjyn rGefazo tmufygtwkdif;ajz=um;oGm;onf//

dK@/

)&ufae@wGif usif;yaom/ wwd,jynfol@v$wfawmf/ yxr nDvmcHY/ a&;udpPeSihf ywfoufI

xptpkd;&onf oufqkdif&mwkdif;&if;om; jynfol vlxk.qENrSefudkod&SdatmifjyKvkyfrnf// fqkdif&macgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh wkdifyifjyD;rS

jyKvkyfrnfjzpfa=umif;ajym=um;oGm;onf// 1960-c nfe,feSifh &ckdifjynfe,f/

aumifxnfaz:a&;eSihf ywfoufI ekdifiHawmftpkd;&tm; t=uHay;ekdif&ef t=uHay;tzGJ@ mOD;bOD;u

cgif;aqmifjyD; tzJG@0ifrsm;rSm/ a'gufwmodrf;armif/ OD;wif/ OD;cspfaomif;eSifh OD;tkH;azwkd@

onf//

rGeftrsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyfudk OD;pm;ay;wkdifyifbdk@ tpkd;&opfxHawmif;qkdr,f// rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;/ trsdK;rsdK;uGJjym;

oef@&Sif;rGeftzJG@ OuUX rGefazoef;u tx

x fe,fay;&ifrnfonfha'otus,ft0ef;txd&Sd&rnfvJ”

ef;ua “rGefjynfe,fudk owfrSwf&if/ usdKuQrDc&kdif/ u&ifjynfe,f a'otcsppfawmif;rS a&;txdtus,f t0ef;&Sd&r,f//”

rGefjynfe,feJ@ywfoufI rGefazoef;onfwdwdusus&Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;onf// 1960-ckeSpf{jyDv(5ekdifiHawmf0ef=uD;csKyf OD;ekurdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mwGif/ jynfe,fay;yxkdokd@jyKvkyf&mwGifjyKykH/ jyKenf;eSifhywfoufI ou

keSpf{jyDv(29)&ufae@wGif/ 0ef=uD;csKyfOD;ekonf/ rGefjytwckukdzGJ@pnf;ay;cJhonf// 4if;tzG@JwGif ekdifiHawmforwa[mif; a'gufwatygt0iftm;vkH;pkpkaygif;(5)OD;yg&Sdonf// 1960-ckeSpfarv(14)&ufupItpkd;&twdkifyifcHt=uHay;tzGJ@onf/ rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;eSihf awG@qkHI 4if;wkd@. toD;oD; oabmxm;udk ar;jref;=uonf// rGefbdk;csdKtm; ar;jref;&m/ rGefbdk;csdKu atmufygtwdkif;ajym =um;vm

1 1960/rwfv(20)&ufxkwf/&efukefowif;pm/

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 56

rbufYom rGefpm/ rGefpum; usef&Sdawmh &m/ ,cktwkdif; qufvufxm;&Sdr,fqdkvsSif/ ysLvlrsdK;/yaysmufouJhokd@rGefvlrsdK;yg/

kdifatmifvSaiGeJ@ u|efawmf/ tp&Sd Jhyk*~dKvfwkd@vnf;/ a&G;aumufyGJrSmtekdif&&SdjyD;jzpfw,f// tJ'DtrwfawG/u|efawmf ygt0if/ a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifpOfu/ rGefjynfe,f a=uG;a=umfoHeJ@ 0ifa&muf,SOfjydKif

tp Gif/ ekdifb

k tcsif;csif;wkd@udk &efwkdufay;&m/ usa&mufoGm;ekdifw,f//”

rv(16)&ufae@wGif/ rGefvl=uD;rsm;jzpf onfh/ ekdifbdk;aus;/ rdapm&SifeSihf ekdifjrwfxGef;eSihf awG@qkHjyD; ar;jref;cJhonf// ta&;ykdifa[mif; ekdifb

“'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&; qkH;&SKH;rSKrsm;xJrSm/ tepfem qkH;aom/ qkH;&SKH;rSK[m/ vlrsdK; wdrfaum yaysmufrSKyif jzpfw,f// rGefvlrsdK;rsm;[m/ ykodrf 32/jrdK@/ [Hom0wD/ 32/jrdK@/ rkwWr/ 32jrdK@/ [lI&SdcJh&mrS/ ,cktcg/ pum;a&m/ pmygwdrfaum yaysmufrJh tajcaeokd@ a&mufaejyD jzpfw,f// rkwW

yaysmufoGm;edkiffr,f// vufeufudkif rGeftzJG@pnf; tvif;0ifa&muf vmcJhjcif;rSm/ 0ef=uD;csKyfOD;ek&J@ rGefjynfe,f ay;r,fqkdwJh uwdudk ,kH=unfvkd@ 0ifvm=ujcif; jzpfw,f// ,cktcg/ ekdifatmifxGef;/ ekdifzkd;pdef/ ewtcJh=uw,f// rGefjynfe,f taumifxnf az:a&;eJ@ ywfoufjyD; rJqENxyf ,lbkd@ rvkdbl;vkd@ jrifw,f// u|efawmf taeeJ@ rJqEN ,lwmufdk oabm rwlekdifbl;// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@[m/ ekdifiHawmftpkd;&tm;/ ,kH=unf udk;pm;=uw,f/ u&if/ucsif/ tp&SdwJh vlrsdK;pkawGudk jynfe,f ay;ouJhokd@ rGefjynfe,fudkvJ ay;apcsifw,f//”

kd;& twkdifyifcH t=uHay;tzGJ@u/ rGefukefonf=uD; ekdifboGiftm; ar;jref; &mwoGifu atmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;oGm;onf// “yJcl;c&kdif/ oxkHc&kdif/usdKuQrDc&kdif/ xm;0,fc&kdif/ jrdwfc&kdifwkd@udk rGefjynfe,ftjzpf jyKvkyfay;bkd@ awmif;qkdw,f// rGefjynfe,fudk rGefvlxku eSpfeSpfumum vkdcsif&if ay;r,fqkkdwJh 0ef=uD;csKyf&J@ uwdpum;udk rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@u eSpfoufvkd@/ ,kH=unfvkd@ a&G;aumufyGJrSm/ rJay;cJh=uw,f// rGefjynfe,f vkdcsifvkd@ rJay;cJh=u w,fqkdwm xif&Sm;aejyD;rdk@ aemufxyf rJqENawmif;&ef rvkdawmhbl;[kjrifw,f// a&G;aumufyGJ uJhokd@rJqENaumufcHyGJ jyKvkyfr,fqkd&if/vlenf;pkeJ@vlrsm;pk/ vlenf;p

ekdifiHawmftpkd;& t=uHay;tzGJ@onf/ 1960-ckeSpf a

kdk;aus;ua tmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;oGm;onf//

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 57

f/ usdKuQrDc&kdifwkd@udk owfrSwfay;oifhw,f// rGefjynfe,f az:xkwf&mrSm/ vlxkrJqEN ,lbkd@ rvkdbl;//

,f//

rGefjynfe,fay;a&;eJ@ ywfoufjyD; 0ef=uD;csKyf OD;ek ajym=um;oGm;wJh pum;[m/ nfaxmifpk pnf;vkH; nDnGwfrSKudk a&S@&SkjyD; ajym=um;w,fvkd@ ,kH=unfw,f// xrOD;qkH;taeeJ@ oxkHc&kdif/ usdKuQrDc&kdifudk rGefjynfe,ftjzpf owfrSwf y;oifhw,f// tjcm;aom/ yJcl;/ xm;0,f/ jrdwfpwJh c&kdifrsm;eJ@ ywfoufjyD;/

,f//”

jzpfonf// armfvjrdKif rGefpm=unfhwkdufeSihfjywkdufrSL;jzpfonf// rdapm&Sifuvnf; atmufyg tw

edkifi Gif/ au efx&kdufwm/ ekdifrGefaxmfwkd@eSpfOD;udk wG@qkHar;jref;cJhonf// ekdifvlaz0if;uatmufygtwkdiff;ajym=um;cJhonf//

h trwfawG rsm;jym;&kHrubl;/ tJ'Da=uG;a=umfoHeJ@ ufvmwJh trwfawGvnf; &SdaejyD; jzpfw,f// rGefjynfol vlxk qEN

awmifeJJ@ajrmuf udk&D,m; wkd@uJhokd@ rjzpfapvkdbl;// ,cifu/ u&if/ u,m;/

“rGefjynfe,ftjzpf yxrtqifhtaeeJ@ yJcl;c&kdif/ oxkHc&kdi

u|efawmfhtaeeJ@vkH;0oabmrwlbl;//” ekdifjrwfxGef;rSvnf; atmufygtwkdif;ajym=um;oGm;w

“jyyaoufqkdif&m a'o&Sdvlxktm; pkHprf;ar;jref;jyD; aqmif&Gufay;apvkdw,f// vlxkrJqEN aumuf,lyGJ jyKvkyfwmudk oabmrwlbl;/ vlxkrJqEN aumufcHyGJ jyKvkyf&if/ vlrsdK;rkef;wD;rSK jzpfyGm;vmekdifw

rdapm&Siftm;vnf; t=uHay;tzGJrS ar;jref;pkHprf;cJhonf// rdapm&Sifonf/ rd[Hom.nDr

kdif;ajym=um;oGm;w,f// “rGeflvlxk&J@qENudk tpkd;&u od&SdjyD;jzpfvkd@ rGefjynfe,fay;&efom &Sdawmhw,f// rGefjynfe,f zGGJ@pnf;&mrSm/ oxkHc&dkif/ usdKuQrDc&kdifwkd@udk tajccHzGJ@pnf;ay;&r,f//”

Hawmftpkd;& t=uHay;tzGJ@onf/ 1960-ckeSpf arv (16/17)ae@ &ufrsm;wsmufpm0efa[mif; ekdifvlaz0if;eSSifh taxGaxGu

a

“jyD;cJhwJh taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJrSm/ jynfe,f&,la&; a=uG;a=umfoHeJ@ 0ifa&muf ta&G;cH=uwJw,la&;qkdwm rvkdtyfawmhbl;// rGefjynfolvlxk&J@qENudk xyf,ljcif;[m/ t"du&k%f;rsm;udk zefwD; ovkd jzpfoGm;ekdifw,f// ta&S@eJ@taemuf*smr%D/

ucsif/ pwJh vlrsdK;pkwkd@udk jynfe,fay;ovkd rGefjynfe,fudkvnf; ay;&efom&Sdw,f// rGefjynfe,fudk tajccHtm;jzifh/ oxkHeJ@ usdKuQrDc&dkifwkd@eJ@ pwifzGJ@pnf;ay;jyD;/ yJcl;xnfhekdif&if yJcl;xnfh ay; apvkdw,f//”

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 58

t=u hf yw wdkif; ajym

G if

f

z0if;onf/ rGefrsdK;cspfyk*~dKvfwOD;jzpf onf/1920-ckeSpf yxrOD;qkH; &efukefwuUokdvfoydwfwdkfufyGJrSm yg0ifcJhonfh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;vnf;jzpfonf// edkifv q& rS 190 f/ 191 ifjrdK@ txufwef;ausmif;rS/ 10/wef;atmifjrifcJhjyD;/ efukefwuUodkvfwGif qufvufynmoif=um;cJhonf// 1920-jynfheSpf/ yxrwuUokdvf

f&m/ if;vlaz0if;yg0ifcJhonf// rif;vlaz0if;onf/ (bD-at) bGJ@udk/ 1924-ckeSpfwGif &&SdcJhonf//

*Fvdyfbmom wkd@jzifh &;om;jyKpkcJhonf//

Hay;tzGJ@u yJcl;e,fwGif oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf,l&mY/ rGefrsm;rawG@&onfh udpPeSifoufI/ ekdifvlaz0if;tm; xyfrHar;jref;jyefonf// ekdifvlaz0if;u atmufygt=um;oGm;w,f// “tJ'Dvkdjzpf&wm[m/ pm&if;aumuf,l=uwJh pma&;awGrSm/ c|wf,Gif;csufaw&Sdw,f// ajzolu/ Ak'<bmomvkd@ ajym,kHeJ/ pma&;u ArmvlrsdK;vkd@ oef;acgpm&if;rSm xnfhvkduf=uw,f// tJ'DvkdvkyfcJh=u[efwlw,f// rGefpmayrwwf&if jrefrmpm vkdufpm;bkd@cufcJr,f// rGefpmay zG@HjzdK;wkd;wufbdk@twGuf/ rGefjynfe,xlaxmifay;oifhw,f//”

txufygtwdkif; ekdifvlaz0if;onf/ rdrd.tjrifudk jywfjywfom;om;/ &J&J0Hh0HhwifjycJhonf/ Tae&mwGif/ ausmufpm0efa[mif; edkifvlaz0if;eSifh/ pmzwfy&d\wfrsm;udk/ rdwfquf ay;csifonf// ekdiffvla

laz0if;ta=umif;udk/ u|efawmfwdk@rGefvlrsdK;rsm;odoifhodxkdufonf[k,llqonf//

m=uD;edkifvlaz0if;udk rGeftrsdK;om;=uD;tz edkif&H0if;/ rGeftrsdK;orD;=uD; trda':rdrdwkd@0-jynfheSpf ZGefv (20)&ufae@wGif/ armfvjrdKifjrdK@Y zGm;jrifcJhonf// rif;vlaz0if;on7-ckeSpfwGif armfvjrdK

&ausmif;om; oydwfarSmuf&mwGif/ ausmif;om;wOD;tjzpfygcJhonf// rif;vlaz0if;onf xkdpOftcgu/ bD-at/txufwef;ausmif;om;r#om&Sdao;onf// yxroydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm/ (11)OD;r#omjzpfjyD;/ aemufxyfjznfhpGuf(15)OD; pkkpkaygif; (26)OD; jzpfvmcJhonf// rlv(11)OD;wGif/ aemufxyf (15)OD; jznfhpGur1925-ckeSpfZGefvrSpI &efukefwuUodkvf/ ta&S@wkdif; bmom&yfrsm;qkdif&m uxdutjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf// umvuwWm;wuUokdvfY/(trf-at)bGJ@udk tvGwf0ifa&mufajzqkd&m/ xl;c|efpGmatmifjrifcJhonf// yxryif&&SdcJhI/ a&$wHqdyfqkeSifhaiG/200d/ csD;jrSifhjcif;udkcHcJh&onf// q&m=uD; ekdfifvlaz0if;onf/ 1936-ckeSpfrS/ 1957-ckeSpftxd/ jrefrmedkfifiHa&S;a[mif; okawoe n$ef=um;a&;0ef (ausmufpm0ef)tjzpfvnf; aqmif&GufcJhonf// q&m=uD; ekdifvlaz0if;onf// usrf;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmudk jrefrmbmom/ ta

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 59

ef;pkHprf;aepOfrSmyif/ 1960-ckeSpfZlvkdifv(1)ae@wGif/ rGefwkdfif;vkH;qkdif&m dw*a0oD rGefoHCmhtzGJ@csKyf. eSpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;udk &efukefjrdK@ykZGefawmif/

(1) rGefjynfe,faz:xkwf&mwGif/ vlxkqENaumufcHyGJ vkH;0rjyKvkyf&ef// (2) rGefudk wvkdif;[k ac:a0: a&;om; aeaom olwkd@tm;/ w&m;pGJekdifaom/

&efukefjrdK@ jynfvrf;&Sd tif*sDeD,m ausmif; taqmuftOD;wGif a&;qGJ xm;aom/ [oFm&kyfeSifh

4if;tpnausjimc f;ysdK rsm; pkaygif; OuUXrSm t&SiftdENu(tHcJ) jzpfjyD;/ twGif;a armfvjrdK@&Sd ynfe,feSifh ywfoufI oabmxm;w&yf pkaygif;x Spf Zlvkdifv(16)cJhonf/ nSdeSKdi &kH;/ rGefoef@&Sif;tzGJ@/ jynfaxmifpk eftzJG@/&mrnwkdif;vkH;qkdif&mrGeftzGJ@/ wnfjrJzqyveSihfrGefjynfol@wyfOD;wkd@rSukd,fpm;vS,f

edkifiHawmftpdk;&t=uHay;tzGJ@rS/ekdfifvlaz0if;tm;ar;jref;jyD;aemuf/taxGaxGuefx&dkufwm/edkfifrGefaxmftm; qufvufar;jref;jyefonf// edkfifrGefaxmfonf atmufygtwkdif;ajym=um;cJh onf//

“oxkHc&kdifeJ@ usdKuQrDc&kdifwkd@udk yxrtaeeJ@ rGefjynfe,f owfrSwfay;oihfw,f// jzpfekdif&if/ yJcl;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ay;apvkdw,f//”

xkdodk@ ekdfifiHawmftpkd;& t=uHay;tzGJ@rS/ rGeftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh vl=uD;rsm;udk csOf;uyfjyD; qENar;jr[a&=unfjymom'fausmif;Yusif;ycJhonf// 4if;tpnf;ta0;rSatmufygawmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk awmif;qkdcJhonf/

Oya' wpf&yf tjrefqkH; jyXmef;ay;&ef// (3) rGefeSifh ArmvlrsdK; t"du&k%f; jzpfapekdifaom/

a'gif;&kyfwkd@udk zsufodrf;ay;&ef// (4) rGefjynfe,feSifh ywfoufjyD;/ &efukefjrdK@ ay:&Sd rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;eSihf

t=uHay;tzGJ@wkd@ aqG;aEG;&mwGif/ rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;. wifjycsufudk TtzGJ@rS av;av;eufeuf axmufcH&ef//

f;ta0; tjyD;wGif/ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk tpkd;&tzGJ@odk@ wifoGif; arwWm&yf cHonfh/

suf wpfapmifudkxkwfjyefcJhonf// [dw*a0oDrGefoHCmtzGJ@csKyfonf/ rGef&[ezGJ@pnf; xm;aom tzGJ@pnf; jzpfonf//

&;rSL;rSm t&Sifygvdw(urm0uf)wdk@jzpf=uonf//

rGeftzJG@pnf;aygif;pkHuvnf;/ rGefjkwfekdif&ef tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfudk ac:,lcJhonf// 4if;tpnf; ta0;udk 1960-cke

&ufae@wGif/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;XmecsKyf&Sd&m/xm;0,fpk/ yef;bJwef;&yfwGifusif;y f; aqG;aEG; yGJodk@/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t

rGrsm; wufa&muf=uonf// 4if;nSdeSKdif;tpnf;ta0;rS/ tzGJ@aygif;pkH vufrSwf a&;xkd; xm;aom/oabmxm;ausjimcsufwpfapmifxkwfjyefcJhonf//

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 60

if/ OD;cspfaomif;eSifh OD;tkH;azwkd@ cgif;aqmifaom tzJG@onf/ rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh awG@pkH ar;jref;&eftwGuf armfvjrdKifjrdK@

y;oifhygw,f//rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;ygwDtaeeJ@ awmwGif; a&mufaevkd@ [kdwkH;u/ u&ifjynfe,f ay;pOf rGef&Gm

1960-ckeSpf =o*kwfv(15)&ufae@rSm [dw*a0oDrGefoHCmtzGJ@csKyfrS/ OuUXt&SiftdENueSifh tw f;yGJ wGi

Svnf; rjyKvkyf cJh=ubl;// ,ckrSvlxk qENaumufcHyGJ jyKvkyfr,fqdkwm/ tpOfvmudk qef@usif&m

196 f; rGefjy suf wp

edkifiHawmf tpkd;& t=uHay; tzGJ@0ifrsm; jzpfonfh/ OD;waodk@/ 1960-ckeSpf Zlvkdifv(20)&ufae@wGif a&mufvmonf/ 4if;tzGJ@rS/ rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;. OuUXekdifatmifxGef;tm; ar;jref;&m/ ekdifatmifxGef;rS atmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;cJhonf//

“rGefjynfe,ftaumifxnf az:wJhae&mrSm/ vlxkqENrJaumufcH,lbkd@roifhygbl;// rGefvlxktaeeJ@ (10)eSpf(10)rdk;/ jynfe,fvkdvm;a=umif;udk vufeufudfkif awmfvSefa&; enf;eJ@ jycJhjyD; jzpfw,f// u&ifjynfe,f txJ yg0ifaewJh/ rGefaus;&Gm (58)&Gmudkvnf; rGefjynfe,fowfrSwf&mwGifxnfhoGif; a

(58)&Gm xnfhoGif;jcif;udk ruef@uGuf ekdifcJhbl;// ,ckvkd rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;ygwD taeeJ@ vufeufudkfif vrf;pOfudk pGef@v$wfwmvnf;/ rGefjynfe,fukd ay;r,fqkdwJh/ ekdifiHawmf 0ef=uD;csKyf OD;ek&J@uwdpum;udk ,kH=unfvkd@ jzpfw,f//”

Gif;a&;rSL;t&Sifygvdwwkd@onf/ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwpf&yfjyKvkyfcJhonf/ 4if;&Sif;viftwGif;a&;rSL;t&Sifygvduu/ atmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;cJhw,f/ “rGefjynfe,f taumifxnf az:a&;twGuf/ ekdifiHawmftpdk;&eJ@ tpkd;& t=uHay; tzGJ@wkd@u/ vlxkqEN aumufcHyGJ jyKvkyfvkdw,fvkd@ =um;od&w,f// TuJhokd@ vlxk&J@ qENudk ,lr,fqkd&if/ vlrsdK;a&; jy\em/ yÉdyuQrsm;udk zefwD;ay;ovkd jzpfoGm; ekdifw,f// wkdif;jynf&J@ jidrf0yf ydjym;a&;udkvnf; xdcdkuf vmekdifw,f// tjcm;jynfe,fay;cJhpOfu/ vlxkqEN aumufcHyGJudk wpf=udrfwpfcgr

usa&mufw,f// 1960-ckeSpf =o*kwfvwGif usif;yrJh ygvDrefY rGefjynfe,f Oya' =urf;wpf&yfudk tjrefqkH; wifoGif;ay;bkd@ [dw*a0oDrGefoHCm tzJG@csKyfrS tav; teufawmif;qkdw,f//”

0-ckeSpf =o*kwfvwGifyif/ &efukefwuUodkvf rGefausmif;olausmif;om;toif;rSvnnfe,fudk tjrefqkH;taumifxnf az:aqmif&Gufay;&ef awmif;qkdonfhausjimcfapmifudkxkwfjyefcJhonf//

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 61

196 mf/ 'kw ,f udp mif;ajym=um;oGm;onf//

vlxku jynfe,fvkdcsifw,fvkd@qkd&if/ rGefjynfe,feSifh &ckdifjynfe,fudkay;ygr,f// (2) oufqkdif&ma'o&Sd vlxk&J@qENudk taumif;qkH;b,fenf;eJ@ ,l&r,f qkdwm oufqkdif&m yk*~dKvfrsm;eSifh wkdifyifjyD; tpkd;& twdkifyifcHtzGJ@u tpkd;&udk

wGuf/ tpdk;&udk t=uHay;&ef r[kwf/ oufqkdif&ma'o&Sd vlxk&J@qENudk taumif;qkH; b,fenf;eJ@ ,l&rnf

ktzGJ@ (yxp)0if r[kwfwJh yk*~dKvfawG[m/ oufqdkif&m

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J aqG;aEG;&if jynfaxmifpk

0-ckeSpf =o*kwfv(22)&ufae@wGif usif;yjyKvkyfaom wwd,t=udrfv$wfawd,ae@ ygvDreftpnf;ta0;wGif/ ekdifiHawmf0ef=uD;csKyfOD;ekrS rGefjynfe,f/ &ckdifjynfePudkatmufygtwdkif;xyfav

“rGefjynfe,feSifh &ckdifjynfe,fudpPeSifh ywfoufjyD; txifvGJrSKawG r&Sd&atmif/ tpdk;&oabmxm;udk atmufyg twdkif;&Sif;vif;wifjyyg&ap// (1) oufqkdif&ma'o&Sd

t=uHay;&rnf// twdkifyifcHtzGJ@ay;wJh t=uH&vSsif/ oufqkdif&ma'o&Sd vlxk&J@ qENudk tpkd;& ,lay;r,f// 'Dae&mrSm/ xyfjyD; &Sif;jyyg&ap/ tpkd;& twkdifyifcH tzGJ@u/ rGefeSifh&cdkif jynfe,fay;oifh ray;oifh udpPt

qkdwmudk t=uHay;&efomjzpfw,f// 'Dt=uHudk apmedkiforSsapmay;&ef tpkd;&u wkdufwGef;ay;r,f// (3) rGefeSifh&ckdif jynfe,fudpPeSifh ywfoufjyD;/ twkdifyifcHtzGJ@eJ@ oGm;a&muf aqG;aEG;=uwJh/ jynfaxmifpa'o&Sd vlxkqENudk taumif;qkH; b,fenf;eJ@ ,lekdifr,f qkdwmudkvnf; ajymedkfifw,f// rGefeSifh &cdkifjynfe,fay;oifh ray;oifhqkdwmudk vnf; vGwfvGwf vyfvyf ajymqkdekdifw,f// (4) okd@&mwGif/ jynfaxmifpktzJG@(yxp)0if jzpf=uwJh oufqdkif&ma'o&Sd trsdK;om;rsm;rlum; twdkifyifcHtzGJ@ eSihf aqG;aEG;aomtcg/ oufqkdif&m a'o&Sd vlxkqENudk taumif;qkH;b,fenf;eJ@ ,loifhw,fqkdwJh tcsufudkom aqG;aEG;jyD;/ rGefeSifh &ckdifjynfe,fay;oifh/ ray;oifhqkdwJh udpPudk twkdifyifcHtzGJ@eJ@ raqG;aEG; atmifwm; jrpfay;&(5) jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uwJh oufqkdif&m a'o&Sd trsdK;om;awG[m/ rGefeSifh &ckdifjynfe,f,loifh r,loifh udpPudk/ oufqkdif&m a'o&SdvlxkeJ@ vGwfvGwf vyfvyfaqG;aEG;ekdifw,f// vGwfvGwfvyfvyfa[majymedkifw,f// (6) tu,fI oufqkdif&m a'o&Sdvlxku/ jynfe,fvkdcsifw,fvkd@ qkH;jzwfwJh twGuf/ rGefeSihf&ckdifjynfe,f ay;&efudpP v$wfawmfxtzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uwJh oufqkdif&ma'o&Sd trwfawG[m rdrd=udKufovkd vGwfvGwf vyfvyfaqG;aEG;ekdifw,f// rJay;&efudpP ay:vmvSsif vnf;/ rdrdwkd@&J@rJudk vGwfvGwf vyfvyfrJay;ekdifw,f//

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a'o&Sd vlxku jynfe,f vkdcsifw,fvkd@ qkH;jzwfwJh

txqu ;u at

edk fiHawmf 0ef=uD;csKyf&J@ rdef@cGef;udk qef;ppfvkdufvsSif tajz(5)ck awG@&ygw,f//

dkua&pDenf;eSifh at;at; csrf;csrf;/ cspfcspfcifcif aysmfaysmf&$if&$if tusdK;pD;yGm; jzpfxGef;aprnfhenf;eSifhjyKvkyf

SdjyD;wJhaemuf od&Sd&wJhtcsuf qENtwkdif; apmqkH; aqmif&Gufay;rnf/ qkdwJh tcsuf(5)csufbJ qef;ppfvkd@ &ygw,f//

udk/ (10)eSpf(10)rdk; vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;eJ@

fe,f&,la&; a=uG;a=umfoHeJ@

fukd taumifxnf az:wJhae&mrSm vlenf;pkawGjzpfwJh &Srf;/u&if/

(7) tu,fIoufqkdif&mtwGuf rGefeSifh &ckdifjynfe,fay;&efudpP v$wfawmfxJrSm ay:vm&if/ jynfaxmifpk tzGJ@&J@ oufqkdif&ma'orS trwfawGuvGJjyD; tjcm;trwfawG tm;vkH;[m rGefeJ@&ckdifjynfe,fay;a&; udpPPudk axmufcH=u&r,f//”

ufyg 0ef=uD;csKyf OD;ek.rl(7)&ufcsufeSifh ywfoufI/ 1960-=o*kwfv(29)&ufrSm fvufusif;yaom/ ygvDref tpnf;ta0;wGif/ usdKuQrDtrwf/ edkfifatmifxGef

mufygtwkdif; a0zefaqG;aEG;oGm;onf// “ iu|efawmf jriffwJhtjrif uawm/h (1)rGefwkdif;&if;om;rsm;[m/jynfe,f&xdkufw,f// (2)rGefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;[mjynfe,f vkdcsifwJh qENwu,f&SdvsSifjynfe,fay;rnf// (3) rGefwkdif;&if;om;rsm;&J@ wu,fhqENod&Sdatmif 'Dr

ay; rnf// (4) onfvkdaqmif&Guf&mrSm/ oufqdkif&macgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh wkdifyifaqG;aEG;rnf// (5) rGefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;&J@ qENudkd od&trGefvlrsdK;wkd@rS &oifh&xkdufwJh t*Fg&yfrsm;eSifh jynfhpkHw,f// rGefvlxkuvnf; rGefjynfe,fudk vdkcsif =ua=umif;vnf;jycJhjyD; jzpfw,f// a&G;aumufyGJrSm/ rGefjyn0ifa&muf ,SOfjydKifcJhwJh/ rGefukd,fpm;vS,f trwfrsm;vnf; ekdifcJh=uw,f// 'grdk@ rGefjynfe,fudkom tjrefqkH; taumifxnf az:ay;&ef awmif;qkdw,f// rGefjynfe,ucsif/csif;/u,m;/ trsdK;om;awGudk jynfe,f az:ay;pOftcgu/ rJykH;axmifwJh pepfr&SdcJhygbl;// wcg/ csif;0daoowkdif;/ yvuf0c&kdifudk csif;0daoowkdif;odk@ oGwfoGif;wJhtcgrSm/ rJykHaxmifcJhovm;// ucsifjynfe,fokd@ jrpf=uD;em; c&kdifudk oGwfoGif;wJhtcgrSm/ rJykH;axmifcJhovm;// rJykH;raxmifcJhbl;// tJonfjrpf=uD;em; c&kdifrSm qkdvSsifArmawG trsm;=uD; &Sdygw,f// 'gwifvm;qkdawmh r[kwfao;ygbl;/

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 63

mifwm &SdcJhygbl;// u|efawmfcyf&Sif;&Sif; tpD&ifcH&rnfqkdvSsif rJykH; axmifwJhpHepfudkawmh/

po ifhaqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;onf// 1960-ckeSpf 'DZifbmv(9)&ufae@wGif/ qufvufusif;yaom jynfol@v$wfawmf tp ;udk us, f&Gkm Zmw Sm/ tr kd;& tv Sifh tdr fxGef;um;cJhonf// txufwef;jyq&mr rdtkH;&DeSifh at;=unfwkd@. zcifjzpfonf// 1946-ckeSpfrSm zGJ@pnf;aom wkdif;&if;om; tpnf;&kH;.

f/ rGefzkd;csdK/ edkfifatmifxGef;/ ekdifpef;vSKdifwdk@eSifhtwl ,kd;',m;edkifiH dk@ oGm;a&mufcJhonf// 1948-ckeSpfrSm awmcdkcJhonf// 1958-ckeSpf rGefjynfol@wyfOD;eSifh

mif; wifjyxm;onf//”

u&ifjynfe,fxJhudk/ rGefaus;&Gmaygif;(58)&Gm oGwfoGif;pOfuvnf; rJykH;axrrvkyfygeJ@vkd@ ekdifiHawmf0ef=uD;csKyfudk t=uHay;vkdygw,f// jynfaxmifpk jrefrmekdifiH rSm/ vlrsdK;pktrsdK;rsdK; a&mjyGrf;onfh ekdifiHjzpfw,f// vlrsdK;pkH toD;oD; a&mjyGrf; aeonfh ekdifiHrSm/jynfaxmifpkpHepfeSifhjynfaxmifpktkyfcsKyfykHpepfeSifh tkyfcsKyfoGm; jcif;utrSefuefqkH;yifjzpfw,f//”

nfjzifhusdKuQrDtrwf/rGefjynfol@wyfOD;.OuUXekdifatmifxGef;onfygvDrefYtus,fw0

nf;ta0;Y rk'kHtrwf ekdifbkd;pdefuvnf; rGefjynfe,f az:xkwfa&; udpP&yfrsmfus,fjyef@jyef@ wifjy aqG;aEG;oGm;onf// trwfedkfifbkd;pdefonf/ urm0udjzpfonf// 1268-0gacgifvqkwf(10)&uf/ t*Fgae@rSm arG;zGm;onf// rdbrsm;r

d˜rduUkaeSmif/ tz˜emJzkdwkd@jzpfonf// acwfynm(10)weff; atmifjrifjyD;/ urm0uftp,fwef;ausmif;wGif ausmif;q&mtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf// rdaX;,Ofe

faxmif usonf// om;oRD;(8)a,murdtvkyftrSKaqmif wm0efudk ,lcJholjzpfonf// 1310-ckeSpfrSm ,kd;',m;edkifiH&Sd rGefvlrsdK; wkd@tm;/ pnf;&kH;&ef twGuotwltvif;0if cJhonf// vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; umvwav#mufvkH;wGif/ rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;. obmywd tzGJ@0ifwOD;tjzpff xrf;aqmifcJhonf// 1961-ckeSpf Zefe0g&Dv(3)&ufae@wGif/ ekdifiHawmftpkd;&t=uHay;tzJG@u ekdifiHawmf 0ef=uD;csKyfxHodk@ [email protected]&ifcHpmukd wifoGif;cJhonf// 4if;tpD&ifcHpmwGif atmufyg tcsufvufrsm; yg0ifcJhonf//

“rGefpum;wwfaom rGefvlrsdK;ppfppfwkd@eSifh rdrdwkd@udk,fudk rdrdwkd@ rGefaoG;ygonf[k

,kH=unfaom vlwpfpkwkd@onf/ rGefjynfe,fzGJ@pnf; wnfaxmif&ef vkdvm;vSsuf &SdonfrSm ,kHrSm;oHo,&Sd&ef rvkda=umif;/ jynfe,fvkdvm;olwdk@u/ jynfe,f vkdvm;onfhta=umif;&if;rSm/ rGefpmayeSifh,Ofaus;rSKudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf vkdaoma=umifhjzpfonf[k ,kH=unfrSK&SdaeonfudkawG@&Sd&a=umif;/ 4if;,kH=unfrSK rSmvnf; obm0usonf[k t=uHay;tzGJ@u,lqyga=u

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 64

f;aqmif wpfOD;jzpfol/ a&;jrdK@e,f trwf rGefbkd;csdK. ajz=um; cs vhvmekdif&ef atmufygtwdkif;az:jyvkduf&onf// OuU

rGefb

uUX// //vlxkqEN,lrSjzpfr,fqkd&ifaum/b,fvkdenf;eJ@,l&rvJ//

lxku ,kHrSm; oHo, jzpfvdrfh r,fvkd@ tpD&ifcH vkdygw,f// u|efawmf taeeJ@/ tpkd;&udk

uf/

ekdifiHa&;udk ajcv kdifonf// yfOD;. f ,cifuxuf

nf; toD;oD; ay:xG Gif rGefjynfol@ wyfOD; kduf A[ef;/ ykZGefawm f/ ordkif;/ tkwfusif f; xlaxmifekdifcJhon ifxGef;odef;/ ekdifaiGodef;/ ekdifodrf;armifwkd@ =uD;rSL;aom ekdifiHa&;oifwef;rsm;a=umifhvnf;/

oxkHc&kdifeSifh usdKuQrDc&dkif twGif;Y aexkdif=uaom/ vlxk. qENtppftrSefudk od&Sdatmif/ rnfonfh enf;vrf;jzifh pkHprf;&rnf qkdonfhjy\emeSifh ywfoufI t=uHay;tzJG@ OuUX. ar;jref;csufeSifh rGefxdyfoD; acgi

ufwkd@udk a

X// //u|efawmfwkd@u/ rGefjynfe,f ay;oifh/ ray;oifh qkdwJh jy\emudk ar;aewm r[kwfbl;// vlxk&J@qENudk b,fvkd ,l&ifaumif;rvJvkd@ t=uHawmif; aewmyg//

dfk;csdK// //rSefygw,f/a&G;aumufyGJtm;jzifhxif&Sm;aeygw,f//qEN,lyGJvkyfwm acwfrrSDygbl;// wm0eftvGef=uD;ygw,f/yËdyuQvJjzpfekdifygw,f//

OrGefbdk;csdK/ // 'g[m vkH;0r,loifhygbl;// u&if/ ucsif/ u,m;/ tp&SdwJhe,fawG

ay;wkH;u/ olwkd@&J@ oabmwl nDcsuf r,lbJ/ ay;vkduf ygw,f// 'Djy\em ray:cJhbl;// tck rGefwkd@=urS rJqEN,lbkd@ r,lbdk@ jy\em ay:vmwm[m tpkdk;& tay:rSm/ rGefv

,kH=unf tm;udk;ygw,f// &Srf;/ u&if/ ucsif/ u,m; rsm;enf;wl/ rGefrsm;udkvJ jynfe,f ay;oifhw,fqkdwm/ xyfrHtpD&ifcHvkdygw,f//

rGefjynfol@wyfOD;onf/ enf;AsL[majymif;vJjyD; Oya'abmifodk@ a&mufvmjyD;aemSrf; us,fus,fjzifh =udK;yrf; vSKyf&Sm; vmonfudk awG@jrife

rGefjynfol@w edkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm; pnf;&kH;r_a=umifh rGefwrsKd;om;vkH;onedkifiHa&; edk;=um;vmonf[k qkdekdifonf/tjrdK@jrdK@t&yf&yfwdk@wGif rGefjynfol@wyfOD; tzGJ@p

ef;vmonf/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; qdkfif;bkwfawG@ jrifvm&onf// yJcl;w (yJcl;)udk zGJ@pnf;ekdifcJhonf// xkdtwl/ &efukefwGifvnf;/ a'o tvif/awmifOuUvm/ ajrmufOuUvm/omauw/ r&rf;ukef;/ vSKdif/ urm&Gw;/ caemif/ tif;pdefwdk@wGif rGefjynfol@wyfOD; ygwDcGJrsm; toD;oD; zGJ@pnf//

ekdrGeftrsdk;om;wkd@t=um;wGif/ ekdifiHa&;tjrif/jrifhrm;/edK;=um;vmonf// 4if;rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. ekdifiHa&;pnf&kH;a&;/vSKyfaqmfrSKonf/aumvdyf/ wuUokdvftxd/ t&Sdeft0g/ oufa&mufvm onf// txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;/aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;/ wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 65

feSpfrSm/ uGsefawmfonf/ armfvjrdKiftrSwf(1)rSmyif ynmqufvuf if=um;aeonf// txufwef; aemufqkH;eSpfjzpfygonf// 4if;eSpfvnfykdif;avmufwGif/

m;vkH;tpnf;a0; wufa&muf=u&ef wkdufwGef;onf// xkdeSpfY/ armfvjrdKiftrSwf(1)wGif

t=um;wGif/ trdsK;udkcspfaompdwf"gwfonf ydkrdk&Sifoef/ zG@HjzdK;vmonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. a&S@aqmifrSKjzifh/ rGefjynfe,f&&Sda&;wnf;[laom/ trsdK;om;edkifiHa&;wkdufyJG tvHatmuf wGif/ rGefvlxk/ vlwef;pm;tvGm toD;oD;wkd@onf/ pkpnf; nDnGwfvmcJh=uonf// 1960/61-ckeSpfpmoio&efukefwuUokdvf rGeftoif;rS/ udkpkd;rif;(t*FsifeD,mausmif;om;/ uavmhaomh/Zmwd)eSifh udktkef;jrdKif(armfvjrdKifaumvdyf/ uanSmfZmwd)wkd@eSpfOD;onf/ trSwf(1)tpkd;&txufwef; ausmif;rSm&Sd=uaom rGefausmif;om;rsm;eSifh vma&mufawG@qkHonf// rGefausmif;om; or*~tzGJ@/ zJG@pnf;&ef tpnf;a0; ac:xm;onfhta=umif; u|efawmftm;ajymjyonf// tpmoifaeolrsm;rSm/ uGsefawmf rSwfrdoavmuf a&;om;&vSsif/ rif;usef&pf(zg;atmuf/ aemiftqkdawmfjzpfvmol)/ rif;cspfvkH;(aumhbdef;/ aemifa'gufwmcspfvkH;)/ rif;Anm;atmif (uavmhaomh)wkd@vnf;&Sdae=uonfudkowdxm;rdonf// u|efawmfonftpnf;a0;usif;yrnfae&mokd@tcsdefrSDoGm;a&mufcJhonf// xkdtpnf;a0;wGif/ &efukefwuUokdvf/ rGeftoif;acgif;aqmif/ armfvjrdKifaumvdyfrGefausmif;om;acgif;aqmif/ eSifh txufwef;ausmif;om;tcsdK@ yl;aygif;jyD; armfvjrdKifc&dkif rGefausmif;om; or*~tzGJ@ w&yfudk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf// ta=umif;rSm/ &efukefwGifusif;yrnfh/ ArmjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om; or*~(Auo) tpnf;a0;=uD;odk@ wufa&mufedkif&efjzpfonf// xdkzGJ@pnf; vkdufaom/ armfvjrdKifc&kdif rGefausmif;om;or*~wGif/ OuUXtjzpf/ rif;pdk;rif;/ 'kkOuUXtjzpf rif;tkef;jrdfKif/ twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf/rif;armif=unf(uanSmf)/ wGJbuf twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf rif;bZH/ tzGJ@0if trSKaqmiftjzpfrif;azodef;eSifh tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifzGJ@pnf; cJh=uonf// xkdeSpfwGifusif;yrnfh/ Auo/tpnf;a0;okd@ wuf&eftwGuf/ rif;pkd;rif;eSifh rif;armif=unf/ wkd@eSpfOD;tm; a&G;cs,fapv$wfcJhonf// 1960/61-ckeSpf pmoifeSpfrSm uGsefawmfonf/ txufwef;pmar;yGJrSm/ &lyaA'*k%fxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhonf// 1961/62-ckeSpf pmoifeSpfwGif/ armfvjrdKifaumvdyfrSm qufvuf ynmoif=um;onf// xkdpOfu/ rif;bkd;tdef (uavmhaomh)/ rif;tkef;jrdKif (uanSmf) rif;aiGxGef;(&GmvGwf)/rif;aomif;cdkif(uGmef&kduf)/ rif;vSatmif=uD;(&GmvGwf/)/ rif;Om%fxGef; (&GmvGwf)/ rif;ausmfvSKdif(ekdifvkH)/ rif;armifav;/ rif;vSausmf/ rif;0if;xdef/ rif;xGef;vSKdif (urm0uf)/ rdtkef;&D/ rdpdef&D/ rdcifxm;a&$/ rd,Ofwif/ rdcifoef;(rk'l;)/ rdwifapmOD;/ rdtdef=unf (uavmhaomh) rdjrifhjrifhoef;(a&;/rGefcifarmif.orD;) wkd@eSifh qkHqnf;cJhonf//

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zGJ@pnf;&mwGif/ rif;ausmf0if;(rk'kH)u uUXeSifhedkfifbdk;tdef(uavmhaomh)u'k-OuUX jzpfvm=uonf// twGif;a&;rSL;rSm/ rif;pkd;jrifh

f onf// xkda=umifh uGsefawmfonf/ rGefausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf/ aumvdyf

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 72

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“rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;wkd@rSm/ vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;Y &Sdtyfaom t*FgvuQ%meJ@ nDnGwf jynfpkH aew,f// pum;/ pmay/ aemufcHorfdkif;wkd@eJ@ jynfpkHw,f// rGefjynfe,f awmif;aejcif;rSm/ rjyefvdkcsifwJhoabmyifjzpfw,f// rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;&J@ jynfe,fawmifqkda&;udk twwfekdifqkH; ygvDref'Drdkua&pD enf;t&/ vkyfaqmifoGm;rSm jzpfr,f// rGefjynfe,f&&Sda&;twGuf/ rGefjynfe,fudk vkdvm;wJhol rGeftrsdK;kom;wkdif; pkpnf; nDnGwf&r,f// jynfaxmifpkkom;wkdif;axmufcH vmatmif/ pnf;&kH;

nDvmcHwGif/ rGefjynfe,faz:xkwfa&; &Sif;

(1) usdKuQrDc&kdif/ oxkHc&kdifeSihff rGefvlrdsK;rsm;aexkdifaom/ qufpyf&ma'orrGefjynfe,ftjzpf owfrSwfa&; Oya'=urf;udk 1961-ckeSpfazaz:0g&DvygvDrwifoGif; twnfjyK owfrSwfay;yg&ef TnDvmcHrS/ awmif;qkdonf//

(2) rGeftrsdK;om;ae@/rGeftrsdK;om;tvHeSihf rGeftrsdK;om;oDcsif;rsm;udk az:xkwfetwGuf/ ykdrdkus,fjyef@aom/ rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;yg0ifonfh/ aumfrwDw&yf zGJ@pnaz:xkwfay;&ef/ TnDvmcHrS A[kdaumfrwDokd@ wm0efv$Jtyfonf//

(3) (u)/ rSefuefaom trsdK;om;a&;0g' (vlrsdK;=uD;0g'qef@usifjyD;/ vlrsdK;pkHaoGnDnGwfa&;wnfaq

(*)/4if;jy\emrsm; ajyvnfoGm;ap&eftwGuf/ ekdifiHawmftpkd;&u =uD;rSL;jyD; vlrsdK;aygif;pkHyg0if aom/ yifvkHuGefz&ifhuJhokd@aom/ tusif;yay;&eftqkdudk TnDvmcHrSawmif;qkdygonf// (u)jynfwGif;jidrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmuf&ef/ (c)ygvDref'Drdkua&pDxdef;odrf;&ef/ (*)trsdK;om;nDnGwfa&; wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf/ wlnDaom tzGJ@jynfolvlxk w&yfvkH;wkd@ yl;aygif;um/ trsdK;om; nDnGwfa&;udk r&rae wnfaqmuf oGm;&efTnDvmcH=uD;utrsm;oabmwltwnfjyKonf//2

2rGefjynfe,faz:xkwfa&;tvkyfnDnGwfa&;aumfrwD/ HDR: Political Papers CII.

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nDvmcHovGwfawAdkvfvlat onf// Tjzpfay:wkd;wufrSK tmpnf;&kH;rtvif;04if;aumeftoif;rS/ rGefausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom/ rif;wifaz/ rif;atmifAveSihf efvli,facgif;aqmif/rif;ausmfat;(urm0uf)wkd@vnf;wuf=uGpGm/yg0ifvSKyf&Sm;vmonf//

dk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh tcGifha&;tjynfh0&Sdaom rGefjynfe,fw&yfudk r=umcif taumifxnf

961-ckeSpfazaz:0g&Dv(3)&ufae@wGif/0ef=uD;csKyfeSifh ekdifiHa&;tzGJ@toD;oD;rS udk,fpm;vS,f acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh awG@pkHaqG;aEG;yJGw&yfudk0ef=uD;csKyf tdrf0if;{nfhcHr¾yfY usif;ycJhonf//

kd@ udk,fpm;vS,faygif;pkH wufa&mufvm=uonf// oHCmawmfrsm;/ jynfol@ mftrwf rGefzkd;csdK/ ekdifatmifxGef;/ yrnw/ obmywdtzGJ@0if/ Adkvfzdk;uGef/ ;ponfh/ekdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf;wufa&muf=u

;vkH;wkd@onf rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. =udK;yrf;rSK/ tarSsmf=uD;rm;rSK/ pdwf&SnfoD;cHpGm/ SKwdk@a=umifh taumifxnf ay:vmonfqkdvSsif rSm;rnfr[kwf[k xifygonf// ifvmaom rGefjynfol@wyfOD;=uD;rm;aom atmifjrifrSKw&yf[k qkd&ayrnf// frwDwGif/ rGeftrsdK;om; tzGJ@aygif;pkH yg0ifvmonfudk awG@&onf// wuUokdvf

rGrG xkdtcsdefumvY jzpfay:aeaom ekdifiHa&;tajcaeudk okH;oyf=unfhv#if/ ygvDref'Drkdua&pD enf;jzifh rGefjynfe,fudk taumifxnf az:&,ledkifonf[k rGefjynfol xlxkwkd@u,kH=unf ae=uonfudk awG@&onf// vGwfvyfaom rGefjynfe,ftwGuf vufeufudkif awmfvSef aeaom/ OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$usif. awmwGif;vufeufudkiftzGJ@/ rGefjynfopfygwD tay:/ rGefjynfolvlxk. pdwf0ifpm;rSK/tm;ay;rSK tvGeftm;enf; aeonfudk awG@&onf// rGefjynfopfygwDtay: ,kH=unfrSKtm;enf;onf[kqkdv#if ykdrdkrSefuefayrnf// txl;ojzifh OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$usif. OD;aqmifrSKtay: ,kH=unfrSK tvGeftm;enf;aeonfudk awG@jrifekdif onf// rGefjynfollvlxkonf/ Oya'abmifodk@ 0ifa&mufvmaom jynfol@wyfOD;. OD;aqmifrSKudk ,kH=unfvufcHvmonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD; acgif;aqmifwkd@. OD;aqmifrSKjzifh/ uaz:ekdifrnf[ktjynfht0,kH=unfae=uonf// OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$usiftaejzifh t&if;&SifygvDref'Drdkua&pDtay: vkH;0t,kH=unfr&Sday// t&if;&Sif ygvDrefenf;jzifh/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh tjynfh0&Sdonfh rGefjynfe,fw&yfudk taumifxnfaz: &,lekdifrnf[kvnf; OuUX=uD;taeeSifh vkH;vkH;r,kH=unfay// 1960-ckeSpf a&G;aumufyGJY wnfjrJ zqyvtzGJ@rS &SKH;edyfhjyD;/ oef;&Sif; zqyvtzGJ@rS tedkif&oGm;onfh tay: ppfwyf&SdppfAkdvfcsKyfwkd@u vkH;0auseyfrSKr&Sdonfudk OuUX=uD;rS/ wGufqodxm; onf// tekdif&wufvmaom/ OD;ektpdk;&tay: auseyfrSKvkH;0r&Sdaom ppfwyfrS/ ppfAkdvfcsKyfwkd@onf/ wae@ae@wGift&yfom;OD;ektpkd;&xH rStm%mudk odrf;,lekdifrnf[k OuUXu=udKwifjyD;jrifxm;onf// 1

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ef twGuf/ u|efawmftm; tcsdef tenf;i,fay;ap vkdw,f// jynfol@v$wfawmf usif;ypOfrSmyif/ oufqkdif&m acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh

TudpPudk rwfvtwGif;jyD;pD;atmifaqmif&Gufay;ygr,f//”

Gif tcsuf(5)csufyg0ifonf// teSpfcsKyfoabmrSm rJykH;axmifpepfudk ru f// yx D zGJ@&e f. jyn Gif usi QrD tr edkifi rludk rGefjynfol@wyfOD;eSifh efjynfe,f az:xkwfa&; aumfrwDwkd@uvnf; ,m,Dtm;jzifh oabmwlvufcH=uonf//

4if;aqG;aEG;yGJwGif/ rGef/ &ckdif/ yxp/yrnw/ zqyv/ paomekdifiHa&; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;pkHnD wufa&muf=uonf// xkdtaqG;aEG;yGJY 0ef=uD;csKyfOD;ekonf atmufygtwkdif; ajym =um;oGm;onf//

“rGefjynfe,f/ &ckdifjynfe,f ay;&ef u|efawmh. uwdudk rzsufyg// ,ae@ay:ayguf aewJh jy\emrSm/ t=uH ay;tzGJ@u jynfe,frsm; &,la&;eSihf ywfoufjyD; rJykH;axmifjyD; qEN &,loifhonf qkdwJhtcsuf tay:rSm/ uGJvGJcsufrsm; &Sdaew,f// TuGJvGJcsufrsm;udk nSdeSKdif;&

u|efawmf aqG;aeG;OD;rnf jzpfygw,f// onfhtjyif 0ef=uD;rsm;tzJG@/ yxptzGJ@/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya' jyifqifa&; aumfrwD ponfhyk*~dKvfwkd@eSifh wdkifyifjyD;/

1961-ckeSpfrwfv/ (13)&ufae@wGif usif;yaom/ jynfol@v$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;Y 0ef=uD;csKyfonf jynfe,fay;a&; qkdif&m tqdkjyKcsufopf w&yfudkwifoGif;cJhonf// OD;ek. tqdkjhyKcsufopfw

sifhokH;awmhbJ/rGefjynfe,fudktqifhokH;qifhjzifh taumifxnfaz:oGm;&efpDpOfxm;onrtqifhwGif rGefa&;&m0ef=uD;cef@&ef/ 'kwd,tqifhwGif rGefjynfe,fjyifqifa&;aumfrwfeSihf wwd,tqifhwGif rGefjynfe,fzGJ@pnf;&ef tpDtpOfrsm;yg0ifonf// 0ef=uD;csKyfe,fay;a&;qkdif&m tqkdjyKcsufopfeSifh ywfoufI 1961-ckeSpf rwfv (16)&ufae@wf;yaom/ jynfol@v$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;wGif/ a&;rJqENe,ftrwfrGefbdk;csdKeSifh usdKuwfekdifatmifxGef;wkd@ua0zefaqG;aEG; oGm;onf//

Hawmf0ef=uD;csKyf. rGefa&;&m0ef=uD;wpfOD; cef@xm;ay;a&;rG1961-ckeSpf {jyDv(18)ae@&ufwGif armfvjrdKifjrdK@ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; ygwD&kH;wnf&mXmeY usif;yaom rGefjynfe,f az:xkwfa&; aumfrwD tpnf;ta0;rS rGefa&;&m0ef=uD;wOD; a&G;cs,fa&;twGuf/ aqG;aEG;=uonf// tcsdK@u ekdifatmifxGef;udk tqkdjyK=uonf// tcsdK@u rGefzdk;csdKudk tqkdjyK=uonf// tacstwif aqGGG;aEG;=uonf// [email protected] tcdkiftrm/ oufaoxl ta=umif;jyI/ aqG;aEG;=uonf// rGefzkd;csdKudk/ rGefwkdif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrS/ ekdifatmifvSaiGwdk@u tqkdjyK=uonf// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@twGuf/ rGefzdk;csKd.tepfemcHcJhrSK/ =udK;yrf;cJhrSK rGefzdk;csdK. ekdifiHa&;tawG@=uKH/ Om%fynm =uD;rm;rSKwkd@udk tajcjyKI/ rGefzdk;csdKonfom/ 0ef=uD; jzpfxkdufonf[k wifjyvm=uonf// edkifatmifxGef;tm;

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zGJ@pnf;. acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom/ ekdifatmifxGef;/ edkifzdk;pdef/ twGif;a&;rSL; edkfifcsrf;rGefwkd@ oD;oD;awmckdpOf/ rGefzdk;csdKonf/ tif;pdef axmifxJ a&mufaeonf// (au/te/f'D/tkd)u&if

e@txd/ &Srf;jynfe,f awmif=uD;jrdK@wGif/ jynfe,f ygif;pkH nDvmcH(awmif=uD; uGefz&if;)w&yfudkusif;ycJhonf// xkdnDvmcHokd@/ &Srf;/u,m;/

axmufcHaom tiftm;pkzufrSvnf;/ ekdifatmifxGef;. trsdK;om;ekdifiHa&;pGrf;aqmifrSK/ awmY(10)eSpf (10)rdk; tepfemcHcJhrSK/ wkd@udktajcjyKI edkifatmifxGef;onfom 0ef=uD; jzpfxkdufonf[k/ tckdiftrm tqdkjyKvmonf// wzufeSifhwzuf tjyefvSef tajcwif aqG;aEG;=uonf// aqG;aEG;nSdKeSdKif;,lI r&edkifonfhtajcaeokd@ a&mufvmonf// aemufqkH;wGif trsm;rJqENaumufcHI qkH;jzwf,l&onf// edkifatmifxGef;tm; axmufcHol rsm;u rJtom&oGm;onf// trsm;qENkudk av;pm; vufcHaomtm;jzifh rGefzkd;csdKonf edkifatmifxGef;udk 0ef=uD;ae&may;vkdufonf// ekdifzdk;csdKonf/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;&kH;udk pwifwnfaxmifcJholjzpfonf// vGwfvyfa&; t=udKacwfeSifh vGwfvyfa&;&p/ acwf wav#muf rGefjynfe,ftwGuf awmif;qkdwkdufyGJ 0ifcJhpOfwGif/ edkifatmifxGef;/ ekdifzdk;pdef/ ekdifcsrf;rGefwkd@udk edkifiHa&;t&/ OD;aqmifrSK ay;cJholjzpfonf// 1949-ckeSpfwkdif;&if;om; tttrsdK;om;tzGJ@pnf;rS tif;pdefjrdK@udkodrf;pOf/ rGefzdk;csdKeSifh ekdifvSarmifwkd@eSpfOD;u tm;ay;onf [ktpdk;&rS pGyfpGJjyD; xdef;odrf;xm; vkdufjcif;jzpfonf// rGefwkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; awmckdpOf rGefzdk;csdKryg0ifedkifcJhay// xkdtwl rGeftrsdK;om;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfaom/ekdifomeSif;/ ekdifxGef;odef;/ edkifaiGodef;/ edkifodrff;armifwdk@ awmckdpOf/ [email protected] ekdifvSarmif onfvnf; ryg0ifekdifcJhacs// OD;ektpdk;&tzGJ@0if/ rGefa&;&m0ef=uD;tjzpf/ ygvDreftrwf/ ekdifatmifxGef;tm; a&G;cs,f vkdufonf// edkifatmifxGef; onf/1961-ckeSpf {jyDv/(27)&ufae@wGif/ ekdifiHawmforRw=uD; a&S@arSmufY rGefa&;&m0ef=uD;tjzpf usrf;opPmusdefqkdcJhonf// rGefa&;&m 0ef=uD; ekdfifatmifxGef;onf/ 0ef=uD;&mxl;udk usrf;usdef vufcH,ljyD;aemuf 0ef=uD;&kH;cef;Y 1961-ckeSpf arv (3)&ufae@rS pIf&kH;xkdifonf// Todk@ ekdifatmifxGef;wOD; tpkd;&0ef=uD; wOD; jzpfoGm;onfhtay: awmwGif;vufeufudkif tzGJ@pnf;jzpfaom rGefjynfopfygwD taeeSifh rnfodk@r#wkef@jyefrSKr&SdcJhay// axmufcHrSKvnf;rjy/ &SKwfcsrSKvnf; vkH;0rjyKcJhacs// wcsdefu rdrd.awmfvSefa&; &Jabmf/ &Jbufjzpfaom/ edkifatmifxGef;0ef=uD;jzpfoGm;onfhtay:/ OuUX ekdifa&$usifonf/ vkH;0pdwf0ifpm;rSKr&SdcJhacs// 1961-ckeSpf/ ZGefv(8)ae@rS/ ZGefv(16)aaucsif/ u&if/ csif;/ &ckdif/ rGefponfh wkdif;&if;om; udk,fpm;vS,faygif;pkH wufa&muf =uonf// nDvmcHodk@ wufa&mufaom rGeftzGJ@wGif/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;ygwD/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;/ oef@&Sif;rGef/ rGefwkd;wufa&;ygwD/ rGefjynfe,faz:xkwfa&; aumfrwDrS

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vsuf&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;udktjrefqkH; taumiftxnf az:ay;yg&ef jynfaxmifpk ekdifiHawmf tpdk;&tm; TnDvmcH=uD;u wkdufwGef;a=umif;//

Srf;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,fOD;ausmfpdefuvnf;/ ODZefxmqif.tqdkudk atmufygtwkdif;

rGefjynfe,fudk u|efawmfwkd@ az:xkwfay;oifhw,fqkdwm txl;ajymaep&m dk

/ m kd@

f=uD;ygbJqkdwm/ txift&Sm;&Sdyg w,f// tJ'Dawmh/ rGefpmu/ tukefvkH;,Ofaus;rSK jyef@yGm; vmw,fqkdwm

kdwmbmrS txl;ajymae p&m rvkdygbl;/” [lI

udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0if=uonf// rGefjynfe,faz:xkwfa&; tvkyfnDnGwfa&;aumfrwD udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpfwufa&mufolrsm;rSm/ ekdifvSarmif/ ekdifbapm/ ekdifxGef;odef;/ ekdifaiGodef;/ ekdifodrf;armif/ ekdifatmifcspfpH/ ekdifatmifcspf(xkH;tkdif)/ edkifqefeD/ edkifjrwfom'Gef;/ ekdifpef;jrdKif/ rif;wifazwkd@jzpfonf// 4if;nDvmcHwGif/ ucsifjynfe,f udk,fpm;vS,f OD;Zefxmqifu atmufyg tqdkw&yfudk wifoGif;oGm;onf//

“jynfaxmifpk jrefrmedkifiHawmf jynfe,f &oifh&xkdufaom t&nftcsif;eSifh jynfpkHonfh/ rGef/ &cdkfif/ csif;vlrsdK;rsm; qENjyif;pGmjzifh vkdvm;awmif;qkd

ekdifiHawmftpkd;& onf/ tcsdefrqGJbJ/ tajccHOya' yk'fr(199)eSifh 200(u)yg jyXmef;csufrsm;t& rGefjynfe,f/ &ckdifjynfe,f/ csif;jynfe,frsm;udk tjrefqkH; taumiftxnfaz: ay;&efwkdufwGef;onf//”

&axmufcHaqG;aEG;oGm;onf//

“vkdr,fvkd@ rxifyg/ bmjzpfvJ qkdawmh/ u|efawmfwkd@ jrefrm&mZ0ifujyef=unfhvSsif/ yXrOD;qkH; u|efawmfwkd@&J@ wkdif;jynfrS/ t,Ofaus;qkH; ,Ofaus;rSKudkaz:xkwfwm rGefvlrsdK;rsm; jzpfygw,f// u|efawmfwdk@ onfae@ Armpmayudk oif=um;aewmonf/ Armpmay[m/ b,fuaygufzGm; vmovJ qkd&ifu|efawmfwkd@/ 'DrGef,Ofaus;rSKu aygufzGm;vmw,f// rGef[m &mZ0if tpOftveSifh wxD;weef; wkdif;jynf=uD;awG txift&Sm;&SdcJhw,f qkdwm/ u|efawmfwok0Àblrdwkdif;qkdwm/ a&S;wkef;urGefjynfe,

axmuf&SkKjcif;tm;jzifh/ u|effffffawmfwkd@ rGefvlrsdK;rsm;[m jynfe,f&oifhw,f// 'Dae@jynfe,f&oifhw,fq

