姓名 于丽君

学号 201218007010048

会议名称 第三十五届国际环境遥感大会35th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, ISRSE35

会议时间 2013 年 4 月 22 日 ~ 26 日

会议地点 北京国际会议中心

会议日程

Room F 13:30 - 15:00

8-O-1Remote Sensing of Natural and Cultural Heritage - Part (1)

Co-chair Mario Hernandez (International Society for Digital Earth)Co-chair Xinyuan Wang (Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, CAS)

Recent Progress on Research and Applications of Remote Sensing

Archaeology in the Project of Tracing Source of Chinese Civilization

Yu Lijun, Nie Yueping, Wang Changlin, Zhu Jianfeng

International Centre on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage(HIST)

Joint Laboratory of Remote Sensing ArchaeologyDepartment of Remote Sensing for Natural and Cultural Heritage, MOST

April 2013

OUTLINE

• Foreword• Research and Application Practice

– Project of Tracing the Source of Chinese Civilization

– Grand Canal– 3rd national cultural relics survey in Xinjiang– 3rd national cultural relics survey in Hainan– geophysical exploration in Hangzhou

• Conclusion and Perspective

FOREWORD

Chinese Civilization

• Chinese history begets enduring culture, which has continued without interruption for 5,000 years. This fact is without parallel in the world.

• Widely Distributed Chinese Civilization• These heritages are both irreplaceable sources of

life and inspiration.

Neolithic Shang Dynasty Zhou dynasty Han dynasty Division Sui dynasty Tang dynasty

Five Dynasty Song dynasty Yuan dynasty Ming dynasty Qing dynasty China

courtesy of Patricia Buckley Ebrey

Crisis

Natural factors • Flood• Earthquake• Landslides• Forest fire• Global change• ……

Human-caused threat• Resource over-exploitation• Deforestation• Hydroelectric project• Pollution• Urbanization• Uncontrolled tourism• ……

Satellite

Multi Spectral

• VHR - IKONOS, Quick Bird• HR - ETM+, SPOT

SAR (Asar, etc.)

…

Aerial

Photogrammetry

Multi spectral

Hyperspectral

SAR

Lidar

…

Ground

Magnetic

Electromagnetic

GPR

ERT

…

Remote Sensing and Archaeology

RESEARCH

Main Work

• Discovery and Detection

• Spatial Analysis of archaeological sites

• Integration of Multi-Source Remote

Sensing

• Site Location Prediction

• Environmental change

• Simulation of ancient environment

RESEARCHDISCOVERY AND DETECTION

Data Acquisitiondata type数据类型

coverage area覆盖范围

Amount总数

Path/row轨道号

Data volume

数据总量

Time成像时间

Band波段数

resolution比例尺 /

分辨率

projection投影

Format

格式

30 年代地形图 中东部及满洲大部地区 4843 景 316M 30 年代左右 - 1:50000 - *.tif

CORONA

陈旗磨沟，城子崖，二里头，康巴郭岗顶遗迹，良渚，凌家滩遗址，牛河梁，齐家坪遗址，陶寺，王城岗遗址，西坡遗址，向家坝库区，云南昭通诸葛营古城

13 景 　 - 23.6G 1960 年代左右 1 - 　 - 　 *.tif

MSS 全国 580 景左右 - - 1978 年左右 4 57m UTM WGS-84 *.tif

TM 全国 580 景左右 - - 80-90 年代 6 30m UTM WGS-84 *.tif

ETM 全国 580 景左右 - - 2000 年左右 715m pan30m mul

UTM WGS84 *.tif

ASTER

二里头，齐家坪遗址，陈旗磨沟，牛河梁，城子崖，良渚，陶寺，王城岗遗址，凌家滩遗址，西坡遗址

12 景 - 1.2G 2001 年左右 14

15m VNIR

UTM WGS-84 .dat 30m SWIR

90m TIR

SPOT5

安阳殷墟，二里头，吉林高句丽王城王陵及贵族墓葬，良渚，洛阳龙门石窟，王城岗遗址，周口店

7 景　

278-277 ， 276-

281 ， 298-

267 ， 299-

267 ， 294-

289 ， 276-

281 ， 277-

280 ， 279-270

7.4G 2005 年左右 5

2.5m pan

GCS WGS84 *.dim 10m mul

QB ， IKONOS ， WV2

二里头，陈旗磨沟齐家墓地，齐家坪遗址，牛河梁，城子崖，良渚，陶寺，王城岗遗址，凌家滩遗址，西坡遗址，石家河，刘家屯遗址。新津宝墩遗址

13 景 - 836M 2010 年左右 4

Pan

UTM WGS-84 *.tif mul

RADARSAT2 二里头，陶寺，良渚 3 景 - 998M 2010 年 - - GCS WGS84 *.tif

Archaeological Sites• Archaeological sites show up

as:– Structures – Shadow marks– Soil marks– Crop marks– Thermal anomalies

Courtesy of Dr. Anthony Beck

• Image feature ：– Tone/Texture/Shape/Size/

Position/Spatial

pattern/Shadow/Spatial

relationship/Flood/Frost and

snow/moisture/Vegetation

Crop marksCase study: Erlitou(Henan,China)

