دليل+المعلّم+في+التّربية+الموسيقيّة+للدّرجة+الأولى

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  • SG ```HdG ```dOhCG ``LQdG

    qqdG MCGqFGHEG SQGd qhCG qe

    hT qdG

    LZGH Ye

    S#dG Q qYJ qe

    dCqdG

    LNuW uOW dOW Jus

    LZGdG WdG cG

  • 3KdG J1 (`e q```G :H``qdG QWEG d qdG Vh.

    2 (qSSCG `L``Jh `.Le``fG h LeOEG `f qS`G HqdG -.qS`G H` q`dG `f h``G `J -

    .``e he V Se f GQOE G qqdG -.jdH HQG QWEG qSG HqdG SQO RE G qqdG -

    .qSG H` q`dG ``f qdG -

    3 (qSG Hqd S q`dG ef`dG:.a`G j`dG -

    .G AGOCG EG jdG e : eG hG -.ShQq`dG qQd G q`G -

    .qK`K qc N a``G jdG -

    4 (`````J.`d qd qhCG IqOG : O`fEG -

    .f`qdGh `dhCG `` qd MG T``````fCG Fb -.( jGQO d ) S`G bqdG + T`fCG Uf -

    ? GP : qSG `dCG -.qS`G dCG e Y -

    .G``qcG e P -

    5 (``g````G q`` qdGh`L -1.Gh gG EG qjG e :

    .Iq`dG G`gCG jhd qV`J G`a -.Gh gG `T -

    *`qG j`` q`dG````Lh1 :.hCG dG jQh TfCG````Lh2 :.fdG dG jQh TfCG

  • 4```e```G

    HqdG QWEG d qdG Vh

    qqdG fCCG EG IQhV dqdG Gg OGYE SSCG aGqdG qj-cH dG qqqdG.G`S N e jdH HQG QWEG qG qYLGh qjqdG h qdG OGG

    eGh NGG H qdG qgCG qj qjH qjHJ F Gh YO f AGLEG jhZe qjHJ jZ d NBG hO HJ ASG qfeEG Y qdHh HqdG dG f qG d qTh qjg qUH YGdGh QOG RGG OdG ee f EG SSCG aOg h ee

    .Gh G AGOCd e qdG jdG e L Y jCG,jdH HQG Oe QWEG qSG HqdG f H qj a qG Y J EG Sh`dqdG e L MG GqcG P Yh TfCG Uf EG aVEG dqdG Gg V QfqK H jh SQ qG FG qdG qNJ Y qHG IY dG qG LqdGh

    .qdH bY GP b h GQeh Qe e SG e Y GOYG j h qXjIYO bdG f gh IOaEG ZQ Y qde L iS d dqdG Gg V Vf e qCG jh

    .qJ hXh qG e J e M jqdGh jqd qHb H QHG h dhd

    .aqdG qh qdGh

    ``dD```G

  • 5LefEG h LeOEG f qSG HqdGMdG jY L q hqdG h qd jqdG KCG N e SG qd qdG G QhqdG qcCjqG q dc d SSCH qfGLdG jqd Gqe GQe H qSG HqdH qj jHqdG qh ...d e ShCG IjY EG gKCG qj dG qcGh qjdG GQG jY Y I qdG eILGe ,qe f M YjEG h qJU qJ e qcj qS Wf SSCG H SG qCG a qT

    ...qjdGh qFdG h qcG JM e CGqj AL qdH gh fGLd Ie h fEG fCG qVdG eOEGh efEd Hb Wf H qYT SG qdG qj dP e bfGh.qdG e HqdG hdh f qc HqdG d f qG UdG e ch qqqdG -qqdGh OG Y e Se f WJ e qH eOEG f qjHqdG qdG ZqdG qcCj qMhfCGh qdG qgCG h qjOdG hdGh qG bh qqdG dd IG jdH HQd qSDG gGqdH bdG GP qjOdG f qG Y a aG jdG bJ CG j c ...YqdGh dGi`NCG qjHqdG G qac EG gKCG qj qaCG f qe EG dP RhJ H a dG qM hCG JGPqqdG G EG dG RhJ REd Y qe jQe GQOEG qfeEG f dP j bh ...MG qd Y qG h OHCG IOqe cqdG H qLqdG Gg Yj e qdG Me he : iNCG

    :GG SqdG qVj c qjHqdG fCG jY FGMGh

    hCG qJ Wf H G qfeEG qLh VGh eCa G OGd KqdG hCG FqdG iG Y qeCG.qSG Hqd LeOEGh LefG H qdG dN e qYf CG ,e HJ he d KK

    : SG HqdG + qqdG HqdG qfdG HqdG dG qdG HqdG...............

    : `d qLeOEG qY Y f g JGP qM qdG qCG EG f CG jh .dO d d qf -

    .q` `L -.q``e f M `jEG -

    .SG qdG qLefE G qHdG qcDf qM

    ````````` qdG M``````e

    dG dGdG dG

    qdG qdGSG qdG

    dG qdG

    QGGh dGFSdGh AjRCG

    ? jhqdG h QjqdG? qJ qdG GqKDG

    ? qqdG h cG...................

  • 6qSG HqdG f hG qJFcEG O qG j dG A qdG qaJ qJ HW JGP qM qSG HqdG f jhe U SG qqdG GQOEG qCG Z .iNCG qqqdG G WJ qj e QGZ Y e dOAGOCG Y I qdG qZJh qaGO qG jJ CG fCT e ihL j qG b e EG j

    .LQG aGgCG Y Yjh SqQG Y qj q G? qXh h qY IQH qSG HqdG f dqd G edG Gg qj c

    Gh dG eh qeY dEG Cj dG qYaqdG qdBG V fEG IM SG qdG QjOcqdGh.dP jh jNBG e UGqd qK IG G Je h QaCG h SMCG Y qd dc d

    SG AGOCG EG U qj iNCG hO WqdGh QhG e Y f qdG egG qJ bhfK L e SG qdG qj c qe Igd QYG Y hCG jGg Y hCG e H qJ Y qdY Qjh QG qdH qqdG Y j L EG hCG qG id qe b ASQEG EG qUqd qZe Sh

    .HjEG bG PqJGPEG Wf GgCG e qj qM SqQd Lf S QWEG Gg hG LZGH qh

    .G J f e WS qXh dOh qY qYT ITe Z IQH qd jqj ,e HJ he d cCG hCG qqqdG qqdG fCG e Yf H CG QWEG Gg h

    zUGqdGh qdG{ e qG dN ehe d qM gahCG qK qSG HqdG e f gcCGh WqdG bCG qqdG HqdG q bhS Y dd Qf CG h .qG egEG e qJ Qh QWEG zUGqdGh qd { G j

    :GG hG V AGKEd HdG dG jQG e Y G GSG iG qdG iG hG QG Q /

    bY GP ZCGh TfCG.SH

    ,SQ ,J bH...dG AGgCd jhJ

    qeCG H MEG -OG `Y -

    ``FdG 1

    d qYe TfCG -.aG

    FYO M J -.VdG TfCH

    SQ h ge -.QH bY GP

    jYqd a OGYEG -

    GG jM --SQG jH jdG

    qdGh `dG 2

    .qdH qJ TfCG qdyH bY SQ

    jJh d -

    ...dCG -qdGh dCG 3

    qdG YGb OqOJ TfCG.jdG

    a jJh G SQQhe eYh

    j qdG qdG e - I qdGh YGdG 4

    ...dG

  • 7Se f GQOE G qqdGe he V

    1 (.j``j dG QG QWEG VG IQKEGe fhj e N e qH UdGh ,e KhMCG hCG IGOCG hCG H e e fG

    ...dG GG b , qqdG IgX ,qeCG Y :G VG ndpEG dJh jM

    2 ( :QG VG f REG G dG M qJG -? qeCG ``YMd OGSG- ? q``qdG I`gX qqdG eheh YqdG- ? G`G `bGG jM-........dG

    3 (: h``G HqaGqdG N EG ... ,GhOCG ,ge e qG Y Vj e hCG QhqdG hCG SCG Y qG qUjj (...Ib qMe ,qjYJ cM ,M) e H dN e gj he Q qJ eqdG id

    : qJ IMGh jZ ee h Ze d (... ,cM ,TfCG ,SQ) QG Y qe YCG a-.g Y G jg-.GG jYQ EG YJ e hCG Sd VY J- .dTCG e T dG jM Y J M-.SQG jH jdG EG YJ M

    4 (.hG gOYG G TfCG hCG IOfCG M QGdG NCG -CG -.IaG TfCG Y dG

    - -.hd SG YG hCG IOfCG QNG- -.(IOfCG Mh J MG UG KdG fBG) G hdG -O -.(...bQ ,cM ...FK , jOa) IOfCG AGOCG jW M JGh QGhOCG J