/OD;ausmfpdefu/ rGefjynfe,fay;oifha=umif; axmufcHajym=um;cJhonf//3

3 1958/1962/jrefrmhekdifiHa&;/pm/321/

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 77

195ta / tcG D;. enf f/ rGefjy f// ekdifc f// u|e jyefv ;tm; tenf;i,f wfquf ay;vkdygonf//

ifcsrf;rGefonf/ urm0uf&Gm Zmwd jzpfonf//1270-ckeSpf/ uxdkef(wefaqmifrkef; vqef;

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8-ckeSpf/ Oya'abmifokd@ 0ifcJhonfh/ rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;ygwD. enf;AsL[m ajymif;vJrSK y:/ uGsefawmfeSifh rif;0if;xdefwkd@u apm'u wufwwfonf// tcGifha&;&v#if&ovkdifh=uKHvSsif/ =uKHovkd/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ar;jrefjyD;/ rGefjynfol@ wyfO;AsL[m ajymif;vJrSKtjrifudk &Sif;vif; ckdif;wwfonf// wcgwGif/ u|efawmfwdk@eSpfOD;onnfol@wyfOD;. A[kdaumfrwD0if wOD;jzpfaom ekdifcsrf;rGefESifh awG@qkH=uonsrf;rGeftm;rGefjynfol@wyfOD; enf;AsL[m ajymif;vJrSKeSifh ywfoufjyD; ar;jref;bl;ygonfawmfwkd@eSpfOD; ar;jref;wJhtay: edkifcsrf;rGefu pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf&Sif;jyonf// edkifcsrf;rGef.nf ajz=um;csufudk tao;pdyfrwifjycif/ edkifcsrf;rGefeSifh pmzwfolrsm

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pGm

rGefbkd;csdK/ ekdifatmifxGef;/ ekdifbkd;pdefwkd@eSifhtwl/ wkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;ukd OD;aqmif cJhonf// rGeftrsdK;om;ae@udkyxrOD;qkH;/ acgif;aqmifusif;yaom rGefacgif;aqmif(7)OD;wGif/ edkfifcsrf;rGefvnf; wOD;yg0ifcJhonf// xkdpOfu edkifcsrf;rGefonf/ tpnf;&kH;. twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfaeonf// &[ef;b0rS xGufjyD;aemufydkif;wGif yi&GmoltysdK=uD; rdydktf (cCi]yjpuiaj)eSifh tdrfaxmif us onf// 1949-ckeSpf wGifurm0ufaus;&Gmudk jynfol@&Jabmfwkd@u vma&mufrD;&SKd@ zsufqD; vkdufonfhaemufykdif;wGif ekdifatmifxGef;/ ekdifbkd;pdef/ q&m[kd/q&mxGef;cif/ q&m&$ef;wkd@eSifh twlawmckd cJholjzpfonf// 1956-ckeSpfrGefjynfol@wyfOD;ygwDudkyxrOD;pGmzGJ@pnf;&mwGif/ ekdifcsrf;rGefudk taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; tjzpftrsm;rSa&G;aumufwifajrSmufcJh=ujyefonf/ 1958-ckeSpf Oya'abmifodk@ 0ifvmaom umvtxd/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. twGif;a&;rSL; wm0efudk/ ,lxm;oljzpfonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. enf;AsL[m ajymif;vJ&mwGiftenf;AsL[majymif;vJjyD; Oya'abmifodk@ 0ifa&;twGuf/ zqyvtpkd;&eSihf awG@qkHaqG;aEG; &mwGif/ OD;aqmifcJholjzpfonf// ekdifcsrf;rGefudk rGefvl=uD;vli,ftm;vkH;u/ cspfcif=uonf// vlwkdif;vlwdkif;udk cifrifwwfonf// aysmfaysmf&$if&$ifaexkdifwwfonf// tvGefaz:a&G wwfaom ekdifcsrf;rGefudk/ vkyfaz:/ udkifbuf/ &Jabmfrsm;u/ cspfpekd;jzihf/ ekdifcsrf;[kac:qkd okH;ekSef;=uonf// 1960a rGefjynfol@wyfOD;onf/ vufeufudkfif awmfvSefa&; enf;AsL[mrSonf/ 'Drdkua&pDenf; ygvDrefwGif; wkdufyGJ enf;AsL[modk@ tb,fa=umifh/ ajymif;vJcJh&ovJvkd@ edkifcsrf;tm; u|efawmfwkd@eSpfOD;u ar;jref; aomtcg/ u|[email protected];udk ekdifcsrf;onf/ pdwf&Snfvuf&SnfpGmjzifh/ atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;vif;ajz=um;ygonf//

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 79

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(u) awmwGif;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; eSifh (c) 'Drdkua&pD/ ygvDref wGif;wdkufyGJ/ qdkwJh vrf;pOf(2)&yfwdk@&Sdw,f// wkdufyGJ enf;AsL[m eSpf&yfvkd@ ajymekdifw,f// tJ'Denf;AsL[m eSpf&yfudk rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf/ rv$Jra&Smifom wkdufyJG0ifoGm;&rJh/ trsKd;om; r[m wm0ef(2)&yf jzpfw,fvkd@/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rS cH,lxm;w,f// tJ'DtrsdK;om; wm0ef(2)ckqkdwJh/ wkdufyGJ(2)&yfudk/ aphaph pyfpyfavhvm okH;oyfcJhw,f// 4if;trsKd;om; r[mwm0ef(2)&yfjzpfwJh/ 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJeSifh vufeufudkif anacgif;aqmifrsm;ujrifcJh =uw,f// trsKd;om; wm0efcGJa0r_t&/ 1948-rS 1958-ckeSpfumvwGif 'Drkdua&pD wdkufyGJqdkwJh/ trsKd;om;wm0efudk rGefwdkif;&if;om; tpnf;&kH;rS wm0evufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJqkdwJh/ tjcrGefjynfol@wyfOD;rS wm0ef,l xm;w,f qkdwJh tcsufudkawG@&r,f// 1957/ 58-ckeSpf umvrSm/ jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmwJh/ jynfwGif; ekdifiHa&;tajcaeudk avhvm&if zqyv tpkd;&rSm tuGJtjyJ jzpfvmwmukdawG@&r,f// OD;eK.zqyvtpkd;&onf/ tm;tifcsdeJ@ vmw,f// pnf;vkH;rSK/ nDnGwfjcif;vnf; r&Sdjzpfvmw,f// (OD;/Akdvf/ocif) tkyfpktrsdK;rsdK; ay:xGef;aew,f// OD;ek acgif;aqmifrSKudk twkdufcH jyKwJh OD;baqG/ OD;ausmfjidrf;wkd@ OD;aqmifwJh/ twkdufcHtkyfpkay:xGuf vmw,f// zqyvtwGif;wGif trsdK;trsdK;tjym;jym;/ jcm;em;ae=uw,ff// OD;eKtpkd;&tay: jynfol vlxk&J@ axmufcH,kH=unfrSKvnf; wjznf;jznf; usqif;vmw,f// jynfolvlxktaeeJ@vnf;/ wzufwvtm;aumif;vmw,f// vlrsdK;pkwkd@&J@ ygvDrefwGif;awmif;qkdrSK eSifhygvDrefwGif; wdkufyGJvnf;/ t&Sdeft[kef &vmw,f// vlrsdK;pkwkdif;&if;om; tzGJ@rsm;eJ@ tjcm;aom/ twdkufcH/ tzGJ@pnf;jzpfwJh/ y/r/n/wwkd@&J@ aygif;pnf; nDnGwfrSK vnf;/ tm;aumif;/ vmw,f// wkdif;&if;om; trwfrsm;eJ@ y/r/n/w/ trwfwkd@&J@/ vufwGJ nDnGwfjyD;/ ygvDrefwGif;/awmif;qkdrSK/ ekdifiHa&; wkdufyGJonfvnf; t&Sdeft[kef&/ tm;aumif;vm w,f//

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ae tm;vkH;wdk@udkk rGefjynfol@wyfOD;u umif;aumif;tuJcwfrdw,f//

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srf;. &Sif;vif; wifjycsufudk =unfhvSsif oHwref a&;&mwkdufyGJtay:okH;oy;jcif;r&SdcJhonfudk pmzwfolrsm; owdxm;rdrnf[k xifygonf// tb,fa=umomf 4if;um;vwGif ,ae@tajcaeavmuf/ oHorefa&;&mwdkufyGJonf tm;raumi;yg// rGefvlrsdK;rsm;onfvnf; wdkif;wyg;ekdifiH&yfjcm;wGif/ oGm;a&mufaexdkifol/Gefenf;yg;aejcif;/ ponfhta=umif;wkd@a=umifh/ xnfhoGif;I tav;teuf rokH;oonf[k ,lq&ayonf//ta&0fcswf)//

srf;rGefonf/ TuJhokd@rdrd. t,ltqudk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; &Sif;vif;wifjy&onfhtwseyftm;&jyD; pdwfvuf ayghyg;oGm;[efwlonf// jyKH;aomrsufeSmjzifh/ u|efawmfwD;tm; ai;=unfhaeonf// rif;wkd@bmrsm; aemufxyfodcsi

aurekdifao;yg// ygvDrefwGif;/ 'Drdkua&pD wkdufyGJtay: u|efawmfwkd@u t,kH=unf uif;rJhonf// Armrsm;=uD;pkd;wJh/ t&if;&SifygvDrefudk vkH;0,kH=unfrSKr&Sday// vufeufudkfif awmfvSefa&; udkom/ u|efawmfwkd@eSpfOD;u pdwf0ifpm;onf// ekdifa&$usifOD;aqmifaom/ awmwGif; vufeufudkif ygwDjzpfonfh/ rGefjynfopfygwDudkom tm;ay;vkd=uonf// awmwGif; vufeufudkfif awmfvSefa&;r&SdvSsif/ ygvDrefwGif; 'Drdkua&pDwkdufyGJonfvnf;/ t"dy`g,f r&Sdedkif/ toufr&Sdekdif/ vkH;0t&m ra&mufeajyKaom/ xda&mufonfhwGef;tm; jzpfonf[ku|efawmfwkd@ujrifonf// xkda=umifh ekdifcsrf;udk bmrSqufI ar;cGef;rxkwfvkdawmhay// ekdifcsrf;ukd tjiif;yGm;vkyfI ar;cGef;rxkwfvkday// ekdifcsrf;udkvnf; 'kuQay;I xyfrHr&Sif;apcsifvkdawmhay// qdwfqdwfyif aevkdufonf// odk@aomf ekdifcsrf;onf/ rdrd.&Sif;vif;wifjycsufwkd@udk/ tm;vkH;t=uGif;rJh rSefuefaeojzifh/ u|efawmfwkd@eSpfOD;bmrSjyefrajym ekdifbJ/ ikdifusaeonf[kxifrSwfykH&onf// ekdifcsrf;ajymqkdorSsudk t=uGif;rJhvufcHjyD;/ rdrd.&yfwnfcsufudk/ vkH;0vufajrmuft&SKHHH;ay; vkdufonfh oabmjzifhjidrfouf aejcif;r[kwfyg/ Ttcsufudk/ekdifcsrf;tm;/ csJvif;vkyfjyD; jyefajymcsifygao;onf//odk@aomfajymrxGufcJhyg//xkda=umifh/ ekdifcsrf; onfatmifyGJ&vkdufonfh/ ppfol=uD;wOD;tvm;/ 0ifh=uGm;aomrsufeSm/ awmufyaom rsufvkH;tpkHjzifh u|efawmfwkd@ eSpfOD;tm; pdkuf=unfhjyD; xyfrHIqufajymjyefonf//

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 83

nfh aemufydkif; rSm/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;&J@ qkdif;bkwfawG te,fe,f t&yf&yfrSm awG@vm&w,f/

dk/ t&Sdeft[kef aumif;aumif;eJ@/ DnD nGwfnGwf pkaygif; aqmif&Gufekdif cJhw,f// 'gawG[m/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;&J@

efuefwJh &yfwnfcsufeJ@ rSefuefwJ@/ ay:vpDa=umifh jzpfw,f qkdwm/ xif&Sm; ew,f// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;&J@ trsdK;om; ekdifiHa&;vrf;pOf rSefuefrSKeJ@ rSefuefwJh

Edkifc HawG@vmonf[kxif&onf// tm;&yg;& toHus,fus,f ajymvmonf// pum;tqkH; wGifvnf;/ vufwD;wGwf˜wcsufudk tm;&yg;&wD;vkdufw,f// 'Dw l. tjy fol@ wy umf vkdu nf// rif;0 v; jzifh/ m; pdw

“rGefjynfol@wyfOD; enf;AsL[majymif;jyD;/ Oya'abmifokd@ 0ifvkdufo

ekdifiHa&; oifwef; zGifhvSpfjyD;/ ygwD au'gaumif;rsm;pGmudk arG;xkwf ekdifcJhw,f// rGefjynfolvlxkeSifh ausmif;om; vli,frsm;wkd@rSm/ trsdK;om; ekdifiHa&; todw&m; ekd;=um;=uw,f// jynfolvlxkeJ@ xdawG@cGifh&wJhtwGuf/ rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;&J@ vrf;pOf&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wifjycGifh&cJhw,f// rGefjynfolvlxkeJ@ ygwD[m wom;xnf; jzpfvmonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;ygwDtay:/ ,kH=unfrSK &Sdvmw,f// axmufcHrSK ay;vm=uw,f// 1960-ckeSpf a&G;aumufyGJrSm/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;&J@ trwfavmif;awG atmifyJGcHekdif cJhw,f// rGefjynfe,f az:xkwfa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSKunrSaOD;aqmifrSKa=umihf/ rGeftzGJ@pnf; aygif;pkHeJ@ tjcm; r[mrdwf ekdifiHa&; tzGJ@rsm; rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;eJ@ vufwGJ vm=uw,f// rGefjynfe,f az:xkwfa&;/ tvkyf nDnGwfa&; aumfrwD w&yfudk tm;aumif;aumif;/ nDnD nGwfnGwfeJ@ zGJ@pnf; vmekdifcJhw,f// tzJG@aygif;pkH/ udk,fpm;vS,faygif;pkH/ ausmif;om;rsm; tygt0if pkaygif;zGJ@pnf; edkifcJhw,f// 'gawG tm;vkH;tm;/ rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;&J@ rSefuefwJh/ enf;AsL;[m/ ajymif;vJrSK/ rSefuefwJ@ OD;aqmifrSK&J@ &vg'ftusdK;w&m;awGbJ//”

srf;onf/pum;ajym&if;/ tm;0Z

cgawmh/ rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;u/ pm;jyD;a[h/ qkdwJhoabmyif jzpfonf// atmifekdifoKtrlrsdK;jzifh vufwD;wGuf˜ vkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf// 'DwcsD/ 'DekdifiHa&; wauG@rSm/ rGefjynfOD;twGuf/ atmifyJGcH&rnfhtvSJ@tajymif;/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;.acwfbJa[h[k a=uG;a=fonfh oabmeSihf/ ekdifcsrf;onf/ vufwD;wGwf˜ tcsufay; vkdufjcif; jzpfoif;xdefu/ ekdifcsrf;. tajymtqkd/ tjyKtrludk tvGefoabmusI/ cwfjyKH;jyKH; ua

ekdifcsrf;udk =unfhI acgif;wndrfhndrfh vkyfaevkdufonf// u|efawmfuyif &kd;&kd;om;ofjzifh atmufyg twkdif;/ ekdifcsrf;udk qGI ar;vkdufonf//

“edkifcsrf;u ajymawmh/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; trwfavmif;awG/ 1960-ckeSpf a&G;aumufyGJrSm/ atmifjrifrSK&cJ@w,fvkd@qkdw,f// 'gayrJh/ekdifcsrf;usawmh/ &SKH;w,fyguvm;//”

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k dcsifvkd@vm;// 'gqkd&if a[h˜ igeJ@ Gif yk*~dKvft& wpfOD;csif; ,SOfjydKif&Jw,f// b,fzufu ,SOfjydKif,SOfjydKif/ ,SO

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tjypfwifaerdonf// 1960-ckeSpf a&G;aumufyGJY armfvjrdKifjrdK@e,f rJqENe,fwGif OD;ektzGJ@rSyxptrwfavmif; OD;o srf; on

tcGifhta&; r,lcJhbl;// jynfolvlxk&J@ ypPnf;udkvnf; wjym;wcsyfrS tvGJokH;pm;rjyKcJhbl;// 'gudk

u|efawmfonfedkifcsrf;. &ifwGif;cHpm;csufudk twGif;od/ odxm;oljzpfojzifh/ edkifcsrf;pdwfudk qGay;vkdI ar;vkdufjcif;jzpfonf// ekdifcsrf; pdwfxdckduf apvkdaomoabm/ &nf&G,fcsuf vkH;0 rygay// okd@aomfedkifcsrf;onfcHpm;csuf tjynfhjzihfTokd@qkdvmonf//

“'guuGm/ &Sif;aewmbJ/ ighukdusm;pm xkd;au|;vkdufwmbJ// igh[m usm;pm;bkd@ twGuf/ uHqkd;ol armif&SifjzpfoGm;wm// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;&J@ ay:vDpDvrf;pOfeJ@ bmrSrqkdifbl;// ight&nfcsif;eJ@vnf; bmrS rqkdifbl;// rif;wkd@ pOf;pm;=unfh/ armfvjrdKifjrdK@vkd/ rGefvlrsdK; OD;a&enf;jyD;/ Arm/w&kwf/ ukvm;vlOD;a&u rsm;awmh/ b,frSm/rGeftrwfekdifekdifyghrvJ// ignHhw,fvkd@rif;wkd@uq

OD;ofjydKif&Jw,f// OD;oGifudkajymvkduf/ igcsJvif;vkyfw,f//”

defwa,mufonf/ tupdwfyifraumif;jzpfrdonf// udk,fcsif;vnf; pmemrdonf// okd@aomf ratmifhekdifvGef;I toHxGufavmufatmif &Dvkdufonfh rif;0if;xdefufdkvnf; tjypfrjrifrday// ekdifcsrf;tm; ydkrdkemusnf;atmif pdwfudkqGay;ovkd jyKrdonfh rdrdtjzpfudkyif

GifuekdifoGm;jyD;/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rStrwfavmif; ekdifcsrf;u&SKH;edyfhoGm;onf// ekdifcf ra=ueyfekdifao;bJ/ rdrd. cHpm;csufudk qufvuf ajymjyefonf//

“ighudk/ oHjzLZ&yfe,fwkd@vkd/ a&;e,fwkd@vkd ae&mrsdK;rSm 0ifa&mufa&G;cHcGifh ay;ygvm;// rekdif&if ighvnfyif;udkjzwf/ igtjzwfcHekdifw,f// a[h˜ 'gekdifcsrf;uG/ rGefvlxku ekdifcsrf;udk b,fawmhrS rrkef;bl; qkdwmodw,f// tm;vkH;u ekdifcsrf;udk cspf=uw,f// edkifcsrf;u b,fawmhrS udk,fudsK;twGuf

rGefjynfolvlxkawG odw,f// 'grdk@ oHjzLZ&yfjrdK@e,fwkd@vdk/ a&;jrdK@e,fwkd@vkd ae&m rSm/ ,SOfjydKif&r,fqkd&if/ b,fol@udkrS edkifcsrf;˜ ra=umufbl;// tm;vkH;eJ@ ,SOfjydKif &Jw,f// OD;oGifeJ@ tJ'De,frSm ,SOfjydKifcsifw,f// b,folekdif/ od&atmif/ OD;oGifbJ/ edkifrvm;/ edkifcsrf;ubJ/ rJtjywftowfeJ@ ekdifrvm; qkdwm od&atmif/ ,SOfjydKifcsifw,fuGm//”

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monf// rif;0if;xdef onfvnf;aemufqkH;wGifr&Dedkifawmhay// ekdifcsrf;tm;oem;oGm;[efwlonf// ekdifcsrf;onf vn

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wkd@eSpfOD; tjyefvrf;wGif rif;0if;xdefonf Todk@aumufcsufcsajymqkdvmonf//

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ekdifcsrf;onf cHjyif;aompdwf/ emusnf;onfhpdwfwkd@a=umifh toHus,fv

f; wu,fyifpdwfxdckdufoGm;ykH&onf// atmufygtwkdif; qufIajymjyefonf// “vlawGu/ ekdifcsrf;[m t*Fvdyfpm rwwfbl;qkdjyD; txifao;ae=uwm/ txifrao;vkdufygeJ@// ekdfifcsrf;[mt*Fvdyf pmrwwfayrJh/ ekdifiHa&;rSm em;vnf w,fuG// b,fol[m tcGifha&;orm;vJ/ b,fol[m tcGifha&;orm; r[kwfbl; qkdwm avhvm=unfh=uyg// ekdifcsrf;wkd@uawmh/ tcGifha&;orm; r[kwfbl;// udk,fusdK;twGuf b,fawmhrSvnf; tcGifha&;r,lcJhbl;/ qkdwmawG@ &r,f// trsdK;om; twGuf/ udk,fusdK;pGef@tepfemcHjyD; woufvkH; vkyfaqmif cJhw,f qkdwm awG@&r,f// 'gudkrGefjynfol awG odw,fuG//”

aemufqkH;wGif upd

av;pm;w,f// trSefawmh/ ekdifcsrf;[m yskKdwdkif;=udKufwJheSif;qDckdifbJ//” 'DawmhrSyif ekdifcsrf;onf jyKH;&$ifvmonf// 4if;aemuf u|efwmfwkd@ eSpfOD;onf pdwfraumif;pGm/ ekdifcsrf;udk eSkwfqufjyD; aumvdyfokd@jyefvmcJhonf// u|efawmf

“ekdifcsrf;udk ol@&J@vkyfaz: udkifzufawGu t*Fvdyfpmrwwfwm wckxnf;eJ@ tedkif,lcJh[efwlw,f// edkifcsrf;&J@ ajymqkdcsufawGukd =unfh&if/ edkifcsrf;&J@&ifwGif; cHpm;csufawG ygaew,f/ emJ˜owdxm;rd&J@vm;//” fawmfonf acgif;omjidrfhvkdfufonf bmrSjyefrajymjzpfacs// rif;0if;xdef. tar;a=umifawmh.pdwfonf twdwfwae&mqDodk@ a&mufoGm;onf// wcsdefu/ ekdifcsrf;ajymcJhaomm;rsm;udk jyefvnfowd&vmrdonf// ekdifcsrf;eSifh u|efawmftwlwuG/ oGm;vkdifbl; aoma=umifh/ ekdifcsrf;. cHpm;csufeSifh ywfoufj

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oif;zGJ@pnf;/

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omtcg/ rif;0if;xdeftm; Tokd@u|efawmfar;rdonf//

w=udrfwnf;rSm rGefcav;oli,ff wdk@&J@ b0uH =urRm udku|efawmfpOf;pm;rdjyD; 0rf;enf;vkd@ rqkH;jzpfrdw,f// u|efawmfwkd@u ausmif;=uD;

usvmonfh rsuf&nfrsm;vnf; jzpfekdifonf// xkdtrsdK;oRD;rsm;udk rqdkxm;eSifh xkdvli,f. oDcsif;oHudk =um;rdaom u|effawmfonfyif/ =uufoD; arG;nSif;rsm; xvmrdonf// &kd;&kd;om; 0efcH&v#if/ u|efawmfonfvnf; xkdoli,f qkdoGm;aom oDcsif;a=umifh tvGef pdwfeSvkH; xdckdufrdoGm;onf// rdrd. eSvkH;om;udk xufaom 'g;oGm;jzifh yg;yg;vGm vSD;jzwf vkdufovkd cHpm;vdkuf &onf// xkdoDcsif;onf rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. b0 o&kyftrSefudk az:=uL; xm;onf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. b0uH=urRm qdk;cJhykHudk uGufuGuf uGif;uGif; jrifvmatmif zGJ@EGJ@ odD;qkdxm;aom oDcsif;jzpfonf// uH=urRm qkd;vSwJh rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. b0jzpfpOf trSefudk jyefajymif; owd&rdaponf// em;axmifol. &ifwGif;eSvkH;om;xJrSm/ emusnf;pdwfawG wzGm;zGm; jzpfay:vmaponf// xkdvli,f oDqkdaomoDcsif;(2)(3)yk'f jyD;qkH;onfhwkdif/ u|efawmfwkd@ vlpkonf/ pdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmif=u ao;onf// oabFmxGuf&ef tcsufay;rSyif/ xkdvli,fonf/ uref;uwef; jzifh oabFmay:rS ckef;qif; vkdufonf// oabFmay:wGif usef&pfcJhaom/u|efawmfwdk@ vlpkudk/ jyefvnf ai;=unfh&if;/ vufjyaeonf// u|efawmfwkd@uvnf; jyefvnfjyD;/ vufa0S@&rf;jy onf// xkdvli,fonf/ u|efawmfwkd@ vlpkudk vufa0S@&rf;jyD;/ rdrd &&SdonfhaiGa=u; tcsdK@udk ckdifjrJpGm/ vufwGif; qkyfudkif&if; Zmojyif aus;&Gmay:okd@ ajy;v$m; wufoGm;onf// u|effawmfwkd@vnf; obFm tay:xyfodk@ jyefwuf vmonf// oabFm tay:xyfodk@ a&muf a

“udk0if;xdef cifAsm; 'Duav;&J@ oDcsif;udk em;axmifjyD; b,fvkdcHpm; rdovJ// u|efawmfawmh/ wrsdK;rsdK;cHpm;rdw,f// 0rf;enf; ovkdvkda=uuGJ ovkdvkdvGrf;qGwf ovkdvkd &ifxJrSmcHpm; rdw,f//”

udk0if;xdefuatmufygtwkdif;av;av;eufeufajz=um;vmonf// “u|efawmfvnf; 'Dtwkdif;bJ cHpm;&w,f// oDcsif;&J@ t"dyg`,fu/ av;euf

oavmuf oDqdkwJhcav;oli,f&J@ toHuvnf;qGJiifrSK tjynfh&Sdw,f//em;axmif ol&J@ pdwfudkqGJiif vSKyf&Sm; apedkifcJhw,f// twdwfu rGefwkd@&J@ ordkif;udk jyefvnf owd& atmif;arh apw,f/

rSmat;at; csrf;csrf; pmoif=um;aeekdifayrJh olwdk@rSm toufi,fi,f &G,f&G,feSifh b0udk&kef;uefvSKyf&Sm;ae&w,f// pOf;pm;=unfh&if odyfh0rf;enf; bkd@aumif;w,f//”

wqufwnf;rSmyif/udk0if;xdefonf/av;eufaom/rSwfcsufwckudkcsvdkufonf//

“'Doli,f[m/ rGefrsdK;cspf vli,fwOD;bJ// ol&J@trsdK;om;twGuf/ rdrdwwfpGrf;aom ae&mrS/ us&m wm0efukd ausjyGefpGm xrf;aqmif aew,fvkd@ u|efawmfjrifw,f//

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 94

vkdufvH ekd;aqmf aew,fvkd@

zwfbl;aom *smr%D vlrsdK;awG&J@ trsdK;om; jyefvnfaygif;pnf; nDnGwfa&;/ =udK;yrf;csdefudk oGm;owd&rdw,f//”

kdw,f/

&eftwGuf/ tJ'DygarmuQu =udK;yrf;vmawmhw,f// tJ'DwuUodkvfygarmuQu/

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SK a=umifh/ olwyg;

rsdK;cspf oDcsif;udk oDqkdjyD;/ trsdK;om; pdwf"gwfudk/ u|efawmf jrifw,f// ol@oDqkdaom/ oDcsif;a=umifh rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@rSm twdwfukd atmif;arhowd&jyD;/ rsdK;cspf pdwfekd;=um;/ wuf=uGvmedkifw,f˜emJ// 'Dvli,f oDcsif; qkdaewmudkawG@awmh/ u|efawmf

1871-ckeSpfu *smr%DedkifiH[m/ ,ckvdk tajctae r[kwfbl; jynfe,frsm;jzifh/ tpdyfpdyftr$mr$m uJGjym;jcm;em;ae=ujyD;/wjynfe,feJ@ wjynfe,fvnf; rnDnGwf =ubl;// tcsdK@ jynfe,frsm;[m y&&Sif; zuf'a&;&Sif (Prussian) vufatmufrSm &Sdw,f/ tcsdK@ jynfe,frsm;[m/ jyifopf tkyfcsKyfrSKatmuf a&mufae =uw,f/ tcsdK@=uawmh/ awmifydkif;*smr%D jynfe,frsm; (States of South Germany)tjzifh oD;jcm;zGJ@pnf; &yfwnfaew,f// tcsdK@*smr%Djynf e,frsm;rSm/ =opa=w,m (Austria)vlrsdK;wkd@. vufatmuf a&mufae&wJh tcsdefaygh//

'Dvkdaevkd@awmh rjzpfbl;/ *smr%DvlrsdK;awGtm;vkH; nDnGwfjyD;pnf;vkH;bkd@vvGwfvyfa&;twGuf =udK;yrf;bkd@vkdw,fvdk@jrifwJh/ wuUodkvfu ygarmuQwOD; ay:vmw,f// uGJjym; ae=uwJh *smr%DvlrsdK;awGjyefvnf/ aygif;pnf;nDnGwf =u*smrefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ jrifhjrwfwJh vlrsdK;jzpfwJhta=umif;/ *smrefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ pdwf"gwfudk jrSifhwifay;rJh trsdK;om;oDcsif;/ pnf;vkH; nDnGwfa&; oDcsif;wdk@udk oDukH; a&;pyfjyD;/ wjrdK@0if/ wjrdK@xGuf/ vkdfufvHoDqdkw,f// *smreftrsdK;om;pdwf"gwfudk ekd;aqmf w,f// ola&;pyfwJh oDcsif;uvnf; tvGeft"dy`g,faumif;/ oloDqkdwJh oDcsif;u vnf; tvGefaumif;awmh/ em;axmifrd=uwJh/ *smr%DvlrsdK;awG rsww,f// tvGefjrifhjrwfwJh/ rdrdwkd@*smrefvlrsdK;u/ ,ckvkd olwyg; vufatmufrSm/ u|efwayguf b0tjzpf a&mufae&wJh tjzpfudk jyefvnfpOf;pm; vmrd =uw,f/ *smr%DvlrsdK;awG tcsif;csif;uGJjym;aevkd@ rjzpfbl;/ jyefvnf nDnGwf=ubdk@vkdw,f qkdjyD;/ owdw&m;&vm=uw,f// tJ'DvkdtcsdefrSm/ bpfpruf(Bismarck)4vkd/ rsdK;cspf acgif;aqmifwOD; ay:vmw,f// bpfpruf&J@ xufjrufwJh pnf;&kH;a&; =udK;yrf; aqmif&Gufr

4 Germany In The Age of Bismarck by W. M. Simon 943.083. sim

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 95

u|e nf av kd@. tr f// tv nf// *smr%DtrsdK; om;wkd@. pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&; =udK;yrf;rSKta=umif;udk usefaomrGefausmif;om;rsm;vnf; =um;bl;=uonf// vkH;0owd r&=u us =uw

u|efawmfwkd@rGefvlrsdK;[m/ ,Ofaus;rSK/jrihfrm;cJhw,f/ pmay/ tekynm/ bufrSm/

,fawG/ avhvmokH;oyfbdk@vkdr,fxifw,f//”

eufeuf qufvufajymjyefonf//

vufatmuf a&mufaewJ@ *smrefjynfe,frsm;[m/ wppvGwfajrmuf vm=u w,f// ol&J@acgif;aqmifrSKatmufrSm/ uGJjym;jcm;em;ae=uwJh/ *smr%Djynf e,frsm; jyefvnfaygif;pnf; nDnGwfvm=uw,f// wkdwkdajym&if aemufqkH;rSm/ ,ckvkd *smr%DekdifiHudk jyefvnfxlaxmif vmekdifcJhw,f// 'Dvli,fudktJ'D*smreDu wuUokdvfygarmuQeSifh eSKdif;,SOfjyD; u|efawmfjrifrdw,f// tvGefoabmusoGm;jyD;/ rGeftrsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf/ rdrdpGrf;aqmifekdifwJhzufrS/ yg0ifaqmif&Guf aewJh/ awmfvSefa&; orm;wOD;vkd@ jrifrdw,f// csD;=uL;bkd@ tvGef aumif;w,f// trsdK;om; twGuf tvGef wm0efauswJh rsdK;cspfvli,f wa,mufygbJ//”

fawmfvkH;0 rar#mfvifhaompum;udk rif;0if;xdefxHrS=um;&onf// rif;0if;xdefo;av;eufeufajymqkdaeudkawG@&onf// rif;0if;xdefajymaom/ *smr%DtrsdK;om;wsdK;om;jyefvnfaygif;pnf; nDnGwfa&;/vSKyf&Sm;rSKordkif;udk u|efawmfvnf; zwfbl;onGefvnf;eSpfjcdKufoabmuscJhbl;ygo

/ ,ckrif;0if;xdfef eSdKif;,SOfajymjyoGm;onfudk u|efawmfwkd@tm;vkH;/ tvGefoabm,f// rif;0if;xdefuyif qufvufI atmufyg twkdif;ajymjyefonf//

“Arm/ xkdif;vlrsdK;wkd@xuf eSpfaygif;rsmpGm/apmcJhw,f// Armpmay/ xkdif;pmaywkd@[m rGefpmayrS/ oufqif;vmcJhw,f// ArmvlrsdK;qkd&if/ Ak'<bmomudk;uG,frSKudk rGefvlrsdK;xHrS&cJhw,f// 'gudkrnfolrS jiif;y,fvkdr&bl;// 'Dvkdtpp t&m&m jrifhrm;cJhwJh vlrsdK;wrsdK;[m/ bma=umifh/ ,ckvkd/ tjcm;aom vlrsdK;&J@/ vufatmufrSm/ zdeSdyfcHu|efb0tjzpf/ usa&mufae&ovJ// rGefpmay/pum;awG wjznf;jznf; wdrfaum yaysmufwJh tajcudk a&mufvmw,f// wjznf;jznf;eJ@ vl&mr0ifjzpfvmw,f// rGefpum;ajym&rSm &Sufvm w,f// rGefvlrsdK;vkd@cH,l&rSm/ &Sufa=umufvm=uw,f// 'Dtcsufudk u|efawmfwkd@ ynmwwf vli

udk0if;xdefonf/ cwWc%r# pum;udkrajymbJ u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH;udk tuJcwfjyD; =unfhaeonf// u|efawmfwkd@vnf; bmrS0ifa&muf ajymqkdjcif;rjyKbJ// udk0if;xdef qufajymrJh pum;udkom pdwf0ifpm;pGm ar#mfvifh ae=uonf// rnfolrS0ifa&muf rajymbJ jidrfaewJhtwGuf/ udk0if;xdefonf/ rdrdajymvkdonfhtjrifudk atmufygtwkdif; av;av;

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 96

jzpfw,fvkd@ |efawmfjrifw,f// 'gudk b,folrS rjiif;edkifbl;// vufopfudkvkdeDtkyfcsKyfrSK

;wkdif; vlrsdK;wkdif; wef;wl &nfwl wkd;wuf zG@HjzdK;jyD; wef;wl&nfwl vGwfvyfrSK &SdwJhpHepfrsdK;udk u|efawmf qdkcsifw,f// ppfrSeffwJh

bJ/ rif;0if;xdef qufajymrnfh pum;udkom/ tm&kHjyK ae=uonf// rif;0if;xdfef uyif/ qufvufI atmufyg twdkif;ajymjyefonf//

“r[mArmvlrsdK;&J@ acwfopfudkvkdeD u|efjyKtkyfcsKyfrSK pepfa=umifh upepfa=umifh/ rGefvlrsdK;awG/ rGefvlrsdK;tjzpf cH,l&rSmawmif/ &Suf&GH@vm=uw,f// &Srf;vlrsdK;vnf; &Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@ cH,l&rSm &Sufa=umufvm=uw,f// udk,fhpum;udk awmif rajymwwfjzpfvm=uw,f// udk,fhpmayudk ukd,frzwfwwfjzpfvmw,f// rdrdwdk@pmay/ pum;udk txifjrifao; vmw,f// ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ usifhokH;wJh 'DudkvdkeD tkyfcsKyfrSKpepfopf[m/ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; tm;vkH;udk wjznf;jznf;eJ@ 0g;rsdKbkd@ OD;wnf;aew,f// 'Dpepfudk u|efawmfwkd@ awmfvSefypf&r,f// rGef/u&if/ &Srf;/ &ckdif/ ucsif/ csif;/ u,m;ponfh vlrdsK;wkdif;/ vlrsdK;wkdif; udk,fhvlrsdK;udk cspfwwfwJh pdwf"gwf ay:xGef;apwJh pHepfrsdK;/ ukd,fhvlrsdK;&J@ pmay/ pum;awGudk jrwfjrwfekd;edk; oif=um;vdkwJh pdwf"gwf &SdvmaprJh tkyfcsKyfrSK pHepfrsdK;udk u|efawmf wkd@tpm;xkd; xlaxmif&r,f// vlrsdK

zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkpHepfukd xlaxmif&r,f//” rif;0if;xdef ajymaeonfrSm tm;vkH;trSefjzpfaeonf// av;av;eufeuf awG;ac:jyD; ajymaewJhtwGuf/u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH;u/ pdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmif ae=uonf// wOD; wa,mufrS 0ifazguf rajymao;

“vufopfArmudkvkdeDtkyfcsKyfrSKpepfa=umifh/ tpkd;&ausmif;awGrSm/ rGefausmif;om; u/ rGefpmudk roif=um;&bl;/ u&ifausmif;om; vli,fawGu/ u&ifpmayudk roif=um;&bl;/ &Srf;uav;i,fawGu/ &Srf;pmayudk oif=um;cGifh r&bl;// 'DtkyfcsKyfa&;pHepfu/ bmpHepfvJ// 'g[mudkvdkeDpHepf r[kwfbl;vm;// t*Fvdyf udkvkdeDtkyfcsKyfrSK atmufrSmawmif/ 'Dvkdwkdif;&if;om;wkd@&J@ tcGifha&;awG rqkH;&SKH; cJhbl;// 'DudkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfrSK pepfopf&J@ ukd,fpm;vS,f=uD; tpdk;&ua&m bmtpdk;&vJ udkvkdeDtpkd;& r[kwfbl;vm;// ausmif;rSm Armpm wckudkom/ oif=um; &w,f/ ArmpmwwfajrmufrS 'D*&D&r,f/ 'D*&D&rS tvkyf&r,f t&m&Sdjzpfekdifr,f// ArmudkvkdeDpepfopfudk taxmufuljyKrJh/ cdkif;aumif;wJh u|efaumif;wa,muf jzpfvmedkifr,f// 'gArmudkvkdeD vufopf&J@ ynma&;pepf r[kwfbl;vm;//”

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 97

udk0 kd@udktuJcwf=unfhonf// tm;vkH;wkd@

pdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmifae=uonfudkawG@&ojzifh tm;wufoGm;ykH&onf// qufvufI

Hcef@cGJwJh ;yGm;a&; vkyfief;=uD;=uD;udk OD;aqmifvkyf=uw,f// Armpum;udk &nf&nf

xifjrif o;vmatmif/ 'Dpepfu zefwD;xm;w,f// 'grStrsdK;om; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;vkd@

r[mArm udkvdkeDpepfopfu qkd=uw,f//”

dk0if;xdef ajymqkdoGm;wJhtjrifonf/ tvGefrSefuefaeaom tjrifjzpfonf// ,ae@Arm

def&J&J&ifh&ifhajymqkdoGm;wJhtjrifudk axmufcHaomtaejzifh u|efawmfvnf; atmufygtwkdif;0ifajymvkdufonf//

if;xdefonf/ pum;udkc%jzwfxm;jyD;/ u|efawmfwuajymjyefonf//

“jyifyavmuudk=unfhyg// Armpum;udk u|rf;u|rf;usifusif ajymqdkekdfifwJholu/ pD;yGm;a&;t&ukefonfyGJpm; =uD;=uD;rm;rm;jzpfvmw,f// pmyGJrSmxkdifjyD;pDrpDvnfvnf/ rajymqkdedkfifwJh/ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wkd@u/ atmufwef;uswJh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;awGrSmom vkufudkifpm;aomuf ae=u&w,f// v,f,mawGGrSm/ um, t&if;jyKjyD;/ pdkuf&/ysdK;&w,f// xGufvmwJh ukef=urf;udk/ ukefonfyGJpm;=uD;xHrSm/ tvSJvS,fjyK&w,f// ukef=urf;,l/ ukefacsmay;wJh t*FvdyfudkvdkeDpHepfa[mif;eJ@ bmjcm;ovJ// pmaytekynmvkyfief;rSm jzpfjzpf/ &kyf&Sifobifonf/ tekynm vkyfief;wkd@rSm jzpfjzpf/ Armpum;/ Armpmwwfolwkd@ twGufomjzpfw,f// ArmvkdajymekdifrS/ pD;yGm;a&; aumif;rGefpGm ul;oef;a&mif;0,f vmekdifr,f/ ArmvkdwwfrS/ vl&m0ifr,f ponfhrrSefuefwJh tusdK;w&m;udk jzpfay: vmap w,f// ArmvlrsdK;udk txif=uD;/ udk,fhvlrsdK;udk txifjrifao;vmatmif zefwD;wJh pepfjzpfw,f// Arm pum;udk txif=uD;jyD; udk,fhbmompum;udk ta

uvlrsdK;wdk@ =uD;pkd; tkyfcsKyfaewJhpepfudk ArmudkvkdeDvufopf tkyfcsKyfrSKpepfvkd@ ajymqkd&Jol jrif&JoltvGefenf;w,f// ArmvlrsdK;[email protected]&rnfudk pdk;&drfa=umuf&GH@jyD; ra0zef&J =ubl;// udk0if;x

“udk0if;xdefajymwmrSefw,f// ArmudkvdkeDvufopftkyfcsKyfrSKpepfbJ// wjznf;jznf; eJ@ wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;tm;vkH;udk 0g;rsdKrJhpepfjzpfw,f// aemufqkH;rSm ArmvlrsdK; wkd@udk txif=uD;jyD; udk,fhvlrsdK;udk txifjrifao;wJh tajcudk qkdufa&muf oGm;apw,f// 'geJ@ywfoufjyD; t*FvdyfudkvkdeDacwfukd jyefajymif;owd&apw,f// t*Fvdyf acwfrSm/ t*Fvdyfpm/ t*Fvdyfpum; ajymwwfrS vl&m0ifr,f/ txufwef;v$mtodkif;0kdif;xJ 0ifqef@r,f/ &mxl;aumif;aumif;&r,f// pD;yGm;a&; aumif;r,f/ qkdwJhtawG;ac:rsdK;0ifvmjyD; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u t*Fvdyfpm/ t*Fvdyf pum;udk=udK;pm;yrf;pm; vkdufpm;vm=uw,f// t*FvdyfpmeSifh t*Fvdyfpum;udk

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efvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ ,ae@tajctaeudk =unfhvSsif/ rGefvlrsdK;awG[m/ pD;yGm;a&;/ pm;0wf

Jvkd@ u|efawmfjrifw,f// ausmif;rSm rGefpm oif=um;cGifhray;bl;// Armpmwckwnf;udk oif=um;apjyefw,f// rGefvlrsdK;uav;

u|e dkif; av

wlwl oif=um;=uwJhae&mrSm/ Arm ausmif;om; li,fu/ wbrf;om aew,f// Armuav;awGu/ rdrd&J@rdcif bmomrdk@

txif=uD;vmw,f// ArmpmeSifh Armpum;udk txifjrifao;vmw,f// t*Fvdyf vkd rwwfwJh ArmvlrsdK;wkd@udk txifao; tjrifao; jzpfvm=uw,/f/ ,ae@ wkdif;&if;om;awGrSm tJ'Db0rsdK;a&mufatmif/ ArmudkvkdeD tkyfcsKyfrSK pepfopfu zefwD;aew,f// rGaea&;/ vlrSKa&; twGuf ArmvlrsdK;eSifh &ifabmifwef; ekdifatmif=udK;pm; vm=u&if; udkf,fhvlrsdK;udk/ arhvm=uw,f// Armvkd u|rf;u|rf;usifusif ajymwwf atmif =udK;pm;vm&if; rGefpum;ukdawmif/ ajymrwwfjzpfvm =uw,f// ukd,fhrGefvlrsdK;pum; rGefpmoif=um;&rSef; rodjzpfvm=uw,f// 'gawGtm;vkH;[m r[mArmudkvkdeD pepfa=umifhb

awG Armpmukd tcsdefay; =udK;pm;oif=um; ae&wJhtwGuf/ ukd,fhrGefpmudk oif=um;bkd@awmif/ tcsdefray;edkfifawmhbl;// rGefpmwwfvkd@ tvkyfr&ekdifbl;/ ArmpmwwfrS tvkyf&r,f/ 'DpepfuzefwD;xm;w,f// ArmpmwwfrS vl&m0ifr,f rGefpmwwfvkd@awmh/ bmrSt&mra&mufbl;qkdwJh tajcaersdK; qdkufvmatmif/ ArmudkvkdeD pepfopfu zefwD; xm; w,f//”

fawmfpum;tqkH;rSm udk0if;xdefonf/ rdrd.tjrifudk qufvufjyD; atmufygtw;av;eufeuf cHpm;csuftjynfheJ@ ajymoGm;jyefonf// “,ae@ynma&;avmuudk u|efawmfwkd@ aoaocsmavhvm=unfhyg// rw&m;rSK awGudkawG@&r,f//wkdif;&if;om; uav;i,fwOD;eSifh Armausmif;om;i,fwOD;wdk@ &J@/tajcaeuGmjcm;rSKudk txif&Sm;awG@&rnf// Armausmif;om;eSifh wkdif;&if;om; uav;wkd@/ Armpmudk tvoif=um;&wm pdwf0ifpm;rSK &Sdw,f/ wwfajrmufrSK vG,fulw,f// wkdif;&if;om; cav;awG twGufuawmh/ rdrdwkd@rdcifbmom r[kwfwJhtwGuf/ oif=um;&wm tvGefcufcJ aew,f// pdwf0ifpm;rSK r&Sdbl;// Oyrm ArmuAsm wyk'fudk Armuav;awGu t&om awG@awG@ &GwfqkdekdifayrJh/ wkdif;&if;om; uav; awG@tbdk@ t"dy`g,frJhwJh/ uAsm wyk'fudk &Gwfqkdae&ovkd jzpfae&w,f// bmrSt&om rawG@ekdifbl;/ =uufwla&G; tvGwf&Gwfovkd&Gwfae &w,f//”

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mifrSwf aumif;w,f// wkdif;&if;om; uav;awG usawmh twef;pmrSm redkifreif; jzpfvmw,f// twef;pmnHhzsif; vm

nma&;pHepfudk aoaocsm kH;oyf=unfh&if/ wkdif;&if;om; ausmif;om;awGtbdk@ teSdrfcHae&w,fqdkwm

orm; OD; &wJhvpm;xuf/ tq(100)ru&=uw,f// 'g[m wkdif;&if;om; awGudk/ |efvkyf/ *kwfcGpD;xm;wJhpHepf r[kwfbl;vm;//ArmudkvdkeDvufopfr[kwfvm;//”

udk0 ; wpk f// udk0 fjyD; at

fbl;vm;/ 'g[m ufopfArm udkvkdeDpepfr[kwfbl;vm;// 'gudku|efawmfwkd@ ynmwwfvli,fawG

tJ'Dawmh b,fvkd tusdK;w&m;udk jzpfay:apovJ qkd&if// Armuav;eSifh wkdif;&if;om; uav;awG/ twef;xJrSm pmtqifhwef; uGmjcm;vmw,f// Armuav;awG twef;pmtm;vkH;udk vG,fvG,fulul oif=um;ekdifjyD;/ pmar;yGJudk tvG,fwul ajzqkdatmifjrifekdif=uw,f// at

w,f// pmar;yGJrSmusqkH;rSKrsm;vmw,f// atmif&ifvnf; trSwfaumif;aumif; r&jzpfvmw,f// q&m0efvkdif;wkd@udkr&ekdifbl;// 'Dyoxifxif&Sm;&Sm; awG@&r,f// vl@tcGifha&; rnDr#rSKudk jyaew,f// aemufqkH;rSm wkdif;&if;om;awG pmrwwfol vlOD;&rsm; vmw,f// ArmvlrsdK;rSm pmwwfwJh vlOD;a&rsm;vmw,f/ tvkyfusawmhvJ/ pmrwwfwJhtwGuf/ wkdif;&if;om; awG[m/ atmufwef;uswJh/ pma&;/ pmcsD/ ulvD tvkyfrsm;udkom &ekdfif=ujyD;/ ArmvlrsdK;usawmh/ ynmwwfw,fqkdwJh/ t&nfcsif;wckeJ@t&m&Sd/ t&mcHawG jzpfvm=uw,f// &mxl;=uD;=uD;rm;rm; awGudk&=uw,f// tJ'Dawmh/ csKHjyD;ajym&&if/ wkdif;&if;om;awGu/ atmufwef;uswJh pma&;pmcsDulvD/tvkyfudk vkyf=u/ ArmvlrsdK;awGu/ =uD;=uD;;rmpwm ocifawGjzpf/ oufom ZdrfuswJh tvkyfudkvkyf/ &kH;um;udk ZdrfcHpD;/ vufatmuf wkdif;&if;om; awGukdcdkif;/ eSdrfjyD;qufqH/ t&m&SdyDyD trdef@ay;// vpmusawmh/ wkdif;&if;om; tvkyfwu

if;xdefpum;udkem;axmif&wm/ t&omawG@vGef;vkd@ u|efawmfwdk@ ausmif;omonf/ rnfolr#rvSKyf&Sm;bJ/ jidrfjidrfoufouf tm;&kHjyK em;axmifae=uonif;xdef vnf; rdrdajymvkdwJh ta=umif;&mawG rukefao;ojzifh qufvumufygtwkdif; ajymoGm; jyefonf// “ArmvlrsdK;eJ@ wkdif;&if;om;awG/ vlaerSKb0tqifhwef;awG/ tvGefuGm[mrSK jzpfvmw,f// qif;&Jwmu wkdif;&if;om; csrf;omwmuArmawG jzpfvmw,f// 'g[m/ wkdif;&if;om;awGudk/ aoG;pkwfu|efjyKaewJhpHepf r[kwvwkdufzsufjypf&r,f// Arm ausmif;om;jzpfjzpf/ 'Dtcsufjrifwwf&r,f// rw&m; wmudk u|efawmfwkd@vli,fawG/ vkH;0vufrcH&bl;/ rSefuefwJhpepfudk xlaxmif &r,f// tem*gwf wkdif;jynf&J@ =urRm[m/ u|efawmfwkd@ vli,fvufxJrSm &Sdw,f//

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a=umufae=uw,f//”

f// pdwf0ifpm;bdk@ tvGefaumif;onf// rnfolwOD;r#/ 0ifa&mufajymqkdjcif;rjyKbJ/ udk0if;xdefqufvuf ajymqkdvmrnfh ta=umif;&mudkom ar#m

J'Duwqifh rdrdukd,fudk rGefvlrsdK;vdk@awmif rcH,lcsif=uawmhbl;// rGefvlrsdK;vdk@

dk0if;xdefpum;tqkH;rSm/ udkxGef;azvnf; rdrd.tjrifudk atmufygtwkdif; 0ifa&muf

twdkcsKyfajym&if ,ckacwfrSm rdrdwdk@wkdif;&if;om;pmayawG wwfu|rf;jyD; acwfrSDwJh ekdifiHwum acwfrSDtwwfynmawGudkvnf; oif=um;I &ygw,f// ArmpmwwfrS r[kwfygbl;// 'gudkArmtpkd;&u rsufaphydwfxm;w,f// Armpm wwfrS/ Armpum;wwfrS rif;wkd@t&m&Sd t&mcHjzpfr,f// &mxl;aumif;aumif; &r,fqkdjyD;/ ArmudkvdkeD tkyfcsKyfrSK pepfopfu zefwD;xm;w,f// 'Denf;eJ@ wkdif;&if;om; pmayawG oif=um;cGifhray;bl;/ wdk;wufcGifhray;bl;// wkdif;&if;om; awG rsufaphyGifhvmrSm udka=umufae=uw,f// wkdif;&if;om;awGudk u|efrvkyf&rSm

udk0if;xdef. pum;onf tvGefav;eufaom/ tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;ygaeonf// u|efawmfwkd@ rpOf;rdwJh awG;ac:rSKawGudkvnf; tusdK;ta=umif; ckdifckdifvkHvkHeJ@/ okH;oyfjyD; a0zefoGm;onfrSm/tvGefwefbdk;&Sdon

fvifhae=uonf// “u|efawmfajymqdkwJh tcsufawGudk aoaocsmcsm prf;ppf=unfh&If rSefuef aewmawG@&r,f// ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;a=umifh vkH;yrf;&if;/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@[m/ wjznf;jznf;eJ@ udk,fbmom pum;udkawmif rajymwwfawmhbl;// rGefppfppf jzpfjyD; rGefpum; rajymwwfolawG/ 'keJ@a'; &Sdvmw,f// u|efawmfwkd@vkd rGefawG jzpfvmw,f// rGefpum;udkrajymwwfwcGef;/ ajymwwfwcGef;jzpfvmw,f//tajym&rSm &Sufvmw,f// tJ'grSm;w,f// rGefvlrsdK;wOD;[m/ Armpum; wwf&kHeSihf udk,fhudk,fudk ArmvlrsdK;vkd@ cH,l=ubkd@ rvkdygbl;// Armpum;udkom ajymjyD;/ udk,fhrGefvlrsdK;pum;udk ajym&rSm &Sufw,f/ qkdwJht,ltq[m rrSefuefbl;// udk,fhvlrsdK;pum; rwwfwJholom/ &Sufbkd@ aumif;w,fqkdwm jrif&r,f// ukd,fhvlrsdK;pum;udk rajymbJ/ Armpum;udk ajymwJhvl[m/ Armvdk [efaqmif aumif;aewJh vlwOD;omjzpfr,f// Armppfawmh rjzpfedkfifbl;// [efaqmif ae&wJh/ rdrd&J@tjzpfudk jrifwwfbkd@/ &Sufwwfbkd@vkdw,f//”

uajymqdk oGm;w,f//

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 101

fh/rnfolrqkd udk,fhvlrsdK;udk udk,fcspfwm=uD;bJ// bmjzpfvkd@,ckvkd/ dk,fhvlrsdK;tjzpfudk cH,l&rSm &Sufa=umufjyD;/ Armvlrsdk; jzpfcsifae=uovJ//

u|e f//

,f// ) Ak'<omoemudk yXrOD;pGm udk;uG,f&wJ@vlrsdK;/ Ak'<.qHawmf&SifudkyxrOD;pGm

nmbufrSm/ Arm/ xkdif;vlrsdK;wkd@xufrsm;pGm apmw,f// Armpm/ xkdif;pmaywkd@[m/rGefpmayudktajccHjyD;rS/wDxGifvmaom pmayawGjzpfw,f//

) qef/ pyg;udk/ ajruGufaz: pdkufysdK;enf;/ a&oGif; pdkufysdK;enf; pepfwdk@udk/ yxrOD;pGm pwiftokH;jyKcJhwJh vlrsdK;jzpfw,f// pkdufysdK;a&;enf;pepfopfudk

umif;jzpfw,f// rGefol&Jaumif; ordefA&mH u,fwif ay;vkd@ ArmvlrsdK;awG/ w&kwfwkd@&Jhu|efcH&rJhb0rSvGwfajrmufcJh=uw,f//

opPmpum;udk apmifhxdef;wJhvlrsdK;/ owWdAswWd tvGefaumif;wJhvlrsdK;/ Om%f

“yifudk,ftm;jziubmjzpfvkd@ ukd,fhvlrsdK;udktxifao;jyD;/ ArmvlrsdK;udk txif=uD; ae=uovJ qkdwJh/ ta=umif;&if;udk odbkd@vkdr,f// w&m;cHtppfudk jriffbkd@vdkw,f// w&m;cHtppf[m/ ukd0if;xdef ajymoGm;ovkd@/ r[mArm vlrsdK;=uD;0g'a=umifh jzpfw,f// Arm udkvkdeDtkyfcsKyfrSK pepfopfa=umifh jzpfw,fqdkwmb,folrSrjiif;edkifbl;// 'Dpepfudk u|efawmfwkd@ wkdif;&if;om; jynfolawG tm;vkH; pkpkpnf;pnf; nDnD nGwfnGwfeJ@ wkdufzsufypf=ubkd@vkdr,f//” fawmfvnf; raeedkifawmhbJ/ atmuf.ygtwkdif; yg0ifaqG;aEG; ajymqkdrdvmon “rGefvlrsdK;jzpf&if/ rGefpum;/rGefpmwwfajrmufatmif/ =udK;pm;&r,f// rGefvlrsdK;[m rGefvlrsdK;bJjzpf&r,f// ArmvlrsdK;wOD;tjzpf [efaqmifjyD; udk,fhudk,fudk txif=uD;pdwf0ifaewmxuf rGefvlrsdK;wOD;jzpf&wm*k%f,l=uprf;yg// rGefvlrsddK;wkd@ rSm *k%f,lp&m ta=umif;&mawG trsm;=uD; &Sdygw(1

&&SdwJhvlrsdK;/ a&$wd*kHbk&m;tm; wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhwJ@vlrsdK;// (2) pmayteky

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(4) t&nf;=uD;&[ef;rsm;udk okwfoifz,f&Sm;jyD;/ ArmjynfrSm rSefuefaom/ Ak'<omoemtppf ay:xGef;vmatmif/ omoemjyKcJhwJh &[ef;oljrwf/ &Siftm&[H[m/ rGefvlrsdK; jzpfw,f// t&nf;=uD; &[ef;udk udk;uG,fjyD; t,lwdrf;ae=uwJh ArmvlrsdK;wkd@udk u,fwifay;wJhvlrsdK;//

(5) *gr%dw&kwfol&Jauif;udk/ 'g;vSH,SOfjydKifxkd;jyD; tekdif,lekdifcJhwJh ol&Jaumif; ordefA&mH[m/ rGefol&Ja

(6) &mZ0ifordkif;udk avhvm&if/ rGefvlrsdK;[m/ tvGefopPmckdifjrJwJh vlrsdK;/

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k dif ykdif;jzwf ekdifvifhupm;

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txay;w lwkdif;

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csif;csif;wkdfufcdkfufae=uw,f// 'gudk jynfaxmifpkvkd@ vkH;0rac:ekdifbl;//”

Anm;v*Gef;tdef[mbk&ifrif;acgif. OD;acgif;udk udk,fwbk&if&J@ bk&m;pifay:u wifxm;wJh qGrf;wvkyfukd pm;rdwJhtwGuf/ bk&if&J@

ffaus;Zl;udk odwwfaomtaeeJ@ bk&ifudkrowfawmhbJ 'gawGudk taxmufxm;jyekdifw,f// rGefvlrsdK;wdk@rSm/ *k%f,lp&m tcsufawG/

sm;=uD;&Sdw,f// 'gawGudk *k%f,lwwf&r,f// ukd,fhvlrsdK;udk cspfjrwfekd; wwfvmatmif/ rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwf jyefvnfekd;=um;vmatmif vkyfbkd@vkdw,f//

%Du wuUodkvf ygarmuQvkd yk*~dKvfvlrsdK; u|efawmfwkd@ rGefvlrsdK;xJrSm mbkd@ vkdaew,f//”

fawmfh.pum;tqkH;rSm/ udk0if;xdefonf/ rdrdajymvdkao;aom t,lqudkrqdkif;rwgtwkdfif;qufvufajymqkdoGm;jyefonf//

fvlrsdK;wpfOD;u udk,fhrGefvlrsdK;udk txifao;jyD;/ ArmvlrsdK;uzefwD;wJhpepf[m rSefuefygovm;// okd@r[kwf/ rGefvlrsdK;wpfOD;u rGefvlrsdK;udk

if=uD; wwfatmif/ cspfjrwfekd; wwfatmif/ *k%f,lwwfatmif/ oif=um; Jhpepfu rSefuefygovm;qkdwm pOf;pm;=unfhyg// todOm%f&SdwJhv

em;vnfekdifw,f// trSefu/ udk,fhvlrsdK;udk cspfatmif/ udk,fhvlrsdK;&J@ pmay/ pum; dk cspfjrwfekd;wwfatmif tm;ay;wJh tpkd;&pHepfrsdK;jzpf&r,f// ekdifiHawmf f;ykH pHepfrsdK; jzpf&r,f// ,ckvuf&Sd tpdk;&pHepfu udk,fhvlrsdK;&J@ pmay/ pum;

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wkdif;jynfuawmh wjynffaxmifvkd@ trnfcHxm;ayrJh/ 'Dwkdffif;jynfxJrSm aexkdif =uwJh vlrsdK;awGu tcsif;csif; rnDnGwf=ubl;// wpdwfw0rf;xJ rjzpfbl;// wdkuf=u ckduf=u/ &efyGJawG jzpfae=uw,f// rqkH;ekdifwJh jynfwGif;ppf jzpfae&w,f// vlwrsdK;wrsdK;u tjcm;v

trGmrGm uGJaewJh wkdif;jynfbJ jzpfaerSmbJ// jyifytjrifrSmawmh wjynfaxmifpkkbJ/ twGif;rSm jy\emaygif;pkH/ yÉdyuQaygif;pkHeJ@ tw

