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18

ASCG ,F qdG ,aOGG) MGdG d fG f qdG UdG H ZJ OjEG -(...dUG

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36

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37

: jQqdG.............. eqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. H qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. SO qdG IMdG : jQqdG .............. eG IMdG : jQqdG .............. HG qdG IMdG : jQqdG .............. dqdG IMdG : jQqdG .............. fqdG IMdG : jQqdG .............. hCG IMdG

: jQqdG .............. eqdG IMdG : jQqdG .............. H qdG IMdG : jQqdG .............. SO qdG IMdG : jQqdG .............. eG IMdG : jQqdG .............. HG qdG IMdG : jQqdG .............. dqdG IMdG : jQqdG .............. fqdG IMdG : jQqdG .............. hCG IMdG

``````````q dG

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CG.

CGdG AGHEGh123

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38

: jQqdG .............. eqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. H qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. SO qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. eG IMdG : jQqdG.............. HG qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. dqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. fqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. hCG IMdG

: jQqdG.............. eqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. H qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. SO qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. eG IMdG : jQqdG.............. HG qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. dqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. fqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. hCG IMdG

``````````q dG

hdG b q jQhdG FSdG q YCGh MGG

q VhCG.dG R

EG

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: jQqdG.............. eqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. H qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. SO qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. eG IMdG : jQqdG.............. HG qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. dqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. fqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. hCG IMdG

: jQqdG.............. eqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. H qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. SO qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. eG IMdG : jQqdG.............. HG qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. dqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. fqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. hCG IMdG

``````````q dG

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: jQqdG.............. eqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. H qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. SO qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. eG IMdG : jQqdG.............. HG qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. dqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. fqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. hCG IMdG

: jQqdG.............. eqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. H qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. SO qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. eG IMdG : jQqdG.............. HG qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. dqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. fqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. hCG IMdG

``````````q dG

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: jQqdG.............. eqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. H qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. SO qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. eG IMdG : jQqdG.............. HG qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. dqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. fqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. hCG IMdG

: jQqdG.............. eqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. H qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. SO qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. eG IMdG : jQqdG.............. HG qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. dqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. fqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. hCG IMdG

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42

: jQqdG.............. eqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. H qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. SO qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. eG IMdG : jQqdG.............. HG qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. dqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. fqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. hCG IMdG

: jQqdG.............. eqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. H qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. SO qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. eG IMdG : jQqdG.............. HG qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. dqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. fqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. hCG IMdG

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43

: jQqdG .............. eqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. H qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. SO qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. eG IMdG : jQqdG.............. HG qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. dqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. fqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. hCG IMdG