Image ： WorldView2

Date ： 2010

The rammed soil is very dry with poor water permeability, which is not good for root system development. These vegetation get less sunlight and nutrients growing in undesirable way.

building

building

Vegetation over palacevegetation

surrounding

Erlitou is the largest site associated with the Erlitou Culture.

From the multispectral images, the color of the site boundary is slightly deeper than the surrounding sparse grass. Look from the high resolution panchromatic band, the vegetation grew well, reflectivity relatively low, thus forming a black area.(east wall of Baodun site)

Building siteFrom the multispectral images, the color of the house foundation is dark gray, similar with the color of the ancient city walls, and in the panchromatic band showed gray-black. There is no obvious sign in Google. Through scene excavation, we found a house foundation.(west side of Sishui River)

wall borderSporadic vegetation distribution in Google Earth beyond the wall boundary. This phenomenon is not obvious in Corona image.(Taosi site)

interpretation marks for archaeology

water project in Liangzhu

Penggong Dam

1960, CORONA

Tangshan Earthen Wall

Liangzhu ancient city

Peng Gong dam

2011.3.18 QuickBird

ancient water project in Liangzhu, Zhejiang

B.P.4800 using C14 dating Artificial building

case1

case21960, CORONA

Peng Gong dam

case1case2

Tangshan Earthen Wall large defensive structures Artificial flood protection works First dam in Chinese Hydropower

West of earthen wall

inside of earthen wall

ancient river channel identification

Yiluo River had changed many times in history. Many sites were buried in Luoyang basin.

accumulation of fluvial facies remain in local area

ancient Luohe speculated by marks of river overflow according to CORONA and images

Case study ： Luoyang BasinMulti scale data integration

Erlitou

Detection of temperature anomaly

The temperature of palace site in Erlitou is higher than other area with low soil moisture.

Case study ： ErlitouData: ASTER and MODIS(Thermal Infrared)

LST map processed by Gaussian low-pass filter

Palace

TVDI map of Erlitou sites

Red-low moistureGreen-high moisture

RESEARCH-SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Site statistical analysis in Taihu Basin

良渚古城

Majiabang/Songze/Liangzhu culture located in the lower place, which means that sea levels were lower during the three culture periods.

Maqiao culture located in higher place. Maqiao culture is formed during Shang and Zhou dynasty, when the sea level was high.

Corresponding to historical fact

Threshold: 5m

(<5m,lower;>5m,higher)

number

Cultural period Majiangbang Songze Liangzhu Maqiao

Higher

lower

The distribution characteristics of archaeological sites and geomorphology have a close relationship.

spatial distribution of sites in different culture periods

about 70% of the Majiabang culture sites are north of Taihu and concentrate in the hillside and high hill areas northeast of Taihu

Number:97avg elevation:13mavg slope:1.68

Liangzhu sites have a significant increase in the distribution and extend to the Taihu lake widely, especially to the southeast

Songze sites lay highland between rivers and lakes

composite analysis:

1 、 The relationship between water

and archaeological sites is obvious.

2 、 Slope is less than 30°. The

average slope is about 5°.

Maqiao culture period mainly distribute at waterfront highland and the foot of hill

Sites inculture period

Shell ridge

Shell ridge(5000a B.P)

Shell fossile

elevation

Majiabang Songze LiangzhuNumber:51avg elevation:7.3mavg slope:0.78

Number:107avg elevation:9.5mavg slope:1.25

Hushu Maqiao Chunqiu SuitangNumber:95avg elevation:18mavg slope:5.35

Number:49avg elevation:16mavg slope:3.15

the number of sites after Maqiao culture period decrease for the rising of water level in Taihu

Taosi Culture Site• Linfeng basin is located in southwest of Shanxi• the largest Longshan site discovered in the

Linfen basin area, possibly a regional center.

Ta’er Mountain

LuoyunMountain

Fenhe River

Taosiarchaeological excavation

ancient astronomical observatory

Buffer Analysis

Cultural period  

number of sites

200m buffer zone

percentage400m buffer zone

percentage600m buffer zone

percentage

Yangshao 12 6 50% 10 83.3% 11 91.7%Longshan 24 8 33.3% 18 75% 20 83.3%Miaodigou 12 4 33.3% 10 83.3% 12 100%

Zhou 11 4 36.4% 8 72.7% 10 90.9%

Probably in over 90 percent of the cases, the distance from site to river is less than 600m.