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 103

udkx frH yg0i

f;ArmvlrsdK;udkcspfcifw,f// ArmvlrsdK;uvnf; rGefvlrsdK;udkcspfcifw,f// tJ'Dvkdb0rsdK;udkvkdcsifw,f// wef;wl&nfwl&SdwJh b0rsdK;udk

smOf vkdaygh yef;aygif; rsdK;pkH ta&mifrsdK;pkH/ yef;awG&SdayrJh/ O,smOfu wckxJaygh/ b,favmuf om,mvkdufrvJ/ tckawmh

f// tjcm;yef;awGudk yGifhvef;cGifhray;bl;// okwfoifypfbkd@ dK;pm;w,f// yef;wrsdK;wnf;u O,smOfwckvkH;udk v$rf;rdk; cs,fvS,fcsifw,f//

u|e s eSpfjc vu f// udk0 f pnf fyg tw

Gef;azvnf; rdrdajymqkdvkdaomtjrifudk atmufygtwkdif; pdwftm; xufoefpGm xyf aqG;aEG;oGm;jyefw,f// “udk0if;xdfef ajymwm u|efawmf vkH;0 axmufcHw,f// 'ga=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ ynmwwfwJh vli,fawG rGefausmif;om; Armausmif;om; u&if ausmif;om; &Srf;ausmif;om;awG pkaygif;nDnGwfjyD; 'DrrSefuefwJh/ rw&m;wJh pepfqkd;udk wkdufzsufypfbdk@vkdw,f// rSefuefwJhpepf zuf'&,fpepfudk xlaxmif =u&r,f// wefwlaom wdkif;&if;om;jynfe,frsm;jzihf zGJ@pnf;&r,f// wdkif;&if;om;awG jynfe,ft& cGJjym;jcm;em;ygap/ udk,fhtcsif;csif;u/ wpdwfw0rf;xJ&SdwJhb0rsdK;/ nD&if;tpfudk uJhokd@cspfcif=ujyD;/ wrdom;pk pdwf"gwf&SdwJhb0rsdK;udk/ u|efawmf wkd@u vkdvm;csifw,f// rGefuvn

jzpfcsifw,f/// pmay/ pum;awG trsdK;rsdK;uJGjym; =uygap// tcsif;csif; wef;wl/ &nfwl/ =unf=unfjzL/jzL cspfcspfcifcif &if;&if;eSD;eSD;eJ@ aysmfaysmf&$if&$if ae=uwJh b0rsdK;udk/ u|efawmfwdk@ ausmif;om;vli,fawGu vkdvm;w,f// trnftm;jzifh wkdif;jynfu wjynfaxmif/ pdwf0rf;u trsdK;rsdK; uGJjym; aewmrsdK; udku|efawmf wkd@ rvkdvm;bl;// jynfe,ft&uGJygap/ pdwf0rf;u wckxJ&Sdwmudk u|efawmfwkd@u vkd vm;w,f// yef;aygif; rsdK;pkH/ yGifhvef; aewJh/ yef;O,

ArmvlrsdK;u wudk,faumif;qefqef/ yef;O,smOfwckvkH;rSm/ Armyef;wrsdK;bJ &Sifoef yGihfvef;apcsifw,=u'Dwudk,faumif;qefrSK[m rSefyghovm;// wkdif;&if;om; tm;vkH;u acgif;ikHaejyD; vufcH &rvm;//”

fawmfwkd@ tm;vkH;onf ukdxGef;az ajymoGm;wJh t,lqtjrifudk tvGefoabmudKufvGef;ojzifh u|efawmfwkd@ txJu ausmif;om;wOD;/ eSpfOD;u rrSefuefbl;/frcHekdifbl;/ ab;rS 0kdif;ajymjyD; udkxGef;az. pum;udk axmufcHrSK ay;=uon

if;xdefuvnf;jyKH;jyD; udkxGef;azudk tm;ay;onf// u|efawmfwkd@ pum;0kdif;on;um;vmonf// ukd0if;xdefonfvnf; ydkrdkpdwftm;wuf=uG vmykH&onf// atmukdif; qufvuf ajymqkdoGm; jyefonf//

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xif=uD;&kHrubl;/ tjcm; vlrsdK;awGudkyg/ udk,fhvlrsdK;udk udk;uG,f xif=uD; vmatmif vkyfwJhvlrsdK;udk ac:wm// 'grdk@ usOf;ajrmif;wJh tjrif[m

r[mvlrsdK;=uD;0g'Dorm;awGrSmom/ usOf;ajrmif;wJhtjrif&Sd=uw,f// ArmvlrsdK;udk

tjrifao; a&;om;=uw,f// ordkif;rSm efvlrsdK;/ &ckdifvlrsdK;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ taa=umif;udk ckeSdrfjyD; tvGefrw&m; a&;om; w,f// wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK; awG[m/ ,Ofaus;rSK/ edyfhuswJhvlrsdK;/ Armudk

fcHae&wJh wdkif;&if;om; lrsdK;wkd@rSm tJ'DtjrifrsdK;r&Sdbl;//”

“ukd,fhvlrsdK;vGwfajrmufa&; twGufwkdufyGJ0if aewJholudk/ tjrifusOf;ajrmif;wJh/ vlrsdK;vdk@ pGyfpGJ ajym=u jyefw,f// usOf;ajrmif;wJh tjrif &SdwJh vlrsdK;qkdwm/ ukd,fhvlrsdK;udk txif=uD;r,f// tjcm; vlrsdK;udk txif ao;r,f// jyD;awmh/ udk,fhvlrsdK;udk ttr[mArm 0g'DawGrSmom&Sdw,f// zdeSdcHae&wJh wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;awGrSm usOf;ajrmif;wJh tjrifr&Sdbll;// w&m;aomtjrif/rSefuefwJhtjrifbJ olwkd@rSm&Sdw,f// zdeSdyfcHae&wJhb0rS/ vGwfajrmufatmif/ &kef;uef vSKyf&Sm;rSK rSeforSs[m/ rSefuef w,f// w&m;rSsww,fvkd@bJ/ u|efawmf ajymcsifw,f// 'Dvdk vGwfajrmufa&; twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifaewJh vlrsdK;awGudk usOf;ajrmif;wJhtjrif &Sdolvkd@ b,fvkdvkyf ajymvkd@&rvJ// trSefrSmjrifhjrwfwJhtjrif&SdolbJjzpf&r,f//

avhvm =unfh&if usOf;ajrmif;wJh tjrifudk awG@ekdifw,f// ArmvlrsdK;awG[m/ udk,fhvlrsdK;udk txif=uD; r,f// udk,fhvlrsdK;udk olwyg; txif=uD;atmif vkyfcsif w,f// olwyg;udk;uG,fatmif vkyfcsifw,f// Armordkffif;udk=unfhv#if Ttcsufudk awG@&r,f// ArmvlrsdK;udk rdk;ay:uusvmwJh/ rkd;usa&$udk,fuJhodk@ tvGeftu|H csJ@xGif a&;om;=uw,f// wkdif;&if;om;/ rGef/ &ckdif/ &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;/ u&if/ u,m; vlrsdK;awGta=umif;udk txifao; rG=ucpm;&wJhvlrsdK;/ Armudk armfr=unfh&JwJhvlrsdK;/ ArmvlrsdK;omv#if wu,fh vlpGrf;aumif;/ owWdAswWdeSifh jynfhpkHwJhvlrsdK;/ bkef;wHckd;eSifhjynfhpkHwJhvlrsdK;/ jrifhjrwfwJh omuD0if rif;rsdK;rif;EG,fqkdkjyD; trsdK;rsdK;tvGeftr$ef;wif a&;om;=uw,f// Armhpmay/ Armhpum;udk/ tjcm;wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;awG roifrae&/ vkyfxm;w,f// Armpmrwwf&if tcGifha&;trsdK;rsd; qkH;&SKH; apw,f// wdkif;&if;om; pmayudk trsdK;rsKd; ydwfyifwm;jrpfw,f// rGefpmay/ &ckdifpmay/ u&ifpmay/ &Srf;pmay/ xGef;um;rSmudk enf;enf;rS rvkdvm;=ubl;// wdkif;&if;om;pmayawG xGef;um; vmjyD;/ wkdif;&if;om;awG todw&m;wkd;wuf vmrSmudkrvdkvm; =ubl;// tJ'Dtjrif[m/ r[mvlrsdK;=uD; 0g'tjrifvnf;jzpfw,f// usOf;ajrmif;wJh tjrifvnf;jzpfw,f// wudk,faumif;qefwJh tjrifvnf;jzpfw,f// tJ'Dtjrif [m/ r[mArmvlrsdK;=uD; 0g'DawGrSmom&Sdw,f// zdeSdyv

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udk0 D; tm nf// rif;0 I/ tv nfh ta

dk@udk ArmvlrsdK; wkd@&J@tEW&m,f/ wdkif;jynf&J@ &efpG,ftjzpf owfrSwfjyD; rsdK;jyKwfatmif owfcJhw,f// 'Dtcsufudk/ rSefeef;

tm%m&xm;awmh/ rdrdwdk@pdwf=udKuf&mZ0ifudk a&;om;=uw,f//

if;xdef.pum;tqkH;rSm u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH;u/ 0kdif;0ef;jyD;/ vufckyf/ vuf0g;wD;jy;ay; jyefonf/ ab;vlrsm;vnf; u|efawmfwkd@ vltkyf &Sd&mudk0kdfif; =unfh=uoif;xdefonf rdrd. &ifxJrSm &Sdaeonfh/ cHpm;csufudk/ yGifhyGifh vif;vif; ajymvdkuf&Gefauseyf tm;&aeykH ay:aeonf// udk0if;xdef ajymqkdoGm;wJhtay: axmufcHo

ejzifh u|efawmfuvnf; atmufygtwkdif; ajymqkdvkdufonf// “'Duae@ac:qdkaewJh jrefrmedkifiHwckvkH;udk ArmvlrsdK;/ wrsdK;wnf;u urBmhOD;rS tpjyKjyD; pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfvmcJhw,f// ArmvlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;u ydkifqdkifcJhw,fqdkwJh oabmrsdK;eJ@ tcsdK@Armorkdif; pmtkyfawGrSm a&;om;xm;=ujyefw,f// tjcm; wkdif;&if;om;/ rGef/ &ckdif/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ukd rw&m; usL;ausmf0ifa&muf aexkdif ae=uwJh vlrsdK;awGtjzpf owfrSwf=uw,f// wkdif;&if;om; rGefvlrsdK;/ &ckdifvlrsdK;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;awG udk,fhwkdif;jynf/ udk,fha'orSm at;at;csrf;csrf; tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyf aewmukd/ wdkif;jynf&J@ ql;anSmifh cvkwfuoif;awG/ wkdif;jynf&J@ &efnSdK;&efpG,f awGtjzpf owfrSwfjyD; oGm;a&muf wkdufcdkufw,f// rGef/ &ckdif/ &Srf;e,fajrwkd@udk t"rRe,fcsJ@ odrf;ydkufcJh=uw,f// vufatmufcH vkyfcJh=uw,f// 'DvkdoGm;a&muf wdkufcdkufwm rSefuefw,fvkd@ ajym=ujyefw,f// &ckdifjynf/ rGefjynfwkd@udk wdkufckdfufjyD;/ e,fcsJ@edkifcJhwJh/ Armrif;awGudk/ ol&Jaumif;tjzpf tr$ef;wif a&;om; =uw,f// rw&m;oGm;a&muf wdkufcdkfufodrf;ydkufcJhwJhrGefjynf/ &ckdifjynfwkd@udkvnf;/ rdrdwdk@&J@ bkd;bGm;ydkifqkdifwJh ypPnf;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;vkduf=uw,f// jyD;awmh/ rGefvlrsdK;/ &ckdifvlrsdK;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;w

&mZ0ifudk =unfh=unfh/ ukef;abmif &mZ0ifudk =unfh=unfh awG@ekdifygw,f// txufyg u|efawmfajymaomtjrifudk axmufcHaomtm;jzifh udk0if;xdefonf atmufyg twkdif;ajym=um;jyefonf//

“ArmvlrsdK;u/tJ'Dvdk rdrdwkd@pdwf=udKuf jyKjyifajymif;vJjyD; a&;om;xm;wJh ordkif;udk ausmif;om; awGudk oif=um;apjyefw,f// ausmif;om;/ vli,fawG udktwif; t"rR/ oif=um;apjyD;/ rSm;,Gif;wJhtjrifudk oGwfoGif;=uw,f// wkdif;&if;om;ausmif;om; awGuvJ/ pmar;yGJ atmifcsifawmh/ tJ'DrrSefuefwJh ordkif;udk =udK;pm;oif=um; &w,f// wjznf;jznf;eJ@ ArmvlrsdK;udk txif=uD;jyD; udk,fhvlrsdK;udk txifjrifao; vm=uw,f// udk,fhvlrsdK; tjzpfudk cH,l&rSmudk &Sufa=umuf vmw,f// 'DvkdeJ@/

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 106

udk0 udk tu fh u|e ;wJh ta f; tv jymapcsif e=uonf// udk0if;xdefajymr,fh pum;udkomqufjyD; em;axmif vkdae=uonf//

wG;ac:wkd@ vuf0,f odrf;ydkufxm;qJ

kdif;jynfjydKuGJbdk@/oD;jcm;cGJxGufbdk@/ b,fwkdif;&if;om;urS rvkdvm;bl;// oD;jcm; k&if/ oD;jcm;rif;jzpfcsifwJh/ ya'o&mZfacwfutawG;ac:rsdK;awGvJ/ wkdfif;&if;om;

f xlaxmifbkd@wkdufyGJ0if awmif;qkdaewmjzpfw,f// ,ae@jynfaxmifpkpHepfu ArmvlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;udkom

udk0if;xdefajymwmawG tm;vkH;rSefw,f// acwfumv ajymif;vJaejyD;/ ya'o&mZf acwfu tjrifrsdK;vJ/ rnfolrS r&Sdawmhbl;// udk,fhrif;/ udk,fhbk&ifeJ@ oD;jcm;urBmh=uD;

rGefvlrsdK;/ &cdkfifvlrsddK;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;/ u&ifvlrsdK;/ u,m;vlrsdK;vdk@ udk,fhukd,fudk ajym&rSm &Sufvmw,f// vlrsdK;yaysmuf vm=u w,f//”

if;xdefonf/ pum;udk wcsuf&yfwef@vkdufjyD; em;axmifaewJh u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH;Jcyf =unfhvkdufjyefonf// tvGef pdwf0ifpm;jyD;/ tm&kHpkdufem;axmifaeonfawmfwkd@ rsufeSmudkawG@&aomtcg tvGefauseyfoGm;onf// ukd0if;xdefajymoGm=umif;&m/ tcsufvufwkd@[m tvGefrSefuefaeonf// A[kokw jzpfp&mvnGefaumif;aeojzifh u|efawmfwkd@tm;vkH;u udk0if;xdefudkqufvufjyD; a

audk0if;xdefonf atmufygtwkdif; qufajym jyefonf//

“tcsdK@Armpma&;q&mawG/ ya'o&mZftabJ&Sdw,f// r[mArmvlrsdK;=uD;0g'udk/ 0dkfif;0ef;umuG,f ae=uw,f// zuf'&,f pHepfudk qef@usifjyD; trsdK;rsd; a&;ae=uw,f// zuf'&,fpHepf xlaxmif&if/ wkdif;&if;om;awG tm;vkH; wkd;wufzGH@jzdK; vmedkifr,f// ArmvlrsdK;eJ@ wef;wl jzpfvmr,f// 'gudk rvkdvm;=ubl;// tJ'D vkdvGJrSm;wJh t,lqawG Armpma&; q&mtcsdK@&J@ OD;acgif;xJ 0ifa&mufaew,f// wukd,faumif; qefwJhtawG;tac:eJ@ usOf;ajrmifwJhtjrifeJ@ touf&Sif ae=uw,f// 'grdk@ zuf'&,f pHepfudk raumif;wJh pHepf wkdif;jynfudk jydKuGJapwJhpHepfvkd@/ 0kdif;0ef;/ vdrfvnffjyD;a&;om; ae=uw,f// wbawGrSm r&Sdawmhbl;// wef;wlyl;aygif;a&;udkajymae=uwmjzpfw,f// wkdif;&if;om; tm;vkH;wef;wl tcGifha&;&SdwJh zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkpHep

aumif;pm;apw,f// tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;awGudk *kwf*GpD;xm;wJh pHepfjzpfw,f// rw&m;vGef;vkd@/ wef;wlrSK r&SdvGef;vkd@ a&G;cs,f p&mvrf; r&Sdvkdk@ cGJxGufa&;udk awmif;qkdvm&w,f// 'Dtjrifudk ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jrifbkd@vkdw,f//”

u|efawmfvnf; udk0if;xdef.t,lqudk axmufcHaomtm;jzifh atmufygtwkdif;ajymvkduf onf//

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 107

dk J/

if dk

fvkd@ ;qkd m; kd@

u|e

jynfwGif;ppfvnf; tqkH;owfoGm;r,f// wkdif;jynf =uD;vnf; at;csrf;om,m

f;&if;om; pmayawG wkd;wufzG@HjzdK;vmr,f// wkdif;&if;om;awG ynmA[kokw wG =uG,f0vmr,f// tzufzufrSm wkd;wuf=uD;yGm;vmr,f// tJ'Daumif;uGuf

uf'&,fpHepf[m/ wdkfif;jynfudk tpdyfpdyf trGmrGmuGJapwJh pHepfqdkjyD; rrSefruef

u|eaxxkdpOD;ynm'Dy/ uawG@vkda=umif;ajymonf// ol@udkolvnf; u|efawmfwkd@eSifh rdwfqufonf//

lonf/ aumhbdef;aus;&GmrS/ q&mawmf OD;ynm'DyeSihf twlvkdufygvmaom/ 'um f&GufjyD;aemuf/

,ckreuf armfvjrdKifrS aumhbdef;&Gmokd@ jyefvmonf[k od&onf// q&mawmfeSifh/

xlaxmifvkdwJhtjrifrsdK;vJ/ wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;wkd@rSm r&Sd=uawmhbl;// cGJxGufa&;urnfolrS rvkdvm;awmhbl;// wdkif;jynfudktpdyfpdyf trGmrGmuGJapwJh tjrifrsdK;vb,folrSr&Sdbl;// wef;wlyl;aygif;a&;eJ@ wef;wltcGifha&; twGufawmif;qkd wkdufyGJ0ae=uw,fvkd@ u|efawmfjrifw,f// wdkif;&if;om;tm;vkH; ArmvlrsdK;tyg0if wkd@uwef;wl nDr#wJh tcGifha&;ay;ekdfifwJh taumif;qkH;pHepf[m/ zuf'&,fpepwdkfif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif awGujrifw,f// tJ'Dvkd wef;wl tcGifha&;twGuf awmifaewJh wkdif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifwkd@udk/ cGJxGufa&;orm;vkd@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u rw&pGyfpGJajymqdk ae=uw,f// 'ga=umifh rvkdvm;tyfwJh jynfwGif;ppf jzpfae&w,fvu|efawmfjrifw,f//”

fawmfhpum;tqkH;rSm/udk0if;xdefuatmufygtwkdif;ajymqdkoGm;jyefonf/// “jrefrmedkifiHudk zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk pHepfeJ@xlaxmifr,fqdk&if/ zuf'&,f pHepftwGif;&Sd/ wkdif;&if;om;tm; vkH;wef;wl tcGifha&;&Sdvmr,ff// wkdif;&if;om; vlrdsK;awG vGwfvGwfvyfvyf wkd;wufzG@HjzdK; cGifh&vmr,f// wdkuf=uckduf=uwJ@

vmr,f// wkdif;&if;om; tcsif;csif; nD&if;tpfudkuJ@okd@ cspfcifvm=ur,f// wkdiarsm;udk rjrif=ubl;// wudk,faumif;qef pdwf"gwfeJ@ usOf;ajrmif;wJh pdwf"gwfudk tajcHcHjyD;vufopf/ r[mArm udkvdkeDpHepfudk tumtuG,fay; ae=uw,f// z0g'jzef@ a&;om; ae=uw,f// zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkpHepf aumif;ygw,f qkdjyD; axmufcH a&;om;wJh Armpma&;q&mqdkvkd@ wpfa,mufrS ray:vmbl;// ArmudkvkdeDtkyfcsKyfrSKpHepf[m raumif;bl;vkd@/ a&;wJhArm pma&; q&mqdkvJ wa,mufrSr&Sdbl;//

fawmfwkd@tm;vkH;u/ rif;0if;xdef pum;tqkH;wGif/ 0kdif;0ef;jyD;/ vufckyf vuf0g;wD;jyD;/ mufcHrSKay;=ujyefonf// rSefw,frSefw,fvkd@vnf; ygpyfuajymjyD;axmufcHrSKay;=uonf/ Ofvlwa,mufonf/ oabFmOD;cef;rS/xGufvmjyD;/ u|efawmfwkd@tm;/ q&mawmf

ojzpfonf// q&mawmfonf/ armfvjrdKifwGif udpP&SdI oGm;a&muf aqmi

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 108

'u fwkd@ vlt ;jzifh odu cs/ &if;e f emr dCF/ edkify nf// rGeft f// yn m; cJhao nf; ,lx rSm t"aeo Gifh/ zl;ar tvGef0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfrdonf// u|efawmfwkd@ vltkyfonf/

&mawmf&Sdaom/ oabFmOD; txl;cef;xJokd@ 0ifa&mufoGm;=uonf// q&mawmftm;/

kd@u|efawmfuyif&kdaopGmajz=um;onf//

&Sdygw,fbk&m;/ olwkd@eJ@u|efawmfwdk@/ csdef;xm;jyD;rSvmwmjzpfw,f bk&m;//”

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rGefvlrsdK;udk eSdrfjyD;ac:vm=uwm// 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;u rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK;xuf ,Ofaus;rSK jrifhrm;w,f/ bmomw&m; udkif;&Skdif;w,f// 'kd@vlrsdK;[m vl&kdif;r[kwfbl;// ‘vl&kdif;rdp>maumif’ac:p&m&Sd&if/ rif;wkd@ ArmvlrsdK;udkbJ 'dk@uac:&rSm Arm ya'o&mZf ordkif;q&m awG&J@ rSKdif;wkdufrSKudk rif;wkd@vli,fawG cHae&wm// igwkd@ oabmaygufygw,f// 'ga=umifh ordkif;trSefudkrod em;rvnfwJh rif;wkd@ Arm vli,fawGtay: igwdk@u cGifhv$wf oD;cHcJhw,f// rif;wkd@ em;vnfatmif &Sif;&Sif;ajym&if/ igwdk@rGefvlrsdK;[m/ xD;eJ@eef;eJ@/ usiSef;eJ@ aevmcJhwJhvlrsdK;/ Armtif;0e,f txd 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;awG/ ykdifpdk;cJhbl;w,f/ 1752-ckeSpfrSm/ tif;0e,f[m/ 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;&J@ ajczsm;atmuf a&mufcJhbl;w,f// rif;wkd@ Armtif;0e,f[m 'dk@rGefvlrsdK;&J@ vufatmufcHe,f jzpfcJhbl;w,f// 'dk@rGefbk&if/ Anm'vrif;[m tvGefpdwfxm;jrifhjrwfw,f// bmomw&m;udkif;&SdKif;w,f// owW0gwkd@tay:/ arwWmw&m; =uD;rm;w,f// ArmawGudk wa,mufrS rowf apcJhbl;// OD;atmifaZ,svkd ,kwfrm&kdif;pdkif;wJh pdwfxm;r&SdcJhbl;/ ArmawG tm;vkH; u&ufpuf,kwfrm &kdif;pdkif;wJhpdwf 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;awGrSm &SdcJh&ifrif;wkd@ ArmawGudkrsKd;jyKwf atmif owfedkifcJhygw,f// 'Duae@qkd&if/ rif;wkd@ ArmvlrsdK; qkdwm/ 'DurBmrSm awmif r&Sdawmhbl;// 'gayrJhrGefvlrsdK;[m/ bmomw&m; udkif;&kdif;wJhvlrsdK;/ ,Ofaus;wJhvlrsdK;/ owW0gawGtay:/ arwWm w&m;=uD;rm;wJh vlrsdK;jzpfvkd@ rif;wkd@ArmawGudk rowfbJxm;cJhw,f// oem;cJhw,f// 'gayrJh/ 1757-ckeSpfrSm/ igwkd@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ [Hom0wDekdifiHawmffudk rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK; rkqdk;OD;atmifaZ,su vma&mufwkdufcdkuf zsufqD;vkdk@ ysufqD;cJhw,f// igwkd@rGefvlrsKd;udkvJ/ rsKKd;jyKwf atmifowfcJhw,f// cav;i,fawG/ udk,f0efaqmifrdefcav;awGeSifh rGef&[ef;

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 123

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‘wvkdif;’ [kyif aac:qkdjyefonf// rmHaw;onf qufvufI oD;rcHekdifffawmhay// rdtm;Tokd@rac:&ef t=udrf=udrf awmif;yef ajymqkdv#uf/ rdrdtm; xyfrHac:aejyefonf//

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5 rmHaw;(c)rif;atmifxGef;onfaxmifrSvGwfvmaomae@wGifxDxkd;cJhonf/xkdvufrSwfjzifhodef;qkaygufjyD;olaX;jzpfoGm;onf/ aemufydkif;wGif=unfhyg/

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um;&if;/

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kwfawmh bl;// rGeffvlrsdK;wkd@&J@/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSKvJ/ csKyfjidrf;oGm;awmhrSm

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usmfat;onf rdrd.tjrif tabmxm;udk/ yGifhyGif;vif;vif;yif wifjyvmon%modrf;aom/ awmfvSefa&; aumifpDtay:/ rdrd.tjrifeSifh/ a&S@jzpfvmrnfh/ edkifiHacae/ tvm;tvmrsm;udkyg&Sif;jyonf// tm;&yg;&ajymjyD;aemuf// udkausmfat;onfawmfeSifhudk0if;a,mfwkd@eSpfOD;udk tuJcwfaomoabmjzifh/ acwW/c%/ pum;ukd&yfxmfonf// ukdausmfat;.tjrif/ oabmxm;onf/ tvGefrSefuefojzifhu|efawmfo

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xm kd@/ ydk@x mifpDjzpfonf// tm%m&SifyDo

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vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;twGuf pdwful; xm;ovm;//”

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 128

Armtpnf;&kH;u/ awmfvSef ykefuefbkd@ twGuf/ ynmwwf vli,f/ &Jabmf okH;usdyfudk pnf;&kH;

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aw ukda J/ oD;jc fawmfem;vnf vkdufonf//

[email protected]=uHpnftay:rSm u|efawmfeSifhukd0if;a,mfwkd@. oabmxm;tjrifudk odvkdI

H ifonf// okd@aomf/ jzpfekdifrjzpfekdif qkdonfudkrl/ tav;xm; pOf;pm;&rnfh udpP&yfjzpfvm

on f; jyefvrGefv om/ oleSifhtqufoG,f&Sdaom/ ,dk;',m; rGeflvli,frsm;. trnfrsm;tcsdK@udk ajymjy ygonf// ekdifb f// xdkp mf rrSw OD;/ ta= ; ajym ef

amfvSefbkd@ygbJ// 'gu|efawmf&J@t=urf;zsif;/ tpDpOfudkwifjywmyg//”

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f// u|effawmfeSihf udk0if;a,mfwkd@vnf; xkdtpDpOfudk tvGef pdwf0ifpm; =ua=uminf wifjyygonf// ,dk;',m;rSmrnfol@ tulnDudk &edkifovJ/ ,kd;',m;&Sd/ rnfonfh li,frsm;eSifh tqufoG,f &SdygovJvkd@ u|efawmfwkd@u ar;jref;ygonf// oloda

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 129

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 130

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 131

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rd[Hom armffvjrdKifc&dkif OD;tkef;az armfvjrdKifc&dkif EkdifpdefxGef;(zJuwm) armfvjrdKifc&dkif wkd@tm;a&G;cs,fwm0efay;=uonf//4if;nDvmcHrSmatmufygtqdkrsm;udkqkH;jzwf=uonf//

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9/1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/261 HDR: X/9 AP/ 1990.

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fcHordkif;/pm/62/ 10 rGeftrsdK;om;[email protected]

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1947-ckeSpfwdkif;jynfjyKvGwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJ rwkdifrSDtxd/ edkifbvGifonf oxkHc&dkif aygifjrdK@e,f/jrdK@e,f/z/q/yv/ OuUXtjzpfwm0ef,laqmif&GufcJhonf// okd@aomfrGeftrsKd;om; wdk@twGuf oD;jcm;rJpm&if; oD;jcm;rJqENe,f ray;ojzifh/ uef@uGufaom tm;jzifh a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifrSDuav;wGif/ zqyvrS tjyD;tydkifekwfxGufcJhonf//11

1947-ckeSpfatjyDv(9)&ufae@wGif usif;yrnfh/ wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvGwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJwGif/ zqyvtzGJ@csKyfrS wifoGif;aom trwfrsm;eSifhtjydKif wkdif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJwGif yk*~vdu rGeftrwfrsm; ytrGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh edkifbvGifwkd@ wkdifyifnSdeSdKif;jyD;rS/ a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifcJh=uonf[kod&onf// 1947-ckeSpf{jyDv(9)&ufwGif wkdif;jynfjyK vGwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJudk usif;ycJ@onf// xkdusif;yaomwkdif;jynfjyKvGwf awmfa&G;aumufyGJwGif/ atmufyg rGeftrsdK;om; trwf avmif;rsm; yg0if,SOfjydKifcJh=uonf// oxkHta&S@ydkfif;rJqENe,f rGefOD;,s(aygif) ekdifbvGif(aygif) usdKuQrDc&kddif ekdfifvSarmif/ edkifomeSif;/(edkifvSarmif.nD) rGefpdefxGef;(uanSmf) rGefaiGcdkif ponfhyk*~dKvfwkd@jzpfonf/ txufygyk*~dKvfwkd@onf/ rGeftrsdK;om; trwfavmif; taejzifh/ zqyvrS wifoGif;aom trwfavmif;rsm;eSifh wkdif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJwGif ,SOfjydKifcJhonf// zqyvtzJG@csKyftzGJ@0if/ jynfol@&JabmfygwDeSifh qdk&S,fvpfygwDwdk@u/ rJqEN&Sif rGefjynfolrsm;udk/ enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh/ jcdrf;acsmuf cJ@onf// rJray;ekdfifatmif enf;rsdK;pkHjzifh rGefvlxkudk taeSmuf,SufjyK [ef@wm;cJ@=uonf// vkdufvH aeSmuf,Suf zsufqD;onf// xkda=umifh a&G;aumufyGJwGif rGeftrsKd;om; trwfrsm; wOD;wa,mufr# tedkifr&&SdcJhbJ/ 11 Mon Nationalism and Civil War In Burma.P.104

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&kH;rS wfxGufvkdufaom/ rGefxGef;&ifeSifhjrdK@e,facgif;aqmif rGefcifarmif(a&;)wdk@onf wkdif;jyK

jyjzoacjy

qkH;&SKH;cJh=uonf// vGwfvyfpGm/ pnf;&kH;jyD;/ vGwfvGwf vyfvyfrJay; edkfifcJhygrl/ rGeftrwfrsm;/ txdkfuftavSsmuf tekdif&efkdiffonf[k edkifbvGifu qkdonf// rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;tek

nfjyKv$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if,SOfjyKdifonf// rGefxGef;&ifonf zqyvtrwf pfvmonf// wkdif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif/ vGwfawmf 'k-OuUXjzpfvmonf// rGefcifarmif nf/ a&;jrdK@e,f trwfjzpfvmonf// a&G;aumufyGJjyD;aemuf/ rGefoef;/ rGefxGef;&ifwkd@ gif;aqmifjyD;/ rGeftrsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyfac: tzGJ@wpfzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;=uonf// aemifwGif

nfaxmifpkrGeftzGJ@[kemrnfwGifvmonf// jynfaxmifpkrGeftzGJ@ rGefoef; OuUX rGefoef;armif/ twGif;a&;rSL; trSKaqmifrsm;

nfaxmifpkrGeftzJG@onf/ zqyvtzGJ@twGif; yg0ifcJh=uonf// rGefoef;onf/ zqyv

rGefxGef;&if/ rGefa':eSif; wkd@jzpfonf//

jyy%mrnDvmcHwGif/ A[kdOD;pD;tzGJ@ 0ifwpfOD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tajccHOya'rl pDppfa&; (111)OD; aumfrwD0iftjzpf4if;/ yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf//

a&G;aumufyGJwGif &SKH;edkyhfoGm;aom ekdifbvGifonf/ zqyvwkd@. npfnrf;rSKudk udkf,fawG@ =uKH/ cHpm;vkduf&onf// Armwkd@.=uD;pdk;r_/ tekdifusifhr_wdk@udk rcHedkifI edkfifbvGifonf/ (zdv#if=uGrnf/ xdv#ifcsrnf/ 'kd@rcHbl;a[)h qkdaom pdwf"gwfjzifh trsK;dom;ekdifiHa&;

_yf&Sm;r_wGif ykdrdkwuf=uGpGm yg0if aqmif&Gufvmonf// trsKd;om; bmom,Ofaus;r_udk D;/ ;

zGJ@tvkyftrSKaqmif/

vom/ tm&kHjyK aqmif&Gufaeaom/ &mrn wkdif;vkH;qkdif&m rGeftzGJ@csKyfrS/ vrf;cJGxGufjytrsKd;om;edkifiHa&;udk/ ykdrdkvGwfvyf wuf=uGpGm/ aqmif&Gufekdifa&;twGuf/ rGefvGwfvyfa&tzGJ@udk OD;aqmifzGJ@pnf;cJhonf//

rGefvGwfvyfa&;t Gif OuUX

twGif;a&;rSL; ekdifb=udk/ trSKaqmif

edkifbvedkfifpHol/

ekfifxGef;&if(aygif)/ trSKaqmif

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 180

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[email protected]&; todw&m;jrifhrm;a&;udk a&S@S&_I/ weoFm&D owif;pmudk/ t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpffjzifh wm0ef,l/=uD;=uyfxkwfa0cJhonf//

eftzJG@aygif;pkHrS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; tpnf;ta0;odk@ wufa&mufvm=uonf// T pnf;ta0;=uD;rS trsdK;om;awmif;qkdcsuf(7)csufudk wnDwnGwfwnf twnfjyK

wkd@yg0ifvm=uekdifiHa&;tm%mudk &,lekdifa&;twGuf ekdionf// rGeftrsKd;om;wedkifbvGifu wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvSGwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJaemufydkif;wGif/ rGefwkd@onf/ ekdifiHa&; awmif;qkdcsuf rsm;udk csrSwfjyD;t&Sdefwkd;jrSifh wkdufyGJ0if awmif;qkdvmonfudk awG@&onf// rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfaom/ ekdifatmifxGef;/q&mrGefbkd;pdef/ ekdifcsrf;rGef/rGefq&m[kdeSifh/ rGefvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@rS yk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfaom/ edkfifvSarmif/ ekdfifbvGif/ ekdifpHol tyg0ifwkd@onf/ ylaygif;jyD; trsdK;om;awmif; qkdcsuf(7)csufudk a&;qGJ=uonf// 1947/12ckeSpftwGif; armfvjrdKifjrdK@/ usdKufokwfbk&m;&ifjyifY rGeftrsdK;om;nDvmcHw&yfudk ac:,lusif;ycJhonf// rGtqkH;jzwfcJhj=uonf// rGeftrsdK; om;wkd@onftrsdK;om; ekdifiHa&;udkt&SdefjrSifhaom oabmjzihf/ trsKddd;om;awmif;qdkcsuf(7)csufudk bk&ifcHtr_aqmiftzGJ@tpdk;&eSifh zqyvtzGJ@csKyfxHokd@ wifjy awmif;qkdvkdufonf// 4if;(7)csufrSmatmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf//

rGeftrsdK;om;[email protected];qdkcsuf(7)csuf//

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tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;enf;wl/ A[kdtpkd;&. vufatmufcH rGeftrsdK;om;

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6/ppfwyfrsm;/ zGJ@pnf;ay;yg&ef//

12 1982-1962/jrefrmhekdifiHa&;/pm/262/

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 181

f;pmtkyfwGifyg&Sdaom/ awmif;qkdcsufrsm;onf/ tpkd;& rSwfwrf;Yyg&Sdaom/ awmif;qkdcsufrsm;eSifh tenf;i,f uGJjym;jcm;em; aeonfudk avhvma dkif&ef/ tpkd;&rSwfwrf;rsm;Y yg&Sdonfh atmufy m;wkd@a tcsuf(7)csufudkvnf;wifjyvkduf&ygonf//

rGe [email protected];qdkcsuf(7)csuf//

7/ rdrdwkd@uH=urRmudk rdrdwkd@zefwD;a&;twGuf/ =uddK;yrf;=uaom/ rGefvlrsdK;pktm;/ tjcm;vlrsdK;pkenf;wlvGwfvyfpGm ajymqkda&;om;pnf;&kH;/ qENjyekdifcGifhrsm; ay; yg&ef//

(txuyfyg awmif;qkdcsuf(7)[email protected];pmtkyfrSmaz:jyxm;onf@ twkdif;ul;,laz:jyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/) rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. aemufcHordki

wG@&Sd&onf// pmzwfolrsm;avhvmod&SdegrGeftrsdK;o wmif;qkd

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(1) rGefpmayy&d,wWdbufqkdif&m rGefyXrjyefpmar;yGJw&yfusif;yay;&ef//

rGefpmeSifhpum; wwfolrsm;udkom cef@xm;&ef//

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(2) vuf&Sdwkdif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif rGeftrsdK;om;trwf(15)ae&may;&ef// (3) rGefjynfe,fynmpkHprf;a&;tzGJ@. tpD&ifcHpmt&/ rGefpmoifausmif;rsm;

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(5) (u)rGefudpPt00udk aqmif&Gufekdfif&ef/ tenf;qkH;udk,fpm;vS,f(5)OD; yg0if aomtzGJ@wzGJ@zGJ@pnf;ay;&ef// (c)vGwfvyfaomArmjynfodk@ tkyfcsKyfa&; tm%mrsm;v$Jajymif;jyD;onfhtcg/ wkdif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif/ rGeftrwf (15)ae&may;&ef//

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wkd@jzpfonf//13

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aqG;aEG;rnfh udk,fpm;vS,f pm&if;wGif

262/ 13 1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 182

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S yg0ifcJho

cudpPeSifh if;udk rvkdvm;bJ/ rGefeSihfArmtwlwlyifjzpfonf[k

abmxm;cJhonf// rGefvlrsdK;udkjynfe,fray;bJ/ u&ifvlrsdK;udk jynfe,fay;&ef zqyvY abmxm; csrSwfvmonf// Tokd@aomrl0g'udk zqyvacgif;aqmifwkd@ csrSwf&onfh

rGeftrsdK; fcH ordkif;&Sdjcif;/ jrefrmekdifiH atmufydkif;udk rGefvlrsdK;wkd@uom eSpfaygif;rsm;pGm tkyfpkd;cJhjcif;/ efvlrsdK;wkd@rSm/ ckdfifrmaom pmay/ pum;/ ,Ofaus;rSK&Sdjcif;/ rGeffvlrsdK;onf tpOftvmt&

f nfudk zqyv/ Armacgif;aqmifrsm;u pdk;&drfI

k f/ rGefvlrsdK;

avmuf tEW&m,fr&Sdedkfif[k zqyvArmacgifrGefvlrsdK;udkjynfe,fray; ;jzifh rGefeSifhu&ifwkd@.

pf=unf nDnGwfa&;udkvnf; tvkdtavsSmuf wkdufzsufacsrSKef; jyD;om;jzpfoGm;ekdfifonfudk Arm aq abmwl xm;aom rGe ;jzifh/ acsr kdufjcu&if nDn vmekdifonf[k Arm aq

acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh awG@qkHjyD; wifjyaqG;aEG;&mwGif4if;/ edkfifbvGifonf t"dutcef;rnfudk awG@&onf//

1947- keSpfarv(1)&ufwGif usif;yaomzqyv/ y%mrnDvmcHrS rGeftrsdK;om;ta&;

ywfoufI/ rGef/Arm cGJjcm;jcoota=umif;u tvGef&Sif;vif;ygonf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. &efudka=umufI jzpfonf[k

om; acgif;aqmifwkd@ujrifonf// ta=umif;rSm rGefonf ckdifrmaom aemu

rGArmeSifh &ifabmifwef;ekdfifaom vlrsdK;jzpfjcif;wkd@a=umifh jynfe,fay;vsSif/ ArmvlrsdK;twGuaemifwae@wGif tEW&m,f&Sd vmekdfifojzpfonf[kajymqdk=uonf// zqyvacgif;aqmifwkd@onf/ rGefvlrsdK;udk jynfe,fray;bJ/ ArmvlrsdK;eSifh twllwl[owfrSwfcg 0g;rsdKypf&ef =uHaqmifvmonf// u&ifvlrsdK;udk jynfe,fay;jcif;on

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csacgif; mifrsm;u jrifonf// rGefacgif;aqmifeSifhu&if acgif;aqmifrsm; o

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Gwfjcif;onf/ ArmvlrsdK;twGuf =uD;rm;aom tE@W&m,fjzpfacgif; mifrsm;u jrifxm;=uonf//

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 183

u&ifvlrsdK;u k udkyg jynfe, acgif;aqmifr Gufqrd=uonf// 4if;tjyif zdeSdyfcHb0wl rGefeSifhu&if vlr ygi medkifonf// xkdtcg rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ ydkifq dudk/

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uH=urRmonf aemifwGif qkd;0g;vmrnf[k rGefacgif;aqmifwkd@u v;av;eufeuf owday; ajym=um; cJhonf//

owfjzwfcJhI/ rGefvlrsdK;onf// tpwkH;eD;yg;jzpfcJhonf// Todk@vlrsdK;wkH;atmif/ (Genocide)

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sdK;wkd@a f;pnf; nDnGwfrSKonf/ tiftm; =uD;xGm;vdkifcJhonfh atmufArmjynfwckvkH; ordkif;taxmufxm;t&/ o&ufjrdK@tx

oD;jcm;vGwfvjru&if&mrnedkifiH)[lI eSpfjynfaxmif/ eSpfekdifiHjzpfvmekdifonf// xkdokd@jzpfrl ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ tbkd@ rawG@0Hhonfh tvGef=uD;rm;aom tEW&m,frsm;eSifh &ifqkdif&bG,f &Sdvmonf// TtEW&m,fwkd@udk zqyv Armacgif;aqmifrsm;u xGufqrd=u[efwlonf// TtEW&m,f wkd@udk wGufqjyD;/ zqyv Armacgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ rGefvlrsdK;udk jynfe,fray;bJ/ 0g;rsdK ypf&ef oabmxm; csrSwfvmonf// u&ifvlrsdL;udk jynfe,fay;jyD; pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;,l&ef =u&nfrSef;csuf=uD;wcktjzpf owfrSwfjyD; =udK;yrf; vkyfaqmifvm=uonf// Todk@ rSm;rzoabmxm; rrSefuefrSK/ oabmxm;rjynfh0rSK/ wef;wl nDr#onfhtjrifr&SdrSK ponfh nHhzsif;aom t&nfcsif;wkd@udk az:jyaeonf// zqyvArmacgif;aqmifwkd@rSm r[mArm vlrsdK;=uD;0g'udk eSpfeSpfjcdKufjcdKuf &if0,fydkuf xm;=uonf[k rGeftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifwkd@u pGyfpGJajymqkdonf// Tokd@ zqyvArmacgif;aqmifwkd@. rSm;,Gif;aom oabmxm; tjrifa=umifh/ jrefrmedkifiH. a TrSm;,Gif;aom/ tjrifoabmw&m;udktajccHI zqyv/ y%mrnDvmcHrS/ zqyv tzGJ@csKyf. vlenf;pktjzpf owfrSwfa&;rl oabmxm;w&yfudk xkwfjyefcJhonf// vlrsm;pk. q,fykHwykH &Sdaom/ wkdif;&if;om;udkom/ vlenf;pktjzpf owfrSwfjyD;/ tajccHOya'qkdif&m tcGifha&;rsm; ay;oifhonf[k qkdxm;onf// wdkif;jynfvlOD;a&(10)ykH(1)r&Sdaom rGefvlrsdK; onf/ vlenf;pk qdkif&m tcGifha&;rsm; vufvGwf qkH;&SKH;cJhonf// 4if;rlonf vlrsdK;pkwpk owfrSwf&mwGif/ vlOD;a& tenf;trsm;tay:Yom/ vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;rSDI owfrSwf onfudkawG@&onf// rGefvlrsdK;ukd (usLyifckwf/ usLikwfr# rusefapeJ@)/ "Cut down the kyu [reed], let not the stump remain" a=uG;a=umfjyD;/ OD;atmifaZ,s tif;0Armwdk@ u

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&t& enf;yg;aeonf// rGefvlrsdK;udk ,ckwzef/zqyv/ Arm cgif;aqmifrsm;u/ xyfrHeSdyfpufnSif; yef;vmjyefonf// zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;onf/

Armjynfatmufydkif;onf rGefvlrsdK;wdk@. bkd;zGm; ifqdkifaom e,fajrtppfjzpfonf[laom tcsufudk vkH;vkH;arhaysmufypfvkduf=uonf// ,fcsJ@vk,uf wkdufckdfuf odrf;ydkufxm;cJhonfh rGefe,fajr/ &ckdife,fajrwkd@udk rdrdwkd@.

f;zqyv/ Arm cgif;aqmiftrsm;pkwkd@rSm/ em;vnfoabmayguf xm;=u[ef rwlacs// z,f'&,f [laom/

vkyfcHxm; &jcif;a=umifh vlOD;aarGefvlrsdK;wkd@ vlrsdK;jyKef;wD;jyD; vlOD;a&enf;&onfh ta=umif;&if;trSefukd tenf;i,frSs xnfhoGif;/ pOf;pm;jcif;/ udk,fcsif;pmw&m;xm;jcif; r&SdonfrSm xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awG@jrif ekdfifonf// ordkif;rSm Arm vlrsdK;wkd@ usL;vGefcJhaom trSm;rsm;udk jyefvnfukpm;bkd@ vkH;0 rpOf;pm;bJ/ tjrwfxkwfbdk@yif xyfrH=udK;pm;vmjyefonf// vlenf;pkrGefvlrsdK;udk vlrsm;pk ArmuvlOD;a&jzifh tedkfif,l edSyfhpufjcif; jzpfonf[k rGefacgif;aqmifwkd@u ajymonf// “a&epfaeaom oludk/ 0g;ulxkd;/ eSpfowf”qkdonfhoabm jzpfaeonf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSm &Sdonfh/ vlrdsK;pkwpk.ckdifrmaom aemufcHordkif;/ pmay/pum;/ ,Ofaus;rSK/e,fajr ydkfifqkdifrSK ordkif;/ pD;yGm;a&;ckdifrmrSK/ponfh/ vlrsdK;pkw&yfudk todrSwfjyK&mwGif tvGefta&;yg t&ma&muf aom pHxm;&rnfhtcsufvufwkd@udk vkH;vkH;xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif; rjyKcJhonfudk xif&Sm;pGm awG@&onf// aemufwcsufrSm ydkebkd;bGm;ydkiftarGteSpf tjzpfoabmxm;jyD; rdrdwdk@ pdwf=udKuf pDrHcef@cGJedkfifonf[k txif a&muf oGm;=uonf// Zqyv Armacgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ ,cifu rdrdwkd@ya'o&mZf Armbk&ifrsm;u/ ppfwkduf atmifekdfifcJhonfudk4if;/ vGrf;rdk;ekdifcJhonfudk4if;/ tajccHxm;jyD;/ usefvlrsdK;rsm;udk rdrdwkd@. vufatmufcH wkdif;&if;om;tjzpf txifao;pGmjrifae=uonf// Ttjrifoabmxm;jzifh/ tjrJwrf;vlenf;pkvlrsdK;pkwkd@udk tedkfifusifh=uonfudk awG@ekdifonf// usefvlrsdK;rsmudk/ rdrdwkd@ vufatmufcHxm;jyD;/ rdrdwdk@pDrHcef@cGJouJhokd@/ ae&rnf[laom/ ya'o&mZftjrif/ ya'o&mZft,ltq/ teSHtoufonf/ zqyvArmacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm/ pGJuyfayusH aeonfudkawG@&onf// ,ae@acwfonf ya'o&mZf acwfr[kwfawmhacs// acwfajymif;vJ vmjyD; jzpfonf// acwfopfeSifhtnD vlrsdK;tcsif;csif;/ =uD;onf/ i,fonfr[l/ wef;wl &Sd&rnf[laomtjrif/ zqyvArmacgif;aqmif awGrSm/ r&Sdao;onfudkvnf; awG@jrifekdfif onf// =uD;onf/ i,fonfr[l/ enf;onf/ rsm;onfr[l/ vlrsdK;wkdif;wef;wla&;w&m; usifhokH;aom/ zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkppfppf. tajccH oaabmudkvnapum;vkH;onf/ zqyv/ Armacgif;aqmifrsm;tbkd@ tu|rf;r0ifao;/ tvGefpdrf; aeao; onfudkawG@&onf// ArmvlrsdK;udkvlrsdK;=uD;tjzpf owfrSwfcg/ tm%mrSeforSs vuf0g; tkyfxm;jyD;/ usefvlrsdK;pkrsm;udk vlenf;pkqkdif&m tcGifha&;rsm; owfrSwfjyD; ay;onfh tcsufukd =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh/ wef;wl &nfwl tjrif r&SdonfrSm xif&Sm;onf//

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ufjyD;/ Twkdif;jynfonf/ rGef/Arm/&ckdfif/ &Srf;/ &if/ u,m;/ ucsif/ csif;ponfh wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;wef;wl/&nfwl ykdifqkdifonf

ckdife,fajrwkd@udkrl/ tpOfxm0&vuf0g;tkyfxm;csifae=uonf// rlvykdif&Siftppf jzpfonfh/ eftrsdK;om; &ckdif trsdK;om;vufokd@ jyefvnfcGJa0ay;tyf&rnfudkrl qifajcqifvuf

fhonf[k qkdjcif;rSm/ rGefvlrsdK; uG,faysmuf oGm;atmif jyKvkyfjcif; omjzpfonf//”14

vlenf;pkqkdfif&mtcGifha&;rlonf/ ArmvlrsdK;rSty usefvlrsdK;rsm;ukd vlenf;pktjzifh owfrSwf jyD;/ vlrsdK;=uD; jzpfonfhArmvlrsdK;u oem;ojzifhay;rS/ urf;rS&onhf tcGifha&;rsdK; jzpfae onfudkawG@&onf// ya'o&mZftjrif y,fazsmu[laom tjrif xm;&Sd &rnf@tpm; zqyvtzGJ@csKyfonf Arm yao&mZf tjrifudk ukdifpJG xlaxmifvmonf// vlenf;pkqkdif&m tcGifha&; Oya'udkjyXmef;vmonf// tiftm;=uD;aom vlrsdK;wrsdK;u tm;enf;ao;i,faom vlrsdK;wrsdK;tm; tedkfifusifhjcif;jzpfonf// tay:pnf; rS aeI jrifaomtjrifjzpfaeonf// e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyf odrf;ydkufxm;onfh rdrdwkd@bkd;bGm;ydkif e,fajr vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf/ awmfvSef wdkfufyGJ0if=uaom Armacgif;aqmifwkd@onf/ e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyftm; trsdK;rsdK;pGyfpJG ajymqdk cJ@=uonf// ,ckrlrdrdwkd@u e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyf ae&mudk ,lvkduf=uonf// e,fcsJ@ ya'o&mZfArm bk&ifrsm; rw&m;vk,l wkdufcdkuf/ odrf;ydkufxm;cJhaom/ rGefe,fajr/ &rGtrsdK;rsdK;jyjyD;/ ypfypfcgcg jiif;y,f ae=uonfudk awG@&onf// e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;[k a=uG;a=umf atmf[pfaeonfhol wOD;onf/ rdrdudk,fYu/ t=uD;pm;e,fcsJ@orm;=uD;wOD; jzpfaeonfudk awG@&onf// e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyftm; awmfvSefpOfu twlvufwJGcJhaom rGefvlrsdK;/ &ckdifvlrsdK;wdk@udk arhaysmufvdkuf=uonf// rSefuefr#waom/ ekdifiHa&;cH,lcsuf tjrif Armacgif;aqmifrsm;Y &Sdonf[kqkdedkifygrnfavm [laomar;cGef;udk rGefacgif;aqmif/ &ckdifacgifaqmifwkd@u ar;jref; vmonf// xdk@a=umifhzqyvtzGJ@csKyf. vlenf;pkqkdif&mrltay:/ rGeftrdsK;om;acgif;aqmif rGefbkd;csdK onf vkH;0 rauseyf/ vufrcHekdfifacs/ 4if;rltay:jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefwkdufckdufxm;aom pmwrf; wapmifudk a&;om;cJhonf// /(zqyvu/ rGefrsm;udk wywf&kdufjyD;) [laom acgif;pOfjzihf pmwef;a&;om;cJhonf// 4if;pmwrf;Y rGGefbkd;csdKonf atmufygtwkdif; a&;om; xm;onf/

“rGefvlrsdK;rsm;u/ rdrdwkd@vlrsdK;/ bmompum;eSifh ,Ofaus;rSK xkH;"avh raysmufuG,f &avatmif/ =udK;yrf; aecsdefwGif/ zqyv/ tzGJ@csKyfonf/ vlrsm;pk. q,fykHwpfykH &Sdaom/ wkdif;&if;om;rsm;udkom/ vlenf;pktjzpf/ owfrSwfjyD;/ tajccHOya' qkdif&m tcGifha&;rsm; ay;oi

14 1958-1962./jrefrmekdifiHa&;/pm/263

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 186

kH; tvkyf rSKaqmiftzGJ@ txl;tpnf;a0;uvnf; ausjimcsuf wapmifxkwfjyefI u&ifvlrsdK;wkd@. dK;yrf;csufudk uef@uGufcJhonf// ausjimcsufrSm//

e,fy,ftjzpf xlaxmifjcif;udkrl/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@ taejzifh/ vkH;0ruef@uGufvkdyg// u&iftrsdK;om;wpfOD;wnf; u&ifoD;jcm;e,fy,f

zqyvtzGJ@csKyf. vlenf;pkqdkfif&m tcGifhta&;rludk4if;/ rGefvlrsdK;udk jynfe,fray;bJ/ u&ifvlrsdK;udkom jynfe,fay;rnfh tpDtpOfudk4if;/ 1947-ckeSpfarv(18)wGif usif;y aom/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH; trSKaqmifaumfrwD tpnf;a0;u tjyif;txef uef@uGufcJhonf// tjcm;aomtzGJ@pnf;jzpfaom/ rGefvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@/ rGefoHCmtzGJ@/ rGefausmif;om;/vli,ftzGJ@ toD;oD;wdk@uvnf; jyif;jyif;xefxefuef@uGufcJh=uonf//

Todk@ zqyvtzGJ@csKyfu u&ifvlrsdK;tm; jynfe,fay;rnf/ rGefvlrsdK;tm;/ jynfe,f ray;[laomoabmxm; a=umihf/ u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;onf wqifhwufI weoFm&Dwdkif; tm;/ u&ifa'otjzpf zefwD;&ef zqyvtzGJ@csKyfxHodk@ t=uHjyKcJhonf// u&ifvlrsdK; wdk@. =udK;yrf;rSKtay: rGefvlrsdK;wkd@u rauseyfjzpfvmI trsdK;rsdK;wkef@jyefvmonf// zqyv tzGJ@csKyf. edkifiHa&;xkd;eSufcsufonf rGef-u&ifvlrsdK;wkd@tay: tvGefxda&muf oGm;onf//

194&-ckeSpf =o*kwfv(6)&ufae@wGif usif;yonfh rGefwkdfif;&if;om; tpnf;t&t=u

“weoFm&Dwkdif;tm; u&ifoD;jcm;e,fy,ftjzpf awmif;qkdjcif;rSm vkH;0ravSsmfuefyg// ,cktcg atmufjrefrmjynf[k ac:qkdonfh &mrna'owGif/ rGefeSifhu&if twlwuG a&S;ya0o%Duwnf;u/ oifhjrwfpGm aexkdif=uouJhokd@ ,ckvnf; aexkdifvsSuf &Sd=uonf// &mZ0ift&'GefwGJI/ aexkdifvmaom/ TvlrsdK;eSpfrsdK;rSu&ifwrsdK;wnf;u/ v$rf;rdk;I e,fy,f xlaxmif&ef awmif;qkdjcif;rSm/ ravsmufywfaom/ udpPjzpfonf// xkda=umifh/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;rS Todk@awmif;qkdjcif;udk tjyif;txef uef@uGufonf// rGef-u&if&mrn

jyKvkyfjcif;udkrl/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@taejzifhvkH;0 vufrcHekdifyg//”15

rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;rS/ txufygtwkdif; jywfjywf om;om; uef@uGufcJhonf/ rGefvlrsdK;tay: xm;&Sdaom zqyv tzGJ@csKyf. rl0g' oabmxm;tay: rGefvlrsdK;wkd@u rauseyf jzpfvm=uonf// jyefvnfwkef@jyef&ef/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@onf/ pkpnf;nDnGwfvm =uonf// rGefvlxk vlwef;pm;aygif;pkH/ tzGJ@aygif;pkHyg0ifaom 'kwd,t=udrf rGeftrsdK;om; uGefz&ifh w&yfudk ac:,lusif;y&efpnf;&kH;vSKyfaqmfcJh=uonf// 1947-ckeSpfpufwifbmv (6)&ufwGif/ 'kwd,t=udrfajrmuf/ rGeftrsdK;om;uGefz&ifhudk nDnGwfpGm usif;yekdfifcJhonf// 15 1958-1962./jrefrmekdifiHa&;/pm/266

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 187

nf// (1) tjcm;aomvlrsdK;rsm;oD;oef@e,fajrawmif;qdk&mY/rGefe,fy,frsm;udktvsOf;

rGefeSifhurBm/ rdwfqufa&;twGuf/ bdvyfoGm;oifhroGm;oifhudkA[kdOD;pD;tzGJ@rS

f/ hokd@a&G;aumuf wif ajrSmufvkdufaom/ trwfrsm;xJrS rGefa&;&mtzGJ@

zGJ@pnf;&ef//Tawmif;qkdxm;onfhtcGifhta&;udk r&&Sdygu rGefvlrsdK;rsm;tay:

nf// T 'kwd, t=udrfajrmuf/ rGefuGefz&ifh. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm/ ,cifrGeftzGJ@aygif;pkHrS/

jyifqif vm=uonf//

T'kwd,t=uDrf rGeftrsdK;om; uGefz&ifhrS ta&;=uD;aom/ atmufaz:jyyg qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; udkwnDwnGwfwnf;csrSwfqkH;jzwfcJh=uo

rxdckdufap&ef// (2) rGeftzGJ@aygif;pkHu awmif;qdkxm;onfh tcsuf(7)csufudk 1947-ckeSpf

pufwifbmv (25)&ufae@ aemufqkH; xm;I r&&Sdygu/ rGefoD;jcm;e,fy,f/ awmif;oifh/ rawmif;oifhudk/ A[kdOD;pD;tzGJ@uqkH;jzwfzdk@wm0efv$Jtyf&ef//

(3)tajctaeudk=unfhjyD; qkH;jzwf&ef//

(4) rGefjrefrmjynftwGuf 'kdrDeD,Hr[kwfbJ vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;udkom &&Sdap&efTuGefz&ifhuawmif;qkd&ef//

(5) rGefrsm;twGuf oD;oef@a&G;aumufyJGtay:Y tajcjyKonfhtrwfrsm;&&Sd&eTuJ

pnf;=uyfaeonfh rnfonfhtcGefawmfrsdK;rqdk rGefvlrsdK;rsm;u ay;aqmifoifh ray;aqmifoifh/ jy\emudk qkH;jzwfekdif&ef/ A[kdOD;pD;tzGJ@okd@ TuGefz&ifhrS vkH;0wm0efv$Jtyfa=umif;//16

ponfhta&;=uD;onfh trsdK;om;qkdif&m qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk nDnGwfpGm csrSwfekdfifcJh=uo

awmif;qkdxm;onfh tcsuf(7)csufudk ocifek.bk&ifcH trSKaqmif(0ef=uD;)tzGJ@ tpkd;&u/ vkdufavsmap&ef zdtm;ay;onfhoabmyifjzpfonf// rdrdwkd@awmif;qkdxm;onfh tcsufrsm; udkr&ygu/ wqifhwufI rGefoD;jcm;e,fy,f awmif;qkd&ef/ pdrfac:oHay;vkdufjcif;jzpfonf// 4if;tjyif rdrdwkd@vkdvm; aom/ awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk rvdkufavsmygu ay;aqmif ae&aom tcGeftwkwfrsm;udkyif ray;bJ oydwfarSmuf=u&ef/ wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;&ef/ rGefvlrsdK;rsm;u/

16/oHawmfqifhowif;pm/7 pufwbFm/1947

f;Xme(okawoe)/&efukefwuUodkvf/ udk,fawG@ajym=um;csufrsm;/0156/ ordki

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 188

edkifbvGifwkd@ zrf;qD;cH&// &JcsKyfAdkvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmifeSifh awG@qkHyGJ// armfvjrdKif

ekdifpekdfifo edkfifbdkaedkifomatmif/

tcef;(8)

rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf// usdKufokwfrGefvlxk&Sif;vif;yGJ=uD;// rGefwkdif;&if;om; tiftm;opf// rGefvli,f.f awmif;qkdcsufrsm;// wkdif;&if;om;A[kdtpnf;a0;rS qkH;jzwfcsuf// ,kd;',m;cspf=unfa&;c&D;/ rGefeSpfzGJ@nDnGwfrSK/ apmbOD;=uD;. tiftm;jya&;t=uH// rGefeSifhu&iftajcaerwl// Zmojyifta&; awmfykH//

rGef-u&ifodrf;// zqyvtpdk;&. Om%feDOm%feuf// armfvjrdKifrSrGef-u&if qkwfcGm// zqyv.jynfe,fray;a&;rl// rGeftrsdK;om;OD;ek// rGefvl=uD;rsm;qEN

uGJjym;// ekdifpHolusqkH;// ekdifbvGifxyfrHzrf;qD;cH&// urm0ufppfoifwef;// urm0uf&Gmtm;rD;&SdK@//

eftrsdK;om;wkd@. awmif;qkdcsuf (7)csufudk (zqyv)u rvkdufavsmojzifh/ 1947-rG

ckeSpfwGif/ vlwef;pm;toD;oD;yg0ifaom/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyfukd zGJ@pnf;=uonf// ekdifbvGif OD;pD;onfh/ rGefvGwfvyfa&;tzJG@udkyif/ r¾dKifjyKjyD;/ TrGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf (rv&)udk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf[kqkdonf//

rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf (rv&) tvkyftrSKaqmiftzGJ@

edkfifvSarmif/ OuUX rGefocif=uD; 'kOuUX ekdifbvGif/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; rGefpHol/ wGJbuf/taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ekdifaiGodrf;/ wGJbuf/taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ekdfifomeSif;/ wGJbuf/taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;

defxGef;(zJuwm) jyef=um;a&;rSL; m[ef/ pm&if;ppf/

trSKaqmifrsm;rSm umif;

ekdfifxGef;0if;(zJuwm)

