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Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP

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4

Studies in the Way of Words

5

6

1

(meaning)

natural meaning(non-natural meaning)

(conversational

implicature)

Cooperative Principle

Conversational Maxims

Studies in the Way of Words

(Utterers Meaning and Intentions)

(Utterers Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word Meaing)

(Meaning)(Meaning Revisited)

(Logic and Conversation)(Further Notes for Logic and Conversation)

(Indicative Conditionals)(Some models for

Implicature)(Presupposition and Conversational Implicature)

7

1975

(implicature)

conventional implidature

conversational implicature

1

(Cooperative Principle)( Conversational Maxims)

perticularlized conversational implicature

1 generalized conversational

implicature

Xa woman

X

Xhouse

X

a gardena cara college

37385455

generalized conversational implicatureconventional implicature

8

2

ABCABC

B

AC

B

C

C

A

BB

BB

C

C

C

C

C

3

2 Grice 1991 p24,34 Grice P 3 Grice 1991 p32,46

9

(I am out of petrol.)

(There is a garage round the corner.)

3

4

what A has made as if to say

5

4 Grice 1991 p34,49 5

10

what the speaker has made as if to say

6

7

Cooperative Principle

8

Cooperative Principle

1 6 7 Grice 1991 p26,37 8 Grice 1991 p26-27,37-39

11

9

A(Where does C live?)

(Somewhere in the south of France.)

2 B

B

BC

BC

9 Grice 1991 p32, 47

12

A

BB

A

AB

B

BA

B

13

,

B

Grice p32, 46-47

,

A(Where does C live?)

(Somewhere in the south of France.)

BBC

(Grice p32-33, 47-48)

3

10

10 Grice 1991 p33,48

14

(Grice p33-37, 48-54)

11

11 Grice 1991 p39,57-58

15

Implicature12

(2)KAREN: Were you with Jennifer

last night

GEORGE: I was out drinking with the guys.

(3)MRS.SMITH(accusingly):

Did you eat all the chocolates?

BILLY(defensively): I ate some.

12 Davis 1998 p116

16

17

2

(non-natural meaning)

(natural meaning)nonnatural meaning

13

14

()

()

13 Grice 1991 p213, 223 14 Grice 1991 p214, 224

18

15

A

A

A[]

A

15 Grice 1989 p219, 233

19

()

16

(

)

U()(

)

U

()

()timeless meaning

17

16 Grice 1991 p90-91, 137 17 Grice 1991 p88-90, 133-137

20

(If I shall then be helping the grass to grow, I shall have no time for reading.).

(1)a

(If I shall then be assisting the kind of which lawns are composed to

mature, I shall have no time for reading.)

(1)b

(If I shall then be assisting the marijauana to mature, I shall have no time for reading.)

(grass)

(lawn-material)(marijuana)

applied timeless meaning

(2)a

21

(2)b

()()

(If I shall then be helping the grass to grow, I shall have no time for reading.).

(3)a

(If I am then dead, I shall not know what is going on in the world.)

(3)b (One

advantage of being dead will be that I shall be protected from horrors of the world.)

(utterance-type occasion meaning)

(4)a

22

(4)b

(utterers occasion meaning)

()

timeless meaning()

applied timeless meaning

occasion-meaning

18

19

occassional meaning)

conventional meaning

18 Grice 1991 p91, 19 Grice 1991 p118-122, 180-187

23

24

2

the total signification20

20 Grice 1991 p41,61 Studies in The Way of Words

25

2

4

ABAA

B

B

B

3

B

conversational implicature)

26

B

A

B

B

B

27

21S

S1

Bill is a philosopher and he is, therefore, brave.

S1

therefore)

but)

moreover)

UXXP

XUP

UP

UPUP

21 Grice 1991 p121,185186

28

22UP

JonesUP

Jones meant that *PSmith will go home

Jones meant that Smith will go home.

Smith will go home

Smith is to go home

Jones meant that *P

Jones meant that Smith is to go home

U meant that

Further Notes on Logic and Conversation

(the total signification)

the total signification

22 Grice 1991 p118-119,181-182

29

23

23 Grice 1991 p34,49-50

30

[]

24

2

24 Grice 1991 p119-120,183

31

25

S

S1S1

S1S1

S1

comprises)

S1

US1

S1

S1

S1U

25 Grice 1991 p120-121,184-185 Bill is a philosopher and he is, therefore, brave.

32

S1

S1

S1U

Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language

26

Although there is no explicit textual evidence on this matter, it is at least arguable that a

specification of the total signification of an utterance x made by U is for Grice the same

thing as a specification of what U meant by uttering x.