: jQqdG.............. eqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. H qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. SO qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. eG IMdG : jQqdG.............. HG qdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. dqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. fqdG IMdG : jQqdG.............. hCG IMdG

``````````q dG

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HCG

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bdG

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NC

G qdGFGO

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os pS nSCyG osj pntdyG oGM nrdyG nh onrdyG nh qdyG

no p rn rnj psj prsdyG nh pspa r sdyG nh pspJ r sdyG p pYG n nrdyG nh ppcG nsdyG nh p n pnrdyG nh pG n rUnCyG npe o tnnnJ : on tdyG -.n ounn ordyG

onnrdyG -)1(. ngp pYG n nb nh pn tdyG pG nnM nh p n rp rSpH m G n rbnCG rpe n ounn ordyG o o proj ne n og :: os pS nSnCG osj pn tdyG oG nnM nrdyG -

osj pn tdyG oG n rUnCyG -CGosj pn r nrdyG oG nnM nrdyG -

oI nO n r ordyG o n pnrdyG -on rordyG -O

tsdyG - `g

: osj pntdyG oG n rUnCyG -CGpa n oanpFGh o nc nnGh G) msj p p rnJ m n pX nh nh mspJ r nU m np nW oG nP lG nnM nh npg osj pn tdyG oG n rUnCyG

(... dG - nQrC``ne - r```ne - nn``` nb - nn`` nZ - nn``nM - n``L : p pW n nrdyG(sj pn r nrdyG) pndG sdyG pG nnM nrdyG p npf pa sEG p r pdpH onroJ n nh o qnnJ n npg nh

: osj pntdyG oG nnM nrdyG -

oh oordyG nh o n ranCyG nh oA n rSnCyG) mspdn nO m n pX nh oG nP npg nh msjn rne mspJ r nU m np nW oG nP lG nnM nh npg(... dEG p j prsdyG nh p prsdyG nh pj p rsdyG onen nY nh

p n pnrdyG phnCG pI nO n r ordyG p n rsdyG p npf pa s pEG p r prdypH onroJ n nh o qnnJ n npg nh

: oI nO n r ordyG o n pnrdyG - npH n pn rnj rnCG o p roj s nY p nsdyG p r npH ks pn roe npH n snnnJ rnCG nnd o p roj psdyG ond p nr ordyG osj pn r nrdyG oI nrM nrdyG npg+ a + G rpe o snnnJ psdyG noMs nrdyG e) : kn sc noe ksj pn od kn pU n nne o unoJ in rNoCG mG nnM nh rpen nh kI n pMG nh k n pX nh s pEG uODoJ n mI nO u nnoe msj pn rne n pUn nY rpe np tc nnJ pspfnre pEG nrZ nQ oI nO n r ordyG o n pnrdy na .(`

.G k pMG nh v p pX nh vnne s pEG pn rordyG pnrpH pa on rnJ

: on rordyG -O: uppc rsdyG p n rp rSyG nh pOn rS pEyG n nY o onj w pn od lAnnH npg

n nY pndn spd on rordyG pJrCn na G kO snoe ke nne o pSnnj kod rne uOnDoJ kI nrM nh o uno na mG nO n roe pa opnJrCnJ. ng prnZ nh pn sdyG nh ptnsrdyG nh p n rp rSyG n nY pndn spd pJrCnJ nh p rsdG nh p rsdyG nh pnrK pEyG

44

)1zG dG g dG{ ,dH faqjh qeqdG G OGe gY a .NBG dG e IqdG j (

: n og p rs pS nSnCG p rnf unoe n nY pspH n nrdyG pn tdyG pa vj prnf on rordyG o onJ nhpG n or ordyG pG n ng nh (YdG Ff / YdG) prnd pEG on r ordyG nh ,(dG) on r ordyG : ps p r prdyG pn rordyG pa -

. u p r prdyG pOn rS pEyG nIG nnf kne pnf unojnIG nnf kne pnf unoj pG n or ordyG pG n ng nh .(G) on r ordyG nh (CGG) prnd pEG on r ordyG : ps p rSyG pn rordyG pa -

. q p rSyG pOn rS pEyG

o nsdG n nnM rEG nh qpdn sdyG p nsdyG n ooM pI nQh o srdypH oV pn rnJ n ks p rpa rnCG ks p rSG rnf nc lAG n nS pn rordyG oIG nnf nh. t prsdyG

]Ya Ff / Ya + a[ hCG]N + CGe[: p rn nj p npH n tS nsdyG oIG nsdyG on rnJ npd npd

* ng p pUn nY ptc nnJ(... r o rnJ n ,n n nN ne ,n n nN r nb ,r o rnj rnd) v p rpa k sc noe : knne (n n nN) o rrdyG oon na

. ng nrnZ rhnCG p r nrdypH k sc noe rhnCG vpd nnH rhnCG vp rnf k sc noe rhnCG vpa nV pEG k sc noe on nrdyG nh CGG nh o pY nrdyG oonj nh

*:: p rpe rpe npH p n un ordyG nh p pY n nrdyG p rnH o p rnJ

l pT nQ inOnf.o nNnCG l pT nQ inOnf

lpd nU n ncnCG.nr ncnCG spe lpd nU n ncnCG.pndn srdyG n npF nb p tS nsdG G n npH on rordyG op ro na

o snnnJ n npg nh orpe n nS rhnCG x prnf mpc rnJ pa o oN rnj n x pn roe prnf mpc rnJ t oc npg : ke o oY pn rordy na. usdyG p npf pa q pEG onroJ n nh

: tsdyG - `gpn r ordyG tnf nh ,mInAG npb tnf nh , w pM n rne tnf nh qpH nOnCG wnf o on na .mI njp nY m nbn pS pa o n rn roJ ln p rnJ n og

lpF nb onC nrfnCG m n nc n nY on roj tsdyG snCG n og pn n rp rSyG p p ng rpe openrdyG n r nrdyG nh dEG ... pI nQ tdG tnf nh.prnd pEG o nnroj nh

.m r nb p n nY r nY lI nud nnoe pnpdnn ordyG p nordyG npe n pr pS n rg nh

qdG jQJ LG ddGSSCG dG e HGqdG d

LZGdG edG cG1998

45

jqdGh qdG

: b EG dGh jqdG H qHdG SG jmnjbh m aOh m Lc qe Z Y qO SG : IdG -

qe Y qO SG : aG -oGh zG{ IGOCG hPh dUG ASCGh IQTEG SGh dGh qdG : bCG qS QGh

: e cf

:: dG -CGh qdGh UTCGh OdG ASCG eh vYLG vaY kJ qG qj qdG SG g: EG dG jh .Gh QdGh QfCGh FdGh

FY ,S ,MCG : IOe YG Y ,jdG Y : qVEG qcejS ,H : qLe rceqG OL - G vT qHCJ : qOSEG qce

IFa1aj (pjh) c j EG qdG DhLh kFGO kMe qhCG DhL j qLG qcG :.ps pn nrpd qdG e qfC dH qjh jh q qdH

IFa2.GMCG L d Y oa dM Y j qOSEG qcG :

:: IQTEG SG -e EG hCG G JH e EG H J (qG ASH) qe eL SG g.G cP S

hH qe g c G kOYh kLh G kHh kH ob dEG QG NH IQTEG ASCG U Jh: qdG

:: qdGh dCH G -.If c CG H ae Qa jqdG JOaCa (G) S SGzIQq qdG H qK IQqS jTG{ : dc qhCa vgP hCG vjcP dG c AGS d (G) JCJh Y e qdGh FdG H c GPEG zPSCG AL{ : dc qdGh .IQcG IQq qdG H CG

.SQ qdG qS qe TqG (G) rpe eh G d qdGh gG d qdH Y qjh G jd (G) JCJh,Jd G kQXEG hCG OGaCG G kQXEG GSd JCJ c .zdG e SCG ddG{ : dc qd QXEG zLqdG fCG{ : db h . QXEG z kV fEG oNh{ : J db a

.T qe Lqd IOG

46

dG jdGqfDG qcG qfDG qcG

J GP - dP g Gg OGfJ fGP Jg Gg qG

dhCG dhCG ADg ADg G qK - qK - dg - g g - g G

qjqdG qcG

Njh qdG e fl je dY j f qe Y j cJ qc g qcGidG qjqdG IMdG g G H j Sh qe qca .e ShCG qf cJ

: g GfCG KK qHdG qcGh .f qdG qjqdG IMdG g dGh. qSG qcG. qdG qcG.qG qcG

. qdG qcG g kL H e f gh

qSG qcG -CGdEG Gh G e qdCj : VEG qcG: eh qfdG qcG

*fh e e qdCj : qUdG hCG qqdG qcG

*.dGh e G : e qdCj : qdG qcG

*ucDGh scG : e qdCj : qcqdG qcGHGYEG b e j CG qdG qcG e qdG AG Mh

G kQe SCGQ jh IGqdG e hCG dG e j q CGj qce gh qOSEG T qcG J SG hCG de U hCG qe U hCG e SG hCG Ya SG hCG

UG SH qcGASH qcG

:: qdG qcG -Oj b - OY b) : GhOCG e o on rnj eh a e ITe qj qce g(... - OS - j - Oj d -

:: qG qcG -qaG qcG qgCGh .H qj qeh M e ITe qj qce g: g

qG H qcGqG hGH qcGG hGH qcG.qG UH qcG qdG H qcGH qcG

H qdG g dGh .eh Y Mh Y e e ITe qa dH qcG qeCGhCG (... ,qM ,qK , ,h) jU IGOCH H qdG dP qjh XdG cj f qe H

.IQ qe

47

(ppf nne ornH ,oofG nR rhnCG ,ooe n rbnCG ,o tnM) o r prdyG

-CG: o pRsdyG o r prdyG(dG : G) p rj n or ordyG nprj nP n nY on rordyG o pn rn na pn rordyG rnf unoe rpe kf unoe o pRsdyG o r prdyG oO pnj:pnpdsdyG pnprenCyG pa n nc ppH p o r nrdyG p p nb rpe r nrnd psdyG p n un ordyG p rnH n nYh (YdG : dEG G)h

tp sdyG n nU nhkpgn rhnCGoonrnj rhnCG..onrnj n rg nh

tp sdyG n nU nhGG k r oX rhnCGpp r tdyG nrb nh rhnCGpp r tdyG pa.

tp sdG n nU nhpppa sdG n oU oh.

tp sdG n nU nhpp nprMG pa p nc nQ n ordyG n r nb.

o pRsdyG o r prdyG oonj nh... nnb nh : e G kO snoe vpKnoK... n snnJ n nrf pG : e G kj pe spKnoK... nC narC na ,n n rb nR : e G kO snoe v pYnH oQ

... n nrM nnJ ,n n rb nnJ : e G kj pne v pYnH oQ

: u nn ordyG o r prdyG -.ppH k o rne pn rordyG pa oo rn na o r prdyG i s nnnj