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 189

ft&/wnfwHhckdifjrJaomvlrsdK;// (2) oD;jcm;bmom/pmay/pum;/,Ofaus;rSK&Sdjcif;// (3) pkpnf;aexkdif&ma'o&Sdjcif;// (4) pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf; jrefrmjynf.t"duaoG;a=umjzpfaom/ v,f,m

pD;yGm;a&;udk a&S;,cifumvrS/ ,ckxufwkdif vkyfudkifvSsuf&Sdjcif; a=umihf/ pD;yGm;a&;t&/ ckdifrmaom vlrsdK;wrsdK;jzpfonf// xkda=umifh vlrsdK;wrsdK;jzpfonfh rGeftrsdK; onf/ trsdK;om; udk,fykdif jyXmef;cGifh/(National Self Determinataion)udk&xkdufonf//

rGe m ukd/ zpf q rG f rk'kHjr f// 4if;nDvmcHudkrGefa'o&Sd rGe sm;pGm wufa&mufcJhonf// 4iff;nDvmcHrSm trsm;oabmwl atmufyg rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf trSKaqmifopfudk

uUX ekdfifvSarmif 'kOuUX rGefocif=uD;/ekdffifjratmif

rd[Hom edkfifxGef;wif/

wkdk@yg0ifaom,m,DtrSKaqmiftzGJ@udkzGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf.&nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm/rGefvlrsdK;onf

(1) ordkif;pO

om;wkd@

4if;&xkdufaom udk,fykdifjyXmef;cGifhudk'Drdkua&pDenf; t&tjzpfekdfifqkH; awmif;qkdwkdufyGJ0ifoGm;&efjzpfonf//

fvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@rS/ ekdifbvGift,f'Dwmtjzpfxkwfa0vSsuf&Sdaom/ weoFm&Dowif;pekdifbvGifuyif t,f'Dwm qufvuf wm0ef,ljyD;/ (rv&)a=uG;a=umfoHtj

ufvuf xkwfa0oGm;&efoabmwl=uonf//

efvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyfrS OD;pD;usif;yaom rGeftrsdK;om; nDvmcHudk 1947-ckeSpfwGidK@e,f zg;atmufaus;&GmwGif (3)&ufwkdifwkdif pnfum;okdufjrdKufpGmusif;ycJhon

ftrsdK;om; axmifaygif;r

a&G;aumuf wifajrmuf=u onf// rGefvlrsdK;a&;;&mtzGJ@csKyf tvkyftrSKaqmiftzGJ@opf

O

taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ekdifaiGodrf;

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 190

GJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; edkfifodrf;armif/ ef=um;a&; edkfifbvGif

meSif; m[ef

wkd@yg0ifaomtvkyftrSKaqmiftzGJ@opfudka&G;aumufwifajrmuf=uonf// xkdzg;at fvlrsdK;a&;&mnDvmcHrSatmufygwckwnf;aomtqkdudkwifoGif; qkH;jzwfc

“rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;u/ rdrdwkd@onf vlrsdK;wrsdK;tjzpf/ wnf&SdaeonfhtavSsmuf/ rdrdw faus;rSKudk xdef;odrf;&ef tcsuf(7)csufygaom awmif;qkd csu tpkd;&xH/ wifjy awmif;qkdcJhonf// xkdawmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk zqyv tpkd;&uy,fcscJhojzifh TnDvmcH=uD;u 0rf;enf;a=umif; rSwfwrf;wif

K;om;wkd@. a&S@qufvkyf&efrSm/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. udk,fykdifjyXmef;cGifh/ (National Self Determinataion)/

f&ef 'Drdkua&pDenf;t&/ awmif;qkd wkdufyGJ0if&ef qkH;jzwfa=umif;// tu,fI 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& aw kdcGifh nfhenf;jzifh enf;vrf;&Sm=uH vky ef//

194&-c k &Sif;vif;yGJudk arm rGefvlxkeSifh e,ft f =uonf// 4if;qEtv$mtoD;oD;rSxm;aom armfv &D tcsdefrSpI/(4)a, qENjy=uonf// pk&yf u&ifausmif;

wjyb¾ma&;rSL; ekdifopm&if;ppf ekdifopnf;&kH;a&;rSL; ekdifpdefxGef;(zJuwm) trsdK;orD;XmerSL; rd[Hom tvkyform;XmerSL; ekdfifpdefxGef;/ekdfifxGef;armif/v,form;XmerSL; rGefpHol vli,fXmerSL; rGefq&mwif/

mufaus;&GmrGeJh=uonf//

kd@. trsdK;om; ,Ofudk/ zqyv

a=umif;// xkd@odk@y,fcsjcif; cH&onfhtwGuf/ rGeftrsd

tcGifha&;rsm;&Sdaom rGefjynfe,fudk wnfaqmu

mif;q udk tm%m&tzGJ@pnf;rS ydwfyifvSsif &ofoGm;& ”

keSpf atmufwkdbmv(3)&ufae@wGif/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzJG@csKyfrS =uD;rSL;I vlxfvjrdKifjrdK@/ usdKufokwfbk&m;&ifjyifY/ usif;ycJhygonf// 4if;&Sif;vif;yGJodk@oD;oD;rS/udk,fpm;vS,frsm;eSifh rGeftrdsK;om;(100000)cef@ wufa&mu

NjyyGJ=uD;wGif armfvjrdKifjrdK@ay:eSifhjrdK@e,f toD;oD;rS rGefoHCmawmfrsm;/ rGeftrsdK;oRD;/trsdK;om; aygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@onf/ owfrSwf jrdKif'kdif;0efuGif; u&ifausmif;wGif pk&kH;a&muf&Sdvm=uonf// eHeuf(7)emmufwwGJpD pepfwuswef;pDI csDwuf

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 191

;wGif wuf=uGpGm/ pdwftm;oefpGmjzifhyg0ifcJh onf// pDwef;vSnfhvnf qENjyaom rGefvltkyf=uD;onf/ “rGefjynfe,f csufcsif;ay;”

;a=umfatmf[pf awmif;qkdcJh=uonf// rGefvlxkwkd@. ywf0ef;usifwckvkH;udk wkH[D;oGm;ap

onf// wfrSw oHvGifO,sOfodk@ eHeuf(11)em&DwGif vlxky&d\wf=uD; pkHnDpka0;a&mufvm=uonf// pka0;a&muf&Sdvmonfh/ axmifaomif; rsm;pGmao rmifu/ ordkif;wGifaom atmufy /

“rGe rsdK;om;rsm;onf/ vlrsdK;a&;t*Fg&yfrsm;eSifhjynfhpkHaom/ vlrsdK;wrsdK;jzpfonfh ta nfe,f xlaxmif&ef/ zm;a wnDwnGwfwnf; qkH;jz

sdK;rsm;. &ykdifcGifhudk fcGifhudk/ w&m;ojzifh

mifa&; f&GufoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f//

Dwef; vSnfhvnf aejcif;uyif oufaocHaejyD;jzpfonf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ &oifh&xkdufaom/ ukd,fuH

&m;ojzifh/ 'Drdkua&pD enf;vrf;t& awmif;qkdonfukdyif aeSmuf,Suf zsufpD;vmygu/

keSifhvufwGJcg/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@rS qufvuf vkyfaqmifoGm;&ef oH'dXmefcsxm;jyD;jzpfw,f// 'dvkdoH'dXmefcsrSwf aqmif&Guf&mrSm/ rGeftrsdK;om;

rSxGufvmaom a&S@wef;rS yk*~dKvfwkd@onf/ armfvjrdKifaps;=uD;&yfuGufodk@ a&mufonfhwkdif/ pk&yfae&mwGif vltkyf=uD;onf/ rukefekdifao;bJ rsm;jym;pGmpk&kH;vSsuf&Sdaeao;onf// TrsS rsm;jym;aom rGefvlxk=uD;onf/ trsdK;om;ta&=uykdpwmrsm;udk udkifaqmifxm;=ujyD; atmufyg a=uG;a=umfoHrsm;udk jydKifwl a=uG;a=umf cJh=uonf/ “rGefjynfe,fcsufcsif;ay;/” “rGefjynfe,fcsufcsif;ay;/” [lI wcJeuf tqufrjywf a=uGwcJeufa=uG;a=umfvkdufaom a=uG;a=umfoHonf/ cJh o fxm;aom aemufqkH;pk&yfjzpfonfh/

m rGefvlxktm;/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf OuUXekdifvSag rdef@cGef; pum;udk tm;rmefjzifh wufwuf=uG=uG jrGuf=um;oGm;cJhonf/

ftvSsmuf rdrdwkd@&J@ udk,fydkif jyXmef;cGifh jzpfonfh/ rGefjytmuf&GmY usif;ycJhaom/ rGeftrsdK;om;nDvmcHrS wfcsufcscJhonfudk/ rGefjynfolrsm;od&SdjyD;jzpfw,f//

'DvkdrGefjynfe,fawmif;&ef/ qkH;jzwfcJhonfrSm/ tjcm;aom vlrxdckdufapvkdI r[kwfyg// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. bkd;bGm;ydkifqkdijyefvnf awmif;qkdaejcif;rsSom jzpfw,ff// Todk@ rGefjynfe,f xlaxvkyfief;udk twwfedkifqkH; 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;t& aqmi,ae@ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@&J@ at;csrf;pGm pnf;urf;ao0yfpGm qENjyp

=urRm/ udk,fzefwD;cGifh(Right of Self Determination)ukd w

rGefjynfe,f&wJhtxd/ &edkifonfhtaumif;qkH; enf;vrf;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fjyD;/ rGefjynfolvlx

w&yfvkH;/ nDnDnGwfnGwf/ wufwuf=uG=uG yl;aygif;yg0if=ubkd@ tav;teuf wkdufwGef;vkdygw,f//”

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 192

OuU f0g; wD;I fyg qkH;cs

(1)

(2) f;qkdcsuf(7)csufudk tpkd;&u auseyfavmufatmif vkdufavsmjcif; r&Sd onfhtwGuf/ 0rf;enf;a=umif;//

v$Jtyfa=umif;//

ekdifpHolwkd@u owif;pmq&mrsm;eSifh awG@qkH&Sif;vif;yGJ w&yfudk armfvjrdKifjrdK@ kdowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJY rdrdwdk@awmif;qkdrnfh

vGifeSihf edkfifpHolwdk@u &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonf// ifbvGifeSifhrGefpHolwkd@. &Sif;vif;wifjycsufwkd@rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf//

m;udk/ efoD;jcm;jynfaxmifpktjzpf owfrSwfay;bkd@ awmif;qkdrnfjzpfa=umif; qkH;jzwf

X=uD;ekdifvSarmif.rdef@cGef;tqkH;wGif/ rGefvlxky&d\wf=uD;u/ wcJeuf vufckyfvu =obmoHay;=uonf// xkdaemuf=uGa&mufvmaom/ vlxky&d\wf=uD;u atmuufrsm;udk/ wnDwnGwfwnf;wcJeufqkH;jzwf =uonf//

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eSifhwuG/ usqkH;oGm;aom/ 0ef=uD;rsm;udk vkyf=uHowfjzwfaomvlowform;wkd@udk Ttpnf;ta0;=uD;u/ txl;uJh&J@&Skwfcsyga=umif;// rGefwkd@. awmi

(3) rGefwkd@onf/ ArmedkfifiH&Sdwkdfif;&if;om;/ tcsif;csif;eSifh &if;eSD;nDnGwfpGm/ qufqHvkdvm; onfhtavSsmuf [email protected]&m;ojzifh awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk awmif;qkdaomfvnf;/ tpkd;&u auseyfavmufatmif vkdufavsmjcif; r&SdonfhtwGuf oD;jcm; jynfaxmifpk taeeSifh awmif;cJhaomf/ ydkrdkc&D;a&mufvdrfhrnf[lI Ttpnf;ta0;=uD;u ,lq a=umif;//

(4) txufyg qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;eSifh ywfoufI ay:aygufvmaom/ udpPrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef rGefvlrsdK;a&;&m tzGJ@(XmecsKyf) tvkyftrSKaqmiftzJG@odk@ tm%m

[lIjzpfonf// TrGefjynfolvlxk. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;t&/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@onf/ rGefoD;jcm; jynfe,f ay;&ef twdtvif;awmif;qkdvmonf udkavhvmawG@&Sd&onf//17

1947-ckeSpfatmufwkdbmv(11)&ufae@wGif/ rGeftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf=uaom edkifbvGif/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@&kH;XmecsKyfY usif;yonf// xrGefoD;jcm;jynfe,f. tus,ft0ef;udk edkifbekd

“rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. awmif;qkdcsuf(7)csufteufrS/ zqyvtpkd;&u/ tcsuf(1) (3)eSifh (4)wkd@udkom ay;jyD;/ usefta&;=uD;aom/ tcsufrsm;udkrvkdufavsmojzifh/ rGeftrsdK;om;rsm; taejzifh/ ,ckvkd wpfqifhwufI awmif;qkdvm&w,f// 1947-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv(9)&ufae@u/ rGeftrsdK;om; tpnf;t&kH;XmecsKyfwGif/ acgif;aqmifrsm; pnf;a0;=ujyD;/ atmufjrefrmedkifiH/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. e,fy,frsrG

17 1958-1962/jrefrmekdifiHa&;/pm/268

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 193

Swfwkdifrsm; txdeSifh wmifydkif;wGif 0dwkd&d,iltxd yg0ifygw,f//”

ekdifb if; wifj f//

txajz=u

dwkd@&J@rlv awmif;qkdcsuf/ (7)csufudk zqyvtwdkifyifcH tpkd;&uvkdufavsm apumrl/ tvkdr&Sdawmhbl;// rauseyfawmhbl;// rdrdwkd@&oifh

fhtzGJ@pnf;udkyg/ twkdufcH vky kdIr[kwfyg// rdrdwkd@ &oifh&xkdufwJh tcGifha&;udk awmif;qkdjcif;omjzpfw,f//

fcH =udKqkd

dk/ jrefrmekdifiHqkdif&m 0ef=uD;avmh'fpwkd0,fvf

ekdfifb

=uw,f// tus,ft0ef; twdtusajym&vSsif/ rGefoD;jcm; jynfaxmifpkonf/ taemufbufwGif ykodrf/ taemufyifv,f urf;&kd;wef;/ ajrmufbufwGif o&ufjrdK@/ ta&S@bufwGif awmifile,f ajreDukef;jrdK@&Sd r

18a

vGifeSifh rGefpHolwkd@onf/ ajrykHeSihfwuG taotcsm/ owif;axmufrsm;tm; &Sif;vycJhonf// owif;axmufrsm;. tar;rsm;udkvnf;jyefvnfajz=um;&Sif;vif;cJh=uon

“tu,fI ,cktcsdefrSm zqyv twkdifyifcH tpkd;&u/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. awmif;qkdcsuf(7)csufudk vkdufavsmcJhyg&if/ rGefvlrsdK;rsm;taejzifh auseyf=u rnfvm;// ToD;jcm; rGefjynfaxmifpke,f awmif;qkdjcif;udk jyefvnf&kwfodrf; rnfvm;//”

ufygowif;axmufwOD;.ar;jref;csufudk/ekdifbvGif/ rGefpHolwdk@u atmufygtwkdif; m;cJhonf//

“,ae@rGefvlxkrSm/ rdr

&xkdufwJh/ rGefoD;jcm;jynfaxmifpke,f&rSomauseyfawmhr,f// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@&J@ awmif;qkdcsufudk/ ,ckr&&ifvnff;/ vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcg/ qufvufawmif;qkd oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f// zqyvtzGJ@udka&m/ tjcm;rnfon

fvAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; r=umc% ajymqkdaewJh/ vlrsdK;pkwkdif; udk,fhuH=urRm udk,fzefwD;cGifh &Sd&r,fqkdwJh tjrifudk/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@u tjynfht0 axmuw,f/// ukd,fhuH=urRm udk,fzefwD;cGifhudkom rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ awmif;qkdjcif; jzpfw,f// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;u(Lord Listowel)eSifh jrefrmekdifiHbk&ifcH/ jrefrmekdifiH 0ef=uD;cskKyfwkd@xHokd@vnf;/ a=u;eef;&dkufta=umif;=um; jyD;jzpfw,f//”19

vGifeSifhedkfifpHolwkd@utxufygtwdkif;@jywfjywfom;om; ajz=um;oGm;onf//

8-1962/jrefrmekdifiHa&;/pm/268 8-1962./jrefrmekdifi

18 19519 195 Ha&;/pm/268

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 194

csufudkf y,fcs honfhtwGuf ,ckvkdrGefvlrsdK;wkd@u wkd;jrSifhI awmif;qdkvmjcif;jzpfonf// Armya'o&mZf

m; vkduf=u onf// 194 ;rS jrefr m/ tc : rGeftzq fI rGefacgif;aqmifwkd@rSm wif;rmaomtjrif oabmxm;&SdvmjyD;/ ,ckvkd atmufjrefrmekdifiH wcxla Tu fjyD; rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;wkd@ awmif;qkd

monf// rGefjynfolvlxk vlwef;pm;toD;oD; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfvmonf// wcsdefwnf;

mwGif/ b0wlvlrsdK;pkrsm;. axmufcHrSK vkdtyfa=umif;udk rGeftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u jrifv ef rGeft 194 mufwkdbmv(3)&ufwGif usif;yaom/ armfvjrdKif u&iftrsdK;om;

Gefz&ifhokd@ ekdifvSarmif/ ekdifbvGif/ rd[Hom/ rGefq&mwif/ rGefomvif;/ rGefpdefxGef;wkd@ m;

sdK;om;ta&;udk aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf// rGefu&iftrsdK;om;wkd@. a&S@vkyfief;pOf twGufnSdeSKdif;wkdifyifcJh=uonf// trsdK;om;a&;wGif rGef-u&if yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; udpP

D;eSifh aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf// u&iftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmif

ya'o&mZftaiG@toufrukefao;aom r[mvlrsdK;=uD;0g'udkudkifpGJxm;onfh/ zqyv twkdifyifcHtpdk;&onf/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. w&m;rSSswaom awmif;qkdcsuf(7)cJwkd@ rw&m; tekdif,l odrf;ykdufxm;aom/ [email protected];bGm; ydkifqkdifonfh/ e,fajra'o tm;vkH;udk/ rGefacgif;aqmifwkd@u jyefvnfawmif;qkdvmonf udkawG@&Sd&onf// 1947-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv(9)&ufae@u jyKvkyfusif;yaom/ rGefacgif;aqmifrsm; tpnf;a0; qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk/ jrefrmekdifiHqkdif&m/ 0ef=uD;avmh'fpwkd0,fvfeSifh/ jrefrmekdifiH bk&ifcH/ jrefrmekdifiH0ef=uD;cskKyfwkd@xHokd@vnf; xkdae@rSmyif/ a=u;eef;&dkuf ta=umif;=u

7-ckeSpf arv(1)&ufae@Y pwifusif;yaom/ wkdif;jynfjyK v$wfawmftpnf;a0mekdifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'udk twnfjyKjyD;/ u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;udkoGifha&; ay;vkduf=uonf// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@twGuf tcGifha&;ay;jcif; r&SdonfhtayrsdK;om; wkd@u rauseyfI ,ckvkd wpfqifhwufawmif;qkdvmonf[k qkdekdifygonf//

yv twkdifyifcH tpkd;&. rGefvlrsdK;tay: xm;&Sdaomoabmxm;udk rausey

kvkH;udk awmif;qkdvmonf[kvnf; qkdekdifonf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@onf oD;jcm;e,f xmif&ef t"du xm;awmif;qkdvm=uonf//

Jhokd@ trsdK;om;awmif;qkdcsufudk wpfqifhwuvrSmyif/ rGeftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ b0wltjcm;vlrsdK;pkrsm;eSihfvnf; r[mrdwf zGJ@ekdKif&ef enf;vrf;&Smvmonf// [email protected];om;ekdifiHa&; tcGifha&;rsm;udk awmif;qkd &

m=uonf// xkda=umifh u&iftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;eSihf ykdrdkcspf=unf&if;eSD;rSK&Sd&rsdK;om;acgif;aqmifwdk@u =udK;pm;vm=uonf//

7-ckeSpf atuwufa&mufcJh=uonf// u&iftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh rGeftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsawG@qkH=ujyD; tr

rsm;udk u&ifacgif;aqmif apmb=u

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 195

apm kd@ u& fjyD; tr m; ta f ao m; acgi uf tif xkdo ef oa f; oa tp f apmifh=unfhaeonf// rGeftrdsK;om;eSifh

&iftrsdK;om;wkd@onf/ wpfOD;udpPukd wpfOD;u axmufcHulnD=u&ef/ oabmwlnDrSK rsdK;a&;&m

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kd@rGefu&ifacgif;aqmifrsm; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;jyD;/ wOD;.ta&;udkwOD;u 0kdif;0efulnD=u&bmwl=uonf// wlnDaom tusdK;udpP&yfrsm;wGif yl;wGJ aqmif&Guf=u&efvnbmwl =uonf// xkdokd@rGef-u&if eSpfOD;eSpfzuf nDnGwfaeonfhtjzpfudk zqyvkd;&u pdk;&drf=uD;pGm rsufajcrjywf tuJcw

u&&Sdxm;=uonf[k owif;pmtoD;oD;wkd@u xkwfaz:a&;om;vm=uonf// rGefvltr rGefvlrsdK;a&;&m tzGJ@csKyfonf/ rdrdwkd@OD;aqmif qkH;jzwfawmif;qkdxm;aom/ rGefjynfe,f az:xkwfa&;twGuf/ vkH;yrf; =udK;pm;vm&awmhonf// rGefvlrsdK;rsm; aexkdifaom/ c&kdif/ jrdK@e,f/ aus;&Gma'orsm;qDodk@ uGif;qif;pnf;&kH;&ef/ wm0efcGJa0 ,l=uonf// rGefjynfe,f tjrefaz:xkwfa&; atmifjrifa&;twGuf/ ydkrdkjyif;xefaom pnf;&kH;a&;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf edkfif&ef wm0efcGJa0=uonf// a&;e,feSifhusdKuQrDe,fudk rGefocif=uD;/ rGefpHol/ edkifbvGifeSifh a'ocHacgif;aqmifrsmjzpf=uaom ekdifyef;om (0Juavmif)/ ekdif'Gwf(uGmefvSm)/ ekdif&kd;wdk@eSifh vufwGJjyD; pnf;vkH;a&;qif;usonf// rk'kHe,fudk/ edkifvSarmif/ ekdifomeSif;eSifh a'ocH acgif;aqp rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf. xkd;azgufpnf;&kH;a&; vkyfief;onf/ txl;yif atmifjrifvmonf// zqyvtpkd;&onf rsufvkH;jyL;vmonf// Tokd@ pnf;&kH;a&;vkyfief;rsm; wkd;wufatmifjriff vmonfeSifhtrSs/ zqyvtpkd;&onf/ rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pkHjzifhpwif/ &efjyK vmonf// jcdrf;ajcmufvmonf// rGefvlrsdK; a&;&mtzGJ@csKyfuvnf; tpkd;&jcdrf;ajcmufrSKudk wkef@jyef&ef jyifqif vmonf// zqyv tpkd;&uwdk;I vufeufjzifh zdeSdyf vmygu/

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 196

foGufjzifh t&Sdeft[kefwif pnf;&kH;a&; if;aeonfhtcsdefwGif wzufY rGefwkdfif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH; uvnf; tm;tifopfjzifh

if;om; tpnf;t&kH;u rGeftrsdK;om; DvmcH w&yfudkac:,l usif;yygonf// 4if;nDvmcHrSvnf; rGefjynfe,faz:xkwf&ef

OuUX rGefzkd;csdK

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TuJhokd@ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&m tzGJ@csKyfrS ajcvSrf;oGuqpkpnf;nDnGwfpGm zGJ@pnf;vm=uonf// rdrdwkd@wkdufyGJ qifcJhonfh/ wkdifjynfjyKv$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJtm; oydwfarSmufrSKa=umifh rdrdwdk@twGif; tcsif;csif; oabmuGJjym; jcm;em; cJh=ujyD;/ txkduftavSsmuf tm;enf; ,drf;,dkifvmcJhonf// tiftm;opfrsm;udk pnf&kH; odrf;oGif;I topfwzef pnf;vkH;nDnGwf tm;aumif;aom tpnf;t&kH;wck jzpfvm&ef =udK;pm; vm=uonf// 1947-ckeSpfwGif rk'kHjrdK@e,f urm0uf&GmY rGefwkdif;&nawmif;qkd a=umif; qkH;jzwf=uonf// tiftm;aumif;aom trSKaqmifopf w&yfudkvnf; jyefvnf a&G;aumufwifajrmuf=uonf//

rGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t&kH; tvkyftrSKaqmifopf

'kOuUX ekdifatmifxGef;(yi) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ekdifcsrf;rGef(urm0uf) trSKaqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm; rGefq&m[kd(urm0uf) q&mrGefzkd;pdef(urm0uf) ekdifxGef;cif(urm0uf) edkifarmif=uD; edkifpHnGef@ q&mpH&$ef;(urm0uf) wkd@jzpfonf// rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;onf/ rGefvli,frsm;udk pnf;&kH;a&;twGuf vli,faumfrwD w&yfukdvnf;zGJ@pnf;cJhonf// 4if;rGefvli,faumfrwDudk ekdifxGef;ciftm; OD;aqmifapcJhonf/ 4if;aumfrwDrS=uD;rSL;usif;yaom/ vli,fum,AvvSKyf&Sm;rSKo

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 197

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qmifrsm;/ pdwftm;ravsSmhbJ/ w&m; Oya'twGif;Y wnf&Sdaom vrf;a=umif;rsm;jzihf/ &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H=udK;yrf;

&GmvGwfausmif;wGif zGifhvSpfay;cJhonf// oifwef;jyD;qkH;aomtcg/ armfvjrdKifjrdK@ay:wGif pDwef;vSnfhvnfI rGefvli,f tiftm; jyyGJw&yfudk jyKvkyfcJhonf// rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;rS &mrnowif;pmudk (3)ywf w=udrfus rGef-jrefrm bmom (2)&yfjzifh xkwfa0cJhonf// rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;. a=uG;a=umfoHjzifh xkwfa0aom &mrnowif;pmudk taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ekdifcsrf;rGefeSifh q&m[kd wkd@u =uD;=uyf wm0efcHI xkwfa0;onf// Tokd@rGeftrsdK;om;[email protected];om;ekdifiHa&;v&atmufwkdbmv(12)&ufae@wGif/ &efukefbk&m;vrf;&Sd/ uefx&kdufwm/ ekdifrGefaxmf/ aetdrfYusif;y=uonf// tpnf;ta0; obmywdtjzpf/ rGefausmfvSuaqmif&GufjyD;/ twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfrGefatmifcspf(xkH;tkdif)uaqmif&Gufonf//20 4if;tpnf;ta0;u oabmwltwnfjyKvkdufonfh/ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;teuf ta&;ygonfh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm/

(1) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eSifhtaygif;tyg0ef=uD;rsm;usqkH;onfudk/tx

(2) 1948/ckeSpfZefem0g&DvxufaemufrusapbJ/Armjynftm;vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;ay;&efawmif;qkd a=umif;//

(3) &Srf;/u&if/ucsif/csif;/ vlrsdK;wdk@onfrdrdwkd@uH=urRmudk rdrdwkd@bmom/ zefwD;ekdifaomtcGifha&;rsm;ukd&&Sd=uonfudk0rf;omtm;&yga=umif;//rGefvlrsdK;wkd@twGuf 4if;tcGifhta&;rsdK;udk r&&Sdojzifh txl;0rf;enf; rda=umif;//

(4) ArmekdifiHt

ta&;eSifhom/t=uKH;0ifaom/tpdwftydkif;uav;tenf;i,fudkom/vkdufavsmaoma=umifh/Ttpnf;ta0;uvkH;0rauseyfa=umif;//

(5) rGefvlxktm;vkH;.w&m;ojzifh/ awmif;qkdaomvkdvm;csufrsm;udk &&Sdatmif/ rGefrsdK;cspf acgif;a

20 1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/269

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 198

tm;ay;&ef/ T

(6) ArmekdifiHawmftpkd;&u/ rGefvlxk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. awmif;qkd Of;pm;oifha=umif;//21

Sif/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. w&m;rSSswaom/ awmif;qkdcsuf vsmonfhtwGuf/ tvGefrauseyfa=umif; ay:vGif

dwkd@onfvnf;/ tjcm;wkdif;&if;om; enf;wl/ ukd,fuH=urRm mif; xif&Sm;onf// rGefjynfe,fudk r&vSsif/ &onfhtxd

aom enf;vrf;jzif qufvufawmif;qkdoGm;&ef kudk eSKd;aqmfxm;onfudk awG@&onf// rGefvli,f tzJG@pnf;onf/ trsdK;om;

ifiHa&;awmif;qkdrSKwGif/ wufwuf=uG=uGyg0ifvmonfudk avhvmawG@&Sd&onf//

wmif;qkd&efeSifh rGef&Jabmftpnf;t&kH; zGJ@pnf;&ef tqkdjyKcJh=uonf// wcsdefwnf;rSmyif/

&;twGuf/ aqmif&Guf y;&ef/ rGeftrsdK;om; wkd@tm; ppfwyfeSifh ykvdyftzGJ@wGif/ trSKxrf;cGifhjyK&ef/ oD;jcm;

a0;wpf&yfudk udsKuQrDc&kdif/ acsmif;qkHjrddK@e,f/ &GmvGwfaus;&Gm usif;ycJhonf// 4if;tpnf;ta0;wGif/ rGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t&kH;. OuUXrGefbkd;csdKu

aqmif&Guf&mwGif/ rGefvlxk ZmwdaoG;eSihf ulnD

tpnf;ta0;u wkdufwGef;yga=umif;//

csufrsm;udk tcdsefrSDjyefvnf p[lIjzpfonf// rGefvli,fwdk@. qkH;jzwfcsufudk =unfhvs(7)csufudk/ zqyvtpkd;&u rvkdufaaeonf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@onf/ rdrudkf,fzefwD;cGifhudk &vkda=uOya'abmif twGif;rSaeI/ w&m;rSswrGefjynfolvlxekd 1947-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv(16)&ufae@wGif/ usdKuQrDc&kdifvrdkif;&GmY rGefwkdkif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;.tpnf; ta0;udkusif;ycJhonf// 4if;tpnf;ta0;rS/ oD;jcm;rGefjynfe,f arGefvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf22uvnf; vrdkif;&GmY tpnf;ta0; usif;y=uonf// 4if; tpnf;ta0;rS/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. bmom/ omoem wkd;wufaarGefjynfe,f/ awmif;qkd&efwkd@eSifhywfoufIaqG;aEG;nSdeSKdif;=uonf// 1947-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv/(29)&ufae@wGif/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;u =uD;rSL;I rGeftrsdK;om;[email protected];t

23YrGefvlrsdK;wkd@.=uD;rm;aom ordkif;tpOfvmudk &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonf// wqufwnf;rSmyif/rGefvlrsdK;wkd@taejzifh/ rdrdwkd@&oifh&xkdufaom tcGifhta&;twGuf/ wkdufyGJ0if=u&ef vkdtyfa=umif; eSdK;aqmf wkdufwGef; oGm;onf// rdrdwkd@uH=urRm rdrdwkd@ udk,fwkdif zefwD;cGifh &Sdaom/ oD;jcm;rGefjynfe,f &&Sda&;twGuf/ rGefwrsdK;om;tm;vkH;pnf;vkH; nDnGwf=u&ef

21 1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/270 22 1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/271 23 1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/271

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 199

Gm;onf// 4if;tpnf;ta0;rSmyif/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;. taxGaxG t Gm;onf/

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txufy a0;rSm/ ekdifxGef;&ifu/ wGuf/ rGefvli,f t f//24

1947-c s;&GmY/ rGefwkdif;&if;o Jhonf// 4if;tpnf;t uD;aom qkH;jzwfcsufwcsdK@rSm/

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awG@(3) rfwGif;

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axmufcH&ef//

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wkdufwGef; eSdK;aqmfo

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dkif;tpOftvmt&/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ ykdifeufe,fy,fonf/ o&ufjrdK@tdk rnfolwpfOD; wpfa,mufrsSrj

mekdifiH. tvHawmfopfrSm/ tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;wkd@twGuf oD;oef@ txjzpf/ =u,fwpfvkH;pD &&SdcJh=uaomfvnf; rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@rSm/ rdrdvlrsjyKaom/ =u,fwpfvkH; r&&SdcJhonfrSm/ tvGef0rf;enf; rdw,f// ”

gtwdkif; ekdifcsrf;rGefonf/ jywfom;pGm ajym=um;oGm;onf// 4if;tpnf;t rGeftrsdK;om;wdk@. tcGifha&;rsm;udk awmif;qkd wkdufyGJ0if&eftpnf;t&kH;rsm; zJG@pnf;xlaxmif oifha=umif; tqkdjyKwifoGif;oGm;on

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24 1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/272

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 200

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z/q/y/v/ tpdk;&onfvnf; vdrfrm yg;eyfpGm enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk usifhokH;I jy\emudk udkifwG,f ajz&Sif;&ef tylwjyif; =udK;pm;vmonf// rGef-u&ifwkd@=unfndKav;pm;aom/ au/tif/,l/ OuUX=uD; apmbOD;=uD;eSifh apm0DvDausmf wkd@udk pnf;&kH;I armfvjrdKifokd@ apv$wfcJhjyefonf// 1948-ckeSpf=o*kwfv(8)&ufwGif/ u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;&kH;rS OuUX=uD; apmbOD;=uD;eSifh apm0DvDausmfwkd@ armfvjrdKifjrdK@udka&mufvmonf// OuUX=uD;apmbOD;eSifh rGef-u&ifacgifaqmifwkd@ awG@qkHaqG;aEG;=uonf// xkdaqG;aEG;yGJwGif/ OuUX=uD;apmbOD;=uD; onf/ rdrd.tjrifudk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; wifjyajymqdkoGm;onf//

jrdK@&Gmwdk@udkodrf;jyD;/ ,SOfjydKiftpdk;&w&yf zGJ@pnf;&efvnf; roifhav#mfao;a=umif;/ rdrdtaejzifh jrifa=umif;/ z/q/yv/tpdk;&tm;/ vufeuftiftm;jyjyD; rGef-u&ifwkd@ vkdvm;aeaom/ trsdK;om; ekdifiHa&; tcGifha&;rsm;udk awmif;,l&efom jzpfoifha=umif;//”

ponfjzifh tus,fw0ifh apmbOD;=uD;u &Sif;vif;wifjyonf// 4if;apmbOD;=uD;.tjrif tay: armfvjrdKif&Sdu&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh rGefacgif;aqmif rsm; jzpf=uaom ekdifvSarmif/ ekdifbvGif/ ekdifaiGodrf;/ekdifpHolwkd@u oabmwlvufcHonf// OnanSdke_dif;wkdifyifjyD; armfvjrdKifjrdK@udk(3)ykdif;/ydkif;ItkyfcsKyf=uonf// armfvjrdKif'kdif;0efuGif;ykdif;udk u&ifwyfrsmukd4if;/ a&$awmif&yfrS armifiH&yfxdudk rGefwyfrsm;u4if;/ rkyGefeSifhqdfyfurf; &yfuGufrsm;udk tpdk;&. wyfu4if;/ toD;oD; ykdif;jcm;I tkyfcsKyf=u&ef oabmwlcJhonf// 4if;tjyif/ usdKuQrDc&kdif vkHjcKHr_twGuf/ ppf0efxrf;wyf wwyfudkvnf; zGJ@pnf;&ef oabm wl =uonf// 4if;zGJ@pnf;rnfh/ ppf0efxrf;wyf wyf&if;wGif/ rGefwyfcGJwcGJ/ u&ifwyfcGJ wcGJeSifh tjcm;aom vlrsKd;rsm;yg0ifonfh wyfcGJwcGJ/ pkpkaygif; wyfcGJ(3)cGJjzifh/ zGJ@pnf;&ef oabmwl =uonf// okd@aomf z/q/y/v/ tpkd;&onf rlvuyif r&kd;om;aom/ oabmxm; &SdcJhonfh twkdif;/ wajz;ajz;/ 4if;.Zmwd&kyf ay:vmonf// rGefwyfcGJ/ u&ifwyfcGJrsm;jzifh/ zJG@pnf;rnfh/ ppf0efxrf; wyf&if;udk/ rGefwyfcGJ/ u&ifwyfcGJrsm; rygbJ tjcm;wyfrsm; jzifh zGJ@pnf; xlaxmifvmonf//

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 211

m; ay;urf; axmufyHhjyD;/ rGefeSifh u&ifwyfrsm;udk/ #dK@0Suf wkdufckduf acsrSKef; aponf// v#dK@0Suf vlowftzGJ@rsm;zGJ@I rGefacgif;aqmif/ u&if

“jynfaxmifpk jrefrmekdifiH[m/ vlOD;a& enf;wJh ekdifiHwekdifiH jzpfw,f// 'DvkdvlOD;a&;

;ek. zqyvtpkd;&onf aemufxyf jynfe,fay;&ef tvdkr&Sda=umif;udk twdtvif; usjimvkdufonf// ocifek. rdef@cGef;udk =unfhjcif;tm;jzihf/ zqyv Armacgif;aqmifrsm;. ENrSm jynfe,f ay;a&;udk vkH;0 rvkdvm;a=umif; ay:vGif xif&Sm;aeonf// &Srf;/ u,m;/

dk tuJcwf rd=uayrnf// yifvkHnDvmcHeSifh vGwfvyfa&; &csdefonf/ &ufydkif;vydkif;rS#yif tcdsefumv uGmjcm;onf// Arm

zqyv tpdk;&onf jynfol@&JabmfeSifh/ z/q/y/v/ tpkd;& vufatmufcH vufeufudkif wyfrsm;udk v#dK@0Suf/ vufeuf tiftvacgif;aqmifrsm;udk vkyf=uH owfjzwfaponf// zqyv/ tpdk;&. tvpf0ifwkdufrSK/ tvpf acsmif;ajrmif; ypfcwfrSK/ vkyf=uHrSKwkdk@a=umifh/ rGef-u&if vufeufudkfif wyfzGJ@wkd@onf/ rdrdwkd@ vkHjcKHa&; twGuf/ armfvjrdKifrS qkwfcGm cJh&onf// armfvjrdKifjrdK@rS zg;atmuf&Gmodk@4if;/ uavmhaomh/ xkH;tkdif/aumheSyf paom aus;&Gmodk@4if;/ qkwfcGmoGm;&onf// 1948-ckeSpfpufwifbmv/(2)&ufae@wGif usif;yaom wkdif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfqXr nDvmcH wGif/ 0ef=uD;csKyfocifekonf oD;jcm;jynfe,fudpPeSifh ywfoufI ekdifiHawmftpkd;&. oabmxm;udk ajym=um;cJhonf//

t& enf;yg;wJh ekdifiHwekdifiH[m/ wpk wa0;wnf; &Sdbdk@ vkdw,f/ pD;yGm;a&; t& vnf;aumif;/ umuG,fa&;t& vnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifpkudk tpdwfpdwf tjr$mjr$m cGJvdk@r&bl;// vuf&Sd &Srf;jynfe,f/ ucsifjynfe,f/ u&ifeDjynfe,f ponfjzifh cGJjcrf;rSK udkyif/ u|efawmf taejzifh &meSKef;jynfh oabmrwlbl;// 'grdk@ aemufxyf jynfe,fray;bkd@ u|efawmfwkd@ zqyv tpkd;&rSm rlcsxm;w,f//”26

ODaqucsifjynfe,frsm;udkay;cJhonfudkyif vkH;0pdwfqEN r&Sdonfudk az:n$ef;aeonf// &Srf;/ u,m;/ ucsif/ csif; ponfwkd@udk vufopf ArmudkvdkeDatmufwGif xm0&xm;vkdonfrSm ay:vGifaeonf//cGJxGufcGifhudktwdtvif; todtrSwfrjyKa=umif; tvGefxif&Sm;aaeonf// yifvkHnDvmcHY Arm acgif;aqmifrsm; ajym=um;cJhaom pum;eSifh OD;ekOD;aqmifaom zqyv acgif;aqmifwkd@. ajym=um;aom pum;rsm;wkdk@onf/ tvGef uGmjcm; aeonfudk awG@&onf// vGwfvyfa&; &jyD;aemuf zqyv acgif;aqmifwkd@. pum;onf/ AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;. tjrifeSihf xifxif &Sm;&Sm; uGJv$J aeonfu

acgif;aqmif wkd@. edkifiHa&;tjriffajymif;vJrSKu jrefqefvGef vSonf//

26 (1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/273)

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 212

Tae&mwGif yifvkHnDvmcHY ajym=um;cJhaom/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.pum;ukd tenf;i,f axmufjyI a&;om;vkdygonf//

m;vS,f AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u/ tmufygtwkdif; rdef@cGef;ajym=um;cJhjyefw,f/

dk awG@&onf// txufyg pum; eSpf&yfudk xkdyk*~dKvf eSpfOD;wkd@u ajymqkd h=uaom/ tcsdefumvudk =unfhvSsif/ atmuffygtwkdif; awG@&ayrnf/ 1947-ckeSpf zaz:0g&Dv (9)&ufeSifh 1948- ckeSpf pufwbFmv(2)&uf wdkd@jzpfonfudk awG@&ayrnf//

pum; eSpf&yfudk ajymqdkcJhonfh/ tcsdeftydkif;jcm;udk =unfhvSsif eSpfumv tm;jzifh

sdK;om;edkifiHa&; SKyf&Sm;rSKwkd@udk/ ekdifiHa&;enf;t&/ xkd;eSuf jzdKcGJekdifa&;twGuf =udK;pm;vmonf//rGeff-

1947-ckeSpf azaz:0g&Dv(9)&ufwGif qufvuf usif;yaom/ yifvkH nDvmcHwGif/ odEMDapmfbGm;u obmywdtjzpf aqmif&GufjyD;/ Armudk,fpa

“jrefrmjynfonf/ ,cktcg/ vGwfvyfa&;&jyD[k qkdekdifa=umif;/ usef&Sdaeao;aom jy\emrSm/ awmifwef; a'orsm;yif jzpfa=umif;// AD;vyfaqG;aEG;yGJY/ awmifwef; a'orsm;udk jrefrmjynfreSifh wcsdefwnf;Y/ vGGwfvyfa&;ray;Irjzpf[k rdrdajymqkd cJha=umif;// awmifwef; a'oudk/ jAdwdoSswkd@ wkduf&kduf tkyfcsKyfjcif;udk jrefrmwkd@u/ reSpfouf// awmifwef;e,fudk awmifwef; vlrsdK;u tkyfcsKyfjcif;udkom/ rdrdwkd@ vkdvm;a=umif;// jrefrmrsm;onf/ [email protected]|ef/ rjzpfvkda=umif;/ xkdenf;wl/ awmifwef; a'o rsm;vnf; jAdwdosSu|ef rjzpfapvkda=umif;// xkd@jyif awmifwef; a'orsm;onf/ jrefrmwkd@. u|ef/rjzpfapvkda=umif;//”27

txufygAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ajym=um;cJhaom pum;eSifh apwem wkd@onf/ ,ck0ef=uD;csKyf OD;ek ajym=um;aom pum;wkd@eSifh teSpfom&t&4if;/ apwemt&4if;/ rwlnD wvGJ wacsmf jzpfaeonfucJaTruGmjcm;vS/ wpfeSpf ausmfausmfrSsom &Sdonf// odk@aomf/ t"dy`g,fonf tvGefuGmjcm; vSonfudk awG@&ayrnf// Tpum;eSpf&yfudk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh/ zqyvArmacgif;aqmifrsm; rSm tprlvuyif/ &dk;om;rSKr&Sdonfh tcsufu ay:vGifxif&Sm;aeonf// [efaqmifrSKeSifh jynfheSuf aeonfudk tuJjzwfawG@ekdifonf// zqyv tpdk;&. wkdif;&if;om;tay: xm;&Sd aom/ rl0g'vrf;pOfonf/ Tokd@ajymif;vJ/ azgufjyef vmonfeSifhtwl/ wzuf wGifvnf;/ rGef-u&if trsdK;om;wkd@. trsdK;om; vSKyf&Sm;rSKudk enf;rsdK;pkHjzifh/ acsrSKef;wkdufckduf&ef t=uHxkwfvmonf// rGef-u&if trsdK;om;wkd@ pnf;vkH; nDnGwfrSKeSihf trvu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udkvkyf=uHowfjzwf&efvSsdK@0Suf=uHpnfvm=uonf// 27/AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;.vGwfvyfa&;=udK;yrf;rSKvpOfrSwfwrf;/pm/141

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 213

19 frm ekdifi f; ay;v 1/ ;

2/ pfv#if/ xkdqENrsm;udk tjrefqkH; jznfhpGrf;edkifrnfhvkyfief;pOf enf;vrf;rsm;udk a&;qGJwifjy&ef//

nf// rnfokd@aom 'ojzifh/ u&ifvlrsdK;udk jynfe,f ay;oifhonfudk pkHprf;a&;twGuf t"duxm;jcif;jzpfjyD; efeSifh&ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;ukdrl auseyf eSpfodrfhaom oabmjzifhom [efjy pkHprf;jcif;jzpfonf[k/

&if trsdK;om;rsm;udk jynfe,f ay;rnf// rGeffvlrsdK; udkrl jrefrmeSifh twlwl jzpfonf// rGef

nf; rGefvlrsdK;wOD; jzpfa=umif;udk atmufyg twdkif; ajymcJhonf//

48-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv(5)&ufae@wGif/ zqyv OD;ektpkd;&onf/ jynfaxmifpk jreHawmftpdk;& a'otvdkuf udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh pkHprf;a&; aumfr&SiftzGJ@udk zGJ@pn

kdufonf// aumfr&Sif.vkyfief;rsm;rSmatmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf// u&if/rGef/&ckdifwdkif;&if;om;wkd@. a'otvkduf udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh &vkdaomqENrsm

udkpkHprf;&ef// tu,fI xkdqENrsm;onf tajccHOya'. oabmw&m;eSifh tusKH;0ifjyD;jz

3/ tu,fI xkdqENrsm;onf tajccHOya'. oabmw&m;eSifh tusKH;r0ifcJhaomf/ xkdodk@aom tcufcJrsm;udk ausmfvGefedkifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazGay;&ef//

4/ txuf&SmazGawG@&Sdonfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk/ 'Drdkua&pDpHepft& tjrefqkH; txajrmuf atmifzefwD;ekdifrnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udka&;qGJwifjy&ef//

Taumfr&Sif. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm/ rGef/ u&if/ &ckdifvlrsdK;pkqkdif&m tcGifha&;rsm;udk ay;&ef twGuf/ pkHprf;aom aumfr&Sifjzpfonf[k/ tpkd;&u ausjimcJhonf// 'gayrJh rGef-u&if awmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf// Taumfr&Siftay: vkH;0t,kH=unf r&Sdacs// rGef-u&if vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;udk aeSmufaeS;atmif wrifwum tcsdefqGJaom oabmjzifh zGJ@pnf;aom aumfr&Sif jzpfonf[k jrif=uonf// trSefrSm Taumfr&Sifonf u&ifvlrsKd; ta&; udpPudk t"duxm; pkHprf;jcif;jzpfonf// u&ifvlrsdK;. vufeufudkfif awmfvSefa&;udk tcsdefrSD wm;qD;&eftwGuf/ u&ifjynfe,fudk ay;vkdaom oabmjzpfoarGrGefacgif;aqmif/ &ckdifacgif;aqmifwkd@u jrif=uonf// utrsdK;om;udkrl jynfe,fay;&ef roifh[laom oabmxm;rsm;uyif/ rGefvlrsdK;udk 0g;rsdKypf&ef jrefrmvlrsKd;wkd@. pdwfae oabmxm;udk odompGm az:xkwf aejyD;jzpfonf// OD;ekonf yifv#ifrGefeSifhArm twlwl jzpfonf// rdrdonfv

“rGefeJ@Arm[m/ twlwlbJ jzpfw,f// jynfe,fawmif;p&mrvkdygbl;// u|ekfyfudk,fY uyif rGefvlrsdK;wOD; jzpfygw,f// rGefjzpfjzpf/ u&ifjzpfjzpf/ &cdkifjzpfjzpf/ rnfolrqkd/ 0ef=uD;csKyfjzpfekdifwJh/ tcGifha&;awG&Sd=u w,f// 0ef=uD;csKyfawG/ tpkd;&tzGJ@ 0ef=uD; awG jzpfatmif/ =udK;pm;=u// jynfe,fawmif;p&mrvkdbl;///” 28

28 1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/289

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 214

To D;ek ajym ;ektpkd;&rS zGJ@pnf; ay;vdkufaom aumfr&Sifonf/ rGefeSifh u&ifyl;wJG awmif;qkdxm;aom

&ifekdifiH jzpf w&m;0if awmif;qkdekdifonf// ArmvlrsdK;.ordkif;udk ajAmif;jyefvSef/ ajymif;vJypf

ifonf// xdk@a=umifh ArmvlrsdK;udk =uD;rm;pGm tEW&,fjyKvmekdifonfudk Armacgif;aqmif

twGuf vkHjcKHonf

Armac sKd@wdk@Y &Sdaeao; onfudk 0rf;enf;bG,f&m awG@ae&onf//

4if; a

tpn :eSif;eSifh

dk@ OD;ekonf wkdif;jynfokd@ ajym=um; cJhonf// zqyv tpkd;&. oabmxm;vnf;/ OwJh twkdif;yif jzpfonf//

ODyl;wGJ rGef-u&if &mrnekdifiHudk ysufjy,f ap&kHru/ rGefeSifhu&if aoG;pnf; nDnGwfrSKudkyg/ jzdKcGJjcif;jzpfonf// zqyv tpdk;&onf edkifiHa&;/ ppfa&; enf;rsdK;pkHwkd@jzifh rGefu&ifwkd@. aoG;pnf; nDnGwfrSKudk4if;/ yl;wGJ ekdifiHa&; awmif;qkdrSKudk4if; ysufjym; vmatmif/ =udK;yrf; vkyfaqmifvmonf// 1947-ckeSpfuyif/ z/q/y/v/ tpkd;&onf vdrRmyg;eyfpGm ekdifiHa&;ppf jzifhxkd;eSufjyD; rGef-u&if cspf=unfa&;ukd ysufqD;atmif/ pDrHcsufrsm;csrSwf aqmif&Guf vmcJhonf// Ttcsufudk ekdifiHa&; tm;enf;aom rGef-u&if vli,frsm;u em;rvnf =ujcif;a=umifh/ ydkrdktajcae qkd;0g;vmonf// rGef-u&ifwkd@. pnf;vkH;nDnGwfjcif;onf Armrsm;twGuf =uD;rm;aom/ edkifiHa&;tEW&m,f jzpfonfudk/ z/q/y/v/acgif;aqmifrsm;u aumif;aumif; em;vnf oabmayguf=uonf// rGefvlrsKd;wkd@. bkd;bGm; ydkifqdkifcJhaom e,fajra'oonf/ txufykdif;wGif Armjynf/ o&ufjrdK@xd jzpfonf// Todk@ ckdifrmaom/ aemufcHorkdif;a=umif;/ jrifhrm;aom/ ,Ofaus;r_/ =uG,f0aom/ pmay/ pum;ponfh rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. *k%ft*FgeSifh u&ifvlrsKd;wkd@. ppfvufeuftiftm; awmfvSefa&; wyfom; tiftm;/ us,fjyef@pGm wnf&SdaomvlOD;a& ponfhu&ifvlrdsK;wkd@. *k%ft*Fgwdk@eSifh aygif;pyf nDnGwfr_onf/ ArmvlrsdK;udk tefwkekdifonf// &ifabmifwef; ,SOfjydKifekdifonf// ckdifrmaom ordkif; taxmufxm;t&/ Armjynfatmufykdif; o&ufjrdK@txd &mrn rGef-utedkrsm;u aumif;rGefpGm em;vnf oabmaygufonf// rGef-u&if aygif;pnf; nDnGwfr_onf/ ArmvlrsdK; twGuf/ =uD;rm;aom tEW&m,f jzpfonf// rGef-u&ifwkd@. pnf;vkH;nDnGwfr_/ aygif;pnf; nDnGwfr_udk ysufjym;atmif jyKvkyfekdifv#if ArmvlrsdK; tEW&m,fuif;onf [laom vGJrSm;aom t,lqw&yf&SdcJhonf//Tt,lqonf ,ae@wkdif

gif;aqmif tc

'otvdkuf udk,fykdif tkyfcsKyfcGifh pkHprf;a&; aumfr&SiftzGJ@wGif rGef ukd,fpm;vS,f rsm;tjzpf wkdif;jyKjynfjyKtrwfrsm;jzpf=uaom rGefxGef;&if/ rGefcifarmif/ rGefwdkif;&if;om;

f;t&kH;rS OuUXrGefbkd;csdK/ jynfaxmifpkrGeftrsdK;om;tzGJ@rS rGefoef;/ rGefa'rGefvlrsdK;a&;&m tzGJ@csKyfrS OuUX ekdifvSarmif wkd@yg0ifonf//

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 215

feSifh uwdopPmjyKcsufrsm;udk avhvm #if atmufygtcsuf vufrsm;udkawG@&onf//

wkdif;&if;om; rsm;onf/ ppfrSefaom 'Drkdua&pD tcGifhta&;

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rGeftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;u =udK;yrf;aqmif&Gufonf// eSpfzufaom acgif;aqmifwdk@u tylwjyif; ajz&Sif; =u&onf// r/v/&/ OuUX ekdifomeSif; (edkifvSarmif. nDt&if;)

rGeftzGJ@eSifh u&if acgif;aqmifapmwJ OD;aqmifaom u&iftzGGJ@ wkd@onf/ G;aEG;=uonf// rGefeSifh u&if=um; jzpfay:aeaom jy\em udpP&yfrsm;udk

kdifyif tajz&Sm=uonf// xkdokd@aqG;aEG; aepOfrSm/ tapmifh u&ifppfom;rsm;u/ fcwf vkduf&m/ ekdifomeSif;onf aoqkH;oGm;cJh&onf// rawmfwq ypfcwf nf// rGefu&ifwkd@. cspfcif&if;eSD;r_/ nDnGwfrSKwkd@onf ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;vmonf

f//

f axmifrS vGwfvmonf// u&ifeSifh

rEWav;axmifokd@ jyefvnf ac:aqmif vm&jyefonf// Todk@yif ekdifbvGifwdk@ ekdifiHa&; tusOf;orm;rsm;onf/ waxmif0if/ waxmifxGufjzifh ajymif;vJI axmifeef;pHcJh&onf// 1949-ckeSpf tukefwGif zqyv tpkd;&onf/ ppfwyf tvkH;t&if;eSifh rGefa'o teSH@wGif xkd;ppfqifrSKudk jyKvkyfvmonf// tpkd;&. xkd;ppfudk rGefrsdkK;cspf wyfom;rsm;u &J&J0Hh0Hh ckcH awmfvSef cJh=uonf// &GH@&GH@c|efc|ef ckcH wkdufckduf cJh=uonf// xkH;tdkif&Gm/ ppfrsufeSmwGif tpkd;&eSifh rGefrsdK;cspf vli,fwkd@ tjyif;xef wkdufyGJ jzpfyGm;cJhonf// xkdwkdufyGJwGif Zmojyif ol&Jaumif;[k trnfwGif cJhol Adkvfodef; usqkH; cJh&onf// vlrdsK;twGuf toufay; vSLoGm;onf// Akdvfodef;onf/ xkH;tdkif&Gmol/ xkH;tdkfif&Gmom;rsm; twGux aumhu&dwfwGif yl;wGJtkyfcsKyf yl;wGJaexkdifae=uaom/ rGefeSifhu&if=um;wGif tqifrajyrSK awGjzpfvmonf// wzGJ@eSifhwzGJ@tjrifr&Sif;rSKawGjzpfvmonf// 1950-ckeSpfrSm ekdifaiGodrf;eSifh tzGJ@pD;eif;vmaom um;udk jr0wDrStjyef aumhu&dwfvrf;wGif rormaom u&ifppfom; wpfpku acsmif;ajrmif; ypfcwfI ekdifaiGodrf;eSifh edkifcsrf;pdefwdk@ 'g%f&m &&SdoGm;onf// ekdifpdefausmf/ edkifodrf;armifeSifh tjcm;olrsm;rSm/ rxdrcdkufbJ vGwfajrmufoGm;onf// xkddokd@ u&ifppfom;rsm; acsm

f;. vufacsmif;rsm; &mouf acgif;aaqmifwkd@u ra

yÉdyuQ jzpfay: vmapedkfifonfh tajcaeodk@yif a&mufqdkuf vmedkifywfoufI rGefeSifhu&if vufeufudkif

OD;aqmifaom apmwJtdrfY aqaqG;aEG; wvef@jzef@I yprdonf [kqdkoudk awG@&on 1949-ckeSpfwGif tzrf;cHae&aom rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH; OuUXrGefbdk;csdKeSifh rv& OuUX ekdifvSarmifwkd@ eSpfOD;onf/ 1950-ckeSpfwGi

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q&mpdefwkd@eSifh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;cJhonf// rGefbdk;csdKeSifh ifvSarmifwkd@u tpkd;&. oabmxm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhonf// tpkd;&. oaabmxm;

Gm;onf// xkdpOf OuUX=uD; apmbOD;=uD;onf zmyGefY&Sdaeonf// tpkd;& vufxJodk@ umhu&dwfjrdK@ usoGm;onf qkdaom owif;ukd =um;od&aom apmbOD;=uD;onf/

wG@qkH&ef/ zmyGefrStvmwGif/ vrf;c&D;Y rdk;oD;xefpGm &GmoGef;ojzifh/ xDaumhul;&GmteD;/

edkifiHa&;jzpfay:wkd;wufrSKudk rsm;pGm xdckduf

uGefjrLepfwkd@. wkdufcdkufrSKa=umifh tzufzufrSm t=uyftwnf; rsdK;pkH=uKHawG@ &ifqkdfif ae&aom zqyv OD;ektpkd;&onf/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;udk tcsdKenf; jzifh owfedkifatmif =udK;pm; vmonf// axmifrS vGwfvkdufaom OuUX=uD; rGefbkd;csdK eSifh OuUX=uD; edkfifvSarmifwkd@udk zqyv tpdk;&u toHk;cs vdkufonf// zqyv tpdk;&. wm0ef ay;csuft&/ rGefbdk;csdKeSifh edkifvSarmifwkd@onf/ yiaus;&Gmodk@ oGm;a&mufI/ 4if;aus;&GmY ppfXmecsKyfjyK tckdiftrm wyfpGJxm;aom/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;rS acgif;aqmif ekdifatmifxGef;/ ekdifcsrf;rGef/ ekdrSm/ vufeufcsvSsif/ vGwfjidrf; csrf;om;cGifhay;rnf// 'Drdkua&pD tcGifha&;rsm;udk ay;rnf jzpfonf// xdkodk@aqG;aEG;csdefrSm/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyfrS ekdifaiGodrf;vnf; &Sdaeonf// edkifaiGodef;onf/ udk,fa&; udk,fwm ta=umif;udpP wcka=umifh rGefwdkif;&if;om; tzGJ@csKyf pcef;/ wnf&Sd&m yi&GmwGif a&mufaecsdefjzpfonf// xkd@a=umifh ekdifatmifxGef;/ ekdifcsrf;rGef/ q&mpdefeSifh ekdifaiGodrf;wkd@onf vma&muf aqG;aEG;aom OuUX=uD;eSpfOD;wdk@eSifh aqG;aeGl;nSdeSKdif;=ujyD; atmufygtwdkif; tpdk;&xHokd@ jyefvnfta=umif;=um;cJhonf//

(rGefjynfe,fudkay;ygu/ vufeufcsrnf) [k OuUX=uD;eSpfOD;rSwqifhzqyvtpdk;&odk@ ta=umif;jyef=um;cJhonf// zqyvtpdk;&onf vufeufcsv#if/ vGwfjidrfcsrf;om cGifhay;rnf [laom rludkom vufqkyf udkifxm;onf// rGefjynfe,fay;v#if vufeufudkif vrf;pOfudk pGef@rnf[laom rGeftrsddK;om; acgif;aqmif wkd@. awmif;qkdcsufudk vkH;0 tav;teufxm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;cJhjcif; r&Sdacs// 1950-ckeSpf =o*kwfv(1)&ufae@wGif aumhu&dwf ppfrsufeSmodk@ tpkd;&xkd;ppfqifvmonf/ (4)&ufajrmufaom ae@wGif aumhu&dwfjrdK@udk/ rGef-u&[email protected];&u odrf;ydkuf&&Sd oaouFef;nDaemifwGif/ rGef-u&if/ yl;wGJppfa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&; zGifhvSpf xm;&Sda&;twGuf zmyGefrS ouFef;nDaemifokd@ qif;vmonf// xkdodk@ouFef;nDaemifY rGefu&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh aprf;a&vsSHI/ apmbOD;=uD;eSifh tzGJ@wkd@onf/ c&D;rqufekdifbJ &yfem;ae&onf// xkdae&mY apmbOD;=uD;wdk@tzGJ@ckdvSKHaepOf Tta=umif;ukd trsdK;om;opPmazguf u&ifwpfpku tpkd;& wyfxHokd@owif;ay;/ ta=umif;=um;cJhonf// 4if;owif;ay;aom/ trsdK;om; opPmazguf u&ifwkd@. vrf;jyrSKjzifh/ AkdkvfpdefvGif/wyf=uyf=uD;armifat;/ OD;pD;aomtpkd;&wyfu vkdufvH wkdufckduf&m/ 1950-ckeSpf=o*kwfv(12)&ufwGif apmbOD;=uD;eSifhtaygif;tyg/ apmpHau;eSifh u&ifwyfom;rsm;usqkH;cJh&onf// OuUX=uD;apmbOD;=uD; usqkH;jcif;onf/ wdkif;jynftwGuf =uD;rm;pGm epfemqkH;&SKH;oGm;onf// jrefrmedkifiH.

