2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

2.1 2.1.1 1. (1)(Cornea and Sclera outer cover) (2)(Choroid) (3)(Retina)2.(Pupil) - (Iris Diaphragm)3.(Lens) - 60-70%,6%,4.(Light receptors) (1)Cones - (6-7 millions) Photopic or Bright-light Vision (2)Rods - (75-150 millions) Scotopic or Dim-light Vision

2.1.2 Fovea(Light receptor)

2.2 1.

2. = c/ c = 2.998 x 108 m/s

E=hv Plancks constant h = 6.626196 x 10-34 J-s

3. ~0.43m (violet)0.79 m (red) (Chromatic and Achromatic) (Radiance) - Energy, (W) (Luminance) - Observed energy, (Lm) (Brightness) Subjective light perception

2.3 (Photodiode) Microdensitometers CAT, MRI, PET

(Image) - f(x,y) 0 < f(x,y) < f(x,y) f(x,y) = i(x,y)r(x,y) i(x,y)(Illumination) 0 < i(x,y) < r(x,y)(Reflectance) 0 < r(x,y) < 1

r(x,y)i(x,y) i 90,000 lm/m2 i 10,000 lm/m2 i 0.1 lm/m2 i 1000 lm/m2

r 0.01 r 0.65 r 0.90 r 0.93

f(x0,y0)(Gray Level, l) l = f(x0,y0) Lmin < l < Lmax Lmin = iminrmin , Lmax = imaxrmax ,

[Lmin , Lmax](Gray Scale)[0,L]0L

2.4

(Sampling) .. (Quantization) ..

b = k N M

(Nearest neighbor interpolation) (Bilinear interpolation)v(x,y) = ax+by+cxy+d

2.5 (Neighbors)1. f(x,y) p q S2.N4(p)(4-neighbors of p) (x+1, y) (x-1, y) (x, y+1) (x, y-1)3.ND (p)(4-diagonal neighbors of p) (x+1, y+1) (x-1, y-1) (x-1, y+1) (x+1, y-1)4.N8(p)(8-neighbors of p) N8(p) = N4(p) ND(p)

(Adjacent) 1.(4-adjacency)qN4(p)pqp q2.(8-adjacency) qN8(p)pqp q3.m(m-adjacency)pq (1).qN4(p) (2).qND(p)N4(p)N4(q)

1.S1 ,S2S1S22.pq(Path)(x0, y0), (x1, y1), ... , (xn, yn), pq n(Length)3.Sp,qpq(Connected)

(Distance measures)1.(Distance function) p, q, z(x,y), (s,t), (u,v) (1). D(p,q) 0 ( D(p,q) = 0 iff p = q ) (2). D(p,q) D(q,p), and (3). D(p,z) D(p,q) + D(q,z)2.(Euclidean distance) De(p,q) = [ (x - s)2 + (y - t)2 ]1/2 3.D4(D4 distance) D4 = x - s + y - t 4.D8(D8 distance) D8 = max(x - s,y - t)

5. D4D8m-

1. p + q , p - q , p * q , p q2. AND: p AND q OR: p OR q COMPLEMENT: NOT q EXCLUSIVE OR: XOR q3. (1).(Pixel-by-pixel operation) (2).(Neighborhood oriented operation)4.(Mask operation)

2.6 HHH(Linear Operator)H(Nonlinear Operator)H(a f + b g) = a H(f) + b H(g) fg