( what is said)what is meant

1

26 S.Neale, Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language Linguistics and Philosophy 15 (1992) p520

33

what is said

what is meant

what is meant

34

3

27

(

)

28

You are the cream in my coffee.

27 Grice 1991 p34,50 28 Grice 1991 p34,50

35

()

AB

29

AB

29 1996 p175

36

()

()

A

B

30

AA

30 1985 p159-160

37

31

32

AA

33

have climbed to the top of the greasy pole.( 31 Grice 1991 p33, 48-49 32 Davidson 1984 p258, 282 33 1985 p159

38

)

AA

A

A34

A

34 Grice 1991 p32,46-47

39

(I am out of petrol.)

(There is a garage round the corner.)

(

)

40

AB

41

()

42

35

AB

make as if to say

35 Grice 1989 p123, 188-189

43

44

36

36 Grice 1991 p218, 231

45

46

47

literal

scentence meaning

speakers utterance meaning

48

37

/

literal scentence meanigspeakers utterance meaning

37 1985 p57

49

literal scentence meaning,

speakers utterance meaning

38

(Sally is a block of ice.)

(Sally is an extremely unemotional and

unresponsive person.)

(PAR)

literal sentence meaning

speaker's utterance meaning39

38 Searle 1979 p82 91 39 Searle 1979 P77

50

j

S is P

S is RPR

SPSR

SPS

R40

R

40 Searle 1979 P104 120-121

51

>

1

2

3

5

6

716(relational metaphors41)

PR

R

1

8(metonymy

)(synecdoche:

)

literal scentence meaning

41 Searle, 1979 p101

52

42

43

42 Searle 1979 P82 91 43 1985 p162

53

44

45

44 1985 p165 45 1985 p165

54

46

47

the eye of heaven

46 Davidson 1984 p257-258, 281-282 47 Searle 1979 p87, 97

55

(the sun)he eye of heaven

the eye of heaventhe sun

56

a.

b.

57

48

use

[]

()

48 Davidson 1978 p247, 265

58

49

[]

50

49 Davidson 1985 p262-263, 289-290 50

59

51

speakers meaning

52

53

51 52 53

60

54

55

first meaning

54 Davidson 1985 p257, 280 55 Davidson 1985 p258, 282

61

56 57

()

58

(the eye of heaven)

(eye)

56 Davidson 1992 307 note 4 57 Davidson 1992 300 58 Davidson 1992 301

62

59

Sometime too hot

the eye of heaven shines

the eye of heaven

the eye of heaven

59 Davidson 1992 300

63

64

3

4

2

60

60 11521617 Grice 1991 p32-34, 46-49

65

BB

BB

BB

B

B

BBB

66

B

B

67

1

2

3,4

2

61

61 P

68

Avramides, A. (2001), Davidson, Grice, and the social aspects of language. In Cosenza 2001

Cosenza, G. (2001), Paul Grices Heritage: Brepols Turnhout.

Dasenbrock, R. (1993), Literary Theory After Davidson: The Pennsylvania University Press.

Davidson, D. (1992), Locating Literary Language In Dasenbrock 1993

Davidson, D. (1978), What Metaphors Mean In Davidson 1984

Davidson, D. (1984), Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation: Oxford University Press. (

,, 1991.)

Davis, W. (1998), Implicature.: Cambridge University Press.

Grice, P. (1968), Utterers Meaning, Sentence-Meaning, and Word Meaning. In Grice 1991.

Grice, P. (1969a), Utterers Meaning and Intention. In Grice 1991.

Grice, P. (1969b), Meaning. In Grice 1991.

Grice, P. (1975), Logic and Conversation. In Grice 1991.

Grice, P. (1978), Further Notes on Logic and Conversation. In Grice 1991.

Grice, P. (1981), Presupposition and Conversational Implicature. In Grice 1991.

69

Grice, P. (1982), Meaning Revisited. In Grice 1991.

Grice, P. (1991), Indicative Conditionals. In Grice 1991.

Grice, P. (1991), Some Models for Implicature. In Grice 1991.

Grice, P. (1991), Studies in the Way of Words. : Harvard University Press.

,, 1998.

(1996), , .

(2002), , .

2001, ,

34-2: 101-116.

(2003), ,

(2004), , NHK .

NealeS. (1992) Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language Linguistics and Philosophy 15

(1985),,

(1986), , .

SearleJ. (1979), Metaphor. In Searle 1979

SearleJ. (1979), Expression and meaning: Cambridge University Press.

70

Sperber, D and Wilson, D. (1995), Relevance: Communication and Cognition Second Edition.

Oxford : Blackwell. ,, , 1999.

(2002). , , ,35-1:

101-107.

71