u nn ordyG o r prdyG oonj r nb ... n ncnCG ,np nT : orpe G kO snoe vpKnoK... inn rT pG ,n nrdnCG : orpe G kj pne vpKnoK

... n nrM nO ,nnC r nW : nrpe G kO snoe v pYnH oQ

*:: Me: e pnjp rsdG nd pEG p h otdyG npe n r prdyG KntdyG pQ r prdyG nd pEG n pUn nY oI nOnj pR o unoJ b

oG nQ rhnCyG r n n nS.nG nQ rhnCyG oj udyG r n n rSnCG

o rsdyG n o nW.n rsdyG o un ordyG n s nW

opF sdyG nnb nh.npF sdyG t pW r tdyG nnb rn rSGonjp rsdyG oonJ nh .(Ye KK hCG d rne) ppH p rnd o rne rpe nn rcnCG pn rordyG pa oo rn na o r prdyG i s nnnj r nb nh

tp sdyG n nS : p rpe rpe p p rnf pO qn ordyG pKntdG panSG nrZnCyGkAne.

n r prdyG oI nOnj udyG nrpJ o nrn na pO sn ordyG pKntdyG nd pEG mI npFG nR n pUn nY rhnCG m or oY p na nV pEpH onjp rsdyG oonJ n nc: p rpe rpe p rnd o rne nd pEG kj u nnoe k rpa m pMG nh m o rne nd pEG u nn ordyG

48

MMM

e e

LC e

qhCG H emK H e

a ea ea e

tp sdyG n nnM : r n na ppH m o rne nd pEG x nnoe o r prdyG -CG kpc

tp sdyG n snM : p rnd o rne nd pEG x nnoe o r prdyG -nnsHG sdyG kpc

lO orne n p na : r n na ppH m o rne nd pEG x nnoe o r prdyG -CGppA nrMnCyG p r pY nS rQ nO

lO orne n n ranCG : p rnd o rne nd pEG x nnoe o r prdyG -nnO n oSpAnrMnCyG p r pY nS rQ nO

oo rnj ne nrpe nh p rnd o rne nn nrdyG nh nCG nnr ordG o psnj ne nrpe ,lI njp nY p rnd o rne nd pEG i s nnnJ psdyG o n ranCG nh.G kn nN nh kCG nnroe no rUnCG nonj rnCG nh oO p rnd o rne

: m o rne rpe nn rcnCG nd pEG p n ranCyG u nnJ: m n rbnCG onKnnK ppH m o rne rpe nn rcnCG nd pEG i s nnnJ psdyG n ranCyG

.G kn nN nh kCG nnroe n oo rUnCG nrnd p rnd o rne o prnj l rpb -CG. ln nN nh lCG nnroe n oo rUnCG p rnd o rne o prnj l rpb -

.ln nN nh lCG nnroe nrpe p rnrKyG o rUnCG n pY nne nnKnnK o prnj l rpb -

*:: o qhCyG o r prdyG

rhnCG ng o rnM o p roj n lI np nc npg nh .G kn nN nh kCG nnroe n oo rUnCG nrnd p rnd o rne o prnJ k n ranCG o r prdyG G n ng t onjp rpe rpe nn nc nT ne nh ( n rYnCG ,nn rSnCG , nO sh nR , n nS ,n n rWnCG ,n nR nQ , n nc) : k n rp rS pG ng nn rcnCG s pnd nh n or nV

(gZh ..... nn rn rS pG , n nrfnCG ,innL ,nsnM , nrfnCG)

*pfsdyG o r prdyG: p r n rpb nd pEG o s nnnJ npg nh pn nrdyG nh pEG nnr ordyG n nY o oN rnJ psdyG po ordyG n n ranCG o r prdyG G n ng t onj

.(rng ,nnM ,n nY nR ,n nN ,n pnM q nX) : nnrL qdyG o poj m rpb -CG.(inQ nO , nrdCG , nnL nh ,n p nY ,inCG nQ) : n pnrdyG o poj l rpb -

npg nh in rNoCG nd pEG m nr ng rpe p oU r nrdyG p j prnJ n nY t onJ nsfnC p j prsdyG o n ranCG p n ranCyG p p npH onrnj nh(n nnL , n nsJG ,nng nh , nQ nOnZ ,n nnJ , sO nQ , ns nU)

*:: MezsnCG{ hCG zrnCG{ `H GkAh orne vpd oU rne k sc noe pn o r nrdG oO pnj r nb Gh o n nc nj psdyG n nY nR nh : e z non pU nh rnCG{ -CGGGo nroj rnd rnCG

no prnj : e z non pU nh snCG{ - kr oU no proj r osfnCG

49

H e

qhCG H e

H e

mK H e

qhCG H e

mKh hCG H e

mKh hCG H e

mK H e

oopdsdyG o r prdyG -: npg nh n pY nne pnKnnK nd pEG i s nnnJ m n ranCG n nr nS o r prdyG G n ng t onj

(nCsnf ,nCnrfnCG , nn rNnCG , ns nN ,nsnM ,nn rYnCG ,inQnCG)G nQnCG : eoo og oqdGrr ond n rYnCGr prn nY mG n nnM

. ln nN nh lCG nnroe n oo rUnC na opdsdyG nh pfsdyG senCG nh G k p nV rhnCG G kO n roe k rS pG oonj nrpe o shnCyG o o r nrdyG nhp n nc pa n pY nne pnKnnK nd pEG nonjp rnJ r nnJ rn na (nCsnf ,nCnrfnCG , nn rNnCG , ns nN) npg nh nI n pNnCG m n ranCG n nnH rQnCyG snCG nrnZ

.(k pV na n nrMnCG orprfnCG) e p or nrpd lspe npg nh s pEG pn nrdyG

uunrdyG prnpH onjp rsdyG.vpa rnM k sc noe ppH oon na unrdyG rnM p n pSG npH ppH p o r nrdyG nd pEG pn rordyG pa p n ranCyG npe l npF nW is nnnJ

: e.po tdypH oI n rSoCyG pp nnrM pG -.po tpd pn sW n ordyG toCyG pne s nb -

.p r nj p na nd pEG no pYsdyG n n nrf pG -.G kRn roe G kO n nY p prudyG nd pEG ou n ordyG nn rSnCG -

50

H 1 H 2 H 3

o pQ n ordyG o r prdyG

: o oa r nrdyG o pQ n ordyGlsj pn rne rhnCG ls p rnd opFG n nb p rnne sdyG oO unoJ nh .p n rn r ordyG phnCG p pVnrdyG n nY kI nO nY p oa r nrdyG p pQ n ordyG on pU t onJ

.p nnrdyG pa pn udyG npe o n roJ.p pRnrdyG nh p pUsdyG npe p uo opH o oa r nrdyG o pQ n ordyG on roj nh

.of - g - g - nrfnCG - nfnCG : nd pEG np rSoCG G nP pEG pI npg sdyG p s sdypH : o na roj(o o rnf - o o rnJ - o o rnj - o o rnJ - o o rNnCG)

(fj ,j ,) kpbnf n nc G nP pEG p oa r nrdyG p pQ n ordyG p r prdyG p pNBG n nY o s sdyG o n rnJ n nh,pnL o rnj ,noL o rnJ ,nL o rnJ ,n pL onJ) p n r nrdyG p n ranCyG ppF n nV nd pEG np rSoCG G nP pEG ptdyG poopH

.(noL o rnjpn nW n ordyG nd pEG np rSoCG G nP pEG kI n pMG nh kn pU oh or nrdyG nh o or nrdyG nh o oa r nrdyG o pQ n ordyG o r prdyG o pRnoj

.(nrL o rnj) pnpFn rdyG nd pEG rhnCG(nrL o rnJ)

: o or nrdyG o pQ n ordyG: p or nrdyG p pQ n ordyG onen nY -

.ornf , npg , n og ,nrfnCG ,nfnCG nd pEG np rSoCG G nP pEG pnr nrdypH o pQ n ordyG o r prdyG o nroj(n o rnf rnd ,n o rnJ rnd ,n o rnj rnd ,n o rnJ rnd ,n o rNnCG rnd)

.p n r nrdyG p n ranCyG nne ptdyG prnpH nh(GoL o rnj rnd ,GoL o rnJ d ,nL o rnJ rnd , pL o rnJ rnd)

: pnpdsdyG phoordyG npe mrnpH np oS G nP pEG o pQ n ordyG o r prdyG o nroj nhOG h ,qM ,q qdG oAa ,qdG n ,rnCG ,r nP pEG , r nc ,rnd))1((

: kn roe npHrCsdyG pI nQh o sdypH pn rnj n nh ,p n rn r ordyG pa n rsdyG o poj lrnM zrnd{mnK l nprMG nh .ppa n oQG nnJ n nh noLG nnJ n k rnf kn rn roe p n prdyG p rnf o nprMG zn obnCG rnd{ : knne npd r nb p na none nRnoe zrnd{ p pF n nN rpe nh .G knZ npa nSoCG rnd : knne o on na p n rn r ordyG npe rRnCG p rnH pa nn prdyG ppa prnJ

.p pQ n ordyG p r prdyG n rnpd: nd nnJ ppd r nc k rnd p sdpH on roJ r nb nh ksj pQ n rne knUnf oonJ z r nc{

.(pn nrnJ r nc no r pL) nrnf npH on roJ n r nb nh - (l nnM npperD ordyG n nY nonj n rnd ...): mh o oT pnKnnpH kn pUnf oonJ nh . mAG nnL nh mG nnL ornM npg zr nP pEG{

.kn rn roe ng n rnH o r prdyG nonj rnCG -.p nnrdyG pQ r nU pa k npbG nh nonJ rnCG -

.znne p rcoCG psdyG nh r nP pEG{ nh (nne p rcoCG r nP pEG) f p n nrdyG nrnZ l pU na p r prdyG nrnH nh nnrnH n p rnj n rnCG -.p pQ n ordyG p r prdyG pa n rsdyG o n rnJ zrnCG{ -

51

)1.kIQqe zCG{`H He OG qMh q qdG Aah qdG `H G QG dG oIqdG nYG (

: e zp p rsdyG on{(r ppa nrfnCG nh r onH u nopd osdyG n nc ne nh)(ns nnnpd n nS nQ r nrdyG n n nb)( p rnf r nY n ua nQoC ...)

: e pspn sdyG oA na{.n np rNoC na n n pnrdyG op rYnCG n? n prdyG G n ng n na rQnC na po poJ r ng

. mQ n rNnCG nd pEG nV s nnn na n rnrdyG p proJ n.nn p ro na lne ond nrnd

. nrn nY p nrf pEyG pI nr nc rpe ns nnn na nI nQs sdyG p p ng rpH

zsnM{: e. nO onJ snM nn nrdyG nQ pOnZoCG rnd.pJ nO n nT nnfnCG snM n r sdyG o pUG nhoC nS

.(r ond n pr npd osdyG p onj rnd) : nd nnJ db e z pOoordyG on{

: oh or nrdyG o pQ n ordyG: p h or nrdyG p pQ n ordyG onen nY

ornf , npg , n og ,nrfnCG ,nfnCG nd pEG np rSoCG G nP pEG po tdypH o pQ n ordyG o nroj.(r o rnf rnd - r o rnj rnd - r o rnJ rnd - r o rNnCG rnd)

.p n r nrdyG p n ranCyG nne ptdyG prnpH nh(GoL o rnj rnd ,GoL o rnJ rnd ,nL o rnj rnd ,nL o rnJ rnd , pL o rnJ rnd)

: p n rpb npg nh p rnrdyG pG nh nOnCG rpe pIG nOnCpH n nn rbG G nP pEG o pQ n ordyG o r prdyG o nroj.p rn rpa o prnj l rpb nh ,G k pMG nh k rpa o prnj l rpb