    5(.QG hG QWEG AGOCG c J h ...Z hCG ,dG fH SG fG HQ

  • 8 SQO RE G dGjdH HQG QWEG SG HdG

    1 (: dG MeSe d J hCG fCH fhQj X TfCG jOd MG g d G j

    .QG d AqJ2 (.M hdGh IjG IOfCG J

    : MG g RG Y H j-CG -IOfCG J dG VdG JdG QYG

    CG1-.dBH He G HCG2-.a G HCG3-.dG dBG YCG4-.edG MCG jW Y

    - -,S ,QU ) dP Y G FSdG OYH IOfCG j dG G a V.d SQO EG dG a dG j CG Y (...cM ,ge

    --,FK )Y NBG GQW h ,jOa IQH GQW IOYEd G AG jOJ e G ...YL iNCG h (...KK

    -O -.eOb Me QG AGOCd dG fG Y G e MG g cCdG Y

    Me:.HS M T GPEG IOfCG M UG G J Y JGdG f G Xj3 ((...hJh SG ,jEG,GUCG) QG dG dG SQh IOfCG QSG

    -CG.SSCG LdG-CG1- .d AfGh IOfCG e JG

    dG dG SJ-IOfCG M d TG hCG dG j . IOfCd AGOCG e Yf dG dG Md GG dG AGOCG j M SG AGOCGh jdHdG -UH YdH

    .YjEGh JdG Jj h IOfCG: dG SdH dG QG

    -CG2-f ,GUCG SGQO )SG fCG e Yf hCG f GQOEG OfEG EG aVEH.(hJh SEG ,Se d ,YjEG

    AGOCGdG

    IOfCd

    AGOCGYGdG

    IOfCG gDG YO h dG(...jEG ,GUCG cG )

  • 9?... + OfEG) .d.qG edG qG d IMGh aO fBG IQcG GfCG ac GQOEG h((fCG e Yf hCG f )

    3- -.(IOfCd QG AG M H) qd G qQdG3--1-G AGOCG ZU EG qH UdGh J IQH HS e IQKEH jGdG

    .( jEG hCG U : qSe IYb hCG fb T )H qdG G Y IdG cCJ EG IOY aOdG qaSG qVdH MG g J h

    .jG AGOCG cE OGSEGh3--2-: e Iqe eCG Y OYH Y I qdGh jG AGOCG Y qQdG

    - .GNCG XG IOfCG-.qG id G TfCG-.qG e ZCG

    .BG G qqdG HH MG g qJh3--3-YjEG h JU hCG TfCG hCG IOfCG V ( jEG hCG U ) jG AGOCG SQ

    G hCG jG AGOCG SQ qJ CG c .(...f FSh ,fGM ,qW gGX ) qSe Z. qhJ h SG fCG hCG qSe dCG V G

    .LeOEG qqdGh eOEG EGe e SQG e qdG Gg qjh3--4-e IOfCG U jG AGOCG J e qG h qG IOfCG EG LqdG

    : e bdG f qdGh AGOCG qqdGh qSqdG feEG-. qXG AGOCG dSCG M qdG CGqdG IQKEG-.d YGqdG FqdGh G WGe Jh jG AGOCG J

    Me.dqdG MG GqcG P M : e L e eCG qJ g H qde P JH q Gqc P e qHG Y MS e

    .Yh Y SQ h qjQJ QG G H j qG L gJ q e qj CGqG bGh Ke qYjEG h e qJdG qSG gG qCG g bGdG Gj eCG j ehSG QG f CG j h .TfCG eh CG e ,GUCG e O qOj CG e qc h qdG

    .OfEG Y SQ Y qK cGh qdG SGH H G AH Y qG Yf qM

  • 10

    qSG HqdG f qdGHqdG qdG qJ J h qeY IQH G qdG J qY HU qG jje Y SSCG j qe qJ LQO Oqj M QGUEG H qdG qC dP qUN IQH qSGjDhqdGh JH qj dG JGqdG qdG H qdH qg fL SG qdG j M qYVe

    .qdG qd qG qYVGFGWh S g qCG CG ? qdG J qSG HqdG f qG e qCG dP j a

    ? G aG jdG f qe h qJ je ah gDhH qdH qUN qJUGqdGh qdG{ jc EG SSCG qdG e hCG MG qSG HqdG f jI qdG e IQcG jdG q EG qUqd qG qjh .qG id zqYjEGh qJ qdG GQdG XHTfCCG SQ Y SSCG qG WqdG e L N e qYjEG h qJU qSG gG e L Y

    .qYjEG fCG hG qdG i gG qJ V e qH qqdG qdG qdG HW qcCj qMhqJ qdG GQdG XH zUGqdG{ h zqdG { H SSCG qGh qd LQG jdG N egOqOS dG IOfCd H g qJ e fG h qdG qY qG jJ e qH dd .qYjEGh

    .qd IGOCc qS dGh: SG qdH qUG qdG H qdG h qj qJ q j a f CG h

    1(.XG TfCG Y V e gOqOS dG IOfCG QNG e qG 2(,YjEG h IOfCG jOJ f , qdG IqT ) qXh dG OfEG HW M qG QSEG

    . h qf IOfCG qYH dP HQ h (...Lh EG IG cG3(N e JUGe J hCG qf We jOJ EG qG IYOh ShQG gG EG qSqdG

    .qjf IQH a VG hO IOfCGf : jG e Yf j CG qH a zSG{ OdG OSEGh AGOCG Y G UH qeCGG EG IQTEH hCG Jc f eSh IOqOG IOfCG AGOCG eS Y G e q YVeAGOCG qG qXh dG qdG dG QYG H NCj K f h .qdG G d SG

    .(...YjEG h IOfCG e hqdG ie ,eG ,cG , qdG IqT LQO) IOfCGY dPh NBG hO qe dN e qj dG OGfEG YGHEG H qdH Je qqdG Y jhRGHE Y e j e EG aVEH (...jEG qJ ,qJU L q ,qjeJ cM ) IOfCd FGOCG

    .H qKCJ ie h IOfCG e: G qTDGh jG e Yf Y SSCG j J hL OYG qfCG dG UNh

    1(GMG ,OfEG AKCG SG qqdG , qdG qdG ,G : IOfCd qdG AGOCH bY qhG f...jEG h qdG

    2(,qKCqdG eY ,qJ qdG a qqdG ,MG cG :AGOCG Y qdG dH bY K f...aVEG

  • 11

    3 (SqdG efdG aG jdG .eG hG .G G .qKK qc aG jdG

  • 12

    IqG GgCG jdG f qeHqdG jcqSG

    jcdG qdG

    .IOfCd qdG AGOCG -.JG qdGh G qdG AGOCG -

    .qYjEG IMdH OfEG Ije -.qdG jEH qSe L -

    Z jEGh G jEG H qdG -.G

    GUCG H EG qdG -) . qdG qdGh qdG qdG AGOCG -*(

    ) .G Gh JG G AGOCG -*() .IG RH OfEG Ije -*(

    ) . qG IMdG RH OfEG Ije -*(

    qG qjXH UGjh

    qJ qdG GQdGGP qYjEGh

    GgCH qdG: dqdG

    dGUGqdGh

    GQdG XHqJ qdG

    qYjEGh

    Y dGSMCG

    GQ qqdGhbGGh QaCGh

    H UGqdGh.