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 228

OuUX=uD;apmbOD;. ajym=um;bl;aom/ pum;udkaxmufjyvkdygonf//

paom tcsufvufwkd@a=umifh/ jynfe,f &p&m&Sdv#if rGefwkd@omv#if &oifh/

oGm;apcJhonf// xkd@twl rGef-u&if pnf;vkH; nDnGwfa&; twGufvnf; rsm;pGmtusdK; qkwf,kwf apcJhonf// zqyv tpkd;&onf wzufwGif/ ppfa&; xkd;ppfqifvmouJhodk@ wzufwGifvnf; ekdifiHa&; xkd;ppf qifvmonf/ 1951-ckeSpfwGif/ zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya' jyifqifcsuf (1951-ckeSpf tufOya'26)t&/ oHvGifc&kdifudk/ yxrtm;jzifh/ u&ifjynfe,ftjzpf owfrSwfvkduf onf// rGefvlrsdK;udk jynfe,f ray;bJ vspfvsL&SK xm;cJhonf// OD;ek/z/q/y/v tpkd;&. u&ifvlrsdK;udk jynfe,f ay;jyD;/ rGefvlrsdK;udk jynfe,fray;a&; oabmxm;onf/ rGef-u&if pnf;vkH; nDnGwfrSKudk jzdKcGJypf&ef &nf&G,fcsufw&yf tjzpfygcJhonf// rGefvlrsdK;udk eSdrfjyD; u&iftrdsK;om;rsm;udk ydkrdkxkd;pG tm;ay;ovkdjzpfaponf// rGefvlrsdK;udk jynfe,fray;bJ xm;onfhtjyif/ u&ifjynfe,fxJokd@ ordkif;tpOfvm =uD;rm;cJhaom/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@. e,fajr a'o aus;&Gmrsm;udkyg/ wkd;csJ@I xnfhoGif;ay;&ef =udK;pm; aqmif&Gufvmjyefonf// rGef-u&ifwkd@. aygif;pnf; nDnGwfr_/ cspf=unf&if;eSD;r_udk/ wrifuGJjym;atmif ekdifiHa&; xkd;ppf/ qifvmjcif; jzpfonf[k rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;u pGyfpGJ ajymqkdonf// u&ifjynfe,f &&SdjyD; rGefjynfe,f r&&Sdojzifh/ u&if vlrsdK;wkd@u/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ tay: txifao; tjrifao; jzpfvmonf// zqyv tpkd;&. rGef-u&if nDnGwfa&;tm; jzdKcGJa&; ekdifiHa&;xkd;ppfonf atmifjrifonf[k qkd&ayrnf// rGef-u&if acgif;aqmifrsm;/ ,cif rlvu xm;&SdcJJh=uaom *wdrsm;udk/ u&if trsdK;om;wkd@u arhaysmufvm=uonf// Tae&mwGif/ u&iftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmif=uD;/

“rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSm cdkifrmaom aemufcHordkif;a=umif;&Sdjcif;/ jrifhrm;aom ,Ofaus;r_ &Sdjcif;/ tvGefckdifrm uspfvpfjyd; =uG,f0wJh/ a&S;usonfhpmay/ teynmwdk@&Sdjcif;

&xkdufygw,f// tJ'D tcgus&ifom/ u|efawmfwkd@ u&ifvlrsdK;udk rarh=uzkd@/ uGsefawmfajymcsifygw,f//”

txufyg pum;udk OuUX=uD; apmbOD;onf r=umc% qkdovkd rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh ekdifbvGiftm; ajymbl; ygonf// TOuUX =uD;apmbOD;. pum;udk udk;um;jyD;/ OuUX=uD; ekdifa&$usifvnf;/ rSwfrSwf&& r=umc% qdkovkd rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ukd jyefvnfajymjywwfonf// apmbOD;=uD;. txufpum;udk axmufxm;jcif; tm;jzifh rGefvlrsdK;wkdk@onf/ u&if trsdK;om;wkd@xuf/ jynfe,f&oifh &xkdufonfrSm xif&Sm;onf// Tpum;onf tajcrJh ajymjcif;r[kwf/ ta=umif;&mckdifvkHrSKeSihf ,kwWd&SdrSKtay: tajccHajymjcif;jzpfonf// odk@aomf

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1951-c frEWav;axmifrSvGwfajrmufvmonf//

f;jzpfonf// efukefjrdK@e,f/ e,fedrdwf twGif;wGif aexkdif&onf// rnfonfh e,fajr a'ookd@ rSroGm;

;aygif;vkdpdwf wzGm;zGm;jzpfaeonf// okd@aomfrdrdudk tmrcHcsufay;xm;aom/ oludkiJhuGuf

fudk pkd;&drf&jyefonf// xkdacwf xdkdcsdefwGif aiG(3000)qkd onfrSm nf;vSaom aiGr[kwfyg// xkdacwf a&$wusyfom;/ aiG(150-200)usyfaps; eSKef;jzifh

zqyv/ Armacgif;aqmifrsm; wkd@onf/ OuUX=uD; apmbOD;=uD; axmufjyaom tcsufudk ZGwfrsufaphrSdwf ypfy,fjyD;/ rGefvlrsdK;udk jynfe,fray;bJ vSspfvsL&SKxm;cJhonf//

keSpfekd0bFmv(28)&ufae@wGif ekdifbvGifonaxmifxJhY (3)eSpfeD;yg; aexkdifcJh&onf// ,ck vGwfvmonf[k qkd&aomfvnf;/ uif;uif; &Sif;&Sif;tpkd;&u ekdifbvGifudk v$wfvkdufonf r[kwfyg// ajccsKyfjzifh v$wfvkdufjcif;jzpfonf/ &efukefjrdK@ e,fedrdwftwGif;/ weSpf aumif;rGefpGm aexkdif&rnf// tmrcHaiG (3000)usyf ay;jyD; aumif;rGefpGm aeygrnfqkdaom/ 0efcHcsufjzifh axmifrS vGwfajrmufvmjci&&acs// oGm;vkdaomf/ c&kdif0efxH/ cGifhyefjyD;rS oGm;cGifh&Sdonf// tu,fI azgufzsufcJhv#if tmrcHolu xkdtmrcHaiG(3000)udk tpkd;&tm; ay;av#mf&ygonf// ekdifbvGifukdtmrcHcsuf ay;olrSm/ u'kd;&GmrS rGefukefonf ekdifboGifjzpfonf// axmifrS vGwfajrmufvmv#if/ vGwfajrmufvmcsif;/ ekdifbvGifonf wcgwnf;yif/ awmodk@oGm;vkd pdwf&Sdonf// wae@w&ufrS &efukefjrdK@wGif raevkd/ rdrdwkd@. &Jabmftaygif;oif;rsm;&Sd&m awmodk@om wcgwnf;wef;IoGm;vkdpdwf&Sdonf// rdrdaxmifxJY aecJJh&aom (3)eSpf twGif;umvwGif/ jyify avmuY rsm;pGm ajymif;vJ oGm;onfudk/ ekdifbvGif wa,muf/ aumif;rGefpGm tuJcwf rdonf// rdrd. awmfvSefa&; &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;udk pkHprf;aomtcg/ tm;vkH;vkdvkdonf/ awmokd@a&mufae=ujyD; jzpfonf// ekdifaiGodrf;/ ekdifxGef;odef;/ edkfifxGef;pdef/ ekdifatmifxGef;/ ekdifcsrf;rGef/ ekdifqdwfekd@/ Akdvfausmif wdk@u awmwGif;odk@ a&mufaejyD;jzpfonf// OuUX=uD; ekdifvSarmifeSifh OuUX=uD;ekdifbkd;csdKwkd@rS wyg;/ tm;vkH;vkdvkd awmokd@ a&mufae =ujyD;jzpfonf// vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;udk/ twdtvif; pwifaejyD; jzpfonf// edkifbvGifonf rdrd&Jabmfrsm;&Sd&mokd@ oGm;a&muf yl&ao;onf// rddrd0efcHxm;onfhtwkdif;raeI azgufzsufcJhv#if/ tmrcHxm;olu rdrdtwGuf aiGav#mfa=u; ay;&rnewGufv#if tvGef wefbkd;=uD;onf[k qkd&ayrnf// xkda=umifhawmokd@ csufcsif;oGm;vkdaom pdwfudk edkifbvGifwpfa,mufonf/ ,m,Dtm;jzifh/ azsmufzsufxm; vkduf&onf// EkdifbvGifonftkwfeDvrf;/ A[ef;&yfuGuf&Sdrdrd. oli,fcsif; tdrfwtdrfwGifacwW,m,D/ rSDckdaexkdfif&onff// Tokd@ajccsKyfjzifh &efukefjrdK@wGif aepOfrSmyif/ rdrdaxmifxJY aecJh&onfh (3)eSpfumv tawmtwGif;/ jzpfay: ajymif;vJ vmaom/ ekdifiHa&; tajctae/ wkdif;jynf. tajctae/ vkyfaz:udkifzufwkd@. tajctaewkd@udk

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 230

f//

jyefvnf pOf;pm; vmrdonf// yxrOD;pGm/ zqyv tpdkk;&. ekdifiHa&; xkd;eSufrSK a=umifh/ rGef/u&if pnf;vkH; nDnGwfrSK jydKuGJpjyKvmonfudk awG@&onf// ekdifaiGodrf;wkd@ vltkyfpkudk u&if vlwpku acsmif;ajrmif; ypfcwfcJhonf// txifjrifvGJrSm;jyD; u&if ppfom;. ypfowf jcif;udk edkifomeSif; wa,muf cHvkduf&onf// xkdxuf 0rf;enf;p&m aumif;onfrSm/ u&if trsdK;om; acgif;aqmif=uD; apmbOD;=uD; wkdufyGJwGif usqkH;oGm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ apmbOD;=uD; aoqkH;oGm;jcif;onf/ rGef-u&if cspf=unfa&;twGuf/ =uD;rm;aom qkH;&SKH;rSK wpf&yfjzpfcJhonf// xkd@twl jrefrmekdifiHtwGufvnf; tvGef=uD;rm;aom/ qkH;&SKH;rSK wpf&yf jzpfonfudk atmufygtwkdif; ekdifbvGifonf0rf;enf;pGmekwfygpyfrS nD;wGm; ajymqkdrdon

“The untimely deaths of General Aung San and Saw Ba U Gyi were the two greatest disasters of modern Burmese History”.29

“acwfopf jrefrm ekdifiHa&; ordkif;rSm/ tcsdefapmjyD;/ AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;eSifh apmbOD;=uD;wkd@ acgif;aqmifeSpfOD; aoqkH;oGm;rSK[m /jrefrmhekdifiH twGuf rsm;pGm epfem qkH;&SKH; apcJhw,f//”

[kekdifbvGifu rSwfcsufcscJhonf// au/tif/,l/ OuUX=uD; apmbOD;=uD; usqkH;uG,fvGefjyD; aemufykdif;wGif rGef-u&ifwkd@. cspfcif &if;eSD;rSKonf ykdrdkjyD; ododomom/ ysufjym;vmonf udk ekdifbvGif tuJcwfrdonf// ekdifbvGifonf rdrdaxmifxJY &Sdaeonfh tcsdefumv tawmtwGif;wGif/ ajymif;vJjzpfay: vmaom/ jrefrmedkfifiH. ekdifiHa&; tajctaeeSifh rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. trsdK;om;edkifiHa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSK jzpf&yfrsm;wkd@udk avhvm okH;oyfjyD;aemuf (TheMon National Question and Creation of Mon State)pmwef;ukd jyKpka&;om;cJhonf// (qpPvefjynfaxmifpHepf udk

tajccHonf[kqkdxm;onf/)

The Mon National Question And Creation Of A Mon State

A Statement issued by Nai Ba Lwin, President of The Mon Freedom League, Burma. December, 1951 A.D. Aspirations Of A Forgotten Race The Burmese, Shan, Kachin, Chin, Karen and Kayah members of grantedd indigenous races of the Union of Burma have had or has recently been granted regional autonomy by

29 Mon Nationalism and Civil War In Burma.P.114

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 231

rical Background probably about 600 B. C., the Mon-Khmer sub-family migratred from Monglolia in a

o be almost 3000 years old and it is not see their precious heritage decay and

st. The present Government of Burma is making an attempt to have the Tripitakas

The Mon, who had a strong and unshakable historical background at present has no autonomous rights of any sort. The various Mon political organizations have been

or under the Constitution. The Arakanese and Mon members however, who unlike the others are bereft of the common rights are working hard in order to induce the Government to accede to their requests by publishing their aspirations in the public press recently.

HistoInsoutherly direction. By about 300 B. C. they have already founded the Kingdom of Haripunjaya in the north with Lamphun as capital and the Kingdom of Dvaravati with Lopburi as capital in the south in the valley of the Menam River within the area of the present day Thailand. An octagonal pillar bearing ancient Mon inscriptions, discovered at Lopburi, can now be seen at the Vajiranana Library in Bangkok. In the area of the present day Tenasserim Dvision, they founded another Suvannabhumi Kingdom with modern day Thaton as capital. The Khmers who were the founders of the Cambodian Kingdom are still the leaders of the Indo-China peninsular. The Mon in Burma proper colonised Lower Burma and established the Kingdom of Hamsavati. I 1757 A. D. the last Mon King Binya Dala lost his kingdom to the Burmese. Since then the Mons have been dominated by other powers for well high 194 years.

Language, Literature And Culture

Mon Language, Literature and Culture can claim turprising that the Mons should have no desire tos

lotranslated into Burmese, but the Tripitakas in Mon has been in existence for hundreds of years. Historians have recorded that the Burmese obtained their alphabets from the Mons during the reign of Anawrata. In this country, although we find that the inhabitants had migrated from the north, culture and fine arts found and are finding their way northwards from the south.

Resistance To Race Assimilation

History has shown us time and again that races with a strong cultural and territorial background have always successfully resisted any attempt at assimilation by other races; and it is worhy of serious consideration. The Turkish assimilators, by devious and devilish means endeavoured to assimilate the Balkan races for hundreds of years, but failed miserably: the Tsarist-Russian Russifiesrs and Prussian Germanizers tried over 120 years to absorb the Poles but it was in vain. The Czechs too came under the same treatment for 300 years and have successfully resisted being engulfed. Thus history has proved that any attempt at a solution of racial problem by force or assimilation always resulted in defeat.

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 232

wor rettable to record that s. Wit a serio ity Com

Karen Mon Relation ld Burmese and Mon writings declare that the civilised man is made up of 101 races; of

hose who use the Frog Drums. The Mons and Karens lived in peace in Hamsavati for many centuries. The

ous Mons who have served this country throughout her istory, in the field of literature, culture and mutual security, it is to be sincerely hoped

d.

ll an, Italian and French members of the country; in 1937, without cal strength of a community, the 44, 000 strong Romansch race in

granted full autonomy and Romansch was made the ry.

ny Government in power n this country should follow the practices of true tatesment and be able to give s nous races within this country.

king very hard to obtain their rights by democratic means. It is reg the indifference of those in power has misled many Mons to take up unlawful meanh honest intent and sincere heart, I would earnestly urge those in power to makeus attempt to solve this problem through the Regional Autonomy Enqumission at an early date.

Owhich 60 were Foreigners, 30 Shans, 7 Burmese and 4 Mons. The 4 Mon clans were Mon Daung, Mon De, Mon Nya and Mon Du. The last - Mon Du - is really the present day Karens. The Pali word "Du" read with a Mon tone sounded the word for a "Frog" and Mon Du was the name given to t Karens too like the Burmese obtained their alphabets from the Mons and such Karen writings are still in use in some of the Karen Areas. So we see that it is not possible to leave the Karens out when considering the Mon problem, nor it is wise to take up the Karen problem and overlook the Mons. The Government has so far found a solution to the Karen problem, but has not even given out any hint on the Mon question. In deference to the varihthat an amicable solution satisfactory to both the Mons and Burmese wil be foun

Practices In Progressive Nations In the truly democratic Swiss Commonwealth, in addition to affording fu

autonomy to the Germonsidering the numeric

the Canton of Granbuendern wasourth offficial language of the countf

American Ambassador, Josesph E. Davies in his 'Missin to Moscow says: "Every unit in the Soviet Union uses its own language in its schools and law ourts, with Russian the second and also compulsory language. Of the 180-odd natinal c

units, several had no written language of their own till the Soviet orientalists creatd them. Central Asia has served as a great school for young Russsian administrators. Even here, literacy, starting practically from scratch with the revolution, has been brought up to 70.6 per cent."

A S atisfaction to all the indige Let us work till peace is attained: Nai Ba Lwin President, Mon Freedom League, (Camp Rangoon) Dated December, 1951 A. D.

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 233

m;jcif;jzpfonf// tvGefxufjrufaom if;pmwef;onf t*Fvdyfbmomrsm;jzifh/ a&;om;x4

tawGG;tac:/ t,lqrsm;yg&Sdonf// 4if;pmwef;ukd zwf&_jcif;tm;jzifh/ ekkdifbvGif. t*Fvdyf bmom/ ta&;om;wGif rnfr#u|rf;usif ajymifajrmufonfudkfvnf;/ tuJcwf ekdifygonf// rnfrSsA[kokweSifhjynfhpkHonfudkvnf;awG@jrifekdifonf//

tjyif wcgw&H udsKufoDrGefausmif;wGifvnf; oGm;a&muf

m usL&Sif ay;cJhonf// &efukefj oifwkdufrSm oGm;a&mufI

&&Sdaom tc0ifaiGonf/ trsm;qkH; vv#i aiG(25)

0ifaiGjzifh kHavmufatmif/ acGswmI aexkdifvmcJhonf// pm;0wfae a&;twGuf tekdifekdif&atmif

kd@r#rjzpfekdifay// weSpfwm apmifh&rnfqkdaom tcsdefuvnf; ekdifbvGiftwGuf tvGef

“rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@onf/ jynfaxmifpk tajccHOya' yk'fr(199)t&/ jynfe,fopf xlaxmifcGifh &&Sdonfh tavsSmuf/ rGefjynfe,f xlaxmifcGihf ay;apvkdonf//

1951-ckeSpf'DZbFmv&ufpG ifh ekdifbvGifu vufrSwf a&;xkd;xm;aom/ 4if;pmwef;ukd/ tpkd;&t=uD;uJrsm;/ ekdifiHjcm;oH&kH;oHrSL;rsm; owif;pm wkduf toD;oD;okd@ ydk@cJhonf// ekdifbvGifonf ajccsKyf yk'frjzifh rdrdae&aomumv tawmwGif;wGif rGeftrsdK;om;a&;twGuf rdrdwwfedkifor#wkd@udk =udK;pm;aqmif&GufcJhonf// ekdifbvGifonf/ oli,fcsif;tdrf

JeSifh rGefvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@OuUX taejz

rSDcdk aexkdifonf// xkdodk@ weSpfwmqkdaom tmrcHumv ukefqkH;&ef apmifhqkdfif;aepOf okH;p&dwf eSifh pm;p&dwf &vkd&jim;/ qkdaom&nf&G,fcsufjzifh/ ekdifbvGifonf t*Fvdyfpt

rdK@&Sd/ anmifwkef; bkef;=uD;ausmif;pmusL&Sif ay;onf// ausmif;om;rsm;rSm urm0ufrSS OD;Zif; OD;=obmovnf; wOD;tyg0if jzpfonf// OD;=obo(bDat)onf/ aemifwGif awmif=uD;jrdK@ ygVdwuUokdvf ausmif;tkyf jzpfvmonf// xkdtcsdefumvu ekdifbvGiff. usL&SifrS w f usyf/ (30)usyfom &&Sdonf// xkdaiGjzifh aexkdif pm;aomuf p&dwftwGuf tokH;jyK &onf// ekdifbvGifonfaq;vdyfaomufwwfonff// aq;wHvnf; aomufwwfonf// t&ufaopm udkrl raomufwwfacs// uGrf;,mvnf; pm;avh pm;xr&dSacs// rdrd&&Sdaomvpkaqmif;&SmazG ae&aom ekdifbvGifonf rdrd0ifaiGjzifh pkaqmif;jyD; tmrcHaiGukd ay;&efrnf o=umanmif; vSonf[k xifonf// awmfvSefa&; e,fajrokd@om oGm;vkdpdwf wzGm;zGm; jzpfay:I aeonf odk@aomf tajctaeu ray;ao;I oGm;vkdaom pdwfqENudk acwWc% rdsK;odyfhxm;vkduf&onf//

1951-ckeSpf 'DZbFmv(24)&ufae@wGif zqyvtpkd;&rS zGJ@pnf;xm;aom/ a'otvkduf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh pkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sif. tzGJ@0ifwOD;jzpfol/ rGefpdef'kdifu rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. vkdvm;csufrsm;eSifhywfoufI atmufyg tpD&ifcHpm wpfapmifudk aumfr&Sif obmywdxH wifoGif;cJhonf//

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 234

jzifhv

ou

f; onf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ t S cGJxGuf&ef tvkdqEN

omfvnf; au

kHprf;a&; aumfr&Sif tpD&ifcHpm rxGufvmrSDrSmyif/ 1952-ckeSpf Zefe0g&Dv(14)&ufY/ nmpmwrf; wapmif xGuf

uD;onf/ jrefrmhedkifiHY tvGeftiftm; jynfolvlxk tvGef=unfndK av;pm;aom

a&;=uD;onfh monf//

“ekdifiHawmftpkd;&onf jynfe,fopfrsm; vkdtyfygu zefwD;ay;ekdifonfh vlxkqEN

jcm;vlrsdK;wkd@ qGJiifaoG;aqmif

rGefjynfe,f aumifpDudk usdKuQrDc&kdifeSifh oxkHc&kdif udk,fpm;vS,ftrwf tm;vkH; nf;aumif;/ ekdifiHawmf orRwu a&G;cs,fcef@xm;aom/ trwfr[kwfonfh/

yk*~dKvfrsm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ zGJ@pnf;apvkdonf/ jynfol@ vGwfawmf twGuf/ vlOD;a&eSihf trwfOD;a& tcsKd;tpm;udk u&ifeDjynfe,ftwGuf owfrSwfxm;

Jhokd@ rGefjynfe,f twGufvnf; owfrSwf xm;&Sdapvkdonf// vlrsdK;pk v$wfawmfwGif/ u&ifeDjynfe,ftwGuf trwfokH;OD; owfrSwfay;xm;ouJhokd@ rGefjynfe,ftwGufvnf;/ vkdtyfonfhtrwfOD;a& owfrSwfay;&ef wkdufwGe

aejzifh rnfonfhtcgrS jynfaxmifpkrr&Sdyg// tajccHOya'yg jynfe,f aumifpDwkd@u jyKvkyfekdifonfh/ jynfe,f Oya'jyK pm&if;t& cGifhjyKxm;aom tcGifhtm%mudk rGefvlrsdK; wkd@vufcH&ef tqifoifh &Sdonf// a&G;aumufyGJjyD;onfhaemuf/ yxrt=udrfusif;yaom rGefjynfe,f ,m,D aumifpD tpnf;ta0;wGif aumifpDtrwfrsm;xJrS/ yk*~dKvfrsm;jzifh a

mif;/ aumifpDtrwf r[kwfolrsm;jzihf vnf;aumif;/ rGefjynfe,f tpkd;&udk tjcm;jynfe,frsm; enf;wl zGJ@pnf;ap&ef vkdtyfyg onf// ,ck aemufqkH; usif;y rnfh ,m,DygvDrefwGif rSGefjynfe,f xlaxmifa&; tufOya' jzpfvmap&ef a'o tvkdufudk,fykdif tkyfcsKyfcGifh pkHprf;a&; aumfr&Siftm; t=uHay; vkdygonf//”30

txufygtwkdif; ekdifpdef'kdifonf &Snfvsm;pGm &Sif;vif; wifjycJhonf// udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh p&efukefjrdK@ '*kefoHCmawmf tzGJ@csKyf=uD;. arwWm&yfcHcsuf a=uvmonf// &efukefjrdK@ '*kHoHCmawmf tzGJ@csKyf==uD;rm;aom oHCmtzGJ@pnf; jzpfonf// jrefrmoHCmtzGJ@pnf;wpf&yfjzpfygonf/ 4if;a=unm pmwrf;wGif atmufaz:jyyg toabmxm;tcsufvufrsm;ygv

t& a&;qGJ xm;onfh jynfaxmifpk tajccHOya'/ yk'fr(199)udk &kdao av;pm; aom tm;jzifh/ rGefvlxk=uD; wpf&yfvkH;u txl;vkdvm; awmif;wvsuf &Sdonfh rGefjynfe,fudk/ pDpOfay;&ef '*kefoHCmawmf tzGJ@csKyfrS txl;arwWm &yfcHygonf// auseyfrSK r&&Sdaom rGefuJhokd@ vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;onf t&mokd@ tvG,fwul ygekdifojzihf/ jynfaxmifpk=uD;tzkd@ rnfrsS ab;tEW&m,f jzpfapekdifonfudk txl;csJ@xGif ajymqkd&ef rvkday// vGefcJhonfh av;eSpfausmfrS

30 (rGefjynfe,fzefwD;a&;jy\em/ File No. 5 RAC. 48(M), Mon Affairs, NAD)

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 235

fjynfe,f xlaxmif ay;oifha=umif; tpkd;&tm; tav;teuf wkdufwGef; vkdufonf//”31

a'otvdkuf udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfcGifh pkHprf;a&; aumfr&SifxHodk@ rGeftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;/

lrsm; pfa=umif;// Tvlrsm;udk rGefArm[lI trsm;u ac:a0: orkwf=ua=umif;//

pI ,ckwkdifatmif jzpfyGm; aeonfh jynfe,f qlylrSK=uD;u/ oufaocH vsuf&Sd onf rGeflvlxkudpPudk tjcm;vlwkd@ qENt& r[kwfrlbJ/ rGefvlxk qENt&/ jzpfajrmufrS omvSsif jyD;ajrmuf atmifjrifrnf jzpfonf// rGefvlrsdK; wkd@onf/ wpfxD;wpfeef; pkd;rdk; tkyfcsKyfaom/ vlrsdK;jzpfI wpfxD;wpfeef; awmif;qkd ekdifaomfvnf; jynfaxmifpk0if jynfe,fudkom awmif;qkdcJhonf// jynfaxmifpk jrefrmekdifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya' tcef;(10)t& jynfaxmifpkrS cGJxGufcGifh&Sdaomfvnf; rGefwkd@onf cGJxGuf&ef vkH;0rvkdvm;bJ// Arm/&Srf;/ u&if/ ucsif/ csif;/ u,m; tp&Sdonfwkd@eSifh twlwuG jynfaxmifpk=uD; xJwGif tpOftjrJ aevkd=uolrsm;jzpfygonf// xkda=umifh rGe

txufyg &efukefjrdK@ '*kHoHCm tzGJ@csKyf=uD;. xkwfjyef a=ujimcsufonf tvGefta&;yg t&ma&mufaom arwWm&yfcHcsuf jzpfonf// '*kHoHCm tzGJ@csKyfonf jrefrmekdifiHwckvkH;u tvGeftav;xm;aom/ jrefrmh oHCmtzGJ@pnf; w&yfjzpfonf// xkdkkodk@tvGef ta&;yg t&ma&mufjyD; tiftm; =uD;rm;aom jrefrmhoHCm tzGJ@. arwWm&yfcHcsuf xkwfjyef ausjimcsufudkyif/ zqyv tpdk;&onf/ tenf;i,frsSyif tav;teuf xm;cJhjcif; r&SdcJhay// *&krpdkuf vspfvsL&SkcJhonf//

eSifhrGeftzGJ@pnf;rsm;rS awmif;qkdcsuf toD;oD; wifjy=uonf// Tokd@ wifjyvmaom rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;eSifh ywfoufI pkHprf; a&;aumfr&Sifu 4if;. oabmxm;udk xkwfjyefausnmcJhonf// 4if;xkwfjyefcsufwGif/

“,ckacwf atmufjrefrmekdifiHY aexkdif=uaom/ vltrsm; wkd@onf/ rGefppfppf/ Armppfppf[k rqdkekdifa=umif;// ArmeSifh rGefa&mpyfI ay:aygufvmaom/ vjz4if;wkd@onf trsm;tm;jzifh/ rGefpum; rajymwwfa=umif;// rGefpum; ajymwwf onfh rGefvlrsdK; aexkdifonfh a'oudkom pkaygif;jyD; rGefjynfe,f xlaxmif ay;&vSsif/ weoFm&Dwkdif;Y acsmif;qkH jrdK@e,f/ usdKuQrD jrdK@e,f/ usdKufra&m jrdK@e,f/ rk'kHjrdK@e,f/a&;jrdK@rsm;om yg0ifrnf[k aumfr&Sifu oabm&onf[k az:jyxm;

'*kefrGefoHCmawmftzJG@csKyf=uD;.arwWm&yfcHcsufa=unmpmwrf; No. 5 RAC. 48(M), Mon Affairs, NAD.

31 File

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 236

onf// TuJhokd@ ao;i,faom jynfe,fonf/ jynfaxmifpk=uD;tm; rnfonfh enf;eSifhrSs/ taxmuftyHh tultnD ay;ekdifrnf r[kwfonfhtjyif/ jynfaxmifpk =uD;/ tiftm; ,kwfavsmh aprnfom jzpfonf[k aumufcsufcs wifjyxm; onf//”

ufygtajctjrpfr&Sd/ ,kwWdrwefaom/ pkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sif. tpD&ifcHpmtay: rGefvf/ vkH;0 rauseyfcJh=uacs// trsdK;rsdK; qENNjy uef@uGufcJh=uonf//

tx lxk on 1952-c f azaz:0g&Dv (19)&ufwGif awmwGif;&Sd jyef@usJ aeaom rGefvufeufudkif

ftrsdK;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk)udk ,m,D @pnf;xm;=u onf// rGeftrsdK;om;nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk zGJ@pnf;&mwGif/ rGefvufeufudkfif

tif uG nDn &; tw f// rGeft (7)a

keSptiftm;pkrsm;wkd@onf/ awmifayguf&Gm ta&S@ydkif;/ edkifxGef;wif. zcif aetdrfY vma&muf pkpnf;=uonf// (7)a'orS ppfa&;/ ekdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm; pkHpkH nDnD pka0; a&mufvm =uonf// pka0; a&muf&Sdvmaom/ xkd(7)a'orS ppfa&; ekdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifwdk@onf/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. a'o toD;oD;wGif jzpfay: aeaom edkiffiHa&;/ ppfa&;udpP t&yf&yfwkd@udk a=ua=u vnfvnf aqG;aEG;nSdKeSKdif; wkdifyif=uonf// wckwnf;aom nDnGwfrSK &Sdonfh tzGJ@pnf;w&yfudkzGJ@pnf;&ef oabmwlnDrSK &vmonf// a'otoD;oD;rS ppfa&; ekdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifwkd@. oabmwlnDrSKjzifh (rGezGJ

tm;pk (7)a'orS ppfa&;edkifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;u pdwfa&mudk,fyg wufwuf=uG=D nGwfnGwf qENjyK yg0ifvmonf// T wyfaygif;pkonf/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; zGJ@pnf;aGuf/ jyifqifrSKrsm; jyKvkyf&ef/ ta&;ygaom a&S@ajy; tzGJ@pnf; w&yf jzpfonrsdK;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pkudkzGJ@@pnf;pOfyg0ifcJhaom/

'orS ppfa&; edkifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm/ dkifxGef;armif(aumh'Gwfa'o) 1/e

2/ekdifatmifxGef;/ edkcsrf;rGef(yia'o) 3/Akdv4/edki5/ekdi6/Akdv7/edkfi wkd@jz ef;/ edkifodrf;armif/ rd[Hom rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;rS edkifatmifxGef;/ edkifcsrf;rGef/ q&mpdef/

f&mZ(urm0ufa'o) fpdefausmf/Akdvfa&$&if(aumhbdef;a'o) fodrf;armif/Akdvffrif;ekdif(oxkHa'o) favm/(a&;awmifydkif;a'o)

farmif/edkifaomif;/(vrdkif;awmifyGefa'o)

pfonf// 4if;tpnf;a0;wGif rGefvlrsdK;a&;&m tzGJ@csKyfrS ekdifaiGodrf;/ ekdifxGef;od

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 237

edkifx edkifxGef;wif aumh'Gwf&Gm edkifxGef;armif tkyfpkrS Akdv nf// Twyfaygif;pk. A[kd XmcsKyfudk xif;&l;&GmY zGifhvSpf xm;&Sd&ef oabmwl =uonf// efftrsdK;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk. ,m,DOuUXrSm ekdifaiGodef;eSifh twGif;a&;rSL;rSm

faom ekdifaiGodrf;xHokd@tmrcHaiGtwGuf ay;ekdifygu/ ay;&ef ma&;awmif;onf// edkifaiGodef;wkd@uvnf; aiGa=u; tvGefvdkdtyfaeaom umvjzpfonf//

Jhonf// 'gayrJh ekdifbvGifudkrl awmodk@ tjrefqkH; a&mufatmif aqmif&Guf&ef vkdtyfonf[kvnf; acgif;aqmifrsm;u jrif= f ay;q xkda ef ay;v ff &efu mrSS v$w uf 0rf;omjzpfrddonf// csufcsif;yif awmodk@ vkdufoGm;vkdpdwfjzpfvmonf// okd@aomf rnfokd@ oGm f// &JpHka kdif &OD; ifh oGm W&m,f uif;onfukd t=uHOm%f &vmonf// ekdifbvGifeSifh/ ekdifoef;wifwkd@ pfOD;onf/ a&;jrKd@odk@oGm;rnfh/ pufavSjzifhoGm;&efqkH;jzwf=uonf// pufavS owif;rsm;udk/

umvwGif ,ckacwf avmuf/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;rsm; r&Sdao;acs// &JpkHaxmuf enf;enf;yg;yg;om &Sdao;onf/

G,f wulyif udk,fazsmufI

Gef;cif/ rGefq&m[kd =umtif; qdyf=uD;rSfwifh acgif;aqmifaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ pkHpkHnDnD wufa&muf yg0if cJh=uo

rGekdifxGef;odef;wkd@ jzpfonf// ekdifbvGifonf/ xkdokd@ awmwGif;wGif jzpfay: ajymif;vJ vmonfh tajctaeudk =um;od &aomtcg/ &efukefjrdK@Y qufvuf raevkdawmhay/ awmodk@om oGm;vkd pdwfwzGm;zGm; jzpfay:aeonf// rdrd.tmrcHaiGudk ay;avSsmfjyD; awmodk@ wcgwnf;oGm;vkdonf// xkda=umifh ,m,Dwyfaygif;pk. OuUXjzppekdifbvGif awmif;vmaom tmrcHaiGudk ray;ekdifaom tajctaewGif &Sdaeonf/ awmfvSefa&;pwifp/ aiGa=u;uvnf;vkHavmufr_r&Sd/ vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf 0,f,l&ef twGuf/ ykdIyifaiGa=u;u vkdaeao;onf// xkda=umifh ekdifbvGif awmif;vmaom aiGudk ekdifaiGodef;wkd@u ray;edkifcJhacs/ 0rf;enf;pGm ta=umif;jyef=um; c

uonf// tmrcHaiGukdrl aemifajyvnfaom wcsdefcsdefwGif/ edkifboGif tm;jyefvnyf&ef t=uHHOm%f&vm=uonf//

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 240

Jhokd@yif/ Tyk*~dKvf wkd@onf/ vufawG@ ekdifiHa&;udk avhvmcJhonfh tpkd;& t&m&Sd=uD; wpfOD; eSpfOD;wkd@. xifjrif ,lqcsuf rSsom

ponfh tcsufvufrsm;pGmyg&Sdaom/ acsycsuf pmwrf;&Snf wpfapmifukd ekdifpdef'kdif;u wi a'o D; aem uf ae@ pmifxkwfcJhygonf//

tzJG@pnf;rS a0zefxm; ourjzpfonf// touf=uD;&ifhI acwfrrSDaom/ rGefvl=uD; wpfOD;eSpfODwkd@. ,lqcsuf onf/ ,ckkacwfrGefjynfolvlxktaygif;.,lqcsuf[k rqdkekdifyg// a'otvkduf ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh pkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sifudk taotcsmavhvmvSsif rGeftzGJ@pnf; toD;oD;u wifajrSmuf xm;aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; ryg&Sdjcif;// jynfol vlxkrS/ 4if;wkd@ pdwf=udKuf udk,fwkdif a&G;cs,fxm;onfh/ rGefudk,fpm;vS,f jynfhjynfhpkHpkHrygcJhonfudkawG@&ayrnf//tpkd;&rSrdrdpdwf=udKuf a&G;cs,fcef@xm;onfh/ udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;jzifhom zGJ@pnf; xm;onfudk avhvm awG@&Sd &ygonf// a'o tvkduf ukd,fykdif tkyfcsKyfcGifh pkHprf;a&; aumfr&Sif rzGJ@pnf;rD rGefbkd;csdKeSifh ocifek awG@qkHpOf/ rGefbkd;csdKuaumfr&SifwGif/ zqyveSifh qufoG,fxm;aom rGeftzGJ@rS vlrsm;udkomvSsif yg0ifcGifhjyKygu rGefudpPjyD;ajrmufekdif&efcJ,Of;a=umif; wifjycJh&m ocifeku xkdokd@rjzpfap&yg/ tjcm;aom rGeftzGJ@pnf;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkyg xnfhoGif; ay;ygrnf[k ajym=um;cJhygonf// okd@aomf/ aumfr&SiftzGJ@ukd avhvm =unfhvSsif/ rGeftzGJ@toD;oD;rS wifajrSmufxm;aom/ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; jynfhjynfh pkHpkH ryg&Sdonfudk awG@&onf// Tokd@ zGJ@pnf;xm;aom ,ck vuf&Sd aumfr&Sif tzGJ@0ifrsm;u rGefjynfe,fudk tvkdr&Sdyg[k ajymqkdygu/ xkdokd@ ajymqkdjcif;onf/ rGefjynfol vlxk=uD; w&yfvkH;. qEN tppftrSefudk ukd,fpm;jyKonf[k rqdk ekdifyg//”32

foGif; cJhygonf//

tvkduf udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh pkHprf;a&; aumfr&Sif. aemufqkH;tpD&ifpm xGufvmjyuf rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH; OuUX/rGefbkd;csdKu/ 1952-ckeSpf pufwifbmv(9)&pGJjzifh/ a=unmcsuf wpfa

“a'otvkduf ukd,fykdif tkyfcsKyfcGifh pkHprf;a&; aumfr&Sifonf/ rGefjynfe,fudpPudk taotcsm ravhvm rprf;ppfygbJ/ uwkdufu&kduf pkHprf;jyD; qkH;jzwfcsuf jyKvkyf cJhonfudk awG@&onf// TuJhokd@ aumfr&SifrS uwkdufu&kduf qkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwf

32 (1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/281) (rGefjynfe,fudpP/wyfrawmfarmfuGef;wkduf/ DR. 1126.)

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958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/281) 33 (1

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1953-c Sif. aem fudk v_di ef v ; aumfr&Sifu/ =umtifjrdK@e,f/ aumhu&dwfjrdK@e,f vSKdif;bJG@ bm;tHeSifh oHawmifjrdK@wkd@udk

y;cJhpOfuyif/ rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;u vkH;0oabm

Gef,Ofaus; odrffarG@ol wOD;jzpfonf// 0wfpm; qif,ifrSKwGifvnf; tvGef yd&daoof//tvGefpnf;urf;&Sdonf//Todk@aomtrltusifha=umifh edkifbvGi

btrnfemrrSonf/ ekdifa&$usif[laom trnfemrokd@ ajymif;vJ jzpfay:vm&onf[laom t,lqudk u|efawmfonfyif vufcHekdifonf/// ,kwWdwefonf[k ,lqonf// edkfifa&$usif awmokd@ jyefvnfa&muf &Sdvmjcif;onf/ rGefawmfvSefa&;twGuf wtm;jzpfapcJhonf// acgif;aqmifaumif;wOD;/ vlawmfwa,muf xyfrHwdk;vmjcif; jzpfonf/ rGefawmfvSefa&; twGuf tiftm;udk ydkrdkawmihfwif;apvmonf// ekdifbvGif awmokd@ a&mufonfh tcsdefwGif/ rGefacgif;aqmif=um;Y ulrifwef(w&kwfjzL)eSifh ywfoufI tjrifrwlaom/ tkyfpkeSpfpk jzpfay:aeonf// ulrifwef tiftm;pkeSifh yl;aygif; vufwGJ vkdaomtzGJ@eSifh ryl;aygif;vkdaom tzGJ@[lI eSpftkyfpk &Sdaeonf/// ekdifaiGodrf;/ ekdifodrf;armif/ ekdifxGef;odef;paom yxrwef; acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh wkdif;acgif;aqmif jzpf=u aom/ ekdifoef;wif/ ekdifyef;omwkd@u ulrifwefeSifh yl;aygif;vkdpdwf vkH;0r&Sdacs// ulrifwefeSifh yl;aygif;jcif;tm;jzihf ppfa&; tultnDeSifh vufeufcJ,rf; tultnD &edkifonf[laom/ arsSmfvifhcsufeSifh ekdifqdwfekd@eSifhtzGJ@wkd@vudkvnf; vkH;0rarsSmfvifholjzpfonf// ekdifbvGifonf awmodk@ a&mufI r=umcifrSmyif/ z/q/y/v/ tpdk;&onf/ =uD;rm;aom/ ppfqifa&; w&yfukd/ rGefwkd@bufokd@ pwif jyKvkyfvmonf// 1953-ckeSpf Zefe0g&DvwGif rGefrdsK;cspf awmfvxcJvqt

keSpfwGif zqyvtpkd;&onf a dk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh/pkHprf;a&;aumfr&ufqkH; tpD&ifcH pmudk/ taxmufxm; jyKjyD;/ oHvGifc&kdif wnf&Sd&m u&ifjynfe,f;bJG@/ bm;tH/ aumhu&dwf/ =umtif; qdyf=uD;/ oHawmifjrdK@e,f wdk@jzifh wkd;csJ@ zGJ@pnf;&

GwfawmfrS wqifh Oya' jyXmef;ay;cJhonf// a'otvkduf ukd,fykdif tkyfcsKyfcGifh pkHprf;a&

'otvkduf/u

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 244

rwlcJh=u fjynfol v / 4i f;/ u f/ r f onf/ *sD/pD/bD/at/ acgif;aqmif=uD; wOD;jzpfonf// ekdifcspfvSKdif. ekdifiHa&;=udK;yrf;aqmif&Guf

uonf// edkifcspfvSKdif. ukd,fusdK;pGef@ tepfemcHrSK/ rmwrsdK;om;vkH; vGwfajrmufa&; twGuf/ ae@rtm; nrtm; =udK;yrf;vSKyfaqmf

Gefbk&ifrsm; tkyfpkd;cJhom rkdif; taxmuftxm; tckdifrm&SdcJhonfudkyif todrSwfrjyK/ vspfv#L&SKvm=uonf//

acs// tjyif;txef uef@uGufcJhonf// okd@aomf zqyv tpkd;&onf/ rGe

lxk. qENudk vkH;0*&krjyK vspfvsL&SkcJhonf// u&ifjynfe,ftjzpf wkd;csJ@ zGJ@pnf;vkdufaomf;a'orsm;wGif rGefaus;&Gm=uD; tajrmuftjrm; (Oyrm/ xkH;tkdif/ Zmojyif/ aumhbdeHeD/ c&m;aus;&Gm) yg&Sd aeojzifh/ Oya'=urf;udkf twnfjyK&ef v$wfawmfokd@ wifoGif;pO

GefrsdK;cspfacgif;aqmif wpfOD;jzpfol ekdifcspfv_difu tjyif;txef uef@uGufcJhonf// ekdifcspfv_di

csuf rsm;a=umifh jrefrmedKifiH jynfol/ jynfom;wkd@ trsdK;om; ekdifiHa&; edk;=um;x=uG vm cJhonf// e,fcsJ@ pdwf"gwf wuf=uG cJh=uonf// ekdifcspfvSKdifudk/ *sDpDbDat orw OD;cspfv_dif [lI 4if; o&zl raqmif;aombk&if( King Without Crown ) [lI4if;/ jrefrmjynfol vlxkrsm;u *k%fjyK ac:a0: okH;eSKef; cJh=Apnf;&kH;rSK/ ajymifajrmufaom ekdifiHa&; OD;aqmifrSK e,fcsJ@tm; &J0Hhjywfom;pGm ta&;qkd&JrSK/ &ufa&mpGm ay;urf;pGef@=uJrSK wkd@a=umifh/ jrefrmekdifiHjynfolvlxk. tvGef=unfnkd cH&aom yk*~dKvfwOD; jzpfvmonf// jrefrmjynfol/ jynfom;rsm;onf/ ekdifcspfv_diftm; tvGef=unfnkd =uojzifh ekdifcspfv_dif oGm;av&mwGif jrefrmh trsdK;orD;rsm;u/ rdrdwkd@ qHyifudkyif jzef@cif;I edkfifcspfv_diftm; eif;a&SmufapcJh=uonf// TuJhokd@ wdkif;jynfeSifh vlrsdK;twGuf/ rdrdb0udk jrKyfeSH aqmif&GufcJhonfh/ jrefrmhedkifiH. vGwfvyfa&; ydokum wpfOD; jzpfaom/ ekdifcspfvSKdif. wifjycsufudkyif vkH;0 *&kpkdufbJ/ u&ifjynfe,f xJokd@ rGefaus;&Gm ajrmufrsm;pGmudk xnfhoGif; ay;cJhonf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ tvGef 0rf;enf; bG,f&m cHpm;cJh&onf// zqyv tpkd;&onf/ rGefvlrsdK;tay:/ txifjrif ao;pGm aqmif&GufcJhonf// atmuf jrefrmekdifiH/ o&ufjrdK@txd rorGefvlrsdK;udk/ vuf0g; wjym;pm jynfe,fay; &rnfudkyif/ wGef@qkwf ae=uonf// zqyv acgif;aqmifrsm;Y tjrif usOf;ajrmif;cJh=uonf// jrefrmvlrsdK;wkd@tm; tudsK;jyKcJhbl;onfh rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. *k%faus;Zl; rsm;udkyif zqyv tpkd;&onf vkH;0 axmufxm; nSmwmjcif; r&SdcJhonfudkawG@&onf// atmufyg tckdiftrm &SdcJhaom ordkif; rSwfwrf;udkyif/ zqyv tpkd;&onf/ vspfvsL&SKcJhonf//

“pifppf/ *sDpDbDatacwfrSpI jrefrmhekdifiHa&;=udK;yrf;rSK wpfavSsmufvkH;wGif rGef/ Arm/

&ckdif paom/ wkdif;&if;om; tm;vkH;. ta&;Y/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@onf/ OD;pD; acgif;aqmif jyKcJh=uonf//”34

34 (1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/259)

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 245

nf/ wrifwum rGefeSifh u&ifvlrsdK;wkd@. DnGwfa&;udk wkdufzsufjcif; jzpfonf// rGefvlxkeSifhu&if vlxkwkd@udk &efwkduf ay;jcif; jzpf

rGefjynfe,ftpkd;&tzGGJ@

Zqyv tpdk;&onf/ rGefjynfe,fudkrlray;bJxm;onfhtjyif/ u&ifjynfe,fudk/ rGefaus;&Gm ajrmufrsm;pGm yg0ifapjyD; wkd@csJ@ zGJ@pnf;ay;jcif;ononf [kvnf;/ rGeftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifwkd@u tpdk;&tm; pGyfpGJcJh=uonf// rGefu&ifwkdk@ nDnGwfr_udk4if;/ =uD;rm;aom vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;ukd4if;/ jzdKcGJ&ef OD;ek/z/q/y/v tpkd;&u ekdifiHa&;/ ppfa&;jzifh tjyif;txef/ xkd;eSufvmonf// aoG;cJG tkyfcsKyfr_enf pHepfudk usifhokH;jyD; rGefu&if aoG;pnf;nDnGwfr_udk acszsufypf&ef =udK;pm;aeonfudk aumif;aumif; tuJcwfrdonf// rGefjynfol vlxk. qENudk vspfvsL&SKjyD;/ rGefjynfe,f ray;onfh zqyv tpkd;&.vkyfaqmifcsufudkwkH@jyefaomtm;jzifh/1953-ckeSpfrwfv(27)&ufwGifrGeftrsdK;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk acgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ 0Jcrd pcef;Yyif pnf;a0; =ujyD; rGefjynfe,f tpkd;&tzGJ@/ zGJ@pnf; xlaxmifa=umif;udk ausjimcJhonf//

ifjcif;eSifh u&iftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh trsm;qkH;/ xdawG@ &if;eSD;cJhbl;ol jzpfonfudk

OuUX/ ekdfifatmifxGef;/ 'k/OuUX ekdifxGef;armif/ ekdifiHjcm;a&;wm0efcH ekdifaiGodrf;/ umuG,fa&;wm0efcH ekdifa&$usif/ jynfxJa&;eSifhw&m;a&;Xmewm0efcH/ ekdfifatmifwifh/ b¾ma&;Xmewm0efcH/ ekdifqdwfedk@/ taxGaxGwm0efcH q&m[kd/

wkd@tm;a&G;cs,fwm0efay;=uonf// ekdifa&$usiftm; umuG,fa&; Xmeudk ay;tyfjcif;rSm edkifa&$usifonf/ t*Fvdyf a&wyfwGif/ tr_xrf;aqmif xm;cJhbl;aom/ tawG@=uKHudk ta=umif;jyKjyD; a&G;cs,f wm0efay;onf[k qkdekdif ygonf// xkd@okd@ rGefjynfe,f tpkd;& zGJ@pnf; vkdufjyD;aemufwGif/ u&iftrsdK;om; aumfol;av; tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ (au*sDyD)/ (au*sDyD/ u&iftrsdK;om; tpkd;&udk/ 1949-ckeSpf/ ZGefv/ 14/&ufrSmzGJ@pnf;cJhonf)eSifhaqG;aEG;&ef rGefjynfe,ftpkd;&u ekdfifa&$usiftm; a&G;cs,f wm0efay;cJh jyefonf// ekdifa&$usifonf/ t*Fvdyfvkd ydkfifekdifpGm ajymqkdekdifjcif;/ a&;om; ekdta=umif;jyKI/ a&G;cs,fwm0ef ay;onf[k qkd&ayrnf// 4if;rGefudk,fpm;vS,f tzGJ@wGif/ ekdifodrf;armif/ edkfifxGef;cif wkd@yg0ifcJhonf// u&iftrsdK;om; aumfol;av; tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ &kH;pdkuf&m/ zgyGefjrdK@okkd@ oGm;a&mufjyD;/ u&iftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifeSifh awG@qkH aqG;aEG;cJh=u onf// xkdodk@ eSpfzufaom tpkd;&tzGJ@wkd@ awG@qkH aqG;aEG;jyD;aemuf yl;wGJ ausjimcsuf wapmifudk 1953-ckeSpfZlvdkifv(6)rSm/ xkwfjyefcJhonf//

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 246

mfvjrdKifjrdK@ yef;bJwef;&yf OD;omnif; "rR&kHwGif efacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf=uaom/ ekdifxGef;0if;/ rGefbdk;csdK/ ekdifvSarmif/ ekdiftkef;armif/ rGefpdef'kdif

wGuf rGefacgif;aqmifvl=uD;rsm; aqmif&Gufay;&ef// (3) 1 Spftuf Oya'trSwf(41)udk jyifqifay;jcif;jzifh/ ,cifu/ weoFm&D

96/ t& udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& (&mrnjynfe,f) [k ac Gifaprnf//

zqyv tpkd;&. u&ifjynfe,fudk xlaxmif ay;jyD;/ rGefjynfe,fudk rxlaxmif ay;onfh tay: jynfwGif;&Sd rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh rGefjynfol vlxkwdk@u vkH;0 rauseyf jzpf=uonf// zqyvtpkd;&tm; txl;yift,kHt=unfr&Sd jzpfvm=uonf// zqyvtpdk;&rS aqmif&Guf ay;aom/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;rSK rsm;eSifh vkH;0 rauseyf=uacs// tjcm;aom wkdif;&if;om; nDaemifbGm;rsm; uJhokd@ jynfe,f w&yfudkom tvkd&Sd=uonf// tpkd;&. aqmif&Gufcsuf tay: &Skwfcs uef@uGuf=uonf// xkda=umifh rGefjynfol vlxk wpf&yfvkH;onf rGefjynfe,f taumifxnfay:vmonfhtxd/ jidrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;jzifh/zqyv tpkd;&tm;qufvuf wkdufyGJ0if oGm;&ef =udK;pm;=ujyefonf// 1954-ckeSpf Zefe0g&Dv(28)&ufwGif arrGwkd@rS =uD;rSL;jyD; rGeftrsdK;om;nDvmcHtpnf;a0; wpf&yfudk ac:,lusif;ycJhonf// 4if;nDvmcH tpnf;a0;=uD;rS 0ef=uD;csKyfxH wifjy awmif;qkdrnfh atmufyg qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk wnD wnGwfwnf qkH;jzwfcJh=uonf//

(1) usdKuQrD c&dkifeSifh/ oxkHc&dkif rGefacgif;aqmif vl=uD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;rS/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrm ekdifiHawmf zGJ@pnf; tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH Oya' ed'gef;eSifh yk'fr(13)eSifhtnD/ u&if vlrsdK;rsm;udk ekdifiHa&; cHpm;cGifh ay;onfeSifh wlrsSpGm/ rGefvlrsdK;rsm;udk ay;zdk@ tpkd;&tm; awmif;qkdonf//

(2) tu,fI u&if vlrsdK;rsm;udk ay;onfh ekdifiHa&; cHpm;cGifhrsm;udk rGefwkd@tm; wlrSspGm ay;vsSif ekdifiHawmftm; ykefuefaeonfh rGefvufeufukdif tzGJ@pnf;rS tpkvkduf vufeufcsa&;t

951-ckewkdif;[k ac:wGifcJhaom a'oudk jynfaxmifpk tzGJ@0if e,fwpfe,ftjzpf yg0if zGJ@pnf;&rnf// xkdjynfaxmifpk tzGJ@0ifudk aemifwGif jynfaxmifpk tajccH Oya'yk'fr92(1)/93/94/95eSifh

:w(4) ,cktcg u&ifjynfe,ftwGif; xnfhoGif; ay;vkdufonfh rGefaus;&Gm rsm;rS/

rdrdwkd@. tkd;tdrf/ ajr,m wkd@udk pGef@cGmI armfvjrdKifjrdK@wGif/ vma&muf ckdvSKH aexkdifol rGef'kuQonf (20000)cef@ &Sdae&m/ 4if;wkd@. touftkd;tdrf pnf;pdrf udk ekdifiHawmf tpkd;&u umuG,f apmifha&Smuf ay;yg&ef/ TnDvmcHrS awmif;qdkonf//

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Sif tpD&ifcHpmonf/ rGefeSifh u&if trsdK;om;wkd@. vkdvm; awmif;qkdcsufrsm;eSihf qe@fusifaeonf//

txufy ekdifxGef;0if;/ ekdiftkef;a&efukefjr fh azaz:0g pf=udrf/ eSpf=udrf wkdifwkdif pOf/ rGefu zG@Jonf/ rGefnDvmcHrS qkH;jzwfc DvmcH tqdkjyK csufrsm; f[k *wdjyKcJhonf//

f&ef/ u&ifacgif;aqmifvl=uD; ref;0if;armiftm; wm0ef $JtyfcJhonf// okd@aomf Tawmif;qkdcsufeSifh ywfoufjyD; tpdk;& taejzifh tav;eufxm;

*sife&,facsmif uyif 4if;wkd@ utrfwDwyfrsm; r=umcif jrefrmekdifiHrS xGufcGm oGm;&awmhrnfjzpfa=umif; ajymjyonf//

(5) ,cktcg/ usdKuQrD c&kdifeSifh oxkH c&kdifrsm;wGif touf

tkd;tdrf pnf;pdrf vkHjcKHrSK r&Sdygojzifh/ ekdifiHawmf tpkd;&u tumtuG,f ay;yg&ef/ T nDvmcHrS awmif;qkdonf//

(6) a'otvkduf udk,fykdif tkyfcsKyfcGifh pkHprf;a&;aumfr&

g awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk ekdifiHawmf0ef=uD;csKyfxH wifjy awmif;qkd&ef/ rmif/ ekdifvSarmif/ rGefpdef'kdifwkd@ yg0ifaom rGefudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@wpfzGJ@udk a&G;cs,fI dK@odk@ apv$wfcJhonf// rGefukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@onf/ ekdifiHawmf 0ef=uD;csKyf OD;ekeSi&Dv(18)&ufae@wGif wpf=udrf/ azaz:0g&Dv(22)&ufae@wGif wawG@qkHaqG;aEG;cJhonf// Todk@awG@qkH kd,fpm;vS,ftsufrsm;ukd 0ef=uD;csKyftm; wifjycJhygonf// 0ef=uD;csKyfOD;eku rGefneSifh rGefa&;&m udpP&yfrsm;udk tav;teufxm; pOf;pm;ay;rn

4if;udpPudk tav;teuf aqmif&Guvaqmif&GufcJhonfudk rawG@&acs// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. rGefjynfe,f xlaxmifa&; =udK;yrf;csuf udk/ zqyv tpkd;&onf vkdufavsmjcif;r&SdbJ/ aemufxyf jynfe,f ray;a&; oabmxm; twkdif; tckdiftrm &yfwnfcJhonf// 1954-ckeSpfY jrefrm tpkd;&onf/ jrefrm ekdifiHwGif;okd@ usL;ausmf 0ifa&muf aeaom (autrfwD)w&kwfjzL wyfrsm;udk jrefrmekdifiHrS tjrefqkH; xGufoGm;atmif/ ukvor*~rS ta&;,l aqmif&Gufay;yg&ef wkdif=um;cJhonf// (au/trf/wD/)wyfrsm; jrefrmekdifiHrS qkwfcGm oGm;&rnfh tajcaejzpfay:vmonf// au/trf/wD/acgif;aqmifu/ wkdif0rf;odk@ rxGufcGmrD/ rGef-u&if acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh awG@qkH aqG;aEG;vkda=umif; zdwfac: cJhonf// 1954-ckeSpf rwfv (3)&ufae@wGif jr0wDY awG@qkH=u&ef csdef;qkdxm;=uonf// rGefukd,fpm;vS,f tzGJ@udk/ ekdifa&$usiftm; acgif;aqmif apjyD; tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm/ ekdifaiGodrf;/ edkifxGef;cif wkd@ yg0ifonf// autrfwDrS/ *sife&,facsmif wufa&muf vmonf//ardrdwkd@ xkdif0rfokd@ jyefa&mufaomtcg/ rGefeSihfu&ifta&; udpPudk/ xkdif0rftpdk;&xHodk@ wifjy ay;rnf jzpfa=umif;// xkdxdkdif0rf tpkd;&rS wqifh tar&duH tpkd;&eSifh nSdeSKdif; wkdifyifjyD; ukv or*~odk@ rGef-u&ifudpPudk wifjyay;ekdif&ef rdrdwkd@=udK;pm; ay;rnfjzpfa=umif; ajymyg onf// xkdokd@ rdrdwdk@ taejzifh/ =udK;yrf; ulnDekdif&ef/ rGef-u&ifwkd@eSifh r[mrdwf pmcsKyf/ csKyfxm;&ef vkdtyf onf[k ajymvmonf// edkifa&$usifwkd@ rGefukd,fpm;vS,f tzGJ@u/

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 248

JjzpfoGm;onf//

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au f =uo ekdifc oifwef;jyq&mwkd@u wm0ef,l o kd@cs oi dk@cs ay;r %f,lI aj

fjzpfw,f// rGefppfom; rsm;[m/ txl;ojzihf/ v,form; b0u

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efoltm; wkdufckduf vdkfwJhpdwf/ jyif;xef vm=uw,f// trsdK;om;ta&;udk fvkd@ ,ckvkdrvGJ ra&Smif

fiHa&;&nfrSef;csufudk/ tjyif;xefqkH;aom enf;vrf;jzifh qufvuf taumifxnfaz: vkyfaqmifjcif;om jzpfw,f/ qkdwJh oabmw&m;udk em;vnf oabmayguf vm=uw,f//

r[mrdwftjzpf vufrSwf xkd;&ef jiif;qef cJhonf// rGefeSifh r[mrdwfzGJ@&ef autrfwDwkd@. &nf&G,fcsufonf/ taumifxnf ray:b 1954-ckeSpfwGif/ rGeftrsdK;om; vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; twGuf/ awmfvSefaom rGeftrsdK;om; wyfrawmf w&yf/ wnfaqmuf&ef/ txl; tylwjyif; vkdtyf vmonf[k jrif=uonf// rxrOD;qkH; rGeftrsdK;om; awmfvSefa&;udk wm0ef,l vkyfaqmif oGm;ekdifrnfh aau'grsm;udk arG;jrL&ef twGuf/ awmifayguf pcef;wGif ekdifa&$usif/ ekdifodrf;armif/ ekdifaiGodrf;/ ekdifyef;om/ ekdifoef4

smif;udk/udsKuRa&meSihf aumhu&dwf jrdK@e,fqkH&m yef;&yfaus;&GmwGif zGGihfvSpf&ef owfrSwnf//

srf;rGef/ ekdifodrf;armif/ ekdifa&$usifeSifh ulrifwefrS if=um; =urnfjzpfonf// ekdifa&$usifu awmfvSefa&;ppf/ oabmw&m; oifwef;udk yf=um;ay;jyD;/ ppfa&;AsL[menf;ynmudkrl/ ulrifwefoifwef;rSL;u wm0ef,lynfjzpfonf// Toifwef;eSifh ywfoufjyD; ekdifa&$usifonf atmufygtwkdif; *k

ymqkdwwfonf//

“rGefvufeufudkif wyfawG/ ol@a'oeJ@ol/ ole,fajreJ@ol jzpfjyD; jyef@=uJ aeonfh tjzpfrS/ wpfckwnf;aom rGGeftrsdK;om; vufeufudkif tzGJ@tpnf; jzpf&ef =udK;yrf;wJh tcsdevm=uw,f// tcsdK@u/ &mbmjcpf orm;b0u vm=uw,f// tcsdK@usawmhvJ/ wpfae@vkyf wpfae@pm;wJh tvkyform; b0u vm=uwmrsm; w,f// ynmwwf enf;w,f/ 'ga=umifh 'kd@oifwef; q&mawG taeeJ@/ olwdk@em;vnf vG,fulatmif/ pum;vkH; vG,fvG,f uav;awGudkokH;jyD; oif=um;ay;&w,f// 'DvkdeJ@ppfom;awG/ olwdk@&J@ zdeSdyfcH ab&Oya'abmiftwGif;rSm/ at;at;aq;aq; raqmif&Gufekdiom vufeufudkif vm&wJh ta=umif;udk em;vnf vm=uw,f// vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;onf/rjyD;jywfao;aom/ ekdi