:: mQoeoCG o n r nN m pMG nh m r ppd o pRnrd na

nAnL nh pn sdyG p G nrfnCG rpe npd nP prnZ rhnCG m n rp rSG rhnCG m rnf rhnCG mrenCG n nY wG nO l rnd n s nnJ G nP pEG npd nP nh : on sdyG -

npe rpn rnJ n{ .pn sdyG npd npH keh orne oonj osf pE na oAG nnrdyG ppH n p ob nh pA nrdG npe lO snoe l pQ noe l rpa o n rnH.znrK unMoCG ppJrCnJ r ng{ - zr n rnJ G kunL r prfnCG - zrn rnJ p nSnCyG

:nd nnJ ppd r n nc nh ( r o rnj rnd nh r onj rnd) : npd r n nc k pVne onfne nR op rnj nh n pQ n ordyG prnj lrnM n rg nh : zrnd{ -.z rndoj rnd nh r pnj rnd{

: npg nh mQoeoCG p nnH rQnCG z{ o pQ noJ nh (o nnenCG ne p rnj snd) : nd nnJ ppd r n nc zrnd{ orNoCG n rg nh : z snd{ -.p nrdyG p ne nR nd pEG pA nprfG t pn roe npH s pr nrdyG snCG -CG

. ng n rnH ne pooK p tb nnH G kp nc o pPrDoJ z snd{ - ng n rnH onroj r nb n r prdyG snCG -? nnnrdyG nr nN nO r ng : npd r n nc

. snd nh norH nQ nb : o on na

52

.rnd nh norH nQ nb : n onJ rnCG oRonj n nh , nr oN rOnCG snd : CG(rnd) pn ppH ,p r sdyG prnpH o pn rnJn nsfnCG -O

.or ob r onJ snd r pEG : n onJ rnCG oRonj n nh ,or ob r onJ rnd r pEG : o onJnrn nY p rnpd) f , pA nY tdyGh (pp n nS rpe m n nS h oP r propd) nrnf prenCyG n nY osdG sdyG npg nh : ospn sdyG osdyG -

.(ntH nQ.(nf r pNGnDoJ n) nrnf pA nY tdyG phnCG (psdypH r p roJ n) nrnf ,p rsdyG n nY ondG sdyG npg nh : ospn sdyG n -

: npg nh kIG nOnCG nI n r nY inrM pEG p rn r ppd o pRnrdyG nhzr pEG{(rorpg roj rC nnj r pEG) :

znrjnCG{(osdyG oo rc pQ roj GofonJ nnrjnCG) :zrne{(ppH nroj GkA oS r n rnj rne) :zne{.(osdyG o rn rnj mr nN rpe Go n rnJ ne nh) :

z n rne{(ornj r p roJ n rne) :z tnCG{(m p nb mrb nh pa ornj r nQ rJ ne vjCG) :

znne{(G o p nrnJ kKnnK r u nUoCG nne) :znsjnCG{(r prnJ oj udyG ppH rp rnJ ne nsjnC na ...) :

z nornM{(pne rRnCyG ppHnZ pa kMnnf osdyG nnd rQ u noj r pn rnJ nornM) :zne rP pEG{lpeBG nrfnCG ne pCnJ ne rP pEG nsf pEG nh) :(npJBG ooeCnJ osj pEG rne proJ ppHzsfnCG{( mO unnoe nrnd pEG m r nT pa nf r pnJ npJCnJ sfnCG nrn rUnCG) :

.kAG nnL nh kHG nnL pfsdyG s noj nh kW r nT n orpe o shnCyG s noj nh p rn rpa o prnJ oG nh nOnCyG p p n na

53

os p r pdG on roG

n nY l u nnoe l rpa npa on r ordyG ksj pOn rS pEG kIG nnf os pS nSnCyG oIG nsdyG npa oonJ psdyG on rordyG npg os p r prdyG on rordyG.G knHnCG ond l nX orne lnrJ oQ n rg nh prnd pEG pn r ordyG

.p YrdyG opFnf + o r prdyG hnCG o pY nrdyG + o r prdyG n og ps pS nSnCyG npJG nnf nf unoe : ps p r prdyG pn royG nf unoe

YdG) prnd pEG on r ordyG oonj pdsdypH nh p pY nrdyG nr nb o r prdyG oO pnj rP pEG k nX orne ( on r ordyG) p r prdyG orJ oQ rnf nc r pnd

nnj r prdyG nn rUnCG{ : npd r nb pa n nc l p roe m qnoe m or opH n onrnH n rdG qEa p r pdyG rnH (YdG Ff hCGz.p p o oY rpe n n pSsdyG p ornj rnd wp nU

p rnrdyG nh p rsdyG phooM rpe .phoordypH o pn rnj ne nr pY v p rpa k sc noe oO pnj nh kI nO n roe (o r prdyG) on r ordyG oO pnj.p rnpdsdyG p rnd nh rnrdypH osnnnj ne n raph , ng prnZ nh

p nh rnrdypH n og ne nrpe mI njp nY m n rTnCG pa k sce oO pnj nh kI nO n roe (p pY nrdyG opFnf rhnCG o pY nrdyG) prnd pEG on r ordyG oO pnj: pdsdyG

54

prnd pEG on r ordyG on r ordyG

Y ndG pFnf rhnCG o pY nrdyG o r prdyG

l pY na / pdEG ln roe lI nO n roe / ln roe

ond nrdyG n n nN

ond ndG o o rnj

l pY na / pdEG ln roe w p rpa lqc noe / ln roe

ond nrdyG n n nN r nb

ond ndG r o rnj rnd

(Ya) prndEG on roG nG

lI nO n roe l p nS nO nY

(prn nY l o rne nh l o rne : pndypH lsc noe) lpd nU nh l p nS nO nY

(dEG eh e : a nV pEpH lsc noe) nr sdyG o pXnf nO nY

(fh e : f qce) on tdyG o nnrdyG nO nY

(Hh e e : H oscoe) oj pn rdyG npd nP

l p nS t nrdyGnO nY

os p rSyG on rordyG

*pn r ordyG n nY ke u nnoe a nrnd npa on r ordyG , lsj pOn rS pEG lIG nnf os pS nSnCyG noJG nnf l roL npg os p rSyG on rordyG. on nrdyG n og on r ordyG nh oCG nnr ordyG n og ps p rSyG pn rordyG pa prnd pEG on r ordyG nh prnd pEG

. pEG nnr ordyG n nY on nrdyG n s nnnj rnCG oRonj rP pEG ,p nX or nrdyG prnZ pnJ tdyG npe pn nrdyG nh pEG nnr ordyG onrJ oQ nh: pnpdsdyG pnnrdyG pa n nc kHoL oh pEG nnr ordyG n nY onrdyG o s nnnj r nb nh

.(loL nQ pQG sdyG pa) : nrnf . npH pAG nprHd n q noe n nh kI n pnf oCG nnr ordyG nh I nO n roe nrnZ on nrdyG nonj rnCG? lrj nR nrjnCG : nrnf ,p n rp rS pG n rSG on nrdyG nonj rnCG.(G krj nR norpe pI n rsdyG n nY) : nrnf , pn nrdyG p rnH n nY oO onj m p nV nd pEG ka noe oCG nnr ordyG nonj rnCG.( o pnr ordyG s pEG lpF na ne) : nrnf , pn nrdypH ku nnoe o rnrdyG n nc nh p rnrdyG pndnM pa

*. on nrdG nh oCG nnr ordyG n og ps pS nSnCyG npJG nnf f unoe : ps p rSyG pn rordyG f unoe

mI njp nY m n rTnCG pa k sc noe n orpe w oc oO pnj n nc kI nO n roe (G) on r ordyG nh (CGG) prnd pEG pn r ordyG npe w oc oO pnj

: pnpdsdyG pn nh rnrdyG n n rnH ounoj

: (CGG) prnd pEG pn r ordyG p n rTnCG rpe -CG

55

on r ordyG prnd pEG on r ordyG

on nrdyG oCG nnr ordyG

(G) G (CGG) dEG ordG

pO rndG oI njp nT

lpnf(IOe) onrqdG(IOe) l nS

p p roG n nY lI n p nYe VEG qce) pAn udG pdnnd

(dEG eh

n r nY rpa p BG nh nSoe n spb n p nT(f qcoe) o nrMnCG orndG

fh e

lT q oN

noDh nbp rUnCG

l pO nb

opF sdG G n ngonr udG pAnoD ng(H ce)

lpd nU t ndGHh e e

: ( pnnG) prnd pEG pn r ordyG p n rTnCG rpe -

56

(G) G (CGG) dEG oG

(IOe ) ln pY roe(IOe) lnu nW

p rY sdG oG n rUCGpG n pG onrHG oO n oS

(dEG e + e : VEG qce) p rsdG on p nb os pr sdG ooj tdG

(f + e : qf qce) lnpe nY lI n nnM on rsdG

(Qhh QL) pI npF sdG pa o sc tdG

(e + Y e : Y ce) l npanf nh lI sQ nV p r qdG oI nQG nnM

) ps p r prdyG pn royG pa pOn rS pEG o n unoe1(

on r ordyG o o r nrdyG ,o nne o o r nrdyG ,ppa o o r nrdyG ,ppH o o r nrdyG pg n pY nne o n r nN ns p r prdyG nn rordyG o unoJ

. p rsdG nh p n nc mspfnnH mI nQh o npd npH nJrDoj l nu nnoe npH onrnJ nh p prLnC o o r nrdyG nh

*: ppH o o r nrdyG

ot nnJ nsf pEG p ob ordypH oOG n ordyG nh (nI n rsdG or n nb)` nc p pY nrdyG o rpa prn nY n nb nh ne n nY kI nO nY ppH o o r nrdyG on roj

n o r nrdyG snCG i nnJ (nI n rsdyG p p rnJ n) rhnCG (nI n rsdyG or n nb ne) : npd r nb p na .ppH s pEG o n roj n nnH ppH p o r nrdyG

npe one nne n nb ne n nY rhnCG prn nY o o r na osb nnnj (n n nb) snCG nh (n n nb) pH lu nnoe p rndn prdyG pa (nI n rsdyG) ppHp nu nn ordyG)1 (.

: pdsdG oh rnyG oounoj ne n raph msc noe p r nT pa oO pnj n nc mI nO n roe p r nT pa ppH o o r nrdyG pJrCnj

: pe qpa rnM m oU r npH kbo rne vj pOn rS pEG k qc noe oon na p n rTnCyG nrpJ prnZ n nY ppH o o r nrdyG oO pnj n nc

oj pQoCGnn unMoCG rnCGpnpreoCG...

57

(H G) qG (YdG) dEG G (dG) G

(IOe) kn pnM opa n ordyG n nnM

(dEG e + e) p nprenCG nn pnM opa n ordyG n nnM

(f + e) kn pnK kn pnM opa n ordyG n nnM

(e + Y e) kn pnM nh G kRG nnL opa n ordyG n nnM

(Qhh QL) pI nQs sdH tp sdyG npnd

(H + e e) G k p nS sdG l nnM n na nU

)1.ppH pornrdyG nnY nnfnjnnL nprnnY prnJ nsjprsdG nnrMCG sC pfsdyG pornrdyG nh p shCG poonrdyG pr nT Y RhdG bh (

p n un ordyG p pUn nrdypH pn rordyG oAnrZ pEGp prLnC o o r nrdyG