The resistance model was deduced according to

elevation,slope,aspect and distance to river.

Most sites are inside the most comfortable areas

for human-being to live according to statistics.

aspectslope Distance to riverResistance model

suitability analysis

control over the resources

material supply: Zhangzuan(pottery

supply) Daguduishan quarry

(stone supply) Boyucun(pottery

supply) Gushucun(pottery

supply)?

ZhangzanTaosi

Dagushandui

Boyu

Gushu

Relationship between human migrations and

natural environment in different stages of social

development:

Most Paleolithic humans lived in mountainous regions

Most ancient humans lived in front of the mountain, rivers

terrace during Neolithic and Xia, Shang and Zhou Periods

The elevation of settlements was increasingly lower with the

development of human society.

productivity growth

Viewshed AnalysisCase study: Liangzhu Ancient CityData: Aster GDEM, ETM+

Liangzhu Ancient City

QiantangRiver

Taihu Lake

Viewshed Analysis plays an important part in archaeology. The small settlements during the Liangzhu culture period are within

the visibility of Liangzhu Ancient City. The ancient city is the center of archeological sites, which shows its

noble status.

Liangzhu Ancient City

APPLICATION PRACTICE-INTEGRATION

original image after Pansharp

case study: north wall(Liangzhu Ancient City)

Pansharp enhanced LEE filter

weak information enhanced

Identification of ancient wall

APPLICATION PRACTICE-SITE LOCATION PREDICTION

Site Location Prediction Natural environment is the base of settlements

in the process of form and development. geographic distribution feature of archaeological

sites—Archaeological predictive model

tool

landscape

water

food chain

raw materials

DEM(30m)

ETM+

original data derived data prediction probability

Discovery, Preservation, Management and Planning

APPLICATION PRACTICE-ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

catchment basin and settlementsCase study ： Liangzhu| Taosi

The reconstructure of environment is vital to the research of society, culture and economy of the day.

Relationship between settlements and catchment basin ： The larger the catchment basin is, the larger the settlement is.

simulation of rainfall

13.12

7.28 9.50

48.36

23.44

56.14

13.63 9.99

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

马家浜 崧泽 良渚 湖熟、马桥 周春秋 战国秦汉 魏晋南北朝 隋唐

不同时期遗址平均高程统计图Statistic of elevation in different period

Majiabang Songze Liangzhu Maqiao Zhou Zhanguo Weijin Tang

low sea level？high sea level？

sea level changes during the holocene epoch in Taihu Basin

sea level decline-low sea level-sea levels rising

River Diversion of Dongtiaoxi

deviation of river

flood mark

water change is an important part of environmental change

The changes of Dongtiaoxi river were closely connected with Liangzhu culture development.

In the light of historical data of environment and the marks in the old aerial photoes, we can deduce the river course and direction.

Liangzhu’s flood control system predicted

APPLICATION PRACTICE

Linear Cultural Heritage

The Grand Canal is the longest canal in the world. passes through 8 provinces The canal was started in the 6th cent. BC and was constructed over a 2,000-year

period. canal remains navigable between Jining and Hangzhou .

LANDSAT ETM+ （ 2000-2002 ）

SPOT5 (2002-2007)

evolution and growth of Yangzhou

1954 aerial photo 1998 aerial photo 2002 SPOT5

Grand Canal of China

new-built canal

ancient canal

Grand Canal of China in Yangzhou(sluice)

pattern evolution of Yangzhou city influenced by Grand Canal

Virtual reality and visualizationcase study: ancient city model(Tongzhou)

aerial photography in sites investigationcase study : Juyan sites group(Inner Mongolia)

XinJiang Province

Aheqi tomb

Haitou City

The investigation has proven some detection technique. In practice, we have identified the majority of surficial sites and found a lot of new sites.

Change of Minjiang EstuaryHan-Tang-Songuan-MingQing-Now

HanTangSongyuanMingqingNow

Detection of site under ground

In order to coordinate infrastructure and preserve the archaeological sites, RS+Ground Penetrating Radar are employed to the study area.

Help us identify archaeological objects under ground

case study: Hangzhou

Radar reflection profile view

Conclusion and Perspective

Our Objective

• Chinese Integrated database for remote sensing archaeology

• spectrum library of typical ground objects for archaeological sites

• Archaeological Predictive Model• To establish an integrated research

system for Project of Tracing source of Chinese Civilization

The Future

• Geophysical Prospecting• VR• Lidar• Unmanned Aerial Vehicle• ……

Thank you!

The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you are likely to see. -Sir Winston Churchill