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 249

SKtay:rSm rlwnfw,f// 'ga=umifh jynfolvlxk&J@ touftkd;tdrf pDpdrfOpPmawG vkHjcHKrSK

955-ckeSpf/ eSpfOD;ydkif;wGif rGeftrsdK;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pkY yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;=uaom/

ygwDtoD;oD;wkd@[email protected];vrf;pOfrsm;udk jyefvnfokH;oyf/ tuJcwfonfh

'kd@vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; atmifjrifrSK[m/jynfolvlxk&J@ axmufcHr

twGuf/ wkd@ppfom;awG umuG,f apmifha&Smuf ay;&r,f// jynfol vlxkudk tm%m tyfeSif; ay;&r,f// rdrdwkd@&J@/ vrf;pOf/ &nf&G,f csufwkd@udk jynfolvlxk awGem;vnfoabmaygufatmif/&Sif;vif;wifjyay;ekdif&r,f// 'Dvkd&Sif;jyedkifatmif/ ekdifiHa&; vrf;pOf/ ppfa&; vrf;pOf/ pnf;vkH;a&; vrf;pOfeJ@ ywfoufaom pmtkyf pmwef;rsm;udk avhvm zwf&SK&r,f// 'grS rdrdudk ay;xm;aom wm0efxrf;aqmif ekdifr,fvkd@/ tJ'Dvkdppfom;awG/ ekdifiHa&;oabmw&m;awG 0ifvmatmif oif=um; ay;cJhw,f// ppfom;awGvnf; pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm avhvm =uw,f// trdef@ emcHwJh todpdwfawG 0ifvm=uw,f//”35

txufygtwkdif; ekdifa&$usifonf/ rdrdzGifhvSpfoif=um;cJhaom ppfoifwef;eSifh ywfoufjyD; *k%f,lpGm &Sif;vif;ajymjywwfonf// 1tzGJ@pnf;wdk@wGif tjrifrwlnDrSKrsm;udk tjrifwlnDrSK &atmif/ =udK;yrf; aqmif&Gufvmonf udk awG@&onf// Oyrm w&kwfjzL/ ulrifwefeSifh yl;aygif;a&; ryl;aygif;a&;/ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDeSifh yl;aygif;a&;/ raygif;a&;eSifh vlwef;pm;tjrif/ tvkyform;/ v,form; tay:cH,lonfhtjrif ponfwkd@wGif uJGjym;jcm;em; ae=uonf// Tokd@uGJjym;jcm;em; ae=u onfh tjrifrsm;udk nSdeSkdif;I wlnDaom tjriftay: ygwDwpf&yf xlaxmifekdif&ef =udK;yrf; aqmif&Gufaom umvjzpfonf// TonfeSihf ywfoufI edkifa&$usifonf/ atmufyg twkdif; a0zefprf;ppf okH;oyfxm;onf//

“1955-ckeSpfrSm rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;twGuf/ tajymif;tvJ jzpfay:apcJhwJh/ tauG@taumufwpfckudk a&mufwJhumvjzpfw,f// tJ'DtcsdefrSm/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@/ r[mrdwftjzpf tpOfvufwGJcJhwJh/ u&iftrsdK;om; tpnf;t&kH;rSm/ rlvppfa&;/ ekdifiHa&; vrf;pOfrSonf/ wkd;wufaom t,ltqudk cH,lwJh/ 'kwd, vrf;pOfudk ajymif;vJcH,l usifhokH;vmwJh tcsdefumv jzpfw,f// wekdifiHvkH; awmfvSefa&; wjznf;jznf;/ usqif; vmwJh twGuf/ vufeufudkfif awmfvSefa&;

umv jzpfw,f// rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;rSmvnf;/ rdrdwkd@. vkyfief;/ vrf;pOfrsm;udk jyefvnf okH;oyf nSdeSkdif; =uw,f//

35 oqmNicjatitj\bl\mukj\1

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 250

xufyg ekdifa&$usif aumufekwf wifjycJhonfh twkdif; rGefacgif;aqmifwdk@rSm tjrifrwl/

efacgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ nDvmcH wpf&yfukd/ =umtif; qdyf=uD;e,f/ wmifpGef;&GmY ac:,lusif;y ekdifcJhonf// 4if;nDvmcHrS trsm;oabmwl/ rGeftrsdK;om;

nDn ol@ wy / vu &; =udK;

ekdifaiGodrf;/

tJ'DtcsdefrSm/ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD/ tvHeD uGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfol@ &Jabmf ygwDwkd@eJ@ vufwGJjyD; zqyv tpkd;&tm; awmfvSef wkdufckdufvkdwJh tkyfpkeJ@/ w&kwfjzL ulrifwef/ tar&duef tiftm;pkeJ@ vufwJGvkdwJh tkyfpkqkdjyD; rGef acgif;aqmifwkd@rSm uGJjym;aew,f// w&kwfjzL/ ulrifwefxHrS tultnD &vkd&jim; arSsmfvifhcsufeJ@/ w&kwfjzL ulrifwefeJ@ yl;aygif;bkd@/ ekdifqdwfedk@ wpfOD;u/ tjyif;xef qkH; wkdufyGJ 0ifcJhw,f//”

tuGJjym; ae=uonfrSm trSefyif jzpfonf// Tokd@aom tajctaeudk ausmfv$m; ekdif&ef/ tjrifus,fpGm/ em;vnfrSK&SdpGm pdwf&SnfpGm/ =udK;yrf; aqmif&GufrSKa=umifh/ rGefacgif;aqmif wkd@t=um;wGif wlnDrSK txkduftavsSmuf &&dSvmcJh=uonf// 1955-ckeSpfwGif/ rGa

Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pkudkd zsufodrf;jyD;/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;udk zGJ@pnf; ekdifcJhonf// rGefjynffOD;onf/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. pnf;vkH; nDnGwfpGm zGJ@pnf;vkdufonfh yxr OD;qkH;aomfeufudkifawmfvSefa&;ygwD wpf&yfjzpfonf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. trsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa

yrf;rSK/ acwfopforkdif;. pmrsufeSmopf wckudk zGifhvSpf vkdufonf/

rGefjynfol@wyfOD; A[kdtvkyftrSKaqmif

OuUX ekdifatmifxGef;(yi) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;/ edkifcsrf;rGef(urm0uf)

trSKaqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm; ekdifqdwfekd@/ ekdifatmifwifh/ ekdifpdefxGef;/ ekdifzdk;aumif;/(uavmhaomh) ekdifxGef;odef;/

ekdifodrf;armif/ ekdifa&$usif/ ekdifzkd;pdef/

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 251

rGefjy

ekdifxGef;cif/ ekdifom[ef wkd@jzpfvm=uonf//

nfol@wyfOD;.tajccHrl0g'vrf;pOfrSm nf&G,fcsuf/ 1/ &) e,fcsJ@ ya'o&mZf pepfudk qef@usifI vkH;0 vGwfajrmufI tcsKyftcsm tm%m

;udk wnfaqmuf&ef// (*) 'Drdkua&pD tjynfht0&Sd&ef//

form; jy\emudkvnf; ukdifwG,fajz&Sif; oGm;& nf[laom cH,lcsufyifjzpfonf//

195 ;vJ vm Sef aejc v tp f// wy m/ 'Drdku t) zGJ@pn dk@/ rGefjy pv$wfwufa&mufapcJhonf// xkdukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ wGif/ ekdifxGef;odef;/ ekdifcsrf;rGef/ ekdifqdwfekd@wkd@yg0ifcJhonf// 195 pk (rv ;/ tjynfht0 &&Sda&;twGuf wkdufyGJ0if&mwGif/ pkpnf;aomtm; jzpfap&efeSSifh us,fjyef@aom

zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf//

(uydkifaom rGeforwekdifiH xlaxmif&ef//

(c) vlrsdK;pkH aoG;pnf; nDnGwfa&

(C) xm0pOf jidrf;csrf;a&; &&Sd&ef// vlrsdK;a&; jy\emonf/ vlwef;pm;jy\memeSihf cGJjcm;Ir&/ wpfckeSifhwpfckacgif;eSihfyef;yrm wGJvsuf/ ,SOfI wnf&Sdaeaom jy\emjzpfonf[k xkdpOf umvwGif rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. acgif;aqmifrsm;u cH,lxm;=uonf// jy\emwpfckwnf;udk cGJjcm;ajz&Sif;Ir&/ wpfckaom/ jy\emudk ajz&Sif;&if; tjcm;aom jy\mem wpfckudkvnf; rvGJra&Smifom ,SOfwGJI ajz&Sif;&rnf[k jrifxm;=uonf/ rGefvlrsdK;a&; jy\emudk udkifwG,f ajz&Sif;&if;/ wpyfquf wnf;/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. v,form;/ tvkyr

5-ckeSpf aemufydkif;wGif awmwGif;&Sd vufeufudkif tiftm;pkwkd@Y/ tjrifrsm; ajymifonf// rdrdwzGJ@wnf;/ wygwDwnf;/ oD;jcm; &yfwnffI/ zqyv tpkd;&tm; awmfvif;xuf/ rdrdwkd@ awmwGif; vufeufudkfif tiftm;pkrsm; pkpnf; nDnGwfjyF;/ zqydk;&tm;/ yl;aygif; awmfvSefygu ydkrdk xda&mufI/ tusdK;&Sdrnf[k jrifvm=uonfaygif;pk zGJ@pnf;&ef=udK;pm; vm=uonf// rGef/u&if/ytkd@/u&ifeD(u,m;)/wkd@ yg0ifaof&ufwpfvlrsdK;pkrsm;nDnGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk(Democratic National United Fronf;a&;twGuf/ u&ifacgif;aqmif apm[efwmomar$;wdk@tzGJ@&kH; pkduf&m zgyGefko

nfol@wyfODrS udk,fpm;tzGJ@wpfzGJ@ a

6-ckeSpf {jyDv(2)&ufae@wGif 'Drdku&ufwpf vlrsdK;pkrsm; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;nw)udk zGJ@pnf; cJh=uonf// (rvnw). &nf&G,fcsufrSm/ vlrsdK;pk tcGifhta&

wyfaygif;pk jzpfvmap&ef

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 252

wy

rsdK;om;nDnGwfa&;ygwDrSapm[Homwmar$;/ref;bZH (2) (KNPP)u&ifeDwkd;wufa&;ygwDrSaumfuqm(apmyvkd)/'kdodef;

onf yXrOD;qkH; ay:ayguf haom/ vlrsdK;pkwyfaygif;pkwpf&yfjzpfcJhonf//36

rGefjynfe,f&&Sda&; dk pGrf;pGrf;wrH =udK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhonf//

1956-ckeSpfwGif rGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t&kH;onf/ yrnw/wyfaygif;pkYyg0ifjyD;/ trsdK;om; ekdifiHa&;u f;om; tpnf;t&kH;onf/ rGefjynfe m; jynfaxmifpkom;/ nDaemif EG,fzGm; wdkif;&if;o yg0ifvSKyf&Sm;cJhonf// 1957-c bmv28/29/&ufae@rsm;wGif &efukefjrdK@/ jrdK@awmf cef;rY vlrsdK;aygif;pkH awG@qkH f usif;ycJhygonf// 4if;aqG;aEG;yGJwGif rGefukd,fpm;/ ekdifzkd;csdKu atmufygtwkdif; ajym=um;cJhonf//

“/rGe ; twGuf/ u|efkyfwkd@ rGeftrsdK;om; awG&J@/ =udKyrf;rSKonf/ ,c ifjrifao;bl;// rGefjynfol vlxkonf 'Dtay: vkH;0 auseyfrSK r&Sdc sm;onf/ ,ae@wkdif rdrd&J@ uH=urRm/ rdrd bmom/ pDrH ydkifcGifh/ tc aew,f// rGefvlxk[m/ Armrsm;eSifhtwl/ vGwfvyfa&; twGuf to dK;yrf; cJhw,f// vGwfvyfa&; &cJh&if/ Arm nDtpftudkrsm; uJhokd@ tqifhwef;wlaom/ omwl nDrSswJh tcGifha&;rsdK;udk &&Sd vdrfr,fvkd@ arSsmfvifhcJh=u w, h arSsmfvifh xm;ouJhokd@/ rGefvlrsdK;rsm; bmrS tcGifha&; r&cJhbl;/ tv f &Sdaew,f//

faygif;pkwGif yg0ifcJhonfh tzGJ@pnf;eSifh obmywd0ifrsm;/ (1) (KNUP)u&ift

(3) (PNO)ytkd@0ftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&kH;rSAdkvfcsKyfcsHZkH/OD;vSaz/Akdvfcif (4) (MPF)rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rS/ekdifatmifxGef;/ekdifa&$usif/

wdk@jzpf=uonf// 'vnw/ wyfaygif;pkwGif/ OuUX/ twGif;a&;rSL;pHepfr&SdbJ/ obmywdtzGJ@ taeeSifhomvkyfaqmifcJhjyD; XmecsKyfvnf;rxm;&SdcJhay// 'vnwcJ TuJhokd@ awmwGif;&Sd rGefvlrsdL;wkd@. vufeufudkfiftiftm;pkonf/ tjcm;aom awmwGif; vufeufudkif tiftm;pkrsm;eSifh pkpnf; nDnGwfa&;twGuf =udK;yrf; aqmif&Guf ouJhokd@/ jynfwGif;&Sd rGeftrsdK;om; wkd@onfvnf; tjcm;aom ekdifiHa&;ygwD tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;eSifh nDnGwfrSK wnfaqmufI wkdufyGJ 0ifedkifcJhonf// ekdifzdk;csdK OD;aqmifaom/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;onf//tjcm;aom/ ekdifiHa&;ygwD tzGJ@pnf;rsm;eSifh vufwGJI/u

dk t&SdefjrSifh vkyfaqmif vmonf// rGefzkd;csdK. rGefwkdif;&i,f &&Sda&; twGuf =udK;yrf; vkyfaqmif&mwGif/ tjc

m;rsm;eSifhvnf; yl;aygif;keSpf pufwifaqG;aEG;yGJw&y

fjynfe,f &&Sda&kwdkif ratmJhbl;// rGefvlrsdK;rGifha&; qkH;&SKH; ufpGef@ =u

f// ,ckawmGef epfemvsu

36 jrefrmedkifiH/wkdif;&if;om;vlrdsK;rsm;/trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDvSKyf&Sm;rSKordkif;/ckdifpkd;edkifatmif/pm/74

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f ae&jcif;[m/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSm &xdkuf&oifh

fha&;rsm;udk tpkd;&u rvkdufavsSm/ vspfvsL &SKaevkd@ jzpfw,f//

rGefe dk 'Drdkua&pD oabmw&m;rsm;eSifh4if;/ m;qD; xm;w,f//”

ArmtrsdK;om; udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf/ OD;atmifoef; a,muf wufa&muf yg0ifonf// OD;atmifoef;onf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tpfudk

lrS jiif ekdifbl;/ 'gawGudk axmufxm;jyD; Arm trsdK;om;rsm; taeeJ@ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@&J@ vkdvm;csuf awmif;qkdcsuf rsm;udk/

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m;wwfaomolonf/ Armacgif;aqmifxJY enf;tusOf;r#om &Sdonfudk awG@&onf//

,ae@ rGefa'orSm/ 'kuQrsdK;pkH usa&muaom tcGiqmbOD; =uD;rSL;cJ@wJh/ a'otvkduf ukd,fydkif tkyfcsKyfcGGifh pkHprf;a&; aumfr&Sifonf/

Sifh&ckdif ukd,fykdif tkyfcsKyfcGifh &&SdrSKwkd@utkyfcsKyfrSKtajccHOya'rsm;eSifh4if;/ qef@usifjyD;/ ydwfyifx

xkdvlrsdK;aygif;pkH awG@qkH aqG;aEG;yGJwGif/ wjzpfonf// OD;atmifoef;yg0if qG;aEG;&mwGif rGefjynfe,f udpPeSifh ywfoufI xnfhoGif; ajym=um;cJhonf// OD;atmifoef;. aqG;aEG;csufrSm/ atmufyg twdkif;jzpfonf//

“zqyv acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh tcsdK@ yk*~dKvfrsm;u/ rGefeSifh Arm[m/ twlwlyif jzpfw,fvkd@ ajymae =uw,f// 'gvkH;0 rrSefuefbl;// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@rSm/ ckdifrmwJh oD;jcm; ordkif; &mZ0if &Sdw,f// 'gudk rnfolrS jiif;vkd@r&bl;// ,Ofaus;rSKvnf; oD;jcm;&SdcJhw,f// 'gvnf; rnfo ;r

udk,fcsif;pm pdwfxm;eJ@ pOf;pm; aqG;aEG; qkH;jzwf ay;oifhw,fvkd@ u|efawmf xifw,f//”37

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;.tpfudk/ OD;atmifoef;. aqG;aEG; wifjycsufonf tvGefrSefuefonf// wdus jywfom;onf// z/q/y/vtzGJ@csKyfeSifh wuG tcsKd@aom Armacgif;aqmif yk*~dKvfrsm;./ rGefeSifhArm twlwlyifjzpfonf[laom/ tjrifudkjywfom;pGm qef@usifoGm;onf//rGefeSihfArm twlwlyif jzpfonf [laom tjrifonf/ zqyv Arm acgif;aqmiftcsdK@wdk@. vdrfvnf/ vkyf=uHaom tjrifom jzpfonfukd ay:vGifaponf// zqyv Armacgif;aqmifwkd@. tjrif onf/ rGefvlrsdK;udk 0g;rsdKypf&ef&nf&G,faom tjrifjzpfonorjiif;ekdifa=umif;/ Arm trsdK;om;rsm; taeeSifh rGef trsKd;om; wkd@. vkdvm;csufrsm;udk udk,fcsif;pm pdwfxm;eSifh pOf;pm; aqG;aEG; qkH;jzwf ay;oifh onf[k rdrd ,lqa=umif; OD;atmifoef;u aqG;aEG;wifjycJhonf// OD;atmifoef;uJhokd@ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. ordkif;a=umif;udk od&Sdem;vnfjyD;/ rGefvlrsdK;tay: pmempdwf xt

37 /(1958vlrsdK;pkHaw

-62/ jrefrmekdifiHa&;/pm/287)/

G@qkHaqG;aEG;yJG//HDR: Political Papers C II (e).

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 254

OD;atmi Jhonfhtcsuf

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saom/ eSpfumv uyifcsif; lrsdK;wdk@onf tajccsaexdkifvm=uonf// csif;vlrsdK;onf awmifay:om; vlrsdK;wrsdddK;jzpfjyD;

l;rSs r=um;rd a=umif; jyefajzonf// b,fol@ emrnfvJvkd@ jyefar;=uonf// Temrnf udk

Grf;rdk;rSK/ tkyfcsKyfrSK atmufudkrS/ rusa&mufcJhbl;aom vlrsdK;wrsdK; jzpfygonf//

wwf&rnf/ ponfh ekdifiHa&; tqkdtrdef@ tawG; tac:onf ekdifa&$usif/ edkifxGef;cif edkifoef;wifwkd@. tawG;tac: tbd"rRmyif jzpf&Sdae[ef wlonf// rnfonfh t&mrS/ udfffef;ao omwrwfwnf;/ ykHaoowfrSwfjyD; usifhokH;Ir&acs// ywf0ef;usif tajctaeeSifh tnD/ ajymif;vJ usifhokH;&rnf qkdonfh tcsufudkrl/ ekdifa&$usif/ edkifoef;wifwkd@ vlpkonf/ aumif;rGefpGm/ em;vnf oabmaygufxm;jyD;jzpfonf// ekdifa&$usif/ ekdfifxGef;cif/ ekdifoef;wifwkd@onf xrif;[if; pm;aomufjyD;I/ csif;vl=uD;rsm;eSifh pum;pjrD ajymqkd=uonf// &yfa&;&Gma&; ta=umif;/ csif;vlrsdK;wkd@ ta=umif;/ &dk;&m ,Ofaus;rSK/ "avh xkH;pH 0wfpm; qif,ifrSK/ vlaerSK b0 paom ta=umif;&mrsm;udk pkHvifpGm ar;jref; jymqkd=uonf// csif;vlrsdK;wdk@onf/ &kd;om;aom/ az:a&G wwfaom jidrf;csrf;pGm aexkdifvkyfudkif pm;aomuf wwfaom/ wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;wrsdK; jzpfonf// jrefrmedkifiH a&S@ajrmufydkif;/ tdENd,e,fpyfwGif tvGef a&S;uvvGwfvyfpGm aexkdif vkyfudkifpm;aomufaom/ vlrsdK;jzpfonf// rdrdwkd@ OD;pD;acgif;aqmif. vrf;n$efrSK/ a&S@aqmifvrf;jyrSKudk/ waoGrwdrf; vkdufemaqmif&Guf=uonf// wyg;aom/ rnfonfh vlrsdK;wrsdK;urSs/ rdrdwkd@e,fajrudk/ usL;ausmfI vma&mufodrf;ydkuftkyf pkd;cJhjcif; r&Sd[k/ csif;trsdK;om;rsm;u *k%f,l 0ifh=uGm;pGm ajymqkdwwfonf// rnfonfh Arm e,fcsJ@ ya'o&mZfrsm;vnf;/ rdrdwkfd@ e,fajra'oudkvma&muf/ e,fcsJ@jcif;/ pkd;rdk;jcif; r&SdcJh[kvnf; *k%f,l ajymwwfonf// edkifa&$usifwkd@u A[kokw tvdk@iSm atmufygtwdkif; ar;=unfh onf//

“bk&ifhaemif tavmif;bk&m;qkdwJh emrnfrsm;udka&m cifAsm;wkd@ =um;bl;ygovm;//”

edkfifa&$usif/ ekdfifxGef;cif/ edkfifoef;wifwkd@. txufyg ar;cGef;udk =um;aomtcg csif;vl=uD; wkd@u xl;xl; qef;qef;jzpfjyD; r=um;bl;a=umif; jyefajz=um;=uonf// aus;&Gm&Sd csif;vl=uD; wkd@u woGifoGif vufcgjy =uonf// woGifoGifacgif;cg jy=uonf// Temrnfrsm;udk/ wcg brdrdwdk@vkH;vkH; rod=ua=umif; jyefajym=uonf// bk&ifhaemif/ tavmif;bk&m; paom Arm e,fcsJ@ ya'o&mZfwdkk@. trnfemrudkyif csif;vlrsdK;wkd@ rodcJhyg// =um;vnf; r=um;cJhbl;yg// TArm ya'o&mZfwdk@ &SdcJhbl;onf[kvnf; em;rvnfcJhyg// rnfonfhArm ya'o&mZf. v

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*k%f0ifh=uGm;=uonf//

“In 1899, during the British colonial rule, a missionary couple, Arthur E.

ritish soldier earned the highest military honour, the Victoria Cross during a

Armya'o&mZfrsm;udk/ 'l;axmuf cpm;cJh&onfhordkif;onf4if;/b¾mquf vufatmufcH/ b0rsdK;tjzpf aecJh&onfh ordkif;onf4if;/ csif;vlrsdK;wkd@. ykHjyifwGif r&SdcJhay// vGwfvyfaom e,fajra'ojzpfcJhonf//csif;vlrsdK;wkd@*k%f,l avmufatmif/ csif;vlrsdK;wkd@e,fajra'oonf/ oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom/ a'ojzpfcJhonf// rGefya'o&mZfeSifh Armya'o&mZfwkd@ tcsif;csif; wkdufckduf=uonfudkvnf;/ csif;vlrsdK;wkd@ rodcJhacs// &Srf;ya'o&mZfeSifh Arm ya'o&mZfwkd@ tcsif;csif;/e,fajrvk=u wkduf=u/ ckduf=uonfudkvnf;/ csif;vlrsdK;wkd@u rodcJhay// csif;vlrsdK; wkd@odonfrSm/ rdrdwkd@ csif;e,fajr a'oudk rnfonfh ya'o&mZfrSvnf; vma&muf usL;ausmf apmfum;jcif; r&SdcJhwJh ta=umif;yif jzpfonf// udk,fykdif vGwfvyfrSK tjynf@t0 &Sdaom vlrsdK;wrsdK; jzpfonf[k csif;vlrsdK;wkd@u

okd@aomf/ 1885-ckeSpf jrefrmekdifiHudk odrf;ydkfuf tkyfpkd;aom/ t*Fvdyf vlrsdK;wkd@u/ rdrdwkd@ e,fajra'oudk vma&muf omoemjyK&if;/ rdrdwkd@. e,fajra'oudk/ vGrf;rdk; vmonfudkrl cHcJh&onf[k qkdonf// t*Fvdyf vlrsdK;wkd@. tkyfcsKyfrSKykHpH w&m;Oya' pHepfrsm;/ vGrf;rdk; vmonfudkrl/ csif;trsdK;om;wkd@u cHcJh&onf[k csif;trsdK;om;rsm;u odxm;=uonf// Armjynfudk/ t*Fvdyfu vGwfvyfa&; ay;aomtcg/ csif;vGwfajrmufa'oudkyg/ wyg;wnf; xnfhoGif;ay;vkdufIom/ csif;vlrsdK;wkd@onf/ bkrod/brodbJvsuf/ ArmtkyfcsKyfrSKatmuf odk@/ usa&mufoGm;onf[k csif;vlrsdK;wkd@u cH,lxm;=uonf// csif;vlrsdK;wdk@udk/ tb,f a=umifh/ ArmvufatmufcH b0odk@usa&mufoGm;atmif vkyf=uoenf;/ qkdaomar;cGef;udk/ csif;vlrsdK;wkdif;u ar;vm=uonf// igwkd@ csif;vlrsdK;udk tb,fa=umifh udk,fydkfif jyXmef;cGifh &Sdaom/ jynfe,f ray;ekdif=uovJ qkdaom ar;cGef;udkvnf; csif;vlrsdK;wkdkif;. yg;pyfzsm;rS ar;vm=uonf// atmufyg pmyk'fudk avhvmzwf&SKvSsif/ csif;pk&GmrS/ csif;trsdK;om;rsm;. ajym=um;csufrsm;onf/ wvkH;wyg'rSs/ tydkryga=umif; xif&Sm;pGmawG@& onf//

and Laura Carson from the American Baptist Mission (Now American Baptish Churches) set foot in the Chin Hills of what is now known as the Chin State of Western Burma. They established a mission center at Haka, the present day capital of Chin State. The Chin, until conquered a decade earlier by the British, were never under the rule of outsiders, and had enjoyed autonomy under their own indigenous administrative system headed by local chiefs. Traditionally fierce fighters who resisted the British occupation with unsurpassed courage, one Bbattle with Chin resistant forces.” (Keeping the Faith, Chin Celebrate Centennial Year of Christianity/ by Salai Za Uk Ling and Salai Bawi Lian Mang)

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sif;vl=uD;rsm; ajymqkdcsufrsm;eSifh xyfwnf; udkufnDaeonfudk wG@&ayrnf// csif;pk&GmrS/ csif;trsdK;om;rsm;. ajymqkd

rS/ csif;trsdK;om;rsm;. oef@&Sif; pif=u,faom apoem tjynfhjzifh/ {nfhcHauGs;arG; vkdufaom/ tvGeft&om aumif;rGefvSonfh/ txl;py,f&S,f [if;vsmudk pm;aomuf x ifh

nfh0aeonf// ekdifa&$usif/ edkifoef;wifwkd@tzJG@onf aemufwae@ reuftm&kHvif;csdefwGif/

rf;cJhonf// rdwkd@ OD;wnfoGm; rnfhae&m/ A*kd;&kd;r/ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD. a&mifeDpcef; jzpfonf//

txufyg pmwef;rS a&;om;csuf rsm;onf/ csif;pkrS cwcsufonf rSefuef aeonfudk awG@&onf// tykdvkyfI rajyma=umif; xif&Sm;onf/ csif;vlrsdK;wkd@onf/ rnfonfhtcgurS/ Armya'o&mZf vufatmufodk@ ruscJhbl;onfrSm tvGefxif&Sm;onf// bk&ifhaemif/ tavmif;bk&m;emrnfrsm;udk/ csif;trsdK;om;wkd@u vkH;0r=um;bl;onfrSmvnf;/ tvGef,kwWdwefonf//

1948-ckeSpf ZEMm0g&Dv(4)&ufonf/ vGwfvyfa&;ae@[k/ ArmvlrsdK;rsm; taejzifh/ *k%f,l 0ifh=uGm;pGm/ ajymqdk=uonf// odk@aomf csif;vlrsdK;rsm; taejzifh/ Tae@udk vGefvyfa&; qkH;&SKHH;aomae@jzpfonf[k ajymqkdae=uonf// xkdae@ 1948-ckeSpf ZEMm0g&Dv(4)&uf onf/ csif;vlrsdK;wdk@ tbdk@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@. vufopf udkvdkeD vufatmufcH b0odk@ bkrodbrod usa&muf oGm;aom ae@wae@[k csif;vlrsdK;wdk@u nSdK;i,f/0rf;enf;pGm ajymqkd=uonf// ‘ArmvlrsdK;wkd@. vGwfvyfa&;ae@onf/ csif;vlrsdK;wkd@. vGwfvyfa&; qkH;&SKH;aomae@’ jzpfaeonfudk xl;qef;thH=obG,f&mtjzpf ekdifoef;wifwkd@u odvkduf&onf// csif;pk&Gm

m;=ujyD;aemuf/ ekdifa&$usif/ekdifoef;wif/ekdifxGef;cifwdk@(3)OD;onf/ txl;yiftm;tifopfjzjytm;reftjynfhjzifh/ c&D;qufcJh&jyefonf// rdrdwdk@ &Gmuav;ukdpGef@cGm/ xGufoGm;=uaomjrdK@rS {nfhonfrsm;tm; csif;pk&$mrS/ csif;trsdK;om;wdk@onf/ vufa0S@&rf;jy&if;/ vGrf;aqG;/ usef&pf cJh=uonf// csif;pk&Gmuav;rSS (5)em&D ausmfausmf (6)em&DrSSs vrf;av#muffvSSsif Armjynf uGefjrLepf./ a&miffeD pcef;okd@ a&mufawmhrnf jzpfonf// Edkdifa&$usif/ edkifxGef;cifeSifh edkifoef;wif wkd@tzGJ@onf/ uGefjrLepfygwDrS apv$wfvmaom/ =udKqkda&;tzGJ@eSifh vrf;c&D; w0ufwGif qkH=uonf// xkd=udKqkda&;tzGJ@. vrf;jy a&S@aqmifrSKjzifh/ a&S@okd@ c&D; a&SmufvSrd ufquf vrf;a&SmufvmcJh&onfhtwGuf/ ekdifa&$usif/ edkifxGef;cif/ edkifoef;wifwkd@tzGJ@onf enf;i,f yifyrf;onfrSvGJI/ wuf=uG vef;qef;ae=uonf// csif;aus;&GmrSm au|;arG; kdufaom/ xrif;[if;vsmudk pm;aomufjyD;/ tm;tif jynfhjzKd;vmcJh=uonf// rdrdwkd@

&tvoGm;vkdaom/ a&mifeDpcef;okd@ em&D tenf;i,f twGif;wGif a&mufawmhrnf// rdrdwkd@. taygif;oif; &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;eSihf awG@&rnfjzpfonf// twdwfa=umif; a&S@a[mif; aeSmif;jzpfrsm;udk ajymqkd=u&awmhrnf// edkfifoef;wifwkd@(3)OD;awG;jyD; aysmfjrL;ae=uonf//

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mif;aom &Skcif;rsm; pfaeonf// pdwfudk=unfel;aponf// pdwfcsrf;ajr@rSKudk jzpfaponf// yJcl;&kd;ronf/ &SKjrifol.

m=uaom ta=umif;&mwGif [Hom0wDta=umif;/ rGefbk&if &mZm"d&mZf ta=umif;/ rGefol&Jaumif;/

evmcJhonfh vGwfvyfrSK b0udk jyefvnf wrf;w udk

Gef;ajymifcJhaom rGefvlrdfsK;wkd@. ordkif;ukd4if;/ t;csrf;vSonfhrGefvlrsdK;[email protected];/ jyefvnf owd&vm=uonf// A*kd;&kd;r.aphaqmf

eHeufcif;wGif/ vrf;c&D; xGufvm&jcif;onf/ tvGef=unfel; bG,f&m aumif;onf// eSif;aiG@ ygaom eHeufcif;. avajyavnkif;a=umifh vludk vef;qef;apcJhonf// awmawmif/ pdyfhprf; &_dajrmif toG,foG,feSifh tvGef om,mbG,f aumif;aom yJcl;&kd;ronf/ ekdifa&$usif/ edkifxGef;cif/ ekdifoef;wifwkd@. pddwfudk v_yf&Sm;apcJhonf// awmawmifwckvkH;udk &SKarSsmf=unfh vSsif/ eHeufcif;. aetvif;a&mifa=umifh/ tvGef om,mbG,faujzpdwfudk vSKyf&Sm; aqmhupm; apcJhonf[k edkfifoef;wifu ajymonf// twdwfa=umif; tjzpfa[mif; wkd@udkvnf; jyefvnfwrf;w owd&vGrf;qGwf apcJhonf[kvnf; ekdfifoef;wif u ajymonf// A*kd;&kd;rawmifwef;.tvStyudk pmzGJ@Iyifrukefedkif/ ajymqkdIyif rqkH;ekdfifyg [kk ekdifoef;wifuqdkonf// edkifa&$usif/ ekdifxGef;cif/ edkifoef;wifwkd@ vlpkonf/ yJcl;&kd;r awmifwef;. tvStyudk &SKar#mf cHpm;&if; vrf;a&SmufvmcJh=uonf// awmawmif/ vSSsdKajrmif/ pdrfhprf;wkd@. tvSty/ oef@&Sif; oif;yswJh avat;wkd@u vludk vef;qef;apjyD; rarmryef; c&D;a&SmufvSrf; vmekdif cJh=uonf// om,mvSyaom A*kd;&kd;r.aphaqmf wkdufwGef;rSKa=umifh ekdifa&$usif/ ekdifxGef;cif/ ekdifoef;wifwkd@onf/ rdrdwkd@.&ifwGif;Y cHpm;rSKtoD;oD;jzpfay:vm=uonf// A*dk;[Hom0wD aumif;pm;cJhaomacwfudk jyefajymif;owd&vm=uonf// vrf;a&Smuf&if; twdwfaeSmif;u rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. ta=umif;udk jyefajymif; ajymqkdvm=uonf// olwkd@ ajymqkdv

Anm;v*Gef;tdef/ ordefA&rf; ordfefjAZ…mZf/ ynm&Sd rGeftrwf'defwkd@. ta=umif;/ ponfjzifh pkHvif atmif yg0ifonf// TyJcl;&kd;rae&mokd@ a&mufvmaom rGefvlrsdK;wkdif;/ olwdk@vkd uJhokd@yif/ twdwfudkjyefvnf/ vGrf;qGwf owd&rd=urnf[k edkifoef;wifu pdwfxJujzpfrdonf// Edkifoef;wif ajymouJhokd@ jzpfedkifonf// A*kd;[Hom0wD[laom trnfemrudk =um;rdvsSif/ rGefvlrsdK;wkdif;onf/ &ifxJY trnfraz:jyekdifaom a0'emcHpm;rSK w&yfudk jzpfay:vm&pjrJyifjzpfonf// rGefvlrsdK;wdk@. udk,hfxD;/ udk,hfeef;/ udk,hf=uiSef;eSifh ardonf// rGefol&Jaumif;/ rGefvlpGrf;aumif;awG aygrsm;cJhonfh acwfaumif; tcgor,j efvnf atmif;arhowd&aponf//*k%fa&mifxyazefwD;rSKtm;u rGeflvlrsdK;wkd@tay: tvGef=uD;rm;ygbdonf//

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jynfawmf trnfemrudk =um;rdv#if/ raz:jy edkifaom a0'em wrsdK;udk cHpm; vm=uonf[k ajym=uonf// A*dk; [Hom0wD

fawmf qDokd@ efvmedkifa&;udkom tpOftjrJ ar#mfawG; =uHqae=uonf// wae@ae@wGif A*dk;[Hom0wD

lrsdK;wdkk@onf4if;/ xkdif;ekdifiHokd@ a&muf&Sdaeaom rGefvlrsdK;wkd@onf4if;/ urBm &yf toD;oD;okd@ a&muf&Sd ae=uaom rGefvlrsdK;wdk@onf4if;/ Tokd@aom ,kH=unfcsuf/

S usmif;om; acgif;aqmifwOD;u atmufyg ar;cGef;udk ar;jref;bl;ygonf//

&mrna'orSm &Sdae=uonfh rGefvlrsdK;udk rqkdxm;eSifh/ ,dk;',m;ekdifiHokd@a&muf&Sdae=uonfh/ rGefrsdK;EG,fwkd@onfyif/ A*dk;[Hom0wD rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. ae

rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. aejynfawmfudk vGrf;qGwf wrf;w owd& aeqJyif &Sdonf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. aejynfawmf [Hom0wDjynfqDodk@ wae@ae@ jyefvmOD;rnf[kvnf; pdwfxJu ckdifrmpGm oH"dXmef csxm;=uqJyif jzpfonf// 1757-ckeSpf [Hom0wD ysufokef;I rGefvlrsdK;rsm;onf/ tm,k'D,okd@k xGufajy; wdrf;a&Smif oGm;&aomfvnf;/ tm,k'D,Y raysmfydkuf=uay// [Hom0wD aejynfawmfudkyif/ jyefvnf owd& atmifarh =uonf// wae@ w&ufrS arhr&cJh=uay// [Hom0wD aejynjyaejynfawmfY rGefaqGawmf rsdK;awmfwkd@onf/ jyefvnf qkHqnf; =u&rnf[k vnf; ,kd;',m;a&muf rGefvlrsdK;wkd@u ,kH=unf xm;=uonf// urBmhteS@H e,fjcm; ajrjcm;okd@ a&mufae=uaom rGefvlrsdK;wk@donfvnf; ,dk;',m; rGefuJhokd@ A*kd;[Hom0wD aejynfawmf tm;/ wae@w&ufrS rarhedkif ae@pOfae@wkdifyif owd& wrf;w vSsufyif &Sdae=uonf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. bk&ifrif; eef;wnf&m A*kd;[Hom0wDrSm wae@ae@wcsdefcsdefwGif rGefaqGawmf/ rsdK;awmfwkd@ jyefvnf qkHqnf;=uOD;rnf[k tjynfht0 ouf0if,kH=unfae=uonf// &mrn a'o&Sd rGefvttjynfht0 &Sdae=u onf// xdkuJhokd@ ouf0if ,kH=unfrSK &SdIyif/ xkdif;ekdifiHa&muf rGefrsdK;eG,fwkd@onf eSpfpOf eSpfwkdif;/ rysufruGuf rGefvlrsdK;wdk@. aejynfawmf [Hom0wD A*kd;jrdK@odk@ bk&m;zl;vm=upjrJjzpfonf// Tae&mY qufpyfaom ta=umif;&mwckudk pmzwfolrsm;tm; a&;om;wifjyvkdygonf// ,kd;',m;edkifiH&Sd rGefvlrsdK;wdk@. ckdifrmaomoH"dXmef/ jynfh0aom,kH=unfrSKwkd@udk cef@rSef;od&Sd edkif&efjzpfonf// 1961-ckeSpfwGif xkdif;ekdifiHrS bk&m;zl; tvnf a&mufvmaom/ rGefrsdK;eG,frsm;udk/ &efukef wuUodkvfrS rGefausmif;ol/ om;rsm;u {nfhcHawG@qkHjyD; wOD;udkwOD; rdwfqufyGJ jyKvkyf =uonf// TrdwfqufyGJwGif &efukef wuUodkvf rGefausmif;ol ausmif;om;toif;ra

“tpfudk/ armifeSpfr/ taqGrGefwdk@ ,ckvkd eSpfpOf eSpfwkdif; rysuf ruGuf om;pOf ajr;quf qkdouJhokd@/ &efukefjrdK@/ a&$wd*kHbk&m;udk4if;/ A*kd;a&$armfa"mbk&m;udk4if;/

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uUokdvfrS rGefausmif;om; acgif;aqmifwOD;u rGefbmom um;jzifh/ &kdaoav;pm;pGm ar;jref;onf// touft&G,ftm;jzifh tenf;i,f=uD;jyD;/ tod

aqGrGefwdk@eSifh ,ckvkd jyefvnf qkHawG@ &onfh twGuf/ u|efyfwkd@twkdif;rod/ 0rf;ajrmuf rdygonf// u|efkyfwkd@ eSpfpOf eSpfwkdif; rysufruGuf/

u|efkyfwdk@ vma&muf =ujcif;jzpfonf// xkdvl=uD;rdbrsm; oGefoifqkH;rxm;aom/ (waygif)udk/ u|efkyfwdk@ om;pOf/ajr;jrpfrsm;u/ ,ae@xufwkdif ouf0if,kH=unfvSsuf&Sdonf// xkd(waygif)/ twkdif; wae@ae@wGif rcsdK@r,Gif; jzpfay:vmrnf[kvnf; u|efkyfwkd@u tjynfht0

vma&muf/ =unfnkdzl;arSsmfae=uonfudk/ u|efyfwkd@awG@jrif&ygonf// rnfokd@aom/ ,kH=unfcsuf/ cH,lcsuf/ arSsmfrSef;csufrsm;jzifh/ TuJhodk@ ZGJvkH;v 0d&d,pdkufjyD; eSpfpOf eSpfwkdfif; rysuf ruGuf qufI qufI A*dk; [Hom0wDqDudk vma&muf vnfywf/ bk&m;zl;arSsmfae&ygoenf;//ta=umif;&if;ufdku|efyfwkd@tm;odcGifhjyKekdifygrnfvm;//”

txufygtwdkif; &efukef wpynmjzifhtvGef=uG,f0[ef&Sdaom/xkdif;rS rGefrsdK;eG,fwOD;onf atmufygtwkdif;/ rGefbmom pum;jzihf/ av;euf wnf=unfpGm jyefvnf ajz=um;cJhonf// xkdyk*~dKvf ajym=um;aom/ rGefpum;onf tvGef av;eufonf// a&S@rGefokH; pum;vkH;rsm; yg&Sdvmonfudk awG@&onf// 4if;tjyif xkdyk*~dKvf. rGefpum;rsm;wGif/ xkdif;pum;vkH;rsm;vnf;/ wvkH;wav/ a&m,Suf yg0ifaeonfudkawG@&onf//okd@aomf wuUodkvfrS rGefausmif;ol§om;rsm;wkd@onf/ xkdyk*~dKvf ajym=um;aom/ pum;. t"dy`g,f tjynfhtpkHudk/ ukHvkHpGm od&Sdem;vnf/ oabmayguf =uonf// 4if;yk*~dKvf. jyefvnf ajz=um;aom/ rGefbmom pum;udk/ Armpum;jzifh jyefvnf a&;om;&rnfqkdvSsif atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf//

“tpfudk armifeSr/ t

vkH;v 0d&d,pkdufI/ &efukefjrdK@ a&$'*kHbk&m;udk4if;/ A*kd;jrdK@a&$armfa"mbk&m;udk4if;/ ,ckvkd vma&muf zl;arSsmf/ =unfndk =uonfrSm/ u|efkyfwkd@Y/ ckdifrmaom opPm t"dXmef;eSifh ckdifrmaom ouf0if ,kH=unfrSK/ &Sdygonf// Tokd@ ckdifrmonfh/ ,kH=unfcsuf/ ckdifrmonfh/ opPm t"dXmefjzifhom/ vma&muf/ =unfndk zl;ar#mf =ujcif; jzpfonf// ta=umif;rJh/ taysmfyg; vkdufI/ tvnftywf oabmjzifh/ vma&muf =ujcif; r[kwfyg// u|[email protected]&S@a&S@aom/ rGefbdk;bGm;bDbifrSpI/ ,ae@om;pOf ajr;quf txd/ vufqifhurf; oGefoif qkH;rxm;aom/ (waygif)t&

tcdkiftrm/ ouf0if ,kH=unfvsSuf&Sd=uonf//”

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;/ apmif;iJh =unfhvkdufonf// xkdtcg/ wuUokdvfrS efausmif;om;acgif;aqmifuyif atmufygtwkdif; ajym=um;onf//

f eef;awmfa[mif;ae&mY wae@ae@wGif jyefvnf qkHqnf; =urnf// Tae@onf wydkwGJ@v>Kyf(1)&ufae@ yifjzpfonf// te,fe,f tjrdK@jrdK@wkd@rS

nSdjyD;/ wdwdyy/ nDnm jzef@jzL;atmif ajrxGefndS =urnf/ xkdaemuf rGef&[ef;oHCm tyg;(3000)tm; yihfbdufI xkdnDnm jzef@jzL;aeaom ajrjyifnD

g;(3000)wkd@ tm; xl;jrwfaom t&omeJ@jynfhpkHonfh qGrf;cJbG,f rsdK;pkHwkd@jzifh au|;arG; vSL'gef;

wfjzwf uGufjrufjcif;cHcJh&aom rGef&[ef;jrwfoHCm tyg;(3000)wkd@onf/

wkd@onf/ rif;0wfwefqm taqmifta,mif rsm;jzifh =uGjref; vm=urnf//

[k ajym=um;jyD; pum;ukd acwW c%rSs &yfem; vkdufonf// wdwfqdwfpGm tm&kHpl;pkdufI em;axmif ae=uonfh y&d\wftmrG

“tpfudk taqGrGef. pum;udk=um;&I u|efkyfwkd@tm;vkH; txl;yif pdwf0ifpm; rdyg onf// tpfudktaqGrGef/ ajym=um;aom/ xdk(waygif)ufdk/ u|efkyfwkd@tm; =um;emcGifh jyKekdifygrl/ =um;emcGifh jyKyg&ef u|efkyf av;pm;pGm arwWm&yfcH wkdufwGef; vkdyg onf//”

xkdtcg/ xdkif;rGefvl=uD; vlaumif;onf rdrdpum;ukd jyefquf&ef tm;,ljyD; atmuftwdkif; av;euf wnf=unfpGmajym=um;oGm;onf//

“u|efkyfwkd@ rGefrsm; om;pOfajr;quf/ ouf0if ,kH=unf xm;aom (waygif) onf/ atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf// (urBm t&yf&yfrS rGefrsdK;EG,f rGefaqGrsddK; rGefnDtpfudk armifeSrrsm;wkd@onf/ TA*kd; [Hom0wD aejynfawm

rGefrsdK;EG,f aqGawmf rsdK;awmf rGefnDtpfukd armifeSrwkd@onf/ A*dk; [Hom0wDY wcsdefwnf;wGif pka0; a&muf&SdvmjyD; qkHqnf; =urnf// &mZm"d&mZf rif;. eef;awmf ae&ma[mif;Y tavhus aygufa&muf aeaom t&kdif;yif csKHEG,f ydwfaygif; wkdk@udk ckwfxGif &Sif;vif; ypf=urnf// csdKifhaom ae&mudkzkd@ rdk@aom ae&mudk ajr

ay:wGif y&dawmfjrwfudk &Gufzwfo&Zm,f=urnf// eef;awmfopfwnfaqmuf&ef (4)buf (4)wef/ (4)axmifhf (4)rsufeSmaom t&yfwkd@wGif eef;awmfopf yeufwkdifrsm;udk pkdufxl =uukefrnf// a&$tkwfjrpf aiGtkwfjrpfrsm; cs=urnf// xdknDnm jzef@jzL;aom ajrjyif=uD;ay:rSmyif rGef&[ef;jrwf oHCmty

=urnf// jrifhjrwfaom tvSL'geudk apoem o'Ngw&m; xufoefpGm jyK=urnf// xkdtvSLtwef;jyK&m ae&mXmeodk@/ [Hom0wD ysufokef;csdef/ Arm OD;atmifaZ,s oewfom;toGif taqmifta,mif tjynfheJ@ aumif;uif c&D;jzifh =uGcsDvm =urnf//rel[mrif;/ &mZm"d&mZfrif;/ bk&ifr&Sifapmyk/ "rRapwDrif;/ Anm;'vrif;

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vnf;/x,f0g cef@nm;pGm pka0; a&muf&Sd vm=urnf// qGrf;udpPt00wkd@ jyD;ajrmuf

xkdaemuf ekdifiHtoD;oD;rS pka0; a&muf&Sdvmaom/ rGefjynfol vlxk y&d\wf

D rGefekdiffiHawmfopf=uD;udk/ pkpnf; nDnmpGm/ wnfaqmuf rnf// pwkwÎrGefekdfifiH [HomwD aejynfawmf tkwfjrpf csyGJ/ pnfpnfum;um;

yJh wkd@udk4if;/ aumuf,l pkykHjyD; rD;&SKd@ypf=urnf// rD;avmifIrukef =uGif;usefaom/ opfp/opfe tkwfusdK;/ tkwfyJh wkd@udk o,faqmif,ljyD; yifv,fork'N&m=uD;xJokd@ v$ifhypf=urnf// bk&ifhaemif. eef;awmftm; pGJvef;usef&pfjyD;/ oap>ol&J jzpfae=uaom/ olwkd@taygif;tm; vnf;/ rGef&[ef;jrwf oHCmrsm;u y&dwfawmfrsm; &Gwfzwf o&Zm,fI p=uFm0Vm tjyifbufokd@ armif;eSif xkwfypf=urnf// xkdae@ xkdtcsdefrS tpjyKjyD;

trwf'def/ Anm;v*Gef;tdef/ Anm;"&mH/ paom rGefol&Jaumif; taygif;wkd@onf

aomtcg/ rGef&[ef; jrwfoHCm tyg; (3000) wdk@onf/ &mZm"d&mZf eSifh orD;awmf &Sifapmyk tygt0if/ rGefbk&ifrif;jrwf "rRapwD/ rGefol&Jaumif; Anm; v*Gef;tdef/ Anm"&mH/ ynm&Sd trwf'defwkd@tm; &nfpl; trSL;xm;I w&m; a'oema[m=um;=urnf// arwWmydk@o/ trsSay;a0=urnf// xkdjyKjyKor# aumif;rSK ukokdvf tbkd@ygu wkd@udk vlewf/ jA[Rm owW0g taygif;wdk@tm; trSsay;a0=u rnf// &mZm"d&mZfrif;rS tp=uGa&mufvm=uaomyk*~dKvfxkl; yk*~dKvfjrwftoD;oD; wkd@onf/ 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;om om"k tekarm'em cH,l=urnf// Taumif;rSK tpkpk. tbkd@yguudk &=uI 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;ompGmjzifh aumif;&m ok*wdbkHokd@ jyefvnf =uGjref; oGm;=urnf//

taygif;wkd@onf//wHckd;=oZmtvGef=uD;rm;cJhonfh rGefbk&ifrif;[email protected]=umif; udk4if;/owWdAswWd tvGef ajymifajrmufaom rGefol&Jaumif;wkd@. ta=umif;udk4if;/ awmufajymifvSaom rGeflvlrsdK;wkd@. ordkif;a=umif;udk4if;/ jyefajymif;ajym=urnf// rGefbk&if rif;jrwfrsm;eSifh rGefol&Jaumif;rsm;wkd@. *k%f aus;Zl; wkd@udk atmif;arh wrf;w owd&=urnf// xdktcsdef [Hom0wDacwf rsdkK;cspf pdwf"gwfrsdK; vlwkdif; toD;oD;. &ifwGif; eSvkH;om;rSm jyefvnf udef;atmif; edk;=um;x=uGvm=urnf// pwkwÎA*kd;[Hom0w=uokdufokduf jrdKufjrdKuf usif;y=urnf/ (7)&uf(7)nwdkifwdkif yGJvef;obif/ qif,if/ usif;y=u rnf// xdk@tjyifrGefvlrsddK;[email protected],fajray:YwcsdefuusL;usL;ausmfausmfapmfapmfum;um;/ vma&mufaqmufvkyf xm;cJhbl;aom/ bk&ifhaemif. eef;awmfa[mif; ajrae&m udk vdkufvH&SmazGjyD;/ wl;az: vSefypf=urnf// a[mif;EGGrf; aqG;ajr@ aejyD;jzpfaom/ opfa[mif; opfaqG;wkd@udk4if;/ tkwfusdK; tkwf

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[laom (waygif)yif jzpfonf// u|efkyfwkd@ ,ae@wdkif ouf0if ,kH=unfaeaom

xkdif f// em;axmifae=uaom/ y&d\wf taygif;wkd@onf tyfusoH =um;& avmufatmifyif

dwfqdwf jidrfoufoGm;=uonf// rdrdwkd@. cHpm;rSKudk,fpD/ tawG;udk,fpDjzifh/ acgif;idkufqkduf

t"dyg`,fu rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. eSvkH;om;tm; omt,m yGwfcwfoGm;[ef&Sdonf// rnfol wOD;rSs pum; rajymekdifbJ jidrfae=uonf

xkdo dk qu

[ka Gif/ em;a ; vm= f// wOD f/ xkdy wG; tac: t,lqudk4if; av;av;eufeufajymqdkaqG;aEG;=uonf//

rGefvlrsdK;wkd@onf/ vGwfvyf =urnf// jidrf;csrf; =urnf// wcsdefu rdrdvlrsdK;wkd@. at;csrf; om,m 0ajymaom b0rsdK;udk jyefvnf&&Sdrnf//)

(waygif) yifjzpfonf//”

;rGefvl=uD;onf/ waygifudktao;pdyf &Sif;vif;ajym=um;jyD; pum;ukd &yfem;vkdufon

wcsIav;av; eufeuf/ awG;awm pOf;pm;ae=uonf/ =um;&aom(waygif)udk/ tjyefjyef/ tvSefvSef eSvkH;oGif; ae=uonf// Twaygif&Sd t

kd@ wdwfqdwfae=upOf xkd(waygif)udkajym=um;aom yk*~dKvfonfyif atmufygpum;ufvuf ajym=um;jyefonf//

“T(waygiff)udk ouf0if ,kH=unfjyD; eSpfpOf eSpfwkdif; rysufruGuf &efukefjrdK@ a&$wd*kH bk&m;udk4if;/ A*kd;jrdK@ a&$armfa"m bk&m;udk4if;/ oGm;a&muf zl;arSsmf/ =unfnKdaom olwkd@tm; tusdK;xl;udk ay;aqmifrnf// rdrdwdk@. vkdtifqEN/ t00 qkawmif;or# jynfh0=urnf//=uHpnfor#atmifjrif=urnf/ [lIvnf; u|efkyfwkd@. rGefrdb bkd;bGm;rsm;u oGefoifqkH;r xm;ygonf// xkdrGefrdb bkd;bGGm;rsm; oGefoif qkH;ronfhtwkdif; ouf0if ,kH=unfjyD;/ &efukef a&$wd*kH bk&m;eSifh A*kd; a&$armfa"m bk&m;okd@ eSpfpOf eSpfwdkif; vma&muf zl;arSsmf olrsm;onf/ vufawG@ 'dX ,ck rsufarSmufb0Yyif =uG0csrf;om =uonf// rdrdwkd@ qkawmif;rSK rSefor#/ jynfh0 atmifjrif =uonfudk/ u|efkyfwkd@ udk,fwkdfif rsufjrif udk,fawG@ =uKHbl; =uygonf// xkda=umifh u|efkyfwkd@onf u|efkyfwdk@. rGefbkd;bGm; bDbifrsm;u oGefoifqkH;r xm;aom/ T(waygif)udk/ ouf0if/ ,kH=unf=uI ,ckvkd eSpfpOfeSpfwkdif; rysuf ruGuf om;pOfajr;quf/ &efukefjrdK@ a&$wd*kHbk&m;tm;4if; A*kd; a&$armffa"mbk&m; tm;4if; =unfndkzl;arsSmf&ef pk&kH;jyD; vma&muf=ujcif;jzpfygonf//”

v;av;eufeuf wnfwnf =unf=unf ajym=um;oGm;onf// xkdyk*~dKvfpum;tqkH;wxmifae=uaom/ rGefvlxk y&d\wf=uD;onf/ jidrfoufae&mrS/ touf0if vSKyf&Smuonf// acgif;axmif vm=uonf// wOD;udk wOD; pum;pjrnf ajymqkdvm=uon;udk wOD;vufwkd@I wD;wdk; ajymqkd=uonf// wOD;udkwOD; ar;aighI ar;jref;=uonk*~dKvf ajym=um;oGm;aom twdwf (waygif)udk4if;/ waygifeSifh ywfoufaom ta

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 268

tx f;rJh ou ifh Tw 0if jyef@e HrS bk& ;cJh ao g' rus f// arm m; zwf= f on vm=uonf// TwaygifeSifh ywfoufI tvGefouf0if ,kH=unfaomxkdwuUodkvfausmif;om;uyif/ atmufygpma=umif;udkvnf;(waygif)pm&Guf at

xkdae@rSpITwaygifonfrGefvli,frsm;. toD;oD;aom&ifxJrSm/ wdwfwckd;/ vGrf;rdk;vsuf &SdcJh=u :jy xm sm; pka0 175 Hokd@ a&m if ,kH=u kd@ jyefv dk; [Ho cg/

ufyg(waygif)udk,ae@wkdif/ xkdif;ekdifiH&Sd rGefvlrsdK;/vl=uD;vli,frsm;tjynfht0 t=uGif0if,kH=unf=uonfudk awG@&onf// &efukef wuUodkvfrGefausmif;ol§om;rsm;rSwqaygifonf/ &mrn a'o&Sd rGefvl=uD;/ vli,frsm; twGif;wGif/ wjznf;jznf; pdyfhSH@oGm;onf// txl;yif ouf0if,kH=unf vm=uonfudkvnf; awG@&onf// xkdif;ekdifi

m;zl;tzGJ@tm; {nfhcHonfh/ {nfhcHyGJwGif udk,fwkdif udk,fus yg0ifjyD;/ (waygif)udk =umm &efukef wuUodkvfrS ausmif;om; wOD;u/ rdrd=um;cJhaom (waygif)udk/ wvkH;wyef a&;om;jyD;/ armfvjrdKif aumvdyf&Sd/ rGefausmif;om;rsm; xHokd@ ykd@aqmif cJhonfvjrdKifaumvdyf&Sdausmif;ol/ausmif;om;wkd@uvnf; xkd(waygif)udk tav;teufxum;=uonf//xkdwaygifrSma&;xm;onfhtwkdif; wae@ae@wGif waoGrwdrf; jzpfvmekdif[kvnf; tcdkiftrm ,Hk=unf

mufwGifa&;om;xm;onf//

“T(waygif) pmwef;udk av;av; eufeuf oabmxm;I zwf&SK=u&ef u|efkyf wkdufwGef; vkdygonf// Todk@ av;euf wnf=unfpGm zwf&SKI cdkifrmpGm ouf0if ,kH=unfaom olrsm;onf/ rdrdwkd@ vkdtifqEN/ awmif;wrSKrSefor# jynfh0=uonf// r,kH=unf ysuf&,f jyKaomolrsm;/ tusdK;pD;yGm; wae@wjcm; ysufjym;qkwf,kwf vmrnf// T(waygif)udk ouf0if ,kH=unfjyD; wqifh xyfrHul;,l jzef@jzL;aom olrsm;onf/ydkrdkIatmifjrifrSKtusdK;w&m;udk cHpm;&onf// xkda=umifh toifonf vnf;/ ouf0if/ ,kH=unfpGm/ zwf&SkjyD;/ wqifh/ ul;,l jzef@jzL;&ef/ av;eufpGm/ u|efyf wkdufwGef;onf//”

onf// ckdifrmpGm ouf0if ,kH=unfI odrf;qnf; xm;=uonf// TwaygifY az;onfhtwdkif;/ wae@ae@wGif/ edkifiHtoD;oD;rS rGefnDtpfudk armifeSrrsm;/ rGefrdom;pkr;a&muf&Sd vmrnfhtcsdefcgudk arSsmfvifhawmif;wae=uonf//

7-ckeSpf [Hom0wD ysufokef;pOf uwnf;u/ xGufajy; wdrf;a&SmifI xkdif;ekdifiuf&Sd tajcwnf ae=uonfh rGefrsdK;EG,fwkd@onf/ T(waygif)udk ,ae@wkdif ouf0nfv#uf &Sd=uonfudk awG@&onf// te,fe,f t&yf&yf&Sd rGefaqGawmf rsdK;awmfwnf qHkqnf;=u&rnfh xkdae@xkd&ufudk/ ar#mfvifh awmif;wv#uf &Sdae=uonf// A*m0wD rGefaejynfawmfudk vGrf;qGwf owd&/ wrf;wvSsuf &Sdae=uonf// weSpfw