G kQ n rne kI nO nY oonj nh .orpe nnjn rdyG phnCG p r prdypH p n prdyG nn nS o poj m rf unne pa l unoe n og p prLnC o o r nrdyG: n t ngnCG m n pn roe msppc rnJ m nrfnCG n nY p prLnC o o r nrdyG oO pnj nh ,p r prdyG n rnH o nc roj

*: orpe : lI nO n roe p r udyG orL nh s nrM pG -kkn nN.

*: orpe : qpa nV pEG lsc noe or na nS -pp rR udyG nA n prH pG. p pYG p sdyG npe r ppfG nPBG pa r o npH nUnCG no nrnj{ - z.p r nrdyG nQ nnM(c BGb)

r ocnAnrHnCG Goo rnJ n{ - z.mnre pEG nn r nN(c BGb)

*l sc noe.( ng ornZ rhnCG lQ n rne rhnCG m o rne o rSG rhnCG m pY na o rSG o oSrCG nQ lsc noe rnCG) : q pOn rS pEG or pT nnjp nU rpenoJ n : orpeoorpe kH t nnJ.

*: orpe : q pOn rS pEG lsc noe ooJ rQ nQ nS -pp pRC nrdyG u nnJ n nY pn poj r nc. nrnrdyG orn nT -pp ntdyG p nY sonj r nc.

: FGa

oo rnf onJG nnnj p na nV pEG nh z`rdyG{ pe G kO snoe psc n ordyG p prLnC p o r nrdyG oSrCG nQ n nc G nP pEG -CG

: e ppJnA nS pEG r nY or nVn nJ -nnrnH psdyG p nbG n spd keG n rc pEG.LC e

.o tnL on rcnC na (G)`pH kfh o rne n nc r pEG -: e pr nY o n rUnCG -pprn nY p n n spd.

LC e

. pAG n sdG n nY tnrdyG nh o rsdG ppa nRnL ka noe n nc r pEG nh -: e orb s nnJ -ppsdG pI nV rne nAn prHG.

orb s nnJ -sdG pI nV rne pAn prH. p

(kn nS) ks pY k p roe kI n pnf nonj rnCG p prLnC k o rne oo rnf s onj snM pQ n r nrdyG pa o nn roj nn nS ne u oc pa nh.p rsdyG pa ond kpd noe nh p pY nrdyG nh prb nrdyG pa (one nne n nb ne rhnCG p r prdyG) p ppe npd kc pQ noe

: e nj p pVnG pa or n nN -pp n prpd kV nrp rSG.zp sdG{ : pH oQ n r nrdyG soL p nrMnCyG p p ng rpe lroM n na r pEG p o ordyG n nY nh)1(: o on na

pI nO np rSpd no r pL -.kI n pnf nrnd nQ n r nrdyG snC

58

) : Me1(.zAdG{`c qdG hM e zqdG{ H e QG qnoj b

.(fP H CG) fpH G npoM : e.( qdG H CG) qdG e nGP : e zrpe{h

.(U EN H CG) U EN npboY : e z{h

pnKG n prpd o r nnf - .kI n pnf nrnd nQ n r nrdyG snCmnLnpd nornJnCG -.G kQ n rne nrnd zmnLnM{ nQh or nrdyG snC

G knZ p n spd p enCG no rY sO nh -.p ppe nY p ob oh nrb nh r nnj rnd nQ n r nrdyG snC

nsj pEG ppeG n rc pE oore n rcnCG -.G k pMG nh nrnd n on pY na snC

npdnrenCG pj pOrCnpd norH sOnCG -.p ppe nY p rnd rpe osfnC

onrdyG

rhnCG p r prdypH p n prdyG nrb nh ( npg prnZ rhnCG ppH p o r nrdyG phnCG pY nrdyG) pp pM nU n nr ng ppdndyG pa ounoj l unoe onrdyG

. kn roe

oO snnnJ psdyG np pM nU pn ppH G knHnCG o rsdyG p nrdyG tnne nh . pO n nrdyG nh p r prdyG pa nn pM nU onrdyG opH noJ nh

no pM nU oO pj nnrnH kI n pnf p rUnCyG pa onrdyG oO pnJ nh .oon rnj psdyG u p pX nrdyG un nrdyG n rnM ppHG n rY pEG onen nY

. k na p rne

: p nrdyG oG nrfnCG

:: oon na m n pn roe npcG nnJ pnKnnK pa onrdyG oO pnJ

1 G kO n roe d -.(k pnroe) prnrdyG nd pEG tp sdyG nO nY : nrnf

2vpF roL kpc rnJ -( unL nsc noe).(m nnpH) nI nR r nrdyG onrnoH rn ncnCG : nrnf

(vpa nV pEG k sc noe).( pQ r sdyG n p nroe) prnrdyG nd pEG tp sdyG nO nY : nrnf

3 (p nG phG npH) vpa rM kpc rnJ -.(on rnj n rg nh) nrnrdyG tp sdyG n nN nO : nrnf

4v p rpa vj pOn rS pEG kpc rnJ -.(o pnrnj) tp sdyG nn rbnCG : nrnf

:: p nrdyG pf nne

: n t ngnCG kI s pY pf nne onrdyG o poJ

1 p r prdyG p ob oh ps pr nc onnH -.p n rYnCyG nrnH k pWnnoe on rsdyG nne :

2ms p rnf mndnM onnH -.p rsdyG np n roe tp sdyG nnf :

3mI npg nX mndnM onnH -.p r nrdyG npeG nO nn nrdyG ooL sdyG snnJ :

4p r prdyG p ob oh p ne nR onnH -G k r nY pQ rnrdyG pA nrf pEG n nY n n nY r nb nh p rnrdyG nd pEG os nrdyG n n rSnCG :

5p r prdyG p ob oh pn nS onnH -. kpanf krnZ psdyG npe oo rnj prj nnj os nrdyG n na nQ :

wpa rnM lscoe rhnCG lI nO n roe onrdyG -.m nXne prnZ mnrJ oQ oG nP :

59

w pOn rS pEG lsc noe onrdyG -.m nX orne mnrJ oQ oG nP :

o onJ nrfnC na.(onrnj n rg nh) one rnj t p rdyG p rnj :

o onJn nhp rUnC kI nYG noe npd nP nh .one rnj t p rdyG tp sdyG p rnj (onrnj n rg nh) :

.(o rrdyG) n rg nh phG nrdyG

a G

.pn nrdyG hCG pne sdyG p p rnJ n nY t onj p n un ordyG npe l unoe n og ppa o o r nrdyG

: e.G kr na n rnrdyG or n nb

.p n r nrdyG npe or oY

.pn nrdyG phnCG pne sdyG nY ksdG nO kI nO n roe ppa o o r nrdyG oonj : ppa p o r nrdyG oG nrfnCG

. kb r nT - kHonL / kA nne - kMk nU : e

n og / nBG

xnL npc rnJ j nh

.pnpdqdG hG dP noj n nc .m na nV pEG npc rnJ oonj nh

edGG

60

a e H e Ya a

(IOe) kA nne

( unL oqce) pA n nrdyG pa

(qVEG ) pr sdG nA nne

p s nY

p s nY

p s nY

o

o

o

rQ oR

rQ oR

rQ oR

a e Ya a

(IOe) k n nT

( unL oqce) o sn nrdyG pa

(qVEG ) pQnrMCyG nrnH

o`

o`

onnrdyG

` rnsJ pG

` r nb nh

rnn rN pG

os p rSyG on rordyG) o pSG nsdyG1 noJG n nNnCG nh n nc : (

.(Gh CGG) ps p rSyG pn rordyG p nrMnCG rpe nqnZ ne n rg nh m pSnf o rnL : o pSG nsdyG

nn nrdyG o na rnj nh CG nnr ordyG o prnj ne nh ( noJG n nNnCG nh n nc) nnnG j nh CG nnr ordyG o na rnj ne : m G nrfnCG onKnnK o pSG nsdyG nh( noJG n nNnCG nh q nX) kne n oo prnj ne nh ( noJG n nNnCG nh q pEG)

: n nc onH -

: m n rbnCG pnKnnK n nY npg nh k n rnd nI n r nY nnnK onrdyG G n ng t onj

,s nX ,n rVnCG ,nn rUnCG , nrenCG ,n nc : m nrdnCG opf nnK n rg nh ,m r nT npH nn nrdyG o prnj nh CG nnr ordyG o na rnj m rpb -CG

. nrnd , nQ nU ,nnH(rnd ,n ,ne) p p nb rpe (oA nY qdG nh oqdG) o or pT rhnCG l rnf prn nY n s nnnj rnCG m r npH p n nrdyG n rnf o n rnj m rpb -

.srfG , np na ,n pnH ,nG nR : m nrdnCG o nnH rQnCG n rg nh.nG nO : l pMG nh l rnd n rg nh spa r sdyG sj pQ n r nrdyG zne{ prn nY n snnJ rnCG m r npH o n rnf n n ndG o n rnj rpb -

n rg nh ,pr sdpH oQ s noJ sfC pspa r sdpH r u oS nh oG nh qdyG n rg nh Q rpH oQ s noJ nqfC sj pQ n r nrdypH zne{ rn p oS nh.vnM peG nh nO nI soe rnCG (vnM ore oO ne pI nc qdyG nh pIn sdypH pf nU rhnCG nh) : nd nnJ ppd r nb p na .oI s ordyG

Me1p r nb p rpe qpfnnH qpdn nO m V nnZ p prnpd knHnp rSG n rSG nh n pSsdG p pSsdG on nN o sS nnnj r nb -: p pY sdyG

.p n ndG nh p r nrdyG pQ nc uOypH ooJG snd k ns noe rneG nO ne p r nrpd n pW n2o t nsdG npd nP opn rnj nh ( lrj nR n nc kpd nY) : p rpe rpe kne n rSG nh n pSsdG p pSsdG on nN o s nnnj r nb nh -

.znG nO{ nh ,z nrnd{ pn nN pa

: ( noJG n nNnCG nh n nc) ps p r prdG p pSG nsdG pf nne -m pSnf u oc n rne pnp rNpH opn rnJ npf nne oOn rSEG o pnrn na ps p r prdyG p pSG nsdypH os p rSyG on rordyG o pn rnJ

.pp n pU nh. npn pU rpe pO nn royG pne sdypH nOn rS pEyG ou noJ zn nc{` na

.in rNoCG nd pEG mndnM rpe p tnsdyG n rne o poJ z nQ nU{ nh, oQ nsdyG ,n tdyG ,on sdyG) p nU o r nrdyG npnpe rRnCpH nOn rS pEG ou noJ znnH , nrenCG ,s nX ,n rVnCG ,nn rUnCG{ nh

.(orsdyG ,oA n nrdyG.p ne sdG pa pQG n rp rSG n r npH nOn rS pEG os noJ zsnrfG ne , np na ne ,n pnH ne ,nG nRne{ nh

.p nG OSEG f J z nrnd{ nh. ng pn nN p G nh nO pI q opH n nn nS ne ou noJ znG nOne{h

61

, nQ nU n r npH i n rNoCG nd pEG mndnM rpe p tnsdyG n rne n nY zs nX nh ,n rVnCG ,nn rUnCG , nrenCG ,n nc{ t onJ r nb nhpp n rppH rorn rUC na) .( knKnnK kLG nh rRnCG ror oc nh ,ve kAn ng rnfn na , vnH G p soH nh) : nd nnJ ppd r n nc

.(G vO n roe o orL nh q nX) .(kfG n rN pEG

:: MeCG.nrdG nh oO pne sdG nY pndn sdpH r sn rNG nsfC k npbnf k n ranCG noJG n nNnCG nh n nc rn u oS -