    )* (.hCG hO a fqdG qdH qUN

    aG jdGqSG Hqd IqG GgCG qM EG qdG dG e

    -hCG LQqdG -

  • 13

    N G AGOCGq KqdG

    q jG

    Iq G GgCGjdG fq e

    q SG Hq dG jcHq dG jcq SG

    : hCG q dG1 q KK (

    1:G jEG

    H q .G Z jEGh2

    q KK (2:

    G GUCG H q

    .JG GUCGh3 q KK (

    3:.J H jEG ah j

    : fdG dG1 q KK (

    1:jEG ah IOfCG q ODj

    .SG2 q KK (

    2:q SG

    G H q

    .JGh G3 KK (

    3:GfCG ah q Se L ODjqdG YjEGh GUCG

    .qJ dG - .TfCG -q dGh GIMdG - .JGjEG .q YjEG

    .qdG.G jEG -

    .G Zh.q dG HW -

    dG q dG -.q dG q dGh

    JG G -

    .G Gh

    .IG Rh -

    .q G IMdG Rh -

    q dG AGOCG -.IOfCd

    q dG AGOCG -q dGh GIje - JGIMdH OfEG

    .YjEGq Se L

    -.qdG jEH

    jEG H q dG -

    Z jEGh G.G

    H EG q q dG -.GUCG

    dG q dG AGOCG -.q dG dGh

    JG G AGOCG -

    .G Gh

    RH OfEG Ije -.q G IMdG UGjh qG q j

    GQdG XHq YjEGh q Jq dGGgCH dG GP

    : dq dG

    UGq dGh dGq Jq dG GQdG XH

    .q YjEGh

    Y q dGSMCG

    GQq dGhQaCGh

    bGGhUGdGh

    H

    hCG LQq dG -q SG HdG f h dG Yhah aG jd eG hG

  • 14

    HqdG ShQO qQd G GhCG LQqd G OY + qSG

    G OY G i Q/ IqG GgCG Q/01(YS)

    01010101

    .OfEG AKCG IOfCG qd qdG G.IOfCG d qdG AGOCG

    .OfCG AKCG qdG.YG OfEG

    . qdG OfEG f qe eOEG

    -1--2--3--4--5-

    qdG AGOCGIOfCd 1

    0101

    . qdG G. qdG HW

    -6--7-

    H EG qqdGGUCG 2

    01

    01

    .TfCG AGOCG Y jEGh OfEG qY H qdG.G Z jEH fQe G jEG qJ

    -8--9-

    ```H qdGG jEG```Z ```jCGh

    G3

    0101

    .OfG f VfGh JQEG : qdG IqMN e JG qdGh G qdG qJ(...BG / qfGM /qjH GUCG) Y qe QOe

    -10-- 11-

    qdG AGOCG qdGh G

    JG4

    02 .OfEG N e Jh qYjEG IMdG qJ -12- OfEG Ije.qYjEG IMdH 5

    02 .OfEG N e qdGh qqdG : qdG jEG -13- L jEH qSe

    N e qdG.OfEG

    6

    H4h5 f j EG J LeOEG HW GP fCG -.YqdGh dG EG LG

    ..dGh YqdG fCG -

    -14- qdG qdGfCG + QhdG

    dGh YdG7

    H4h5 cCG hCG Wf eOEH J REd jQe GQOEG.OfEG N e qSG HqdG H e

    -15- cG jQGqjHJ OGe e

    .iNCG8

  • 15

    : fdG ` qdG: Me` qdG H qMG iG cJh LG (f`L T ) qdG KqdG e A`Lh qhCG KqdG qj

    .(Sq`dG efdG EG LqdG) .hCG ` qdG J q dGh f q`dGh hCG.a fqdG ` qd qG A`d G qdG jRqdG hG OYG a T e jGH

    OYG G i Q/ IqG GgCG Q/

    01

    01

    01

    01

    02

    02

    .OfEG N e XqdGh qqdG : qdG Iq`Te M qqdG OYH OfEG AKCG IqdH qdG

    .TfCGN e AGOCGh : qdG HqdGh qjdG HqdG

    .qYjEG J.OfEG N e qdGh qqdG : IG Rh

    e AGOCGh qqdG : G Gh JG G.OfEG N

    N e qdGh qqdG : qG IMdG Rh -.OfEG

    -01-

    -02-

    -03-

    -04--05-

    -06-

    qdG qdG AGOCG

    . qdG qdGh

    OfEG Ije.IG RH

    JG G AGOCG

    .G Gh

    OfEG Ije

    qG IMdH

    -1-

    -2-

    -03-

    -04-

    G e qG OdG)GM6 (.iNCG qjHJ OGe e cG jQGh qqdG fCG H qRJ

  • 16

    hCG LQqdG qKK e KK qc N aG jdG)*(: hCG qdG

    1 :.JG GUCGh G GUCG H q2 :.G Z jEGh G jEG H q3 :.qJ H jEG ah j

    : fqdG qdG 1 :(JGh G) qSG G H q2 :.SG jEG ah IOfCG qODj

    3 :.qJ qdG YjEGh GUCG GfCG ah qSe L qODj

    )*(.qdG qh Y qj J Lc qdG qe Y qKK IQH Qj aG jdG qf

  • 17

    J

    .OfEG .MG TfCG Fb .bqdG + TfCG Uf

  • 18

    O```````fEG ````H

    .SG HqdG d dhCG I qOG : OfEG fqdGh hCG d MG TfCG Fb

    TfCG U`f+

    WqdG*)*(jGQ qdG UC aVEG

  • 19

    qSG HqdG d qdhCG I qOG : OfEG

    dG gG ceh SSCG QG M qSG HqdG f qSSCG IqOG OfEG qjJ dN eh gG QJ Yh dG j a .aG jdGh LQG qjG dM SG TfCG qJ Y MEG e qH Gd .qqdG GQe J dEGh GQG Jh qSG QG

    .fK L e J jh L e qG GQbh Aj H YjEGh , qf: LQG IOfCd dqdG UGG V WMEG qgCG qJh

    1(.qG ieh AJ H Hh dG qHdH qdG j2(qJdG qfeEG Rhj H qJ qdG fEG M e GOhh H qdG j

    .G d IOhG3(.qG GQd Se qdGh H jEG j

    : dqdG OHCG QYEG a IOfCG qf UH qeCG1(gc KE qh fCG H eqd fV qdG qH LQG QhH VG bY

    .qjd qG2(.qG bGH bYh qd qdG QG dO LQO3(e he IOfCG eOEG qj sM qH hCG qU ,qbNCG ,qYLEG pd qdG AGMEG

    .jQGe Y KdG g V f SG IOfCd MG OHCGh IOqG UGd GQYGh

    .bqdG jGQO d qbqdG UH He TfCG

  • 20

    SSCG qdG e hCG LQqd MG TfCG FbfqdG qdG hCG qdG `````TfCG Q/

    X `````jqdG 1X efCG j ee 2X fQCG 3

    X X qdG 4X qdG U 5

    X X A qdG 6X d 7

    X G IOfCG 8X G qSGG 9

    X X cG 10X X qL V 11X X H 12X X jG dG 13

    X qb 14X qdG rSqdG 15X b 16

    X NCG e 17X HqdG 18X e 19X qdG SH 20X dG f H qg 21X AGG fJ 22X qdG 23X adG 24X qdG dG 25X qdG d 6X X qd qdG 27X qdG QdG 28

    : qeg Me1(hT QYG e LG Y gRh hCG gDhGKEG h Me g H qSQ Fb MG TfCG qJ

    .TfCG qJ2(. Z dGh fqdG qdG Xqd Hb hCG qd MG TfCG qc

  • 21

    `````j q``dGQ```````````` q`dG H c c c c Q```````````` qdG a j qdG U````````````````````bEH qdG AL ````````````WCG j GUG GUGQ`qdG H cc c c c c QqdG ```````````H `c `c c `c

    ``` :`M `N

  • 22

    `````e``````e ````````ee e``e ```````j``efCG

    ````b C`````` ``e``e``e``e q`````G iH ``e``e``e``e ``` q`eCG IQ``U ``e``e``e``e QG q````````dG A`e ```e`e``e``e`````````` q`eCG b ``e`e``e``eQ`````f AV ``e`e```e`e````````ee ``ee ```````j``efCG

    f :dG S``` :M N

  • 23

    ```````````fQCG

    fQCG ``N ````````````````````fQCG ``b```dCG e jb `````c QqdG ```````e HCG HCGQhj ```dG h``j

    ```N bQh Y jjh dc ```j

    : ``fdG 51S: ```hT qdG

  • 24

    dG Q```````f q`````Y

    q```````dG(QqdG f )

    `````` qdG Qf qY`````` q`dG qdJ h `Uh jqdG rPCG````G `` q`J h

    `````G ``gR aHqdG ```f ```M ````bh qdG fCG```````````a ``j fG

    O`````bqdG bh a````dG bh M

    `````h```T qdG :

  • 25

    ````````` qdG ````````U

    ``````dG C qjS oO`f qdG r```f qg H ````` q`g

    qdG U e fh cCf `````````e Nh qg H `` q`g

  • 26

    A```````` qdG

    A`````````````` qdG ```a j ```MeA````````````dH ````Me ````Me``````````Y H h N ````aA``````````````````````dG ``a j fCG

    ``````````````````````````VQCG j `````qg````````````````G A`````L ``````HCG````````````c````dG h Q```````eCHA``````````````````````````dG a fAL

    ```fqdG MG :```h```T qdG :

  • 27

    ````````````d

    `````````c g b Ggq`````G T a J````SQe j Me Me``````````````d MCG CGf a

    ```fdG S :```h```T qdG :

  • 28

    ``````````G

    r```````````````e r````e`````````````j H r````````````````e r````er````````dGh d

    `````````````qJ ``qJrAG`````` qdG VQCG j ````````````qJ ````qJrA```````````` qdG qjg