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rysu m=uonfh tjzpfukduyif/ tckdf xkdif;edkfifiHrS bk&m;zl; vm=uaom rGefvlrsdK;wkd@onf/ yxrOD;pGm rGefbk&if OuUvmyrif;

qGwf=uonf// 4if;a&$[oFmarmifeSH xyfI&yfwnfaeykHk/ kyfxkudk 'l;axmufI t=udrf=udrf &Sdcdk;OD;cs=uonf// Tae&monf rdrdwkd@bkd;bGm; bDbif

rsm; f// Ta f ow nf/ &kyfx zifh wkdu dk;I ,la ifh/ xn f/ Tr xkd@a f tr Gef rSefu n a'o EG,fwkd@ onfvnf; *kd;[Hom0wD [laom/ trnfemrudk =um;vkduf&onfqkdvSsif/ &ifwGif; eSvkH;om;rSm

fruGuf/ ZGJvkH;v0d&d,&Sd&Sd &efukefjrdK@ A*dkd;jrdK@okd@bk&m;zl;c&D; viftrm oufaoxljyaeonf//

wnfxm; udk;uG,fcJhaom/ a&$wd*kH apwD=uD;tm; oGm;a&muf zl;arsSmf =uonf// a&$wd*kH apawmf=uDtm;/ tm;&yg;& wjynhfw0 =unfndK=uI pdwfa=ueyfrSK &Sdavmufaomtcg/ A*dk;jrdK@odk@ qufI c&D;oGm;=ujyefonf// A*kd;jrdK@&Sd rdrdbkd;bGm; vufxufu/ wnfxm; ukd;uG,fcJhaom apwDykxkd; trsdK;rsdK;wkd@udk vkdufvH zl;ar#mf=uonf// A*dk;jrdK@&Sd a&$armfa"m bk&m; apwD=uD;tm; =unfndKIrqkH; zl;ar#mfI r0edkif jzpf=uonf// A*kd;jrdK@&Sd/ [Hom0wD aejynfawmf. txdrf;trSwf a&$[oFm zdkr&kyfxktm; jrifawG@&aomtcg/ 0rf;enf;/ 0rf;om jzpfrd=uonf// [email protected] rxdef;edkif rsuf&nfjzdKifjzdKif usonfhtxd cHpm; vm&onf// twdwfudk vGrf;&

aygufzGm;=uD;jyif;&m ajrae&mjzpfonf[k yg;pyfrS wrf;wrf;ww a&&Gwf =uone&mudk a&mufaom xkdif;rGefwkd@onf/ [Hom0wDacwf twdwfumvudk jyefvnd& atmif;arh =uonf// rdrdwdk@. bdk;bGm;bDbifrsm;tm; vGrf;qGwfowd& =uokteD;tem;&Sd ajr=uD;udk t=udrf=udrf erf;&SKH@=uonf// tcsdK@u/ t=udrf=udrf OD;acgif;jf=uonf// tcsdK@u ajr=uD;udk ukwfjcpf wl;,ljyD; w,kw,/ tjrwfwedk; xkyfy

qmif oGm;=uonf// ,dk;',m;&Sd rdrdwkd@. tdrfokd@ a&mufaomtcg tdk;ykvif;rsm;jzfhI/ jrwfjrwfekd;ekdf; &kd&kdaoao av;av;pm;pm; odrf;qnf; xm;=uonf// A*dk;jrdK@onSs avmufyif olwkd@. rsdK;cspfpdwfudk edk;=um; x=uGapcJhonf//

=umifh (A*kd;[Hom0wD)[laom trnfemrudk =um;vkduf&aom rGefvlrsdK;wkdif;onsdK;rnfraz:jyekdifaoma0'emwrsdK;udk cHpm;vm=uonf[k toD;oD;qkd=uonfrSmtvef aeonf// emusnf;rSK/ cHjyif;rSK ponfha0'emtrsdK;rsdK;udk jzpfay:aponf// &mrrSm&Sd=uaomrGefvlrsdK;rsm;eSifhxyfwl ,dk;',m;Y&Sdae=uaom/ rGefrsdK;

Aqwfqwfcg emusnf;aom a0'emudk cHpm;vm=uonf// [Hom0wDacwf &mZ"d&mZfrif; vufxufu/ rGefvlrsdK;[email protected] wHckd; =uD;xGm;cJhykHudk/ jyefvnf owd& vm=uonf// ol&Jaumif; Anm;v*Gef;tdef/ ordefA&rf;wkd@. &JpGrf; owWd&Sdr_/ opPm&Sdr_/ wdk@udkjyefowd& rd=uonf// twkr&Sd e_dif;,SOfI r&aom xkdyk*~dKvfwkd@. owWdAswWdudk4if;/ &J&ifh ajymifajrmuf aom pGrf;aqmifcsufwkd@udk4if;/ atmif;arhowd&vm=uonf//

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l;I qkawmif; arwWm ydk@=uonf// xkdyk*~dKvfrsm; txJrS/ xl;ojzifh &mZm"d&mZfrif;/ bk&ifr˜ &Sifapmyk/ Anm;v*Gef;tdef/ Anm;"&mH wkd@ukd

vGef uf ykH w udk ykdif;j dwf wdk@a H. ow f/ bk& m; &efpon %deSifh 'g;vSHa&;jzifh/ xkd;owf ,SOfjydKif&ef ta&;qkdvm onf//

u,fI w&kwfwkd@u ekdifygu/ tif;0 aejynfawmfonf/ w&kwfwkd@. vufatmufcH

f;pD;I ,SOfjydKif xkd;owf ekdif,lcJhonf// Arm vlrdsK;wkd@. *k%fudk q,fwif ay;cJhonf// w&kwfvlrsdK; wkd@.

rmvllrsdK;wkd@onf/ olwyg; jyKcJhbl;aom *k%faus;Zl;wdk@udk arhvG,f/ aysmufvG,f=uolrsm; pfonf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. *k%faus;Zl; udkod&rSef;/ atmif;arh&rSef; em;rvnfcJh=uacs//

Tae&mY &mZm"d&mZfrif; vufxufwGiff/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. b0 tajcaeudk tenf;i,f a&;om; wifjyvkdygonf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ bkef;wHckd; aevkd/ vvdk xGef;awmuf cJhonfhacwf[k qkd&rnf// rnfonfh ab;&ef tEW&m,frsdK;udkrS rGefvlrsdK;wkd@u rrSKcJhacs// rnfolrsSvnf; vmaa&muf usL;ausmf apmfum;cJhjcif; r&Sday// rGefvlrsdK;udk av;pm;/ cef@nm;=uonf// Anm;v*Gef;tdef/ ordefA&mH/ ordeftJrGef',m;/ ordefjAZ…mZf/ordefOygaumif/ paomtvGef owWd/AswWdeSifh jynfhpkHaom/ ol&Jaumif;rsm;vnf;/ vGefpGm&Sdonf// ynmtarSsmfeJ@ tvGef jynfh0aom/ rif;uefpD/ trwf'defwkd@ vkdyk*~dKvfonfvnf; ajrmufrsm;pGm&Sdonf// xdkyk*~dKvfwdk@udk/ A*kd;[Hom0wD[laom trnfemreSihf wGJbufI/ bk&m;zl;vmaom xkdif;rGef wdk@u owd&=uonf// 4if;yk*~dKvfrsm;tm; &nfrSef;Ivnf;/ t=udrf=udrf OD;nGwf/ uawmh =uonf// xkdyk*~dKvfwkd@tm; &nfpt

pGmyifolwkd@owd& wrf;wrd=uonf// Anm;v*Gef;tdef. opPm&SdykH/ owWd ajymifajrmkd@udk pOf;pm;vmrd=uonf//Anm;v*Gef;tdefonf/ Armbk&if/ bk&ifrif;acgif. OD;acgif;

zwf,lekdifygvSsuf/ bk&ifrsm;tay:Y/ =unfnkdwwfaompdwf/ aus;Zl;odwwfaomp=umifh/ bk&ifrif;acgif. OD;acgif;udk rjzwfrlbJ/ csrf;omcGifh ay;cJhonf// ordefffA&mWdAswWdudkvnf;/ *k%f,l 0ifh=uGm;pGm olwkd@ owd&=uonf// &wemyl& tif;0wGi

ifrif;acgif tkyfpkd;pOf tif;0 aejynfawmfudk/ w&kwfwkd@ vma&muf usL;ausmf apmfuonf// ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jyI/ tif;0 aejynfawmfudk rw&m; odrf;ykduf,l&ef =uHpnf f// w&kwf ol&Jaumif; *gr

teldifiHjzpf&rnf// tu,fI w&kwfwkd@u &SKH;edrfhygu tomw=unf rdrdwkd@wyfudk &kwfodrf;I jyefygrnf[k qkdvmonf// ArmvlrsdK;xJrS *gr%deSifh xkd;owf ,SOfjydKif&Jol [lI rnfolr# ay:rxGufvmay// Arm. tusOf;om;tjzpf usa&mufaeaom/ rGefol&Jaumif; ordefA&mH onf/ ArmvlrsdK;udk,fpm; w&kwf ol&Jaumif; *gr%deSifh jrif;csitvufatmufcH u|efjzpf&rJhb0rS u,fwifay;cJhonf// ordefA&mHonf/ e,fcsJ@ qef@usifa&;orm; ppfppfjzpfonf// e,fcsJ@orm; w&kwfvlrsdK; wkd@. usL;ausmf apmfum;vmr_udk/ toufudkrr_/ tHhwk &Joljzpfonf// tif;0om; ArmvlrsdK;udk wyg;ol. aus;uGsef jzpf&rJhb0rS u,fwif ay;ekdifcJhol jzpfonf// okd@aomf tif;0om; Ajz

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fh rGefvlrsdK;jzpfaom ordefA&mH. &JpGrf;owWd&SdykH tjzpfrSef dkyif todtrSwfrjyKvkd vSpfvsL&_xm;vkd=uonf// ordefA&mH trnfemrudkyif/ r=um;vkd

nf// olwyg;wkdif;ekdifiHudk sL;ausmf apmfum;vkdpdwf/ oGm;a&muf wkdufcdkuf odrf;ydkuf ,lvkdpdwf r&Sd=u// [email protected];

kd@ vufxufwGiff/ rGefwkd@ ejynfawmf [Hom0wDonf/ tvGefpnfum; om,monf[k/ taemufwkdif; pma&; &mrsm;u a&;om;=uonf// vGefcJhaom eSpfaygif; (500)ausmfu A*kd;[Hom0wD

usOf;ajrmif;aomtjrifwckwnf;jziurjrifvkd azsmufzsufypf vkd=uonf// ordefA&mH ta=umif;udkyif ajAmif;jyefvSef a&;om; vkd=uonf// ponfjzifh [Hom0wDeSifhqufpyfjyD; rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ awG;awm pOf;pm;rd=uonf// A*dk;[Hom0wDt rnfemreSifh ,SOfI bk&ifr˜ &Sifapmykudkvnf; owd&=uonf// bk&ifr˜ &Sifapmykacwf/ rGefvlrsdkK;wkd@. b0jidrf;csrf; om,mrSK/ =uG,f0csrf;omrSK/ wdk@udkyg olwkd@ jyefvnf owd& vm=uonf// xkdif;rGefwdk@onf/ a&$wd*kHukef; ay:wGif wnfxm; udk;uG,f aom/ &Sifapmyk qkawmif;jynfh apwDawmfudk zl;arsSmfIr0edkif =unfndKI rqkH;edkif&Sdd=uonf// rGefbk&ifr &Sifapmyk.oruf/ "rRapwDrif;udkvnf; rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ owd& wrf;w =uonf// Trif;vufxufwGif [Hom0wDekdifiH tvGefpnfyif om,m wkd;wuf zGH@jzdK; cJhonf// omoem xGef;vif; awmufycJhonf// wkdif;ol/ jynfom;rsm;/ aysmf&$if csrf;ajr@pGm vkyfudkif pm;aomuf aexdkif vmcJh=u&onf// ukd,hfxD; udk,fheef; ukd,fhusiSef;eSifh aevmcJh=uonf// [Hom0wDtrnfemreSifhwGJI [Hom0wDacwfrGefvlrsdK;[email protected] olwkd@wrf;w owd&=uonf// [Hom0wDacwfrGefvlrsdK;[email protected];olwkd@pOf;pm;rdonf// [Hom0wDacwfwGif rGefvlrsdK;wkd@onf ,Ofaus; odrfarG@ =uonf// bmomw&m;Y &kdao udkif;&Skdif; =uonf// tvSL'geeSifh arG@av#mfonf// ukokdvfaumif;rSKY apwem o'Ngw&m; xufoefonf// ypPnf;OpPmaygrsm;/ =uG,f0=uonf// jidrf;jidrf; csrf;csrf; aewwf=uouekdifiHtwGif;rSmyif/ at;at; csrf;csrf;/ aexkdifvkyfudkif pm;aomufvkd =uolrsm;jzpfonf// &JpGrf; owWdeSifh jynfh0jyD;/ ynmtarSsmfjrifeSifh jynfhpkH=uolrsm;jzpfonf// txufygtwkdif; [Hom0wDeSifh ywfoufjyD;/ owd&bG,f&m/ atmifharhbG,f&m/ *k%f,l bG,f&m/ a=uuGJbG,f&m/ vGrf;qGwfbG,f&m/ woDwoef;=uD;udk rGefvlrsdK;wkd@u jyefvnf owd& pOf;pm;vmrd=uonf// xdk@tjyif [Hom0wDeSifh ywfoufjyD; rGefvlrsdK;wdk@tbdk@ *k%f,lavmuf onfh tjcm;ta=umif;&m rsm;pGmvnf; &Sdao;onf// tenf;i,f wifjy a&;om; &v#if atmufyg twkdif;jzpfonf// &Sifapmyk bk&ifr vufxufeSihf orufawmf/ "rRapwDrif;waq

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aysmf&$if/ rf;ajr@pGm/ aexkdif=uonf// ppfruf/ ppfcif;uif;rJhcJhonf// tvGefjidrf;csrf;ojzifh Tacwfudk

th foot and horse, and has with im more than a thousand Christians. And he gives to each, for pay, six golden

he King returned, having gained a great victory over his enemy, and Varthema and his fellow-travellers from India were admitted to an audience.

aejynfawmfokd@ a&mufoGm;aom/ t*Fvdyfukefonf/ Ralph Fitch,u/ A*dk;[Hom0wDjrdK@ . wkd;wuf pnfum;rSKonf/ ol@tm; tvGeftHh=o/ ai;armapcJhonf[k rSwfwrf;wifcJh onf// A*kd;jrdK@onf tvGefom,m vSyaom jrdK@wjrdK@jzpfjyD; olawG@cJhor#S aomvrf;wkd@wGif A*kd;jrdK@&Sd vrf;wkd@onf tvStyqkH; jzpfonf[k rSwfwrf;wif a&;om;cJhonf// A*dk;ol/ A*dk;om;wkd@onf/ tvGefat;csrf; om,m=uonf// pD;yGm;a&;/ ul;oef; a&mif;0,fa&; tvGefzGH@jzKd; wkd;wufojzifh tvGef=uG,f0 csrf;om=uonf// jidrf;csrf;pGm/ csa&$acwf (Golden-Age)[kyif/ taemufwkdif;om; rsm;udkajymprSwfjyK=uonf// "rRapwDrif;aemuf/ eef;wufvmaom om;awmf/ Anm;&Hrif; vufxufwGifvnf;/ A*dk; [Hom0wD rGefwkd@ aejynfawmfonf/ tvGefpnfum;onf// pnf;yGm;a&; aumif;rGefonf// Anm;&Hrif;onf tvGef =uD;jrwfaom rif;wyg; jzpfonf// Anm;&Hrif;wGif qifOD;a& taumifaygif; (1)aomif;ausmf &Sdonf// eSpfpOf eSpfwkdif;/ qiftaumifa& (5)&mausmf aygufyGm;onf[k tDwvDukefonf Hieronymo Santo Stefano,u rSwfwrf;wif a&;om; xm;onf// atmufaz:jyyg/ tDwvDvlrsdK;/ Varthema, a Bolognese traveller .rSwfwrf;udk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh/ vnf;/ "rRapwD. om;awmf/ Anm;&Hrif; vufxuf/ A*kd;[Hom0wD aejynfawmf. =uD;us,fcrf;em;ykH/ =uG0csrf;omykHwkd@udk cef@rSef;I&edkifygonf// Varthema, a Bolognese traveller , says of Pegu in 1501-4 in the reign of Bin-ya-Ran: "The city is on the mainland, and is near to the sea. On the left hand of this that is towards the East, there is a very beautiful river by which many ships go and come. This city is walled and has good houses and Palaces built of stone with lime. The King is extremely powerful in men, bohpardai per month, and his expenses. Varthema speaks of its abundance and its trade in rubies, which came from Caplan, distant thirty days' journey. "When we arrived in this country, the King," he says 'was fifteen days' journey distant, fighting with another who was called King of Ava." T

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ngs of gold, all full of the most beautiful rubies; also on his arms, and his

rticles were at the service of His Highness.

uld take what we wished.

e world to collect property, but only to see different people and different stoms.”

"Do not imagine," he says, "that the King of Pegu enjoys as great a reputation as the King of Calicut, although he is so humane and domestic that an infant might speak to him, and he wears more rubies on him than the value of a very large city; and he wears them on all his toes. And on his legs he wears certain great rifingers are full. His ears hang down half a palm, through the great weight of the many jewels he wears there, so that seeing the person of the King by a light at night, he shines so much that he appears to be a sun." On their being introduced into the presence by the Nestorian Christians settled at Pegu, the King asked what people the strangers were. The Chritians answered, "Sir, these are Persians." Said the King to the interpreter (pointing to the corals they had brought,) "Ask them if they are willing to sell these things."

he answer was that the aT "Then the King began to say that he had been at war with the King of Ava for two years, and on that account he had no money; but that if we were willing to barter for so many rubies, he would amply satisfy us. We caused him to told that we desired nothing further from him than his friendship- that he should take the commodities and do whatever he pleased. He, hearing this, liberally answered: "I know that the Persians are very liberal, but I never saw one so liberal as this man." And he swore by God and by the devil that he would see which would be the more liberal, he, or a Persian. And then he desired one of his confidential servants to bring him a certain little box which was two palm in length, worked all round in gold, and was full of rubies within and without. And when he had opened it, there were six separate divisions; all full of different rubies; and he placed it before us, telling us that we sho My companion answered: "' O Sir, you show me so much kindness, that by the faith that I bear to Mahomet, I make you a present of all these things. And know, Sir, that I do not travel about thcu

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tvGef =uD;rm;pGm&Sdw,f// (u,fvDuwf) (Calicut) bk&if rif;jrwfuJhokd@yif/ tvGef=uD;jrwfjyD;/ xifay: ausmf=um;aom rif;wyg; jzpfw,f//

dk,fay:Y 0wfpm;qif,if xm;onfudk avhvm=unfhjcif; tm;jzifh/ rnfr# =uG,f0csrf;omwJh

if,ifxm;wJh wefbdk;uyif/ jrdK@=uD;wjrdK@. wefbdk; xufawmif =uD;rm;ae

tvif;a&mifeSifhyif/ bk&ifrif;jrwfudk ta0;u vSrf;jrifekdifw,f/ bk&ifrif;jrwf&J@

The King answered: "' I cannot conquer you in liberality, but take this which I give you.” And so he took a good handful of rubies from each of the divisions of the said casket, and gave them to him. Their value was estimated at 100, 000 dicats. Wherefore, by this he may be considered to be the most liberal King in the world, and every year he has an income of about one million in gold and he gives all his income to his soldiers."38

txufyg rSwfwrf;udk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh/ A*dk;[Hom0wD rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. aejynfawmfrSm/ rnfr# csrf;om=uG,f0onfudk od&Sdedkifyg onf// 4if;c&D;onf. rSwfwrf;udk tusOf; bmom jyefa&;om;&v#if atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf//

“yJcl;bk&ifrif;jrwfonf/ wHckd;=oZm tvGef=uD;rm;w,f/ ajcvsif wyftiftm;/ jrif;wyftiftm;

'gayrJh/yJcl;bk&ifonf/ omrefvlom;wOD;uJhodk@yif &dk;&dk;om;om; aexdkifjyKrlonf// [dwf[ef r=uD;bl;// =uD;us,f cef;em;rSKr&Sdbl;// omrefcav;i,f wOD;yifv#if/ bk&ifrif;jrwftm; pum;ajymqkd qufqHedkifonf// bk&ifrif;jrwf u

vlrsdK;wrdsK; jzpfw,fqkdwm odedifw,f// bk&ifrif;jrwf&J@ udk,fcE<mwckrSm 0wfpm; qw,f// a&$aiG ywWjrm;awGudk/ bk&if&J@ ajcjzm;txd 0wfpm;qif,if xm;w,f// bk&ifrif;jrwf&J@ ajcaxmuf eSpfzufrSm/ tvGefwefbdk; =uD;rm;jyD;/ vSywJh&wem awGeJ@ pDjc,f xm;onfh/ a&$ajcuGif;=uD;rsm;udk 0wfqif xm;onf// bk&if&J@ ajcaxmufrSmuJhodk@/ bk&if&J@ vufarmif;/ vufjzm;wkd@rSmvJ/ ywWjrm; awGeJ@ jynfheSuf aeatmif 0wfpm;qif,if xm;w,f// bk&ifrif;jrwf&J@ em;eSpfzufrSm/ &wemrsdK;pkH ywWjrm;rsdK;pkHeJ@ pDjc,fxm;wJh vuf0g;jyif w0uf avmuf=uD;rm;wJh/ em;a'gif;rsm;u wGJavmif; usaew,f// ntcg/ rD;rxGef;bJ/ em;a'gif;.

udk,fcE<mrS/ jydK;jydK; ysufysuf/ xkd;xGuf ay:vmaom tvif;a&mif wkd@onf/ aerif;. tvif;a&mifuJhokd@yif pl;&S awmufyaew,f//

38 Mandalay and Other Cities of The Past In Burma.P.362

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mif;udk odrnf[kxifygonf//

ef; Sm a&muf&SdjyD; udkk,fawG@ cHpm;ae&aom ekdifa&$usif/ ekdifxGef;cif/ ekdifoef;wif wkd@url

m;onf// f vSKyf&Sm;aponf// vGrf;ovkdvdk/

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f;

m rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. aemufcH ordkif;a=umif;udk jyefajymif;I ajymjyay;rSm aocsmonf[k

mufajymifaom rdkif;a=umif;udkvnf; rnfol wOD;urSs vma&muf ajczsufI &rnf r[kwf[k

yJcl;&kd;r awmifwef;jym=uD;onf/ tpOfxm0& wnfwef@ ifjrJaejyD; rGefvlrsdk;wkd@. ajymifajrmufaom twdwf ordkif;a=umif; trSefudk oufaocH

;uawmh/ &dk;r. pGrf;aqmifrSKtay: tjynfh0 ouf0if ,kH=unf =uonf// *kd;&kd;rtay: tm;udk; tm;xm;jyK =uonf//

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g// ppfatmifedkifolwdk@/ sif;yaom ppfatmifyGJ tcrf;em; r[kwfrlbJ// ppf&SHK;Iusif;yaom/ ppf&SHK;olwkd@. tnHhcHyGJ

pm;&uf/raomuf&uf pkaqmif;aiG ac|;enf;pmrS axmufyHhay;urf;aom/ iGa=u;jzifh/ 0,f,l pkaqmif;vmcJh=uonf// rGeftrsdK;om;[email protected]

xHodk@ ay;tyf&onf//41 xkd@aemuf/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. obmywdjzpfol ekdfifatmifxGef;u/ rdrdwkd@ rGeftrsdK;om;awG/ tb,fa=umihf vufeufudkfif awmfvSefa&;udk pwif cJh&onfh ta=umif;/ ,ck tb,fa=umifh/ vufeufeSifh 'Drdkua&pD vJvS,f &onfh ta=umif;eSifh [email protected]*gwf edkifiHa&;vrf;pOfudkyg rGefbmomjzifh rdef@cGef; ajym=um;cJhonf// xkd@ae@ jrifcJh&wJh jrifuGif;udk uGsefawmfonf Twouf rarhedkifyujzpfaeonf// jrif&ol. pdwfeSvkH;udk nSdK;i,faponf// rGeftrsdK;om; vli,fwOD; taejzifh/ u|efawmfonf tvGef0rf;enf; a=uuGJrdygonf// &Sufrdonf// twdkif;rod cHpm;rdygonf// rcHcsifpdwfawG/ emusnf;pdwfawG/ &SufpdwfawG &ifrSm jynfheSuf wif;=uyfvmonf// 1948-ckeSpfrS pwifcJhaom/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. vufeufudkfif awmfvSefa&;onf/ vufeuf a[mif;/ tusdK;yJ@ okH;av;vufjzifh t&if;wnfcJh=uonf// t=uyfwnf;rsdK;pkH/ 'kuQrsdK;pkH =um;rS vufeuf cJ,rf; rD;ausmufrsm;udk wpp t&if;wnf pkaqmif; vmcJh=uonf// rGefjynfolrsm;. raar#mfvifhcsuf=uD;rm;pGm tm;xm; cJh=uonf// ,ckrl acwfrSD vufeufrsdK;pkHeSifh vltiftm;/ axmif*%ef;ausmf &SdvmaomtcgrS/ &efolxHyg;/ oGm;a&muf 'l;axmufjyD;/ xdk;tyf ay;vkduf=uonf// teSpftvvu/ tyifyrf;cHtqif;&JcH/ wefbdk;=uD;rm;pGm ay;jyD;/ tjrwf wedk; pkaqmif;odrf;qnf; vmcJhaom/ t&m0xÎLwckudk/ t"dy`g,frJhpGm/ yifv,f ork'N&m xJodk@ oGm;a&mufjyD; v$ifhypfvkdufonfeSifh wlaeonf// Ttjzpfudk jrifol rnfol@ udkrqdk &ifxkrem/ jzpfaprSm trSefyifjzpfonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. enf;AsL[m ajymif;vJjyD;/ tvif;0if oGm;onfh jzpf&yfeSifh ywfoufI ekdifa&$usifonfvnf;/ rdrd.tjrifukd/ atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;xm;onfudk awG@&onf//

“1956-ckeSpf pufwbFvmvrSm/ ae@&ufukdawmh/ twdtus rrSwfrdbl;/ ekdifatmifxGef;u/ ol&SdaewJh oHr&maus;&Gm/ pcef;rSaejyD; ta&;=uD;wJhta=umif; xl;&Sdw,f/ awG@qkH aqG;aEG;vkdw,f/ qkdjyD; u|efawmhqD uref;uwef;/ owif;ay; vmw,f// awmifuav;&GmrSm awG@qkH=ubdk@ csdef;qkd xm;w,f// u|efawmfu

41 xkdpOfu u|efawmfjrifonfrSm/edkifatmifxGef;udk,fwkdif/umbkdifaoeyfwvufudk/a&S@awmifwkdif;/wkdif;rSL; AkdvfrSL;=uD;aomif;=unfxH ay;tyfonf[k jrifonf// edkfifoef;wifudk ar;=unfhaomtcg/ ekdfifatmifxGef; r[kwf[kqkdonf// AkdvfpHa&$ jzpfa=umif;ajymonf// wkdif;rSL;rSmvnf;/ AdkvfcsKyfoef;az[k qkdonf//

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pmif udk xkd;jyw,f// owif;pmxJrSm/ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD A[kdudk/ tpkd;&ppfwyfrS

&Sda&;twGuf/ Oya'abmif twGif;rSaejyD; wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;bkd@ wkdufwGef;xm;w,f// u|efawmfu owif;pm

Armjynf uGefjrLepfrSm/ wAkdvfus wAkdvfwufwJh pepf&Sdw,f// Armjynf

tu,fI ocifoef;xGef; tzrf;cH&onfh wkdifatmif pdk;&drfp&mrvkdbl;//”

vnf;/ csdef;qkdxm;wJhtwkdif;/ csdef;qkdxm;wJh ae&mrSm/ awG@qkHr,fvkd@ ta=umif; jyef=um; vkdufw,f// csdef;qkdxm;wJh ae@rSm/ ekdifatmifxGef;eJ@ twl/ ekdifcsrf;rGef/ ekdifqdwfekd@/ ekdifatmifwifh wkd@vnf; ygvm=uw,f/ u|efawmhfeSifh twl/ ekdifxGef;armifeSifh xdkif;rGeftzkd;=uD; wpfa,muf ygoGm;w,f// u|efawmfudk awG@˜awG@csif;/ ekdkfifatmifxGef;u/ jrefrmhtvif; owif;pm wa

0kdif;0ef;ydwfqdk@xm;jyD; jzpfwJhta=umif;/ r=umcifrSm/ tpkd;&wyfrS/ ocifoef;xGef; eSihf Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD A[kdaumfrwD0ifrsm;udk vuf&zrf;qD; edkifawmhrnf jzpfa=umif; a&;om;xm;wJh owif;udk awG@&w,f// jyD;awmh/ ekdifatmifxGef;&J@ ausmif;aebufoli,fcsif;OD;,k&Sdefu/ ekdifatmifxGef;qDa&;wJh pmwapmifudkvnf; u|efawmhudkjyw,f//tJ'DpmrSmtpkd;&wyfrS0kdif;0ef;ydwfqkd@xm;wJhtwGuf/ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDrSm/ avmavm q,fq,f =uKHawG@ae&wJh/ ppfa&; t=uyftwnf; tcuftcJwdk@udk/ OD;,k&Sdefua&;om;az:jyxm;w,f// tu,fIArmjynfuGefjrLepf ygwD omvSsif usqkH;oGm;&if/ usefwJh tjcm;awmwGif; vufeufudkif tzGJ@pnf; tm;vkH;wkd@[mvJ/ wzGJ@jyD;wzGJ@ tvkdtavSsmuf usqkH;oGm;rSm aocsmw,fvkd@ a&;om;xm;w,f// 'ga=umifh ekdifatmifxGef;wkd@ awmwGif; tzGJ@tpnf;taeeJ@/ Oya'abmifodk@ 0ifa&mufbkd@ wkdufwGef;xm;w,f// tu,fI Oaya' abmifodk@ a&mufvkd@ &Sd&if/ vmrnfh a&G;aumufyGJrSm/ ekdifatmifxGef; trwfjzpfbkd@twGuf/ ol@wkd@ todkif;t0kdif;rS 0kdif;0ef;ulnD yHhydk; ay;rnfh ta=umif;yg&Sdw,f// jyD;awmh rGefjynfe,f &

rSmygwJh owif;udka&m/ OD;,k&Sdefpmudkygzwf&SK avhvmjyD;/ trsm;&Jta&S@rSm/ 'Dvkd ajymcsvkdufw,f// “Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD[m tvkyform; vlwef;pm;wdk@&J@ a&S@aqmifygwD jzpfw,f// 'Dvkd wkdufyGJjzpfvdk@ acgif;aqmifrsm; usqkH;oGm;wmbJ jzpfjzpf zrf;cHxd/ oGm;&wmbJ jzpfjzpf upifhuvsm;jzpfjyD; vufeufcswJh tpOftvm r&SdcJhbl;//

uGefjrLepfygwDrSm/ ocifoef;xGef;vkd acgif;aqmif aumif;awG/ &mausmf&Sdw,f// u|efawmfwdk@ rGefygwDrSmvkd/ acgif;aqmif ta&wGuf enf;aewm r[kwfbl;

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fa&; tay:/ ,kH=unfrSK avsSmhenf;aewmudk awG@&w,f// vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;

ekdifaiGodrf; =umtif;e,f/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; A[kdXmecsKyfukd a&mufvmjyD;

;vmygw,f// wpfae@csdef;qkdjyD;/ u|efawmfwkd@ ESpfOD;awG@=uw,f// tJ'D(Auy)ajratmuf wm0efcHu/ u|efawmfhudk awG@awmh/

vufcH&ef tvm;vm&Sdaew,f// zqyvtpdk;&u OD;csrf;at;&J@ZeD;/ ekdifaiGodrf;&J@

u|efawmfu tJ'Dvkd ajymvdkufawmhrS/ ekdifatmifxGef;wdk@ vlpkvnf; pdwfa=ueyf tm;&oGm;jyD;/ nae(3)em&DavmufrSm olwkd@pcef;qDudkk jyefoGm;=uw,f// 'gudk =unfhvSsif/tJ'Duwnf;u/ ekdifatmifxGef;wkd@tkyfpk[m/ vufeufudkifawmfvSe

udk pGef@jyD; Oaya'abmifodk@ 0ifbkd@ pdwfqEN &Sdae=uw,f/ qkdwm xif&Sm; w,f// wzef/ ekdifaiGodrf;eJ@ ywfoufjyD; ajym&tkH;r,f// 1957-ckeSpfrSm ta=umif;wck aa=umifh/ edkifaiGodrf;[m oxkHc&kdif/ aumhu&dwf pcef;uae/ =umtif;e,f/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; A[kdXmecsKyf &Sd&mudk ajymif;a&$@ oGm;a&muf aexdkif &w,f//

b,favmufrS r=umygbl;/ rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;rSm tajymif;tvJawG jzpfvmw,f// rGefjynfol@wyfOD; A[kdrSm &Sdae=uwJh ekdifatmifxGef;/ ekdifcsrf;rGef/ edkifqdwfekd@eJ@ tjcm;olrsm;[m jynfwGif; vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; tzGJ@pnf;rsm;&J@ ekdifiHa&; jzpfay:ajymif;vJrSKwkd@eJ@ (2)eSpfeD;yg; uif;uGmaevkd@bmrSrodvkdufbl;// ekdifaiGodrf;&J@ vSnfhpm;rSKudk cHvkduf&w,fvkd@ jrifw,f// 'DtcsufeJ@ ywfoufjyD; &Sif;vif;atmif/ tenf;i,f &Sif;jy&&if/ 1957-ckeSpf ekd0bFmvrSm/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD awmifydkfif; wm0efcHwpfOD;u u|efawmftm; awG@jyD; ta&;=uD;wJh udpPwpf&yfudk aqG;aEG;vkdwJhta=umif; ta=umif;=um; vmygw,f// ol,ck u&ifA[kd XmecsKyfrSm a&mufaewJhta=umif;/ u|efawmfhudk awG@vdkwJhta=umif;/ ta=umif;=um

rGefjynfol@wyfOD;&J@ tajctae udkajymjyw,f// olajymqkdcsuft& rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;taeeJ@“csrf;at;rl”twkdif; vufeufeSifh 'Drdkua&pD vJvS,fa&;twGuf

nDr˜ roef;oef;rS wqifh ekdifaiGodrf;qDokd@ csOf;uyfjyD; =udK;pm; aew,fvkd@ twdtus olwkd@owif;&xm; wJhta=umif; ajymjyw,f// 'Dowif;udk u|efawmf taeeJ@ tjrefqkH;/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;A[kdokd@ ta=umif; =um;jyD;/ tcsdefrD wm;jrpf apcsifw,fvkd@ajymygw,ff//

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l@wyfOD;udk =udK;pm; rf;pm;/ pmay;jyefw,f// 'gayrJh rGefausmif;om;rsm;u pmudk zGifhzwfjyD;/

if;eJ@ ta=umif;t&mwkd@[m/ kH;0 r[kwfrrSefwJh owif; jzpfw,fvkd@/ ekdifcsrf;rGefu u|efawmhqD pma&;

ufudkif tzGJ@pnf;wdk@ olrem/ udk,frem/ eSpfOD; pfzuf awGqkHjyD;/ jynfwGif; ppf&yfpJa&;/ jynfwGif; jidrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufa&;’

'Dtjyif/ tJ'Dvkd roef;oef;rS wqifh tpkd;&u =udK;yrf;wm tm;r&ao;vkd@/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;taejzifh tjrefqkH; vufeufeJ@ 'Drdkua&pD vJvS,fa&; twGuf tpkd;&u &efukefwuUokdvf rGefausmif;om;rS wqifh rGefjynfoyvufeufcsbkd@ pmjzpfaevkd@ tJ'Dpmukd ray;bJ azsmufzsuf ypfvkduf w,fvkd@ =um;od&jyefw,f// 'Dta=umif;awG tm;vkH;udkodjyD;/ u|efawmfvJ/ rdrdtjriftwkdif; pmwpfapmif a&;om;cg/ rGefjynfol@wyf OD;twGif;a&;rSL;/edkifcsrf;rGefqDudk vl=uKHeJ@ay;vkdufw,f// pmxJrSm zqyv tpkd;&[m/ tvGefuvdef Om%frsm;w,f// rnfonfh tcgrS &kd;om; ajzmifhrwfcJhjcif; r&Sdbl;// ,ck ekdifaiGodrf;rS wpfqifh/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; vufeufcsbkd@ zqyv tpkd;&u =udK;pm;aew,f// 'ga=umifh vufeufeJ@'Drdkua&pD vJvS,fa&; tpDpOfudk tcsdefrD wm;jrpfbkd@ wkdufwGef; xm;w,f// ekdifcsrf;rGefvJ u|efawmfqDupmudk&jyD; wkd;wkd; wdwfwdwf aqmif&Guf&rJhtpm;/ vlykHtv,frSm/ ekdifaiGodrf;tygt0if a&S@rSm/ u|efawmhfpmudk zwfjyjyD;/ ekdifaiGodrf;udk tJ'D udpP [kwfr[kwf ar;jref;w,f// ekdifaiGodrf;vJ/ vlykH tv,frSm r[kwf rrSefa=umif; ajAmifjiif;qefw,f// 'geJ@ u|efawmf &xm;wJh owvta=umif;jyef=um;cJhw,f// u|efawmftJ'Dvkdowif;ay;ta=umif;=um;jyD; (7)vavmuft=umrSm/ u|efawmf u owif;&xm;wJhtwdkif; rGefjynfol@wyfOD;ygwDrSm/ vufeufcsbdk@ ajymif;vJrSK awG jzpfay:vmw,f// odyfhjrefqef vGef;w,f// okH;ygwD wyfaygif;pkrS csrSwfxm; aom/ ‘tpkd;&eSifhawmwGif; vufeeSrludk jypfy,fjyD;/ wdwfwqdwf/ ekdifaiGodrf;eJ@ ekdifcsrf;rGefwdk@eSpfOD; &efukef&Sd A[kd ppf&kH;csKyfodk@ a&mufoGm;=uw,f// A[kdppf&kH;csKyfrS csay;aomrl(8)ckukd vufcHjyD; rGefjynfol@wyfOD;A[kdokd@ jyefvmcJh=uw,f// r=umcifrSmbJ vufeufrcs&if r&bl; qkdjyD;/ vufatmufcH tqifhqifhrS yk*~dKvfrsm;udk trdef@eJ@ qifhac: vmw,f// vufeufrcsol[m A[kdcsKyfudkifrSKudk emrcHoltjzpfeJ@ rSwfwrf;wifjyD; ta&;,l jcif;udk cH&r,fvkd@vJ jcdrf;ajcmuf jyefw,f//”42

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ae&rSm aocsmw,f// r[mArm vlrsdK;=uD;0g'udk u|efawmfwkd@ wkdufzsufypf&r,f// vlrsdK;pkawG b0&Sifoefa&;twGuf r[mArm vlrsdK;=uD; 0g'udk udk,fpm;jyKaewJh/ ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk rvGJra&Smifom wkdufzsufypf&r,f// okd@r[kwf&if r[mArm vlrsdK;=uD; 0g'u vlrsdK;pk awGudk 0g;rsdK oGm;r,f// tJ'Dawmh 'DpHepfudk wkdufzsuf rvm;/ 'Dpepf&J@ 0g;rsdKrSKudk cH=urvm;qkdwm/ vlrsdK;pkawG a&G;cs,f&r,fh tcsdefjzpf w,f// u|efawmfwkd@uawmh 'Dtwdkif; jidrfaejyD; 0g;rsdKwm rcHedkifbl;// wdkufzsufypf &r,f//udk,fhtrsdK;om;b0vGwfajrmufa&;twGufxrf;aqmif&rJhwm0ef u|efawmf wkd@rSm&Sdw,f//'gudk u|efawmfwkd@ arhvkd@r&bl;// ukd,fhvlrsdK; u|efjzpfaewJh tcsdefrSm/ udk,fu ausmif;rSmaejyD; tacsmifckd pmoifaevdk@ roifhbl;/ u|efawmfh oabmuawmh rGefjynfopfygwDeJ@ wcgwnf; yl;aygif;jyD; vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;udk qifEGJbdk@ t=uHjyK aqG;aEG;csifw,f/ u|efawmfwdk@ rGefausmif;om; awG/ trsdK;om; vGwfajrmufrSK awmfvSefa&;rSm wufwuf=uG=uG owWd&Sd&Sd &J&J0Hh0Hh yg0if=ubdk@vdkw,f// u|efawmfwkd@&J@ ol&Jaumif; Anm;v*Gef;tdef/ ordefA&mHwdk@udk erlem ,l&r,f// wdkif;jynfeJ@ vlrsdK;twGuf toufay;vSL &J&r,f// owWd AswWd &Sd&r,f// &efoludk ra=umufr&G@H awmfvSef&J&r,f/ tedkfif,ll&J&r,f// awmfvSefa&; aumi

aocsmw,f// axmifoGif;jyD; owfypfrSm aocsmw,f// tzrf;awmh rcHekdifbl;// awmfvSefjyD; ppftm%m&Sifudk jzKwfcs &r,f// rGefjynfolawGudk ppfbdeyf atmufrS vGwfajrmufatmif u,fwif ay;& r,f// 'gtrsdK;om; wm0efbJ// 'gavmufbJ u|efawmf ajymcsifw,f// aemufvl awG ajym=uyg//”

r

f a=umuf&G@Hpdwf/ ol@Y&SdonfhykH vkH;0 ray:ay// ppftm%m&Sifudk rrSKonfh trlt,jywfjywfom;om; a0zefoGm;onf// tm%m&Sif tkyfpkd;rSKatmufrSm touf&kdif&jcif;xuf/ awmfvSeff&if; aooGm;onfu ydkrdkjrifhjrwfonf[laomoabmqkdoGm;onf//“rw&m;zdeSdyf/csKyfcs,frSK&Sdaeor#/awmfvSef&rSmuvlwkdif;&J@wm0efAsm//hen Injustic becomes law, Resistance becomes duty” [laom

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aq frSK at &; or m rGefa f// tm;rmef &Sdvmonf// wdwfqdwf jidrfouf ae&mrS vSKyf&Sm;=uonf// rif;xGef;azonf vnf; rdrd. tjrifudk atmufygtwkdif; ajymcsvkdufonf//

vkyfekdifbl;// b0om ukefqkH;oGm;r,f// 'Dppftm%m&Sif vufatmufrSm u|efawmfwkd@ rGefvlrsdK;[m u|efjzpfaerSm aocsmw,f// trsdK;rsdK;

rSefuefqkH;bJvkd@ u|efawmf xifw,f// tzrf;awmh rcH=ueJ@// uGsefawmf oabmuawmh awmckd rSmbJ//

Torsu f pdw kdif; xyfavmif;I aqG;aEG;jyefonf//

mifyk'fudk rif;0if;xdefu qGJudkif xm;ol jzpfonf// ppftm%m&Sif. tkyfcsKymufrSm tzdeSdyfcH b0jzifh touf&Sif aexkdif&jcif;xuf/ vGwfvyfaom awmfvSefam;b0udk ydkrdkckHrif eSpfoufoljzpfonf// rif;0if;xdef aqG;aEG;rSKudk =um;&aousmif;om; rsm;onf tm;i,f nSd;eGrf; ae=u&mrS/ rsufeSmrsm; vef;qef; vmon

“[kwfw,f ukd0if;xdef ajymwm rSefw,f// uGsefawmfh oabmvnf; udk0if;xdef ajymwJh twkdif;ygbJ/ awmfvSefa&; vrf;udkbJ a&G;&rSmbJ// u|efawmfwkd@twGuf wjcm;vrf;r&Sdbl;// tzrf;awmhrcHekdifbl;// ppftm%m&Sif&J@ axmifxJrSm tcsdefukef rcHekdifbl;// rGefjynfopfygwD/ vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; tzGJ@eJ@ oGm;a&muf yl;aygif;bkd@ u|efawmf oabmwlw,f// ppftm%m&Sifudk u|efawmfwkd@ awmfvSef jzKwfcs&r,f// ppftm%m&Sifudk 'l;axmuf tnHhcH awmif;yefaevkd@ tusdK;r&Sdbl;// ukd,fhudk csrf;omcGifhay;rSm r[kwfbl;//tm;vkH;udk zrf;jyD; axmifcsrSm aocsmw,f// u|effawmfwkd@rSm udk,fhtrsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf/ wm0efu &Sdao;w,f// axmifxJrSae&if bmrSr

eSdyfpuf nSif;yrf;cH&rSm aocsmw,f// rGefvlrsdK;wdk@&J@b0/ b,fawmhrS vGwfajrmuf rSm/r[kwfbl;// rGefvlrsdK;b0 vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf/ vufeufudkfifawmfvSefa&;rS wyg;/tjcm;vrf;u|efawmfrjrifbl;// vufeuftm;udk; tekdifusifhwJhppftm%m&Sif udk vufeufeJ@bJ/ u|efawmfwkd@jyefvnf awmfvSefoGm;&rSmbJ// rGefjynfopfygwDeJ@ yl;aygif;jyD; vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; vkyfwm t

vufeufudkif awmfvSeffa&;orm; b0rSm vGwfvyfrSK qkdwm &Sdekdifao;w,f// ppftm&Sif bdeyfatmufrSm vGwfvyfrSK qkdwm vkH;0 &SdrSm r[kwfbl;// ppfbdeyf atmufrSm touf&Sif aexdkif&jcif;xuf/ awmfvSef&if;/ aowmu tqaygif; axmifaomif;ru omrSm aocsmw,f// u|efawmf 'DavmufbJ ajymcsifw,f//”

dk@ rif;0if;xdefeSifh rif;xGef;azwkd@. aqG;aEG;rSKa=umifh tjcm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;. fESmonf/ &$ifvef; wuf=uGvmonf// jidK;i,faom pdwfyaysmuf oGm;jyD; &J&Jawmuf"gwfawG rsufeSmtoD;oD;rSm ay:vGifvmonf// rif;om&ifuvnf; atmufygtw

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 343

u|e if;I atmufyg twkdif; xyfajym vkdufonf//

mufa&;twGuf/ u|efawmf wkd@rSm wm0eftjynfh&Sdw,f// 'g[m u|efawmfwkd@ rGefausmif;om;&J@ zckH;ay:rSm/

rvGwfajrmufwJh rGefjynfolvlxk&J@ b0udk vufykduf=unfh aeekdifwJholeSifhwlw,f// udk,hfvlrsdK;twGufbmrStokH;ruswJhvlwpfa,muf/jzpfoGm;w,f//

“vufeufukdif awmfvSefa&;onfom u|efawmfwkd@twGuf wckwnf;aom vGwfajrmufa&;vrf;bJ jzpfw,f// tjcm;vrf;r&Sdbl;// 'gudk vlwkdif; oabmwlwJh tcsufbJ//u|efawmfvnf; 'DtjrifudkvkH;0 vufcHw,f// ppftm%m&SifatmufrSm b0vGwfajrmufrSKqdkwm r&Sdekdfifbl;// wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pk tcGifha&;wkd@/ 'Drdkua&pD tcGifha&;wkd@qkdwm/ tdrfrufrSmbJ &Sdedkifawmhw,f// ppftm%m&Sif&J@ ppfbdeyf atmufrSm touf&Sif ae&wJh b0[m t"dy`g,frJhw,f// &SifvsufeJ@ aoaewJh olwpfOD;eJ@ wlw,f// b0om,mrSK/ b0vGwfvyfrSK/ b0jidrf;csrf;rSKwkd@qkdwm vkH;0 r&Sdekdifbl;// u|efawmfvJ udk0if;xdef/ udkfxGef;azwkd@ ajymovkdbJ/ u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH; awmckdjyD;/ rGefjynfopfygwDeSihf yl;aygif;bdk@ oabmwlw,f// u|efawmf tjynfht0 axmufcH w,f//”

fawmf uvnf; ausmif;om;rsm; ykdrdk tm;&Sdatmif xyfavm

“udk0if;xdef/ udkxGef;az/ udkom&ifwkd@ ajymwJh twkdif;ygbJ/ wckwnf;aom vGwfajrmufa&; vrf;[m vufeufudkfif awmfvSefa&; vrf;bJ &Sdw,f// jynfol@ tm%mudk vk,lwufvmwJh ppftm%m&Sif[m/ oufqkd; r&Snfekdifbl;// jynfol vlxk&J@ axmufcHrSK vkH;0r&&SdwJh tpdk;&[m b,ftpkdk;&rSvJ rwnfjrJekdifbl;// ae@vm; nvm; jyKwfusrSm aocsmw,f// ppftm%m&Sif&J@ zdeSdyftkyfcsKyfrSK atmufrSm/ touf&Sif ae&jcif;xuf/ awmfvSef ykefuefjyD; vGwfajrmufrSKudk &Smwm ydkrdk rSefuefw,f// 'DqkH;jzwfcsuf[m b,fawmhrS rrSm;ekdifbl;// tjrJwrf; pkd;&drf a=umufusrSKeJ@ touf&Sif ae&ol wpfa,muf[m/ b0csrf;ajr@ aysmf&$ifrSK r&Sdekdfifbl;// ppfbdeyfatmufrSm pkd;&drf a=umuf&GH@ xdef@vef@rSKeJ@ touf&Sif ae&wJh/ rGefjynfol vlxkwdk@&J@ b0[m/ bmrSt"dy`g,f r&Sdedkifbl;// zdeSdyfcHu|efb0bJ jzpfrSm aocsmw,f//ppfbdeyfatmufrSrGefvlrsdK;wkd@b0vGwfajr

,ae@ usa&mufvmwJh trsdK;om; wm0efw&yfbJ// tzdeSdyfcH/ tnSif;qJcHae&wJh/ rGefjynfolvlxkudk u|efawmfwkd@u ausmckdif;jyD; rsufuG,fjyK aevkd@r&bl;// u|efawmfwkd@tay: usa&muf vmwhJ trsdK;om; wm0efukd/ rxrf;aqmif &Jbl;/ a=umuf&G@HHjyD; a&Smifwdrf; aevkd@r&bl;// a=umuf&G@H a&Smifwdrf;wJh ol[m/ ppf tm%m&Sif&J@ rw&m; zdeSdyf tkyfcsKyfrSKudk axmufcH tm;ay; ovkd jzpfaew,f//

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Hepfudk wkdufzsufypfrvm;/ odk@r[kwf 'DpHepf&J@ u|efjyKwmudk cH=urvm;qkdwm/ qkH;jzwf&r,fh tcsdefjzpfw,f//

u|e

mfvifheJ@awmh/ r&edkifbl;// zdeSdyfcsKyfcs,frSK atmufrSm

ppftm%m&Sif[m r[mArm vlrsdK;=uD; 0g'udk udk,fpm;jyKaew,f qdkwJhtcsufudk ukd0if;xdefaxmufjyoGm;w,f// 'Dtcsuf[m odyfhta&;=uD;w,f// ppftm%m&Sif oufqkd;&Snf aeor# umvywfvkH; vlrsdK;pkwkd@rSm b0vGwfajrmufrSK qdkwm r&Sdekdifbl;// tzdeSdufcH u|efb0 tjzpfeJ@ ed*Hk;csKyf oGm;=urSm aocsmw,f// rGefvlrsdK; tyg0if wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pk tm;vkH;wkd@[m/ 'Dp

u|efawmfhtjrifuawmh/ 'Dr[m ArmvlrsdK;=uD; 0g'udk wkdufzsuf&if/ wkdufzsuf/ rwkdufzsufekdif&if/ 'Dr[m vlrsdK;=uD;0g'u wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pk tm;vkH;udk 0g;rsdK oGm;rSm aocsmw,f// tJ'Dawmh 'D0g'udk wkdufzsufrvm; odk@r[kwf 'D0g'&J@ 0g;rsdKwmudk jidrfcHae=u rvm;qkdwm u|efawmfwkd@ 'Duae@ tqkH;jzwf ay;&rSm jzpfw,f// 'Dpepf[m/ rw&m;wm odvSsufeJ@/ a=umuf&G@HjyD; acgif;ikH@ cHae&if tJ'D vl[m touf&Sifv#ufeJ@ aoaewJh vleJ@bmrSrxl;bl;// ol@b0rSm/ vGwfvyfrSK wkdk@/ aysmf&$ifrSKwkd@qkdwm r&Sdawmhbl;// woufvkH; a=umuf&G@HrSKeJ@ touf&Sif oGm;&rSmbJ// a=umuf&G@HwJh vlrsdK;rSm olwyg;&J@ tzdeSdyfcH aus;u|efb0 tjzpfeJ@ touf&Sif aexkdif oGm;&rSm aocsmw,f// toem;cHoludk ppftm%m&Sifu oufnSmrSm r[kwfbll;// ykdjyD;jzJajcmufr,f// vufeuftm;udk;eJ@ wkdif;jynf tkyfcsKyfaewJh ppftm%m&Sif[m/ jynfolawG/ a=umufav olwkd@ t=udKufjzpf avbJ// rsufjzLqkdufav q&m=udKufavbJ// ppftm%m&Sifudk awmfvSefjzKwfcs &J&r,fvkd@ u|efawmfjrifw,f// TurBm avmurSm/ a=umuf&G@HwJh vlrsdK;awG twGuf ae&m r&Sdekdifbl;// vGwfvyfrSKqkdwm/ &JpGrf;owWd&SdwJh vlrsdK;wkd@twGufom jzpfw,f// b0vGwfvyfrSKtwGuf xkdifqkawmif;aevkd@ r&edkifbl;// 'ga=umifh vufeufukdfif awmfvSefa&;udk u|efawmfvJ =udKufw,f// wjcm; enf;vrf;r&Sdbl;// 'gudk u|efawmf tjynfht0 oabmwlw,f//”

fawmfhpum;tqkH;rSm udk0if;xdefvnf; atmufygtwkdif; xyfrH aqG;aEG;oGm;onf//

“ppftm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfrSKatmufrSm wae@w&ufrS qufjyD; raecsifbl;// 'Dtwkdif; u|efawmfwkd@ aeoGm;&if ppftm%m&Sif&J@ zdeSdyf csKyfcs,frSK nSif;yrf; eSdyfpufrSKudk u|efawmfwkd@ rGefwrsdK;om;vkH; &moufyef cHoGm;&r,f// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ &J@b0vGwfvyfrSKqkdwm rar#

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 345

f=um;aewmudku/ udk,hfudk,fudk vdyfjymroef@ jzp ew,f// &Sufrdw,f// wudk,faumif;qefw,fvkd@ udk,hfudk,fudk/ jyefvnf

ufvuf oif=um;aevkd@vJ bmrS tusdK;rxl;bl;// 'Duae@ ta&;w=uD; u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH; vkyf&rSmu udk,fhtrsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&;

rif;o

mufrSm/ |efawmfwkd@ vkH;0raeoifhbl;// tm%m&Sif pHepfatmufrSm rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ b0

a=umufa=umuf &G@H&G@HeJ@ woufvkH; aeoGm;&rSm aocsmw,f// 'gawG tm;vkH;udk odvsufeJ@ u|efawmfwkd@u rod [efaqmiff vspfvsL&SkKjyD;/ ausmif;oifcef;pmrSm at;at; aq;aq; pmoif ae=ur,fqkd&if/ rSefyghrvm;// aemuf wcsufu ynm wwfvmjyD; udk,fhvlrsdK;udk zdeSdyf csKyfcs,faewJh/ 'DtkyfcsKyfrSK pHepfrSm udk,fuyg/ yg0ifjyD; trSKxrf;ae oifhygovm;/// av;av; eufeuf xnfhoGif; pOf;pm; =unfhbkd@ vkdw,f// todOm%f&SdwJholwkdif; 'Dvkyf&yfrsdK;[m/ rrSefbl; roifhbl;/ qkdwm aumif;aumif; odw,f// 'Du|efynmudk oi

faokH;oyfaerdw,f// 'Dawmh udk,fhvlrsdK;udk u|efjyKaewJh 'Dynma&;pepfudkvnf;/ u|efawmfwkd@ q

wkdufyJGbJ// udkxGef;az/ udkom&ifwkd@ ajymoGm;ovkd vufeufudkdif awmfvSefa&; udkbJ/ u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH; a&G;&rSmbJ// tjcm;a&G;cs,f p&mvrf; r&Sdbl;// 'Dwvrf;bJ&Sdw,f//'gavmufbJu|efawmfajymcsifw,f// tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;vJ aqG;aEG;bdk@zdwfac:w,f//”

ef;xGef;uvnf;wuf=uGpGmatmufygtwkdif;aqG;aEG;vmonf/

u|efawmf oabmu b,fvkdrS tzrf;cHvkd@awmh rjzpfekdifbl;// tm%m&Sif ppftpkd;&udk jzpfonfh enf;eJ@ awmfvSefjzKwfcsbkd@ vkdw,f// ppftm%m&Sif tpkd;& qkdwm/ rnfhonfh ppftm%m&Sif tpkd;&rSvnf;/ oufqkd; r&Snfekdifbl;// wm&Snf r&yfwnfekdifbl;// urBmh 'Drdkua&pD ekdifiHrsm;uvnf; ppftm%m&Sif tpkd;&rsdK;udk/ b,fvkdrS axmufcHrSm r[kwfbl;/ vufcH=urSmvnf; r[kwfbl;// tm%m&Sif ppftpkd;&[m txD;usefjzpfaerSm aocsmw,f// taeS;eSifhtjref jyKwfusrnfrSm aocsmw,f// 'Drdkua&pD/ qdwfokef;wJh/ tm%m&Sif ppftpkd;& vufatuvGwfajrmufrSK qkdwmvJ rar#mfvifheJ@/ woufvkH; &rSmr[kwfbl;// udk,fhtrsdK;om; wm0efudk odwwfwJh ausmif;om; wpfa,muf taeeJ@ 'Dppftm%m&Sif pHepff jyKwfus oGm;wJhtxd jzpfwJhenf;eJ@ awmfvSef oGm;&rSmbJ// u|efawmfwkd@ rGef ausmif;om;awG ppftpkd;&udkd vufeufudkfif awmfvSef=ubkd@ u|efawmftjynfht0 axmufcHw,f//”

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 346

rif;0 EG; oGm

Gsefawmfwdk@ =udKwifod&rSmu uawmrSm ae&wmqif;&Jw,f// =urf;wrf;w,f//

tp fudk to m tv frsS 0efr v;rS a=umufpdwf r&Sd=uonfudk wG@jrif&onf// tvGefrSwfwrf; wifbG,f&m tjzpftysufyifjzpfonf// tcsdK@ausmif;om;

fhbJ/ u|efawmf csefvyf xm;onfvnf;&Sdonf// tm;vkH; wOD;pD. oabmxm;udk Tae&mY a&;I f apv rGefa m ausmif;om;rsm;. qENonf awmckd&ef woabmwnf; wlnD=uonfudk awG@&onf// rGefausmif;om; tm;vkH;wkd@onf ta=utvnf aqG;aEG;=ujyD;aemuf atmufyg qkH;jzwf csufrsm;udkwnDwnGwfwnf;qkH;jzwfvkduf=uonf//

if;a,mfvnf;yg0ifaqG;aEG;onf// rif;0if;a,mfonf atmufygtwdkif; t=uHjyKaqG;a;w,f//

“uGsefawmf oabmvnf; awmckd&if ydkrdkkaumif;w,f// 'Dtwkdif; zrf;cH&rJh twllwl awmckdwm ydktusdK;&Sdw,f// awmcdkwmu|efawmfvkH;0oabmwlw,f// wckawmh u'gudk uGsefawmfwkd@tm;vkH; oabmayguf xm;bkd@vkdw,f// pdwf"gwf=uHhckdifbkdf@ vkd w,f// awmfvSefa&;qkdwm/ pjyD;&ifv$wfvkd@r&bl;// atmifjrifjyD;qkH;wJhtxdaqmif &GufoGm;&r,f//,ae@rGefvlrsdK;wdk@b0udkavhvm=unfh&if/ olwyg;&J@ zdeSdyfcsKyfcs,frSK atmufrSm/u|efjyKcHae&wJhb0bJ// vGwfvyfrSK qkH;&SKH;jyD; olwyg;&J@zdeSdyfhcs,fvS,frSK atmufrSmtouf&Sif aexkdif&wJh b0xuf qdk;0g;wm/ avmurSm bmrSr&Sdedkif awmhbll;// vufeufudkfif awmfvSefa&;orm;b0u ykdjyD;vGwfvyfrSK&Sdw,f// ydkjyD; pdwfcsrf;omrSK&Sdw,f// awmfvSefa&;orm; rGefausmif;om;b0udk cH,l&wm ydkrdk*k%f&Sdw,f// trsdK;twGuf toufay;vSL &wmjrihfjrwfygw,f// wqufxJ ajymcsifwmu yxrOD;qkH; uGsefawmfwkd@u rGefjynfopfygwDrS yk*~dKvfawGeJ@tquf oG,f,lbkd@vkdw,f// &kwfw&uf vltkyf=uD;eSifh u|efawmfwkd@ awmckdxGuf=u&if tcufcJ &Sdekdifw,f// rGefjynfopfygwDeJ@ tqufoG,f,ljyD; =udKwif pDpOfxm;&if aumif;r,fvkd@t=uHjyKcsifw,f//”

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 347

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 348

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 349

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tusifht=uH[k qdkekdifygrnfavm// zdeSdyfcHae&onfh rGefjynfolvlxkudk igonfvSspwudk,fawmf aumif;pm;a&;twGuf ynmoif=um; aeoifhygovm;// rdrdwOD;w

mxl; Xmewkd@udk =udK;pm;,l&ef oi

vnf; pOf;pm; rdonf// 'Dwm0efudk a&Smifv$JjyD; ig. wukd,fawmf aumif;pm;a&;twGuf aqmif&Guf cJhygrl/ igavmuf &mZm0if &dkif;ol/ TZrBLavmuY &Sdekdifygrnf OD;avm/ ponfh jzifhvnf; rdrdudk,fukd jyif;jyif; xefxefa0zef qkH;rjyefonf// rGefjynfopfygwD acgif;aqmifrsm;udk=unfhvSsif/ ekdifa&$usifonf ynmwwfol wOD;jzpfonf// aumif;rGefaom &mxl;Xme tvkyftukdifrsm;udk &ekdifygvSsuf/ Tonfwkd@udk pGef@v$wfI trsdK;wGufaqmif&GufcJhonf// toufi,fpOf b0uyif trsdK;om;ta&;twGuf/ rdrdb0udk &if;eSD; jrKyfeSHcJhonf// rdrdb0 wavsSmufwGif t=udrf=udrf axmifus cHcJhonf// awmwGif; vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;wGif qif;&Jyifyrf;pGm/ b0jrKyfxm;oljzpfonf// rdrdudk,fusdK;udk bmrSSs rpOf;pm;cJhacs// rnfonfh yifyrf; qif;&Jjcif;ufkdrS rrSKcJhay// rnfonfh &efoludkrS *&krjyKcJhay// tajrmuf'g%f/ ab;&ef tEW&m,f toG,foG,fudk rrSKra=umuf/ &J&Jawmuf tHhwk &JcJhonf// igxuf toufrsm;pGm =uD;rm;(5twGuf tppt&m&m tepfemcHcJhonf//igonf rpGef@0Hhekdifp&m ta=umif;r&Sdk// Tokd@vnf; rdrdudk,fudk qkH;rjyefonf// rGefausmif;om; acgif;aqmif tcsdK@. yk*~dKvfa&;&m/ ta=umif;&m rsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif; pOf;pm; rdjyefonf//udkxGef;azeSifh rif;om&if(uGmef&kduf/bDvl;u|ef;Zmwd)wkd@onf/ udk,fcE<m tm;jzifh tvGefydefjcKH;olrsm;jzpfonf// udkxGef;azonf/ usef;rma&; odyfaumif;vSolr[kwf yg// uGsefawmfeSifh eD;eDuyfuyf twlwuG eSpfrsm;pGm aevmcJholjzpfojzifh/ udkxGef;az.f usef;rma&; tajcaeudk u|efawmf todqkH;jzpfonf// udkxGef;azeSifh awmwGif; tajcaeudk qufpyfI u|efawmfxnhfoGif;pOf;pm;rdonf// tvGefpdwfraumif; 0rf;enf;vmonf//wzef rif;om&if. tajcaeudkvnf; pOf;pm; rdonf// tvGef ydefjcKH;ol jzpfonf// udk,fcE<m awmifhwif;rSK vkH;0 r&Sdacs// 1956-ckeSpfwGif u|efawmfeSifh rif;om&ifonf/ &GmvGwf&Gm t

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fcE<monf avjyif; kdufcdkufvSsifyif/ ,drf;,kdif ekdifonf[k xifrSwf &avmufatmif ydefvdefolwOD;jzpfonf//

nf// efvlrsdK; twGufqkd/ [email protected]/ ra=umufr&G@H/ rwGef@rwkd pGef@0hH&Jolrsm;jzpfonf//

m&onf// r[m Armwkd@. uGsefb0rS/ efvlrsdK;wkd@ukd vGwfajrmuf apvkdI vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;udk rvGJra&Smifom pOf;pm; m&jcif;jzpfonf//

jzpfcJhbl;=uonf// tvGefcifrif &if;eSD;aom ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;jzpfonf// ukd,fcE<m tvGefydefvdefoljzpfonf// udk,fcE<mudk =unfhI cef@rSef; ajym&rnfqdkvSSsif usef;rma&; vkH;0 aumif;ol r[kwfa=umif; csufcsif; ajymedkifonf// rif;om&if. udk,w okd@aomf Tae@v,fwGif/ udkxGef;azeSifh rif;om&ifwkd@ eSpfOD;pvkH;onf/ awmckd&ef pdwftm; xufoefpGm/ wifjyaqG;aEG; vmonfudk awG@&onf// uGsefawmfonf olwdk@twGuf awG;yl rdonf//vufeufudkifawmwGif;b0onf/tvGef=urf;wrf;cufxef./ tvGefqif;&Jyifyrf;.// yef;cif;aom vrf;c&D;rsdK;vnf;r[kwfacs// ql;anSmuf cvkwfcoif;awGeSifh jynfheSufaeaom ca&mif;awm=uD; jzpfonf// aervif;/ vrif; romaomnrSm/ c&D;=urf;udk prf;w0g;0g;jzifh/ ra&r&m/ a&SmufvSrf; oGm;& rnfjzpfonf// awmckdonf[k tajymvG,f oavmuf/ vufawG@wGif rnfokd@ pcef;oGm; =urnfenf;// Tokd@aom tajcaersdK;udk olwkd@ onf/ rnfokd@&ifqkdif=urnfenf;// ae@vnfu/ olwkd@eSpfOD;. pdwftm;xufoefykH/ awmckd&ef &J0HhpGm wifjy vmykHwkd@udk rsufaphxJ/ jrifa,mif vmrdonf// u|efawmf. rsufvkH;tdrfrsm;wGif/ 0rf;enf;0rf;om rsuf&nfrsm;yif/ a0hvnf vmrdonf// ol@wkd@. pdwf"gwfukd csD;=uL;rdonf// oHr%d uJhokd@ tvGef=uHhckdifolrsm; jzpfyguvm;// rGefvlrsdK;udk toufay;I cspf=uorGppftm%m&Sifudk &GH@rkef;onf// r[mArm0g'Dudk rkef;wD;onf// olwyg;uGsefb0odk@ usa&muf ae&onfh rGeftrsdK;om;wdk@. b0udk u,fwif csif=uonf// rGeftrsdK;om;twGuf rdrdwdk@. udk,fusdK;rsm;/ om,mrSKrsm;udk pGef@0Hh &Jol rsm;jzpf onf// 4if;wkd@. udk,fcE<mrsm;eSifholwkd@. pdwf"gwfonf/ vkH;0qufpyf pOf;pm;Ir&// =u@Hckdifonfh or%dpdwf"gwf ydkif&Sifrsm;jzpfonf// vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;orm; b0udk cH,l&awmhr,f// wu,f vufawG@ awmckd&awmh rnfqkdaom todu/ u|efawmftm; ajcmufvSef@aeonf// u|efawmf. pdwfudk ajcmufcsm; aponf// Ttcsufudk &kd;om;pGm 0efcHvkdygonf// rdrdu acgif;aqmifae&mwGif ,lxm;ol jzpfojzifhvnf;/ ydkrdkIpkd;&drfa=umifh=updwfjzpfrdonfrSm trSefyifjzpfonf// awmcdkjcif;a=umifh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tay: oufa&mufvmaom aumif;usdK;/ qkd;usdK; rSeforSswkd@onf rdrdYom t"du wm0ef&Sdonf r[kwfygvm;// vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; twGuf rdrdY bmt&nfcsif;rSvnf; r&Sdao;// vufeufqkdI rnfonfh vufeufudkrS udkifcJhbl;onfvnf; r&Sdacs// ppfa&; ppf&mukdvnf; em;vnfol wOD;vnf; r[kwfcJhay// okd@aomf/ udk,hfvlrsdK;udk cspfwJhpdwfeSifh udk,fhvlrsdK;tay: rw&m; jyKrlaerSKwkd@udk rcHcsifvGef;I/ ,ckvkd rpOf;pm; xkdufaom/ vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;udk pOf;pm; vrGv

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 358

; csrf;csrf; aevkd@awmh jidrf;csrf;a&;r&ekdifbl;//wu,fh b0vGwfajrmufrSKudk vdkcsifwJhol[m xkdifqkawmif;

f// xkdol&Jaumif;rsm;. pGrf;&nfowWdrsdK;udk wrf;wrdonf// kdaemuf u|efawmf. pdwfonf/ 1757-ckeSpf/ rGef/jrefrmppfyGJudk a&mufoGm;onf// rGefwdk@.