o pMG ndG pr n rnj rnCG ksenJ npd n rp rS pG pRGnpH ( nrnd nh nG nRne , n na ne) pAnrp rSpH o pSG nsdG nrpJ tn rnJ -n o roJ n pM psdG nnr o na) ,(mI n r oY h oP n nc r pEG nh) : nd nnJ ppd r n nc ,p or nrdyG p nY p oa r nrdpH nrpe

.( oV rQnCG nh oG nh n sdG rneG nO ne npa njppd nN) ,(nop roJ n pM nh

62

os p rSyG on rordyG) o pSG nsdyG2 noJG n nNnCG nh s pEG : (

oOn rS pEyG o pnrn na (s nnd ,nrnd ,snC nc ,s pnd ,snCG ,s pEG) : pnpdsdyG pspa rnrdyG p pSG nsdypH os p rSyG on rordyG o pn rnJ

.m pSnf u oc n rne pnp rNpH opn rnJ npf nne

.l pO nb G kO orne s pEG o on na p pj p rnJ nh pn nrdyG ppcrCnpd zs pEG{ o pN roJ soK ,l pO nb lO orne{ o onJ ,ppcrCspd zs pEG{ ` na

M) nd nnJ ppd r n nc p n nrdyG n rnH rhnCG z nnK rnrdyG nnr n rYnCG sf pEG{ nd nnJ ppd r n nc pn rordyG p shnCG pa zs pEG{ o n rn roJ nh

rhnCG (... psdyG or nY uf pEG n nb) : nd nnJ ppd r n nc p r nrdypH ks prne o nnJ ne nr pY rhnCG (... onrd nrfnCG sf pEG p p ordyG pn prdyG nh

.(noH pPnnd n ppan ordyG s pEG o n rnj osdyG nh ,ood oS nnd nsf pEG on rnj osdyG nh) : nd nnJ ppd r n nc ng n rnH osdyG o nnJ ne nr pY

pn nnH : orpe ,pn rordyG p pUn nY ps pnpH oo pn na , t pOn rS pEyG osc n nrdyG npH oQ s nnnj vpa rnM k oU rne oonJ zsnCG{

. nO onj rnd osfnCG orn nX ,l pO nb nsfnCG

rhnCG ooJooK o sg nnoj ne o na rnj n pnj m nnpH n np nS ne n nY p nnrdyG o p rnJ n rg nh ,oG nQ rp rSyG ngn rne nh zs pnd{

lO orne ne{ o onJ nh , lunnoe os pnd{ : o on na ,l pVG nnoe otfnCpH npd nP opgo na zlpd nY lO orne{ o noj ,oo rnf

.zl p nc os pnd{ o on na ,m pnpH nrnd osfnCG npd nP opgo na ln oT

.zlpJ nc G kO orne snC nc{ npd r n nc u sdyG phnCG zln pL nG nrenCyG snC nc{ : npd r n nc pp rspd zsnC nc{

p r n nc r oY ppa ne rhnCG , n ppH o pWnC na p rnMnnL pd nrnd ,npd r n nc ppa n n nWn ne on nW n rg nh ,u nspd znrnd{

.png sdyG npe G kQ nrpb pd nrnd : p p r ordyG p p nrdyG

, p o nM rnj n sdyG s nnd : n pd r n nc o od ooM pn rn r o rdyG ppa p oZ r n rdyG on nW n rg nh , uL nn pd zs nnd{

kund k r nb ond n o na) : nd nnJ ppd r n nc p p rspd nh ,lpd ng k pS nb s nnd : npd r n nc ph or nrdyG o tb nnJ rnCG ,p n rTEd nh

.z n sc nnnj rnpd CG ( o sc nnnj os nnd

p pSG nsdyG nrpJ nrnH o r nrdyG n nb nh G nP pE na on nrdyG o na roj nh o rSyG o nro na p pSG nsdyG p p npH os p rSG on rordyG o pn rnJ nh

(o o ra nQ rhnCG p rSyG o rnf rnCG) pG nrenCyG oRon na znrnd{ nne s pEG no n nY n onH pspa rnrdyG zne{ pH ps p rSyG pn rordyG nh

.( l pMG nh lnd pEG osdyG nsf pEG) : nrnf

ka r nX on nrdyG n nc G nP pEG ne npd nP rpe nrn roj nh p p rSG nh p pSsdyG nrnH pn nrdyG o tS nnJ npJG n nNnCG nh s pEG pnH pa oRonj n

.( n rnj r npd kI nr pnd npd nP pa s pEG) nd nnJ ppd r nb pa n nc G kQh orne nh G kQnL rhnCG

63

pn rordyG pa ppF nX nrdyG n nY osdG sdyG opFG n nrdyG

. nrn nY t onJ npFG n nb p qa nnpH pn rordyG n pNG nO opF nX ndyG oO s nnnJ : p nY rnf opFG n nrdyG nh. ls pr nT ls p rnd opFG n nb -

. lspdn nO lsj pn rne opFG n nb -

I--: os p rsdyG opFG n nrdyG:: pG n rY pEyG onen nY -CG

.pn rordyG pa np n pX nh nY s onpd pI nO n r ordyG p n pnrdyG n pNBG onnJ ls p rnd lnj p nb pG n rY pEyG onen nY

opn rnJ ppH l sU nN lnen nY m rnf uopd nh , tnyG nh o rsdyG nh o ra sdyG : lnKnnK pA n rSnCyG pa pG n rY pEyG oG nrfnCG nhpA n rSnCG npe l rSG rhnCG - m prnJ o rnL rhnCG - mnen nS o rnL rhnCG - snoe rhnCG - lO n roe) p rSyG p np nW pnp rNpH

(... pr sdyG npe lo rne rhnCG - p n r nrdyG

tnoj nh p nr nrdy pH o nr oj nh ,p s sdy pH o na r oj : p prsdyG p r nL nh pp nrrdyG pO n r o rdyG pG n rY pEG onen nY -.pnd nrdypH orQ nne - nnd nrdyG orjnCG nQ - ond nrdyG nAnL : nrpe ,pI n rnrdypH

orjnCG nQ ,pG nnd nrdyG nAnL : e ,pnpc sdyG pAnrdypH tnoj nh o nroj nh ppdnCpH o na roj : sn ordyG pG n rY pEG onen nY -.p rj nnd nrdypH orQ nne - p rj nnd nrdyG

:: Men ppH orQ nne ,p rnoL sdyG npc orjnCG nQ ,p rnoL sdyG npc nAnL) mpg nX p rS pG nd pEG n n pVoCG G nP pEG pnsprne nrpc nh npcG nP pEG sn ordyG nG n rY pEG pnnH n roe nh .(p rnrprdyG nr ppH orQ nne ,p rnrprdyG nrpc orjnCG nQ ,p rnrprdyG nrpc rnAnL ,p rnoL sdyG, n prnrpc orjnCG nQ , n ognrpc rnAnL - n prn ppH orQ nne nh , n prnpc orjnCG nQ , n ognpc nAnL) m p nV nd pEG n n pVoCG

.( n prnr ppH orQ nne

orjnCG nQ) pAnrdypH tnoj nh o nroj nh (noMs nrdyG nAnL) phG nrdypH o na roj : p pd sdyG p sc n ordyG p rnL pG n rY pEG onen nY -.(npMs nrdypH orQ nne ,n pMs nrdyG

pI n rnrdypH tnoj nh o nroj nh (onMs ndyG pnAnL) p s sdypH o na roj : p pd sdyG psf n ordyG p rnL pG n rY pEG onen nY -.(pnMs nrdypH or p rYoCG ,pnMs nrdyG orjnCG nQ)

phG nrdypH npa oQ ka noe p n r nrdyG pA n rSnCyG npe l rS pG nAnL G nP pEG : p na n ordyG p n r nrdyG pA n rSnCyG pG n rY pEG onen nY -.ppHnCpH orQ nne ,onHnCG orjnCG nQ ,ooHnCG nAnL : e , pAnrdypH soL nh ppdnCypH n pof nh

,pnnH oofoJ : e .pnr nrdypH tnoj nh o nroj nh p s sdypH o na roj : pr sdyG npe p o r nrdyG pG n rY pEG onen nY -. npfopH tn rYnCG , npfoJ orQ oR

:: Me

soL nh pnr nrdypH n pof nh p s sdypH npa oQ ka noe nAnL rhnCG pr sdyG npe p o r nrdyG n nY osdyG nh opdCyG n nN nO G nP pEG: e pI n rnrdypH

.p SsdyG p n ranCpH G n ng nrnd - p n ranCypH G n ng nrnd - n n ranCpH G n ng nrnd

64

:: unrdyG ph ooM -

rhnCG kI nO n roe prn nY o oN rnJ ne p n pX nh n nY npH t nn roj nh ng n rnH psdyG n rSG tonJ ls p rnd lnj p nb unrdyG ornM

(a e) mI nQnpJ rpe nAnL - (LC e) mI nQnppd nAnL - (H e) mI nQnppH nAnL : e .k sc noe

.snM - n nY - nd pEG - pa - r nY - rpe - ohG nrdyG - ondyG- osdyG - oAnrdyG : k n rp rS pG unrdyG phooM on rcnCG nh

: onrJ tdyG -

. ng o pNrCnJ nh nop rnJ oRonj n na , n ppa oO pnJ nrj nsdyG ppc rsdyG rhnCG pn rordyG pa l nX orne lnrJ oQ p pUn nrdyG p rnpd

onZ lnrJ oQ p pUn nrdyG p rnpd nh (p n ordyG n nY o s nnnj n prnd pEG p n ordyG nh ,p r pdyG n nY o s nnnj n Ydc)

p pNrCsdyG nh p p rsdyG p pYG n nb o na p rne nh pfsdyG npe p shnCyG p rsdyG p rnJ nh . n ppb rne pa ot nsdyG oRon na m nX orne

.p n pX nrdyG pjprnJ pa opg noJ

:: o nnH n ordyG -O

.p prdyG nh pj p rsdyG phnCG pO n nrdyG phnCG p r prdyG rhnCG pG n rY pEyG pa n nNBG G k or oY l or oY nnrnj rnCG npg o nnH n ordyG

.in rNoCG nd pEG mndnM rpe opn rnJ p nnH n ordyG noL nh snCG n nc ,m rnH nh oO p pUn nrdyG p rnH nrnH oonJ o nnH n oydG nh

o nnrdyG nh , pO n nrdyG nh p r prdyG pa nCG nnr ordyG opH noj on nrdyG nh , pO n nrdyG nh oO p r prdyG pa n pY nrdyG opH noj o r prdy na

orsdyG nh ,pG n rY pEyG pa prn nY n o r nrdyG nh n scD ordyG nh orpe n nr ordyG ppJ rsdyG n nY opH noJ o r nrdyG nh opc rsdyG nh

.( oO n nrdyG , or prdyG ,oG n rY pEyG , o prsdyG nh oj p rsdyG) .p nnH rQnCyG p nnH n ordyG poL oh pa nor nrdyG opH noj

p pUn nY ppF nX nh p na p rne n nY o pY noJ nsfnCG n nc p p sdyG p nnrdyG ph o oT rpe l r nT p nnH n ordyG p pYG n nb o na p rne nh

.pn rordyG

II--: osj pn r nrdyG opFG n nrdyG

n nY n r nrdyG t on na p un ordyG p or orpd m nX orne nrnZ onrJ tdyG oonJ nh pG n rY pEyG pnen nY oQ o oX oQ s nnnj r nb

...... on sdyG n prn nY n pY nSoe nn nS : e .p n pX nrdyGppF nX nrdyG p nY p rnrpd kpH nS pI nQ oc r nrdyG ps p rsdyG p pFG n nrdyG nh psj pn r nrdyG p pFG n nrdyG p p ng orpe o na nnnJ r nb nh