    ```fdG S :```h```T qdG :

  • 29

    G qSGG

    `SCG SCG fPCH qCG iQCG dH`dG f qdG hT

    QdG d hjh Q`gRCG TCG fCHSGM N `YCG qHQ

    Sqd Y qd:hT qdG

  • 30

    c``````````G

    G`````````````NEG j GqZ GqZ```````dG qdG eG``````````````NEG j GqZ GqZ```````````CH fqdG A`````````G a ce j S```````eCG ce j SG````````````````NEG j GqZ qg```````````CH fqdG

    `:h`T qdG

    G````````Z G````````Z

  • 31

    q``````````L V( Le jeCG GJ )

    Ic `V `````````````Y q```L n n n n ( rhCG) hoCG npEG npEGI``c ````a fG`````````````````M n n n n n ( rhCG) ...hoCG npEG npEG```````````````````````````````````` q`c a```````````````````````````````````````` qb a```````````````````````````````````````` qH aI```````````````````````````````````````H a

    ...I```````````````````````````````````Y a

    Ic V Y q```````````L

  • 32

    `````````````````dG

    TCG H...cBG H...dCG H...cCG H``UCG H...HCG H...aOCG H...YCG H

    ``````fEG j H c `````WhCd e qc

    IZR e :

  • 33

    ``jG ```dG

    A`````````````````dH dG AL``````````````````d H qc``````````````````jG dG qjCG````````Y qc H``````````````G qdG e Lf````````eY QH qHQ j``````qdG SQqdG f```dG dG f``````````````G qdG e Lf````````eY QH qHQ j

    f:qdG `G jdG `Y:h``````````T ```````` qdG

  • 34

    ````````bI```````````````````U bI`````````S ```````SEG```````````````L g``T``````````jW `````````jP``````````````````` q``j d```````` q`c `````ghIQ``````````e `````````JIQ``````a ``````J ``c

    f:dG `S:h``T ` qdG

  • 35

    `````` qdG `````` qS qdG

    ``````````````ee SQCGHH `````````````````````````SQCGG``````dCH ```````````Y SQCG `````````````````````dG aq````````a fCG O````````````````qU fCG`````````````````M qdG qdG O`````````H VQCG``````````````````````Xe c G``````````T cCG``````````````````````````CH Gq``````````````M MCG``````````````````````````` q`a fCG q````````a fCG

    f:dG S :hT qdG

  • 36

    QhG qWT(b)

    b MCG A qdGS NCG A qdGQ``````````````````````````G N ....UCG AV ...NCG AV ....MCG AV

    QO ``````````````````````````CG qdGQO ``````````````````````````jCG qdG

    ...UCG AV ...NCG AV ... MCG AV ....jCG S ... CG SG Q`````````````````````````````````G N

    f :SdG QY:S#dG QY

  • 37

    NCG `````e

    `````````````````UCG eqdG Y h ```````````````````````NCG e ```````````````````NCG qdG H ``````````````````````````` ...``SQq`````````````````````dG `qdG H A```````````````````````e j J

    cCG ````````````````````````````qj h ``````````````````dG qj `````a

    : fdG S : `` hT qdG

  • 38

    H q``````````dG

    ``````````G a qM ````````````````````HqdG a qMb h `````````````````qJ b O``````````````````LdG e qc

    HqdG ``````````````````a qMQ``````````W j Oq```````Z HqdG OQh ````````````````````````b

    Qh```````` qdG a A```````L A`````````````````````` qdG qdJ b HqdG ```````````````````a qM

    ```````f :dG S``````````` :h`````T qdG

  • 39

    ``````````````````e

    Z `````` fCG eCG `````````e jW Y``````````````G h ````````G e

    f :`dG `S:h``T ` qdG

  • 40

    ```````````qdG SBH

    ```````eW qc CGHCG Hh `````````````ec qdG SBH CGHCGQqdG j qdG ````SBGh ````````` qdG jj qdG SBaQh```S jj qdG SBa Q```````````eCG qdG SBH CGHBa

    f:dG S:hT qdG

  • 41

    H ```````` q`g

    ````````````````````H qg H ````````````` q`g``````````````````````dG ``````f````````````````FM Y ``````````G`````````````````dCG Iq````````````````Q```````````````````````````````gRCG `S```````````````````````jQ e h OQh e

    Q`````````````````````````````````` q`dG fhqeQ e h ```````````````````````N e `````````````````````````bdG Ga `fGHCG ````````````````````````````VjQ

    ```````````gH O````````````````````````f qKa``````````````````````````````dG h d

  • 42

    AGG f````J

    GdG VQCG j QGMCG We ````````` qdGG e j AGG fJ```````````f h Y jqM feQ `````````````G f Ga qciG W GHCG q````````````e AG``````````````qdG j AGd L f

    ```````````` qdG e jCG AGG fJ

    :hT qdG

  • 43

    ```````````````qdG

    ````````````````````G qdG Ae````````Cc j j````````````````````dG fCG f j SG````````````dG h G fCG`````````````````M SG e S``````````WhCG h gCG J

    :hT qdG

  • 44

    a```````````dG

    rM``````````````````````` qdG pFpZ tMCG r``````````````````````````````aY j pqMCGr````````````````````````````````YT j qEG qEG rQ`````````````````````Y q```````d bCGpQq``````````````````````````dG Y fCGh q````````````````````````` n`H qc CeCGh

    r``````````````````````````````````bG an````````````````````G e qc qj``g

    f:dG S:hT qdG

  • 45

    `````````dG

    qdG `````````````````dG qjCG``````````Me ``````Me``````jL e dEG `````Y``````````Me ``````MeG````````````````FGR L fCG````````````````Me AdH

    ``````````d ``````````La````````````````qdH qf`````````Me `````````````Me```````````dG dG jCG

    hT qdG :

  • 46

    ````` q`d ```````` qdG

    Rq```````dG qc e JCj `````````G qc dN ````````qHQ`````````````MEH ```````eCj qHQ

    VQ ``dG W LQCG ```````````````fCG qHQ ``TCG```MEH eCj ```````qHQ

    f:``dG S:h```T qdG

    `````````````` q`HQ

  • 47

    qdG QdG

    Q````````````````````dG qJ qjCG e `````````````````````ej ````````````dG qdG HG fCG) Qq````dG HG ...fCG ...fCG2(

    r`````````````````` qdG h A qdG r``````````````````WCc qMCG) r`````````````dG Y r``````````````````````WCG CG qMCG2(

    fdG S :hT qdG :

  • 48

    qdG `````````d

    ) j`````````````````````````````L ```` ```````````````````````````` q`g ```````` q`g2( )QG `````````````````````````````Nh `````````````````````````dG q````````Z2(

    ```````````````````````````````````G fCG qq````````````````````````````dG fCGG````````````````````````````````````````j fCG `````````````````````````````````````` fCG

    Q``````````````````````````````````````dG fCG Q`````````````````S Q``````````````S`````````````````````````````````b ````J q```````````````````````````````````f QOCG

    : jqdG q

  • 49

    ```J

    ? GP : qSG `dCG .`````dCG e `Y .G````` qc P

  • 50

    ? GP`` : qS`G dCG

    qgCG e jZ Y GQhO qjHrdG qdG qd qCG qe fEG qSG dCd HH ,dq`dG Gg ,LQOCG

    SMCG Y qdG EG aO Y QbCGh qdG EG bCG qdG `a JGP dO j qdG qC dP

    .qYLGh qgPh q qM j d`Hh e UGqdG Y jQJh `bGeh

    Y qjQCGh G e hQ AVEG J CG G `G S Y Mf dG dCG g e fOQCGh

    .iNCGh dG H qe Y qhj CG qG OGQCG GPEG OGG qH Y qK qhCG qSG HqdG qM

    d hCG IQq`G gG cd MQCG qd qaf CG jCG dCG g N e fOQCG c

    .`dBG SCG hCG qa`G qjqdG jQqdG Y G`H G

    `e `d REG AKCG Lj b dG FSdG H aH dCG `d qG qj CG jh

    (.....eGe ,aO ,W) dG qSG qdG H `KCJh qSG dCd cQ jH `dPh

    .`qe id hCG jd qaj q gZh QhG GQTC eCGh SqdGh

  • 51

    qdG SG:qG: dG: EG qdG g J

    .H qYjEG hCG qSe L fEG Y qG jQJ -.j qdG Gh JEG Y jQJ -

    : FSdGHqdG Ve M: I q``````G3O``MGG:

    .G QhH qG jh jJ H IGQG qdG qJ qdG qODj -1 YjCG hCG

    qdG j -2 jEG hCG qdG f qdG qODj -2 qdG j NBG YjEG hCG 1

    .NBG J V qjh j e j -: G SqdG

    .efdG LQG gG cJ qdG g XJ -: SEG

    .G Y jQqd qeSEG HqdG hCG XG qM qdG g e XJ -

  • 52

    qdG SG:. qG :```````dG: EG qdG g J

    (ba OGaCG) NBG e dG Y dG jQJ -.OfEG J qY cGTEH dPh jd qdG hqdG jJ -

    F````SdG: e bQCG Y He a1 EG5qdG T ,.(MG G fCG)

    Iq``````````G: e5 EG10.O : ``````MGG

    .qdG qd NBG GOGah qG He qd gOGaCG MCG ba qc qJ2. hCG J T AHh qdG jGH e qG OfEG UGe Y qJCG j -3.JOfCG He qc qj -4 e OY OSEH dPh qdG p npb e J j - 0 EG12.He qc EG5.qdG T Y qdG J j -6. qG g OY cCG Y qG -

    : ```G qSqdG1.OhCGh dH baCG jJ -2.YG OfEH OdG OfEG V qj CG -

    : SEG : jQe qdG g SG eEH -

    .IAGdG -...XG -

    He4 He3 He2 He1qdGqdG

    jEGqdG

    G

  • 53

    : qdG SEG.e qdG IOfCG: `````dG: EG qdG g J

    .e IOfC FG cG qdG Y qdG jQJ -.fh dG d G H Y eqdG jQJ -

    : ```FSdGI q```````G: e3 EG5O

    : ````MGG.qG MCG PCG X IOfC fGY qG j -

    (OfEG hH) Lh SJh cM T qdG eqj -.IOG IOfCG Y qqdH eqdG qH dj -

    .OfEH qhCG qdG cM Mj FdG -

    : `````` qSqdG.(bQ hCG) qYL cM Md jd MG cG J -

    : SG .XG ` qM qdG g SG -

  • 54

    : qdG SEGbdG Fb: ````dG: EG qdG g J

    .bhP M OfEG J Y GQOb qG L -.bdG Fb GQTEG GMGh qdG fGH GdEG Y qG jQJ -

    : ``FSdGH jEG FSh: I q````````G GM5 O

    : ```MGG.XG TfCG e IOfCG qG MCG Qj -

    .gOfEH dG ec hCG YG iMEG qj - fEG IQTEG j -1 ,2....

    1 ,2 ,3jEG M1 ,2 ,3 ,4e IOfCG M

    .qdG H d qH Se OfEG qj - qdG IqT idG H Oqj -

    *.dG JQEG Y qdG qj*.dG VfG Y qdG j

    .qdG QOj FdG eGhCG dj hCG j e -.jf EG IOfCG UGj dG g FdG -

    : qSqdG e jG OY qj CG 1.dG ec EG

  • 55

    : qdG SEG.QdG d: `````dG: Y qG jQJ EG qdG g J

    .qYjEG IMdG -.G jEG cJ -

    .qdG Y aG Y jQJ -: ```FSdG.qeh QdG U Ic Y AbG Y qSG HqdG cQ e d: I q`````````G e3 EG5.O

    : `````MGG.eeCG dG qdG c Y jj J qc j CH dPh GQb qG e ja qj -

    .be H QdG j -...J ,J ,J : QdG U cj JU gS AKCG qG qODj -

    j h j a qdG H QdG j -

    : G qSqdG.Iqe qc G qdG J e ... qe IQqH hCG QGqH QdG jJ -

    .jEG e SJ IOfCG AGOCH qdG Ije -: qdG qdG Y qe H IQhO jJ -

    ...J ,J ,J ,J

    : SEG ``.qfdG HqdG qM AKCG YdG QN qdG g REG eEH -

  • 56

    : qdG SEG? iG jCG: `````dG: EG qdG g J

    . qdG qdGh qdG qdG e XJ -.Vh qdG I qb M e YG AGOCG GMG Y qG jQJ -

    : ``FSdGiM b: I q`````````G e3 EG5O

    : ````MGG.YdG qG MCG QOj -

    .baQ MCG L iG b ANEG j -.baH e iG b OjEG hjh YdG EG qG Oj -

    HG qc jh bG qc ij Se U QGUEH iG b e Y eqdG qH qdj -( qdG qh bCG qH GMH GdG e) iG b Y QdG Y bCG qdG j -

    : ```` qSqdG.NBG Y b H ,dh qdG Y HUCH qdH : qdG jJ -

    .G BG iMEG SH dPh .qjOa IY qYG IYG jJ -

    : SG.JqOe H hCG iNCG OGG AKCG aqdG Vd qdG g SG

  • 57

    : qdG SEGTfCG M: `````dG: EG qdG g J

    qdG HW e XJ - qdG Qe j Y qG jQJ -

    F````SdG: + TdG e jeI q``````````G:5O

    : ````MGG) qG e Y j -5 hCG6.M T (

    .dG e W G ce j -: j qK IOfCG e GAL hCG IOfCG G dG MCG qOj -

    z? fCG e{.UEH f jh a fCG : YqdG j -

    .fK IQhO YqdG UGj U HLEG fc GPEG -.J Y Qb qdG G V qj WN HLEdG fc GPEGh -

    : `` qSqdG.qGO Sc qYf Y qe GUCG QGUEH OfEG V qj CG

  • 58

    .f`````K ```S ````````dhCG ``S I qc``````e

    : `````` qG d.IOfCd qdG AGOCG: i````````````````G.OfEG AKCG qdG: G AGOCG.d`d q`jh O`fEG `Y qqdG qgCG qG j CG

    : `````````````qdG1 (.qjL cH aGe h X TfCG AGOCG2 (`Y qj IQTEG M Gq`S IQJh GL IQJ `We jOH XG TfCG iMEG AGOCG EG qG IYO

    .`qe3 (: IO``fCG .`e AL hCG ze j`W Y{

    : ` q`aSEG M`G1(```djW Y{ qG IOfCG e qhCG G jOJ EG e e hCG iOGa qG H IYO :

    .qbJ hHh SSH Jqe zn`Z fCG eCG ...e...`d fe j qbj e :qdG fb

    2(: `qfCG cG EG qG `jEG? GP`d :qbJ hH OfEG -

    .q`qd qbqdG EG IOfCG OqO`f eY f -? eh c d : O`fEG A`KCG q`dG e qH -

    : `dBG G q`qdG1(.OfEG AKCG qbqdG WGe j``h z```e j``W Y{ IOfCG e G G jOJ

    .(qbJ) ```Z fCG eCG (qbJ) `e jW Y2(.IOq``e Gqe qjO``a G jOJ e qG h qqdG WGe Y `cCqdG3(/ qJ / G h / qJ zG e { MG`G H qdG G jO`J UG`e

    : ` q`L`eOEG M`G1(.qqdG WGe j`` e gjO``J h TfCG qJ e qG 2(qj jH dd OGSGh OfEG Y qdG AGOCG UH YG H He AGLEG

    : qdG OfEG je Y dG ec eCG gUY

  • 59

    .` qdG `qdG -.qd qdG AGOCG -

    .O`fEG Y ` qdG qqdG -

    : ````qdG ``````qdGe e G AG hCG ze jW Y{ q`dG IO`fCG AGOCG EG (q qY) qG H Y`j -

    .O`fEG AKCG qqdG qY qUNh qdG AGOCG je G`MG

  • 60

    ```````````` q`dG ``````````jEG

    f````K ````````S ,I qc```e P````````:qG ``dG.GRhCh YjEG OfEG Ije

    : i````G.qdG jEG: ````G AGOCG.OfEG N e fcQ`j h qdG jEG qG qOD`j

    : qG IOfCGz` qb{: a```G gG.qdG jEG -qdG -jEG

    : ````````````qdG.IqM qjL cH XG TfCG i`MEG Ije e qG -CG-

    .gOfEG EG qK H jqdG EG JYOh b e X IOfC qG J --

    * : jJ H Iqe qc J d EG NCG jqdG Gg j .jqOD`j h IOfCH q`j qdGh qdG j qhCG

    .e A`L hCG z` qb{ IOfCG --

    : qaSG M```G1(f f f IU qb) z qb { IOfC qhCG G AGOCG EG qG IYO2 bdG f qdG e qf hH IOfCG jOJ EG qG IYO

    3.qdG AGO CG e qXG qdG IOYEG Y QbG h qdG jOJ e qdG EG qG IYO4cGh . U IQJh hO IQJ FGOCG EG qG IYOh Y qG qdG HV RGHEG