0bFmv(19)&ufae@naewGif/ u|efawmfeSifh udk0if;xdef/ rif;oef;xGef;/ ukdxGef;azwkd@onf/ ef;cav;taqmifbufodk@ oGm;I rGeftrsdK;oRD; ausmif;ol acgif;aqmifrsm;udk oGm;a&muf

udk,fhxD;ukd,feef;jzifh aevmcJhaomrGefvlrsdK;onf/ ,ckwGifolwyg;.u|efb0 jzpfae&onf// Ttjzpfudk rjrif&ufIom vufeufudkfif awmfvSefa&;udk a&G;cs,f pOf;pm; vm&onf// olwyg;.“u|efb0tjzpftouf&Sif ae&jcif;xuf/ aoaomfrS atmf-aumif;.” [laom todw&m;uyif/ vufeufudkffif awmfvSefa&;twGuf/ tqkH;jzwf ay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf// ausmif;om;or*~ acgif;aqmif/ udkaZmf0if; wcgwkH;u ajymcJhaom/ pum;wcGef;udkjyefvnf =um;a,mifvmrdonf//

“udkazodef;/ jidrfcsrf;a&;udk wu,f vkdcsifwJhol[m/ jidrf;csrf;a&;orm; vkyfaevkd@ r&bl;// jidrf;csrf;a&;qkdwm ppfwkduf,l&w,f// at;at

aevkd@awmhb0vGwfajrmufrSKr&ekdifbl;// zdeSdyfrSK tcsKyfaeSmifrSeforSswkd@udkawmfvSef &Jol/ wkdufzsuf&Jolom/ wu,fhb0 vGwfajrmufrSKudk&ekdifr,f//”

u|efawmf. pdwfonf/ rwnfjidrf/ [kda&muf'Da&mufeSifh a,muf,ufcufaeonf// rsufaph rdSwfjyD; tdyfaysmf&ef =udK;pm;aomfvnf; tdyfIvkH;0 raysmfekdif jzpfaeonf// u|efawmf. pdwfonf twdwfqDokd@ ajy;vGm;a&mufoGm;jyefonf// rGefbk&if &mZ"d&mZfeSifh Armbk&if/ rif;acgifwkd@. teSpf(40)ppfyGJ ta=umif;udk jyefvnf pOf;pm;rdonf// &mZ"d&mZfrif;=uD;udk wrf;wrdonf// jyefvnf touf&SifjyD; Armwkd@. rw&m; zdedyfrSKudk jrifapcsifonf//h rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. ,ae@b0udk jyefvnf apmif;iJh vSnfh=unfh apcsifonf// rGefol&Jaumif; Anm;v*Gef;tdefeSifhAnm;"&mHwkd@udkvnf; jyefvnfowd&rdonf// xkdyk*~dKvfwkd@tm;&nfpl;I tom,m OD;nGwfrdonxaemufqkH;bk&if Anm;'vrif;. tjzpfudkvnf; pOf;pm;rdjyD;/ tvGefpdwfxd cdkufemusnf; rdonf//xdkpOfurGefvlrsdK;wkd@ppf&SkKH;cJhonfhta=umif;t&mrsm;udkpOf;pm;rdjyefonf/ t*FvdyfeSifh 'wf(csf)vlrsdK;wdk@tay: pdwfemrdonf// OD;atmifaZ,s. tpGrf;tpjzifh rGefvlrsdK;wkd@tay: rnfodk@r# ppfratmifjrifekdif// t*FvdyfeSifh 'wf(csf)vlrsdK;wdk@. tulnDjzifh rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udk ppfatmifekdifcJh&onf// TtcsufeJ@ ywfoufI ordkif;oufao taxmufxm;jynfhjynfhpkHpkH &Sdonf// pdwfxJrS t*FvdyfeSifh'wf(csf)vlrsdK;wdk@udk =udrfqJaerdonf// rdk;vif;cgeD;rSyif tdyfarm usjyD; tdyfaysmfoGm;onf// rGefausmif;om;rsm;. qkH;jzwfcsufudk rGefausmif;olrsm;tm; &Sif;vif;ajymjy&ef twGuf ekdrd

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SK nfvnf; atmifjrifrnf r[kwfa=umif;// jidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aeG;rSK ysufjym; oGm;vSsif

ajymvdk@ &rvm;”

f raeomawmhbJ arA,ftm; Todk@ar;vdkufonf//

awG@qkHonf// rd,Ofwif/ rdcifxm;a&$/ rdwifapmOD;/ rdjrifhjrifhoef;/ rdat;oef; wkd@udk awG@onf/ u|efawmfwkd@ rGefausmif;om;rsm;. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wifjyonf// jidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ ysufjy,frnfrSmaocsmonf//rGefjynfopfeSifh ppfaumifpDwkd@ aqG;aEG;roausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk vkdufvHzrf;qD;rnfrSm aocsmonf// xkda=umifhu|efawmfwkd@ rGefausmif;om; taejzifh/ tzrf;rcH ekdifa=umif;// tzrf;cH =urnfhtpm;/ ppftpkd;&udk vufeufudkifawmfvSefbkd@ qkH;jzwfxm;=ua=umif;// rGefjynfopfygwDeSifh yl;aygif;rnhfa=umif; udk &Sif;vif;wifjyonf// rd,Ofwif/ rdcifxm;a&$/ rdwifapmOD;wkd@uvnf; axmufcHonf// odk@aomf rdef;cav;rsm;taeeSifh csufcsif; ausmif;om;rsm;uJhokd@ qkH;jzwfcsuf ray;ekdifao; a=umif;/ vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;wGif wenf;wvrf;tm; jzifhyg0if&ef rdrdwkd@rSmvnf; qEN&Sda=umif;/ aemifvkdtyfvSsif rdrdwkd@vnf; yg0ifrnfjzpfa=umif;/ aqG;aeG;vmonf// tzrf;rcH=u&ef t=uHjyKonf// jzpfonhfenf;eSifh ppftm%m&Sif jyKwfusa&; twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;&ef wkdufwGef;onf// rGeftrsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf/ vufeufudkfif awmfvSefa&;onf r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyfonf[k jrifa=umif;axmufcHtm;ay;onf// rd,OfwifeSifhrdcifxm;a&$wkd@udk/ tao;pdyfaqG;aeG;wifjyjyD;aemuf u|efawmfwkd@(4)OD;onf/ rdef;cav; taqmifrS xGufcJhonf// {nfhcHaqmifrS u|efawmfwkd@av;OD; xGuftvmrSm/ rdarA,fudk rdef;cav;aqmifta&S@wGif rarsSmfvifhbJ awG@qkHonf// rdarA,fu u|efawmfwdk@ tem;uyfvmjyD;/ wkd;wkd;uav;ar;onf//

“&Sifwkd@ rd,Ofwif/ rdcifxm;a&$ wdk@udk/ bmvm wkdifyifw,f qkdwm/ arA,fudk

udk0if;xdefujyefajymvkdufonf// “u|efawmfwkd@oufoufvmvnfwmyg/ rarA,f&,f//”

arA,fuvufrav#mhbJqufvufar;vkdufjyefonf// “&Sifhwkd@awmckd=ur,fhta=umif; vmajymw,f/ r[kwfbl;vm;//”

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“ppftpdk;&u zrf;qD;r,f qkd&if &Sifwkd@ rGefausmif;om;awG awmckd=ubkd@ rae@u qkH;jzwf=uw,f/ r[kwfbl;vm;// rGefausmif;olawG ajymqdkae=uvkd@ arA,fvnf; roJruGJ =um;cJh&w,f// arA,fudk trSefwkdif;ajymprf;yg// wu,fbJ &Sifwkd@awmcdk =uawmhrvm;/ arA,far;aewm ta=umif;&Sdw,f”

xdktcgudk0if;xdefon

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 360

“arA,feJ@oufqdkifwmaygh// arA,fvJ rGefwa,mufbJ r[kwfvm;// arA,fvJ

udk0

ygw,f” arA,fonfvufrav#mhao;/xyfrHIatmufygtwdkif;ajymvmjyefonf//

Sifwdk@vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;rSm arA,fudk vufcHbdk@ ajymaewm r[kwfygbl;// vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;rSm yg0ifbdk@ arA,fvJ

apoemyg//”

“rarA,frSm/ bmta=umif;&Sdvkd@ ar;ae&ovJ// ppftpkd;&u zrf;vm; qD;vm; vkyf&ifawmh/ u|efawmfwkd@u awmcdkrSmbJ// tzrf;awmh rcHekdifbl;// u|efawmfwdk@ awmcdkwm rarA,feJ@ b,fvkd ywfoufaevkd@vJ//”

udk0if;xdefu/ txufygtwkdif; rarA,fudk ar;vkdufonf// arA,fonfvnf; qufI ajymjyefonf//

rdrd wwfedkifbufu 0ifulcsifvkd@yg// wjcm;awmh rxifvkdufygeJ@” if;xdefonf rqdkif;rwG jywfjywfom;om;yifatmufygtwkdif; ajymcsvkdufonf// “b,fjzpfrSmvJ// rarA,fu rGefppfppfrS r[kwfwm// u|efawmfwkd@ awmcdkrSmu/ rGefjynfopfygwDeSifh yl;aygif;rSmjzpfw,f// u|efawmf&J@ &nf&G,fcsufu/ tm%m&Sif jyKwfusa&;twGufa&m/ rGeftrsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&; twGufyg

“arA,fvJ/ rGefwa,muftjzpf cH,lxm;wmbJ r[kwfvm;// rGeftoif; vSKyf&Sm; rSKwdkif;rSm arA,frygwm/ b,frSm&Sdvkd@vJ// tjrJwrf; ygcJhwmbJ r[kwfvm;/”

arA,feSifh udk0if;xdefwdk@ eSpfOD; ta=umif;udk txdkuftav#muf/ u|efawmfodxm;onf// arA,fonf udk0if;xdefudk =udwfI pdwf0ifpm; aeoljzpfonf// udk0if;xdefurl/ arA,ftm; omrefcifrifaom rdwfaqG wOD;tjzpf oabmxm;onf// 'gxuf ykdI udk0if;xdefY pdwful; ,OfrSK r&SdcJhacs// u|efawmfonf/ bmrS 0ifa&muf pGyfzuf ajymqkdjcif; rjyKbJ// olwdk@ eSpfOD; tacscs tjyeftvSef ajymqdkaeonfudkyif pdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmifaeonf// udk0if;xdefu atmufygtwdkif; ajymjyef onf//

“rGeftoif;rSm rarA,fyg0ifcJhwm rSefw,f// 'gayrJhtoif;rSm yg0ifvSKyf&Sm;wmeJ@/ tck vufeufudkfif awmfvSefa&;rSm yg0ifwm rwlbl;// wjcm;pDbJ a&eSifh qDvkd uGmjcm;wm// awmcdkw,fqkdwm/ aysmfyGJpm;c&D; xGufwmr[kwfbl;// tvGefqif;&J =urf;wrf;wJhc&D;jzpfw,f// tJ'g rarA,f odvdk@vm;//”

ZGJ=uD;onfharA,fu/ atmufygtwkdif; pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf ajymvmjyefonf// “arA,fodw,f// arA,f em;vnfygw,f// &Sifwdk@ukd arA,f wwfekdifwJhbufrS/ yg0ifulnD csifvkd@yg// &

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 361

fvmonf// b,ffa=umifh qkdaomf/ udk0if;xdefonf/ yGifhyGifh vif;vif;eSifh bGif;bGif; ajymqkdwwfol

ufeuf ajymqkdaewmeJ@ wlw,f// rarA,f

fjywfom;bkd@ vkdw,faemf// aemufrS arA,f rdbawG uwm; l;// arA,fudk cGifhv$wfygvkd@ u|efawmfwkd@ukd/ qifajc

mxm;wdk@/ cH,lcsufwdk@ lxm;w,f// ol[m tnmom;

;jyif;vmw,f//

f/ ol@udk,fol rGefvkd@bJ

dw&m;eJ@/ rGefvlrsdK;tay: oHa,mZOf =uD;rm; vmcJhw,f r[kwfvm;// u|efawmfawmh/ rarA,fudk/

fvkduf&if |efawmfwkd@ rGeftrsdK;om;twGuf wtm;jzpfvmrSm aocsmw,f// raumif;bl; m;/ rarA,f//”

rarA,fu/ atmufusdK@aom avoHuav;eSihf ajymvmonfhtay: ukd0if;xdefu yGifhyGifh vif;vif; orm;yDyD atmufygtwkdif; ajymcsvkdufonf//

“rarA,f taeeJ@ rGefuav;awGudk/ pmoif ay;csifw,f qkdwm/ vG,fygw,f// rarA,f[m rarA,f/ rGef&GmawGrSm ausmif;q&mrvkyfjyD; pmoifay;vkd@&ygw,f// u|efawmfwkd@eSifh twllvkduf jyD;awmcdkbkd@ rvdkygbl;/ oufouf qif;&J yifyrf;cH/ raeygeJ@// awmckd w,fqkdwm/ pdwful;,Ofvdk@ &wmrsdK; r[kwfbl;// rarA,fwkd@ &efukkefolawG[m/ tvGef pdwful;,Of csif=uwm// awm&GmrS aejyD; pdwful;,OfwJh uAsmrsm;udk a&;pyfcsifae=uwm/ r[kwfvm;// pdwful;,OfeSifh wu,fhvufawG@ [m wjcm;pDbJ// tJwm/ rarA,f av;av; eufeufxnfhpOf;pm;yg//”

udk0if;xdefonf rdrdjrifonfhtwkdif; ajymqkdvkdufonf// rarA,fpdwfxdcdkuf oGm;rnfudkyif u|efawmfpkd;&drfvmonf// udk0if;xdefeSifh rarA,fwkd@eSpfOD;/tajctcsajymqkd ae=uonfudk ab;rSem;axmifae&mrS/ u|efawmf0ifa&muf ajymqkd&onfhtajcodk@ a&mutjzpfonf// rdrdpdwfxJrSm/ &Sdonfhtwkdif;/ jrifonfhtwkdif; ajymqkdwwfonf// ukd0if;xdef. ajymqkd rSKa=umifh/ rarA,fpdwf xdckduf oGm;edkifonf// xkda=umifh u|efawmfonf atmufygtwdkif; =um;0ifjyD; ajymqkd rdonf//

“/rarA,fudk =unfh&wm av;av; eqENudk u|efawmfwkd@ pOf;pm;ay;r,f// rarA,fom/ u|efawmfwkd@ ac:wJhtcg aemufrqkwfbkd@ pdwvkd@ arA,frvdkufekdifawmhbray;eJaemf// rarA,f[m/ udkarmif[efeJ@ pdwfae oabodyfhwlwmbJ// ukdarmif[efvJ/ rarA,fvkdbJ cH,jzpfayrJh tnmom;tjzpf/ rcH,lbl;// rGefvlrsdK;wkd&J@ a&ajrrSm =uDrGefvlrsKd;wdk@ au|;wJh xrif;[if;udk pm;jyD; touf&Sif vmw,f// rGefwkd@. ,Ofaus;rSK/ "avhxkH;pH =um;rSm =uD;jyif; vmwJhtwGuvkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; cH,lvkdufw,f// tnmom;vkd@ ol@udkac:wm odyfhr=udKufcsif awmhbl;// rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ *k%faus;Zl;udk odwwfjyD; rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ tusdK;udk aqmif&GufcsifwJh vlwpfa,muf jzpfvmw,f// rarA,fvJ 'DvkdbJ r[kwfvm;// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. *k%faus;Zl;udk odjyD; ukd,fydkif to

udkarmif[efeJ@bJ rdwfaqG zGJ@apcsifw,f// cifAsm;wkd@ eSpfa,muf aygif;pyuv

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u|e nff// rar mifh atmuffyg twkdif; jyefvnf

rJh vl[m rGefppfppf jzpf&r,fvkd@ pdwfqkH;jzwfxm;w,f// udkarmif[efvkd

b=uD;bkef;=uD;eJ@ f

SqkH; rf;uGJ jzpfjyD;/

ym; wwfbl;// &kd;om;w,f// rdpdefvJ udkarmif[efudk b,fvufvGwf cHrvJ// jyD;awmh

xdef.rsufeSmonf teDa&miftenf;i,foef;oGm;onf// udk0

w,f// awmacgifacgifrSm/ aeedkfffifrSm

pdwfrqif;&J apcsifawmhbl;// 'Dwouf tdrfaxmif rjyKawmhbl;// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ b0/ rvGwfajrmuf rcsif;/ u|efawmf tdrfaxmif rjyKawmhbl; vkd@

fawmfu arA,f pdwfajy oGm;atmif cyf&$if;&$if; uav; 0ifa&muf ajymqkd vkdufoA,fvnf; yGifhyGifhvif; vif;orm;jzpfonf// xkda=u

ajymvmonf// “arA,f,lrGefrppfwJholudk arA,f pdwfr0ifpm;bl;// ukdarmif[ef ta=umif;udkvJ/ arA,f tm;vkH;odw,f//ol[mtnmrSmarG;zGm;w,f// i,fpOfuyifol@&J@ vkdufvmjyD;/ xkH;tkdif aus;&GmrSm ausmif;aew,f// ol&J@b=uD;bkef;=uD; u xkH;tkditxuf&Gm/ bkef;=uD; ausmif;rSm/ ausmif;xkdif q&mawmf r[kwfvm;// xkH;tkdif rGefaus;&GmrSm =uD;jyif; vmw,f// rGefvlrsKd; tjzpfudk cH,lw,f qkdwm arA,f odw,f// ol@rSm cspfol&Sdw,f// ol@cspfol[m/ xkH;tkdif&Gmu tacsmqkH;tvrdpdefqkdwmvJ arA,fodw,f// rdpdefeJ@ udkxGef;azwkd@[m armifeSr w0udkarmif[efeJ@ udkxGef;azwkd@[m tvGefcspf=uwJh ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;awG qdkwmvJ arA,f odw,f// udkarmif[ef[m tvGefopPm &Sdw,f// razgufj

olwkd@eSpfa,muf[m wOD;udkwOD; tvGefcspf=uwm// i,fpOfuyif ausmif;twlwl aecJh=uwJh i,fcspfawG jzpfw,f// ol@wdk@tcsifcsif; tvGefopPm &Sd=uw,f// 'gudk arA,f tm;vkH;odw,f// udkarmif[efudk arA,f pdwfrul;bl;// arA,ff,lrJhvl[m/ rGefrsdK;cspf awmfvSefa&; orm; ppfppf jzpfwJh udk0if;xdefwdk@vkd vlrsdK;udk,lrSm//”

rarA,f.pum;tqkH;wGif/ udk0if;

if;xdefonf rqdkif;rwG Tokd@jyefajymvkdufonf// “[mAsm/ rarA,fuvJ/ u|efawmfudk ,lvkd@ b,fjzpfrSmvJ// u|efawmf[m awmfvSefa&;orm; rGefausmif;om; wa,mufAsmh// u|efawmhfwdk@vkd vlrsdK;udk,l&if pdwfcsrf;omrSK r&onfhtjyif pdwfqif;&J&rSm aocsmtpm;qif;&J/ taeqif;&JeJ@ ae&rSm// rarA,fwkd@vkd &efukefjrdK@olawG r[kwfygbl;// pdrfcHum;vJ pD;&rSm r[kwfbl;// avat;cef;rSmvJ ae&rSm r[kwf bl;// iydeJ@pm;jyD;/ jzpfovkdae/ jzpfovkd tdyf&rJhb0yg// ajr=uD;udkd arG@,mvkyf/ ausmufwkH;udk acgif;tkH;vkyfjyD;tdyf&rSm/ u|efawmfhudk pdwful;r,OfaeygeJ@ rarA,f &,f// u|efawmfvJ cspfoludk r&Smcsifbl;// udk,fcspfoludk 'kuQawmodk@ rac:oGm;csif bl;//cspfvsufeJ@u|efawmfrsdKodyfhxm;wJhol&Sdygw,f// u|efawmhtcspfudk woufvkH; rsdKodyfhxm;zkd@/ qkH;jzwf xm;w,f// 'Db0rSm u|efawmf zGifh[ rajymawmhbl;// udk,fhcspfoludk

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wa,muftjzpfeJ@bJ aeoGm;

udk0 okd@ jyefa

maewm r[kwfygbl;// tdrfaxmifjyKbdk@vJ arA,fpdwfrul;ygbl;// tm%m&Sifudk arA,frkef;

rar f// u|e rJh/ rar KH;I em;ata= y// udko m em&

u|e cyfa f// vr

dk0if;xdefucsufcsif;tajzray;ao;bJ/acwWc%pOf;pm;jyD;rS/atmufygtwkdif;jyefajzonf//

oHXdXmef csxm;w,f// vlvGwf awmfvSefa&; orm; r,f// rGefvlrsKd;wkd@b0 vGwfajrmuf wJhae@usrSbJ tdrfaxmifa&;udk pdwful;awmh r,fvkd@/ pdwfqkH;jzwf xm;wm// tJ'D tcsdeftxd u|efawmhudk arA,fapmifhekdif yghrvm;//”

if;xdefu cyfayghayghyif ajymvkdufonf// arA,fonfvnf; vufravsSmhao;/ Tjymjyefonf// “udk0if;xdefudkarA,fpwmyg// arA,futdrfaxmifa&;udk t"duxm; ajy

vGef;vkd@/ ppf tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfrSK atmufrSm raecsifvkd@ ajymae wmyg// ppftm%m&Sifudk awmfvSefbdk@ &Sifwdk@&J@ qkH;jzwfcsufudk/ arA,f wu,fbJ csD;=uL; w,f//arA,ftaeeJ@&Sifwkd@vkd =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf;rvkyfedkifbl;//'gayrJhrGeftrsdK;om; tusdK;udk wzufwvrf;rS yg0ifulnDbkd@ajymaewmyg//rGefuav;awGudk pmoifay; wmrsdK;aygh// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ tusdK;udk aqmif&GufvdkwJh &nf&G,fcsuf wckxnf;yg// arA,f wwfekdifwJh bufrS yg0if aqmif&Guf csifvkd@yg//

A,f av;av; eufeufajymqkd aqG;aEG; aeonfudk u|efawmf tuJcwf rdonfawmfwkd@ uom/ rarA,f tay: txifjrif ao;jyD;/ ayghaygh wefwef ajymqkdaeayA,furl/ tvGef av;eufpGm ajymqkd aeonfudk awG@&onf// udkxGef;azonf jyxmif aeonf// bmrS0ifa&muf pGyfzuf rajymqkday// rarA,f ajymqkdoGm;onfh umif;t&m tm;vkH;wkd@onf trSeftwdkif; jzpfaeojzifh/ bmrSs jiif;y,fI rjzpfekdifaef;xGef;vnf; acgif;idkufcsjyD;/ cyfjyKH;jyKH;jzpf aeonf// u|efawmfonf vufY&SdaoDudkikyf=unfhvkdufrdonf//aemufTodk@ajymvkdufonf// “uJh˜tcsdefvJr&dSawmhbl;// taqmifvJydwfawmhr,f// rarA,f taqmif0ifawmh u|efawmfwkd@vJ jyefawmhr,f// rarA,f&J@pdwfqENukdu|efawmfwkd@av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;jyD; ta=umif;jyef=um;r,f//”

fawmfu pum;udk jzwfjyD; ajymvkduf awmhrSbJ/ arA,f wa,muf/ taqmifxJokd@omhaomh/0ifoGm;onf// u|efawmfwkd@oHk;OD;uawmh/oHvGifaqmifbufudkjyefvmcJhonf;wGif/ udk0if;xdefudk u|efawmhu atmufygtwdkif; ar;rdonf// “udk0if;xdef cifAsm;udk u|efawmf&Sif;&Sif; wckar;r,f// cifAsm; &ifxJrSm &SdwJhol[m b,folvJ ajymjyvdk@ &&ifajymjyygAsm// u|efawmfawmhtvGefpdwf0ifpm;rdw,f/”

u

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mhbl;vkd@ pdwfqkH; jzwfxm;w,f˜emJ// bmjzpfvJqkdawmh u|efawmfwkd@

u|e

a&$/ rdoef;pdef/ tJ'DokH;a,mufxJu wa,muf a,mufr[kwfvm;//”

rifwumyif u|efawmfu tpaz: ay;v

zpfapcsifbl;// udk,feJ@twl 'kuQ qif;&JwGif; xJudk twif;rac: oGm;&Jbl;// 'Dvkd

“u|efawmf b,fol@udk cspfw,f/ b,fol@udk pdwf0ifpm;w,f qkdwm/ 'Dwouf zGifhrajym awrGefvlrsdK;b0u rvGwfajrmufao;bl; r[kwfvm;// tdrfaxmifjyKw,f qkdwm/ at;at; csrf;csrf; aeedkifwJh vlwOD; twGuf udpP r&Sdygbl;// u|efawmf wkd@vkd aomifrwif a&ruswJh vlrsdK;tbkd@ tdrfaxmifa&;udpPudk rpOf;pm;&if aumif;r,f vkd@ u|efawmfxif wmbJ// awmfvSefa&; umvrSm wnfjidrfrSL r&SdwJhb0rSm tdrfaxmifjyKw,fqkdwm pdwful;,OfbJjzpfr,f// aysmf&$ifcsrf;ajr@wJh tdrfaxmifa&; wckawmh b,fvkdrS jzpfvmekdifrSm r[kwfbl;// ukd,fa&m udk,hfcspfolyg/ eSpfOD;pvkH; pdwfqif;&J =u,kHbJ&Sdr,f// udk,hfcspfoludkoufouf/ 'kuQay;ovkdjzpfaew,f// 'grkd@ 'Dwouf/ zGifhrajymbJ udk,f&ifxJrSmbJ rsdKodyfhxm;wm ydkaumif;r,f// udk,f wa,mufxnf;/ =udwfjyD; cHpm;wm ydkjyD;oufom w,fvkd@ xifwmbJ˜ emJ// udk,hfcspfoludk a0'emay;jyD;/ ukd,hfcspfolu cHpm;&wJh a0'emtwGufyg/ udk,fu ydkjyD; cHpm;vm&rSmudk/ u|efawmfawmh awG;jyD; odyfa=umufw,f˜ emJ//”

fawmfuyifxyfrHIatmufygtwdkif;ajymvkdufjyefonf// “udk0if;xdef cifAsm; rajymcsifvJbJ aeyg// 'gayrJh cifAsm;&ifxJrSm &SdwJhol[m/ b,folb,f0gqkdwm/ u|efawmfaumif;aumif;odygw,f// rd,Ofwif/ rdcifxm;

rif;0if;xdefyg;pyfzsm;rS xkwfaz:ajym=um;vmatmif/ w

dkufonf// okd@aomfudk0if;onf at;at;yif jyefajzonf// “u|efawmf 'Dwouf rajymbl;vkd@/ pdwfqkH;jzwf xm;w,f˜ emJ// u|efawmfudk b,fvkdbJ tpftpf u|efawmf 'Dwouf xkwfaz: rajym awmhbl;vkd@ pdwfqkH;jzwf xm;w,f// bmjzpfvJ qkdawmh/ rjzpfedkifwJh [mudk u|efawmf xkwfaz: rajymcsif awmhbl;// udk,fh&J@ pdwfa0'em cHpm;rSKudk/ udk,fh&ifxJrSmbJ odrf;qnf; xm;csif w,f// udk,ftvGef cspfjrwfekd;wJhol qDudk rul;puf apcsifbl;// udk,fwa,mufbJ/ =udwf jyD;cHpm;wm ydkjyD; aumif;w,f// oufomw,fvkd@ ,lqw,f// udk,fa0'em udk udk,fcspfwJh oludk a0iScHpm;apwJhpdwf u|efawmhrSm vkH;0r&Sdbl;// u|efawmfwkd@ vkdvufeufudkfif awmfvSefa&; twGuf pdwf&SdaewJh vlwOD;[m tdrfaxmifjyKvJ/ tdrfaxmifa&; tqifajyrSm r[kwfbl;// tdrfaxmifxljyD;/ tdrfaxmif wm0efudk ausjyGefatmif rxrf;aqmif ekdif&if/ eSpfOD;om; pdwfqif;&J =u&kHbJ &Sdawmhr,f// udk,fha=umifh udk,ftvGef cspfjrwfekd;wJholyg/ pdwfqif;&J wmrsdK;udk u|efawmf rj

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dk0if;xdefudk atmufygtwdkif; u|efawmfcsD;=uL;jyD; ajymvkdufonf/

J/ OD;a%Smufudk OD;pm;ay;wJh vlpm;bJ// csD;=uL; ygw,fAsm//

udk0

xkdp

G;&wmbJ// eSvkH;om;xuf/ OD;a Smufudk OD;pm;ay;w,fvkd@ qkd&r,ff xifw,f// u|efffawmfwkd@ udk0if;xdefwkd@

wfom;onf/ bmrqkd/ qkH;jz y// tv f//

“[m˜Asm// u|efawmfuawmh cifAsm;wkd@ eSpfa,mufeSifh tjrifrwlbl;// u|efawmh

lrSmbJ// qif;&JvJ/ twlwl// csrf;omvJ/ twllwlayhg// cGJjcm;vkd@ b,f&rvJ/

ac:oGm;bdk@vJ/ u|efawmhrSm owWd vkH;0 r&Sdbl;// 'grdk@ 'Dwouf tdrfaxmif rjyK wmbJ/ aewmaumif;r,fvkd@ qkH;jzwfvkdufwm//”

u“cifAsm;[m/tvGefpdwf"gwf =uHhckdifolwOD;bJudk0if;xdef//cifAsm[meSvkH;om;udk OD;pm;ray;bawmfvSefa&;orm; wa,muf yDo ygayw,f//”

if;xdefonf/u|efawmftm;wkef@jyefar;cGef;ar;vmonf// “uJ/ u|efawmfar;r,f// emJ˜ua&m/ tcktdrfaxmifjyKwm/ bmeSifhqkH;jzwfovJ// OD;a%SmufeSifhvm; eSvkH;om; eSifhvm;/”

Ofu/u|efawmftdrfaxmifusjyD;onfrSm/(5)vyif&Sdao;onf// “u|efawmfvJ/ awmfvSefa&;eSifh udkufnDrnfholudk a&

%a&SmufoGm;rJhvrf;u =urf;wrf; cufxefw,f/ r[kwfvm;// udk,ftay: teGHwm cHekdifol/ tepfem cHekdifol/ qif;&J 'g%fudk rjiD;rjiL cHekdifoludk a&G;,l &wmygbJ// udk,fhtay: cspftm;=uD;oludk a&G;,lw,fvkd@ qkd&r,f// eSvkH;om;&J@ cHpm;csufudk awmh/ vsSpfvSSsL&SKxm; &wmaygh// udk0if;xdef//”

u|efawmf. tajztqkH;wGif/ ab;wGifjidrfI em;axmif aeaom/ udkoef;xGef;udk udk0if;xdef u &kwfw&uf ar;vdkufonf//

“udkoef;xGef;a&m b,fvkd jrifovJ// udk,f tdrfaxmifjyKrJh oludk/ OD;a%SmufeSifh a&G;&rSmvm;// odk@r[kwf eSvkH;om;eSifhbJ a&G;,l &rSmvm;// udkoef;xGef; b,fvkd oabm &ovJ//”

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tjrifuawmh/ cifAsm;wkd@ eSpfa,mufeJ@ jcm;em;w,f// ukd,fhcspfwJh oludk &atmif ,

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udko f/ bm ol@. tcspf

bd"rRm cH,lcsufudk cyfjyKH;jyKH; em;axmif&if;/ oabmwlcsuf ay;vkduf&onf// xdkokd@

qdw kdif; rdrd.

“u|efawmf uawmh/ udk0if;xdef ajymwJh t,lqudk oabmusw,f// udkoef;xGef;

fyif wm;jrpfvkd@ r&bl;//

0vGwf ajrmufrSK r&SdwJh vlwpfa,mufrSm/ b0 csrf;omrSK qkdwm/ b,fvkdrS

awmfvSefa&; orm;udk cspf&if awmfvSefa&; orm; b0udkvJ cH,l&J &rSmaygh// 0ufjzpfjyD; csD;a=umuf aevkd@ b,fjzpfrvJ// tcspfppf tcspfrSef qkdwm/ pGef@v$wf tepfem cHjcif;vkd@/ u|efawmfu cH,lxm;w,f// u|efawmfudk cspfwJhol[m/ rdrd cspfoltwGuf t&m&mudk pGef@vGwf&Jol jzpf&r,f/ rdef;cav;wkd@rSm udk,hfcspfol twGuf t&m&mudk pGef@vGwf&JwJhol/ TavmurSm 'keJa'; &Sdygw,f// cifAsm;wkd@ uom rdef;cav;[m tm;eGJ@ol rpGef@vGwf&Jbl;/ om,mrSKudk rufarmw,f// tdrfaxmifjyK&if/ csrf;csrf; omom aecsif w,fvkd@ xifae=uwm// wzufowf txifao;aewm// rdrdcspfol twGuf/ tppt&m&m pGef@vGwf tepfemcHwJh rdef;cav; awGudk cifAsm;wkd@u rawG@ao;vkd@yg//”

ef;xGef; ajymaom pum;onf tvGefrSefuef aeojzifh/ u|efawmfeSifh udk0if;xdefonrS jyefrajymekdifbJ wdwfwdwf aevkduf=uonf// udkoef;xGef; ajymaom

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jidrf;csrf;rSKukd vkdvm;onfhtwGuf Oya'twGif;rS rdrdwkd@. tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd awmif;qkdcJhaomfvnf; rGefacgif;qmifrsm;ukd owfjzwfzrf;qD; axmifcsjctzGJ@rsm;ucsKyfcs,fjcif; rGefaus;&Gmrsm;ESifh omoemtaqmuft&Gmom;rsm;tm; ta-umif;rJ@owfjzwfjcif; tp&Sdaom nSif;yrf;r_rsm;ukdom rGefwkd@cHcJh -u&ayonf?

rGefwrsKd;om;vkH;.tay:Y jynfaxmifpk zqyv tpkd;&. wzzdESdyfcsKyfcs,ftEdkifusifhjcif;ukdrGefwkd@rvkdvm;-uacs?okd@jzifh rGefvlxk}uD;onf jynzqyvtpkd;&. nSif;yrf;ESdyfpufrSKatmufrSwGif wcJeufaom tkH-uGrSK}uD;jzihf 1948ckESpf -o*kwfvwGif vufeufqGJukdifcg ckcHawmfvSefcJh-uavonf?

[email protected] vufeuftm;ukd; rwm;qD;EdkifawmhonfwGif rGefpmayukdoif-um;cGifhay;apjcif; rGef,Ofaus;rSK jyyGJ+yKdifyGJrsm; cif;usif;ap

pDrHudef;wkd@jzifh 'Drkdua&pD pHepfukd tajccHxm;I rdrdwkd@. b0opfukd vkdvm;awmae-uaom

rGefwrsKd;om;vkH;. ppfrSefaomvGwfvyfr_ukd &&Sdap&ef ckcHawmfvSef&mwGif rdrdw10rkd;tr# j

rGefwrsKd;om;vkH;ESifh jynfolw&yfvkH;.ta&; jidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDa&; twGuf jyif;xefI tkH-uGaom wkdufyGJrsm;a-umifh zqyv ESpfjcrf;uGJcg vlrsKd;p

vmcJh&onfh tavsmuf rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;onf e,fcsJ@ya'o&mZf qef@usifa&; rGefj

1958

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 384

zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'

(1) (u) &nf&G,fcsuf

(1) e,fcsJ@ ya'o&mZfpepfukd qef@usifI vkH;0 vGwfajrmufI kdifaom rGefjynfol@ orRwEkdifiH

xlaxmif&ef? (2) vlrsKd;pkHaoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;ukd wnfaqmuf&ef? (4)

tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vlwef;pm; tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;ukd pnf;&kH;zGJ@pnf;oGm;&ef?

mif

(3) trSKxrf; t&mxrf;rsm;tm; aexkdif pm;aomufrSK p&dwf umrdaom vkyfcukd &&Sdap&ef?

tcsKyftcsm tm%my

(3) 'Drkdua&pD tjynhft0&&Sd&ef? xm0pOf+idrf;csrf;a&; &&Sd&ef?

(c) tajccHrl0g'

(1) yXr tqifhtaejzifh jynfol@ 'Drkdua&pD rGefjynfol@ orRwEkdifiHokd@ csDwufoGm;&ef?

(2) 'kwd,tqifhtaejzifh qkd&S,fvpfEkdifiHokd@ csDwufoGm;&ef?

(*) vkyfief;pOf (1) rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;. OD;aqmifrSK atmufwGif vlxk

(2) rGefjynfol@wyfOD;.rl0g'ESifhukdufnDaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufoGm;&ef? (3) vlwef;pm;(4)&yf yg0ifaom trsKd;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk az:xkwfoGm;&ef? pD;yGm;a&;u¾

(1) tvkyform;rsm; tusKd;iSmvlaerSK tqifhtwef; wkd;wuf vma&;twGuf vkyfcvkyfcGif vkyfcsdefowfrSwfay;a&; usef;rma&;/ ynma&;/ tkdempm &HykHaiGxm;a&;/ tp&Sdonfh

vkyfaqvkyfief;rsm;ukd a'oumv tm;avsmfpGm oGm;&ef?

(2) v,form;rsm; tusKd;iSm oD;pm;c avsmhaygha&;/ pkaygif; xGef,uf vkyfukdifa&;ESifh pkaygif;a&mif;0,f arG;jrLa&;/ tp&Sdonfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd a'oumv tm;avsmfpGm vkyfaqmifoGm;&ef?

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 385

mpum; pmay o

(2) “rGefjynf fae&mXme? ?rGefjynfol@wyfOD; tzGJ@csKyfukd armfvjrKdifjrKd@wGif wnf&Sd ap&rnf? tv,fYyg&Sdap&r rSwfcsuf “rGefjynfa&;om;x fh (ryw) [kac:qkdEkdifygonf? (3)

(1) vrf;pOf xm;aom usm;/r r [kd XmecsKyf wGif pm&if;oGif;I rSwfykHwifxm;&rnf? (6) zGJ@0ifwkd@. tzGJ@0ifvufrSwfrsm;ukd A[kdrS wkduf&kdufrSwfykHwifxkwfay;&rnf?

(4) ukefonf yGJpm;rsm;ESifh trsKd;om; pufrSK vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. vkyfief;rsm;wkd;wufzG@Hj+zKd;atmif pDrHaqmif&Gufay;&ef?

trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rSKu¾ rGeftrsKd;om;wkd@. ,Ofaus;r+ wkd;wufa&;twGuf bmoif-um;avhvmr+/ pur+vufr+ tEkynm wkd;yGm;vmr+/ usef;rm oefpGrf;r+/

jyefvnfxlaxmifr+/ tp&Sdonfh,Ofaus;r+vkyfief;rsm;ukd pepfwusvkyfaqmifoGm;&ef?

(1) trnf? [email protected]“aAmfyL}w oÈKifref” jrefrmbmom jzifh ol@wyfOD;” t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh (Mon People’s Front) [kac:wGifap&rnf? (2) wn

(3) tvHawmf? ? tvsm; 5ay 6vufr/ teH3ay/ teD&ifha&mifcHwGif a&$[oFmem;aeykH/ tvH.wkdif bufxdyfaxmifhwGif awmfvSefa&; vuQ%m "l0H-u,fjzL nf?

? ?tvHawmfukd A[kdrS wm0ef,lI pDrHcef@cGJ&rnf? (4) wHqdyftrSwftom; ? ?wvufrcGJ tcsif;&Sdaom puf0kdif; twGif;wGif

ol@wyfOD;” (A[kd) [laom pmvkH;ukd rGefbmom/ jrefrmbmom/ pmvkH;rsm;jzifh m;&rnf? tv,fwGif ig; axmuf-u,f &Sdae&rnf?

(5) rGefjynfol@wyfOD;ukd twkdaumuftm;jzi

tzGJ@0ifowfrSwfcsufrsm; ? ?

rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. csrSwfxm;aom zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH pnf;rsOf;Oy' tajccH pnf;&kH;a&; vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tzGJ@csKyfrS umva'o tajctaeESifh avsmfnDpGm csrSwf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd waoGrwdrf;vkdufem&rnf? (2) tzGJ@csKyfrS tqifhqifhn$ef-um;csufrsm;ukd waoGrwdrf; vkdufem&rnf? (3) tzGJJ@0ifa-u; ESpfpOfa-u;rsm;ukd rSefuefpGmay;oGif;&rnf? (4) touf (18) ESpfjynfhol rGefwkdif;&if;om;wkdif;ESifh rGeftusKd;ukdvkdvm;ol a&G; tzGJ@okd@0if EkdifcGifh&Sdonf? (5) tzGJ@0ifwkdif;onf rdrdwkd@. Trnfukd oufqkdif&m txuftzGJ@rS wqifh A

t

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 386

(4) tzGJ@0ifrs kH; tusKd;twGuf rdrdukd,fusKd; pGef@v$wfEkdifpGrf; &Sd&rnf? (2) rdrdukd,fu w& (3) e,fcsJ@ ya'o&mZf qef@usifa&;/ rGnDnGwfa oabmw ef@aom axmufcH yg0ifrSKrsm (5) tzGJ@0ifrsm;. tcGi

(1) tzGJ@0ifrsm;[email protected]&[email protected];ta0;yGJrsm; qG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif y nf?

(2) (3) tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh wm (6) tzGJ@0ift (1) t a-umif;jycsufr&SdyJ/ (3) vwkdifif [email protected] rxrf;aqmifaomtcg (*) Elemapaom ul;pufwwfaom a wkd@ (2) tzGJ@0ift SESKwESKwfxGufv$mukd wifoGif;jy&rnf/ ouaomtcgwGif tzGJ@0iftjzpfrS&yfpJvdrfhr (3) tzGJ@0ifwa,muf trSKaqmifrsm;u xkwfypfa cg/ jyKvkyf&ef oufqkdif&mtr_aqmifwkd@u

m;. wm0ef0wW&m; ? ?

(1) [email protected]; rGefwrsKd;om;v

kdrme m;ESdrfhcsI [email protected] &kd;om;pGmxrf;aqmif&rnf? efjynfe,f &&Sda&;/ wrsKdf;om;vkH; pkpnf;

&;/ vlrsKd;pkH aoG;pnf; nDnGwfa&;/ jynfol@ 'Drkdua&pDa&; xm0pOf jidrf;csrf;a&;[email protected];&rnf? &m;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;rsm;ukd *&kwpkdufavhvm pnf;yl;I vufawG@vkyf

kdifc(4) tzGJ@ESifhjynfolvlxkwkd@ ykdrkd&if;ESD;pGmjzifh us,fjyef@I c&&Sdvmatmif 0g'jzef@csD vSKyfaqmfpnf;&kH;&rnf? ;

fhtm%mrsm; ? ?

a g0ifaqG;aEG;qkH;jzwf ykdifcGifh&Sdo

[email protected]&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif ta&G;cHykdifcGifh a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufykdifcGifh&Sdonf? tzGJ@. tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;/ aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif rnfonfhtzGJ@0ifu rnfonfh 0efcHrsm;ukd rqkd pepfwus vGwfvyfpGm a0zefykdifcGifh&Sdonf?

S&yfpjzpfr Ja&;? ?

zGJ@0if wa,mufonf (u) &l;oGwf oGm;aomtcg (c) vkHavmufaomt

&m*g&Sdao cgmt Y tzGJ@0iftjzpfrS tvkdvkd &yfpJoGm;onf? jzpfr fxGufvkdaomtcg/ oufqkdif&mtzGJ@trSKaqmifokd@ rdrd.

fqkdif&m trSKaqmiftzGJ@tpnf;ta0;u vufcHtwnfjyK nf? wm0efrS &yfpJoGm;aomtcg (okd@r[kwf) oufqkdif&m tzGJ@

omt xkwfy,fjcif; cH&oltm; rSwfwrf;wifjcif;/ pm&if;y,fjcif; A[kdokd@ tcsdefrSD tpD&ifcH&rnf?

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 387

(7) tzGJ@ -zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccH? zGJ@ukd zGJ@pnf;&mwGif tajccHw&m;onf 'Drkdua&pD usaom A[kdrS csKyfukdifa&; pepf jzpfonf/ TtzGJ@w kdifa&;pepfukd emcH&rnf/ A[kdcsKyfukdifa&;pepfonf vnf; tzGJ@wGif; 'Dr

; b¾mxdrf;yg0ifaom (3) OD; trSKaqmiftzGJ@ukd zGJ@pnf;Ekdifonf/ tzGJ@0if (25)

umfrwD

wkdufe,fwGif/ aus;&Gm (7) &Gm okd@r[kwf &yfuGuf (7)uGuf jynfhpkHv#if ) OD;

a,sbk,stm;jzifh jrKd@jy tkyfcsKyfa&;t&/ owfrSwfxm;aom j+rKd@e,fwGif/ mfrDw jrKd@e,ftrSKaqmif

g0ifaom c&kdiftrSKaqmif aumfrDwD

(5) A[kdzG@Jpnf;&mwGif A[kdaumfrDwD (9) OD;ESifh t&HA[kdaumfrDwD (4) OD;yg0ifaom zGJ@pnf;Ekdifonf?

? a&G;aumuf wifajrSmuf&mwGif v#Kd@0Suf rJay;pepfjzifh

wGuf/

0;rS‚if;/ wkdufe,f trSKaqmifaumfrDwDrsm;ukd wkdufe,f

;ukd c&kdifnDvmcHrS‚if;/ wifajrSmufoGm;&rnf/

vkH;qkdif&m nDvmcHray:rDSpyf-um; ‚if;A[kdtrSKaqmifonf ,m,Dr#omjzpfI EkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m nDvmcHrSomv#if A[kdtrSKaqmifrsm;ukd jyefvnfa&G;cs,fwif ajrSmuftwnfjyK&rnf?

?

tGif; 'Drkdua&pDonf A[kdcsKyfudkua&pDukd vkdufem&rnf?

Tvkyfr_aqmiftm;vkH;onf pkaygif;acgif;aqmifr_pepfukd vdkufem&rnf? (1) aus;&Gm (okd@r[kwf) &yfuGufwGif/ tzGJ@0if (10) OD;&Sdvsif OuUX-twGifa&;rSL

OD;xufausmfvGefv#if OuUX/ 'kOuUX/ twGif;a&;rSL;/ b¾mxdrf;/ 0g'jzef@csD;a&; ESifh pnf;&kH;a&;yg0ifaom (5) OD;rS (7)xufrrsm;aom trSKaqmif atzGJ@ukd zGJ@pnf;Ekdifonf?

(2)trSKaqmif (7 xm;I/ wkdufe,f trSKaqmif aumfrDwD w&yfukd zGJ@pnf; Ekdifonf?

(3) au D (7)OD;ESifh t&HjrKd@e,f aumfrDwD (2) OD;yg0ifaomaumfrDwD tzGJ@ukd zGJ@pnf;Ekdifonf?

(4) a,sbk,stm;jzifh jrKd@jy tkyfcsKyfa&;t& owfrSwf xm;aom c&kdifwGif c&kdif aumfrDwD(7)OD;ESifh t&Hc&kdifaumfrDwD(2)OD;ytzGJ@ukd zGJ@pnf;Ekdifonf?

A[kdtr_aqmifaumfrDwDukd rSwfcsuf ?

usifhokH;&rnf? (6) t&HaumfrDwDonf rJay;EkdifcGifhr&Sd t}uHay;cGifhESifh yg0ifaqG;aEG;EkdifcGifom &Sdap

&rnf? rSwfcsuf ? ? (u) wkdufe,f/ jrKd@e,f/ c&kdifESifh A[kdOD;pD;nDvmcHrsm;tukd,fpm;vS,fOD;a&ukd A[kdrS owfrSwftwnfjyK&rnf?

(c) aus;&Gm&yfuGuf trSKaqmifaumfrDwDrsm;ukd aus;&Gm &yfuGuftpnf;tanDvmcHrS‚if; j+rKd@e,ftrSKaqmif aumfrDwDrsm;ukd jrKd@e,fnDvm cHrsm;rS‚if;/ c&kdiftrSKaqmif aumfrDwDrsmA[kdtrSKaqmifrsm;ukd A[kdOD;pD;nDvmcHrS wifajrSmufEkdifaomfvnf; wrsKd;om;

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 388

tykdif;tjcm; twGif;wGifom tm%mykdifjzpfonf? mv

kdif;tjcm; twGif;wGifom tm%mykdif jzpfonf? rSwfcsuf? ?tqifhqifh nDvmcHESifhA[kd OD;pD;nDvmcHrsm;onf tzGJ@.

kd,fp vS,frsm; (3)ykH(2)ykH wufa&mufrS omvsif w&m;0if jzpfonf?

(1) ESpfw}udrf usif;y&rnf? m

rSwfcsuf? ? (u) A[kdOD;pD;nDvmcHukd OD;pD;tzGJ@0ifOD;a& (3)ykH (1)ykHu awmif; DvmcHukd ac:ay;&rnf?

(c) wkdufe,fjrKd@e,fc&kdifrS A[kdOD;pD;twGuf/ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;

Gif wufa&muf

wkdufe,ftrSKaqmiftpnf;ta0;wGif wdkufe,f

f rJqEN ay;EkdifcGifh&Sdonf? (4) c&kdiftrSKaqmiftpnf;ta0;wGifc&kdiftrSKaqmif

rsm; omv#if/ rJqENay;EkdifcGifh &Sdonf/

(8) tzGJ@. tcGihftm%mrsm;? ?

(u)= (1) wkdufe,ftrSKaqmiftzGJ@onf wkdufe,f nDvmcHwckESifhwck umv

(2) jrKd@e,f trSKaqmiftzGJ@onf j+rKd@e,f nDvmcH wckESifhwck utykdif;tjcm; twGif;wGifom tm%mykdifjzpfonf?

(3) c&kdiftr_aqmiftzGJ@pnfc&kdifnDvmcHwckESifhwck umv tykdif;tjcm; twGif;wGifom tm%mykdifjzpfonf?

(4) A[kdtrSKaqmiftzGJ@onf A[kdOD;pD; (okd@r[kwf) wrsKd;om; vkH;qkdif&m nDvmcHwckESifhwck umvty

trSKaqmif u m;

(c) =(1) wkdufe,fnDvmcHukd (6) vw}udrf usif;y&rnf? (2) jrKd@e,fESifhc&kdifnDvmcHukd

(3) A[kdOD;pD;nDvmcHukd wESpfw}udrf usif;y&rnf/ wrsKd;om;vkH; qkdif&nDvmcHukd (3) ESpfw}udrfxuf aemufrusapbJ/ tcgtm;avsmfpGm umva'ovkdufI usif;y&rnf?

qkdvsif ta&;ay:n

ukd txuftzGJ@tpnf;. n$ef-um;csuft& oufqkdif&mnDvmcHrS a&G;cs,fapv$wf&rnf? (*) (1) nDvmcH/ A[kdOD;pD; nDvmcHrsm;w

vmaom ukd,fpm;vnf rsm;omvsif rJqEN ay;EkdifcGifh &Sdonf? (2)

tr_aqmifrsm;omvsif rJqEN ay;EkdifcGifh&Sdonf? (3) jrKd@e,ftr_aqmiftpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif jrKd@e,f

trSKaqmifrsm;omv#i

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OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 389

A[kdtrSKaqmiftpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif

A[kd trSKaqmifrsm;omvsif rJqENay;Ekdif

nDvmcHrsm;.obmywdonf tzGJ@0ifwa,muf if;/ rJqEN (2)

ef@&Sif;a&;/ tzGJ@pnf;&kH;a&;/trSKaqmifrsm;ESifh tzGJ@0if

aumfrpf&Sif tzGJ@ukd zGJ@pnf;Ekdifonf? (9)= (u)

ufzsufv#if‚if;oufqkdif&m tzGJ@tpnf;. n$ef-um;

mtzGJ@tpnf;rS ta&;,l&rnf?

sL;vGefcJhygv#if txuftqifhtrSKaqmifu ta&;,l

trSKaqmifwzGJ@vkH;jzpfyguvnf;/ oD;jcm;owday;jcif;/ trSKaqmif

kyfief;pOf wckvkH;ukd &kyfo

(5) cGifh&Sdonf?

(6) tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif/ nDvmcHrsm;/ A[kdOD;pD;

taejzifh‚if;/ obmywd taejzifh‚rJay; Ekdifonf?

(7) qENrJ tenf;pkonf trsm;pk. qkH;jzwfcsufukd vkdufem&rnf/ trsm;pkuvnf; qENrJtenf;pk tay: tEkdifrusifh&?

(C) [email protected];rsm;ukd ppfaq;a&; wkd@ukd vkdtyfvsif A[kd trSKaqmifonf/ “A[kdcsKyfukdifrSKpHepf”t&/ ppfaq;a&;

ta&;,lcsufrsm; ? ?

(1) tzGJ@0if wa,mufonf [email protected]@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH pnf;rsOf; Oya'rsm;ukdazgcsufukd rvkdufemvsif‚if;/ [email protected]'&nf&Gufcsuf vkyfief;pOf rsm;ukd azgufzsufv#ifaomf‚if;/ oufqkdif&

(2) tzGJ@trSKaqmifwa,mufonf/ txufaz:jyyg usL;vGefazgufzsuf csufrsm;ukd u&rnf?

(3) w&yfukd jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;jcif;/ trSKaqmifukd &kyfodrf;jcif;/ -um;jzwf trSKaqmifcef@tyfjcif; [email protected];&kH;a&; v

drf; jcif;/ ‚if;trSKaqmif. vufatmuf&Sd tzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; jyefvnf qef;ppfI jyefvnfrSwfykH wifjcif;wkd@ukd txuftzGJ@ tpnf;rS jyKvkyfEkdifonf?

(4) wdkufe,f/j+rKd@e,f/ c&kdif trSKaqmifrsm;onf [email protected]@pnf; tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH Oya'ukd azgufzsuf usL;vGefjcif; jyKcJhaomf/ ‚if;qkdif&m trSKaqmif. (3)ykH (2)ykH. qENkudk ,l+yD; usL;vGefaom oltm; tzGJ@trSKaqmifrS wm0ef &yfqkdif; xm;Ekdifonf omru tzGJ@rSyif

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Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 390

nf/ ‚if;tm; xkwfypfa-umif;ukd twnfjyK&ef

txuftzGJ@tpnf;okd@ tpD&ifcH&rnf? )

kH oabm qENukd

(c)

)

ka&S@wGif owday;jcif;/ wm0efukd&yfqkdif;xm;jcif;/

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ma (with special reference to her relations with China)/Edward Harper Parker, 1893.

21 The Germany in the Era of Bismarck

1 wcjper.mnjel.njkL]cjtuY 2 wcjmnjlupjkL]cj/]cjeqo

3 qmNicjatitj\x,mK;}§bl

4 at+]pPt=in.YTwjeq.nj(ni]cjTWnj,qinj,)

5 likjgt.pjeKtj\

6 (wdkif)avRif(1) vRdK[f(1) 7 k?i]pjq*i]pjmxjkuEqvcjrtjTwj\tCYek.njgkUmxjepcj(5w)qN.ow>\ 8 rGeftrsdK;om;[email protected]; 9 1958-1962/jrefrmekdifiHa&;/ 10 jrefrmekdfifiHwkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;/trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDvSKyf&Sm;rSKordkif;/§

ckdifpkd;edkifatmif/ 11 jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ §armifpif=u,f 12 wyfrawmfeSifhtrsdK;om;ekdifiHa&;OD;aqmifrSKtcef;u¾/ 13 AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;.vGwfvyfa&;=udK;yrf;rSKvpOfrSwfwrf;/ 14 wcsdefuxif&m;cJhaomyk*~dKvf=uD;rsm;/§a&$O=o 15 The History Of Rangoon 16 Burma 17 Burma Through The Century 18 Mon Nationalism and Civil War in Burma: The golden Sheldrake/by

Ashley South 19 Mandalay And Other Cities Of The Past In Burma/by V. C. Scott O'Connor 20 Bur

22 The Dvaravati Old Mon and The New Mon Immigrants in Thailand/ by Nai Pan Hla