.m nnpH nI nR r nrdyG onrnoH rn ncnCG : e .psj prsdyG

1:: rn ncnCG -p n ranCyG o rpb n og m U o rne p p rnJ krne nd pEG o poj l rR nh n og nh rn n na p rR nh n nY lI nO n roe p p ng

.(pn udyG nj p nb) psesdyG

(e ,YdG ppFnf nd pEG nrnd nh) p pY nrdyG nd pEG ln roe n r prdyG snCG nd pEG rn n na pA npd pnnpdG n ordyG pn nc nnrdyG o poJ -

.(rjnCG qdG jb) -

(p nnH kG onj p nb) dEG G p r pL nd pEG p udyG nrppH on ps ordyG - r` - o n pMqdG o poJ -

.p pY nrdyG nd pEG ln roe m Vne l rpa nsfnCpH zrn ncnCG{ pI nO n r ordyG n nY oornf no nrnJ kI npa nnoe opFG n nrdyG p p ng nh

65

2:: onrnoH -.( lsj pn rne lspdn nO lnj p nb) prnd pEG G kn roe nonj rnCG o p roj o rSG nh , k rSG oI nO n r ordyG p p ng rnAnL -

.( lspHG n rY pEG lnj p nb) p ra sdyG pnen nY rpe lnen nY p p ng nh . l s nV p rSG G n npH rn nsJ pG -

.(pnrJ tdyG onj p nb) p pY nrpd l nX orne lnrJ oQ p pb r nrdyG pa o tNnCsdyG G n ng nh r prdyG n rnH o oa r nrdyG o rSG G n ng nAnL -

.(p nnH n ordyG onj p nb) on pY na opH noj n r prdyG snCG lo rne nh ,p r prdyG pa n rSyG G n ng o u nn ordyG o r prdyG nnH nW -

3:: nI nR r nrdyG -m o rne pa n n rnj rnCG o p roj kj u nnoe k rpa o s nnnJ msj pOn rS pEG mIG nnpH k nnroe oI nO n r ordyG p p ng rnAnL

.( lsj pn rne lnj p nb) ppH

lnj p nb) ppH p o r nrdyG un npd p npaG n ordyG p rsdG pnen nY rpe lnen nY p p ng nh , lnr na p rSG G ng p pNBpH r nqJG -

.( lspHG n rY pEG

.ppH l o rne znI nR r nrdyG{ nI nO n r ordyG sCpH p rorpd pnnpe nV pnnj p nrdyG pnJ ng nh

4:: m nnpH -. npH pQh or nrdyG p rSG nh pAndG : p rj n or oY rpe o snnnj oqcyG G n ng -

.( k n pnf) pnr nrdypH pnH or nrdyG p n udyG p nY oQh or nrdyG nh tQnrdyG nnf -

.p nrdyG qnne opaG noJ psdyG p rsdyG pnen nY rpe lnen nY p p ng nh

p rSG p nu nnoe rpe os pr nrdyG o nbn nrdyG p p ng nh .pnJ n pnf n ng nh ( onrnoH) m na p rne p rSH p ns noe k n pnf rhnCG m nnpH -

.p nrdyG snne tnrnj psdG

. o p rn rnf no nrnJ kI npa nnoe opFG n nrdyG p ng nh

.lnM oo n pX nh (m nnpH) nqcoG qCG

*p nnpH - kI nQh orne rhnCG knH orne rhnCG k nY oa rne oO pnJ nnf un ordyG n pUn nrdyG qnCG nn nS ne u oc rpe on rn roj nhp n pX nh n nY p pFG n nrdyG ps pnH nne npH t nn roj lnj p nb sEG pG n rY pEyG onen nY ne nh .oon rnJ psdG q p pX nrdyG un nrdyG

. p or ordyG

hCG lnr na nh ,Aj hCG lnr na nh ,Anj rhCG hGh rhnCG l s nV) npJ nQ oU r nY p nsdyG p r npH) mG n rY pEG nnen nY oV p rnj tn nrdy na

.( p or ordyG n n pX nh p p r ordyG pa oO unoJ n nnen ndG qCG CG) or nrdyG nrnd nh onen nrdyG npg nh (... I nch Aj

qdG jQJ LG ddGSSCG dG e HGqdG d

LZGdG edG cG1998

66

TGh jqdG

.GUCG H kKh WJQG Jj rj nqdG SG fh dG f EG dG Y j.ASCG dch J aCa

qZHEG qG Ueh dG e j iNCG U EG U e j g dG jJh.eH e M Y d

qfDojh ojh SG sj) OdGh G de EG SG NEH a ASCG jJ eCG( qcojh

e TG qY CGJh .TG qj ddG Ggh dG dH qj dG Y qEG qKcG Y NO e GPEG HK Qb g UCG hG qCG dP QG Y cG NOc d G S Y (,,) Qa .G dJ EG VdGh jdG e LNCG

: c dJ UCG hGh cG cH dhRdG SGH ASCG Y mQL TGh ... lr pY ,ls nY , p nY ,lpd nY ,n p oY ,n p nY ,l nY = (,,)qCG EG .ze{h zYa{ Rh Y OG KdG e j G SGh YdG Sa dG

.H G hCG ITe G KdG e EG j G SG

Me1::.qfDeh G qce Gh qGh OG H j G SGh YdG SG j Me2::ea .qe Z eG qCG EG q qdG H qgj a qe qHdG dG ASCG c

HJ qEG j MUG Gh ea .e Gh (VQCG ,c) qe Z.dOh fRh qYS eGh dOh fRh qSb G PEG (eL SG - e SG) gXJh

g G SGh UdG j qfC dG e gh G Y qGO qe YdG SG.U qfC UdG jh G Y qGO qe NBG

?? dG e:K U jh G hCG VG hCG VG edG M hCG dM Y j d dG

.r ob / o onj / n nb : e eCG Uh QG Uh VG U

67

G SG YdG SG QG

l o rne l pY na ,,

l one

lpnelpF nb

lpFnH,h,

,,

lOoL rne

lQoerCnel pLG nh

lpeBGO,,h

Q,,CG

lAh o rne l pQ nb

lpFnfA,Q,,h,

GO q KqdG dH G Gg qfh dJ VQY IjG aCGh IO q qfCG aCG UCGh.Gjeh

.YGfCGh O qG KqdG dG Y VGh IQU j qdG hG dh

: g GRhCG KK Y O qG KdG j h(n o nY) n o na nh (n p na) n p nah (n n nT) n n na

nQ pnc o n rnj Y n p na Qeh .ooj oTh o oj n o nc o o rnj Rh Y GHCG n oa Qe Ajh.o n rnj n p nS nh oQ nrnj

: j e e cf LhCG a n n na eCG: o o rnj GHCG YQe Aj dG j c Ea

ooH o rVnCG ,oorH na a HQV: ch dG Y n n na j GPEGh

o pnj / n nU nh ,opnj / nnb nh : o p rnj YQa jhGh e -(o o rnj UCG) o onj / n nb : o o rnj YQa jhGh LCG -

.o pnj / n nch ,o pnj / nne f o p rnj YQa (Aj dG Y) Fj LCG -. tonj / snL f o o rnj YQa H e EG ITe j qe qe -

. t pnj s nN nh t pnj s nc o p rnj YQa qe Z (Ye) qe -e FdG L e hGdG H eCGh QG - e qT e qEG - hGdG G jh -

.n nR nh a

s pR ,Gof pR ,nf pR ,pf pR ,r pR : eCG: GJ e j a VG U LCG jJ qeCG nh

Vh G FVh dG V e (dCG G AdG hCG hGdG) qdG M j -.nr ob (g)h sor ob ,ror ob , nor ob ,nr ob ,nr ob ,or ob : FdG

68

OO qG KqdG dG

G qdG

npnj , n nY nh : G

nnf , nQ nS ,n nb : LCG.n nS ,innL , nf nO : opbsdG

nn nc ,n nN nO : qdGnCG n nb ,nnC nS , nnenCG : RG

s nY , snL : YG

qfCG fCG fCG pfCG nfCG f fCG

s pnJ nof pnJ pnf pnJ npf pnJ o pnJ o pnf o pRnCG ae .

s pnJ Gof pnJ nf pnJ pf pnJ r pnJ r pnf r pRnCG h .

n r pS (g)h ,soJ r pS ,roJ r pS , noJ r pS ,pr pS ,nr pS ,nf r pS ,or pS,n nb jJ) dqdG FdG e hG QG U e LCG e qdG M j -

(nnH

: MeqdG M M Y a FdG hCG WG (V) EG SCG GPEG e dG qj.eCGh QGh VG

:: G kO YG KqdG dG jJ VG U U eh (G f) G f e eh Y fc e YG dGFdG e qdG Gg j cH be dGh c qe qdG fc GPEG Y cM aM

: qdqdGggjcd gfd gg

nOO nQrnOO nQG nOO nQnJ nOO nQGh oOO nQ

sO nQrsO nQG sO nQnJ sO nQGh tO nQ: QG jJ YG qKdG jh

1fCGh fCd gh jcd g ,fCG ,fCG : F qdG e qEG qhCG jqdG ZOEG qj -.gh

2.ZOEG qj jdG K -j gh fCG e fqdG hCG (RG gCG) hCG jdH QG YG jJ qCG Z

.rO oO rnj qgh n rO oO rnJ fCG : J:: RG dG

.dEG dG e qH QeCG ah Ig e hCG Y hCG Dha fc e g.eCG Igh (qG V e) YQG Ig GY dG f Jg -

... p nS / pdnC rS pEG ,r nS / rnC rS pG : Lh Y CS e eCG j -

69

g g f ```fnCG fCG

r onJ rnd r onj rnd r onf rnd r onJ r``nd r obnCG rnd

rpnJ rnd rpnj rnd rpf rnd rpnJ r``nd rpHnCG rnd

jG KqdG dG

IOjdGh dUCH IO q aCGh e Y d IOjR Y CGW O q qKK g jG KqdG dG.Y FQW

.KK hCG jY hCG Y e ncCH IOjdG J h

*.d Gg d UY KH jG Kqd iNCG GRhCG LJ

70

G RdG IOjdG

n s nb

nn rbnCG

n nY nS

n s na

n n ranCG

n nY na

MGh H

n q nnJ

n nSG nnJ

n nrf pG

nn nrf pG

s n rU pG

n s nnJ

n nY nnJ

n nn ra pG

n n nrf pG

s n ra pG

KG jH

nn rn rS pG n n rn rS pG UY KH

pI nO n r ordyG NBG pa AqdG

nrnH o u nof n ppH rP pEG lspa r nU ls pZn pU l npb p p rdyG G n npd nh ,mnMo rne nh m nWoH rne : p rjnAnJ nrnH pnHn prdyG pa ou nof

.ppFG sdyG prnrdG nh p rUnCyG prnrdyG nrnH nh p rSyG nh p r prdyG

(I , ``) : o nWoH r nrdyG oAsdG *

: k nWoH rne oAsdyG onroJ nh prb nrdyG nr pY kA ng n o rof oRonj nh , pA n rSnCyG p rnH p pNBG pa o nWoH r nrdyG oAsdyG oonJ

.(W - W) : l sc noe lpH noe p rSpd n nc rhnCG mpfrCnJ nnen nY rnf nc G nP pEG p rSyG p pNBG pa -

.(lInHoCG ,lI noM ,oI n ob) : n n oa p rR nh n nY n nc G nP pEG p prsdyG p rnL pa -

.(sHhQhCG , nSS , nbW) : kc unnoe nnr nb ne n nc G nP pEG ordyG nh pG nrordyG pA n rSnCG pa -

.(IG nOnne ,inOnf) (lInenoe ,nenM) (lI nV noe : nV nb) : p rR nh n nY p pbsdyG p r prdyG ne pQ n r nrdyG pa -

(... I n pUn nb , ondOn nU) : e p rnrdyG p G nrfnCG p rnH pa nh -