    .IOfCG jEG Y qXG qdG NG CGe

  • 61

    : `G ``qqdG-1-G EG IQTEG hH z jW jP L gT { e jEG EG SEG e qG

    .Y qqdG dh EG eqdG IYOh-2- MG G d qdG jEG AGOCG e qG 1.`a qdG XH-3-hO qd MG qdG OYH IOfCG e XG Wd qdG jEG AGOCG EG qH qQqdG

    .qdG*.L`eOEG qqdG : `G G QWEG qSe dCG

    -1-.qdG OYH qdG jEH qdG K qe qj h XG TfCCG iMEG qe qOD`j-2-fK Me h FGOCG EG qK H jqdG EG gYjh X IOfC q YjEG qG qG j

    .a qdG jEG AGOCG EG-3-.S T YG H hCG e e H qdG qdG AGOCG e qG qG q

    (HS X TfCG AGOCG LeOEGh G J H iNCG qSe dG GQOEG )

    : ``````qdG.qjOah `qY qYL qdG M qdG XH FGOCG EG qG IYOh z ` qb { f EG Lq`dG ZQ d IOfCG QNG e qG e qd q qd O`dG AGOEG OYG QWEG Gg jh

    .dP

  • 62

    I qc``````````e.f`K `S / hCG `S I qce P`

    QG:qJ qdG fCG:qG ``dG.GUCG H Y qqdG: SQ qdG i. qdG H`W

    : `G AGOCG.OfEG N e HW jH GUCG H Y qG qj`````````qdG:

    1 (Y qdG AGOCG UGe He e qY hCG qFK ,qjOa G TfCG H AGOCG e qG(...qqdG ,qdG ,qdG ) OfEG

    2 (J jqODG Y qe ZCG hCG TfCG e qe We qG(....ICGeEG ,LQ ,W ) qODH jqdG EG JYO h (...Af ,LQ ,WCG)

    3.X` IOfCG LGe hCG / e AL hCG Ij`L IOfCG (

    : qaSG MG1 (J...ICGeEG hCG / W H IOfCG f qK c H IOfC J qG2 (IYO/ W U -qdG qdG ,LQ U - qhCG qdG YG GUCG J EG qG

    ....ICGeEG

    : `G qqdG1 (-EG Yj h IQqdG f H qLj hCG qG MCG Y J :`dhCG d

    .jOqO`G L jJ IQhV e Y / `jR U qjOa IQH TfC IOqOG GUCG UCG qJ2 (-Yh dGh qd OfEG Y JGUCG J EG jOqO``G IYO e qdG f J :f`K d

    .qdG dh ZQ qdG qJ qG qdG3 (LGeqJ EG qG IYO qK J J Y QbEG hCG M q GPEG zq``L V{ IOfCG

    ,fEG) gQOe M GUCG qJ cG EG qUdG h IOfCH LQG qfGG GUCG (...,GM

    (...ICGeEG ,W ,LQ) : fEG -

  • 63

    (...IH ,hN ,c ) :GM -*.a VG hO H hdGh GUCG qUN GQOEG Y qG IY iNCG jQ QHG

    .`G G S Y ,qSG BG H qdG e qG M Me gj Ggh

    :L```eOEG `` q`qdG(H + H) a e hCG dG f e JU H G Y MG g dG j CG

    . qdG G YG GUCG J EG qG IYO qK ... ( GM +H ) H LQG zTfCG M{ SG qdG QSG ) Se d GQOEG -59.(

    : ```````````qdG.q`qd GUCG e qqdG AKCG V`Y H`G jQqdG `H `J

  • 64

    ```` qG I``MdGI qce P```fK ````S

    : qG dG.GRhCGh YjEG OfEG Ije: G iG. qG IMdG RH zqdG SH { IOfCG qG jj

    : `````qdG.qjOa IQH IG RH XG TfCG iMEG AGOCG e qG -

    dPh qdG Y YjEG hCG dhdG Y HV qG AeEG dqdG qYjEG G Hc EG qG IYO -.gQNG e qSg TCG XH

    .SqdG e e

    1 V HVh qjb HV -2V HVh qjb HV -3h qjb HV -3V HV

    zqdG SH{ : LQG IOfCG h qdG -

    : qaSEG MG h qjb HV) qG IMdG Rh e IMGh IQhO qG qG j -3N e (V HV

    zec qdG SH CGHCG{ G H fQGh G H qdG OY j EG gYj -

    4.V qdGh qjb hCG : e HV :1 + qjb3.V

    .(QdG e bfEG) G Rd GdCG GdCG Y jqH eqdG qG Y j - ..... : SqdG e eCGO o o o

    //

    *

    ** * *

    * *

    * *

  • 65

    . qdG H qdG M Y M NGh qjdG H qdG eY Meh MGbG fQe -

    : ```G `` q`qdGAGOCG jW jqdG e qY qK qjOa OfEG hH qG IMdG Rh AGOCG EG qG IYO -

    .(...edH qdG ,qdG ,qdG) e aVEG) qjQJ IQH qG IMdG RH zqdG SH { IOfCG Ije e qG -

    .(IOYEG qcK jah IOfCG qODj J hCG ja QGhOCG J e qG IMd RH IOfCG Ije -

    .RdH OfEG jj J hCGH ( qG IMdG) RdG AGOCG Y fG Y e GqS IQJh GL IQJ OfEG EG qG IYO -

    .jUh VGhGL OfEG SSGh RdG Y qdGh G MhGe H d H qdG qdG f J -

    .jqdG qM

    : LeOEG qdG(qd qdG Gg OYG qfeEG)IMdG RH IjG EG K ja IYOh gQNG e IOfCG AGOCG EG eqdG e ja hCG J IYO -

    . qG

  • 66

    ``fK ``S I`` qce: iG.G Gh JG G: dG.OfEG N e H qdGh G Gh JG G AGOCG EG qG qUj

    : aG gG.OfEG Y qdG / qdG IqM``FSdG:.ee IOfCG

    .qe jT: ```` qqdG: `````qdG

    1.qYjEG IMdH Jje e X IOfCG AGOCG EG WCG IYO -2{ Y - : OfEG jRJ -1. qdG qODJ z

    { Y -2.jEH OfEG jJ z3.QGhOCG J-4.dEG qdH e NBGh Je MGh U Y dG EG WCG IYO -5. h qdGh zee{ IOfCG J -

    : aSG MG1. qdG IqH SSG b jOJh zefCG j ee ee{ IOfCG e qhCG G EG LqdG -2zee ee b C { : qdG G EG QhG -3: Y Y OfEG jRJ -

    YG1zefCG j ee ee{

    4: j c G AGOCG EG jJ IYO - J1 : qhCG G J2 : qdG G

    5.qqdG G H fQH eqdG qH de - *: dqdG G j e bG LSG

  • 67

    G -1 G / e :2.Je.Je (jR) gG qOCG dG qqdG G -

    .e (Y) gG qOCG dG qqdG G -

    : ````G ```qdG1. qdG IqM YJ e IOfCG EG LqdG -2: G EG qdH JG G qH J EG WCG IYO -

    efCG j e e - qeCG IQU - eeee

    qeCG b -eeee

    : ````qLeOEG `````MGGh JG G j zqq ...Ic V hY qL{ qnL V e qdG G : J

    n snsn : HG G G2QqdG HG fCG fCG / QqdG HG fCG fCG : dG QdG -

    .JG G j3EG qG Yj .K M IOfCG G Gg qaj) qg H qg : qdG U -

    (re G G J

    : ````````qdG(YJQGh qJ qdG G VfG AGOCG bO He) fGOCG Jh z...ee{ : SQqdG IOfCG EG LqdG

  • 68

    fK `S / hCG `S I qceP`1:.( ` qdG I qM )iG:.G qdG h JG qdG

    :dG.OfEG N e H qh G qdGh JG qdG qG qOD`j: G G. qdG I qM:Gh FSdGzj q`dG IOfCG { ,qdG dBG ,qe j`T

    : qQ`````dG-1.TfCG d qLPqdG KdG G VqdG JqdG M IOfCG J --2.IO`fCG qd qdG d qG GQOEG eCJ -

    Q``````` qdG a j q``dG U.Q`````````qdG H ``c``c ``c``c ```````````WCG j UG UG```````````````````````bEH qdG AL``` q` dG H `````c``c ``c``c.Q`qdG H `c`c `c`c``c`c

    -3: qhCG dG H hCG Me jGdG : qdG h qdG - Q```````` qdG a j q`dG U.Q````````qdG H ``c``c ``c``c

    -4.`YOh G bG`e ,G A`G jOJ -

    -5 -qaSEG qV`dG:qf hH Ad qqdG G jOJ Me EG qH AfGh G AG jOJ -

    { SCG SHlz GUCG j EG qUqdGh zj q``dG ``U{ e q``M EG G``UCG q``Y -

    :HQCG

    ) d qhCG J qdG eOEG EG qG IYO -1h2dqdG J qdG eOEGh ( )3 h4.d qe + d q`e jO`qdG d (