.p n pW nrdyG zpsoK{ pAnJ nrnH nh nnrnH p p rsrpd pspa r sdG z n snK{ p n p nc pnj npf pa nh -

: () onMo r nrdyG AsdyG *

: knMo rne oAsdyG onroJ

k rnL rhnCG G kO n roe o rSyG G n ng n nc oAG n nS ,I npFG nR prnZ mAnpH pnrnj p nS nrdyG pc nS xpKnoK m rS pG u oc p pNBG pa -

.(l nb rhnCG ,lrb nh) (lnnH ,lrpH) (lnrHnCG ,looH ,lrnH) : ksfnDoe rhnCG G k sc noe

.(QnrnH ,lj prpc ,lhornH) lnj p nW l nc nnM rhnCG lpc nS nnr nb mAnpH pnrnj m rSG u oc p pNBG pa -

,ae ,lpaG nQ) p o r nrdyG p rSG nh p pY nrdyG p rSG rpn pU pa p sc n ordyG n nY pndG sdyG p sn r ordyG pA n rSnCyG -

.(le

.(onr nY nh lnnK nh lnnf) qKnoK coe SG u oc p pNBG pa -

. nu noe , n pW na p pd sdyG psfnD ordyG p rnL p pNBG pa -

(g) dG SG pa nh (n p nUh nnH) p n ranCyG p pnL p pNBG pa -

.(pqoK ,ns nnd ,qH oQ , ,d) : nMo r nrdyG pAsdypH pn pnr ordyG phoordyG pa -

71

p n pnrdG qhCG IdGp rU nrdG oI n r ng nh p r nrdG oI ng

rnCG kne o rne rnCG kI nQ orne rnf ncnCG lAG n nS ppdnCyG n nY knd orne kpFG nO onroJ p n pnrdyG p shnCG pa oI n r nrdyG.prnrdyG p CG p r prdyG p nCG p rS pyG pa rnf ncnCG lAG n nS nh m rU nh nI n r ng rnCG m r nb nI n r ng rnf ncnCG lAG n nS nh . knMo rne

.m rU nh oI n r ng nh m r nb oI n r ng : p nY rnf p n pnrdyG p shnCG pa oI n r nrdyG nh

1: p r nrdyG oI n r ng -- lnCG : nrpe ka rnM nh k rpa nh k rSG p n pnrdyG pa v p rUnCG ka rnM oonJ nh - pAn prdyG phooM rpe lrnM npg ng pQ n rne nh n n ranCG pU pa mI nOnj pR n or oY oJ nh - s pEG - nnenCG - n ncnCG - n nNnCG - lr n rU pEG ,nrfnCG - lnCG

.r p rNnCG - lG n rN pEG - n n rNnCG : orpe nrpe prenCyG on pUh:ore p p rsdG p p nc p n udyG p rnH pa nh ,( lO nrMnCG , l pnM) ,( lOn rhnCG , lnd nh) : orpe p oordyG p rnH pa nh

.(... nc rPnCG , nn rcnCG ,n nrMnCG. o prLnCG ,o obnCG : orpe pO n r ordyG p unn ord m nY nQ noe nrnM oonJ nh -

! o pT nQnCG : orpe pj p nrpd mAG npf nIG nOnCG rhnCG (? kMo rne nnrdyG n nOnCG rnCG oj poJnCG) orpe m n rp rSG nIG nOnCG oonJ nh

o nS roJ nh (oCG) ,(nCG) kne o rne rhnCG knMo rne rnf nc G nP pEG pAnuJ pG ppdCG nY (A)p r nrdyG npe k n rpb p r nrdyG oI n r ng o nS roJ.( pEG) kI nQ orne rnf nc G nP pEG nnrnJ

2: p rU nrdG oI n r ng -p n ranCyG pa oonJ nh p n pnrdyG p shnCG pa p pc sdypH p rtdyG nd pEG p tU nsd m nc nnM nne npH nJrDoj lI n r ng npgp n r prdyG npe kI nO snoe n opdnCG onroJ nh p pL nQ nO pa npH o nroj n nh p nnrdyG pA rnH pa npH o nroj lI n r ng n rgph . pA n rSnCyG nhpIG nOnCG prnZ pa o nc nnrdyG nrpJ oonJn nh .po r nrdyG p rtdyG p n pU n nY npH t nn roj l nc nnM nrn nY o nroJ nh (A)oI nQ oU nh .k rU nh oon na p nnrdyG p nQ nO pa senCG , k s nV rhnCG kI n r nc s pEG p oU r nrdyG p rSG nh ( rdyG) pj p rsdG

.(yG) lI n p nU lO nU pAnuJG ppdnCG n nY npnHnpcpnJnCG nre pG ,pGnDh oreG ,pnnrK pG ,pnrK pG ,lInCG nre pG ,lDh oreG , lnrH pG ,lrHG ,l rS pG : npg m rU nh pI n r npH oInAh or nrdyG oA n rSnCyG nhpnKnnpH rhnCG p rj n or opH pI nj p nrdyG p n ranCyG npe p sn r ordyG pQ pO n nrdyG pa nh ,p sdyG nh ppdnCypH p na s n ordyG pA n rSnCyG pa nh

.(... pnsdG ,psdG ,pqdG) pndU r nrdG pA n rSCG pah (Q rS pG - Qf pG) : n pUn nYzn nn ra pG{h zn n nrf pG{ p`n pU n nY p rj n or opH oI nj p nrdyG o n ranCyG npg m rU nh pI n r npH oInAh or nrdyG o n ranCGh: e) sa pG nh zn n rn rS pG{ pn pU n nY n pUn nY pnKnnpH oI nj p nrdyG o n ranCG nh (nnn rb pG ,nn nrf pG : `e)

.(snC n rW pG e) zsn n ra pG{ pn pU n nY os pYnH tdG o n ranCG nh ( sQ nrM pG ,n n rn rS pG.p nnrdyG pA rnH pa rneG nOne kI nQ orne G knHnCG npH o nroj nh

pa p r prdyG or nY rnf nc G nP pEG kI nQ orne npH o nroj nh pO sn ordyG qpKnsdyG npe prenCyG pa m rU nh oI n r ng npg nhne n raph kne o rne p nQ n ordyG pa p r prdyG or nY rnf nc G nP pEG kne o rne nh ,kI nQ orne rhnCG knMo rne p nQ n ordyG

: pJByG o nh rnrdyG oo uV noj

72

nsfnCG nn nS r n na zn n ranCG{ pn pU n nY n nc ne G n nY ne p rqdG oI nQ orne pKntdG prenCG pa m rU nh oI n r ng npgh

.(..... rp rTnCG ,rp rbnCG ,r p rcnCG) G knHnCG lnMo rne m r nb oI n r ng

)) Me -1:: (

: pnpdsdyG pnnrdyG pa kI nOh o rne pAnuJ pG ppdnCG n nY oI n r nrdyG o nS roJ

o oNrCGnCG ) : e . lnpc nS onpfsdyG nh lnMo rne n ognhnCG p rnJ n r ng no rUnCG n nc G nP pEG p n pnrdyG p shnCG pa,( o oNBG

.gZ dP Y bh (lnLBG ,lnLrCGCG : nnLCG L)

) I nOh o rne mpdnCpH k nYorne kI n r ng no rUnCG n nc G nP pEG p n pnrdyG p nS nh pa2,(pBG n rnj pGnCG n rj) : e (

. og nrnZ npd nP nY rbh (QBe ,opQGCne zlnQCe{ L) .(lIBG rpe lIGCGpe)

) mI nOh o rne mpdnCpH k nYorne knMo rne kI n r ng no rUnCG n nc G nP pEG p n pnrdyG p pNBG pa2,(BnL na GCnLa) : e (

.(Bnrnj rnd GCnrnj rnd)

)) Me -2:: (

oI n r nrdyG rnf nc G nP pEG , ng p pNBG pa nh ,p n pnrdyG p nS nh pa kI nOh o rne pI n r nrdyG p rS npH on ps ordyG onrMnCyG n roJ

norpJ p na ( n proj rnd) (p n pL noj) .(pGDh ornj) p rpe rpe mI n rnpH rhnCG m s npH k nbo rne (p rUnCyG pa) onMo r nrdyG

u oc pnH pa npd npH os nnnj ne r orfG) p na u pn ordyG nh p n uSn ordyG pI n r nrdyG p rS nQ p nrMCG oO np rYG o nnj p rnndnrdyG

.( n orpe

73

prenCG pn pU pa o r pdG p nQ n ordG pU pa o r prdG VG U dG

prL pGpG

rnrd pG

o prnj nnnL

onrnj npnd

oGr o rN oG o o rnj n n nN

p na u nn ordyG pI n r nrdyG o rS nQ

I-ne pa npd nP o p rnJ nh , knj p nW k nc nnM rhnCG kpc nS nnr nb ne n nc G nP pEG (pI nO p nroe rnCG) p r sdyG n nY o na un ordyG oI n r nrdyG o nS roJ

pnj:

: np nc nnpd nQnp rYG nh (lA rnH ,lAroH ,lArpO) : kpc nS nnr nb ne n nc G nP pEG

.( mA rnf rpe , mArpO pa mA rnH h oP , mAropH)

:: l nnMnoeGkArpO GkAroH ,GkA roL : p rsdyG p j prnJ opdnCG pndnrdyG p p ng pa p r sdyG n nY p na u nn ordyG pI n r nrdypH onroJ

.( kr nT) pnj n nc GkA r nT onHnpc nnJG nnJ osfnCG n nY

: knj p nW k nc nnM nnr nb ne n nc G nP pEG -

(oA nnoM ,lA n na ,lAGOQ ,nA nne) mnj p nW mnr npH k nbo rne -CG

.(lAo rne ,kAG nnL , mAG nO pQ) np nc nnpd QYG n nh

(lAo rne ,lAh orne ,lAoof) : mnj p nW m s npH k nbo rne -

.( mAo rne , mAh orne , mAoof) np nc nnpd nQnp rYG n nh

:: l nnMnoe: p rsdG p j prnJ opdCG pndnrdyG p p ng pa p r sdyG n nY p na u nn ordyG pI n r nrdypH onroJ

.(GkAo rne ,GkAh orne ,GkAoof)

.( mA p nnd mAi pO n nc , mA pnH e) np nc nnpd nQnp rYG n nh (lA pne ,lApO nQ ,lA pnH) mnj p nW mI n rnpH k nbo rne -

:: lnMnoe

nne nonHnpc n og npJG nn ordyG snCG s pEG p rsdG p j prnJ opdnCG pndnrdyG p p ng pa p r sdyG n nY p na p nn ordyG pI n r nrdypH onroJ

.( k pne , kj pO nQ , k pnH : pnj n nc kr nT) pnHn ppd kI ncnoe .p rsdyG p j prnJ ppdnCG

IInpd nP o p rnJ nh .mI n p nb m nc nnpH k nbo rne rnf nc G nP pEG nnr nb ne ppc nnpd p pfn ordyG p rnrdyG n nY o na u nn ordyG oI n r nrdyG o nS roJ -

: pnj ne pa

,kC nN nnnJ rQG) : knpc nS rhnCG kne o rne rhnCG knMo rne rnf nc G nP pEG ppdCyG n nY o nS roJ : mI n p nb mnr npH k nbo rne -CG

, mn nN nh mEG nnroe rpe os p rSG on rordyG o snnnJ) : kI nQ orne rnf nc G nP pEG onrnJ o nS roJ nh (ppH rCG n rnj rnd ,lCG nnroe G n ng

(... mj p nb mE na r npH on p sdG pnnrMG

n nY p na u nn ordyG pI n r nrdypH onroJ nh np nc nnpd Qnp