    )1 h2 ) (3 h4.(

    l l l l4 3 2 1

    l l

    o`c ````j O rnM U

  • 69

    IqG J qdG H NG cG Y JYeh d qG J qdG H fQG EG qG GQSG -.( dG LQO hCG )

    : qCG EG qUqdG -.qdG qdG e IqM cCG / YJQG cCG qhCG qdG -

    .IqM qbCG / YJQG qbCG qdG qdG -. qhCG qdG e Z cCG / VfG cCG.e qdG qdG h Je qhCG qdG hCG

    zjqdG U{ : q dG qdG IOYEG Y cqdG h IOfCG e G AG jOJ EG qG IYO - qdG) hCG zjq``dG{ G AGh hCG z U{ JG AG : FL EG J e

    .(IOYEGqJ Y qG IYe (QqdG H ) z...cc cc { :Y qdG Jh qhCG dG qH EG qSqdG -

    .G AG h JG AG*IOfCG IOLG G hCG IqOG GUCG H qJ LQO EG qG j MG `g q`M EG

    .G J Y Q`j d LQG,fGG ,FdG :qSe Z qJU EG h X iNCG TfCG EG qSqdG e q``H QWEG G``g hd I q eCG Y d XJ Y qG jQJh ...q qdG `gG qdG ,Jqe h qdG FSh

    .Q`GqVh G J e q qLeOEG qVh SGHh Le`fG qqdG V MG g QJh

    .Y q`e*.WCG b e QGhOCG qfeEG h qSd eCG1H qeCG qJ H jqdGh G GUCGh JG GUCG qJ - :FdG ie Y -

    H NCG PCG qeCG J ,Je H O Q`L HCG Oj e H HCG qj ,Je...e

    2 ,e IdG Uh qO`M qdG U :fGG Q ie Y -....K / e dG U h Je dG U

    .`fGG G`UCG H H fQG -3 : dG FSh qe -

    l ll l

  • 70

    Q``dG hCG M qdG qe h IQqdG qe H fQG -...e qdGh Je qhCG : JU j SEG IQqS qe -

    e HS e qVh V j`G G eOEH J qLe``fG qVh XJ J qdG H CG JqMh qdG Iq``T H qG j qM ( dP q GPEG ) qdG qdGh qdG qdG

    .i`NCG L e q``dG h JG J qdG H qK L e qdGh G

    : ``qdGh LGGSQq`d QG qdG EG LqdG:SCG qqdG e G AG jOJ EG qG IYOh zjq``dG{

    AGOCG:...YL ,FK ,Oa e G bGe jd IOfCG U JGh G J qd qG qJ qdG IOYEG -

    .f`aj T`fCG `e Iqe eCH AOEG e

  • 71

    f`K `S / `dhCG `S I qc`eP``````````````````2:. qdG IqM qJ qdG fCG:.dG Iq`M

    i```````````````G:.G qdGh JG qdG```````````````dG:``V{ IOfCG N e H hq h G qdGh JG qdG qG qOD`j

    zqL: `````````````qdG

    1 -AGe / adG bbR :fGG GUCG OYH XG TfCG G e AGOCG EG qG IYO...dG U / qdG

    2-GM / H Qe ) gQ jqdG EG JYO qK GUCG EG SEG e qG .(...NBG /

    .zqL `V{ :LQ``G IOfCG ``J1-.H IQcG fGG OY j EG qG IYO h GqG jY ec IOfCG J2-.YG h OdG OfEG H MhGG OYH G h` qdG h qd QqG AG Y cqdG

    : q`aSG M`G1-fQG EG JYO e qdG U qj dG G h qdG AG`e qj dG G qG J

    .dP ZqdG Y IcG e H fGG JU H*.(IQcG G j e) : qbG HLCG

    .dG AGe e ZCG qdG U -.qOM/`bQ dG AGe h Z dG U -

    .dG U EG qdH Z dG U -...dG U EG dH OM dG AGe -

    d e`dG GQOEG : `G dG Me1-e/Je : JQdG d qG qNj

  • 72

    qdG U EG qdH Je qdG U qdG U EG qdH e qdG U

    2.Y qG dCCG e Y OYG --CGhCG qdGhCG QU Y e bfG jNBG fGH qdG h qdG jJ EG qG IYO :

    qG cj Vhe qe1.fGG JU qG q`j2 IG G SyH fGG JUJe

    ..Je / e / qOM / Z : eh`qG id jqdG d G H dPh qdG IqM f RGHE AGQCG NG q`G qj

    .JGQq`e qc EG fEGh-f q`dG qdG,qCG ,CG ,qG) qG id aQG qjdG GUCG Q QWEG qdG f J :

    (...gQYCG INEG*.i`NCG qJU Y qdG H qSqdG qfeEG

    U JGh G J qdG e qc qJ Y qG IYeh zqL V{ IOfCG EG `LqdG.IOfCG

    : d SG GQOEGT JG qdG h G qdG H j qdG qdG Y YJ qe JGUCG qG j

    :qSe dCG1- :JqM LQO VGh H J qSe GUCG Y EG SEG e qG q3

    EG IQTEG EG hCG JqM M J EG gYjh (qdG dBG OYH) Je h e GUCG.`e JG EGh G

    2-OY j EG eqdG Yj qK G h JG H qe qSe GUCG Y qG j.GdCG Y qHchCG qjT qeEG (e h Je) e U qc

    3G`UCG.Je....dEG .e JU

    3- IqG M e d je U AGOCG EG gYjh Je hCG e qeEG GOe JU qG qG je JU qODj qG

    .dG hCG Je H j qdG*.jQqdG e iNCG aUCG j CG qd

  • 73

    ```````q` V``````````J G``````aI````q` ````dG G`````````gCG jh`````````d

    h````````````L:

    1

    ```````````````dG h ``````````g``````````dG`````q` j``````````````dG

    YG / FqdG / OdG : q dG AGOCG / OfEG / IOfCG fq e````````````````TfCG

    q dG JQEG / q dG VfEG / q dG Iq M

    q YjEG IMdG

    qdG jEG / jEG / qdG

    G Z jEG / G jEG / jEG fEG

    q dG HW / q dG G

    q dG V / q dG Iq b / q dG Iq T

    G G / JG G / qdG G

    IG Rh

    q G IMdG Rh

    JG q dGh G q dG -

    q YjEG IMdG -

    qdG jEG -

    G Z jEGh G jEG -

    q dG HW -

    q dG q dGh q dG q dG -

    G Gh JG G -

    IG Rh -

    q G IMdG Rh -

  • 74

    IO````````fCd ```````` qdG AGOCG

    : dq`dG qdGq`dG G qTD`G `` IO`fCd `` qdG AGOCG L`j

    .Gh GQd `dG q`dG -.O`fEG AKCG ``qqqdG `qd S`G X q`dG -

    .qqdG `d dG AGOCG -) Y`G O`fEG YGb G`MG -*(

    )* (b e `jEG f fh dG IqT f GMG qgCG qj GQYEG e Y Y`G OfEG Lj.jG `L

  • 75

    `````JG dGh G ````dG AGOCG

    qODa GUCG H d OqOG qjh Je iNCGh e GUCG e IOY qqdG G qJ.gqJEG h Jeh e iNCG EG LQO e qe qdG hCG qdG

    qEG Y qqdG h Je iNCGh e GUCG e ZCGh T`fCG CG qac qcJhVfEG Njh .U dGh NBG U `dEG qdH qEG Je qj U qa fQG OYH qdGh qdG q``dH G qdG q`f CG h . qdG Iq`M e QWEG YJQGh qdGdG EGh qeY LqdG H G qdG EG e`j CG ` c .`G hCG qOG qdH JG

    .`qe`Y ICGG H qOG hCG JG

  • 76

    qYjEG IMdH O`fEG Ij`e

    H dCq`dG rjh .jEG eh e ,d qf e e g c IO`fCG qcJ qdG AGOCG jc `T Z`Gh a`G qS`SCG H qdG IQc`G f q`G

    : EG j G`q a`g qY`jEG IMdH OfEG Ije qY `qJh .IO`fCd.OfEG N e qYjEG IMdG qJ Y qG IYe -

    V qK hCG Me OfEG hH FGOCG Y qQq`dGh qYjEG IMdG SQ e -.OfEG

    .YGhh qjQNEG H qYjEG IMdG qG XJ -gG hL EG L qdG qY`jEG IM`d SG j qd q`dH

    .d qdH `Gh

  • 77

    qdG `jEH qS``e `L

    e Qhq`dG jEG c GPEGh .IO`fCG G Qhq```dG `jEG Y qdG jEG jITe IQH Je qdH gh qdG qqdG qH qj qdG jEa ,`qMh qjQh`V IQH

    .IO`fCG pH eRehqdH Je qdG jEG j TfCG jY Y qdG j dG QhqdG jEd aNh

    .d HGdG `jEH g`Z hCG TfCG `G ` e qG ` EG QWEG Gg qG Y`j.M b q`dH bY GP S`G `qdG e fL Y I qdG EG gqj qM qSG JLQO VJ

  • 78

    G Z jEG h G jEG H qdG

    `qjQhO Z cM g G Z jEGh .Keh e IQ`H OJ `qjQhO cM g G jEG qY`jEG IQhO qCG Y qe IQ`H iqOD`J

    *G jEG GP GMCG e `eCG....OG `S GNh Y` qdG `qbO .

    *.G Z jEG GP cGh GMCG e eCG...`SEG / OGq`dG /QqdG bW .

    `jEd qG AGOCG q```c e j CG qd qS`G HqdG SQO YjEG `qd `qdHfG qgCG A`SQE ( G Zh qG ) qa`G Z `jEH qa`G `jEG fQ`e e qh O`fCd QG

    .O`fEG Y jEG

  • 79

    GUG H EG q`qdG

    Q aq`G dG Y IQY g `dG qdG H`W `e GQOEG QWEG `qdG Gg Qj

    . qdG

    ` q`Vh eCG `f G j IT`e Z IQHh gQe e b`fEG GUCG Y qqdG

    . qdG HH qJ `H qSe IqOe OYH `SEGh fQGh qdGh qcd cdG EG aJ

  • 80

    dG `` qdGh q`dG `dG AGOCG

    `JJ `e IQh`V hCG j`Z dG h q``dG J qdG AGOCG j `e dZ h .`dG IqT qdG qJ.NBG hO J`dG MCG XJ qOD`G Y VJ Z`H `gQh`H

    *:q`dG qdG X`J EG qOD`J `dG G H.A`f e OLe T AG`f -

    .``Z L `eCG N `J -.`V H e jG -

    ...S`H O`fEG -

    *.` qdG ` qdG X``J EG qOD`J `dG G H.dP L`j `e dG -

    .`YREG `Y `ZQ e jG -.J hCG Ve d`M -

    ...qWY IO`fCG jOJ -

  • 81

    G Gh J`G G AGOCG

    U e `cCG Y a .Gh JG J qdG AGOCGh AGOCG G`g H G j `Y `J CG c e hCG Je qJ`U H Je GUCG e Y `qdH gh MGh

    .( e ) Y`JQG q`bCG GUCG e iNCG Y EG qdH JG GUCG eCG `j c .IO`fCG e qG `G OYH qEG ` qdG qd `qdH `eCG qj CG ` h

    .`dGh J`G `G H `qdG EG Uqd T`fCG e FGO `fG q`j

  • 82

    I``G RH O`fEG Ij``e

    : ``dEG IG R`H OfEG Ij``d `qG `j.O`fEG `N e IG Rh q`J -

    .OfEG `V q`K `dhCG M`e O`fEG hH ``FGOCG ``Y qQ`qdG h I`G Rh SQ` -.OfEG Y YGh h q`jQNEG IQH RdG X`J -

    : I q``dG `LQO `a `j ``bh e IG Rh qc`j b`H R`dG qc``j h .( V ) I q`b q`bCG `qdGh q`b qhCG

    .O`G i`d `` qdG I`N

  • 83

    `` qG IMdG R``H O`fEG Ij`e

    `f `Y `j q`d qY`jEG IM`dG Rh e bhCG `HQCG e ` qG IM`dG Rh qc`j

    UG`jh V bhCG K`Kh q`b bh e ` qG IM`dG Rh qc`j .G H qdG hCG bhCG

    .`qjQhO IQ`H dc

    : EG qG IMdG R`H OfEG Ij` qG j

    .OfEG N e RdG cG -

    .OfEG V qK hCG Me OfEG hH FGOCG Y qQqdG h RdG SQ -

    .OfEG Y YGhh qjQNG IQH RdG X`J -

  • 84

    ``````Gh ````gG ````T: IOfCG f qeRhj e .jEG nh qdG qdG dG : qSSCG UY KK e dZ IOfCG qcJ

    ...YGfCH qqdGh cc aVEG H Nj npdnP

    OfEG:.qYL hCG qFK ,qjOa IQH (gDhZ CG) IOfCG jOJ OfEG j

    : qdG AGOCG- hd qdG qdG : qJ qSSCG hd OqOG GMH S IOfCG AGOCG j.OfEG Y SG qdG OYG - SG qdGh jEG XJ - IOfCG d qdG AGOCG

    qdG AGOCGAGOCG hT f qdG qdG YG AGOCG Lj (...KK ,FK : qdG YG) jd qJ qdG dGh qdG IqT fh jEG f d jOqOG GMG IQhV e OdG qdG

    .fEGSGdG YG qdG AGOCG:IOjR e qdG AGOCG hT f S d SGdG YG AGOCG qj

    GQTEG GMG G SSCG qdG EG aVEH qdG IqT fh YG f QYG MEG.IOdG

    qYjEG IMdG: LQO fh IJdG f Yh fEG H QqJ IMGh If hCG HV Y IQY g.IqdG qdG IqMqOM Z hCG GqOM j CG qda .IqdGh IqG fL EG qdG UY MCG IqG :

    .K hCG e dG qdGh Je qOG qdG qf CG c ZhG qdG:LqdG H IOY dEG ejh .Je NBG U EG qdH e qdG j

    .qdG hCG dG , qdH dc qjhJG qdG:dG hCG ICGG H IOY dEG ejh .e NBG U EG qdH Je qdG j

    .qOG qdH dc qjh . qdG: jEGJCj gh .jEG f TfCG jY qJ b qd aN IOfCG f qe MCG jEG qj

    .OfEG Ij Xjh IOfCG Mj bh T : qdGqjh .IOfCG qd eG qJ qdG qdG qjh IOfCG f qe MCG qdG qj

    .qdH dc qdG jEG:qdGh qJ qdG qdH SSCG Je g PEG QG QhqdG jEG Y j jEG g

    .qYjEG IQhqdH dh: jEG fEGdZ OfEG Ije qJh .qjQhO Hh e IQH jEG f SG dP jh

    .G jEH

  • 85

    : G jEGbhCG e qcj CG h OfEG Y qjQhO H OJ qYjEG L e G jEG qj.V iNCGh qjb

    G Z jEG:N e cGQOEG .OfEG GHCG Xj h qYjEG IQhqdG f j jEG g...SEG HV hCG OGqG be Hc e Z GMCG

    : qdG GqG OYH bqdG e qh H j qdG SdG qJ Y qdG G fYj...e ,SQG MS , qdG : eCG .d IG GMCGh GUCG qYfh qdG

    qdG HW:.HW U qdh qdG Qe qJ Y fYJ qdG dG g: qdG IqTY qd hCG qdGh AGqd IOY qXj qdG qdGh .V hCG qdG I qb LQO J

    .dG hCG SG: qdG VIQH hCG d hCG qWY hCG d e Y qd qjOGQEG IQH qeEG V qdG j

    .e G hCG jG id qjOGQEG Z: qqdG G qj qdGh .JGH qJ CG eeh Ze H qdDe GUCG Y g

    .de q L Y e QhH: JG Gh .YJQEG qbCG iNCG Y EG qdH Je qJU H Je GUnCG Y g

    .Y qe GUCG gQhH CG: G G c .Je iNCG Y EG qdH e qJU H Je GUCG Y g

    .Y qe JGUCG gQhH CG

    : IG Rh.V qdGh qb qhCG : I qdG LQO j bh e qcj QhO jEG g: qG IMdG RhV bhCG qHh qb qhCG bdG .bhCG HQCG e qj QhO jEG g

    . qhCd qdH : qdG bdGH ec bh jh V K bh EG qdH qjb bO hCG HV Y IQY g

    SG : qdG bdGH ec bh jh qb K bh EG qdH V bO hCG HV Y IQY g

    .SG

  • 86

    ```````dG S````adG jh``````````````dG

    33 KdG J

    44 eG

    1111 S qdG efdG

    1122 aG jdG

    1133 aG jd eG hG

    1144 qSG HdG ShQO qQd G G

    1177 J

    1188 TfCGh OfEG H

    4499 : J? GP : SG dCG

    5511 : JYGqc P + dCG e7733 qVJ Ga

    e7744 EG8833 qVJ Ga : gG q qdG

    e8844 EG8855 Gh gG T